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International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Citation: Sharma, H.C., Faujdar Singh, and Nwanze, K.F

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International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Citation: Sharma, H.C., Faujdar Singh, and Nwanze, K.F International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Citation: Sharma, H.C., Faujdar Singh, and Nwanze, K.F. (eds.). Plant resistance to insects in sorghum. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 216 pp. ISBN 92-9066-382-0. Order code BOE 025. Abstract Sorghum is one of the most important cereals in the semi-arid tropics. Nearly 150 insect species have been reported to damage the crop worldwide, causing an estimated loss of over US$ 1 000 million annually. Of these, shoot fly, stem borers, greenbug, sugarcane aphid, shoot bug, spider mites, armyworms, midge, head bug, and head caterpillars are the major pests. Plant resistance to insects is one of the most important components of pest management in sorghum. Thus, the 18 specialist scientists who have contributed the 25 papers included in this book, that is based on a training course for researchers involved in the development of insect-resistant cultivars for inte­ grated pest management in sustainable agriculture, describe and discuss the theoretical and practi­ cal aspects of resistance-screening techniques, mechanisms and inheritance of resistance, breeding for resistance, statistical designs, and strategies for integrated pest management. Information has also been provided about the international sorghum insect resistance testing program and the role of networks in collaborative research and technology exchange. The cost of this publication was partially supported by the Asian Development Bank. The opinions in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of ICRISAT. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ICRISAT concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Where trade names are used, this does not constitute endorsement of or discrimination against any product by the Institute. Plant Resistance to Insects in Sorghum Edited by H C Sharma, Faujdar Singh, and K F Nwanze ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India 1997 The Editors H C Sharma Senior Scientist (Entomology), ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India Faujdar Singh General Manager, Product Development, Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company Ltd, Block no. 6, Second Floor, Unity House, Abids Road, Hyderabad 500 001, Andhra Pradesh, India (formerly Senior Training Officer, ICRISAT) K F Nwanze Director General, West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA), OI BP 2551, Bouake 0 1 , C6te d'lvoire (formerly Principal Scientist [Entomology], ICRISAT) The Authors R A Balikai University of Agricultural Sciences, Regional Research Station, Bijapur 586 101, Karnataka, India Subhas Chandra Statistics Unit, ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India V S R Das Farm and Engineering Services Program (FESP), ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India A H Duale Crop Protection Division (CPD), ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India C L L Gowda Cereals and Legumes Asia Network (CLAN) Coordination Unit, ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India S K Pal Farm and Engineering Services Program (FESP), ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India A Ramakrishna Cereals and Legumes Asia Network (CLAN) Coordination Unit, ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India H F W Rattunde Genetic Enhancement Division (GED), ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India Belum V S Reddy Genetic Enhancement Division (GED), ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India R V Sairam Cellular and Molecular Biology Division (CMBD), ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India N Seetharama Cellular and Molecular Biology Division (CMBD), ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India B U Singh National Research Centre for Sorghum (NRCS), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, Andhra Pradesh, India S P Singh Department of Entomology, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, Haryana, India J W Stenhouse Genetic Enhancement Division (GED), ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India V Subramanian Cellular and Molecular Biology Division (CMBD), ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India Contents Introduction 1 Part 1 Principles of host-plant resistance to insect pests Fundamentals of entomological research 5 K F Nwanze Insect pests of sorghum: biology, extent of losses, and 9 economic thresholds H C Sharma and K F Nwanze Plant resistance to insects: basic principles 24 H C Sharma P a r t 2 S c r e e n i n g f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o i n s e c t s i n s o r g h u m Screening for resistance to sorghum shoot fly 35 K F Nwanze Screening for resistance to spotted stem borer 38 H C Sharma Effect of genotypic resistance on avoidable losses and economic 46 thresholds for the spotted stem borer S P Singh Screening for resistance to sorghum shoot bug and spider mites 52 B U Singh Screening for resistance to aphids in sorghum 60 R A Balikai Screening for resistance to sorghum head bugs 65 H C Sharma Screening for resistance to sorghum midge 72 H C Sharma Part 3 Mechanisms and inheritance of resistance Mechanisms of resistance to insects and their usefulness in 81 sorghum improvement H C Sharma, K F Nwanze, and V Subramanian Inheritance of resistance to insect pests in sorghum 101 Faujdar Singh Part 4 Breeding methodologies Breeding sorghums for insect resistance 115 Belum V S Reddy, H F W Rattunde, and J W Stenhouse Biotechnology and sorghum improvement for insect resistance 127 N Seetharama, R V Sairam, K F Nwanze, and V Subramanian Design and analysis of experiments: basic concepts 132 Subhas Chandra Part 5 insect pest management strategies Role of plant resistance to insects in sorghum integrated 151 pest management H C Sharma Effect of plant resistance to insects on the effectiveness 161 of natural enemies A H Duale and K F Nwanze Pesticide application and plant protection for sorghum 168 S K Pal and V S R Das Integrated pest management (IPM) in sorghum 173 K F Nwanze Part 6 International insect resistance testing program International insect resistance testing program 185 H C Sharma and K F Nwanze Appendices 1. Training course participants 201 2. Abbreviations and acronyms 204 Introduction Sorghum is one of the most important cereal crops in the semi-arid tropics. Over 150 species of insects cause damage to sorghum. The sorghum shoot fly (Atherigona soccata), stem borers (Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca), greenbug (Schizaphis graminum), sorghum midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola), and head bugs (Calocoris angustatus and Eurystylus oldi) are the most important pests worldwide. Avoidable losses due to insects have been estimated to be over 32% in India, 9% in the USA, and 20% in Africa. In monetary terms, the losses due to insects have been estimated to be over US$ 1000 million annually in the semi-arid tropics. Recommendations for insect control on sorghum include such cultural practices as early and uniform sowing, biological control, breeding insect-resistant cultivars, and the use of insecticides. In rainfed agriculture, it is difficult to plant during the periods when insect damage can be avoided. The technology to utilize natural enemies for insect control in the classical sense needs to be developed. Insecticides are costly, and beyond the means of resource-poor farmers in the semi-arid tropics. Therefore, host-plant resistance can form an important component of pest management in sorghum. Using insect-resistant cultivars is not only compatible with other methods of pest control, but is also environment-friendly. There is no cost involvement for the farmers. To develop insect-resistant cultivars, it is important to ensure adequate and uniform insect infestation over seasons. Hot-spots can serve as useful locations to screen and breed for resistance to insects. However, it is difficult to achieve uniform insect infestation over seasons/locations under natural conditions. To overcome this problem, several techniques can be employed to augment natural insect populations and to achieve adequate insect infestation: collecting insects by different methods and confining them with plants at the most susceptible stage using cage techniques, or rearing them in a laboratory and infesting the test material in greenhouse or field conditions. To share knowledge on these procedures and techniques, a training course on "Host-Plant Resistance to Insects in Sorghum" was conducted at ICRISAT-Patancheru from 24 Oct to 3 Nov 1995. The papers presented during the course are published in this book which describes theoretical and practical aspects of resistance-screening techniques for important insect pests of sorghum. It also covers various aspects of insect rearing, collection, and augmentation for resistance screening, field and greenhouse screening techniques, and damage evaluation. It is hoped that this book will be useful in developing standardized procedures for resistance screening and data collection across locations, and foster closer collaboration among national agricultural research systems (NARS) and between NARS and ICRISAT. This will ultimately help in developing insect-resistant cultivars for increasing and stabilizing sorghum production in sustainable agriculture. 1 Part 1 Principles of Host-plant Resistance to Insect Pests Fundamentals of Entomological Research K F Nwanze Introduction Insects have existed on earth for over 350 million years, while human beings evolved only 1 million years ago. Insects provide many useful products such as silk, honey, and shellac, besides being eaten for food (caterpillars, grasshoppers, ants, termites, etc.). There must have been a period of mutual existence in nature, in which animals (including insects) and man lived in harmony. What are today regarded as diseases, or calamities, were viewed as natural regulating mechanisms. They still are, although humans may view them differently. However, humans became intruders in nature, and the most upsetting factor in the balance of nature.
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