Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida Stink Bug Management with Trap Cropping Dr. Russell F. Mizell III, University of Florida January 31, 2012 http://www.extension.org/organic_production Russell Mizell, University of Florida Stink Bug Management Exploiting Habitat Structure & Function, With Trap Cropping “Putting the Ecosystem to Work” • Stink bug biology, ecology and behavior Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III • Monitoring methods and results • temporal Professor of Entomology • spatial • Trap cropping details University of Florida • temporal 155 Research Rd, Quincy, FL 32351 • spatial • Associated factors – multi-functions [email protected] ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu Webinar‟s Application by Location? Depends! Southeast – Yes! Some Commonalities I will discuss what is known and what one needs to know. Apply it? • Overwinter as adults – most species • Stink bugs and related spp. are ubiquitous • Polyphagous – >1 host plant species • Other species in similar ecological niches • Food suitability is „qualitative‟ • Behaviors somewhat variable – similarities • Move through the landscape to find • Principles are common among species • Respond to vegetation structure • Trap crop plants may need tweaking • Subjected to natural enemies – natives vs invasives? [email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 1 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida 4 Major Species of Stink & Some Commonalities Leaffooted Bugs In Southeast Euschistus servus • Have common natural enemies Nezara viridula • Highly tolerant to insecticides Chinavia hilaris (was Acrosternum hilare) • Relatively little knowledge for some spp. Leptoglossus phyllopus • Other tools not available – big problem! • Incremental approach required Other Common Common Stink Bug Phytophagous Stink Bugs Immature Life Stages Euschistus Thyanta Banasa Oebelus Proxys Brochymena *Piezodorus dpughphoto *Halyomorpha *Megacopta *New invasive species-bad Stink Bug Morphology Other True Bugs By Sex (Euschistus servus) Largus succinctus L. Acanthocephala femorata Female Male [email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 2 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida Predacious Stink Bugs & Phytophagous vs Predacious Other Good Bugs From lower left: Plant feeder Predator Alcaeorrhynchus grandis „phytophagous‟ Podisus maculiventris Euthyrhychus floridanus Apiomerus floridensis Stink Bug Natural Enemies Current & Future Management Wasp Egg Parasites & Tachinid Flies • Insecticides - problematic - tolerance • No efficient monitoring methods for Nezara, Chinavia or Leptoglossus spp. – perhaps won‟t be anytime soon - semiochemicals? My Goals: • Strategies: scale- & philosophy-neutral – habitat manipulation – landscape level – exploit structure and function • Tactics - multiple – trap crops (functional plants) – augment biological controls – use behavioral tools Understanding Bug Behavior & Dynamics Monitoring and Detection 14 12 2000 10 8 6 4 Trap Catch Trap • Must have! 2 0 • Phenology 14 12 50 100 150 2001200 250 300 350 10 JD 8 6 4 Trap Catch Trap 2 0 • Efficiency – labor, costs • Food quality 14 12 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 2002 10 JD 8 6 4 Trap Catch Trap 2 • Movement 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 • Statistics – accuracy, precision Julian Date • Landscape level processes – structures – corridors, barriers, matrices –„edge effect‟ strong [email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 3 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida Florida Stink Bug Trap Potential Tops for the Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III, Inventor Florida Stink Bug Trap A. B. C. D. • Captures many Hemiptera species – Both phytophagous and predacious • Visual attraction is primary • Baits can be easy deployed • Materials: 4 right triangles – 1/4” masonite, screen wire, – 1/4” x 4‟ metal rod, twist ties • “Triangle‟s dimensions: – 4‟ high, 11” base, 1” top • Deploy in the open A & B will work, C. & D. will not work. Commercial Traps Available url:ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu Florida Stink Bug Trap: Bare ground with open top. Nothing touching trap. Stink Bug Trap - AgBio, Inc. www.agbio-inc.com/stink-bug-trap.html Temporal and Spatial Landscape Level Distribution Distributions & Population Dynamics Study • R. Mizell, J. Greene, T. Cottrell, Where are the bugs in • Years 2000-2002 time and space? • Locations -Florida and Georgia (2) • 3 – 1 sq mile plots for 2 years+ • 750‟ grid of stink bug traps w/pheromone for Euschistus spp. [email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 4 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida NFREC-Quincy Location Locations with High Populations of Euschistus servus (scale neutral) Combined Plot Means 35 2001 Mean Trap Catch in Horticultural Plots Summary 30 Adults 25 Nymphs 20 • GIS - provides unique perspectives on 15 Trap Catch Trap •Temporal patterns are not bug distribution/abundance 10 significantly different, 5 P = 0.909; Repeated • Distribution and abundance driven by food 0 Measures Analysis 35 2001 Mean Trap Catch in Agronomic Plots quality and landscape structure 30 • Note: Nymphs are late instars only • Application toward new strategies and tactics 25 Adults Nymphs 20 • Research: exploiting these ideas and other 15 Trap Catch Trap research toward bug management 10 5 • Stink bugs move around – a lot! 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 – Aggregated on food plants Julian Date Two Important ?? & H0: 1. Where in Space and what are stink bugs Movement Mechanisms? doing over Time at the farmscape level? 2. What biologically-based management H0: Trap crops alone or in strategies could exploit these stink bug conjunction with other tools at the behaviors in farmscapes? interface of two habitats can What is driving the behavior ? prevent dispersal of stink bugs into a target crop. How can we exploit it? (Slide courtesy of Dr. P. Glynn Tillman) [email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 5 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida Differential Use of Triticale Growth Stages by Differential Use of Sorghum Growth Stages by E. servus and L. phyllopus E. servus and L. phyllopus Differential Use of Millet Growth Stages by E. servus, C. hilaris (Es) and L. phyllopus Mechanism Millet • Food quality very important!!! 0.6 A. hilare – not “preference”*, generalists 0.5 Euschistus servus Leptoglossus phyllopus 0.4 • Life stages and species differ 0.3 somewhat – very close 0.2 • Phenology (timing) related statistic 0.1 • Driving variable! Mean insects per sample 0.0 Milk Bloom Mature Flagging • Application – tools, trap crops Vegetative Growth stage Potting et al. 2005. “Insect behavioral ecol. Theory & other factors affecting the control Literature Supports efficacy of agro-ecosystem diversification strategies”. Ecol. Modeling 182:199-216 • Ecology Simulation study comparing pest guild behavior and • Insect population dynamics habitat manipulation strategies/tactics Results: • Agro-ecology • Spatial: colonization pattern, movement speed, sensory modality finding host plant • Insect behavior • Trap crop strength of flight inhibition – post alighting type • Visual and olfaction insects – trap crop attraction and arrestment • Habitat manipulation strategies • For disruption – strength of emigration inducement by vegetation • Trap crops • % cover and pest movement rate • Colonization pattern- spatial arrangement (pattern, size, • Stink bugs placement) related to movement method [email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 6 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida Summary – So Far Trap Crop Approach • Behavior – understanding required • Small area w/ highly competitive hosts • Phenology – seasonal abundance • Economical - $$$ • Food quality change – mechanism • Strategic placement (GIS/GPS) • Spatial distribution changes - time – adjacent (?) to cash crops (Potting et al. 2005) • Structure is important – literature – must intercept them!!!!! – affects movement “perceptual range” • Minimize side effects & mgmt difficulties – Edge effect very strong • Combine with other tactics • Exploitation? Habitat manipulation using • For all growing seasons trap crops and other tools. Cash Crop-Trap Crop Time of Year by Trap Crop Species Coincidence (phenology) Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Cash ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ Crop Trap ------ ------ ----- ------ crops ------ ----- ------ ------ ----- ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ------ Characters: maturity date, longevity, ratooning, other What Are the Ideal Features Trap Crop Ideal Features, cont. of Trap Crops? • Maturity time – length, cv range • Attract required pests (multiple species) • Good duration (ratooning) • Seeds available (natives?) • Height – barrier • Economical -$$$ • Multi-functions (beneficials, poll., wildlife) • Culture & management - seasons • Special note*: native vs exotic plant use • Minimal side effects (invasive, other pests) Must have something that works! [email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 7 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida What Information Is Required Required Information for Success? for Success, cont. • Host plant range and phenology • Insecticide susceptibility • Source - inside or outside cash crop • Monitoring methods • Dispersal – movement behavior • Trap crop hosts – C&M, $, physical • Behavioral cues • Other tools to combine • Natural enemies • Methods- removal from trap crop Trap Crop Specifics Trap Crop Novel Features Fall-Spring: • Ratooning = Mowing • Triticale (crimson clover, h or c vetch (F)- NE) – At strategic time • Sunflower, buckwheat (Sp), barnyard grass – All plant