Second Quarter Report to U.S. Agency for International Development National Policy Association April I* - June 30* 2002 Working Group on Best Business Practices in Cuba Grant No. LAGGOO-00-00002-00

Highlights

In the second quarter of 2002, NPA published another issue of Cuba Today,held a conference in Madrid to promote the NPA Working Group Principles for Private Sector Investment in Cuba, and continued to build a network of individuals and groups interested in Cuba. In addition, NPA obtained the names of the five corporations that endorsed the NPA Working Group Principles.

Corporate Endorsements of NPA's Principles

In a joint effort with the American Chamber of Commerce of Cuba in the (AmCham Cuba), NPA sent letters to approximately 140 corporate members of AmCham Cuba in order to gain their support for the NPA Principles for Private Sector Investment in Cuba During the first quarter, five corporations signaled their support for the principles. The five corporations are:

International Executive Senrice Corps (IESC) Agrotec West Indies, Inc. BaI Marketing Century Associates, LLC Energy and Communications Solutions, LLC

NPA will continue to seek more corporate endorsements over the next two quarters.

May 20 Madrid meeting

In the second quarter of 2002, NPA focused most of its attention on Spanish investors in Cuba. Because more than a quarter of Cuba's joint ventures are partnerships with Spanish enterprises, and because of Spain's long history of engagement in Cuba, Spanish business leaders have a unique understanding of the island. Investors in Spain have many years of experience working through and around Cuban govemment regulations that hinder productivity and efficiency among workers. Their collective knowledge of Cuba's labor situation is useful in developing strategies to promote the rights of workers.

In order to give greater visibility to worker rights issues in Cuba, NPA held an invitation-only one- day roundtable seminar in Madrid on May 20,2002, in partnership with the Fundacion Ortega y Gasset. The roundtable included presentations on Cuban foreign investment and workers' rights issues. Participants included Spanish investors in Cuba, Spanish and North American academic experts on Cuba, representatives of the Spain's government, and members of NPA's Cuba Working Group. NPA received an additional grant for $30,000 from the Bureau of Public Diplomacy at the US Department of State to pay for the expenses of this Madrid event. The agenda from the meeting is attached. Cuba Today

The March 2002 issue of Cuba Today (attached) was published in Spanish in the second quarter of 2002. This issue covered worker issues in the mining industry in Cuba.

The MayIJune 2002 issue of Cuba Today (attached) was published during the sandquarter. This issue covers a variety of perspectives on how foreign investors can promote the rights of workers on the island. The Spanish translation of the MaylJune 2002 issue of Cuba Today will be published during the third quarter of 2002.

The Cuba project intern gathered materials for the next issue of Cuba Today, which will be the last under the current grant. It will be published during the third quarter of 2002. Like other recent issues, the final Cuba To+ will be published in both Spanish and English.

Outside Meetings /Contacts

The Project Director met with a number of individuals and organizations during the first quarter to build support for the program and to increase the database of contacts. Ms. Bailey met, either in person or by phone, with the following contacts to discuss Megies to promote worker rights in Cuba:

Matias Travieso-Diaz, Shaw Pittman Jaime Suchlii, University of Miami Stephen Halloway, Inter-American Development Bank Carlos Malamud, Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset Carl Fox, US Embassy, Madrid Martin Ortega, INCIPE Mark Falcoff, American Enterprise Institute Phil Peters, Lexington Institute Miguel JCruregui Rojas, COMCE (Mexico) Harold Foreman, UFCW Michael Deegan, ACDI-VOCA Donald Mackay, Canadian Foundation for the Americas Robert Weekley, AmCham Cuba Jonathan Moore, Canadian-American Business Council Jorge Pk-Upez, Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy Richard Bauer, E1 Diario de Ziirich (Mexico) Michael Magan, US Department of Labor

Future Plans for the NPA Cuba Program

NPA is currently developing a proposal to submit to USAID to continue work to promote human rights and democratic efforts on the island. NATIONAL POLICY ASSOCIATION

LAS INVERSIONES ESPA.@OLAS EN CUBA Y LA PROMOCION DEL DESARROLLO

Lunes 20 de mayo de 2002 (9:30 a l4:30 horas) HOTEL EMPERATW U Mpa de Hoyos, 4 - 28006 Madrid

Palabras de Bienvenida: Cmlos Mnlamud, Subdiiector del Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset. Anthony Quainton, Presidente y CEO, National Policy Association. Charles Barrett, Chair del Cuba Working Group de NPA y Vicepresidente del Program Strategy and Delivery, The Conference Board of Canada.

"Inversiones en Cuba: un examen de las "especiales" relaciones con Espafia" MAFaleoff; Resident Scholar, American Enterprise Institute: Manuel Garcia de DiaE, Universidad de Granada. Moderador: Joaquin Roy, Universidad de Miami.

"Estrategias para promover la eficiencia laboral y la productividad en Cuba" Anthony Quainton, Presidente y CEO, National Policy Association. Pedro P&q Consultor y Empresario. Moderador: Cmlos Malamud

Conclusiones

Almuerzo June 2002 Vol. 3, No. 1

INSIDE.. . In this issue, CUBA TODAY explores a Cuba, and the implications for Cu- deceptively simple question: How can ban laborers. The Role of Foreign lnvestment foreign investors promote the rights in Promoting Worker of workers in Cuba? Two well-known CUBA TODAY serves as a forum for Rights in Cuba 3 Cuba experts provide their perspec- dialogue on the interactions be- by Amb. Sally Grooms Cowal tives, which reflect the continuing tween Labor and business in Cuba. conversation in U.S. policy circles The following articles on best busi- Ongoing Relations Between Spain about the best way to strengthen ness practices highlight the rele- and Cuba 5 these rights. A third commentator vance of these practices for workers by Mark Falcoff zeroes in on one of the most promi- in Cuba. While the views presented nent countries investing in Cuba- differ with respect to stratqy, all of Spain. He explains the special histori- the authors underline the influence U.S. Presidents Speak on Cuba 7 cal relationship between the two na- of foreign investors on worker rights tions, analyzing the interplay be- and the need for sustained efforts to 1 Members of the Cuba tween domestic Spanish politics, promote those rights. I Working Group 8 Spanish investment policy toward i - Foreign Investors in Cuba: It's Time to Do the Right Thing

by Ambassador Dennis K. Hays Executive Vice President, Cuban American National Foundation

oreign investment is often a posi- living wage and what are appropri- by claiming they were in compliance Ftive force in a developing country. ate standards for health and safety. with local law, knowing full and well A foreign investor brings needed capi- There is no debate, however, about that such laws were in violation of inter- tal and technology that can generate one crucial point - neither corpora- national standards. employment and wealth and improve tions nor governments have the right Moreover, companies place them- the lives of local citizens. But what if a to systematically abuse workers. selves at risk not just in the courts of foreign corporation is asked to violate Practices such as forced labor and law, but also in the court of public opin- the rights of its workers as a condition racial discrimination in hiring have ion when they abuse workers. Just ask of doing business? What if it is clear few defenders these days. Nike about its experience in Vietnam. that investment fuels a repressive re- Corporations that choose to vio- Nike came close to losing its most pre- gime and relieves the need for political late labor and human rights are trad- cious comparative advantage-its and economic reform? Under these ing short-term profits for a long-term cache - because of the treatment of conditions, should an investor stay, go, liability. Aggrieved citizens across workers subcontracted to make its or try to change the system? the globe are taking companies that shoes. Having learned a painful lesson, collude with corrupt and dictatorial today Nike stands as a champion of DEFENDING ABUSED WORKERS rulers to court, and they are winning. good labor practice. Its most recent an- A healthy debate is going on No longer can foreign corporations nual report flatly states: "Factories that worldwide about what constitutes a escape responsibility for their actions refuse to follow these steps [safeguard- NATIONAL POLICY ASSOCIATION 1 i ing worker conditions] will lose our Cuban workers do not have the ernment is threatened with immedi- business." right to form labor unions of their own ate incarceration and criminal proce- Ideally, individuals, corporations, choosing, to strike, to ask for better dures. and nations would decide on their working conditions, to criticize any In addition to all of the above, 1 own free will to respect basic human work rules, or wen to complain about investment in Cuba often involves the and worker rights. The time will come their supervisors. Attempts by work- use of properties illegally confiscated , when doing the right thing and mak- ers to organize independently are without compensation; acceptance of ing the smart business decision will illegal, and activists are subject to the "tourist apartheid" that prevents be the same. But that time has not yet persecution, harassment, and expul- the vast majority of Cuba's citizens arrived. sion from work. Violation of Con- from entering hotels and resorts; com- vention No. 87.2 THE PROBLEMS TODAY IN CUBA plicity in racial discrimination in hir- There are countries in the world Cuban workers and foreign em- ing in the tourist industry; and waiver poorer than Cuba, but no nation this ployers are prohibitedfrom freely nego- of any right to arbitration or protec- side of North Korea works as hard to tiating wages. Strictly speaking, for- tion under the law. eign employers in Cuba do not pay stifle individual initiative or to mini- THE POSSIBILITIES TODAY wages to their employees at all, but mize the meaningful participation of IN CUBA its citizens in business activity. For- are compelled to make payments to Foreign corporations can play a eign corporations that want to do government agencies. Workers are positive role in Cuba by simply refus- business in Cuba do so on Castro's forced to accept salaries far below ing to accept further violations of terms or not at all. This makes foreign subsistence level. Under this prac- worker rights in the conduct of their investors complicit in a host of unsa- tice, workers receive less than 10 business. The Castro regime would vory business practices. Independent percent of the amount that the com- certainly object, but would have few labor and human rights groups rang- panies pay the agencies. Violation ing from Amnesty InterGtional to the of Convention No. 95. options...~~. (other .--~~~ . than. shutting.~~ ... ~ ~ down the tourist industry) if all foreign hotel International Confederation of Free The vast majority of Cuban work- operators stated they intended-in Trade Unions have exhaustively ers do not have the right to open their compliance with ILO mandates- to documented these abuses. Although - own businesses and can employ no directly hire and fire employees in a Cuba has long been a signatory to key more than four people, all ofwhom have nondiscriminatory fashion, to pay UN International Labor Orga~zation - to be relatives. wages directly, and to allow workers (ILO) conventions, Castro's regime to freely associate with each other and ignores practically all of them. In its Cuban workers are encouraged to to form independent bargaining units. comprehensive report, The European spy on their neighbors and to report Union and Cuba, Solidarity or Complic- any activity that the Party feels is One possibility would be to rally around the Arcos Principles, named ity?, the Dutch religious organization against its directives. It is common after the noted Cuban dissident Gus- Pax Christi recently detailed the fol- practice to put militant supporters tavo Arcos. This set of basic reforms is lowing ILO and human rights viola- or "spies" in each workplace, in- patterned on the Sullivan Principles tions:' cluding those of foreign companies, to deal with troublesome cowork- that were used in South Africa. A Cuban workers do not have the right ers. Violation of Convention No. 87, company subscribing to these princi- to choose their place of employment, the Article 3.2. ples agrees to respect the dignity and nature ofsuch employment, or the wages rights of the Cuban people-nothing to be received for said work. Violation of The Cuban government has enacted more and nothing less. thefundamental ILO Convention No. the Law for the Protection ofNational It would be wonderful if foreign 111. Independence and the Cuban Economy companies would agree to such a as part of its strategy to maintain con- 1. Pax Christi, The European Union and straightforward proposal because it Cuba, Solidarity or Complicity? (Utrecht, trol. Any Cuban citizen who cooper- was the right thing to do. The record The Netherlands, September 2000). ates with an organization that op- 2. The annex of the report documents poses the policies of the Cuban gov- these cases. (Continued on page 8) I CUBATODAY 2 The Role of Foreign Investment in Promoting Worker Rights in Cuba I by Ambassador Sally Grooms Cowal I President, Cuba Policy Foundation I orker rights in Cuba clearly and economic development has include company-specific provi- W need to be strengthened. enhanced the general quality of life sions for the ethical treatment of Foreign investment is one way to for Cuban citizens. their workers. significantly improve the condition As recent history suggests, for- INTERNATIONAL of Cuban workers and their rights. eign investment has strengthened AND CORPORATE International worker protections CODES OF CONDUCT worker rights in developing coun- and codes of conduct also help to tries. Through the provision of di- advance worker rights in countries In addition to standards of rect benefits such as financial secu- that lack them. In addition, the worker rights mandated by inter- rity, internationally accepted work- positive influence of companies on national law, such as the conven- ing conditions, community devel- workers and societies in which tions of the International Labor opment, and educational programs, they invest contributes to increased Organization, there are numerous foreign companies play positive living standards and overall re- voluntary principles and codes of roles in the communities where form of labor conditions. But U.S. conduct for socially responsible they invest. Workers in foreign companies are unable to exert such business practices. These include companies see market principles influence because they have no the Arcos Principles, the National and ideas practiced on a daily basis. role to play in the Cuban market. Policy Association's North Ameri- These workers often receive better Cuba's labor practices and the can Committee Principles, the Sul- health care coverage than the aver- state's restrictions banning inde- livan Principles, and the Global age Cuban worker as well as higher pendent labor groups are widely Compact. Many multinational cor- wages. They may also be given recognized. The government's se- porations have endorsed or are perks such as cash incentives and lection of workers who can be encouraged to support such non- food allowances and the use of hired by foreign companies is often binding codes. Multinationals that company cars. politically motivated. Further, the endorsed the Sullivan Principles Some companies appear to be foreign partners pay the state have also recently expressed inter- willing to export higher standards agency, which then pays the em- est in the Cuban market by partici- to countries that do not require ployee at a 95 percent lower rate pating in Cuban trade fairs and them. For example, the environ- (the equivalent of a 95 percent in- sending executives on information- mental health and safety and come tax). Many argue that these gathering trips to the island. worker standards of U.S. chemical highly unusual practices are a vio- Some multinationals maintain companies first operating in China lation of international labor con- their own corporate codes of con- were higher than the local stan- ventions. duct that determine standards of dards. The American firms consid- Nevertheless, the overall im- behavior in overseas investment. ered it uneconomical to build a fa- pact of foreign investment in Cuba These codes frequently include cility that would have to be up has been positive. Foreign invest- protections of worker rights that graded in a few years to meet ment is one of the primary engines go beyond compulso~ytreaty evolving and increasingly stringent driving Cuba's economic growth, terms or voluntary standards to environmental and labor standards.

I ! CUBATODAY 3 Knowledge of company tional pressure. Engagement would Without an investment rela- standards spreads by word of also provide leverage for U.S. com- tionship with Cuba, American com- mouth and by example through- panies to make demands on their panies cannot advance the welfare out communities. This aware- Cuban trading partners. of Cuban workers. Disengagement ness creates competition for Engagement in Cuba would directly contributes to the depriva- workers and increases pressures also help to open and liberalize the tion of the average Cuban by reduc- on locally and state-owned en- Cuban economy. U.S. companies ing employment opportunities and terprises for reform. In some could pursue constructive dialogue compounding economic hardships. cases in Cuba, the adoption by with Cuban authorities and civil Investment and trade relations can joint ventures of safety stan- society on the problem of worker be a platform upon which to build dards (such as steel-tipped shoes rights. U.S. investment would cooperation while simultaneously for mine workers) has been strengthen the Cuban economy, providing sustenance and employ- swiftly followed by a push by thereby improving the immediate ment and the promise that condi- workers for the adoption of the living conditions of Cuban citizens, tions will continue to improve. as well as promoting adherence to same standards in state-owned CONCLUSION companies. The foreign com- international or individual com- pany leads the way by establish- pany labor standards. There are no simple solutions ing a safety standard that others Further, the daily activities of for the development of economic are forced to follow. foreign investors in Cuba would and politicaI reform efforts in Cuba. bring about Cuban labor reform. However, engagement would allow U.S.-CUBA ENGAGEMENT When Cuban labor practices contra- American companies to have an However, as long as the U.S. dicted the codes of conduct of U.S. immediate positive impact on embargo prohibits American corporations, the companies would worker rights. Moreover, engage- companies from engaging in be compelled to require govern- ment would enable the U.S. govem- Cuba, their ability to act as a ment conformity to company stan- ment and U.S. companies to partici- powerful, positive force for en- dards. In addition, international pate in a dialogue with Cuban hancing the lives of Cuban citi- grassroots pressures to respect workers and to expand areas of co- zens will never be realized. Co- worker rights would encourage operation. If the Cuban government operative actions by U.S. compa- companies investing in Cuba to de- failed to achieve progress, intema- nies with foreign investors in mand that the government under- tional condemnation and pressure Cuba to promote worker rights take labor reform. by U.S. investors would leverage will continue to be limited or The positive role that increased improvements by the state for Cu- impossible. U.S. trade ties can have on worker ban workers. In turn, such progress U.S. investment in the Cu- rights was recently demonstrated would lead to stepped-up demands ban economy would provide the by the North American Agreement by Cuban citizens for better condi- foundation from which to ad- on Labor Cooperation (NAALC), tions. dress more controversial issues. which emerged from NAFTA. It is important to move beyond If U.S. companies were engaged Since going into effect, the NAALC the current wait-and-see approach in Cuba, the Cuban government has led to significant developments of U.S. policy toward Cuba. For the would have something at stake in labor policy reform in Mexico, lives of Cuban workers to improve in its relations with its U.S. trad- particularly regarding freedom of sooner rather than later, U.S. invest- ing partners, which would be an association and collective bargain- ment must begin now. incentive to respond to intema- ing rights.

CUBATODAY 4 Ongoing Relations Between Spain and Cuba I by Mark Falcoff I isident Scholar, American Enterprise lnstitr

pain's links with Cuba are in of the Cuban economy - tourist Cuba has been an important Smany ways more intense services and tobacco. overseas destination for Spanish than those with any other Latin politicians from various parties. LONG-TERM RELATIONS American country. Spanish rule The list of Spanish political visi- on the island lasted three-fourths From a political perspective, tors to Cuba includes Premier of a century longer than its rule in one of the most striking features Adolfo Suhez, Manuel Fraga Iri- Mexico, Venezuela, or Peru. Fur- of Cuban-Spanish relations is their barne, head of Galicia's autono- ther, after Cuban independence uninterrupted quality. Even mous government, and Felipe was achieved in 1902, more Span- though Spanish dictator Francisco Godez, both before and after he iards settled in Cuba than they did Franco systematically jailed and became Spain's first socialist during the 400 hundred years it exiled communists in his own Prime Minister in 1986. It was left had been a Spanish colony. At the country for almost 40 years, he to Godezto negotiate a settle- time of the revolution of 1959, as never broke relations with Cas- ment over the $300 million worth many as one million Spaniards tro's Cuba. However, it was not of expropriated Spanish property. called Cuba home, the largest until just before his death in 1975 In the end, Spanish claimants such community (proportionate to that the two countries formally were compelled to accept a pro population) anywhere outside of exchanged ambassadors. rata share of the $40 million upon the peninsula itself. After Spain's return to democ- which the two governments Most Cubans of Spanish im- racy, relations with Cuba contin- agreed. GorrAez also used the migrant origin have since fled the I ued and in many ways intensified. occasion to secure the release of l island, but Cuba remains a focus Spain has provided more eco- one of Cuba's longest-serving po- of Spanish cultural and political nomic assistance, albeit small, to litical prisoners, Eloy Gutieez interests; Cuba is the destination Cuba than any member of the Menoyo. of many Spanish tourists, and European Union (EU). That the The high level traffic between Spain provides the second largest United States is no longer a player Madrid and Havana has had its source of foreign investment on on the island recommends the limits, however. Although King the island. Indeed, because of the Castro regime to Spanish conser- Juan Carlos has traveled to Cuba 40-year-old trade embargo that vatives, many of whom have to attend an Ibero-American Sum- prohibits U.S. businesses from op- never forgiven the Americans for mit and has visited erating in Cuba, Spain is in the their role in the war of 1898. Many Spain twice (once during the 500- process of recovering much of the far left Spaniards, for their part, year celebration of Columbus' economic presence it lost there in consider Cuba a socialist utopia voyage and another time on his 1959. It is particularly active in that has somehow eluded them in way home from the Ibero- two of the most dynamic sectors their own country. American Summit in Portugal),

I CUBATODAY 5 neither head of state has visited Much of the Spanish concern wants democracy to prevail in the other on an official basis. This for human rights in Cuba today Cuba, it should encourage foreign is Madrid's way of showing comes not from the right but from investment by other countries, quiet displeasure with Castro's the liberal left-many socialists and even join in. However, imperviousness to its appeal for feel betrayed by Castro and are whether Spanish economic inter- modest economic and political ashamed of the way he perverts ests in Cuba would be best served reforms. The price that Cuba their ideological ideal. Meanwhile, in the long run by the United pays for its intransigence, apart some of Spain's business elite, a States heeding this counsel is an- from forgoing the ceremonials of key constituency of the ruling Par- other matter. a state visit, is very limited Span- tido Popular, are actively involved ish support in EU councils, in joint ventures with the Cuban CUBA'S FUTURE ATTITUDE where, naturally enough, Madrid government. TOWARD SPAIN exercises a preponderant influ- ence on Latin American matters. INFLAMED RELATIONS Another future issue concerns BETWEEN SPAIN AND U.S. the attitude of Cubans toward SPANISH DOMESTIC Spanish economic interests once POLITICS AND CUBA The passage of both the Cu- the country has a democratic po- ban Democracy Act (1992) and the litical system and labor unions are There are also strict limits Helms-Burton Law (1996) in the free to negotiate contracts. Will . .. .- ...... ~. within which the "Cuban issue" United States have inflamed rela- Cubans resent the present pe- is played out in Spanish domes- tions between Spain and the riod- which promises to stretch tic politics. Cuba is seen by many United States. Spaniards, like most out at least a decade or more- Spaniards otherwise uninter- Europeans, strongly object to the when Spanish enterprises took ested in the matter as a symbol of extraterritorial aspirations of both advantage of Cubans' subordina- successful resistance to globaliza- laws. They believe that if democ- tion to a communist dictatorship tion and American culture, both racy in Cuba is the true objective to acquire a first-rate labor force at of which they heartily despise. of the U.S. position, a policy of fire-sale prices? Will Cubans take When the conservative govern- constructive engagement is the punitive measures against these ment of Jose Maria Aznar best course of action. They peri- firms? Or will they regard the re- (Partido Popular) took office in odically remind Americans that turn of Spain to Cuba as a harbii- 1996, great policy changes to- Laureano L6pez-Rod& architect of ger of better days, a major (if nec- ward Cuba were expected; how- Franco's "economic miracle" in essarily limited) contribution to ever, after a few sensational mo- the 1960s and early 1970s, pre- the open, prosperous society to ments at the beginning-during dicted that Spain would be ready which so many have aspired? On one, Aznar accused Castro to his for democracy when its average this score, Spaniards do not seem face of having tortured people- per capita income reached $2,000 a to be worried. Only the future will the old balance reestablished it- year. It follows from this perspec- tell if they should have been. self. tive, then, that if the United States

CUBATODAY 6 - CUBA 1'ODAY 7 (Continuedfrom page 2) ability may be the prompt needed. In- tions in Nigeria and Burma. Lawsuits of foreign investors in Cuba, however, ternational law is evolving rapidly, based on ACTA will be applied to is not encouraging. In fact, foreign cor- and foreign corporations across the Cuba in the near future. However, for- porations have become full partners globe are being hauled into court for eign investors must also worry about with Castro in exploiting Cuba's citi- violatingworker and human rights. being called to account in Cuba itself. It zens. Attempts to assuage this guilt by In the United States, interest is is highly likely that today's violations making small surreptitious hard cur- growing in using the Alien Claims Tort will be the subject of intense legal scru- rency payments to workers ring hol- Act (ACTA) as a vehicle to press for tiny in tomorrow's democratic Cuba. low. (If you give a slave a chicken on reform or to punish corporations that Advocates of increased foreign in- Sunday, have you addressed his slav- become partners in repression with vestment in Cuba - particularly those ery?) Unfortunately, many corpora- nondemocratic regimes. ACTA has who believe there should be American tions will do the right thing only when already been used to address viola- investment- have an obligation to ad- they have no choice. The threat of li- tions of rights by international corpora- dress the issue of worker rights up front. It is not enough to simply say that investment leads to reform at some unspecified time in the future. A recent series of articles in the Washing- ton Post pointing out that U.S. compa- nies routinely discriminate against women in Saudi Arabia highlights the fact that American businesses often display no more backbone than their European or Latin counterparts. For- eign investors can be part of the solu- tion in Cuba, but they must first stop being part of the problem.

NONPROFIT

U.S. POSTAGE

June 2002 VOI. 3, NO. I NATIONAL POLICY ASSOCIATION Bowie, Md. 1424 16th Street, N.W., Suite 700 Permit No. 4434 Published by the National Policy Association. Washington, D.C. 20036-2229 This newsletter is made possible through support provided by the Bureau for and the Caribbean and the U.S. ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED Agency for International Development. The views expressed by the authors are their own and do not necessarily represent those of USAID, NPA, or the member organiza- tions of the Cuba Working Group.

Cuba Program Director Kaylin Bailey Program Assistant Amanda Fulmer Editor Martha Lee Benz Production James Reeves

NATIONAL POLICY ASSOCIATION 1424 16th Street, N.W., Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20036-2229 TEL 202-884-7640 FAX 202-797-5516 [email protected] www.npa1 .org