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Mexico and the Spanish Civil War Does a Great Deal to Rectify the Historiographical Balance Reva 02 - index - r3 08/06/2015 20:59 Page i “Largely ignored as a peripheral power, Mexico nevertheless did much in political, military, and diplomatic terms to abet the republican cause. Mario Ojeda-Revah’s extensively researched Mexico and the Spanish Civil War does a great deal to rectify the historiographical balance. Not only does he reassess the nature and scale of Mexico’s assistance, but he also reexamines the motives that lay behind it. The result is a rounded and credible portrait of Mexico’s involvement in the Spanish Civil War that constitutes a notable contribution to our understanding of the conflict.” From the Series Editor’s Preface by Nigel Townson Based on first-hand diplomatic, political and journalistic sources, most unpublished, Mexico and the Spanish Civil War investigates the backing of the Second Republic by Mexico during the Spanish Civil War. Significant military, material and financial aid was given by the govern- ment of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934–1940) to the Republic, which involved not only direct sales of arms, but also smuggling operations covertly undertaken by Mexican diplomatic agents in order to circumvent the embargo imposed by the London Committee of Non-Intervention. This path-breaking account reveals the operations in Spain of Mexican workers, soldiers, artists and intellectuals – such as later Nobel Laureate Octavio Paz and the Muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros – as volun- teers and propagandists for the Republican cause. Engagement with the Spanish Civil War also had a profound impact upon Mexico’s domestic politics as support for the Republic was equated by Cárdenas with his own revolutionary project. The defeat of the Republic in 1939 therefore had far-reaching repercussions for the post-1940 governments. Originally published to critical acclaim in Spanish, the work has been quoted and reviewed by many leading specialists on the Civil War, inclu- ding Anthony Beevor, Ángel Viñas, Santos Juliá, and Pedro Pérez Herrero. This book is essential reading for students and scholars specia- lizing in contemporary European history and politics, Latin American studies, and all those with an interest in the Spanish Civil War and the Mexican Revolution. Cover illustrations are detailed within the book. Mario Ojeda Revah is Research Fellow at the Centre for Research on Latin America and the Caribbean of the National University of Mexico (CIALC– UNAM). He is also Professor at the School of Political Science of the National University of Mexico (UNAM), and has taught at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México and Universidad de las Américas. He was Associate Professor and Faculty member at the Saint Louis University, Madrid Campus (2006/2011). He is the author of México y la Guerra Civil (2005); La Revolución Mexicana (2006); and co-author of Iconografía de Lázaro Cárdenas (2007) and México: Mirando hacia dentro, 1930/1960 (2012). Reva 02 - index - r3 08/06/2015 20:59 Page ii Sussex Studies in Spanish History General Editor: Nigel Townson, Universidad Complutense, Madrid Consultant Editor: José Álvarez-Junco, Universidad Complutense, Madrid Advisory Editors: Pamela Radcliff, University of California, San Diego Tim Rees, University of Exeter José Álvarez-Junco, The Emergence of Mass Politics in Spain: Populist Demagoguery and Republican Culture, 1890–1910. Tom Buchanan, The Impact on the Spanish Civil War on Britain: War, Loss and Memory. Andrew Dowling, Catalonia since the Spanish Civil War: Reconstructing the Nation.* Hugo García, The Truth about Spain!: Mobilizing British Public Opinion, 1936–1939. Irene González González, Spanish Education in Morocco, 1912–1956: Cultural Interactions in a Colonial Context . Patricia Hertel, The Crescent Remembered: Islam and Nationalism on the Iberian Peninsula. Silvina Schammah Gesser, Madrid’s Forgotten Avant-Garde: Between Essentialism and Modernity. David Messenger, L’Espagne Républicaine: French Policy and Spanish Republicanism in Liberated France. Javier Moreno-Luzón, Modernizing the Nation: Spain during the Reign of Alfonso XIII, 1902–1931. Inbal Ofer, Señoritas in Blue: The Making of a Female Political Elite in Franco’s Spain. Mario Ojeda Revah, Mexico and the Spanish Civil War: Domestic Politics and the Republican Cause. Elizabeth Roberts, “Freedom, Faction, Fame and Blood”: British Soldiers of Conscience in Greece, Spain and Finland. Manuel Álvarez Tardío and Fernando del Rey Reguillo (eds.), The Spanish Second Republic Revisited. Nigel Townson, The Crisis of Democracy in Spain: Centrist Politics under the Second Republic, 1931–1936. Nigel Townson (ed.), Is Spain Different?: A Comparative Look at the 19th and 20th Centuries. * Published in association with the Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies and the Catalan Observatory, London School of Economics. Reva 02 - index - r3 08/06/2015 20:59 Page iii Reva 02 - index - r3 08/06/2015 20:59 Page iv Copyright © Mario Ojeda Revah, 2015. Published in the Sussex Academic e-Library, 2015. SUSSEX ACADEMIC PRESS PO Box 139 Eastbourne BN24 9BP, UK and simultaneously in the United States of America and Canada All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ojeda Revah, Mario. [Mixico y la Guerra Civil Espaqola. English] Mexico and the Spanish Civil War : domestic politics and the Republican cause / Mario Ojeda Revah. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84519-666-0 (acid-free paper) ISBN 978-1-78284-157-9 (e-pub) ISBN 978-1-78284-158-6 (e-mobi) ISBN 978-1-78284-159-3 (e-pdf) 1. Mexico—Foreign relations—Spain. 2. Spain—Foreign relations—Mexico. 3. Mexico—Military relations—Spain. 4. Spain—Military relations—Mexico. 5. Spain—History—Civil War, 1936–1939—Participation, Mexican. 6. Mexicans—Spain—History—20th century. 7. Military assistance—History— 20th century. 8. Economic assistance—History—20th century. 9. Cardenas, Lazaro, 1895–1970. 10. Mexico—Politics and government—1910–1946. I. Title. F1228.5.S7O3713 2014 327.72046—dc23 2014012832 This e-book text has been prepared for electronic viewing. Some features, including tables and figures, might not display as in the print version, due to electronic conversion limitations and/or copyright strictures. Reva 02 - index - r3 08/06/2015 20:26 Page v Contents Preface by Series Editor, Nigel Townson vii Acknowledgements ix List of Abbreviations x Introduction 1 1 Spanish–Mexican Relations, 1821–1931: An Overview 14 Intellectuals and Diplomats 19 Spain and the Mexican Revolution 21 The Mexican Religious Conflict and Spain 24 Hispanismo and Exaltation of the Indian by the Mexican 28 Revolution 2 Relations with Republican Spain Prior 32 to the Civil War, 1931–1936 3 Material Aid and Diplomatic Solidarity 62 Mexico on the Eve of the Spanish Civil War: 63 A Recapitulation The Spanish War 71 The Spanish Embassy in Mexico 72 The Decision to Aid the Republic 74 Further Instances of Support 80 Spanish Responses to Mexican Solidarity 82 The Mexican Embassy in Madrid 85 The Refugee Crisis 86 Communists against Cárdenas 94 Mexican Oil Expropriation, Spain, and the 95 Impending World War 4 Arms for Republican Spain 99 Open Engagement: The Expedition of the Magallanes 104 International Reactions to Mexican Involvement 110 in the Spanish War Miscellaneous Shipments 114 Transhipment of American Aircraft through Mexico 116 Reva 02 - index - r3 08/06/2015 20:26 Page vi vi CONTENTS Failed Expectations: The Journey of the Mar Cantábrico 120 The Czech Connection 126 The Mexican Legation in Paris: Procurer of Arms for Spain 130 5 Volunteers and Propagandists 134 Mexican Writers and Artists Against Fascism 134 Opposite Engagements: Andrés Iduarte and Carlos Pereyra 140 Mexican Combatants on the Spanish Fronts 141 Mexicans in the Francoist Ranks 155 6 Domestic Repercussions of the War 158 Armed Militias in Mexico 159 The Spanish Community and the Rebellion 163 The Cedillo Rebellion: A Mexican Franco? 165 In Search of the Mexican Popular Front (PRM): The Party 166 of the Mexican Revolution The Falange in Mexico 169 The Mexican Right and Franco’s Crusade 171 Women’s Suffrage in Mexico and the Spanish War 180 The Mexican Press and the Francoist Uprising 182 The Mexican Catholic Church and the Spanish Crusade 184 The Economic Elite 186 7 The Republic’s Downfall and its Effects on the 189 Mexican Revolution Defeat and Exodus 189 Change of Course: Franco’s Victory and the Decline 197 of Cardenismo The Protection of Spanish Refugees in Vichy and 200 Occupied France The Presidential Election of 1940 203 Mexico and Spain, 1945–1977: From Enduring Hostility 211 to Final Reconciliation Conclusions 214 Notes 220 Bibliography 263 Index 279 Reva 02 - index - r3 08/06/2015 20:26 Page vii Preface by Series Editor Nigel Townson Few conflagrations of the twentieth century have been so exhaustively studied as the Spanish Civil War, but there nonetheless remain a good many aspects of the conflict that have been subjected to limited or nonex- istent research. A great deal has been published on the international dimensions of the war, whether it be the Non-Intervention Committee, the participation of Nazi Germany and fascist Italy on the side of the insurgents, or the backing of the Soviet Union for the Second Republic. Yet little has been published on the Republic’s most steadfast ally: Mexico. Largely ignored as a peripheral power, Mexico nevertheless did much in political, military, and diplomatic terms to abet the republican cause. Mario Ojeda Revah’s extensively researched Mexico and the Spanish Civil War does a great deal to rectify the historiographical balance. Not only does he reassess the nature and scale of Mexico’s assis- tance, but he also reexamines the motives that lay behind it.
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