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Couv. à plat 16.10.2006 11:56 Page 1 W ORLD I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY O RGANIZATION O RGANISATION M ONDIALE DE LA P ROPRIÉTÉ I NTELLECTUELLE PRINCIPLES OF COPYRIGHT Cases and Materials NOTIONSPROFESSOR DAVID VAVER FONDAMENTALES NOTIONS FONDAMENTALES NOTIONS FONDAMENTALES DU DROIT D’AUTEUR DU DROIT D’AUTEUR Recueil de jurisprudence PROFESSEUR PIERRE SIRINELLI PRINCIPLES OF COPYRIGHT UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME PROGRAMME DES NATIONS UNIES POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT Couv. à plat 16.10.2006 11:56 Page 2 For more information contact the Pour plus d’informations, veuillez contacter World Intellectual Property Organization l’Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété at: Intellectuelle: Address: Adresse: 34, Chemin des Colombettes 34, Chemin des Colombettes P.O. Box 18 Case postale 18 CH-1211 Geneva 20 CH-1211 Genève 20 Switzerland Suisse Telephone: Téléphone: +41 22 338 91 11 +41 22 338 91 11 Fax: Télécopieur: +41 22 733 54 28 +41 22 733 54 28 E-mail: Messagerie électronique: [email protected] [email protected] or its New York Coordination Office at: ou avec le Bureau de coordination Address: de l’OMPI à New York: 2, United Nations Plaza Adresse: Suite 2525 2, United Nations Plaza New York, N.Y. 10017 Suite 2525 United States of America New York, N.Y. 10017 Telephone: États-Unis d’Amérique +1 212 963 6813 Téléphone: Fax: +1 212 963 6813 +1 212 963 4801 Télécopieur: E-mail: +1 212 963 4801 [email protected] Messagerie électronique: Visit the WIPO website at: [email protected] www.wipo.int Visitez le site Web de l’OMPI: and order from the WIPO Electronic www.wipo.int Bookshop at: et commandez auprès de la librairie www.wipo.int/ebookshop électronique de l’OMPI: www.wipo.int/ebookshop WIPO Publication No. 844(A/E/F) ISBN: 92-805-1013-1 W ORLD I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY O RGANIZATION O RGANISATION M ONDIALE DE LA P ROPRIÉTÉ I NTELLECTUELLE PRINCIPLES OF COPYRIGHT Cases and Materials DAVID VAVER Reuters Professor of Intellectual Property and Information Technology Law, Director, Oxford Intellectual Property Research Centre, St Peter’s College, NOTIONSOxford University FONDAMENTALES DU DROIT D’AUTEUR Recueil de jurisprudence PIERRE SIRINELLI Professeur à l’Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris I) G ENEVA/GENÈVE J ULY/ JUILLET 2002 PRINCIPLES OF COPYRIGHT CASES AND MATERIALS 6 FOREWORD 9 CHAPTER I. SUBJECT MATTER AND CONDITIONS OF PROTECTION 73 CHAPTER II. RIGHTS 105 CHAPTER III. OWNERSHIP OF RIGHTS 125 CHAPTER IV. INFRINGEMENT AND ENFORCEMENT NOTIONS FONDAMENTALES DU DROIT D’AUTEUR RECUEIL DE JURISPRUDENCE 170 AVANT-PROPOS 173 CHAPITRE I. L’OBJET ET LES CONDITIONS DE LA PROTECTION 229 CHAPITRE II. LES DROITS DE L’AUTEUR 279 CHAPITRE III. LA TITULARITÉ DES DROITS 308 CHAPITRE IV. LES VIOLATIONS ET LES SANCTIONS W ORLD I NTELLECTUAL P ROPERTY O RGANIZATION PRINCIPLES OF COPYRIGHT Cases and Materials DAVID VAVER Reuters Professor of Intellectual Property and Information Technology Law, Director, Oxford Intellectual Property Research Centre, St Peter’s College, Oxford University FOREWORD Intellectual property is increasingly being recognized as an important tool for economic development and wealth creation. Copyright, in particular, can be a powerful catalyst within national economies. Several studies have shown that comprehensive copyright legislation sustained by effective enforcement mechanisms and an efficient collective management structure can have a significant, measurable impact on Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The impetus of certain international instruments dealing with intellectual property – such as the Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs Agreement) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty – has generated a vast amount of activity in drafting new national copyright laws or revising existing ones. Under the TRIPs Agreement, for example, countries are not only obliged to provide minimum standards of protection, but must also ensure their effective enforcement. Copyright is taking an increasingly central role on the legal stage. It is, therefore, imperative for the actors involved in the task of implementing and enforcing copyright law – be they judges, lawyers, customs officials or the police, rights-holders, users – to possess a basic knowledge of how to interpret it. This publication aims to provide a valuable and practical tool for those countries where court decisions in the copyright domain are scarce or non-existent – either because copyright law is a fairly new phenomenon or because existing legislation has not been extensively applied. To that effect the publication examines a carefully selected number of court decisions illustrating general principles of copyright law, drawn from common law, civil law and the legislative systems of Arab countries. As the basic principles illustrated here are to a large extent commonly shared, many of the cases presented have a wider relevance, going beyond the confines of the legal system of which they form part. 6 FOREWORD The initiative for this Casebook was taken by the Cooperation for Development Bureau for Arab Countries of WIPO. It should thus be noted that its content has taken into account general trends in Arab legislation. For example, the section on moral rights in the part dealing with civil law is particularly well developed, as the laws of most Arab countries are closely aligned with those of civil law systems, in which moral rights are of significant importance. Four leading and well-respected experts from different legal backgrounds contributed to this publication: Professor David Vaver, from Oxford University (United Kingdom) provided the part related to common law; Professor Pierre Sirinelli, from Paris I University (France) was responsible for the part on civil law; Professor Hossam Loutfi, of the Cairo University (Egypt) authored the part on Arab countries; and the outline and structure of the book were established by Professor Victor Nabhan, formerly of Laval University (Canada) and currently a WIPO consultant. I am convinced that this comparative study will make an important contribution to a better understanding, and hence a sound implementation, of the legislation in those developing countries where copyright law is an emerging field. I congratulate those who contributed to this excellent work, which fills a need for practical information in the copyright field. I also wish to extend my special thanks and appreciation to the Regional Bureau for Arab States of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for its full support of the objectives of this publication and its financial commitment thereto. Dr. Kamil Idris Director General World Intellectual Property Organization 7 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. CHAPTER I. SUBJECT MATTER AND CONDITIONS OF PROTECTION 11 1. COPYRIGHT IN AN ITEM IS DISTINGUISHED FROM PROPERTY RIGHTS IN IT AS A PHYSICAL THING 14 2. IDEAS VS. EXPRESSION 15 • Copyright does not subsist in style 15 • Copyright does not subsist merely in news 16 • Copyright does not subsist in history, historical incidents or facts 17 • Copyright does not subsist in scientific principles or descriptions of an art 18 • Copyright does not subsist in mere principles or schemes 18 • Copyright does not subsist in methods of operation 20 • General ideas, e.g. for entertainment, are not protected by copyright 20 • Ideas may nevertheless be protected through means other than copyright 22 3. CONSEQUENCES OF THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN IDEAS AND EXPRESSION 22 • The author is the person responsible for the work’s expression 24 • Taking an idea does not infringe copyright 26 • Idea and expression may merge 27 • Where does “idea” stop and “expression” start? 29 4. COPYRIGHT PROTECTION ARISES AUTOMATICALLY ON CREATION OF THE WORK, AND DOES NOT DEPEND UPON REGISTRATION 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. 30 5. ORIGINALITY 33 • Originality must be judged by looking at the work as a whole, not merely at its component parts 34 • There may be originality in creating a derivative work from another work 37 • A translation may be original 39 • An adaptation may be original 41 • A compilation involving original selection or arrangement may have copyright 44 6. WORKS THAT VIOLATE PUBLIC ORDER 52 7. PROTECTED WORKS 52 • General Scope • The function, quality, subject-matter and popularity of a work are irrelevant to its copyrightability • Simplicity is irrelevant to copyrightability 56 • Literary work • Short phrases • Speech and interviews • Blank forms 61 • Dramatic work 63 • Musical work 64 • Artistic work • Sculpture 64 • Title of a Work 66 • Derivative works • An unauthorized derivative work may be protected by copyright 67 • Unclassified works may be protected 69 • May copyright overlap with patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights? 10 I. COPYRIGHT: CASES AND MATERIALS Selected and edited by Professor David Vaver Reuters Professor of Intellectual Property & Information Technology Law, University of Oxford; Director, Oxford Intellectual Property Research Centre, St Peter’s College, Oxford according to a Plan devised by Professor Victor Nabhan Arab Bureau World Intellectual Property Organisation [N.B.: The cases below have been heavily abridged. Citations have frequently been removed, and paragraphing and punctuation sometimes changed, to assist readability without changing meaning.] CHAPTER I. SUBJECT MATTER AND CONDITIONS OF PROTECTION 1. COPYRIGHT IN AN ITEM IS DISTINGUISHED FROM PROPERTY RIGHTS IN IT AS A PHYSICAL THING Copyright is a property right, but it is different from property in a physical thing. If I buy a book from a bookstore, I will now own the book and can do what I like with it as a physical object: read it, stand on it or throw it in the garbage. But someone else will typically own the copyright in the book: either the author or whoever the author has transferred the copyright to. That person too has rights over the book, such as the right to make copies of it. If I make a copy of the book without that person’s consent, I infringe his rights in the book.
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