Frank Marshall Davis in Hawai'i

Frank Marshall Davis in Hawai’i: Outsider Journalist Looking In Kathryn Waddell Takara Frank Marshall Davis (1905-1987) was a journalist, poet, expatriate, and resident of Hawai’i for almost forty years. As an outsider looking in, he functioned as a significant voice in documenting the progress of social movements in Hawai’i from a plantation- to a tourist-based economy.1 In his weekly column, “Frank-ly Speaking,” in the union newspaper the Honolulu Record, he acted as a commentator on the impact of the union movement on the plantation economy in the post-war Honolulu scene. As a major national journalist and former editor of the Associated Negro Press, Davis was able to analyze the changing configurations of ethnic groups, class structures and strategies of control. His keen observations of the imperialist forces and his subsequent fall in status due to his outspoken editorials seem a paradox in what he described as a “postcard paradise.” His was a voice that inspired and threatened. His uniqueness as a black journalist and his middle-class status showed that Hawai’i was indeed one of the few places in the 1940s and 1950s where blacks held roles other than those of agricultural or service workers in a multi-ethnic setting. Blacks in Hawai’i had a certain fluidity between several ethnic groups, which afforded Davis a unique platform from which to observe and discuss the consequences of the new economy. He wrote of the parallels of laws and influences between the southern plantation system and plantations in Hawai’i, as well as parallels between blacks and Hawaiians. His insight into colonial techniques and strategies for dividing the minorities/oppressed groups, his ability to see beyond the binary racism so common in the continental US, and his documentation of discrimination and racism in Hawai’i, are a testament to Davis’ role as a significant voice and witness in the historical process of Hawai’i’s economic development, inter- group relationships, and changing social consciousness. Before and After Arrival in Hawai’i The obvious question is why a prominent African American writer and intellectual would choose to go to the Territory of Hawai’i in 1948 and not to Europe, Russia, or Africa, like so many of his black compatriots. Most African Americans were leaving the Islands after the war to return to their African American communities. Davis was arriving. Why? The local Hawai’i newspapers thought they knew. In December 1948, several articles in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin and Honolulu Advertiser announced the imminent arrival of Davis and his Caucasian wife Helen, then their delay, and finally their belated arrival. Several were accompanied by photos of the two. The press presented Davis as a successful journalist, and as a poet and a recipient of a 1937 Julius Rosenwald Fellowship. The newspapers wrote contradictory stories on the purpose of their trip. “Executive Editor of ANP Is Due Tonight” (Honolulu Advertiser 1948a) says that Davis “is in Honolulu for a visit that will combine a vacation with business[, that he] is planning a story on racial groups in the Islands [and that] Davis also plans to visit army and navy posts.” “Negro Press Executive Here” (Honolulu Advertiser 1948b) says that Davis “is here on an inspection and vacation tour of the islands [and] will tour army and navy installations and other territorial institutions.” “Davis Considers Hawai’i Advanced in Democracy” (Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1948) says the Davises are in Hawai’i “for a visit of not less than four months. Davis will write a series of articles on his observations of the island scene and also will work on a book of poetry which he hopes will capture the spirit of the Islands in verse.” But the photo caption accompanying the article says the Davises are “in Honolulu for an indefinite visit.” Davis’ wife was presented as an artist, writer, and executive editor of a national press agency, who planned “to do watercolors of the islands during her stay.” Other citizens of Honolulu, however, knew that Davis was more than a civic figure. Henry Epstein, a local labor leader familiar with Davis’ mainland reputation said in an interview just before Davis’ death, What I remember about Frank was that he was a very prominent and well-known black poet who was very highly respected in Chicago. You'd see his picture once in a while on the society page of the Chicago newspapers and when they had fund raisers for progressive organizations in Chicago, if Frank Marshall Davis was coming you had a real attraction, a prominent person that would help bring people into the event. [...] You saw him in what's now called civil rights affairs. 1 [...] I don't think Frank was recognized as the prominent person that he was back in Chicago (Rice and Roses 1986(2):1,5). Epstein was right. In Hawai’i, few people accorded Davis the status and respect that was his due, partly because they were unfamiliar with his past, and partly because it was a time when people were afraid to takes risks under the shadow of McCarthyism. Davis’ own reasons for coming to Hawai’i were less overtly political. In an interview shortly before his death for the television series Rice and Roses, he recounted how the internationally famed singer Paul Robeson – whom he knew from Chicago and the progressive movement there – influenced him to come to Hawai’i: “[Robeson] had been over here the previous year on a concert set up for the International longshoremen’s & warehousemen’s Union (ILWU). And he was telling me how much he liked it and he said he was going to come back every year. He never did show up again. But anyway, he was instrumental in helping me to form my desire to come over” (Rice and Roses 1986). The welcome proved to be impressive. When the Davises first arrived, the extensive media coverage made them feel accepted. They were stopped on the street and warmly greeted by many local residents. He and his wife were offered rides when waiting for a bus, and were invited to dine at the Willows, which refused to serve most African Americans at that time. Davis in short sensed that Hawai’i would be a relaxed and friendly place to live. He said in an interview, “Within a week I had decided to settle here permanently, although I knew it would mean giving up what prestige I had acquired back in Chicago where I was now appearing each year in Who's Who in the Midwest and had been told by the editors that in 1949 my biography would be included in Who's Who in America” (Davis 1992:323). Clearly, Davis was willing to sacrifice a great deal to escape the tensions and demands of his experiences on the Mainland, for he concluded that “the peace and dignity of living in Paradise would compensate for finding a way other than as a newspaperman to make a living” (ibid.). In certain ways, Hawai’i was a welcome change. Davis, for instance, marveled that he had many white friends in the islands: I was somebody who came from the same general environment and over-all background. At first it was shocking to hear Caucasians tell me what “we” must do when, on the Mainland, they would likely say “you people.” Many whites of considerable residence here are as bitter about racism as any of us and are glad to live in a place where overt prejudice is not customary. I have known haoles [whites] to go back home for a long visit but return ahead of schedule because they couldn't stand the attitudes of their old friends (1992:317). But Davis almost immediately came to realize that some of these “strong friendships with many haoles” developed because he was not Asian, and in fact, his anomalous position as an African American in Hawai’i would become the source not only of his own sense of Hawai’i as both a multi-ethnic and colonialist culture, but also of his outspoken sympathies and opinions in print, which would markedly affect his own life in the islands. And yet, because he felt that, with his arrival in the islands, he had at last found dignity and respect as a man, as a human being, Davis proved slow to complain. He had resolved that even politics was never to take this dignity away from him again. The ILWU and the Honolulu Record His expectation that he could not support himself through his writing soon proved accurate. Although when he arrived in Hawai’i, his welcome led him to assume that finding a job would not be difficult, especially with all of his experience and expertise in journalism, he quickly discovered his mistake. When he tried to get a salaried job with a large local daily, word had apparently gotten around that Davis was pro-labor, and the newspaper that was supported by the Big Five (American Factors, Theo H. Davies, Alexander & Baldwin, Castle & Cooke [Dole], and C. Brewer and Co.), ignored him. The word was in fact correct, for Davis’ initial contacts within Hawai’i all had extremely strong ILWU ties. Paul Robeson's own Hawai’i acquaintances, which he passed on to Davis, insured that “when I came over, one of the first things that I got involved with – well, I met all the ILWU brass, Jack Hall and all of them, and I went – they had both of us over to various functions for them – Harriet Bouslog was also a good friend” (Rice and Roses 1986(5):29-30; see Beechert 1985:227).

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