DOCSLIB.ORG

They Gave Them Long Swords: Preparation for Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity Against Rohingya Muslims

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
They Gave Them Long Swords: Preparation for Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity Against Rohingya Muslims Cover: Myanmar soldiers shot Mohammed, 7, in the chest as he fled attacks in “ his village. Physicians at Cox’s Bazar THEY General Hospital in Bangladesh operated on him to remove the bullet GAVE and fragments. He now lives in a refugee camp in Cox's Bazar District. LONG Patrick Brown © Panos/UNICEF 2018 “ THEM SWORDS Preparations for Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity Against Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine State, Myanmar Fortify Rights works to ensure human rights for all. We investigate human rights violations, engage people with power on solutions, and strengthen the work of human rights defenders, affected communities, and civil society. We believe in the influence of evidence-based research, the power of strategic truth-telling, and the importance of working closely with individuals, communities, and movements pushing for change. We are an independent, nonprofit organization based in Southeast Asia and registered in the United States and Switzerland. TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY 10 METHODOLOGY 29 CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS: AUGUST 2016 - JULY 2018 31 BACKGROUND 35 I PREPARATIONS FOR ATROCITY CRIMES BETWEEN OCTOBER 2016 AND AUGUST 2017 41 Confiscating Sharp and Blunt Objects from Rohingya Civilians . 41 Training and Arming Non-Rohingya Citizens . 43 Avoidable Deprivations in Food and other Aid . 46 Build-Up of State Security Forces in Northern Rakhine State . .49 . Other Human Rights Violations . 50 II ROHINGYA MILITANT ATTACKS ON AUGUST 25, 2017 53 III CRIMINAL ACTS AGAINST ROHINGYA BY CIVILIAN PERPETRATORS SINCE AUGUST 25, 2017 55 Murder . 55 . Looting and Destruction of Property . 58 IV CRIMINAL ACTS AGAINST ROHINGYA BY STATE SECURITY FORCES SINCE AUGUST 25, 2017 59 Murder . 60 . Throats Slit and Fatal Knife Wounds . 60 Burned to Death . .62 Indiscriminate and Targeted Shootings . .62 Killings of Children and Infants . 66 Burials and Burnings of Bodies. .67 Rape and Sexual Violence . 68 Landmines . 69 . Forced Displacement . 70 Destruction of Homes, Civilian Structures, and Means of Subsistence . 70 Destruction of Food Sources and Avoidable Deprivations in Aid. .71 V HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES BY ROHINGYA MILITANTS 73 Murder . 73 . Criminal Responsibility . .75 Threats and Intimidation . 76 Restrictions on Freedom of Movement . 77 VI INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK: GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 81 Genocide . 81 Prohibited Acts of Genocide . 82 Protected Groups . 86 Intent to Destroy . 90 Crimes Against Humanity . 102 Prohibited Acts of Crimes Against Humanity . 103 The Contextual Element of Crimes Against Humanity . 110 VII ASSESSING CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 117 Command Responsibility for Commanders . 118 A Military or Military-Like Commander . 118 Effective Command and Control or Effective Authority and Control Over Forces . .118 Failure to Exercise Control Over Forces. 120 Knowledge of the Crimes . 121 Modes of Liability . 125 Direct or Indirect Perpetration or Co-Perpetration of Crime(s) . 125 Ordering, Soliciting or Inducing the Commission of Crime(s) . 128 Aiding, Abetting or Otherwise Assisting in the Commission of Crime(s) . 129 Substantially Contributing to the Commission of Crime(s) . 129 Inciting Others to Commit Genocide . 130 The Chain of Command: Individuals Who Should be Subject to Investigation and Possibly Prosecution . 131 VIII ROHINGYA HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS 135 IX RECOMMENDATIONS 139 To the Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar . 139 To the United Nations Security Council . 140 To the United Nations Human Rights Council and the United Nations General Assembly . 140 To the United Nations Country Teams in Myanmar and Bangladesh . 140 To Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) . 141 To the Government of Malaysia . 141 To the International Community, Including Canada, the United States of America, the European Union, Australia, Japan, Korea, the Organization for Islamic Cooperation, and others . 141 To the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army . 142 ANNEX A: MYANMAR ARMY-LED “CLEARANCE OPERATIONS” FROM OCTOBER TO DECEMBER 2016 IN MAUNGDAW TOWNSHIP, RAKHINE STATE 143 Criminal Acts Against Rohingya, October to December 2016 . 143 Murder . 143 Throats Slit and Fatal Knife Wounds . 144 Burned to Death . 145 Indiscriminate and Targeted Gunfire . 146 Killings of Children and Infants . 148 Burials and Burnings of Bodies. 149 Rape and Sexual Violence . 150 Testimony of Medical Doctors, Physicians, and Aid Workers . 152 Body Searches. 153 Arbitrary Mass Arrests and Enforced Disappearances . 153 Forced Displacement . 154 Destruction of Homes and Civilian Structures . 155 Destruction of Religious Structures . 156 Destruction and Confiscation of Means of Subsistence . 157 Multiple Internal Displacement and Refugee Flight . 158 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 160 “They Gave Them Long Swords” Noor Haba, 11, carries her family's belongings to Shamlapur Beach in Bangladesh after the boat she traveled on from Maungdaw Township, Myanmar arrived safely at 8:43 a.m. Patrick Brown © Panos/UNICEF 2018 Summary 10 SUMMARY ▶ The United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention has found that genocide and Mohammad F., 15, receives crimes against humanity are “processes that take time to plan, coordinate and treatment at Cox's Bazar implement.” These crimes do not occur spontaneously or as isolated events; General Hospital. The Myanmar Army opened fire on him as he they require resources and decisions by people in positions of power. fled his village in September The dominant narrative accepted internationally about what occurred in 2017, shooting his arm clean off. His uncle covered the wound Myanmar’s northern Rakhine State in 2017 suggests that Rohingya militants with medicinal leaves while they attacked dozens of police outposts, instigating a spontaneous Myanmar Army- hid in the jungle for five weeks led crackdown against Rohingya civilians, forcibly displacing hundreds of before arriving in Bangladesh. thousands to Bangladesh. He is with his brother, 10, and sister, 7; their parents' This report documents and reveals a sinister subplot: Myanmar authorities whereabouts are unknown. made extensive and systematic preparations for the commission of mass Patrick Brown © Panos/ UNICEF 2018 atrocity crimes against indigenous Rohingya civilians during the weeks and months before Rohingya-militant attacks on August 25, 2017. Summary 11 While the Myanmar authorities have subjected Rohingya to widespread and systematic human rights violations for decades, the Myanmar Army’s preparations for the most recent attacks on civilians in northern Rakhine State occurred between October 2016 and August 2017. On October 9, 2016, Rohingya men and boys armed mostly with sticks and knives attacked three police outposts, reportedly killing nine police and sparking a Myanmar Army- led attack on Rohingya civilians in approximately 40 villages in Maungdaw Township, displacing more than 94,000 civilians. Following that wave of brutal violence, the international community failed to act, and Myanmar officialdom evidently took note: The military, administrative, and civilian authorities subsequently made a series of decisions and enacted several measures that contributed to the commission of the crime of genocide and crimes against humanity beginning August 25, 2017. Specifically, this report documents how, between October 2016 and August 2017, Myanmar authorities: ▶ • SYSTEMATICALLY “DISARMED” Rohingya civilians, confiscating household items that might be used as weapons or in self-defense. Lifeless bodies of Rohingya children and adult refugees • SYSTEMATICALLY TORE DOWN fencing and other structures around are transported after their boat from Myanmar capsized off Rohingya homes, providing the military with a greater line-of-sight on Inani Beach near Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, September 28, civilians. 2017. More than 100 Rohingya were on board. • TRAINED AND ARMED local non-Rohingya communities in northern Patrick Brown © Panos/ Rakhine State. UNICEF 2018 Summary 12 Rohingya refugees from Myanmar walk through paddy fields and flooded land upon arriving in Bangladesh. Patrick Brown © Panos/UNICEF 2018 • SUSPENDED HUMANITARIAN AID AND ACCESS TO ROHINGYA, systematically weakening the civilian population and removing monitors on the ground. • ENFORCED A DISCRIMINATORY MUSLIM-ONLY CURFEW in northern Rakhine State and evacuated thousands of non-Rohingya citizens from the area. • BUILT UP AN UNUSUALLY SIZABLE MILITARY PRESENCE, incommensurate with the threats at hand. Taken together, these measures demonstrate a level of preparation not previously documented with respect to the Myanmar Army-led “clearance operations” in northern Rakhine State in 2016 and 2017. All of these measures fall within the United Nations Framework for Analysis of Atrocity Crimes for identifying “preparatory action” for genocide and crimes against humanity. Moving from the preparations, almost immediately following the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army’s (ARSA) attack on police outposts in Maungdaw, Rathedaung, and Buthidaung townships in northern Rakhine State during the early morning hours of August 25, Myanmar authorities descended on villages and activated non-Rohingya Summary 13 civilian squads, some of whom the authorities previously armed and/or trained. These civilian perpetrators were not vigilantes—they acted under the Myanmar military and police in razing hundreds of Rohingya villages throughout northern Rakhine State, brutally killing masses of unarmed Rohingya men, women, and children. For its part, the Myanmar Army led massacres, systematically
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Atrocity Crimes Risk Assessment Series
    ASIA PACIFIC CENTRE - RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT ATROCITY CRIMES RISK ASSESSMENT SERIES MYANMAR VOLUME 9 - NOVEMBER 2019 Acknowledgements This 2019 updated report was prepared by Ms Elise Park whilst undertaking a volunteer senior in- ternship at the Asia Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect based at the School of Political Science and International Studies at The University of Queensland. We acknowlege the 2017 version author, Ms Ebba Jeppsson (a volunteer senior APR2P intern )and the preliminary background research undertaken in 2016 by volunteer APR2P intern Mr Joshua Appleton-Miles. These internships were supported by the Centre’s staff: Professor Alex Bellamy, Dr Noel Morada, and Ms Arna Chancellor. The Asia Pacific Risk Assessment series is produced as part of the activities of the Asia Pacific Cen- tre for the Responsibility to Protect (AP R2P). Photo acknowledgement: Rohingya refugees make their way down a footpath during a heavy monsoon downpour in Kutupalong refugee settlement, Cox’s Bazar district, Bangladesh. © UNHCR/David Azia.Map Acknowledgement: United Nations Car-tographic Section. Asia Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect School of Political Science and International Studies The University of Queensland St Lucia Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia Email: [email protected] http://www.r2pasiapacific.org/index.html LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AA Arakan Army AHA ASEAN Humanitarian Assistance ALA Arakan Liberation Army ARSA Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations EAO Ethnic Armed
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Submission to CEDAW Regarding Myanmar's Exceptional Report On
    Submission to CEDAW regarding Myanmar’s Exceptional Report on the Situation of Women and Girls from Northern Rakhine State May 2018 Human Rights Watch and Fortify Rights welcome the opportunity to provide joint input into the November 2017 request by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) for an exceptional report from the Myanmar government on the situation of women and girls from northern Rakhine State. This submission outlines the findings of our organizations through several separate on-the-ground investigations in 2016, 2017, and 2018 that documented widespread human rights violations committed against ethnic Rohingya women and girls by Myanmar security forces. We have included an appendix of relevant publications by our organizations. Our organizations have documented numerous mass atrocity crimes—including widespread killings, torture, rape and other sexual violence, arbitrary arrests, and mass arson—committed by Myanmar’s army and other state security forces. Human Rights Watch has found that these atrocities against the Rohingya amount to crimes against humanity.1 Fortify Rights, along with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Allard K. Lowenstein Clinic at Yale Law School, found strong evidence of genocide being committed against the Rohingya.2 In November 2017, Pramila Patten, the United Nations special representative on sexual violence in conflict, said the Myanmar army’s widespread use of sexual violence against Rohingya women and girls was “a calculated tool of terror aimed
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Rome Statute
    ICC-01/19-7 04-07-2019 1/146 RH PT Cour Penale (/\Tl\) _ni _t_e__r an _t_oi _n_a_l_e �i��------------------ ----- International �� �d? Crimi nal Court Original: English No.: ICC-01/19 Date: 4 July 2019 PRE-TRIAL CHAMBER III Before: Judge Olga Herrera Carbuccia, Presiding Judge Judge Robert Fremr Judge Geoffrey Henderson SITUATION IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH / REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR PUBLIC With Confidential EX PARTE Annexes 1, 5, 7 and 8, and Public Annexes 2, 3, 4, 6, 9 and 10 Request for authorisation of an investigation pursuant to article 15 Source: Office of the Prosecutor ICC-01/19-7 04-07-2019 2/146 RH PT Document to be notified in accordance with regulation 31 of the Regulations of the Court to: The Office of the Prosecutor Counsel for the Defence Ms Fatou Bensouda Mr James Stewart Legal Representatives of the Victims Legal Representatives of the Applicants Unrepresented Victims Unrepresented Applicants (Participation/Reparation) The Office of Public Counsel for The Office of Public Counsel for the Victims Defence States’ Representatives Amicus Curiae REGISTRY Registrar Counsel Support Section Mr Peter Lewis Victims and Witnesses Unit Detention Section Victims Participation and Reparations Other Section Mr Philipp Ambach No. ICC-01/19 2/146 4 July 2019 ICC-01/19-7 04-07-2019 3/146 RH PT CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 5 II. LEVEL OF CONFIDENTIALITY AND REQUESTED PROCEDURE .................... 8 III. PROCEDURAL
    [Show full text]
  • MASSACRE by the RIVER Burmese Army Crimes Against Humanity in Tula Toli WATCH
    HUMAN RIGHTS MASSACRE BY THE RIVER Burmese Army Crimes against Humanity in Tula Toli WATCH Massacre by the River Burmese Army Crimes against Humanity in Tula Toli Copyright © 2017 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-35614 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org DECEMBER 2017 ISBN: 978-1-6231-35614 Massacre by the River Burmese Army Crimes against Humanity in Tula Toli Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 9 To the Burmese Government .................................................................................................... 9 To the
    [Show full text]
  • September 2020 1
    SEPTEMBER 2020 1 SEPTEMBER 2020 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS MONTH IN REVIEW 4 CHRONOLOGY 7 ● POLITICAL PRISONERS 7 ○ ARRESTS 7 ○ CHARGES 8 ○ SENTENCES 12 ○ RELEASES 13 ○ ARRESTS BY EAO 14 ○ RELEASES BY EAO 14 ○ DISAPPEARANCES 14 ● RESTRICTIONS ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 14 ● REFERENCES 22 SEPTEMBER 2020 3 MONTH IN REVIEW Freedom of Speech and Expression September 15 was the UN International Democracy Day. Democracy is “a form of government in which the ​ people have the authority to choose their governing legislation.” However, the values and standards of democracy have not yet been established in Burma and the people’s authority over their daily lives and fundamental rights is fading. It is clearly shown that Burma is deviating from the path of democracy as those who exercise their right to freedom of speech and expression which is a fundamental right in democratization, face not only oppression and restrictions but arbitrary detentions and arrests. This September, freedom of speech and expression became more severely restricted. A total of 34 students and members of student unions from Rangoon, Mandalay, Meiktila Monywa, Pakokku and Pyay Townships were charged under Section 19 of PAPPL or Section 505(a)(b) of the Penal Code or Section 25 of the Natural Disaster Management Law for staging protests in related to the conflict in Arakan. Among them, 23 students were formally arrested and one was sentenced. In addition to this, four civilians were arrested. Moreover, Sithu Aung a.k.a Saung Kha was fined under Section 19 of PAPPL for protesting to reinstate internet services in Arakan and Chin states.
    [Show full text]
  • UNOSAT Analysis of Destruction and Other Developments in Rakhine State, Myanmar
    UNOSAT analysis of destruction and other developments in Rakhine State, Myanmar 7 September 2018 [Geneva, Switzerland] Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Data and Methods ................................................................................................................................... 2 Satellite Images and Processing .......................................................................................................... 2 Satellite Image Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 3 Fire Detection Data ............................................................................................................................. 5 Fire Detection Data Analysis ............................................................................................................... 6 Settlement Locations ........................................................................................................................... 6 Estimation of the destroyed structures .............................................................................................. 6 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 Destruction Visible in Satellite Imagery .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • “The Law of Incitement” (PDF)
    THE LAW OF INCITEMENT United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Symposium "Speech, Power and Violence" ∗ by Gregory S. Gordon I. INTRODUCTION This essay will explore the origins and development of the crime of direct and public incitement to commit genocide. It will begin with an historical analysis of the epochal Nuremberg decisions regarding Nazi hate-mongers Julius Streicher, Hans Fritzsche and Otto Dietrich. Although these decisions did not deal explicitly with incitement as a separate crime, they laid the groundwork for future development of incitement as a crime in its own right. The essay will then examine the official birth of the incitement crime with the adoption of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide ("Genocide Convention"). From that point through the next forty-five years, the crime was not actually applied. But that changed with the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), which vigorously prosecuted incitement to genocide. Through a series of cases that progressively fleshed out elements of the crime, the ICTR jurisprudence set out the materials necessary to construct a legal framework necessary to analyze incitement. That framework was put to good use in the Canadian immigration context in the case of Rwandan politician Leon Mugesera, who delivered an infamous pre-1994 speech calling for genocide through a series of violent and macabre metaphors. The essay will conclude with an analysis of the most recent ICTR case to apply and develop the incitement framework -- Prosecutor v. Simon Bikindi. Bikindi, a popular songwriter, composed music and lyrics that provoked ethnic hatred toward Tutsis.
    [Show full text]
  • Rwandan Journalists Who Were Living in Uganda Went Back Home and Resumed Working
    Because of this history, the media are no longer trusted by the public and government, and most people are suspicious of the journalism profession generally. Under the new government, a few journalists who had survived the genocide and other Rwandan journalists who were living in Uganda went back home and resumed working. RWANDA 268 MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2006–2007 INTRODUCTION OVERALL SCORE: 2.29 RWANDA Rwanda lost almost all its journalists during the 1994 genocide; they were among the roughly one million Tutsi and moderate Hutu Rwandans who were killed by extremist armed militia known by the name Interehemwa. The genocide came after the death of then-President Juvenile Habyarimana in a plane crash Rsuspected to have been caused by rebels hiding out in Uganda. During this genocide, which lasted for a period of about 100 days, the media stood accused of acting as a tool of hate. Some local radio stations and print media encouraged neighbors to turn against each other. Hutu extremists used the radio to mobilize the Hutu majority, coordinate killings, and try to ensure that the Tutsi were systematically eliminated. Rwandans are still bitter that it occurred with little intervention from Western governments, and it finally ended when the rebel group Rwanda Patriotic Front and the Ugandan Army wrested power away from the perpetrators and stopped the massacres. Some journalists who are believed to have actively participated in the genocide were investigated by international human-rights groups and were arrested and charged by the UN International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Other journalists chose to go into exile.
    [Show full text]
  • Burma Briefing
    Burma Burma’s 2015 Elections and the Briefing 2008 Constitution No. 41 October 2015 Introduction After the election, regardless of No. 1 Elections due on 8th November are obviously who wins: July 2010 significant, but they are unlikely to be the major turning point in a transition to democracy that • Military appoint Home Affairs Minister, many hope for or have talked them up to be. controlling police, security services and Rather, they will be another step in the military’s much of the justice system. So there could carefully planned transition from direct military rule still be political prisoners. and pariah status to a hybrid military and civilian government which is accepted by the international • Military are not under government or community and sections of Burmese society. Parliamentary control, so they could continue attacks in ethnic states, and use Burma’s 2008 Constitution is designed to present of rape as a weapon of war. the appearance of democracy, while maintaining ultimate military control. It is also specifically • 25% of seats in Parliament reserved for designed for the eventuality of the National League the military ensures a military veto over for Democracy (NLD) winning elections and forming constitutional democratic reforms. a government, without this being a threat to military control. They were not prepared, however, to risk • Military dominated National Defense having Aung San Suu Kyi, the most popular and and Security Council more powerful than influential politician in Burma, head that government. parliament or government. Clauses were put in the Constitution to prevent this. • Military have constitutional right to retake A government which is predominantly made up direct control of government.
    [Show full text]
  • Assistant Association for Political Prisoners (Burma) Email: Info
    Assistant Association for Political Prisoners (Burma) No. Name Prisoner No. Father's Name Section of Law Setenced Organization Prison Address Date of Date of Arrest Release 1 Aung Tun N/A N/A N/A NLD N/A Thingangyun,Ra 26-Mar-07 26-Mar-07 ngoon 2 Htein Lin Kyaw N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Rangoon 26-Mar-07 26-Mar-07 3 Min Zaw Oo N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Rangoon 26-Mar-07 26-Mar-07 4 Ohmar N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Rangoon 26-Mar-07 26-Mar-07 5 Cho Cho Lwin (F) N/A N/A N/A N/A Parlami Sanchaung, 22-Aug-07 22-Aug-07 Junction Rangoon 6 Kyin Yee (F) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Dala, Rangoon 22-Aug-07 22-Aug-07 7 San San Myint (F) N/A N/A N/A N/A Parlami Dala, Rangoon 22-Aug-07 22-Aug-07 Junction 8 Than Zaw Myint N/A N/A N/A N/A Parlami Hlaing Tharyar, 22-Aug-07 22-Aug-07 Junction Rangoon 9 Tin Maung Yee N/A N/A N/A N/A Parlami Hlaing, Rangoon 22-Aug-07 22-Aug-07 Junction 10 Yin Yin Myat (F) N/A N/A N/A N/A Parlami Thingangyun, 22-Aug-07 22-Aug-07 Junction Rangoon 11 Aung Kyaw Oo N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 23-Aug-07 24-Aug-07 12 Aye Aye Tun (F) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Sanchaung, 23-Aug-07 24-Aug-07 Rangoon 13 Gyo Gyo N/A N/A N/A Hledan traffic N/A N/A N/A 28-Aug-07 point In Rangoon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rohingya Crisis: Past, Present and Future
    Transcript The Rohingya Crisis: Past, Present and Future Professor Penny Green Professor of Law and Globalisation, School of Law, Queen Mary University of London Shafiur Rahman Documentary Filmmaker, Testimonies of a Massacre: Tula Toli Stephen Twigg Chair of the International Development Select Committee Chair: Dr Champa Patel Head, Asia Programme, Chatham House 23 January 2018 The views expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the speaker(s) and participants, and do not necessarily reflect the view of Chatham House, its staff, associates or Council. Chatham House is independent and owes no allegiance to any government or to any political body. It does not take institutional positions on policy issues. This document is issued on the understanding that if any extract is used, the author(s)/speaker(s) and Chatham House should be credited, preferably with the date of the publication or details of the event. Where this document refers to or reports statements made by speakers at an event, every effort has been made to provide a fair representation of their views and opinions. The published text of speeches and presentations may differ from delivery. © The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2017. 10 St James’s Square, London SW1Y 4LE T +44 (0)20 7957 5700 F +44 (0)20 7957 5710 www.chathamhouse.org Patron: Her Majesty The Queen Chairman: Stuart Popham QC Director: Dr Robin Niblett Charity Registration Number: 208223 2 The Rohingya Crisis: Past, Present and Future Dr Champa Patel [Music] So, that’s quite a difficult – you know, difficult footage to watch and the opportunity here to talk about some of the issues that we saw, both in the short excerpt from the documentary, but some of the current things that we know that are happening within Bangladesh Myanmar at the moment as well.
    [Show full text]
  • ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Erik Møse
    International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Erik Møse, presiding Judge Jai Ram Reddy Judge Sergei Alekseevich Egorov Registrar: Adama Dieng Date: 18 December 2008 THE PROSECUTOR v. Théoneste BAGOSORA Gratien KABILIGI Aloys NTABAKUZE Anatole NSENGIYUMVA Case No. ICTR-98-41-T JUDGEMENT AND SENTENCE Office of the Prosecutor: Counsel for the Defence: Barbara Mulvaney Raphaël Constant Christine Graham Allison Turner Kartik Murukutla Paul Skolnik Rashid Rashid Frédéric Hivon Gregory Townsend Peter Erlinder Drew White Kennedy Ogetto Gershom Otachi Bw’Omanwa The Prosecutor v. Théoneste Bagosora et al., Case No. ICTR-98-41-T TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1 1. Overview ................................................................................................................... 1 2. The Accused ............................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Théoneste Bagosora ................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Gratien Kabiligi ....................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Aloys Ntabakuze ...................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Anatole Nsengiyumva .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]