Arakan (Rakhine State) A Land in Conflict on Myanmar’s Western Frontier AUTHOR: Martin Smith DESIGN: Guido Jelsma PHOTO CREDITS: Tom Kramer (TK) Martin Smith (MS) The Irrawaddy (IR) Agence France-Presse (AFP) European Pressphoto Agency (EPA) Mizzima (MZ) Reuters (RS) COVER PHOTO: Displaced Rakhine woman fetching water in IDP camp near Sittwe (TK) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This publication was made possible through the financial support of Sweden. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of TNI and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the donor. PUBLICATION DETAILS: Contents of the report may be quoted or reproduced for non-commercial purposes, provided that the source of information is properly cited. ISBN 978-90-70563-69-1 TRANSNATIONAL INSTITUTE (TNI) De Wittenstraat 25, 1052 AK Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel: +31-20-6626608, Fax: +31-20-6757176 e-mail:
[email protected] www.tni.org/en/myanmar-in-focus Amsterdam, December 2019 2 | Arakan (Rakhine State): A Land in Conflict on Myanmar’s Western Frontier transnationalinstitute Table of Contents Myanmar Map 3 Arakan Political Timeline 4 Abbreviations 6 1. Introduction 8 Arakan Map 11 2. The Forgotten Kingdom of Arakan 12 A Legacy of Conflict and Colonisation 12 Rakhine State: A Contemporary Snapshot 15 British Rule and the Development of Nationalist Movements 17 Japanese Invasion and Inter-communal Violence 19 The Marginalisation of Arakan and Rush to Independence 21 Rakhine, Rohingya and the “Politics of Labelling” 25 3. The Parliamentary Era (1948-62) 28 A Country Goes Underground 28 Electoral Movements Revive 29 “Arms for Democracy”: Peace Breakthroughs and Political Failures 31 The Mayu Frontier Administration and Ne Win’s Seizure of Power 34 4.