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Rwandan Journalists Who Were Living in Uganda Went Back Home and Resumed Working

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Rwandan Journalists Who Were Living in Uganda Went Back Home and Resumed Working Because of this history, the media are no longer trusted by the public and government, and most people are suspicious of the journalism profession generally. Under the new government, a few journalists who had survived the genocide and other Rwandan journalists who were living in Uganda went back home and resumed working. RWANDA 268 MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2006–2007 INTRODUCTION OVERALL SCORE: 2.29 RWANDA Rwanda lost almost all its journalists during the 1994 genocide; they were among the roughly one million Tutsi and moderate Hutu Rwandans who were killed by extremist armed militia known by the name Interehemwa. The genocide came after the death of then-President Juvenile Habyarimana in a plane crash Rsuspected to have been caused by rebels hiding out in Uganda. During this genocide, which lasted for a period of about 100 days, the media stood accused of acting as a tool of hate. Some local radio stations and print media encouraged neighbors to turn against each other. Hutu extremists used the radio to mobilize the Hutu majority, coordinate killings, and try to ensure that the Tutsi were systematically eliminated. Rwandans are still bitter that it occurred with little intervention from Western governments, and it finally ended when the rebel group Rwanda Patriotic Front and the Ugandan Army wrested power away from the perpetrators and stopped the massacres. Some journalists who are believed to have actively participated in the genocide were investigated by international human-rights groups and were arrested and charged by the UN International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Other journalists chose to go into exile. Among those convicted of genocide, incitement, and crimes against humanity were Hassan Ngeze, the owner of Kangura newspaper, and Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, Ferdinand Nahimana, Valerie Bemeriki, and a Belgian journalist, Georges Ruggiu Omar, of Radio Television des Mille Collines (commonly known as “Hate Radio” in 1994). The UN Tribunal sentenced them to terms ranging from 12 years to life. Because of this history, the media are no longer trusted by the public and government, and most people are suspicious of the journalism profession generally. Under the new government, a few journalists who had survived the genocide and other Rwandan journalists who were living in Uganda went back home and resumed working. However, the government came up with a new constitution and other laws to ensure that what happened during the genocide could not occur in the future. Rwandan government officials have been heard publicly warning journalists against violation of laws in the name of press freedom. Rwanda’s overall score of 2.29 reflects fairly strong scores in Objectives 1 and 3, freedom of speech and plurality of news. On the lower end, Objectives 4 and 5, business management and supporting institutions, scored just above and just below a 2, respectively. RWANDA 269 RWANDA AT A GLANCE GENERAL MEDIA-SPECIFIC > Population: 9,907,509 (July 2007 est., CIA World Factbook) > Number of active print outlets, radio stations, television stations: Print: 62 newspapers (but only 15 active), 51 other registered print > Capital city: Kigali outlets; Radio: 16 registered and active; Television stations: 1 > Ethnic groups (% of population): Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa 1% (CIA > Newspaper circulation statistics: Top three by circulation: Imvaho World Factbook) Nsya (government owned bi-weekly newspaper, 8000 circulation), > Religions (% of population): Roman Catholic 56.5%, Protestant 26%, Umuseso (private daily newspaper, 7000 circulation), Izuba (private daily Adventist 11.1%, Muslim 4.6%, indigenous beliefs 0.1%, none 1.7% newspaper, 6000 circulation) (2001, CIA World Factbook) > Broadcast ratings: Top three radio stations: Contact FM (private), > Languages (% of population): Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu Radio Rwanda (government-owned), City Radio (private) vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in > News agencies: Rwanda News Agency (private) commercial centers (CIA World Factbook) > Annual advertising revenue in media sector: N/A > GNI (2006-Atlas): $2.341 billion (World Bank Development Indicators, 2007) > Internet usage: 65,000 (2006 est., CIA World Factbook) > GNI per capita (2006-PPP): $1,270 (World Bank Development Indicators, 2007) > Literacy rate: 70.4% (male 76.3%, female 64.7%) (2002 census, CIA World Factbook) > President or top authority: President Paul Kagame (since April 22, 2000) Unsustainable, Anti-Free Press (0-1): Country does not meet or only minimally meets objectives. Government and laws actively hinder free media development, professionalism is low, and media-industry activity is minimal. MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX: COUNTRYRWANDA Unsustainable Mixed System (1-2): Country minimally meets objectives, with segments of the legal system and government opposed to a free media system. Evident progress in free-press advocacy, increased professionalism, and new media businesses may be too recent to judge sustainability. Near Sustainability (2-3): Country has NEARNEAR progressed in meeting multiple objectives, 2.77 with legal norms, professionalism, and SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABLE SUSTAINABLE 2.53 the business environment supportive of independent media. Advances have survived 2.17 changes in government and have been 2.01 1.95 codified in law and practice. However, more SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY time may be needed to ensure that change is MIXED SYSTEM MIXED SYSTEM UNSUSTAINABLE UNSUSTAINABLE enduring and that increased professionalism and the media business environment are sustainable. Sustainable (3-4): Country has media that UNSUSTAINABLE UNSUSTAINABLE are considered generally professional, free, ANTI-FREE PRESSANTI-FREE PRESS 2006-07 2006-07 2006-07 2006-07 2006-07 and sustainable, or to be approaching these FREEFREE PROFESSIONALPROFESSIONAL PLURALITYPLURALITY OF OF BUSINESSBUSINESS SUPPORTINGSUPPORTING SPEECHSPEECH JOURNALISMJOURNALISM NEWSNEWS SOURCES SOURCES MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONSINSTITUTIONS objectives. Systems supporting independent media have survived multiple governments, OBJECTIVES economic fluctuations, and changes in public opinion or social conventions. 270 MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2006–2007 OBJECTIVE 1: FREEDOM OF SPEECH draft, and, if this is not done, we shall find a way of lobbying members of parliament, who will soon debate and pass it as Rwanda Objective Score: 2.53 law,” said James Munyaneza, news editor at New Times. He went on to say that as of now the media are threatened, with some government officials insisting that journalists should With a few exceptions, most indicators fell close to the overall be forced to reveal their sources of information if the need objective score. The main outliers were Indicators 7 and 8, the arises, but he added that this is unacceptable to them. low and high, respectively. On the low side, panelists were critical of the ability of journalists working for private media Advising the government on media matters is the High to access public information and obtain comments from, and Council of the Press. Of its five members, three are interviews with, government officials. However, they noted nominated by the private media through their professional that there are no legal restrictions on media access to foreign association, one is nominated by the state media, and one news sources. is nominated by the Minister of Information to represent the state’s interests. In theory, the High Council of the Over the past decade, Rwanda has put some of the Press helps regulate the media by reporting and making framework in place to support freedom of speech and press recommendations on disciplinary actions to the president, freedom, and the government promises to do more in the but it can take no further action. Its power has been waning near future. However, as elsewhere, implementation of good recently, as the government has ignored it and undertaken laws is lackluster, some damaging laws remain on the books, actions without consulting it. The new media bill proposes and old conventions remain on the role of the press and that the High Council will have powers to sanction and treatment of the media and journalists; these are exacerbated withdraw the licenses of media outlets that act contrary to by the memories of how some media acted during the the laws of the country. tragedy of 1994. The strongest indicators were the two involving media access to foreign news sources and freedom Panelists agreed that licensing of both broadcast and print of entry into the journalism profession; the weakest was the media is fair and very transparent. They indicated that one covering access to information. anyone who wishes to start a radio and television station or newspaper is free to apply for a license and that it takes Provisions in Rwanda’s constitution guarantee press freedom only a few days to be issued. A department in the Ministry of and freedom of speech. However, these rights are hardly Information oversees such licensing, and its director has final enjoyed by the Rwanda media and the public in general authority to make decisions. because other laws contradict the constitution. The panel pointed to the Press Law of 2002, the penal code, and others. The Press Law restricts media access to some public LEGAL AND SOCIAL NORMS PROTECT AND PROMOTE information and cabinet minutes. Under the penal code, libel FREE SPEECH AND ACCESS TO PUBLIC INFORMATION. is still treated as a criminal offense. The government has used such
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