Mapping Grounds for Reparations in Jaraguá Peak
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Yale University EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale Masters of Environmental Design Theses Yale School of Architecture Spring 5-21-2021 Mapping Grounds for Reparations in Jaraguá Peak Laura Pappalardo Yale University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/envdesign Part of the Environmental Design Commons Recommended Citation Pappalardo, Laura, "Mapping Grounds for Reparations in Jaraguá Peak" (2021). Masters of Environmental Design Theses. 4. https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/envdesign/4 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Yale School of Architecture at EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters of Environmental Design Theses by an authorized administrator of EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mapping Grounds for Reparations in Jaraguá Peak By Laura Pappalardo A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the School of Architecture in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Environmental Design Advisor and M.E.D Chair: Keller Easterling Reader: Ana María Durán Calisto Yale University May 2021 1 Abstract For the Guarani Mbya, ka’aguy (Atlantic Forest) is sacred.1 Yet, only 12 percent of the Atlantic Forest original coverage remains. A portion of that is in Jaraguá Peak. The Peak is also the highest point within São Paulo, located in the northwest region of the city. Anyone who lives in São Paulo knows Jaraguá Peak as a point of visual reference—the only forested area rising above dense urbanism. Two hundred years ago, São Paulo was ka’aguy. Now, the city occupies part of Guarani territory, which spans across the borders of what is now known as Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. São Paulo exists entirely within Guarani territory. São Paulo’s urban growth and the expansion of infrastructural networks (roads, power lines, dams) have disrupted Guarani infrastructures (the presence of Atlantic Forest, the continuity of paths between Guarani villages, access to clean water). The three busiest roads in São Paulo—the first began in 1940—cut through the peak area. Since the roads opened for car use, urban growth, starting on the roads' borders, have encroached continuously on the Atlantic Forest. The São Paulo state government also transformed the peak into a state park for tourism, 60% of which overlaps Jaraguá Indigenous Land, demarcated for the Guarani. Two telecommunication towers installed at the top of the peak in the 1960s broadcast electromagnetic pollution over the Atlantic Forest and its inhabitants. Nonetheless, Guarani communities in São Paulo remake Guarani geographies every day, resisting Atlantic Forest encroachment and circumventing colonial networks. Guarani communities in the north and south of São Paulo hold a crucial infrastructural and environmental role for the entire city, increasing São Paulo’s environmental security by recovering degraded soils and recuperating Atlantic Forest areas. This project maps the history of infrastructural expansion in Jaraguá Peak. It represents the history of each infrastructural layer (roads, telecommunication towers, power lines) in sectional maps that expose long-term changes on the ground. Each map accompanies a set of case studies that received reparations for infrastructural harm. Maps and case studies are organized in appendix-tools, which can serve as detachable documents from the larger body of the thesis. Each appendix-tool (infrastructural reparations cases for reference, activist mapping, and public engagement strategies) aspires to contribute to Guarani activism. 1 http://cinturaoverdeguarani.info/ 2 Table of Contents 4 Land Acknowledgment 4 Acknowledgments 5 List of Figures 7 Introduction 21 Chapter 1: Jaraguá Peak, Guarani Mbya Territory 44 Chapter 2: Infrastructural Dispossession 75 Chapter 3: Reparations for Infrastructural Dispossession 108 Chapter 4: Mapping Grounds 121 Conclusion: Re-mapping São Paulo as future Guarani-juruá geographies, for ka’aguy Infrastructures 128 Figures 132 Appendix 1: Case studies: Spatial Evidence for Infrastructural Reparations Roads Telecommunication Towers Power Lines Contamination Land Fragmentation Extraction 157 Appendix 2: Spatial Metrics for Reparations Roads Telecommunication Infrastructures Power Lines Compounding Land Deformation Recovering Land Interactions, Reworking São Paulo 194 Appendix 3: Tools for Government Pressure 197 Bibliography 3 Land Acknowledgment This project is centered on Guarani territory, in Jaraguá Peak, in what is now known as the state of São Paulo, Brazil. While working in the Yale School of Architecture, this work process took part on the traditional lands of the Mohegan, Mashantucket Pequot, Eastern Pequot, Schaghticoke, Golden Hill Paugussett, Niantic, and the Quinnipiac and other Algonquian speaking peoples, in what is now the state of Connecticut, United States. This project honors the past, present, and future relationships between these nations and their lands. Acknowledgments I thank my advisor Keller Easterling, who offered immense support, patience, and generosity, with extensive hours of work, weekly meetings, sharing of references, reading, editing, organizing, and opening space for us to dialog, unlearn and work on what spatial practices can mean. I learned and went through this process with my colleagues MC Overholt, Alex Kim, Cayce Davis, Holly Bushman, Devi Nayar, Alex Klein, Tianyi Hang, Mila Samdub, Audrey Tseng Fischer, and Ana Lobo, with whom I could be in constant conversation and learn with their incredible work. During two years, I also had the opportunity to be in conversation with many interlocutors in Brazil and in the United States. Many thanks to Professors Anthony Acciavatti, Flávia Bueno, Ana María Durán Calisto, Ligia V. Nobre, Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen, Alan Plattus, Bill Rankin, Kishwar Rizvi, Elihu Rubin, and Ana Carolina Tonetti for the generous feedback. I also thank the graphic designers Miguel Gaydosh and Nick Massarelli, who designed this book, and Lukas Eigler-Harding, who coded and designed the website that accompanies this document. I am also grateful to Miriam Olivares, who opened the Geographic Information Systems world to me, and Jacqueline Ly, with whom I weekly met to work on writing in a different language. I would also like to thank all YSoA incredible media, librarians, administrative, and technology teams: thank you AJ Artemel, Tanial Lowe, Donna Wetmore, Adelia Palmieri, Tess Colwell, Andre Massiah, Jorge Quintana, Alison Walsh, Rosemary Watts, Zelma Brunson, and so many others who provided frequent support during these two challenging years, full of adaptations in the School of Architecture. I especially thank my family: my parents, Miriam and Arnaldo, my sister Flora, my grandmother Marina, and my friends, who have always supported and encouraged me, even more during these two years while facing a pandemic and far away in São Paulo. This work received support from the Yale School of Architecture, the Yale Center for the Study of Race, Indigeneity, and Transnational Migration (RITM), and the Yale Environmental Humanities. 4 List of Figures: Figure 1.1: Atlantic Forest, 1500. Map by the author. Data Sources: IBGE, SOS Mata Atlântica. Map by the Author. Figure 1.2 Atlantic Forest, 2016. Map by the author. Data Sources: IBGE, SOS Mata Atlântica. Map by the author. Figure 2: Guarani communities in 2016 and the Jaraguá Peak. Data compiled from: Mapa Continental “Guarani Retã” 2016, IBGE, Geosampa and Funai. Map by the author referencing the Mapa Continental “Guarani Retã.”Access: http://campanhaguarani.org/guaranicontinental/author/emgc/ Figure 3: Map of the State Park area overlapping with Jaraguá Indigenous Land. Map by the author. Data Sources: Mapa Guarani Digital, Funai, IBGE, Geosampa. List of Figures Appendix 2: Figure 1.1. History of Ground Extraction for Bandeirantes Road construction. 1900, Scale 1:15. Map by the author. Figure 1.2. History of Ground Extraction for Bandeirantes Road construction. 1976, Scale 1:15. Map by the author. Figure 2.1. History of Ground Extraction for Bandeirantes Road construction. 1900, Scale 1:100. Map by the author. Figure 2.2. History of Ground Extraction for Bandeirantes Road construction. 1976, Scale 1:100. Map by the author. Figure 2.3. History of Ground Extraction for Bandeirantes Road construction. 1977, Scale 1:100. Map by the author. Figure 3.1. History of Ground Extraction for Bandeirantes Road construction. 1900-1976, Scale 1:1000. Map by the author. Figure 3.1. History of Ground Extraction for Bandeirantes Road construction. 1900-1976, Scale 1:1000. Map by the author. Figure 3.2. History of Ground Extraction for Bandeirantes Road construction. 1977-1978, Scale 1:1000. Map by the author. Figure 3.3. History of Ground Extraction for Bandeirantes Road construction. 1979, Scale 1:1000. Map by the author. Figure 3.4. 2013, Guarani Protest closed Bandeirantes Road, 2013. Scale 1:1000. Map by the author. Figure 4. Comparison of the dimension of continental paths. Diagram by the author. Figure 5. Disruption of non-human relations. Diagram by the author. Figure 6. History of Atlantic Forest Deforestation on Jaraguá Peak. Map by the author. Data Sources: Satellite Images from 1960, 1980, 2010, Geosampa. Figure 7.1. Jaraguá Peak before 1960, scale 1:1000. Map by the author. 5 Figure 7.2. Bandeirantes Telecommunication Tower