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Colonial History in the Fraser Canyon Kwantlen Polytechnic University Applied Archaeology Field School2011

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Colonial History in the Fraser Canyon Kwantlen Polytechnic University Applied Archaeology Field School2011 When the world washed away: colonial history in the Fraser Canyon Kwantlen Polytechnic University Applied Archaeology Field School2011 Brian Pegg, Amy Besla, Grant Coffey, Andie Froese, Andrew Haugo (D!Ri-3), and continuation of survey and tree ring dating at the Ainslie Creek cul­ turally modified tree (CMT) site DlRi-66 (Figure 1), under HCAPermit 2011-0084. i Two post-contact circular pithouse dwell- I ings at Tuckkwiowhum were excavated, J which led to the recovery and analysis of an extensive collection of artifacts from the middle to late 1800s. At the Ainslie Creek site, 198 CMTs, primarily western redcedar barkstrips, were rec~rded in 20 II. Of these, 151 were successfully dated using increment core techniques. There are now 299 individual dates from CMTs at this site, the largest sample of CMT dates from the Fraser Canyon. Tuckkwiowhum artifacts were returned to Boston Bar on Oct 21 , 20 II . Ainslie Creek (DIRi-66) Ainslie Creek drains a watershed on the west slope of the Cascades overlooking the Fraser Canyon. This watershed contains numerous CMT sites, of which DIRi-66 is the largest. CMTs within DlRi-66 con­ sist primarily of tapered and rectangular western redcedar barkstrips. The site is located only eleven kilometres north of Tuckkwiowhum on the same side of the Fraser River, and was likely an important Introduction continued to be productive, kept many source of cedar bark for the inhabitants uring the summerof2009, Kwantlen of their cultural institutions, and fought of that town. Other smaller settlements in D Polytechnic University (KPU) began against outsider authority. the area that may have accessed the site a field school based in the Fraser Canyon, This research has been particularly include Kopchitchin, Kimu 's , Sinya 'Kl, near Boston Bar, with a research focus on relevant to the Boston Bar First Nation, Spa 'im, Tzaumak, and Npikti 'm (Teit early colonial history within Nlaka'pamux which is a member of the Nlaka' pamux 1900). Tree ring dates from CMTs can territory. This period of history is critical Nation Tribal Council. Boston Bar has be used as a proxy to indirectly examine because events of the 1850s and 60s in controlled a significant portion of the demographic and economic history of the Fraser Canyon shifted power in the research agenda for this field school, and nearby communities (Pegg 2000; Pegg southwestern Interior of B.C. away from directed KPU to excavate at the villages et al. 2009). Indigenous peoples to colonial authorities. of Kopchitchin and Kalulaa 'Ex in 2009. Majorprocesses and events active during Artifacts from these villages were excav­ Tuckkwiowhum (DIRi-3) this time include the Gold Rush and War ated, analyzed, and returned to Boston Bar Tuckkwiowhum is located at the conflu­ of 1858, establishment of reserves and for curation in their proposed museum ence of Anderson Creek at the Fraser denial ofAboriginal land rights, and intru­ and cultural centre at the Tuckkwiowhum River, at the junction of three major trails sion of the cash economy into Indigenous Heritage Village. that existed far back into the past. One communities (Harris 1997; Lutz 1992). This research agenda continued in Despite the severe negative consequences summer 20 l l with excavations at the Figure 1 (above). Location of the study of these factors, Nlaka' pamux people Nlaka'pamux townsite of Tuckkwiowhum areas, 2011 field season. 10 . The Midden 43(4) o em Kwanuen Polytechnic Figure 2. Artifacts from Tuckkwiowhum. Clockwise from top left: US Military button dating to the Fraser Canyon War of 1858; women'~ and men's shoes dating from the 1850s to 60s; glass stopper from Lea and Perrins Worcestershire bottle; British florin (1/10 pound) from 1853; gunpowder flask, mid-1800s; Ford Stepney (East London) clay pipe. Photos by Kimberley McMartin. of these trails headed north to the next Nation notified KPU that several housepits samples were placed in a cut and labelled major townsite, Klickumcheen (Lytton), were also present, immediately adjacent to drinking straw, then glued to cardboard another travelled east over the Cascades the CN Rail right-of-way, and requested trays at the end of the field day. Analysis to the Nicola Valley, and the third was a that these structures be investigated. and dating of core samples was accom­ very difficult trail which travelled south to plished using 10-200x digital and optical Spo 'zem (Spuzzum). Tuckkwiowhum was Methods microscopes. Each core was sanded to the largest Nlaka'pamux town south of CMT inventory at DlRi-66 was conducted enhance visibility. Overall, survey at DIRi- Klickumcheen in the 1800s, with a popula­ between June 13 and 24, 2011 by teams of 66 took 2 weeks. tion of 840 people in 1830 (Harris 1997). 4 or 5 students traversing a 100 x I 00 m Excavation and shovel testing at The town may have been the site of a battle grid. Each identified CMT was recorded Tuckkwiowhum took place between June in the Fraser Canyon War that took place in (Archaeology Branch 2001), GPS'd, and 14 and July 15,2011. In total, nine I m2 August 1858 (Akrigg andAkrigg 1997:24; marked with a plastic number tag. Tree excavation units were completed within O'Donaghey pers. comm. May 201 1). ring samples were collected from each two circular housepits, identified as CDs In 1859, Judge Begbie travelled live CMT using an increment borer, in ac­ (cultural depressions) 4 and 5. Excavated past the town, noting that a restaurant cordance with methods outlined by Barrett sediments were screened through 6-mm was present (Begbie 1859). The site was and Arno (1988) and Jozsa (1988). Core (1 /4") mesh. Excavation proceeded by accessed by the Cariboo Wagon Road in 1863; the last and most difficult section of CMT Harvest Dates . 2011 -084 and 2009·043 construction, supervised by J. W. Trutch, n=299 was between Chapman's and Boston Bar 70 (Howay 191 0). A church was present at 60 the site by 1878, when it was visited by 50 /\ the Indian Reserve Commission in June 40 I \ * z. of that year (Rocha 200 I :45). 30 I \ Profe·ssional archaeological site / \. visits first took place during inventory for 10 / ""---.. / the CN Rail Twin Tracking project in the .......... ~ mid-1980s; archaeologists at this time re­ 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840~5j!. 1860 1870 1860 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1040 1950 corded only a small surface and subsurface Figure 3. CMT dates for DIRi-66, 2011 and 2009 field seasons combined. lithic scatter. In 2010, the Boston Bar First The Midden 43(4) 11 Figure 4. Photograph of 1895 potlatch in North Bend (Kopchitchin). Image D-01497 courtesy of Royal B.C. Museum, B.C. Archives. natural layers and arbitrary levels, with a rapid decline in harvest rates starting in housepits. The stratigraphy of both CDs the deepest excavations reaching 1.2 m the decade of the 1850s. It is important to is consistent with circular housepits. below surface. A total of 54 shovel tests understand that the distribution in dates Features identified included burned and were completed at the site. Analysis and prior to the 1840s is probably more the unburned structural wood, central hearths cataloguing of artifacts was conducted result of the age profile of the cedar stand or pits, and postholes. using methods from Hom (2008), Jones than actual rates of harvest (Eldridge Among the many pre-contact lithic and Sullivan (1989), Vander Flier-Keller 1997). The mean pith date for the trees at artifacts were several diagnostic projec­ and McMillan (1987), Sutton and Arkush the site (the date closest to germination) tile points, including two denticulated (2007), and the BLM /SHA Historic Glass is 1790; it is expected that cedars would Lochnore bifaces dating from 5000 to Bottle page (http://www.sha.org/bottle/ not be stripped until they were at least 30 3500 BP (Rousseau 2008; Rousseau pers. index.htm). years old. comm. 20 II). An obsidian projectile At Tuckkwiowhum (DIRi-3), cultural point tip, possibly dating to the Shuswap Results materials recovered from 45 shovel tests Horizon (3500 to 2400 BP), was also At DIRi-66, the total number of CMTs showed a low-density subsurface scatter identified (Rousseau 2008). This artifact recorded in the 20 II season was 198, of of primarily pre-contact lithic materials was sourced via SFU's XRF equipment which 151 were successfully dated. The extending to approximately 70 em below to Mt. Garibaldi, near Squamish (Reimer majority of the scars at this site are tapered the surface. Historic air photo analysis pers. comm. 20 II). All lithic diagnostics bark strips, although rectangular bark showed the site was heavily disturbed were identified in roof collapse layers, and strips, girdled trees, kindling removal and in the 1970s by the construction of the likely represent earlier deposits reworked cambium removal scars are also present. current campground. Excavations were during the post-contact occupation. Almost all CMTs are western redcedar. completed in two large housepits, CDs 4 A large post-contact artifact collec­ To date, including both the 2009 and 2011 and 5, which are situated in an undisturbed tion was also recovered. These artifacts field seasons, 483 CMTs have been re­ area. included a clay pipe with Ford Stepney corded and 299 dates have been compiled, A total of nine I m2 excavation units maker's mark; this was an East London ranging from 1752 to 1972 (Figure 3). were completed. Within CD 4, 4.5 m3 supplier of pipes to the Hudson's Bay The median date is 1843, while the mean was excavated, with an artifact density of Company between 1805 and 1865 (Os­ 3 is 1848.
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