CAA 2013 PAPER ABSTRACTS Bill Angelbeck, PhD University of James Aimers Investigating the Array of Sites in the Kwoiek SUNY Geneseo Creek Valley: An Overview and Some Theorizing Ancient Mesoamerican Sexualities Implications for Mid-Fraser Archaeology The archaeological study of sex and sexuality Kwoiek Creek is the traditional territory of has emerged relatively recently out of feminist the Nlaka'pamux peoples, located and gender studies. In this paper I survey the midway between Boston Bar and Lytton on the current state of sexuality studies in archaeology west side of the . The valley had generally and in Mesoamerica specifically. How largely been unexplored archaeologically, with have these studies helped us to understand the only a surficial studies of a few sites along its lives of people in the Mesoamerican past? I will confluence with the Fraser, while no sites had highlight some elements of sexuality studies that then documented in the valley itself. Here, I will have changed the way we see the lives of ancient present results from over four seasons of Mesoamericans, and areas where work remains investigations, initiated by and conducted with challenging and incomplete. The paper will end the Kanaka Bar First Nation. In so doing, we with a consideration of evidence for non- have recorded over thirty-three archaeological heteronormative behaviors and identities in sites, including a range of sites: large winter ancient Mesoamerica. This is a topic which is villages, mat lodge camps, isolated housepits, ignored by many archaeologists, but is essential hamlets, rock shelter camps, roasting pits, if we are to people the Mesoamerican past with pictograph panels, and a series of culturally something other than versions of ourselves. modified tree sites. These sites reveal an intense occupation of the valley during the Kamloops Lindsay Amundsen-Meyer, PhD Candidate Horizon (1100 to 200 BP). I'll summarize these Vanier Graduate Scholar findings as well as consider some implications University of Calgary from Kwoiek Creek for archaeology of the Akiipisskanistsi: broader Mid-. A Tale of Two Women’s Buffalo Jumps The Old Women’s Buffalo Jump near Bill Angelbeck, Presentation 2: Cayley, excavated by Richard Forbis in the Pursuing Collaborative Archaeology in Applied 1950s, is one of the best known archaeological Contexts: Occupying the Space between sites in Alberta. Forbis’ Blackfoot informants Legislative Requirements, Developer told him there were two Women’s Jumps; one Objectives, and Community Interests near Cayley and one on Willow Creek. The In many ways, collaborative archaeology has Cayley jump was called “Old” due to its greater flexibility in approach when the projects association with Napi in the long ago. Using initiate from academic contexts, whether for information provided by Forbis’ report, archaeological field schools, thesis research, or landowners and an 1878 map of southern grant-funded investigations. Academic Alberta, we began a search for the second endeavors can be as varied in approach as their Women’s Jump in 2012 along Pine Coulee near research questions, which provides a setting its confluence with Willow Creek. During this conducive to negotiating those aims with field programme, we located the site we believe descendant communities. In applied contexts, to be the Women’s Jump, EbPk-4, a large, however, there are greater constraints upon the deeply stratified buffalo jump on the eastern archaeologists' tasks, as stipulated in slopes of the Porcupine Hills northwest of institutional regulations that aim for a baseline Stavely. This paper will discuss this site and the of coverage and results. In several respects, evidence that this is, in fact, the second heritage legislation limits the ability of Women’s Jump. archaeologists to negotiate the aims of archaeological projects with indigenous communities. In turn, the developers, with budgetary concerns, can curb such efforts to meet the permitted objectives. In this paper, I Chris Arnett, explore ways to occupy the space between these University of British Columbia often contending concerns and requirements, to Adrian Sanders gain more ground for collaborative archaeology Transmountain Cultural Heritage Research and in applied contexts. I also discuss some Consulting Ltd. principles for meeting the mutual needs and Material and Non-material Site Formation interests of those brought together for those Processes at Nlaka'pamux Rock Art projects. In so doing, I highlight a few cases Landscapes where these have been put into practice with This presentation explores how Middle Fraser Dena'ina, Nlaka'pamux, and Lil'wat Nlaka’pamux landscapes with rock art present communities. Since much more archaeology is unique challenges, and opportunities, for an done in applied rather than academic contexts, archaeological inquiry that incorporates the benefits of expanding collaborative materialist and non-materialist perspectives. The approaches could yield greater results for authors believe the primary challenge indigenous communities. This becomes confronting rock art interpretation lies in especially important when the results of such understanding the transformation processes efforts concern the protection or mitigation of affecting site formation. Methodology, indigenous heritage against the pressures employing a variety of technological tools and towards "alteration" of those processes, and theory, is approached through the archaeological sites. guiding principle of interconnection. Our analysis integrates material based approaches Grahame Appleby with interpretations of non-material site University of Cambridge formation processes, including the From Bronze Age logboats to a Roman phenomenology of the setting and its Harbour: Twenty years of extraordinary finds significance within Nlaka’pamux worldview. in the Cambridgeshire Fenlands, UK Accordingly, the significance of geomorphology Join the author as he describes his spectacular predates the cultural deposits which are finds from the bogs and fens around Cambridge, historically contingent. Ergo, geology, UK. His research shed light on the people who environment, Origin Stories, archaeology, occupied this land in the Bronze age. Hear of the ethnohistories, ethnographies, biology and the artifacts revealed by his fieldwork as he shares phenomenology of field experience constitute the details of his discoveries of Roman’s spatial and temporal data. Within this overseas colonies. worldview, material culture is a reflection of non-material realities. Understanding non- Jo Appleby, PhD material realties requires a close study of the University of Leicester ethnography and extensive field experience in Turi King, PhD landscape and community. University of Leicester Chris Arnett, Presentation 2: Unearthing a king: A Means to a Beginning: Hybridized Agency The discovery of Richard III and Community-oriented Archaeology Join archaeologists involved in the In this presentation I will draw on my excavation and analysis of the notorious king experience with communities over immortalized by William Shakespeare. Discover the past 25 years, and argue that it is incumbent the story unearthed as researchers from the upon archaeologists to be thoroughly acquainted University of Leicester dug out a skeleton from with the established ethnographies, and oral traditions prior to initiation of their fieldwork, under a Leicester parking lot. Learn of the grim and not as an afterthought. As a political fate that ended his reign only 26 months after jurisdiction, British Columbia is unique in North his coronation. America, because of the unresolved issue of title to lands, claimed by both indigenous polities and the more recent settler state. In this politically significant number of minimally worked charged arena, dominated by treaty negotiations elements. It is likely that many of the bone and and litigation, archaeology has developed an antler artifacts were worked on site. important role in supporting indigenous claims to ancestral lands. Archaeologists, trained in the Nicole Beale traditions of Western science and humanities, University of South Hampton are often poorly equipped to deal with Nicole 'likes' Archaeology. Evaluating the indigenous historical consciousness in the course potential of social media for community of their obligated engagement with indigenous archaeology communities. This is due, primarily, to Western This paper will give an overview of research ideas of multiculturalism based on ontological into the potential for using social media assumptions regarding distinctions between platforms and tools to extend the reach of culture and nature that privilege and reproduce community archaeology. Social media has had Eurocentric, material and anthropocentric views an exponential uptake by internet users, and its of the world, that recognize no absolute reality. use is increasing at a high rate. The typical social This is contrary to traditional indigenous media user is aged between 18-29, and this worldviews which do not limit social relations to demographic, although there are few reliable humans, but include all creation (non-humans) statistics about participation in archaeology, is as being within a single reality (multi- that which is considered to be most challenging naturalism) that is not limited to the material to engage in archaeology. There is a challenge world, but also recognizes an all subsuming for community-oriented archaeology, to identify spiritual (non-material) dimension. To overcome ways to present scientific and therefore difficult these divergent perspectives, I suggest an to access information. Although there are approach that employs a hybridized agency, obvious gaps in access to the web, these are ever broadly defined as a dynamic network of shrinking. Simon’s recent publication, The material and non-material agents, that can Participatory Museum, (2010) describes the accommodate Western and non-western future for museum exhibition design lies in co- epistemologies in community oriented creative community projects that can give voice archaeology, thus transforming the construction to local community members and provide a of knowledge. place for community dialogue. The same is true for archaeology. The web, and in particular Brigitte Aubertin social media platforms and tools, can provide a University of Northern British Columbia mechanism for staging co-creative community- Delaney Prysnuk oriented archaeology. I plan to discuss ways to University of Northern British Columbia ensure successful implementation of social Farid Rahemtulla, PhD media use that is aligned closely to aims of the University of Northern British Columbia community-oriented archaeology and embedded Poster: A preliminary analysis of bone and in strategies for web adoption. There is an antler tools from EjTa-4, central coast of opportunity to learn from participative media, to British Columbia create opportunities for heritage creation by Over the last two summers the University of communities rather than authorities, as discussed Northern British Columbia’s archaeology field by Fairclough (2011). This paper will introduce school has been excavating a large shell midden and critically analyse a selection of case studies on Calvert Island. Cores from basal midden of community-oriented archaeology projects, deposits date to the early Holocene, but so far implemented by authorities, but engaged with by major excavations have concentrated on later communities through social media. Holocene deposits closer to the surface. In addition to large volumes of fauna, typical artifacts consist of ground and chipped stone, and modified bone and antler. The latter display an interesting diversity, and especially a Adam K. Benfer University of Toronto University of Calgary Evidence of Early Acheulean fire at Matthew Abtosway Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa University of Calgary Controlled use of fire is a major turning point Tiana Christiansen in hominin evolution, which provided University of Calgary fundamental means of adaptation and social Mental Maps in the Operational Sequence of aggregation. Whereas extensive deposits of ash, Central American Metate-Like Sculpture charcoal, and burnt lithics from sites dating to Skilled artisans carved igneous rock into the last 400 ka are well documented, efforts to elaborately decorated metate-like sculptures pinpoint the initial appearance of fire in throughout southern Central America from ca. archaeological contexts remain inconclusive. In 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500. These artifacts exhibit fact, the evidence at lower Paleolithic sites in great variety in iconographic depiction and Africa and Middle East data sets originated from design complexity, elements of which have open-air sites and thus do not provide conclusive captured the attention of art historians for distinction between natural (e.g. bush fires) and several decades. Archaeologists have mainly anthropogenic sources of fire. addressed the possible functions of these On the other hand at Wonderwerk Cave, we seemingly non-utilitarian artifacts, concluding identified clear evidence of fire in an Acheulean that they were ceremonial. Using a combination context, by integrating microscopy and infrared of ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and spectroscopy (FTIR). Results revealed in situ archaeological data, we explore the operational combusted plants and bone associated with sequence of these tools to understand the heated lithics in Stratum 10, Excavation 1. sociocultural acts involved in the production, use, and disposal of these metate-like sculptures Matthew W. Betts, PhD from both functional-processual and cognitive Canadian Museum of Civilization processual perspectives. In this process, we give Mariane Hardenberg special attention to the evolution and diversity Ian Stirling in the mental maps (i.e. *mappas*) of the Roaring Louder Than the Sea or Weather: *metateros* who expertly crafted these “art- Relational Ontology and the Ancient Dorset- tools” for two millennia. Mental maps are Polar Bear Connection integral in the production process of these Carvings that represent polar bears (Ursus sculptures, because the metateros derived the maritimus) are commonly found in Dorset specific combination of constructive techniques archaeological sites across the Eastern Arctic. and aesthetic attributes incorporated into these Relational thinking, framed by Amerindian artifacts from the organized pattern of thought Perspectivism, provides a means to and behavior (i.e. schemata) determined by their comprehensively assess the connections between respective worldviews. Furthermore, mental Dorset and polar bears. Grounded by the premise maps help explain the intended use-life and that most of the carvings depict real, not eventual discard of these artifacts. fantastical, creatures engaged in anatomically accurate movements and actions, this research Francesco Berna reconstructs the nature of actual interactions Simon Fraser University between humans and polar bears. At the same Paul Goldberg time, it considers the socioeconomic, Boston University environmental, and historical context of Liora Kolska-Horwitz human/bear interaction. In this way, we are Hebrew University developing a Dorset ethnoecology of polar bears James Brink and reveal the importance of these creatures in National Museum, South Africa Dorset ritual and spiritual life. To the Dorset, Marion Bamford these carvings were simultaneously tools, used Witswatersand University to gain access to the predatory abilities of polar Michael Chazan bears, and symbols, signaling how the Dorset conceptualized themselves and their place in the Precontact sites. In 2012 mitigative excavations spiritual and physical worlds. were undertaken at one of these sites, FgPm-5. These excavations revealed a rich and diverse Michael Blake artifact assemblage complete with fire-broken University of British Columbia rock, faunal remains, and stone tools from a Late Robert M. Rosenswig Precontact occupation. Closer analysis of these University at Albany-SUNY materials from FgPm-5 has revealed a complex Nicholas Waber artifact distribution which we suggest is University of British Columbia characteristic of lodge representing a winter Architectural Orientations at Izapa: Lidar camp along the lake shore. Mapping Reveals the Dual Roles of Tacaná Volcano and Winter Solstice Sunrise during Lauriane Bourgeon, Doctorante en archéologie the Formative Period Université de Montréal New lidar (light detection and ranging) Poster: Taphonomic study of the Bluefish mapping of Izapa allows us to determine the Caves (Yukon): preliminary results (Cave II) precise orientations and alignments of major The Bluefish Caves (northern Yukon) are mounds and platforms at the site’s Late known by the presence of stone tools and a large Formative period (300 BC – AD 100) and well-preserved bone collection bearing monumental center. The original contour map of evidence of human hunting activities. However the site, surveyed in the 1960s, is excellent, but the precise dating of the human occupation of because the site is covered in dense forest and the site is very controversial: estimated between orchards (primarily cacao) the representations of 10 000 and 25 000 BP, it could far exceed the the main constructions were smoothed and well-accepted date of the first peopling around rounded, and do not allow accurate measures of 13 000 BP. Taphonomic study of the faunal sight lines to distant landscape features such as remains will help demonstrate whether the volcanoes or to astronomical features on the timing of the human occupation of the site is horizon. By overlaying the new lidar hillshade supported and therefore, if a very early entry depiction of Izapa’s mounds on Google Earth, into the New World is possible. Preliminary we were able to use its satellite imagery and results from Cave II show only one cut mark on “Sun” feature to superimpose orientation lines. a bone fragment but a pattern of extensive bone One primary axis of the site orients precisely to fragmentation which could be explained by the peak of Tacaná Volcano, 18 degrees NNE, human exploitation of grease and marrow under and 25 km distant. The other primary axis severe weather conditions. The next step will be orients to winter solstice sunrise, 114.2 degrees to complete a taphonomic analysis of Cave II, to ESE. The fact that these two orientations do not include Caves I and III and eventually, extend meet at right angles accounts for our observation the analysis to other sites, such as Little John, that some of the major platforms are up to 6.2 as comparata. degrees offsquare. Orientation to significant features (landscape and solar orientation) Meghan Burchell appears to have superseded symmetrical McMaster University precision during site planning and layout. The Role of Seasonality in Archaeological Interpretation: Insights from the Central Janet Blakey Coast Lifeways of Canada Limited Seasonality research on the central coast of Brian Vivian British Columbia has used a variety of methods, Lifeways of Canada Limited including shell growth line analysis, Poster: Wintering on Pigeon Lake presence/absence of migrating faunas, and DNA An archaeological survey conducted by of salmon to understand the season of resource Lifeways of Canada Limited in 2011 around the acquisition. High-resolution stable isotope south shore of Pigeon Lake in Pigeon Lake sclerochronology to determine a precise season Provincial Park, Alberta located a series of of shellfish collection is a novel approach that has provided new insights into seasonal patterns the most reliable for determining seasonality, of shellfish gathering at eight sites in the vicinity and showed that in Schooner Cove of the village site of Namu. Results show an harvested blue mussels primarily during the emphasis on spring and autumn collection at spring months, with some harvesting also some residential locations, more specific evident in the winter and autumn. seasonal focus at one village site, and seasonally dispersed collection at a range of smaller camps. Sarah Carr-Locke, PhD Student Radiocarbon dates of shells analyzed for Simon Fraser University seasonality show that shellfish were collected Poster: The Presentation of Indigenous year-round at Namu for at least 4500 years, Heritage in Canadian and American supporting interpretations that it was a sedentary Museums: Exploring Collaborative Methods community. Understanding the nature of In recent years, increasing attention is being seasonal patterns and their relationship to paid to Indigenous rights to be involved in subsistence-settlement systems is only the activities pertaining to their cultural heritage. beginning for appreciating the role of seasonality This interest has increased academic discussion in archaeological interpretation for the about the importance of involving Indigenous central coast. peoples in research and public presentations of their heritage within museums (e.g., Watkins Meghan Burchell and Beaver 2008) . If museums have a McMaster University responsibility to work closely with Indigenous Marianne Stopp peoples in order to present their culture from an Parks Canada emic point of view, how has this been Aubrey Cannon accomplished? More broadly, How does the University of Mainz history of the development of museum / Nadine Hallmann Indigenous collaborations reflect changing views University of Mainz about Indigenous heritage rights? My Bernd R. Schöne dissertation will offer an historical overview of University of Mainz the development of collaborative practices, as Poster: High-resolution stable oxygen isotope well as looking at collaborative practices in the analysis to determine the season of mussel context of several current exhibits. This poster collection at Schooner Cove, St. Michael’s Bay, will showcase my PhD dissertation research plan Canada and will present my preliminary results. Stable oxygen isotope (δ18O) analysis of Mytilus edulis (blue mussel) from a 16th - 18th– Gina Carroll, B.A. century Inuit site in southern Labrador has University of Calgary shown promising results for seasonality and Poster: Mixtecan Writing Systems: paleoclimate studies. As bivalves grow, their Understanding Ecologically Distinct Water shells retain a record of local environmental Formations within the Zouche-Nuttall Codex 18 conditions. By applying high-resolution δ O The study of Mesoamerican writing systems, sampling and analysis it was possible to interpret and the ways in which they articulate the Pre- precise seasons of mussel collection. Live- Columbian past, has become an important area collected specimens obtained from the site’s of research within archaeological and linguistic immediate vicinity were analyzed and used as communities. One such writing system, analogue data to interpret results from the developed in the regions of Oaxaca, Guerrero archaeological shells. We also assessed two and Pueblo in Central Mexico during the Post- additional and separate methods to determine Classic period, exemplifies the complex dialectic season-of-death for M. edulis, specifically thin- between recorded language and lived section analysis and Mutvei’s solution staining. experience. Embodied within the Mixtec These methods permit the visualization of codices, this logographic writing system details micro- and macro-shell growth structures. Of the ideological and socio-political constructs of the three approaches, δ18O analysis proved to be the Mixtecan people. The purpose of this poster is to analyse the Zouche-Nuttall Codex, one of Nyra Chalmer the eight surviving Mixtecan codices, for Simon Fraser University information concerning topographical and Julia Jackley toponymical information, with particular regard Simon Fraser University to the portrayal of water systems. By Enduring Landscapes: The Histories of systematically analysing both the differences Klehkwahnnohm and Cochrane Bay between water glyphs, and the pictographic and Klehkwahnnohm and Cochrane Bay are ideographic images shown in tandem with them, important cultural landscapes in Tla’amin it is possible to garner a more accurate territory. For thousands of years, these understanding of how the Zouche-Nuttall Codex landscapes have been transformed through delineated between specific ecological water human activities. Through the integration of formations such as lakes, rivers and springs. diverse sources, we explore their deep histories This information may help elucidate the specific to illuminate how these sites have been used to geographical locations mentioned within this, facilitate education and heritage resource and other, Mixtecan codices. management strategies.

Victoria Castillo, PhD Wen Yin (Elaine) Cheng Yukon College UCL Institute of Archaeology Calling the Moose: An Early Contact Period Seasonality of Wendat’s Pottery Production in Example of Northern Tutchone Art from Fort Damiani Selkirk, Yukon In Ontario archaeology, pottery productions Mid-19th century Northern Tutchone of north are generally believed to occur during the central Yukon practiced a hunter-gatherer way summer months due to the dry and warm of life that also included participation in trade weather, ideal for pottery manufacturing. But with the Hudson’s Bay Company at Fort Selkirk. pottery production is labour intensive and may Archaeological excavations at the fort over two compete with the time required for other seasons recovered a variety of European and subsistence necessities such as food procurement Indigenous-use artifacts including those made and trade, What conditions and environment the from bone and antler. Most of these artifacts vessels were produced in maybe difficult to were utilitarian in nature but one object, a determine, if the vessels were executed decorated moose (Alces alces) scapula, provides flawlessly. There are however tell tale signs evidence of early contact period Northern within the vessels at Damiana (a Wendat village Tutchone art, which up until now, has been site found in southern Ontario) that suggest the minimally represented in the archaeological production were done under less than ideal record. An etching on the surface of the scapula conditions. By considering when the pottery depicts a large ungulate, probably a moose, sequence of production were executed in their along with a possible arrow in flight. annual subsistence strategy, the Wendat’s way Comparisons with ethnographic research of the of life may be further understood. With the help Tutchone conducted by Catharine McClellan in of scientific analysis, experimental archaeology, the 1960s and 1970s suggest this etched motif ethnohistory and ethnoarchaeology the season may be evidence for spiritual practices amongst and condition of vessel production will the Northern Tutchone, including the practices be discussed. of moose calling and scapulimancy. This is among the few archaeological examples of art or Karen Church, BGS, Masters Student spiritual artifacts from the interior boreal forest University of Calgary of the Yukon. The Inland Lifeways of the Larger Islands of Haida Gwaii / xáadláa gwaayee, ca. 500 – 1700 CE The inland archaeology of Haida Gwaii has had little intensive archaeological study other than culturally modified tree (CMT) inventories. These inventories, conducted in response to According to Bergmann’s Rule, body size in logging plans, have documented thousands of endothermic species varies such that individuals CMTs, some of which are outliers. Individual occupying colder environments tend to be larger CMT sites that exist several kilometers inland, than individuals living in warmer environments. away from major concentrations, may indicate Over the last 50 years, anthropologists have where ancient trails once existed - trails that are come to accept that humans conform to hinted at in the ethnographic literature and Bergmann’s Rule. Today, this idea is so widely historic maps. Due to the dynamic temperate accepted that it is presented as a fact in many rainforest environment and industrial logging, anthropology textbooks. It has also had a major evidence of these trails is now well obscured. By impact on how we interpret the hominin fossil means of a landscape archaeology approach, I record. However, there are reasons to question combine least cost path analyses in a the reliability of the findings on which the Geographic Information System (GIS) with consensus is based. One of these is that the main registered site locations, ethnographic studies that have found the correlation between information, historic maps, and cultural / human body mass and temperature predicted by environmental data to begin to create a Bergmann’s Rule have employed samples that methodology for testing where these trails and contain a disproportionately large number of related archaeological sites lay, thereby refining warm-climate and northern hemisphere the archaeological potential model for the populations. With this in mind, we used inland region. latitundinally-stratified and hemisphere-specific samples to re-assess the relationship between Jenny Cohen human body mass and mean annual temperature. University of Victoria We found that when populations from north and Paleoethnobotanical evidence from Kilgii south of the equator were analyzed together, Gwaay, a 10,700 wet site on the Northwest Bergmann’s Rule was supported. However, Coast of North America when populations were separated by hemisphere, Kilgii Gwaay is an intertidal waterlogged Bergmann’s rule was supported in the northern archaeological site dating to 10,700 cal. BP, hemisphere, but not in the southern hemisphere. located in southern Haida Gwaii, British In the course of exploring these results further, Columbia. Excavations in 2001 and 2002 we found that a correlation between body mass revealed the site’s significance as one of the and mean annual temperature is only found in earliest known examples of preserved plant the northern hemisphere if the sample spans usage on the Northwest Coast. Further work in more than 40 degrees of latitude. Thus, our study 2012 has added considerably to known plant suggests that humans do conform to Bergmann’s technologies and paleoecology from the site. Rule but only when there are major differences Evidence of woodworking, cordage and wooden in temperature. tools provide a deep temporal context for Northwest Coast plant technologies. Benjamin Collins Palaeoenvironmental data from plant-based McGill University artifacts and seed remains will be the focus for The final Middle Stone Age occupation from discussing ancient human activity on the Sibudu Cave, South Africa, in regional context landscape. The implications of these data classes Recent research focusing on the African for archaeological research on the early Middle Stone Age (MSA) has demonstrated that occupation on the Northwest Coast will also anatomically and behaviourally modern humans be discussed. have been around for at least the past 100,000 years (ky). This information has challenged the Mark Collard notion that the Middle-to-Later Stone Age Simon Fraser University (LSA) transition reflects advances in cognition Fredrick Foster and, therefore, the transition must be considered Simon Fraser University anew. One of the major problems for A reassessment of Bergmann’s Rule in humans understanding the transition is a lack of well- dated archaeological sites from this period that Of all of the wet sites that have been have been subjected to modern excavation excavated throughout the Pacific Northwest, techniques. The final MSA assemblage from basketry has been the most technologically Sibudu Cave, South Africa, dating to ~38kya, sensitive type of artifact recovered. Basketry provides such a context to assess the styles often reflect the cultural community or technologies and behaviours that were present family origins. Before they are found in the wet immediately prior to the transition. Moreover, site context, these items were sometimes gifted, Umhlatuzana Rockshelter (with a transitional traded, or even sold. A basket weaver’s work has MSA-LSA occupation dating between 35kya the possibility of having traveled hundreds of and 40kya) and Border Cave (with an early LSA miles before being found. I will be presenting occupation dating to ~44-41kya), can be used in research on the ability to identify basketry trade conjunction with Sibudu to generate a regional based on the styles, techniques, and designs used framework for interpreting the context to weave baskets, mats, and hats excavated from surrounding the MSA-LSA transition, and different wet sites throughout the Northwest. emphasise the similarities and differences in foraging strategies, technology and culture. This Clifford Cook comparison demonstrates strong technological Senior Conservator, Canadian Conservation similarities in the occupations from Sibudu and Institute Umhlatuzana. However, the early LSA Tara Grant occupation from Border Cave is substantially Senior Conservator, Canadian Conservation different, indicating that there may have been Institute two substantially different, but coeval cultural Archaeological Conservation - Uncovering the groups in this region of southern Africa. Hidden Secrets in Artifacts When conservation processes and techniques Rob Commisso are applied to archaeological material there can Stantec Consulting Ltd. be many opportunities to recover hidden The Potential Use of Radiocarbon Dating to information from the object being treated. Establish the Age of Modification of Dead Generally, archaeological objects that are Culturally Modified Trees chosen for conservation treatment are composed Determining the age of cultural modification of organic materials or corroded metals in very on living culturally modified trees (CMTs) is a poor states of preservation. The cleaning, straightforward process of counting the annual consolidation, drying and analysis of these tree rings back from the outside of the tree to the materials can reveal previously unknown or ring-year of the injury. This can sometimes undecipherable information, adding to the establish the age of cultural modification to the historical record associated with the objects and year or even the season of a particular year. the site from where it was excavated. However, when archaeologists want to date dead Reproduction of missing elements or the CMTs, this method is less accurate. Unless it is complete object can aid in the interpretation of known when the tree had died, the simple the object, and in so doing enhance the method of counting tree rings back is not exhibition qualities of sometimes applicable as there is no established date to fragmentary finds. count back from. This proof of principle study This paper will use case histories to highlight examines the usefulness of the radiocarbon some of the discoveries that have been made at bomb pulse to establish chronological markers in the Canadian Conservation Institute and other the tree rings that can be used to age of cultural laboratories in Canada. These include the modification on dead CMTs. analysis of the dye used to colour the fabric in the remains of a uniform likely worn at the 1814 Danielle Cone Battle of Lundy’s Lane in Ontario, the scanning South Puget Sound Community College and reproduction of the Ferryland Cross from Identifying Ancient Northwest Coast Basketry Newfoundland and the elucidation of the Trade handwritten notes wrapped around geological samples found at SbJk-1 near Cape Southwest occupation—of great interest and focus to Dr. on Axel Heiberg Island. Roy Carlson.

Stanley A. Copp, Ph.D Shannon Croft, MA Langara College Simon Fraser University Memaloose Ilahie pi Saghalie Ilahie: Stone Rolf R. Mathewes, PhD Features and Archaeology, Okanagan- Simon Fraser University Similkameen Valleys, British Columbia Barking up the Wrong Tree, Understanding Stone features of several types have been Birch Bark Artifacts of Canadian Plateau recorded in the Similkameen and Okanagan Peoples in British Columbia Valleys of south-central British Several birch bark containers and other birch Columbia. These include pits excavated into bark artifacts made by prehistoric First Nations talus slopes (talus pits), cobble alignments on have been encountered during archaeological large flat boulders, and linear or piled excavations on the Canadian Plateau of British arrangements of cobbles and boulders located on Columbia. From these discoveries, it is apparent talus or debris-flow fans. Ethnohistoric and that birch bark technologies were of major archaeological invest-igations indicate that these importance to First Nations, yet little attention features are associated with culturally-sensitive has been paid to them as a category of artifacts. activities– notably inhumation of human and Ethnographic records from the Canadian Plateau animal remains (memaloose ilahie) and/or the indicate that birch bark basketry was made by Spirit (Vision or Guardian) Quest women. Thus, birch bark baskets provide a tool (saghalie ilahie). with which to make women and their work visible in the archaeological record. Here we Dale Croes describe two birch bark baskets and show how Dr. Roy Carlson as Northwest Coast Wet Site birch bark was closely associated with women, Advocate - from Ozette, WA. to Triquet Island, both economically and spiritually. BC As a wet archaeological site specialist, I have Amanda Crompton, Visiting Assistant always appreciated Dr. Roy Carlson’s support Professor for this direction in Northwest Coast Memorial University archaeological research, both through his own Habitants in the Bays and on the Headlands: work with Dr. Philip Hobler at the Axeti wet site French Settlement in Newfoundland and (near the new discoveries on Triquet Island, Labrador during the 17th and 18th Century B.C.), to his first year (1977) visits to my initial From the 1660s to the 1760s, the island of effort to direct a wet site at Hoko River, Newfoundland and the southern coast of . I will chronicle my journey in Labrador were settled by a small but steadily focusing on wet site archaeology and ancient increasing number of French residents (or basketry artifacts, and how important it was been habitants). However, the structure and form of to have leaders in the Northwest encourage this French settlements varied dramatically across direction. Though still not a mainstream part of the landscape. The structure of French the Northwest archaeological learning traditions, settlements was guided generally by French wet site work has been recognized as an administrative structures and vernacular important kind of fieldwork that should be traditions, but was also influenced by local pursued to add the ancient and predominant adaptations and individual experiences. Site wood and fiber material culture component to selection was governed in part by personal our understanding of the distinctive cultural choice, regional settlement history, and also by evolution on the Northwest Coast. Recent the dictates of primary economic activities (the discoveries such as Kilgii Gwaay, BC, cod fishery in Newfoundland, and sealing and Labouchere Bay, AK (both dating to 10,700 BP) furring in Labrador). Different systems of land and Triquet Island, BC show that wet sites will tenure also played a role in shaping settlements, contribute to the early range of Northwest Coast as did the proximity to or distance from colonial Athabascan Basin in the Northeastern Alberta. administrations. Furthermore, interaction with In a number of sites in and around the significant the Inuit in Labrador played a prominent role in Quarry of the Ancestors quarry/workshop shaping French settlement choices. This paper complex, it is the dominant technology. This emphasizes the diversity of the French reduction strategy was employed as a technique experience in Newfoundland and Labrador, and to produce a wide range of tool blanks and tools. the roles that flexibility and adaptability played A description of the characteristic Beaver River in the process of colonization. Complex application of bipolar technology is provided by a comparison of the assemblages Deidre Cullon from two large Beaver River Complex sites: University of Victoria and Laich-Kwil-Tach HhOv-193 a site located on the edge of the Treaty Society Athabasca River, and the anvil-rich HhOv-528 Heather Pratt which is a northern extension of the Quarry of Golder and Associates the Ancestors itself. Beyond Salmonopia: The Multiplicity of the Saratoga Beach Fish Traps Carrie L. Dennett Fish trap technology, one of the oldest for University of Calgary procuring large numbers of fish, appeared on the Katrina Kosyk Northwest Coast as early as 4590 ± 50 C14 BP University of Calgary (Eldridge and Acheson 1992:113). In 2008, we Geoffrey G. McCafferty began a study at Saratoga Beach, which University of Calgary culminated in the recording of 15 fishing Music and Symbols: Ancient Aerophones of features and 11 radiocarbon dates. Long Pre-Columbian Costa Rica and Pacific believed to be salmon-focused, cross- cultural research and faunal analysis from other sites Archaeologists are only now beginning to suggests that fish traps caught many species of substantially reconstruct the basic culture history fish and marinelife. Considering local fish for much of southern Central America. One availability and behaviour in connection with notable aspect emerging is the strong presence these traps, which are unique in their lack of of 2 musical instruments; especially the well- association with an estuary and their placement made, hand-modeled ceramic ocarinas, whistles, outside of a river or creek, the Saratoga Beach and flutes that date from roughly A.D. 1 until the features remind us that fish trap research must time of European conquest in the early sixteenth not be salmonopic, but should consider all century. Drawing on both archaeologically available fish species. Such research can inform recovered and museum collections, we describe our understanding of traditional resource use and the decorative symbolism, spatial distribution, help us refine our interpretation of traditional and chronological variation of ocarinas from resource management. throughout Pre-Columbian Costa Rica and Pacific Nicaragua. This is followed by a cursory Christy de Mille comparison with pre-Columbian aerophones Lifeways of Canada from neighbouring archaeological regions Brian Reeves including northeast Honduras, El Salvador, and Lifeways of Canada Panama. Finally, we conclude with a Michael Turney consideration of their use and the symbolic Golder Associates Ltd. metaphors inherent in these beautiful Bipolar Technology of the Beaver River wind instruments Complex in and around the Quarry of the Ancestors, Northeastern Alberta Bipolar technology is an important reduction strategy at many Beaver River Complex (Middle Prehistoric Shield Archaic) sites in the Lower

variability and resource mobility through time Genevieve Dewar and in the relationships between dogs and University of Toronto humans. While dogs are not a direct proxy for Adaptations to Marginal Environments in the humans in dietary isotope studies, their diets are Middle Stone Age influenced by human dietary practices, and Mounting evidence suggests that the therefore indicative of human subsistence evolution of modern human behavioural strategies and activities. Similarly, evidence of complexity occurred gradually within Africa dog mobility reflects the spatial interactions over a timeframe of 200 millennia or longer. The between human groups and resources. Dietary fragmentary nature of the Middle Stone Age results demonstrate that while salmon played an (MSA) archaeological record contrasts sharply important part of dog diet at Keatley Creek, with the fluorescence of European Upper variability occurs across age groups and culture Palaeolithic sites after the Out of Africa II periods. Mobility of dogs and potential event(s). Within as little as 10,000 years, modern differences in origin through time is also humans had covered and competently adapted to demonstrated, indicating that prehistoric and an astounding array of previously unknown and proto-historic diet and mobility in British often challenging environments from India to Columbia requires further investigation and a Australia. The speed with which our species deeper understanding of the interactions between were able to adjust to unknown landscapes human groups and the resources they utilize. suggests that our capacity for adaptive plasticity developed within Africa itself, and therefore, Sandie Dielissen, Ph.D. Student that its roots must be teased from the often Simon Fraser University intractable MSA archaeological record. This Teaching a School to Talk: Archaeology of the paper presents some preliminary results of a Queen Victoria Jubilee Home for Indian project that takes a biogeographical approach to Children this problem, by investigating early modern Canada’s Indian residential school system left human responses to two marginal environments a deep and lasting impact on Aboriginal people. in southern Africa: the highland plateaux of The Queen Victoria Jubilee Home on the Piikani Lesotho and coastal deserts of Namaqualand. It Reserve in southern Alberta was one of the is suggested that such an approach – which many residential boarding schools with the emphasizes behavioural variability over mandate to assimilate and civilize Aboriginal modernity – may be more productive than children. It operated from 1897-1926 under the searching for difficult to find indicators of auspices of the Church of England, Anglican symbolic culture or other similar trait-list Diocese. While many studies have been milestones. undertaken to examine the social, political, and economic contexts in which these schools Alejandra Diaz resided, little research has been done that University of British Columbia concentrates specifically on the material culture Michael Richards of these institutions. Historical archaeology, University of British Columbia with its interrogation of multiple sources, is well Suzanne Villeneuve suited for understanding the material and Simon Fraser University physical daily life of the students and staff who Brian Hayden lived within the confines of the residential Simon Fraser University school. This project was part of an initial Poster: Diet and mobility in the Mid-Fraser: endeavour to fill the gaps in the history of the Isotopic analysis of canids from the Keatley Piikani First Nation as they transitioned to a Creek site reserve lifestyle. Teaching a school to talk by This study reports on carbon, nitrogen, and emphasizing the material culture, revealed that sulphur isotope analyses of dog remains and although the material culture itself may be other fauna from the Keatley Creek site. We considered as mundane, it is the complex history discuss these results in relation to dietary of the Victoria Jubilee Home that reflects the paper will update the biface sequence of Little meaning of these objects for the Piikani. John derived from our continued excavations over the past seven years which has identified Sandie Dielissen even earlier components that now date to as Simon Fraser Univsersity early as 14,000 Cal BP. The presence of Poster: Being a “Good” Girl: Crafting Gender exceptionally preserved culturally modified in Indian Residential Schools fauna provides additional insight into the There is a growing interest in exploring the subsistence adaptations of these early “first feminine and sexual attributes of colonialism, Canadians” who Roy has suggested may be the particularly in an effort to unravel the often ancestors of his basal occupants at Namu. hidden, complex, and contradictory history of Aboriginal women’s lives during colonization. Norman Alexander Easton Institutions such as the Indian residential schools Yukon College shaped the lives of Aboriginal girls by Poster: Yukon College’s Field School in embedding western ideals of femininity in Subarctic Archaeology and Ethnography habitus. Modelled behaviour, appearance and The Yukon College Field School in Subarctic clothing, personal possessions, and household Archaeology and Ethnography is a six week, six goods informed respectability, and Aboriginal credit university transfer course designed as a girls were taught a Christian home life geared multi-disciplinary introduction to community towards removing them from their otherwise based anthropological research as it is currently savage, morally degraded, and uncultured practiced in the Yukon. We work closely with behaviour. This poster introduces how emphasis members of the local Dineh community to on the materiality of residential schools changed document their prehistory, traditional culture, notions of femininity among Aboriginal girls. and contemporary life. Archaeological survey Specifically, this research examines customary and excavation is combined with ethnographic gender roles and identities of Aboriginal girls enquiry, including oral history, language and and women, including alternative identities (eg. place-names documentation, kinship and social manly-hearted women and two-spirited) to relations, subsistence and other land-use understand how gender was created and shaped patterns, traditional technology, and through the Christian-run Indian residential contemporary adaptations of indigenous schools, transforming Aboriginal girls into aboriginal society to state structures and “good” girls and “proper” womanhood. capitalist culture. The field school operates in the territory of the White River First Nation, Norman Alexander Easton near the Yukon-Alaska border along the Yukon College Alaska Highway The Biface Sequence from the Little John Site (KdVo-6), Yukon Territory, Canada: More of Norman Alexander Easton the Same But Different Yukon College Late in 2007 Roy Carlson contacted me to Michael Grooms ask if I would be interested in submitting a University of New Mexico review of the early bifaces from the Little John Jordan Handley site for inclusion in Projectile Point Sequences Simon Fraser University in Northwestern North America (2008) which he Vance Hutchinson was editing with Marty Magne – of course I Tulane University, accepted and then he informed me he needed it David Yesner within a month; it was early December. University of Alaska Anchorage Nevertheless, my colleague Glen MacKay and I Poster: Yukon College’s Field School in prevailed; the paper was the first major Subarctic Archaeology and Ethnography academic publication describing the late Analytical Developments in Interpreting the Pleistocene components of the Little John site, at Little John Site, 2013 Update the time confidently dated to 9500 YBP. This Several analytical projects are currently being pursued to develop further our understanding of to ascertain the origin of these reduction the cultural history of the Little John site (KdVo- technologies, their relation to other early North 6) near Beaver Creek, Yukon Territory, Canada. American prepared core technologies and their Michael Grooms of the University of New temporal scope. Mexico is pursuing a more detailed understanding of the geomorphology of the site Alisha Gauvreau under the direction of Jim Dixon. Jordan Tla’amin First Nation Handley of Simon Fraser University is analyzing Michele Washington lithic materials using XRF technology under the Tla’amin First Nation direction of Rudy Reimer. Distributional Dana Lepofsky analysis of fauna and lithic components is being Simon Fraser University developed by Easton, Hutchinson, and Yesner. From cultural keystone species to threatened This poster will present some of the methods and species: the place of Pacific Herring among initial results being generated by these efforts. the Tla’amin The loss of biological and cultural diversity is David Fargo tightly linked. We explore this connection with University of Victoria one cultural keystone species – Pacific Herring. Early Holocene Marine-Based Subsistence on Archaeological, ethnographic, and current the Central Coast of B.C.: An Analysis of memories demonstrate the importance of this Fauna from EkTb-9 (Triquet Island) Recent archaeological investigations on species to the Tla’amin, as well as the social- Triquet Island have revealed the presence of a ecological transformations experienced by the shell midden and wet site with an associated Tla’amin as a result of the now decimated faunal assemblage. A diverse array of marine herring stocks. animal species dating to the early Holocene period was identified. Although the range of Nadine Gray species present suggests that a number of marine GWR Heritage Consulting habitats, including intertidal zones and inshore Cultural Landscape Approaches to Heritage in rocky reefs, were exploited by the site’s St'at'imc Territory inhabitants, the relative proportion of different Recent work in St’at’imc Territory has species in the assemblage shifted markedly over highlighted a concern about archaeology and site time. A comparison of this assemblage with protection efforts. A common approach to site other early Holocene sites along the Northwest preservation and mitigation processes is to view Coast reveals that a similar range of species was archaeological sites with defined and discrete being targeted up and down the coast, boundaries. This approach becomes problematic underscoring that marine-based subsistence because traditions in the Pacific Northwest were well St’at’imc lands and resources are not viewed as established during this time period. isolated or disconnected, they are integrated and they are evidence of the continual occupation. Daryl Fedje Through a discussion of heritage resources in Prepared Core Technology from Early Period Xaxli’p and Xwisten, this paper will discuss the Sites on the Northwest Coast need to integrate a cultural landscape approach Preliminary investigation of Early Period to archaeological mitigation projects. lithic assemblages from Haida Gwaii suggests that people produced stone tools using a Colin Grier combination of prepared core technologies. The Washington State University earliest assemblages include blade-like core and The Construction of Landscapes and Histories discoidal core reduction. These reduction in the Southern Gulf Islands of British approaches can be seen at a number of other Columbia sites on or near the Pacific Coast of the In Northwest Coast research, “the Americas. Further investigation will be needed environment” has typically been operationalized as a set of enabling and constraining natural both the coastal archaeological record and the conditions that promote, curtail or allow for viability of modern indigenous coastal social change. Rarely have analyses of communities. In that all our hands are being precontact Northwest Coast history broken with forced by this reality, how do we reinvent a strictly ecological notion of “the environment” practices and reformulate relationships so that to consider how coastal landforms were our shared interests serve as a basis for essentially human-constructed in both a meaningful collective and collaborative action conceptual and very practical sense. I draw on on a much larger scale? settlement pattern, chronological and coastal geomorphological data from my research in the Eric J. Guiry southern Gulf Islands to outline the ways in Bernice Harpley which the coastal landforms that developed over Olaf Nehlich the last 5000 years on island shores can be Vaughan Grimes considered anthropogenic constructions. This Colin Smith approach allows for the formulation of a unique Micheal Richards history for the southern Gulf Islands, which has University of British Columbia, been (for somewhat different reasons) an La Trobe University, Australia, important element of Roy Carlson’s Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary characterization of the relationship between Anthropology, Germany island and mainland locales on the southern BC Memorial University coast over the latter half of the Holocene. Poster: Origins and Animal Husbandry of Salt-Meat Cargo from the William Salt House: Colin Grier, Presentation 2: Stable Isotope Evidence from an Australian The Tides They are a Changing — Community Ship Wreck Faunal Assemblage Archaeology in the Face of Global Sea Level The William Salt House (WS725), a British Rise trading vessel, was wrecked in 1841 in Port My long-standing concern has been with Philip Bay while attempting the first ever direct resolving the incongruities between the time trade between Canada and Australia. In scale at which academic scholars and contravention of the British Navigations Acts, professional practitioners pursue community- she carried a substantial cargo including salt- oriented archaeology and the temporal realities pork and -beef procured in Montreal with the appropriate to building meaningful relations intention of delivery to the developing colony of within indigenous communities. Archaeological Melbourne. Faunal remains recovered from research (meaning scholarly production) individual barrels (preserved in situ) provided a happens under quite rapid timelines and output rare opportunity to study historically demands, but meaningful relationships within contextualized nineteenth century Canadian Coast Salish communities are traditionally the meat packaging and trade practices. We present product of much longer investments, collagen stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur negotiations and realizations of shared isotope analysis of pig (n=16) and cow (n=2) objectives. I outline my own efforts at building a remains recovered from the wreck in order to community-based archaeology with and for assess the capacity of these techniques to: 1) Hul’qumi’num peoples over the last 15 years, identify and characterize variation in early focusing on how temporal incongruities in Canadian animal husbandry practices, and 2) practice can be approached. I argue that long differentiate regional variability of salt meat term investments in communities and places origin in the St. Lawrence region. Results present a best fit model for both archaeological demonstrate the applicability of stable isotope research design and the realization of analyses to questions of historic animal community benefits. Encouraging as this husbandry practices and trade. concordance may be, its implementation is being rudely interrupted by global sea level rise, which is and will be nothing short of catastrophic for documentation is used to illuminate indigenous lifeways at Contact, and Jenifer Gustavsen challenge long held assumptions that the Simon Fraser University Lake Babine people were non-complex Laura Dane egalitarian foragers prior to European Douglas College contact. Data gathered from the Hudson’s Mark Collard Simon Fraser University Bay Company Archives support the Developing a method for assessing the hypothesis that prior to European contact, skillfulness and practice time of Upper the Babine people at the fishing village of Paleolithic artists Nass Chick had a high degree a social Archaeologists have, to date, tended to complexity and sedentism. These approach Upper Paleolithic art in the same way documents also uncover the misplaced art historians and critics approach modern art, traditional name for this abandoned village, with a focus on meaning. While this approach identify the pre-contact village chief, and has yielded interesting results, its dominance has provide insight into local politics and led to the neglect of another important aspect of economy. This proto-historic emergence of art–the skill required to produce it. Research on social complexity parallels the increase in the acquisition of skill across a wide range of activities suggests that an individual’s level of social complexity for the neighbouring skill in a given activity is primarily determined Gitksan and distant Tsimshian societies by the number of hours they have practiced that further down the Skeena River. activity. With this in mind, we developed an experimental approach for the evaluation of skill Kristina Hannis in representative drawing, a common form of Rectifying Loss: The Use of Archaeology in Upper Paleolithic art. First, we developed a set Specific Claims of criteria that can be used to evaluate drawing Canadian specific claims are a type of land claim skill. Then, we asked 30 subjects with varying that address First Nations’ historical grievances. amounts of experience to produce drawings and Specific claims deal with cases in which the to provide an estimate of their hours of practice. federal government failed to meet its legal Next, the subjects’ drawings were scored with obligations either under the or the the evaluation criteria. Lastly, we regressed the terms of treaties. First Nations communities scores for the drawings on hours of practice. We may choose to file specific claims to redress found a strong, significant relationship between historical wrongdoings such as the failure to drawing skill and number of hours of practice. protect their village sites, fishing grounds, Thus, we now have a tool with which to infer the graveyards, and cultivated fields from alienation. skillfulness and practice time of Upper For these claims First Nations and their agents Paleolithic artists. rely on archival records, oral history, and archaeological evidence. This presentation Cory Hackett, MA Student examines the varied role of archaeological University of Northern British Columbia evidence in specific claims research process Uncovering Nass Chick: Historic Analysis using case studies from British Columbia. I posit of a Pre-contact Lake Babine Nation this process has the ability to create a valuable Fishing Village dialogue between archaeologists and descendent communities that may have useful outcomes for Until recently, there has been a relatively all participants. sparse amount of archaeological research on pre-contact life-ways of indigenous peoples in the northern interior of British Columbia. As part of a long-term project in the Babine Lake/Babine River corridor, historical Diane K. Hanson Heterarchy and Egalitarianism as Structuring University of Alaska Anchorage Principles in the Aggregated Mid-Fraser Working in the Extreme Northwest Coast: Villages, ca. 2000-500 BP Adak Island, the Aleutian Islands of Alaska This paper explores the changing nature of Unlike other cultures of Northeast Pacific, the social organization associated with the growth Aleutian archipelago has no trees, no land and breakup of large nucleated hunter-gatherer mammals, and no adjacent continent from which winter settlements in the Mid-Fraser region of to acquire resources or establish trade networks. southcentral British Columbia, ca. 2000-300 cal. There is no evidence that they brought B.P. These communities are frequently cited as domesticated animals or accidentally introduced textbookexamples of socially stratified hunter- terrestrial mammals to the islands. The Unangan gatherers with wealth-based forms of social people are nearly exclusively marine focused. inequality. However, this study, which is based With the occasional exception, archaeologists on the largest dataset yet compiled from the assumed that sites ringed the coastline of the Mid-Fraser region, finds little evidence to small islands and upland areas were ignored. support this interpretation and offers an Recent surveys and excavations on Adak Island alternative heterarchical framework for demonstrate that upland sites are common and understanding social and political dynamics in that so far they date to at least 3400 rcybp. Tests these communities. It is argued that the of coastal sites at higher elevations also formation and breakup of aggregated villages is increased the number of pre-2500 year old sites indicative of a shifting balance of power raising speculation of higher populations during between band political structures and extended the Neoglacial period in in the Central family autonomy. In this interpretation, band Aleutian Islands. political structures are argued to have predominated during the aggregated village P. Gregory Hare period and operated to maintain relative equality Christian D. Thomas between families by ensuring equal access to Ruth M. Gotthardt resources. The breakup of these communities is Yukon Government, Department of Tourism and then indicative of the reassertion of extended Culture, Cultural Services Branch family autonomy during a period of highly Fire and Brimstone – The White River Ash and stressed resource conditions. It is during periods Late Prehistoric Yukon when extended families operate more The Late Prehistoric period of the southern independently of band political structures that Yukon is characterized by the sudden the opportunity for unequal access to resources appearance of bow and arrow and wealth emerges. technology, copper metallurgy, florescence of bone and antler technology and general shift in chipped stone tool production. Late Prehistoric Kathleen Hawes components are also universally located above a Pacific Northwest Archaeological Services tephra from the “colossal” eighth century Tracey Arnold eruption of Mount Churchill/Bona. But are these Pacific Northwest Archaeological Services changes in technology directly related to Identification, analysis and conservation of the ashfall? wood artifacts from Triquet Island (EkTb-9) This paper explores the technological During test excavations in 2012 at EkTb9 on changes that occurred in southern Yukon at 1200 Triquet Island, Central Coast of BC, early BP and discusses whether such changes were a Holocene wet site deposits were found. The consequence of the pyroclastic event or an excavations recovered several wooden artifacts inevitable manifestation of broader technological as well as plant macrofossils and charcoal. The change that was taking place throughout the artifacts, including a carved wooden knob, a northwest at the same time. wooden mat or net needle, and a carved wooden object, possibly the lower arm of a compound Lucille Harris halibut hook have been analyzed and microscopically identified by cellular analysis prior to conservation. The plant material and charcoal were also examined and identified. This presentation will talk about identification and conservation techniques and the results of identification from this pre-5,000 14CBP site.

James Herbert, BA Lisa Hodgetts Stantec Consulting Ltd Western University Sean P. Connaughton, PhD Candidate Edward Eastaugh Stantec Consulting Ltd Western University CRM and Collaborations: Problems, Issues, Henry Cary and Solutions(?) - Lessons learned on Town of Lunenburg, UNESCO World Heritage collaboration from the ground up” Site Incorporating community involvement and Characterizing a “Transitional” Palaeo- collaboration in archaeological research is Eskimo site on northern Banks Island difficult in the best of situations. When Recent surface survey work by Parks Canada attempting to apply these principles to Cultural archaeologists at the site of QaPv-5 on the north Resource Management, with its multiple coast of Banks Island indicates that it was stakeholders, time and budget constraints, occupied during the transition from Pre-Dorset narrow work parameters, and other intricacies, it to Dorset Periods (which occurred between becomes much more challenging. Using roughly 2800 and 2500 BP). Artifact examples taken from a year-long major assemblages from the transitional period display excavation in British Columbia’s Lower a great deal of regional variability, which has led Mainland, we suggest methods and techniques to debates about the timing and nature of the for bridging the gap between the academic transition. In the far western Canadian Arctic, model of Community Based Participatory sites from this period display traits not just of Research and the more practical considerations Pre-Dorset and Dorset, but also Norton complex required of Consulting Archaeology. This paper groups from Alaska, and have been attributed to offers a look at the first steps taken towards a distinct cultural episode known as the Lagoon greater collaboration between developers, Phase. Here, we outline the architectural archaeologists and Indigenous communities. evidence from QaPv-5, characterize the lithic These examples represent the first small steps in assemblage and attempt to place the site within moving towards a future where CRM helps the broader context of the Pre-Dorset to facilitate the development of more sustainable Dorset transition. partnerships. Erin A Hogg Genevieve Hill Simon Fraser University Wet Site Archaeology 101: Law, culture, and John R Welch society in BC Simon Fraser University Wet sites have yielded some of the most Poster: What does Collaborative Archaeology impressive archaeological discoveries in the Mean to You? world, and despite several spectacular examples The Effectiveness of Engagement in Field from the Northwest Coast, these sites are still Schools, Research Projects, and Consulting not afforded appropriate concern in BC. This Collaboration with descendant communities paper explores the reasons why such sites are at has become an essential part of doing once revered and dreaded, how they are covered archaeology in North America, but community by the Heritage Conservation Act and associated engagement remains understudied. In British guidelines, and why the cultural resource Columbia, court decisions and federal and management sector is still unprepared to deal provincial policies require consultation with with them. First Nations and accommodation of their interests, but there are no widely recognized or numerous morphometric features that does not easily applicable frameworks to guide include unequivocal taxonomically relevant archaeologists’ efforts to work with First autapomorphies. Three-dimensional geometric Nations. Legal authorities aside, archaeologists morphometric analysis of 46 landmarks are obliged by professional standards to describing the complete femur identified a collaborate and share broadly, as well as to similar pattern of low-level variation among protect and conserve the archaeological record, Neandertal and Late Pleistocene Eurasian and an interest generally shared with descendant recent modern human femora. Individual shape communities. If archaeologists are to be components did not discriminate the Neandertals effective collaborators, we need to know more as a group from modern humans and thus cannot about how and under what circumstances be considered useful for taxonomic assignment collaboration works well and less well. By of isolated partial femora. However, creating measurable attributes of collaborative discriminant function analysis successfully practices, we will assess the extent and range of identified Neandertal femora based on collaboration in archaeology projects in BC and subperiosteal shape differences in complete gain insight into recommended and less femora from comparative samples representing recommended practices in community modern humans spanning the Eurasian Upper engagement, affording glimpses of what the Paleolithic to the present. Thus the cumulative future may hold. variation in the complete femur does provide some taxonomic information. Alternatively, the Rich Hutchings patterns of variation in the geometric University of British Columbia relationships of shape components of partial and “Hard Times Bring Hard Questions”—Is complete femora are consistent with Archaeology Pro-Development? Is it Classist? morphological trajectories resulting from some Colonialist? Imperialist? Racist? combination of body mass and activity level Archaeology has played and continues to differences in in vivo mechanical loading. Thus play a dominant role in the production and three-dimensional geometric morphometric management of heritage. What role has it played methods are robust for investigation of in our current global heritage crisis? What role functional geometries in the human locomotor might it play in resolving that crisis? To address skeleton. these important questions in a meaningful way, historical and critical perspective is needed, Heather Kendall, MA Candidate especially when it comes to defining key Stantec Consulting Ltd. baselines. Properly fixing such benchmarks, Remote Conditions: Communities, however, demands confronting uncomfortable Corporations, and the Consulting yet persistent critiques: Is archaeology pro- Archaeologist growth, development and progress? Is it biased Most Canadians live in urban centers and are towards certain economic classes? Does it not exposed to the industrial development (i.e., discriminate against certain ethnicities? Is it oil and gas, forestry) taking place in Canada’s imperialist? Colonialist? Such considerations expansive, remote wilderness. However, invariably lead back to one essential question: consulting archaeologists often work in these What exactly is archaeology? areas with Indigenous representatives from remote communities on large projects, which Vance Hutchinson can span tremendous expanses of land. This Tulane University paper examines the strong relationships that Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric form between archaeologists and Indigenous Analysis of Late Pleistocene Femora: communities during fieldwork. Using examples Taxonomy and Functional Morphology taken from projects across British Columbia, I FH Smith has elegantly described the explore the challenges facing archaeologists distinctive craniofacial morphology of the when reconciling the expectations and Neandertals as a ‘gestalt’ of additive variation in requirements of provincial legislation, corporate deliverables, and those of the communities Pendant Grave Goods of the Newfoundland affected by these developments. Beothuk and Bird Spirit Messengers to the Afterlife Drawing on available ethnohistoric records, an analysis of burial site locations and funerary objects, we offer an interpretation of Beothuk sacred cosmology that places birds at the centre Brent Kevinsen of their belief system. Bone pendants depict University of Saskatchewan various forms of bird movement that may Elizabeth Robertson reference a belief in the use of birds as spiritual University of Saskatchewan messengers that carried souls of the dead A Comparative Analysis of Heat-Treated Swan through aerial and aquatic realms to an island in River Chert and Beaver River Sandstone: the afterlife. We briefly discuss religious aspects Implications for Precontact Technological of contemporary Labrador and Nova Scotia First Organization and Knowledge Nations and of the much older Palaeoeskimo and Archaeologists suspect that many stone-tool- Maritime Archaic people in order to place using groups facilitated stone tool production by Beothuk religion in a broader historical and improving the flaking characteristics of their regional context. lithic raw material through controlled exposure to heat. In fact, some researchers have argued Marina La Salle that this process is so crucial to increasing the University of British Columbia workability of lithic raw material that it was The trouble with ‘co-' likely applied to the vast majority of these In 2010, I published a paper discussing materials. With this in mind, we undertook a Community Collaboration and Other Good series of heat treatment and flintknapping Intentions in archaeology. Drawing on my experiments to assess the effects of this process personal experiences, I sought to understand the on two lithic raw materials that were widely motivations behind this movement, and used by precontact groups in Saskatchewan and compared its supporting theory with its often Alberta: Swan River Chert (SRC) and Beaver quite different application in practice as I have River Sandstone (BRS). Our experiments witnessed it. I expressed doubt that collaboration indicated that the workability of both materials represents a real break with archaeology's past was vastly improved by exposure to heat, and instead suggested that this shift in language suggesting that the region’s precontact simply makes everyone feel better about populations were likely to have regarded heat exploitation. Since 2010, collaboration and treatment as an integral step in stone tool community-based archaeology have continued to production. We also determined that, whereas rise in popularity, yet my doubts have BRS responds positively to a wide range of sedimented rather than dissipated. I would like temperature levels and durations, SRC’s to use this opportunity to raise some of the working characteristics are easily compromised lingering questions that I have about this by under- and over-heating, suggesting that the growing endeavour and hope to draw upon the many precontact groups who used this collective experience of all present at the session particularly widespread lithic raw material for guidance on what seems more and more would have best been able to do so had they likely to be the 'future' of archaeology. possessed sophisticated knowledge of optimal heating conditions and methods. Mireille Lamontagne Manager, Education Programming, Todd J. Kristensen, PhD Student Canadian Museum of Human Rights (CMHR) University of Alberta Beneath the Canadian Museum for Human Donald H. Holly, Associate Professor Rights (Winnipeg): Dramatic new insights into Eastern Illinois University Late Woodland Developments on the Northeastern Plains Two archaeological mitigation projects were Tla'amin past and to situate this past in the undertaken at the site of the Canadian Museum present and the future. for Human Rights at the Forks of the Red and Assiniboine rivers in Winnipeg. The first, by Quaternary Consultants Ltd. in 2008, consisted of a large block excavation. The second, by Stantec Ltd., consisted of monitoring the rest of the construction site, requiring site drainage and some excavation, between 2009 and 2011. Key Jennifer Lewis findings and insights will be shared (in advance Kleanza Consulting Ltd of public release), including: dramatic shifts in Amanda Marshall pottery manufacture, resource utilization, and Kleanza Consulting Ltd cultural and trade interactions, as well as Salvaging the past, bridging the present at important new evidence on plant cultivation and Cedarvale, BC use at The Forks. This paper will present the results of salvage The archaeological materials recovered from excavation of a large prehistoric site located on eight cultural layers appear to demonstrate rapid the Skeena River, near Cedarvale, BC. The cultural change over a very brief 200-year period excavation was undertaken in conjunction with during the Late Woodland Period (700 to 1600 the Gitxsan First Nation, and involved a team of CE). They also represent three as-yet unnamed people from diverse backgrounds: students, and undefined new cultural complexes of Rainy community members, volunteers and consulting River Composite, which provide information to archaeologists. In this presentation, we will define new Late Woodland Precontact First discuss the significance of this site, both Nations cultures for the Red River Valley. If scientifically, as well as culturally. The unique these Rainy River complexes prove to be educational and team-building aspects of the ancestral Anishnaabe, it would refute the theory project will also be discussed, and suggestions that the Anishnaabe did not move into the area will be made for how similar projects may have until the Fur Trade Period. This would provide a an important role to play in the future of rich record for understanding the cultural history consulting archaeology in BC. The results of this and developments of the Anishnaabe peoples study will be discussed in relation to their and their interactions with other groups, relevance to Roy Carlson’s pioneering work on particularly to the south. the culture-history of this region.

Dana Lepofsky Joshua Lindal Simon Fraser University University of Manitoba John Welch Predrag Radović Simon Fraser University University of Belgrade Michele Washington Mirjana Roksandić Tla’amin First Nation University of Winnipeg An Introduction to the Tla'amin-SFU Heritage A re-examination of the human fossil and Archaeology Project specimen from Bački Petrovac The goals of our project are to document and In 1952 a local teacher and amateur educate about the rich and deep history of the archaeologist uncovered a partial Tla'amin-Northern Coast Salish people. The calotte associated with Paleolithic project builds on a foundation of trust, shared artefacts at a site in the vicinity of Bački vision, and on-going communication among Petrovac, in Vojvodina, Northern Serbia. researchers from the university and Tla'amin The find was briefly mentioned by Dr. M. Grbić, an archaeologist, and presented communities, and brings together archaeology, by S. Živanović at the Anthropological ethnohistory, and ethnography to understand the Society of Yugoslavia meeting in Ljubljana in 1960. Subsequently, communities as they speak about their respective Živanović published a preliminary histories, while recognizing and acknowledging report in 1964-65 providing a very brief their broader social context. This paper explores description and 10 measurements. The specimen how individual Elders’ memories are portrayed could not be found in recent years, and we have within the Inuvialuit Living History project, and undertaken a re-analysis of the skull based on how their distinctive perspectives and provided measurements. Here we present results experiences articulate with and comment on of a comparative analysis based on the published wider historical processes and the agendas of the data. The skull consistently groups with Canadian nation-state in the mid-20th century. anatomically modern humans, and seems to fit well within the range of the Upper Paleolithic specimens from Europe. It also clusters closely Natasha Lyons with the African premodern human specimens of Ursus Heritage Consulting a slightly earlier date. Ian Cameron Ursus Heritage Consulting Eva Linklater The Bounty of the Ancient Nlaka’pamux: Partners with Maci Manitou Evidence for Plant & Animal Use at Kwoiek On August 11, 2006, the Nisichawayasihk Creek, British Columbia Cree Nation of Nelson House, Manitoba, signed Contemporary Nlaka’pamux communities of the “Agreement for a Protocol for the Protection the Fraser Canyon of British Columbia refer to of Heritage Resources and Aboriginal Human their respective watersheds as their nwha’bet’n, Remains Related to the Wuskwatim Generating a treasure chest that in traditional times Project” with the Province of Manitoba, as contained everything they needed. The Kwoiek represented by the Minister of Culture, Heritage Creek watershed is the nwha'bet’n of the and Tourism and 5022649 Manitoba Ltd. (the Klukkanktan and Hoy-een villages which General Partner of the Wuskwatim Power housed the Kanaka Bar people until the colonial Limited Partnership on behalf of the Wuskwatim era. Recent archaeological excavation and Power Limited Partnership). The Partners were research in the Kwoiek Creek drainage has Manitoba Hydro and the Nisichawayasihk Cree uncovered a dense aggregate of sites yielding a Nation. A variety of issues emerged during the remarkable diversity of plant and animal implementation of the Agreement which was to remains. This paper describes the floral and address heritage protection in the entire Nelson faunal data from these sites, comparing this House Resource Management Area. A brief evidence to oral and written knowledge of history of the Partnership, the Agreement, the Nlaka’pamux hunting, gathering, and issues , positive and negative outcomes, and preservation practices. lessons learned will be presented. Quentin Mackie Natasha Lyons University of Victoria Ursus Heritage Consulting Jenny Cohen Localized Critical Theory: An Expression of University of Victoria Community Archaeology Practice Daryl Fedje Critical theory has been little used in Preliminary results of the 2012 field season at archaeology, despite its exceptional ability to the 10,700 year old wet site Kilgii Gwaay, understand social relations and circumstances, Haida Gwaii, B.C. both past and present. This paper develops the Kilgii Gwaay is a an intertidal site in concept of a localized critical theory which southernmost Haida Gwaii with patchy intact connects broad scale ideologies, such as cultural deposits from 5 to 125 cm below colonialism and capitalism, to cultural processes modern beach level. Stone tools are abundant that occur at the local level. This expression of on the surface while subsurface ones are archaeological practice has the power to hear, frequently sharp and pristine, showing no cultivate, and share the voices of individuals and evidence of water-rolling. In isolated patches, preservation conditions allow for bone and plant Serious Consequences: The Vulnerability of material to preserve. Abundant faunal remains Archaeological Logics in Aboriginal Rights testify to a robust maritime economy including and Titles Cases fish, sea mammal and marine birds in addition to The history of archaeological evidence and black bear. Plant remains show wood-splitting logic in Aboriginal rights and titles cases in technology, use of wooden stakes, wooden Canada illustrates a fundamental vulnerability in hafting elements, and split root technology archaeological knowledge. The orthodox pursuit including wrapping similar to basketry. Bone of universal principles framed via deductive technology is also present. Analysis of floral logic creates a dissonance between remains is underway, including those from an archaeological claims of knowledge and our intact hearth complex. Over 20 radiocarbon capacity to understand history. In the former, dates securely date this site to a brief period we privilege the archaeological view as the most around 10,700 cal BP during a period of rapid authoritative perspective on the past but in the sea level rise. The site subsequently spent latter we have a legacy of acknowledging that almost the entire Holocene deeply drowned, to archaeology cannot reveal the history of be re-exposed in recent centuries by slow marine particular peoples. Crown advocates and expert regression. This talk focuses on the preliminary witnesses seeking to undermine indigenous results of the 2012 excavations. claims to historical rights and titles have exploited this contradiction. Recent, post- Yvonne Marshall Delgamuukw court cases suggest that such University of South Hampton arguments have successfully restricted Making a Difference: feminist and indigenous archaeology’s role to that of refuting evidence perspectives from indigenous oral records while eliminating This paper takes up the concept of difference the possibility that archaeology can itself reveal in two ways. Firstly in the sense of praxis, as history. Though few archaeologists would used by Randy McGuire in Archaeology as support such a conclusion, the crown has simply Political Action, that the practices and products marshaled existing archaeological arguments of archaeology can make a difference in the that are founded upon a common archaeological world. They can be transformative. Secondly, in prioritization of explanation over description. In the sense that a difference is something we this paper I argue the value of inductive logic make, create, draw out, and constitute as and suggest that mis-placed confidence in opposed to being something intrinsic to the specific forms of deduction has created both people & materials we study and which superficial understandings of history and a archaeologists merely identify and name. My tolerance for non-representative sampling. Both argument is that conventional archaeology, of these are expressions of intellectual naïveté because it is founded in an assumption of that render archaeology vulnerable to intrinsic difference, produces and perpetuates ethnocentrisms of many forms that are easily colonialist and traditionalist persons and objects. exploited by opponents of aboriginal rights But when we practice archaeology within a and titles. framework of difference as constitutive rather than intrinsic, a move which lies at the heart of Julie Martindale many feminist and indigenous calls for change University of Saskatchewan in archaeology, our discipline is remade as Hunter Gatherers: Moving to the Rhythm of praxis, as transformative. I will illustrate this Lithic Raw Material Distribution reframing of difference using examples from In contexts where there were issues with the New Zealand and Lapita archaeologies. availability, quality and abundance of lithic raw materials, the mobility of pre-contact hunter Andrew Martindale gathers may have been strongly influenced by University of British Columbia the distribution of lithic sources. However, the availability of food resources may have been the primary influence over mobility patterns in circumstances where these lithic raw material University of Calgary issues were less marked. In the boreal forests of Geoffrey McCafferty northeastern Alberta, one of the most abundant University of Calgary and reliable sources of lithic material was the Chocolate Soup for the Soul: Cacao Symbolism Quarry of the Ancestors; other lithic material in Ancient Nicaragua was accessible in gravel and glacial tills and in Among significant changes in the material lakeshore and river beds scattered across culture of Postclassic Pacific Nicaragua, northern Alberta and Saskatchewan. The beginning about AD 800, is the introduction of analysis of stone tools from 31 archaeological large ovoid shaped funerary urns and sites spanning 260km from the Quarry into the polychrome periform vases. A close similarity Descharme River system in northwestern exists between the periform vessels and gourd Saskatchewan, suggests that as people moved jicaras used for consuming a cacao drink know across the landscape and away from the Quarry, as pinolillo, and regarded as the ‘national drink’ they maintained and recycled their tools and of Nicaragua. Similarly, the ovoid ‘shoe-shaped’ used whatever other lithic resources were urns resemble cacao pods in form, an available. Although mobility patterns were identification supported by appliqué decoration heavily influenced by the Quarry as a primary on the exterior surface of these vessels. In this lithic source, site locations along rivers and lakes paper we suggest the introduction and/or coupled with the seasonal availability of transformation of a cacao cult coterminous with barrenground caribou in some areas of my study the arrival of migrant groups from Mesoamerica. region suggests a necessity to be close to aquatic This hypothesis will be developed using and terrestrial resources. In addition to ethnographic and ethnohistorical evidence of environmental considerations, the procurement cacao symbolism used in Maya and of food resources and the availability and Nahua cultures. distribution of raw lithic materials would have all contributed to the strategies of mobility Geoffrey McCafferty employed by early hunter gatherers. University of Calgary Jessica Manion R.G. Matson University of Calgary University of British Columbia Sarah Keller The Evolution of Northwest Coast Houses; The University of Calgary place of small houses Vessels of Meaning: Feathered Serpent The Northwest Coast is known for its winter Imagery on Postclassic Nicaraguan Ceramics villages of large rectangular planked houses, Polychrome ceramics are one of the particularly in its central and northern distinctive elements of Postclassic material parts. Recent investigations show that the culture from Pacific Nicaragua. They have preceding pattern was one of small isolated attracted the attention of archaeologists and art structures which were occupied in the winter. In historians since the 19th century for their beauty some areas without abundant salmon resources as well as similarities to the Mixteca-Puebla that could be obtained with simple technologies, stylistic tradition of central Mexico. Of this small house pattern continued into the last particular interest are those vessels displaying 2000 years. Because large rectangular houses feathered serpent imagerysimilar to iconography existed well before this date, we have the associated with the Nahua deity Quetzalcoatl. development of the large houses in areas This paper will consider the function and adjacent to locations apparently without symbolic meanings associated with these "villages" and very much smaller houses. This vessels, based on both excavated examples as paper discusses the current evidence about these well as objects from the University of Calgary small houses, including their apparent origin and museum collection. their relationship to the later large houses.

Sharisse McCafferty Duncan McLaren Alan McMillan University of Victoria and Hakai Beach Institute Simon Fraser University Archaeological Inventory and Testing of Early Nuu-chah-nulth Whaling Chiefs in the Period Archaeological Sites on the Central Archaeological Record of Barkley Sound Coast of Canada’s Pacific Margin This paper reviews the archaeological I was privileged to have been a student of evidence involving precontact whaling among Roy Carlson’s during the 1994 Simon Fraser the Nuu-chah-nulth people of Barkley Sound, University archaeological field school at Namu. western Vancouver Island. Extensive I was enchanted by the Central Coast region ethnographic accounts for this area, stressing the during that time and have been fortunate to link between whaling and chiefly power, provide return to the same region to lead the Tula perspectives through which the archaeological Foundation funded ‘Hakai Ancient Landscapes data can be assessed. Inferences are drawn from Archaeology Project’. One of the primary goals the ubiquity of cetacean remains at excavated of this project is to look for and test early period sites, the species composition of those archaeological sites in the Fitz Hugh Sound and assemblages, the uses of whale bones in the Hakai Pass regions. Methods employed to aid in sites, and evidence for ritual behavior or status achieving this goal included the use of LiDAR markers involving whaling. Although elements bare earth models, sea level history of the ethnographic whaling gear appear reconstruction, archaeological inventory, and relatively late in the archaeological record, subsurface sampling using cores, augers, and test evidence is advanced that active whaling (as excavations. Field work has been based out of opposed to scavenging drift animals) is much the Hakai Beach Institute on Calvert Island and more ancient. conducted with individuals from the University of Victoria, Simon Fraser University, Heiltsuk Peter Merchant First Nation, and Wuikinuxv First Nation. This University of British Columbia research has resulted in the uncovering of four Co-operating in the Present - Erasing the Past: archaeological sites with cultural material lessons learnt in collaboration associated with late Pleistocene or early Mutually beneficial collaboration between Holocene radiocarbon dates: EjTa-15 (Calvert First Nations and the discipline of archaeology Island), EkTb9 (Triquet Island), ElTa18 (Kildidt began in British Columbia over six decades ago. Narrows), and ElSx4 (southwestern King The benefits of a collaborative approach are Island). Similar to the span of archaeological evidenced in the increased role First Nations deposits at Namu, all of these sites also have mid have taken in the production of their history, the and/or later Holocene components overlying the general decolonizing of the discipline, and the early period deposits. Overall, this pattern vast quantity of archaeological data collected. reveals that the relative sea level of this region The objective of this paper, however, is not to has been more stable than at other localities on discuss the benefits of collaboration; rather it is the Northwest Coast such as the Salish Sea or to highlight and explore some of the negative Haida Gwaii, at least during the Holocene consequences of the collaborative process. epoch. This stability provided for unique Through, a self-reflexive exploration, and a case conditions that have allowed for the study, drawn from the territory of the shishalh development of stratified and deep Nation, situated on Canada’s west coast, we can accumulations of archaeological materials at observe how a collaborative archaeology and the multiple site locations in close proximity to the production of history, situated within the current shoreline. framework of the struggle for indigenous rights, can erase the history of those indigenous people lying beyond the boundaries of the collaborative process, thereby affecting their claims to ancestral lands.

Kim Meyers, RFT recognition of a vibrant, individual region of Ministry of Forests Lands and Natural Resources culture and a theoretical framework within Erik Blaney which studies of past identity in ‘peripheral’ Tla'amin First Nation areas may be placed. The Collaboration for Protection of Cultural and Heritage Sites S. Brooke Milne This presentation begins by sharing the University of Manitoba history of the area and some of the challenges Robert W. Park Sliammon’s guardian watchman (Erik) has faced University of Waterloo trying to protect archaeological sites. As part of Mostafa Fayek this role, Erik has worked closely with BC Parks University of Manitoba in Desolation Sound developing a plan to move Douglas R. Stenton camp sites to better suited locations, away from Government of Nunavut archaeological resources. These challenges David B. Landry inspired the formation of a multi-agency team University of Manitoba focused on protecting cultural and heritage sites; Toolstone availability near Frobisher Bay, NU all of the agencies involved in this project face and its implications for paleo-eskimo lithic managing their program with fewer human and technological organization fiscal resources. This paper explains the steps In 2012, a small-scale geological survey near taken to create this collaborative program, and Frobisher Bay, NU was carried out to explore outlines our accomplishments and our future local toolstone diversity and relative plans for 2013. abundances. This information is important to our ongoing research on Palaeo-Eskimo lithic Dana Millson technological organization and chert provenance Durham University on southern Baffin Island. To date, our efforts Past and Present Boundaries: Revealing have concentrated on characterizing inland Identity and Cultural Interaction from sources of chert; however, our survey of this Prehistoric Ceramic Remains coastal region, where numerous Palaeo-Eskimo Since the beginnings of archaeology, sites have been identified, provides some concepts of social boundaries and the ways in interesting contrasts to our inland data. which past cultural groups organized and Specifically, in the areas that were surveyed, identified themselves have pre-occupied those in there are no naturally occurring sources of chert pursuit of past realities. The nature of identity meaning site occupants at places like Crystal II and boundaries continues to be debated, (KkDn-1) and Shaymark (KkDn-2) imported however, and it has become apparent that our chert tools from outside this region since they focus on these notions in the past has created a would not have found exploitable source areas body of concepts in the present that can nearby. This observation is supported by a sometimes act as boundaries in our research. detailed analysis of the Shaymark assemblage, Thus, there exists a two-fold structure of which exhibits evidence of intense toolstone boundaries in archaeology. The research conservation and raw material stress. This paper presented in this paper was designed to address discusses the geological survey, the rock modern boundaries that act as biasing agents formations identified, and the implications of (core areas, modern political borders, typology), this information for lithic toolmakers in whilst attempting to recognize cultural regions this area. and activity areas in a traditionally ‘peripheral’ area on the Anglo-Scottish border (UK). Gregory G. Monks Through the material medium of pottery, the University of Manitoba study area was considered in relation to the Running Hot and Cold: climate change and wider traditions of the Late Neolithic and Early Nuu-chah-nulth historical ecology Bronze Age of northwest Europe, but also as an The west coast of Canada has experienced independent region. The result was the ongoing climatic variability that is driven by global atmospheric and marine processes. These indicate that celts were exchanged primarily variations occur at varying magnitudes and over within six discrete regions, each approximately varying time scales. This paper explores these 250-400 km in diameter, that are interpreted here variations as they affected the west coast of as interaction spheres. The Mid-Fraser region Vancouver Island and explores through time the was a major production centre for nephrite celts, interaction of humans and their prey species as supplying both the Salish Sea and Canadian seen in a Nuu-chah-nulth zooarchaeologial Plateau interaction spheres. These six interaction assemblage. spheres each display a unique pattern of reliance on a particular raw material or suite of raw Kelly Monteleone materials for making celts. Only in one case – on E. James Dixon the Canadian Plateau – do celts appear to have Underwater Archaeology in SE Alaska: been used in a primarily social role as prestige Exploring the continental shelf of the goods, rather than as functional tools. These Alexander Archipelago for submerged results challenge the common assumption that archeological sites cultures on the Northwest Coast had a greater The coastline of SE Alaska was submerged emphasis on ranking and disparities of wealth by post-Pleistocene sea level rise from at least compared to the adjacent Canadian Plateau. 16,000 cal yrs BP until it stabilized about 10,600 cal yrs BP. The submerged continental shelf was modeled using bathymetry and other data to identify areas exhibiting high potential for the Madonna L. Moss occurrence of archaeological sites. An University of Oregon archaeological settlement model employed ESRI Susan M. Karl ArcGIS to identify survey areas. Two seasons USGS of underwater archaeological survey have been James F. Baichtal conducted (NSF OPP -#0703980 and 1108367), US Forest Service using multibeam sonar, side-scan sonar, sub- Obsidian from Southeast Alaska and British bottom profiler, real time video from remotely Columbia: Travel, Trade and Exchange, or operated vehicle (ROV), and sea floor sampling Geochemical Overlap? using a van veen grab sampler, and Obsidian artifacts from archaeological sites in sediment screening. the Alexander Archipelago of southeast Alaska have been used as evidence for exchange Jesse Morin systems across the Northern Northwest Coast Tsleil-Waututh Nation dating to >7000 BP. Obsidian artifacts have Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectrometry of Stone been assigned to sources on Suemez Island in Celts Reveals Interaction Spheres in Pre- the outer archipelago, or to sources on Mount Contact British Columbia, Canada Edziza in interior British Columbia, based on Aside from one large scale obsidian sourcing trace element geochemistry. The spatial study, there has been very limited research into distribution of different obsidians has important broad patterns of trade and exchange in pre- implications for understanding the early contact British Columbia, Canada. This paper occupants of the Northwest Coast, their addresses that shortcoming by summarizing the maritime mobility and social relationships, both results of mineralogical study of 1374 stone celts along the coast and in the interior. Differences in from 131 archaeological sites across British the geochemical signatures of obsidian artifacts Columbia. These artifacts were an integral part were inferred to indicate Early Holocene travel of the woodworking toolkits of aboriginal or trade/exchange across hundreds of kilometers. peoples in this region from about 3500 BP to The logistics of travel to source areas and the A.D. 1770. The mineralogy of these artifacts colors of obsidian in artifacts and sources are was determined using a portable near-infrared also assessed. We review the geochemical data (NIR) spectrometer, and the resulting data to evaluate whether Suemez and Edziza sources mapped using GIS. The results of this study have been reliably distinguished. Previous analyses and new data show that obsidian from small cabins. Another site, likely occupied by Aguada Cove (Suemez), and from Mount Edziza the same loggers when the operation moved, has are indistinguishable, and the obsidian from a more typical Pacific Northwest logging camp Cape Felix (Suemez), has a geochemical layout with a single bunkhouse and mess hall. signature different from Aguada and Edziza. Excavations at one camp suggest that after its Obsidian artifacts previously assigned to Edziza initial use as a logging camp about 1920, a small sources may alternatively have been sourced at group of Japanese continued to secretly live in Aguada Cove. Previous archaeological the camp until 1942. Research at the camps is interpretations require revision. part of a larger project involving an archaeology field school, public education, and collaboration Perry Moulton, BA, B.Ed with local government. Director of Education, DeneTha first Nation Increasing First Nations Self- identity and April Nowell Education through Archaeology University of Victoria The positive relationship between Childhood, Play and the Evolution of Cultural independent, progressive learning and self- Capacity in Neandertals and Modern Humans identity has been recognized by many The life history pattern of modern humans is researchers in the fields of psychology and characterized by the insertion of childhood and social science. Impacting and increasing that adolescent stages into the typical primate identity is much less researched and less pattern. It is widely recognized that this slowing guidance is available to those desiring that of the maturational process provides humans outcome. Archaeology may very well be one of with additional years to learn, transmit, practice the most effective methods to re-connect and modify cultural behaviors. In both human indigenous students with their heritage and and non-human primates a significant amount of foster greater self-confidence and identity. This their respective dependency periods are spent in project proposes to survey key areas on the play. In contrast to modern humans, Neandertals traditional lands of the Dene Tha First Nation in experienced shorter childhoods. This is NW Alberta during the summer of 2013. This significant as there is extensive psychological will be followed by excavations of sites in and neurobiological evidence that it is during following field seasons. The goal of the infancy, childhood and adolescence that presenter is to attract scholars wishing to milestones in social and cognitive learning are conduct research in these areas and to make reached and that play and play deprivation have them aware of the supports the Dene Tha First a direct impact on this development. Faster Nation will provide to this program that will maturation rates and thus shorter childhoods benefit them, archaeological research and the relative to modern humans lessen the impact of students of the nation. learning through play on the connectivity of the brain. In the context of play behavior, humans Robert Muckle are unique in that adult humans play more than Capilano University adults of any other species and they alone Archaeology of Japanese Camps in the engage in fantasy play. Fantasy play is part of a Seymour Valley, Southwest British Columbia package of symbol-based cognitive abilities that Archaeological research in the heavily includes self-awareness, language, and theory of forested Seymour Valley near Vancouver has led mind. Its benefits include creativity, behavioral to the discovery of a largely unknown Japanese plasticity, imagination, apprenticeship and presence in the valley in the early 1900s. Survey planning. Differences in the nature of symbolic and excavations have revealed evidence of material culture of Neandertals and modern undocumented camps. Artifact assemblages at humans suggest that Neandertals were not different logging camps are similar but features capable of engaging in human-grade are indicative of a shift in adaptive strategies. fantasy play. One site has a typical Japanese layout, with a bathhouse, garden, possible shrine, and many Mike O’Rourke University of Toronto Nlaka'pamux settlements. Kwantlen Eroding shorelines, endangered sites: GIS University's archaeology field school had threat modelling in the Mackenzie Delta documented the first archaeological evidence Region, NWT related to the , including Coastally situated sites in the Mackenzie buttons from US military uniforms within Delta region are at substantial risk of damage or indigenous dwellings, and evidence that outright destruction by a wide range of factors. Kopchitchin, a large Nlaka'pamux village These factors have been forecast to increase in located just above the Fraser Canyon, was severity and scope as climatic conditions burned by miners in 1858. continue to change. The cumulative effects of rising sea level, melting permafrost, accelerating Brian Pegg, Presentation 2: rates of shoreline erosion and more human After the Gold Rush: Archaeology, History and activity in the region can potentially lead to Transformation in the Fraser Canyon substantial impacts on the stability of the The mid- to late-1800s was a critical time for Mackenzie Delta archaeological record. This the formation of modern British Columbia. This paper outlines the progress to date in time period saw a transformation from establishing a GIS threat model for the East indigenous power to Euro-Canadian (and Euro- Channel of the Mackenzie Delta and adjacent American) political, military, and economic Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, Northwest Territories, forces. Indigenous law and property rights were Canada. This model is being established as an displaced by those introduced by the British early stage of the Arctic Cultural Heritage at Crown, and later the province of British Risk (Arctic CHAR) project, directed by Dr. Columbia. This process occurred in the Fraser Max Friesen of the University of Toronto in Canyon based on a specific series of events, collaboration with the Inuvialuit Cultural including the gold rush and war of 1858, Resource Centre. The threat model will introduction of the cash economy, construction ultimately direct subsequent efforts to document of the Cariboo Wagon Road, and the imposition and monitor heritage resources most at risk and of the reserve system and the federal Indian Act. prioritize targets for mitigation excavation where We can trace the impact of these events through necessary. The model has been created using the written record, but the potential of ArcGIS 10.1, making use of the Northwest archaeology to address the same issues has Territories archaeological site inventory, been underutilized. Most Nlaka'pamux people archival air photos and public domain data sets during this time period did not read or write, accessed through Natural Resources Canada and meaning the written historic record reflects the Northwest Territories Government Nlaka'pamux perspectives either imperfectly or data portals. not at all. Archaeology, however, is not constrained by dependence on the written Brian Pegg record. Kwantlen University has been Kwantlen Polytechnic University investigating this time period via a combination The archaeology of 1858 - The Fraser Canyon of archaeological and historic research methods War for two field seasons. We have identified the The Fraser Canyon War of 1858 was a signal first ever direct archaeological evidence for the event which led to the imposition of colonial war of 1858, and may have identified one of the British authority over mainland British Nlaka'pamux settlements burned during this Columbia. This war began when thousands of conflict. We have also managed to illuminate gold miners, mostly American, entered into some of the impacts of these historic events Nlaka'pamux territory, They brought with them upon Nlaka'pamux cultural systems, such as the colonial ideas such as monetization of the cedar economy and pot-latching, leading to a landscape and disregard for indigenous law and more holistic view of the history of the Fraser land ownership. A short but vicious war was Canyon, and the genesis of modern British fought, centred primarily on the Fraser Canyon. Columbia. Miners' writings speak of burning of Meaghan Peuramaki-Brown and more than 100 major projects, workshops Brandon University and networks are being funded. Community Shawn Morton groups have been quick to recognise the University of Calgary opportunities and challenges that this new Peter Dawson interest in participation and co-production University of Calgary creates, particularly as these initiatives rapidly The Dynamics of Maya Urban Planning: produce new inclusions and exclusions. In this Methods for modelling movement in ancient paper I'd like to discuss examples of how civic-ceremonial centres different communities in the city of Bristol are Most approaches to the study of ancient working with planners, archaeologists, artists civic-ceremonial site plans adopt a ‘static’ and academics. Using a range of media approach. Though diachronic studies that platforms and artefacts, communities are emphasize the historical development of challenging conventional understandings of structures or groups of structures, the ideological archaeological and heritage value. These principles referenced in their design, or projects complicate important questions of technological innovations/ limitations that may appropriation, belonging, authority and have underlain their formal characteristics are recuperation. common, they are apt to produce a view of Maya architecture in which the day-to-day interactions of people and spaces that animate city life are rarely considered. Further, while individual Heather Pratt structures may serve as an interactive setting for Golder and Associates activities spanning the secular to spiritual, the Deidre Cullon site plan as a whole is rarely woven together University of Victoria and the Laich-Kwil-Tach through the planned and resultant movement of Treaty Society actors as a ‘dynamic’, functioning, quotidian Gone Fishing: Collaboration on the Edge space. From space syntax to agent simulation, in An opportunity was provided in 2010 for a this paper we examine a number of research project involving an intensive survey of methodological techniques with origins well several estuaries on and near Vancouver Island. outside the Mayanist mainstream that may be This survey was a collaborative effort with the applied in the creation of models for socio- Laich-Kwil-Tach Treaty Society (LKT) based in spatial interaction. Within Maya studies these Campbell River. An important component to this models might aim to provide inspiration for a project was the training of the LKT survey crew deeper understanding of urban design concerns who were responsible for surveying and and how the ancient Maya may have actually identifying cultural features in the estuaries. The planned and lived within the monumental built unique nature of the project and the unexpected environments that so strongly define them in results, including the retrieval of dozens of both popular and professional consciousness. dates, have provided us with an excellent overview of estuary use and has enriched our Angela Piccini understanding of how intensely and over what University of Bristol period of time the coastal estuaries supported Community archaeology, media and the intensive fisheries. politics of participation in the UK Within the past decade the UK has witnessed an Paul Prince extraordinary 'turn' across business, politics, Grant MacEwan University research and the cultural industries towards the A Northwest Coast Village Landscape at idea of community. No archaeological contract, Kitwancool Lake fieldschool or research project is now without its This paper presents evidence for village engagement strategy and artist-in-residence. The settlement at Kitwancool Lake including UK Research Councils launched their Connected archaeological survey and excavation data on Communities strategic funding stream in 2009 groupings of houses and the fish weirs that supported them, along with historical a result, we still know very little about the photographs, maps and written accounts of the people and social landscapes at this time. A use of the lake. I discuss the relationship major factor in this scenario is the lack of between this evidence and aspects of the suitable analogues with which to model such perception of settlement at this location communities. The lack of direct ethnographic or contained in the oral traditions of the Gitanyow historic analogues means that researchers have First Nation. I argue that a significant fit can be to be extremely judicious in their use of analogy found between the data sets at several levels to interpret Early Period coastal communities. when the broader cultural meanings of oral Building on important foundations laid by traditions are considered. Carlson and others, I explore conceptual notions borrowed from elsewhere and suggest that we Brian Pritchard, PhD Candidate can cautiously formulate more contextual Memorial University cultural histories for this relatively Fieldwork at Snooks Cove (GaBp-7): remote period. Reassessing the Inuit presence in the Narrows region of Labrador during the late contact period Much is known about the effects of colonialism on traditional Labrador Inuit lifeways during the contact period (16th to 19th centuries) from both the historical and Lisa Rankin archaeological records. This is especially true Memorial University for the south coast where the bulk of Euro- Amanda Crompton Canadian activities occurred, and on the central Memorial University and north coasts, where the Moravians Trading and Raiding in Southern Labrador: established a series of missions beginning in French and Inuit Entanglement in the 18th 1771. Geographically removed from the Century Moravian missions and settler communities, The eighteenth century brought increased Inuit and settler interaction in the Narrows contact between the French and the Inuit in region of Labrador is less understood. Although Labrador. French settlers developed large land previous research has established a local concessions, which were granted for the sequence for the Inuit occupation of the purposes of sealing, furring, and trading, and Narrows, the results of recent fieldwork at the these spread up the Strait of Belle Isle from the site of Snooks Cove (GaBp-7) challenges the early eighteenth century. Crews on French timing of Inuit re-settlement of this area at the seasonal cod fishing ships also continued their end of the 18th century as well as some of the use of harbours in southern Labrador during the assumptions about the effects of contact on summer fishing season. As a result of their traditional Inuit lifeways here. expanded activities in Labrador, French-Inuit interactions became increasingly commonplace. Farid Rahemtulla, PhD The Inuit had settled in southern Labrador in the University of Northern British Columbia sixteenth century, as a deliberate strategy to Re-envisioning the Early Period on the obtain European materials, which they Northwest Coast repurposed to suit their own cultural needs. This Over the last few decades our understanding paper will present documentary research and of the Early Period has expanded greatly due to archaeological evidence that illuminates the the efforts of Roy Carlson. Although culture nature and extent of this interaction, and the histories have been established and continue to degree to which French and Inuit were drawn be enhanced, substantial evidence of lifeways into an increasingly dense set of connections. beyond this is lacking. One outcome of limited data is our inability to construct interpretations Kathryn Reese-Taylor beyond ecological and functional mechanics. As University of Calgary Substantiating the Known World: Middle Memories in Clay: Cognition and the Formative Landscape at Yaxnohcah ‘Sonrientes’ of Veracruz, Mexico The early settlers in the Central Karst Archaeological research on memory has Uplands of the Maya region inhabited dense come to emphasize the selective and exclusive expanses of rainforest, pockmarked by extensive nature of memory, and/or the symbolic wetlands. Like other Middle Formative (900-400 mechanisms of memory work and even their BCE) inhabitants of western Mesoamerica, manipulation. Since people construct social people of the Central Karst Uplands settled in memories through their interactions with other dispersed communities and cultivated the soil, people, it is also possible that they may be able transforming the landscape in the process. They to do so through their interaction with material built large platforms within these communities culture such as figurines. Therefore, figurines and eventually constructed E-groups to mark the are not only valuable for their reconstruction of passage of the solar year. At Yaxnohcah, located ancient social organization, but also for their in southern Campeche, Mexico, the spatial possible role as memory devices. In this relationships among the platforms, the E-group, discussion, the Late Classic period figurines of and the surrounding house lots and agricultural the Mixtequilla region of Veracruz known as the fields suggest an underlying conceptual model. ‘Sonrientes’ or ‘Smiling Figurines’ are In this paper, I explore the notion that these early examined. These figurines provide a promising pioneers were substantiating in the landscape case study for our understanding of how social their evolving beliefs regarding the organization identities could have been constructed in this of the known world. I further hypothesize that society and how the “Sonrientes” may have these tenets transformed throughout the Middle spurred social memory. Formative, at least partially, in response to developments in socio-politcal complexity Elizabeth Robertson, PhD University of Saskatchewan Rudy Reimer, PhD Lithic Technology and the Construction of Simon Fraser University Culture History in the Boreal Forest of Alberta Pierre Freile The challenges of archaeological Simon Fraser University investigation and interpretation in the boreal Jarred Fath forest of western Canada continue to pose Simon Fraser University substantial obstacles to the creation of a widely John Clague accepted culture history for this region. Notably, Simon Fraser University it has experienced a Holocene landscape history Saw-whet (pigmy owl) Stone Bowl Found In- that combines limited deposition of sediment Situ at Skw’enp: Along the Squamish River with high levels of bioturbation related to forest Southwestern British Columbia growth and turnover. As a result, it is difficult to A recent find of a zoomorphic stone bowl along distinguish single from multiple component sites the Squamish River, southwestern British and to identify unmixed assemblages of the type Columbia offers unique insight to the role of the required to define archaeological cultures. Even regional stone bowl complex. We focus first on in contexts where single occupations are likely, establishing the context of the find and then the poor stratigraphy, coupled with the insist the requirement of local Indigenous destruction of organic materials by the region’s knowledge to fully understand the find, in this acid soils, preclude chronological control. These case place names, oral history and the First soil conditions also necessitate construction of Salmon ceremony. We proffer this bowl and its culture-historical units based almost exclusively context offer insights into the ancient Squamish on lithic analysis. In certain regards, efforts to do Nation/coast Salish worldview. so in this region are somewhat facilitated by the presence of the Quarry of the Ancestors, a lithic Stephanie Rivadeneira raw material source in northeastern Alberta that University of Calgary was extensively exploited by precontact groups; this left an exceptionally rich record of debris reflecting lithic production strategies, if not the Middle Pleistocene. tools that were the end goals of these strategies. However, culture histories that make extensive Adam N. Rorabaugh, PhD Candidate use of lithic evidence typically focus on their Washington State University final products, rather than the technological Poster: Effects of Seasonal Aggregation and sequences that generated them. For this reason, Learning Opportunities on Unbiased Cultural new strategies oriented toward the Transmission: A Network Based Agent Model characterization of similarity and difference in Few studies have examined the impacts of lithic production sequences will need to be nested seasonal social networks on cultural devised and employed if the construction of a transmission. Furthering our understanding of more secure culture history for this region is to the relationships between seasonal social be accomplished. networks and cultural trait diversity is crucial for examining the production and reproduction of Mirjana Roksandic knowledge among complex foraging societies University of Winnipeg such as those of the Pacific Northwest Coast and Implications of fossil specimens from the Plateau. This agent-based model expands on Safi Southeast of the continent for our and Dolan (2012), which examines the impact of understanding of human evolution in Europe, seasonal aggregation and dispersion on the with emphasis on the Middle Pleistocene richness and evenness of cultural traits under Our understanding of human evolution in unbiased transmission. This model removes the Europe has been strongly influenced by the spatial aspects of their approach and focuses history of paleoanthropological research which impact of seasonal social networks on cultural favoured the west of the continent (France in trait diversity. Another key assumption of the particular), the Upper Pleistocene, and the Safi and Dolan model, limiting learning abundance of Neandertal fossils. Fossil human opportunities, is also examined. The results of remains from the South and especially Southeast these simulations suggest that the relationship of Europe, have a potential to provide a between learning opportunities and innovation counterbalance, especially in critical periods rate has more impact on trait richness and such as Middle Pleistocene – when most of the evenness than seasonal networks. Seasonal behavioural and critical morphological changes aggregation does appear to result in a higher start to appear – and the last glaciation, amount of one-off rare variants, but this effect is associated in Europe with the arrival of new not statistically significant when learning is technologies. Shaped by repeated glaciations through differentially sized seasonal social events throughout the Pleistocene, the West of networks and not spatially restricted. Overall, the continent experienced periods of isolation the restriction of learning opportunities appears that ultimately resulted in a very specific more crucial in patterning cultural diversity Neandertal morphology. The eastern part of the among complex foragers than the potential continent did not experience isolation and impacts from individuals drawing on different consequently, evolutionary forces need not have seasonal social networks. resulted in a morphologically distinct group. The hominin mandible BH-1 (Balanica, Serbia) is the first specimen from the Central Balkan unearthed during controlled and well documented archaeological excavations. With its Laura Roskowski Middle Pleistocene date and primitive Stantec Consulting Inc, morphology, it supports the notion of different Morgan Netzel evolutionary trajectories for the East of the Stantec Consulting Inc, continent. I will examine the implications of this Taking a Walk on the Wild Side: Possible and other specimens from the larger area of Travel Corridors in the Forests of Northern Southeast Europe, the Anatolia and the Alberta Apennine Peninsula, with emphasis on the Much of the research in the Athabasca analysis revealed that chinook, chum, and Oilsands region has focused on Beaver River sockeye salmon, mountain whitefish, and an Sandstone and the quarry locations of this raw unknown cyprinid are all present in the sample. material. The assemblages recovered are often These identifications suggest EeRb-77’s Late compared to any available assemblage Period inhabitants were exploiting local stocks exhibiting similar characteristics. Little attention of chinook and sockeye salmon, and mountain however, has been paid to the travel routes of the whitefish. In addition, the presence of chum precontact inhabitants who exploited the salmon at the site suggests they also utilized quarries for this lithic raw material. Through the non-local fish as chum are not known to have examination of site locations, site types and a run in the basin. While the variety of lithic raw materials this paper will faunal analysis is still ongoing, the presence of explore a few of the possible travel corridors locally and non-locally available fish at EeRb-77 through which precontact people likely gained suggests its Late Period inhabitants, like their access to the Quarry of the Ancestors. Sites will ethnographic counterparts, exploited multiple be selected from within the Quarry, satellite sites fish stocks. By providing a means of identifying surrounding the Quarry, the CreeBurn Lake the species of otherwise unidentifiable fish gathering area, and sites within the Fort Hills, remains, a DNA analysis has made it possible to along Joslyn Creek, and near the Birch obtain a more nuanced understanding of fish use Mountains. Knowing the locations from which at EeRb-77. precontact people originated prior to travelling into the region will help to determine which culture groups may have occupied the Athabasca Oilsands region over the past 10,000 years and Karen Ryan, Ph.D may result in a stronger cultural chronology Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation through comparison to more appropriate artifact Possible new (old) evidence on the fate of assemblages. Franklin’s ships? A piece of ship’s deck planking from Franklin Point, King William Thomas C.A. Royle Island Simon Fraser University HMS Erebus and Terror, the vessels of the George P. Nicholas Third Franklin Expedition, were abandoned in Simon Fraser University heavy ice west of King William Island in 1848. Antonia T. Rodrigues Although miscellaneous equipment has been Simon Fraser University found, the ships themselves have not. However, Kasia Zimmerman an approximately four foot long fragment of Simon Fraser University deck planking was recently relocated in the Dongya Y. Yang collections of the Canadian Museum of Simon Fraser University Civilization. This piece was found at Franklin Ancient DNA Investigations into the Use of Point, King William Island, approximately 30 Local and Non-Local Fish at EeRb-77, British km from the last known position of Franklin’s Columbia ships, in an area where Inuit reported a ship was EeRb-77 is a large multi-component (Middle crushed by ice and sunk in deep water. Records to Late Period) archaeological site located on the detailing how the ships were outfitted prior to north bank of the South Thompson River near the Franklin Expedition indicate that this plank’s Kamloops, British Columbia. Extensive size and wood species are consistent with those excavations of the site in 2002 and 2004 used on the upper decks of Erebus and Terror. recovered a large number of faunal remains. To This, together with the nature of damage evident determine the taxonomic composition of the fish on the broken plank, may provide a tantalizing from this assemblage, species identifications clue about the fate of Franklin’s vessels. were assigned to a sample of fish remains tentatively dated to the Late Period (4500-200 BP) using ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis. This Kristin N. Safi Washington State University Dennis M. Sandgathe Patrick Dolan Simon Fraser University Washington State University Harold L. Dibble A Temporal Analysis of Site Connectivity and University of Pennsylvania Marine Travel Corridors Among Settlements of Paul Goldberg the Salish Sea Boston University This analysis examines settlement patterning Shannon P. McPherron and marine travel networks within the Salish Max Planck Institute, Germany Sea. For much of the Holocene, canoes would Alain Turq have been the dominant mode of travel across Musee National de Prehistoire, France the coastscape created by inland waterways of Vera Aldeias southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Max Planck Institute, Germany Washington. We draw upon site records from The Appearance of 'Habitual' Fire Use in the both regions and assess patterns of site Upper Pleistocene of Western Europe. distribution, connectivity, and marine travel Although research relating to Palaeolithic fire spanning the mid to late Holocene. We utilize use has a long history, it has become particularly GIS-based pathway analyses to generate marine popular in the last decade. This has been fuelled travel corridors between temporally segregated in part by improved analytical techniques, known site locations that minimize travel costs. improved standards of data collection and We then utilize multiple clustering algorithms to reporting, and the discovery of new sites with evaluate the degree to which site location and important fire residues from South Africa, the site centrality are functions of neighboring site Middle East, and Europe. A major component of distributions, potential resource access, and this new research has been to determine when marine travel networks between clusters and "controlled use" and "habitual" use of fire centralized sites. developed among Pleistocene hominins. Various researchers have presented conflicting Takashi Sakaguchi, PhD arguments about when these important Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan technological/adaptive steps occurred. However, Foundations of Jomon male symbolism seen an important starting point of this debate is from vessels with phallic spout defining what is meant by '"controlled use" and This paper explores male symbolism focusing "habitual": this will be briefly discussed here. on the analysis of vessels with phallic spout, Evidence will also be present from several which were produced from the middle of the Middle Palaeolithic sites in SW France (Pech de Late to the beginning of the Final Jomon (ca. L'Azé IV and Roc de Marsal) that suggests that 3820-3120 cal BP). The analysis is based on fire use was not a constant component of three sources of information: 1) temporal and Neandertal adaptations in Western Europe even spatial distribution, 2) stylistic analysis, and 3) as recently as the late Upper Pleistocene. archaeological contexts. For the analysis, a database consisting of attributes, such as Dave Schaepe archaeological context, vessel form, pottery Stó:lō Nation sequence and presence/absence of decoration, Archaeology as an Aspect of Holism in extracted from published sources was created. Heritage at Stó:lō Nation This database provides invaluable information to This presentation focuses on the role and assess the number, type and context of vessels practice archaeology at Stó:lō Nation as it with phallic spout throughout the Japanese applies to addressing needs of the Stó:lō archipelago. Although the many vessels community. Archaeology is conceptualized represent secondary deposition, cases found in within a Halq’eméylem context as an integrated practice linked by language to housepit floors, burials, large and small pits, and health, research, resource management, elsewhere suggest that temporal and spatial curation, repatriation and education in the variability of Jomon male symbolism. context of contemporary aboriginal rights and amalgamation. Trade waxed and waned in title issues. I aim to describe how the extremes through fur, logging, and fishing archaeological program at Stó:lō Nation industries. Yet, throughout this episodic change, developed as a holistic operation responding the Nuu-chah-nulth have maintained a strong to and benefiting the community in a variety presence in the Sound and continue to use their of ways – some of which, like health, are not territories and resources in creative ways. commonly linked to this Although we have considerable ethnographic discipline. Archaeology, here, is practiced as an and historical sources that document pre-contact element of a broad ranging approach to heritage economy and the earliest years of the Maritime operations linking the present with the past and Fur Trade, the intricacies of material use in the future, among a field of aboriginal rights and nineteenth century Barkley Sound remain poorly title issues. understood. This project gathers contact-period archaeological assemblages from six sites in the Jeff Seibert, Senior archaeologist area to bring this turbulent period to the fore. By Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation tracking material change at the village level, I Ashley Mendes, Curator explore the creative use of new manufactures for Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation local purposes and distil patterns of trade that The 1812 period Naval Hospital at Point reflect wider shifts in Nuu-chah-nulth Frederick, Royal Military College, Kingston, social organization. Ontario Over the last five years, archaeologists’ understanding of the War of 1812 Naval Establishment at Point Frederick / Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario has Jon Sheppard undergone some profound changes. Among Arrowstone Archaeological Research and these is the recognition that the 1812 period Consulting / Simon Fraser University naval hospital does not correspond with the The Settlement Patterns of Kwoiek Creek in current Commandant’s house, but instead Relation to the Greater Mid-Fraser Region: A represents an entirely separate and ruined Statistical Analysis of Housepit and Village structure associated within the same area of the Sizes complex as the Commandant’s house but distinct This paper presents the relative size from it. Through the collaborative work of distribution of housepits and villages along the archaeologists, historians and members of the between Yale and Big Bar, Canadian Forces, archaeologists at the Cataraqui exploring how the settlement patterns of the Archaeological Research Foundation in Kwoiek Creek area compare to the greater Mid- Kingston Ontario have located and begun to Fraser Region. While the Bell, Bridge River, and investigate this important piece of the early Keatley Creek housepit village sites have been military complex on site. This finding has the focus of much archaeological research for ramifications for our understanding of the over forty years, comparatively little research complex as a whole in addition to our has been conducted on other housepit sites in the understanding of the War of 1812 on the Upper region. This is especially true of village sites St Lawrence and Lake Ontario. south of the town of Lillooet. Investigating housepit and village size is important as theories Ian Sellers, Graduate Student of the evolution of complex cultures are many Simon Fraser University and varied, but one factor that is usually The Archaeology of Economic Change in considered prominently is population size. The Historic Barkley Sound growth of human populations on all scales During the course of the nineteenth century, (household, community, and regional) are all the Nuu-chah-nulth in Barkley Sound were recognized to be important aspects of the severely reduced by disease and constrained development of complex societies. Whether through reserve allocation, conflict, and political population growth is a cause or effect of complexity is debatable, but either way it is important to have some means of evaluating the Cameron Smith scale of human populations. One obvious proxy Portland State University for population size is settlement size. Clearly it Evaluating the Degree of Proto-Historic Craft is a reasonable assumption that a larger house Specialization on the Lower Columbia River was capable of housing a larger family (or Like social ranking, the use of slaves and corporate group), similarly it could be argued near- to full residential sedentism, craft that a larger number of houses suggests a larger specialism is not anthropologically expected of community size. In this paper the topic of non-agricultural peoples, but is evident in at relative size distribution of housepit and village least the later precontact, or protohistoric, period sizes of the Kwoiek Creek area are discussed in on the Lower Columbia River. I evaluate the relation to the greater Mid-Fraser region. kinds and degree of such specialization and characterize it in relation to specialization in Siemthlut (Michelle Washington) other cultures including states (e.g. Mexica) and Tla'amin First Nation chiefdoms (e.g. Maori). Rooted in the Past and Looking to the Future: Tla'amin Perspectives on Heritage Research Tla'amin has adopted the province's admittedly imperfect Heritage Conservation Act and is making the most of it. Our work with SFU and at treaty tables has highlighted ethical and practical mandates to identify, evaluate, and protect places important in our history on the John Somogyi-Csizmazai, B.A. basis of Tla'amin values and interests. Consulting Archaeologist, Victoria B.C. Rebecca Wigen M.A Cristian Silva, BA, MA Pacific ID Equipo Peruano de Antropología Forense EPAF Poster: Dog Bone Artifact from DhRx-16, (Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team), Lima, Departure Bay Nanaimo B.C. Perú During a salvage excavation in the summer of Forensic Archaeology as a Human Rights 2007 an unassuming medium sized piece of Tool: Using Forensic Archaeology to Uncover worked bone artefact (awl) was found on the Troubled Past of Two Continents traditional winter village of the Snuneymuxw The genesis of forensic archaeology in cases First Nations (DhRx-16), also known as the of gross human rights violations is rooted in Departure Bay Site in the city of Nanaimo, Latin America. Despite multiple challenges in British Columbia. Later faunal analysis revealed the field, forensic archaeology is an essential this artefact as coming from a dog’s ulna. Based component in revealing historical mass graves, on ethnographic records, dogs in Coast Salish genocide and extra-judicial killing in a global cultures were traditionally divided into two context. Forensic anthropology organizations groups; one bred specifically for fibre like the Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team production (the wool dog” and the other whose (EPAF) and the Guatemalan Forensic breeding was not controlled (the village dog). Anthropology Foundation (FAFG) use multi and However, the region’s ethnographic records are interdisciplinary means to collect ante-mortem not clear if dog was used for other specific information such as testimonios from survivors. purposes. Dogs have been viewed as a hunting Together with scientific data collected during the companion, beast of burden, source of fibre and exhumation process, these organizations hold sometimes as a source of food. Very few strong evidence that can be used to bring examples exist of dog being used as a source for perpetrators of Human Rights violations to artefact manufacturing and it is unclear whether justice, and assist in bringing restitution to this artefact was used as a utilitarian tool or had surviving family members of the victims. a more ritualistic/spiritual purpose. The appearance of this artefact may require that dog that both connect and entangle obsidian blades should also be considered as a source for bone into the cultural practice of ritual blood-letting. tool manufacturing when conducting artefact The intricate dependences and dependencies that analysis. require humans to use blades to let blood and that create blades as blood-letters are Chris Springer documented in order to develop a better Simon Fraser University understanding of the complexity of ancient Megan Caldwell Maya blood-letting. In so doing, we focus on University of Alberta tracing everything that ‘entangles’ the blade as Dana Lepofsky both ‘object’ and ‘thing’, from procurement of Simon Fraser University the raw material from which it was made to Territoriality and Tenure in Transformed successful communion with the gods and Landscapes and Seascapes: Linking ancestors. We also use materials science to Residences develop methods to identify blades that were and Marine Management actually used to let blood in the past. Knowing The archaeology of territoriality and tenure which blades were used to let blood helps us to typically emphasizes economic concerns in the better understand the social contexts of both human-land relationship. Considering past actual and symbolic blood-letting. These ideas terrestrial and intertidal transformations as the are couched within larger theoretical physical components of a place network, this frameworks that include agency, cognitive paper highlights the social, political, and archaeology, materiality, and economic nature of land use and ownership in behavioral/operational chains. Tla’amin First Nation traditional territory. Jim Stafford Douglas R. Stenton Coast Interior Archaeology Culture and Heritage, Government of Nunavut Mike Willie Robert W. Park Dzawadaʼenuxw First Nation University of Waterloo Craig Skinner Recent Investigations of Franklin Expedition Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Lab Archaeology Sites in the King William Island Go Tell it on the Mountain: Defining the Area, Nunavut Central Coast A Obsidian Source This paper presents the results of In 2008 an expedition, funded by the archaeological surveys and site assessments Dzawadaʼenuxw First Nation, to the conducted on and near King William Island, Kingcome Glacier on the south Central Coast of Nunavut, between 2009 – 2012. The research BC resulted in the collection of obsidian samples was conducted as part of an inter-agency and for analysis. This paper relates the context and multi-disciplinary project investigating the 1845 an account of the expedition as well the John Franklin Expedition. The results of the subsequent geochemical analysis of the work completed to date are discussed and volcanic glass. suggestions for future investigations are outlined. W. James Stemp Keene State College Kisha Supernant Meaghan Peuramaki-Brown University of Alberta Brandon University Archaeology as Social Critique: Exploring the Obsidian Blades as “Things”: The barriers to and consequences of collaborative, Entanglements of Ancient Maya Blood-letting community-oriented archaeology In his new book Entangled, Ian Hodder Collaborative research in archaeology has (2012) explores ‘thing-thing’ relationships and begun to approach a critical mass, with the dependence and dependency between developments in theory, practice and training. humans, the environment, other organisms, and Articles and edited volumes are appearing with materials. In this paper, we examine the threads greater frequency and a new generation of post- NAGPRA scholars are working closely with two-part study in which we investigated whether indigenous communities, leading to an engaged clothing could have played a role in this archaeology that is making a strong positive replacement event. In the first part of the study, contribution and transforming the practice of we carried out a systematic review of the use of archaeology as a whole. The question I address mammals for clothing among mid-to-high in this paper what happens to the knowledge we latitude non-industrial societies in order to generate by engaging in community-oriented identify taxa whose remains can be interpreted archaeology; specifically, what are the as evidence for utilitarian clothing. In the second consequences of giving power back to a part of the study, we statistically compared the community, not for archaeologists, but for other relative frequencies of the above taxa in communities? I examine the answer to this Neanderthal-associated and early modern question in the context of indigenous struggles human-associated archaeological occupations for recognition of rights and title. When we from Europe. The results of the analyses suggest collaborate with a First Nation or Native that modern humans made utilitarian clothing American group, what happens when we publish out of a wider range of taxa than Neanderthals. in academic contexts about history, territory, and They also suggest that the clothing produced by belonging from that perspective? My own work modern humans was more thermally effective in attempting to work collaboratively has pushed than the clothing made by Neanderthals. Fur me to explore the broader structures influencing ruffs, which are important in polar environments the collaborative process, casting light on the today, may have been a modern human interconnectedness of collaboration and social innovation. These findings are consistent with critique. Despite our best intentions, our work the idea that clothing played a role in the can sometimes become a tool used to replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans. disenfranchise indigenous communities or set Michael Turney indigenous communities against one another Golder Associates Ltd. within an ongoing neo-colonial structure of Middle Prehistoric occupations of HhOv 528: government, law, and oppression. As part of the new insight into the Quarry of the Ancestors, field of anthropology, one of our unique Northeastern Alberta contributions is to relate the contextual, The Quarry of the Ancestors in the Lower historically particular elements of a specific Athabascan Basin is one of the most significant social milieu to large-scale national, cultural, complexes of sites in Northeastern Alberta. and global processes of politics and power. We Although composed of numerous sites, the must, therefore, apply our experiences within a Quarry of the Ancestors is dominated by two community-oriented archaeology to a broader large activity areas, HhOv 305 and HhOv 319, critique of the structures of the neo-colonial both of which have been protected as part of state, not just to the practice of archaeology. “archaeological preserve” under Provincial Notation PNT 050083 since 2006. Work conducted over the past three field seasons has focused on a northern lobe of HhOv 319 which Lia Tarle extends past the Quarry of the Ancestors Simon Fraser University protected boundary. New data from these Dennis Sandgathe investigations is presented, including Simon Fraser University temporally/cultural diagnostic artifacts, Mark Collard radiocarbon assays, geomorphological data, and Simon Fraser University new interpretation of tools and lithic debitage Faunal evidence for clothing among distributions to allow new insight into the Neanderthals and early modern humans Middle Prehistoric occupation of the Quarry of Between 40,000 and 25,000 years ago, during the Ancestors. the cold, dry period known as Oxygen Isotope Stage 3, modern humans migrated into Europe Elizabeth Velliky, MA Candidate and replaced the Neanderthals. Here, we report a Simon Fraser University The “Background Effect”: Investigations on of human existence and society cannot be neatly Geochemically Isolating Mineral Pigments in categorized as being ‘either/or.’ Rock Art This project uses geochemical data from Gary Warrick ochre pigments in rock paintings (pictographs) Wilfred Laurier University in Squamish, British Columbia, gathered with The Politics and Ethics of Community- portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry Oriented Archaeology at Six Nations of the (pXRF) in order to asses if it is possible to Grand River, Ontario isolate the geochemical make-up of the pigment The Six Nations of the Grand River, Ontario from the background rockwall. The chemistry of is one of the most populous and most diverse the background rockwall heavily influences Indigenous communities in North America. Each pictograph analysis with pXRF, which alters the Six Nations person has multiple socio-political elemental reading of the pigment. This project identities (e.g. clan, nation, reserve or urban, explored the data and determined that thought traditional or progressive, Haudenosaunee the much of the variance between pictograph Confederacy or elected Band Council supporter, chemistry is due to the rockwall (control) activist or non-activist). Attitudes of the readings, it is still possible to parse out this members of the Six Nations community to “background” effect using ANOVA tests and archaeology and archaeologists vary widely multivariate statistics to obtain an elemental depending on political orientation, from fingerprint of the ochre pigments. This was opposition to active support. Those who oppose methodology was applied to three pictographs in archaeology claim that it is colonial, disturbs the Squamish, and found that it is likely all three graves of buried ancestors, and supplants were painted with different ochre minerals. This Indigenous ways of knowing their past. research established methodology for analyzing Supporters claim that archaeology sheds light on pictograph pigments with pXRF, and provides a their ancient past and affirms rightful ownership benchmark for future geochemical research in and management of their territories, resources, rock art. and heritage. An ethical community-oriented archaeologist working with Six Nations must Michael Wanzenried defer to community values and knowledge about Boise State University heritage but also strive to uphold the highest A Bead is a Bead is a Bead: Exploring standards of archaeological practice without Dimensions of Meaning becoming involved in Six Nations politics, The goal of this paper is to examine how honouring the centuries-old Two Row wampum archaeologists use certain artifact classes as of non-interference in Six Nations’ affairs. evidence for the presence of social hierarchies in However, because of the multiple sub- the Middle Fraser region of British Columbia ca. communities created by multiple interest groups 2000-800 B.P. In particular, a close look at how based on identity politics at Six Nations, it is beads have been used as proxy measures for the exceedingly difficult to do archaeology without presence of elites, or minimally as indicators for being perceived by some members of Six elevated social status, reveals that current Nations as a colonial agent and political interpretative frameworks should be revisited to interloper. An ethical dilemma confronts any avoid instances of circular reasoning. Although archaeologist doing community-oriented this paper does not deny the presence of social research with Six Nations because the stratification in pre-contact Middle Fraser community is comprised of a number of villages, it critiques the way meaning and values conflicting political factions and voices. This have been assigned to certain aspects of material paper offers a critical examination of the culture. The limitations associated with using political and ethical challenges of engaging in beads as a marker of elites is synecdocially community-oriented archaeology with Six related to issues of artifact interpretation in Nations of the Grand River, Ontario. general. One of these issues is that the materials

Iringa is a Region (province or state) in the W. Jesse Webb Southern Highlands of Tanzania. It is well University of New Brunswick known for its striking rock outcrops, some of Say! What a Lot of Fish There Are: Recent which contain caves or shelters. These contain Investigations into an Archaeological Fishery an archaeological record extending from the from the Quoddy Region, Southwestern New early Middle Stone Age up to historic and Brunswick modern times. Over the last 6 years, members In spite of a long history of research, the role of the Iringa Region Archaeological Project of Aboriginal fisheries and their relation to (IRAP) have excavated at two rockshelters, subsistence economies, seasonal mobility, and Magubike and Mlambalasi, and have identified cultural change remain relatively many more rockshelter and open air underdeveloped in the archaeology of the archaeological sites. Both sites have yielded Quoddy Region. This can be attributed to a Stone Age human skeletal remains, as well as number of factors, including unevenness in the thousands of flaked stone artifacts, ostrich regional dataset, differential preservation, eggshell beads, and faunal remains. recovery bias, and a tendency Excavations at Magubike rockshelter have to privilege mammals in zooarchaeological shown that it was first occupied early in the analyses. This paper presents a preliminary Middle Stone Age (MSA), then more or less analysis of the vertebrate faunal remains from continuously afterwards. Especially striking is BgDs-15, a shallow shell-bearing site from the the fact that it may have been occupied during Passamaquoddy Bay mainland, including more the late Pleistocene, prior to the Out of Africa 2 than 1100 fish remains recovered from column migration of modern humans. This is at a time samples. These data underscore the importance when cold, dry conditions led to the reduction of of fisheries to ancestral Peskotomuhkati lifeways human and animal populations throughout the and are considered in light of broader regional African continent. This population bottleneck or patterns during the Late Maritime Woodland reduction is seen in the mitochondrial DNA period (ca. 1500-500 B.P.) sequences of living people, and may explain the absence of modern humans outside of Africa Mark R. Williams until around 50,000 years ago. This paper University of New Mexico presents the archaeological sequence of Preliminary Findings from an Early Holocene Magubike and how it documents a possible Ice Waterlogged Shell Midden on Prince of Wales Age refugium for modern humans. Island, AK Initial survey of a shell midden on Prince of Lucy Wilson Wales Island, Alaska indicates that anaerobic University of New Brunswick waterlogged deposits extend at least 2m below Constance L. Browne the surface. This has yielded excellent University of New Brunswick preservation of botanical remains and small Change in Raw Material Selection Criteria fauna, which tentatively date to roughly 10,700 Through Time at a Middle Palaeolithic Site in calBP. Consequently, this site has a high Southern France potential to address questions of early Northwest By applying a resource selection model to the Coast resource management and maritime lithic assemblages from eleven archaeological specialization. This presentation reports initial layers at a Middle Palaeolithic site in southern findings from the 2012 survey and outlines the France, the Bau de l’Aubesier, we demonstrate a direction of future research at the site. very clear change in the importance of selection criteria over time at this site. The model uses Pamela R. Willoughby ten variables related to the characteristics of the University of Alberta raw materials themselves (quality, size of pieces The Middle Stone Age archaeological record of available), and to the characteristics of the Magubike, Tanzania sources (extent, abundance of raw material) and of the landscape around them (terrain difficulty, etc.). Running the model with subsets of components of a larger picture. We continue to variables shows that the terrain variables always explore ways to create a more inclusive and provide a better match to raw material use than open-ended approach in order to gain a do the raw material variables taken by Musqueam perspective of the Field School and themselves, but the best model is always the archaeology. overall (ten-variable) model. This means that terrain is most important in every case, but raw Robin Woywitka material properties also matter. Comparing the Archaeological Survey of Alberta percentages of each subset within the overall Duane Froese model, however, shows a clear change in University of Alberta emphasis in the upper layers versus the lower Stephen Wolfe layers of the site. In the lower six layers, the Geological Survey of Canada percent contribution of the terrain variables is Origin and age of raised landforms in the Cree always greater than that of the raw material Burn – Kearl Lake lowland and setting of variables, but in the upper five layers the reverse Alberta Oil Sands region archaeological sites is true: terrain still matters, but raw material A large number of known archaeological becomes more important. This change happens sites in the oil sands region of Alberta are found near the end of the Middle Pleistocene, and raw on raised landforms in the Cree Burn - Kearl material characteristics remain more important Lake lowland located east of the Athabasca at this site throughout the rest of the Pleistocene. River and south of Fort Hills. The origin and age of these landforms is examined using LiDAR image interpretation, analysis of landform shape, orientation, and sedimentary observations. We demonstrate that the majority of these features were formed as gravel bedforms related to Jordan Wilson catastrophic flooding during deglaciation. The Musqueam Indian Band bedforms are frequently mantled with eolian Terry Point sand, indicating that windy, dry conditions Musqueam Indian Band prevailed following flood sedimentation. It is Susan Rowley possible that humans occupied the area during University of British Columbia this period, although the precise age remains Consulting with Community: Musqueam and unclear due to the lack of directly-dated UBC archaeological sites. Peat accumulation in the We will present findings from a project intervening lowlands followed eolian seeking to gain Musqueam perspectives on both sedimentation, and it is assumed that a stable, the Musqueam-UBC Archaeological Field vegetated surface was established on the raised School, a course which has taken place annually landforms by this time, likely precluding on the Musqueam reserve since 2007, and on the significant eolian sedimentation. The co- discipline of archaeology in general. We occurrence of a burgeoning wetland community attempted to establish a consultation plan to and stable uplands would have provided suitable effectively listen to Elders’ and Musqueam Band habitat for human occupation. members’ perspectives and concerns, and in order to provide recommendations to the Field Eldon Yellowhorn School’s Steering Committee. Results indicate Simon Fraser University that the Field School cannot be considered Using Archaeology to Find the Story in History without thinking and talking about Musqueam Communities use narratives of history and and Coast Salish culture. The concepts of place to strengthen their identities, but archaeology, history, community, land and land vernacular histories tend to rely on impressions use, oral history, colonialism, family history, rather than data and contain misinformation Coast Salish cultural practice, and other when a better understanding is needed. My concepts are all viewed as interconnected experience in constructing a community history for the Piikani First Nation demonstrated that that was specifically trained to hunt deer. using those elements as the starting point could Members of the Sliammon community shared rectify this situation. Rather than dismissing their knowledge about the Tla’amin hunting these narratives as false, the approach I take is to dogs with me over the course of the interview a number of people to determine the ethnohistory-archaeology fieldschool conducted origin of such stories and why persist. More in the summer of 2012. This knowledge is often than not, the response is that an elder was integrated with archaeological data about dog the source of that knowledge and therefore it remains recovered from Tla’amin territory to should not be questioned. Thus the objective of understand the nature of the human-dog my research, which is community based and is relationship at Sliammon, BC and how this cognizant of including the voices of citizens, is relationship has shifted along with changing to illustrate that events that unfolded beyond ways of life. This study provides insights into living memory are a open to interpretation the nature of the relationship between Tla’amin because local history is so poorly documented people and hunting dogs and how we might and that several modes of research must be recognize that relationship archaeologically. deployed to achieve a better understanding of it.

Dagmara Zawadzka Animals in Canadian Shield rock art The world-view of Algonquian-speaking hunter-gatherers of the Canadian Shield is steeped in an animistic ontology. This “relational” ontology stipulates that humans share the world with other-than-human persons among which animals figure prominently. Traditional stories are replete with human- animal interactions and diverse rituals are practiced in order to cultivate proper relationships with animals. Animals, though scarce, are also depicted in rock art and perceived in zoomorphic effigy formations. This paper will examine which animals are depicted in rock art and perceived in effigy formations and how these representations might have been active agents in maintaining and cultivating relationships between humans and their environment.

Kasia Zimmerman Simon Fraser University Cultural transformations in the northern Salish Sea People and dogs share a fascinating relationship that has taken many forms over the course of human history. Archaeological investigations, ethnographic records, and oral histories indicate that Coast Salish peoples once maintained two types of dogs: the hunting (or village) dog, and the wooly dog. Tla’amin First Nations, who are part of the Northern Coast Salish peoples, had a unique type of hunting dog