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La Solidaridad Y El Periodismo En Filipinas En Tiempos De Rizal

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La Solidaridad Y El Periodismo En Filipinas En Tiempos De Rizal La Solidaridad y el periodismo en Filipinas en tiempos de Rizal La Solidaridad y el periodismo en Filipinas tiempos de Rizal La Solidaridad and Journalism in the Philippines at the Time of Rizal Glòria Cano Universitat Pompeu Fabra «Modestas, modestísimas, son nuestras aspiraciones. Our expectations are, rather than merely modest, extremely Nuestro programa, por demás sencillo, sencillísimo, es: modest. Our program, of the utmost simplicity, is to fight combatir toda reacción, impedir todo retroceso, aplaudir, all reaction, to deny any backward stance, to welcome and / aceptar toda idea liberal, defender todo progreso: en una accept whatsoever liberal idea and defend all progress: in La Solidaridad palabra: un propagandista más de todos los ideales de la short, to act as one more of the many voices who speak on democracia, aspirando que impere en todos los pueblos de behalf of the ideals of democracy, in the hope that it may rule aquende y allende los mares». over all peoples throughout the many regions of the world. and Journalism of Rizal in the Philippines at Time «Nuestros Propósitos», Nuestros propósitos (“Our Purposes”), La Solidaridad, 15 de febrero de 1889 La Solidaridad, February 15, 1889 Introduction1 Introducción1 The Revolution that took place on September 1868, La La revolución de septiembre de 1868, La Gloriosa, repre- Gloriosa (The Glorious Revolution), is a turning point in the senta un punto de inflexión en la historia hispano-filipina al Spanish-Filipino history in that it brought about modern times introducir en ella la modernidad. De hecho, podemos afir- to that part of the world. We could, in fact, state that the six- mar que el sexenio 1868-1874 significó la construcción de year period between 1868 and 1874 led to the construction un estado democrático iniciado a través de una revolución of a democratic State rooted in a democratic revolution, a democrática. Esta revolución fue un movimiento nacional revolution arising from a national movement bringing self- 1 El presente trabajo se enmarca dentro del proyecto colectivo de inves- tigación: Transiciones imperiales, cambio institucional y divergencia. Un 1 This report is a part of the collective research project titled: Transiciones imperiales, cambio institucional y divergencia. Un análisis comparado de la análisis comparado de la trayectoria colonial y postcolonial de las posesio- trayectoria colonial y postcolonial de las posesiones españolas en América, Asia nes españolas en América, Asia y África (1500-1900), financiado por el Mi- y África (1500-1900), financed by the Ministry of Science and Education, R+D+I nisterio de Educación y Ciencia, Programa I+D+I HAR2009-14099-C02-01. HAR2009-14099-C02-01. 171 7_Art_Cano.indd 171 10/11/11 12:58 que despertó la conciencia de un gran país que empezaba a awareness to a great country which was beginning to enjoy expresarse libremente2. El decreto sobre libertad de prensa freedom of speech.2 The Decree on Freedom of the Press de 14 de octubre de 1868 se extendió rápidamente como un passed on October 14, 1868 was quickly exercised as a valor absoluto. No habría restricciones para nadie a la hora full, basic right. No restrictions were to be imposed on the de editar un periódico3. publication of newspapers.3 Durante este periodo se fundaron muchos diarios. En Ma- A large number of daily newspapers were established during drid emergieron más de trescientos periódicos relacionados this period. In Madrid over three hundred newspapers con todas las facciones políticas. La prensa jamás había sido appeared, reflecting the range of political factions. The Press tan libre como entonces. Muchas de estas publicaciones se had never before enjoyed this level of freedom at a time when convirtieron en auténticos campos de batalla y en órganos many newspapers engaged in battling one another, becoming de propaganda política. Vale la pena subrayar que la prensa de facto organs for the dissemination of political propaganda. española dedicó a Filipinas durante este periodo una aten- We should also mention that during this period the Spanish ción inusitada, especialmente a partir de las decisiones to- Press devoted a striking amount of coverage to the Philippines, madas por el ministro de Ultramar de reformar las institucio- particularly in the aftermath of decisions taken by the Minister nes existentes en el archipiélago4. of Overseas Affairs aimed at the reform of institutions then present and active in the archipelago.4 Sin embargo, la libertad de prensa implantada en España no se exportó plenamente a su colonia más lejana, a pesar de However, the level of freedom enjoyed by the Press in Spain que a partir de los años 80 se publicaron en las islas más was not extended to its most remote colony, in spite of the de cien periódicos relacionados con la moda, el arte, la jus- fact that after the 1880’s over 100 newspapers were published ticia, la literatura o la medicina, también satíricos y, sobre in the islands: daily editions dealing with fashion, the arts, todo, políticos. Este interés vino propiciado por la nueva ley justice, literature, medicine, satire and, especially, political de prensa aprobada en 1883 durante el gobierno de Práxe- issues. This flourishing was the outcome of the new Law on the des Mateo Sagasta. Conocida como «de policía de impren- Press passed in 1883 during the Administration of Práxedes ta o Gullón»5, dicha ley ponía fin a la censura previa y a los Mateo Sagasta. The Law, known as the Law on “print police, 5 Between Spain and the Philippines: José Rizal, the Writer Between Spain and the Philippines: José Rizal, Writer tribunales especiales para juzgar los delitos de imprenta. A or Gullón Law” did away with pre-print censorship and the / pesar de que algunos investigadores consideran que no tuvo special Courts dealing with cases involving printed materials. ninguna aplicación en Filipinas, la censura de prensa, como In spite of the fact that a number of researchers are of the demuestra la publicación de algunos de los diarios que se opinion that the Law was not applied in the Philippines, Press censorship – as shown by the publication of several daily 2 Gies, David T. (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Modern Spanish Culture, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 3. 2 Gies, David T. (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Modern Spanish Culture 3 Bahamonde Ángel y Jesús A. Martínez, Historia de España, siglo xix, Madrid, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 3. Cátedra, 2001, p. 549. 3 Bahamonde, Ángel and Jesús A. Martínez, Historia de España, siglo XIX (Madrid: 4 Sánchez Fuertes, Cayetano, «La prensa española y Filipinas, 1868-1872», en Cátedra, 2001), p. 549. Francisco Solano, Florentino Rodao y Luis Togores, Extremo Oriente ibérico. 4 Sánchez Fuertes, Cayetano, “La prensa española y Filipinas, 1868-1872,” in Investigaciones históricas: metodología y estado de la cuestión, Madrid, Agencia Francisco Solano, Florentino Rodao and Luis Togores, Extremo Oriente ibérico. Española de Cooperación Internacional, Departamento de Estudios Históricos, Investigaciones históricas: metodología y estado de la cuestión (Madrid: Agencia CSIC, 1989, p. 416. Española de Cooperación Internacional, Departamento de Estudios Históricos, 5 Pío Gullón era ministro de gobernación en 1883 y fue el inductor de la Ley CSIC, 1989), p. 416. Entre España y Filipinas: José Rizal, escritor escritor España y Filipinas: José Rizal, Entre de imprenta. 5 Pío Gullón, promoter of the Press Law, was Minister for Home Affairs in 1883. 172 7_Art_Cano.indd 172 10/11/11 12:58 mencionarán a lo largo de este artículo, se atenuó depen- newspapers mentioned in this paper – became more moderate La Solidaridad y el periodismo en Filipinas tiempos de Rizal diendo del ministro de Ultramar del momento. under some of the various Ministers for Overseas Affairs. La influencia de la historiografía norteamericana y el poco The influence of American historical studies and research, and interés que ha suscitado el archipiélago entre nuestros histo- the scarce level of interest which the Philippines have enjoyed riadores, ha propiciado que exista un gran desconocimiento in Spain’s historical studies, have resulted in a generalized de la prensa filipina publicada durante aquellos años y que lack of knowledge regarding publications in the Filipino Press se haya magnificado la importancia de La Solidaridad que, during those years, and to an excessive importance given en realidad, no difiere apenas de cualquiera de los perió- to La Solidaridad – which, in fact, was in almost all areas dicos españoles que surgieron durante la Restauración. La identical to any of the Spanish newspapers published during dimensión histórica que La Solidaridad ha adquirido es una the Spanish Restoration. The historical dimension granted to construcción del siglo xx con fines específicos tales como la La Solidaridad is a twentieth century construct whose specific minimización de la política reformista española o la cons- purposes include a minimization of Spain’s reform policies or trucción de imágenes estereotipadas del régimen español, the establishment of Spanish régime stereotypes, but – more pero, sobre todo, la excelencia de este periódico viene dada significantly – the purported excellence of its contents results por la colaboración de José Rizal, que contribuyó con varios from the contribution made by José Rizal in his articles, artículos hasta 1890, a pesar de que otros ilustrados filipinos published until 1890, although other “ilustrados,” or well- / La Solidaridad jugaron un rol mucho más importante en la publicación. versed Filipino writers, played a much more significant role than Rizal. En suma, 1868 fue un año crucial, no solo por la implemen- tación de la libertad de expresión en el marco de una nueva To sum up, 1868 was a watershed year, not only as a result coyuntura política, sino porque, con la apertura del Canal de of the arrival of freedom of expression and a burgeoning new and Journalism of Rizal in the Philippines at Time Suez, la distancia entre Barcelona y Manila se había reducido political framework, but also in response to the establishment a 26 días.
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