Conductance Curve Design
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MI Amplification
MI Amplification Owner’s Manual 1 1. Welcome ....................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Precautions................................................................................................................................... 5 3. Amp Overview .............................................................................................................................. 6 3.1. Preamp.............................................................................................................................................. 6 3.2. Power Amp ....................................................................................................................................... 6 3.3. FX Loops .......................................................................................................................................... 7 3.4. Operating Modes ............................................................................................................................. 7 4. Getting Started ............................................................................................................................. 8 5. The Channels ............................................................................................................................... 9 5.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 9 5.2. Channel 1 ......................................................................................................................................... -
El156 Audio Power
EL156 AUDIO POWER Gerhard Haas Thanks to its robustness, the legendary EL156 audio power pentode has found its way into many professional amplifier units. Its attraction derives not just from its appealing shape, but also from its impressive audio characteristics. We therefore bring you this classical circuit, updated using high- quality modern components. 28 elektor electronics - 3/2005 AMPLIFIER Return of a legend The EL156 was manufactured in the enough to give adequate sensitivity, electrolytic capacitor: this voltage is legendary Telefunken valve factory in even before allowing any margin for further filtered on the amplifier board. Ulm, near the river Danube in Ger- negative feedback. The ECC81 many. The EL156 made amplifiers with (12AT7), however, which has an open- It is not possible to build an ultra-lin- an output power of up to 130 W possi- loop gain of 60 and which can be oper- ear amplifier using the EL156 with a ble, using just two valves in the output ated with anode currents of up to high anode voltage. The same goes for stage and one driver valve. Genuine 10 mA, can be used to build a suitably the EL34. The output transformer is EL156s are no longer available new at low-impedance circuit. therefore connected in such a way that realistic prices, and hardly any are Two EL156s can be used to produce an the impedance of the grid connection available second-hand. The original output power of 130 W with only 6 % to the output valve is much lower than devices used a metal valve base which distortion. -
Valve Biasing
VALVE AMP BIASING Biased information How have valve amps survived over 30 years of change? Derek Rocco explains why they are still a vital ingredient in music making, and talks you through the mysteries of biasing N THE LAST DECADE WE HAVE a signal to the grid it causes a water as an electrical current, you alter the negative grid voltage by seen huge advances in current to flow from the cathode to will never be confused again. When replacing the resistor I technology which have the plate. The grid is also known as your tap is turned off you get no to gain the current draw required. profoundly changed the way we the control grid, as by varying the water flowing through. With your Cathode bias amplifiers have work. Despite the rise in voltage on the grid you can control amp if you have too much negative become very sought after. They solid-state and digital modelling how much current is passed from voltage on the grid you will stop have a sweet organic sound that technology, virtually every high- the cathode to the plate. This is the electrical current from flowing. has a rich harmonic sustain and profile guitarist and even recording known as the grid bias of your amp This is known as they produce a powerful studios still rely on good ol’ – the correct bias level is vital to the ’over-biased’ soundstage. Examples of these fashioned valves. operation and tone of the amplifier. and the amp are most of the original 1950’s By varying the negative grid will produce Fender tweed amps such as the What is a valve? bias the technician can correctly an unbearable Deluxe and, of course, the Hopefully, a brief explanation will set up your amp for maximum distortion at all legendary Vox AC30. -
Vacuum Tube Theory, a Basics Tutorial – Page 1
Vacuum Tube Theory, a Basics Tutorial – Page 1 Vacuum Tubes or Thermionic Valves come in many forms including the Diode, Triode, Tetrode, Pentode, Heptode and many more. These tubes have been manufactured by the millions in years gone by and even today the basic technology finds applications in today's electronics scene. It was the vacuum tube that first opened the way to what we know as electronics today, enabling first rectifiers and then active devices to be made and used. Although Vacuum Tube technology may appear to be dated in the highly semiconductor orientated electronics industry, many Vacuum Tubes are still used today in applications ranging from vintage wireless sets to high power radio transmitters. Until recently the most widely used thermionic device was the Cathode Ray Tube that was still manufactured by the million for use in television sets, computer monitors, oscilloscopes and a variety of other electronic equipment. Concept of thermionic emission Thermionic basics The simplest form of vacuum tube is the Diode. It is ideal to use this as the first building block for explanations of the technology. It consists of two electrodes - a Cathode and an Anode held within an evacuated glass bulb, connections being made to them through the glass envelope. If a Cathode is heated, it is found that electrons from the Cathode become increasingly active and as the temperature increases they can actually leave the Cathode and enter the surrounding space. When an electron leaves the Cathode it leaves behind a positive charge, equal but opposite to that of the electron. In fact there are many millions of electrons leaving the Cathode. -
Operation, Tetrode, Pentode in the Single-Ended, Class-A
10-76 10. Guitar Amplifiers 10.5.1 Single-ended (class A)-operation, tetrode, pentode In the single-ended, class-A power-stage, one (single) power-tube operates in common- cathode configuration with the output transformer being part of the plate circuit (transformer- coupling). Without AC-drive (“quiescent state”), a stable balance appears – it is called the operating point (OPP). The characteristics shown in Fig. 10.5.2 yield an OPP at 250 V and 48 mA, if a voltage of -7.5 V between (control) grid (g1) and cathode is chosen. This can be done e.g. by using a cathode-resistor of 142 Ω. The cathode-current (the sum of the 48-mA- plate-current and the 5-mA-screen-grid-current) will then generate a positive cathode-voltage of + 7.5 V (relative to ground). With the control-grid at ground-potential (Ug1 = 0) a control- grid-to-cathode-voltage of -7.5 V results (i.e. the control grid is negative vs. the cathode). Fig. 10.5.2: Output characteristics of the EL84, power-stage circuit (single-ended class-A operation). AP = OPP As a drive signal appears (Ug1 ≠ 0), plate-voltage and –current change. As a first approach, it will be sufficient to consider the transformer in the plate-circuit as a large inductance connected in parallel with an ohmic resistor (Chapter 10.6). In this model we have only pure DC flowing through the inductance, and only pure AC flowing through the resistor. With a drive-signal present, the Ua/Ia-point will move along the load-line given in Fig. -
Liste Des Tubes À Vide Il S'agit D'une Liste De Tubes À
Liste des tubes à vide Il s'agit d'une liste de tubes à vide ou vannes thermo-ioniques et basse pression tubes remplis de gaz ou tubes à décharge . Avant l'avènement des semi-conducteurs périphériques, des centaines de types de tubes ont été utilisés dans l'électronique grand public et industriels; aujourd'hui seuls quelques types sont encore utilisés dans des applications spécialisées. Table des matières 1 chauffage ou notes filament 2 embases de tube 3 systèmes de numérotation 3.1 systèmes nord-américain 3.1.1 système RMA (1942) 3.1.2 système RETMA (tubes recevant, 1953) 3.1.3 Chiffre systèmes uniquement 3.2 systèmes d'Europe occidentale 3.2.1 système Marconi-Osram 3.2.2 système Mullard-Philips 3.2.2.1 tubes standard 3.2.2.2 tubes de qualité spéciaux 3.2.2.3 tubes professionnels 3.2.2.4 tubes Transmission 3.2.2.5 Phototubes et des photomultiplicateurs 3.2.2.6 stabilisateurs 3.2.3 systèmes Mazda / Ediswan 3.2.3.1 ancien système 3.2.3.2 tubes de signaux 3.2.3.3 Puissance redresseurs 3.2.4 STC / Brimar système de réception des tubes 3.2.5 Tesla système de tubes de réception 3.3 système de normalisation industrielle japonaise 3.4 systèmes russes 3.4.1 tubes standard 3.4.2 tubes électriques à très haute 3,5 tubes désignation Très-haute puissance (Eitel McCullough et ses dérivés) 3.6 ETL désignation des tubes de calcul 3.7 systèmes de dénomination militaires 3.7.1 Colombie-système nommage CV 3.7.2 US systèmes de dénomination 3.8 Autres systèmes chiffre uniquement 3.9 Autre lettre suivie de chiffres 4 Liste des tubes américains, avec leurs -
1999-2017 INDEX This Index Covers Tube Collector Through August 2017, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD- ROM Set, and the TCA Special Publications: No
1999-2017 INDEX This index covers Tube Collector through August 2017, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD- ROM set, and the TCA Special Publications: No. 1 Manhattan College Vacuum Tube Museum - List of Displays .........................1999 No. 2 Triodes in Radar: The Early VHF Era ...............................................................2000 No. 3 Auction Results ....................................................................................................2001 No. 4 A Tribute to George Clark, with audio CD ........................................................2002 No. 5 J. B. Johnson and the 224A CRT.........................................................................2003 No. 6 McCandless and the Audion, with audio CD......................................................2003 No. 7 AWA Tube Collector Group Fact Sheet, Vols. 1-6 ...........................................2004 No. 8 Vacuum Tubes in Telephone Work.....................................................................2004 No. 9 Origins of the Vacuum Tube, with audio CD.....................................................2005 No. 10 Early Tube Development at GE...........................................................................2005 No. 11 Thermionic Miscellany.........................................................................................2006 No. 12 RCA Master Tube Sales Plan, 1950....................................................................2006 No. 13 GE Tungar Bulb Data Manual................................................................. -
Type 1661-A Vacuum-Tube Bridge
TYPE 1661-A VACUUM-TUBE BRIDGE TABLE II A -C RESISTANCE OF VOLTAGE SOURCES A-C RESISTANCE AT e1 SWITCH A-C RESISTANCE AT e2 ("MULTIPLY BY" SWITCH) SETTING ("DIVIDE BY" SWITCH) 1 ohm IQ2 to 105 lohm 9.3 ohms 10 9.3 ohms 27.2 ohms 1 27.2 ohms When measuring the effective parallel resistance of In both types, the input as well as the output resis external resistors or dielectrics- more accurate results tance can be relatively low. Because of this, it is im will be obtained if correction is made for the bridge portant to measure the coefficients for both the forward losses in all cases where the open circuit reading is and reverse directions. Also because of the interdepend less than 100 times the resistance being measured. ence of the input and output circuits, it is desirabie to The correction is readily made as follows. Let us reduce the base-to-emitter voltage to zero or to open the call r 1 the measured resistance, RL the resistance mea base connection before operating the coefficient switch SoUred with the filament turned off or the transistor or of the bridge; this will avoid a possible transient which external resistor disconnected and r the true value of may require several seconds to resume equilibrium resistance. Then conditions or may even damage the transistor. Because the a-c resistance of the test-signal - I L R r- r [ RL- r' J sources (e1 and e2 in Figure 2) can be comparable to the transistor resistance, the next paragraph is important. -
Militair I177.Pdf
TUBE TEST DATA FOR USE WITH THE TUBE TESTERS I-177, I-177-A, AND I-177-B AND TUBE SOCKET ADAPTER KITS MX-949/A and MX-949A/U. See below for other models. Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002 by Nolan E. Lee ([email protected]) beta 1.08 July 5, 2002 This is a freely available file and my contribution to the hobby. If you paid for it, you got burned! In addition, if I catch some looser trying to SELL my free product or parts of it, I'll nuke their ass good. I've got enough hidden identifiers in the data to not make it worth their time. This is a FREE product, period! There are errors in the original Govt. manuals and the Hickok manuals that I compiled into this file. In addition, I may or may nor have made a few errors myself. As a result, I take NO responsibility for any errors, incorrect data or omitted data contained within or missing from this file. Use this data at your own risk... This document is organized into eight "pages" or sheets.The first is this cover that your reading. The second is the general instructions for operating the I-177 series tube tester without and with the MX-949 series adapter kit. The third contains the information on various socket adapters that were used with the I-177 series before the adoption of the MX-949. The fourth is the cross index of the old Army VT numbers and standard commercial tube numbers. The fifth contains the tube tester settings data for using the I-177 series tube tester WITHOUT the MX-949 adapter. -
VACUUM TUBE VALLEY Fall 1995 Price $6.50
Pub/ish«lQuarterly Celebrating the History and QlIOlity of Vocllum Tube Te<lmology luue 2 Vo/LlI7U! I VACUUM TUBE VALLEY Fall 1995 Price $6.50 Magnum SE Amplifier Da\-c Wolze rec.:nrlydesigned and built an SE amp with power and punch. Page 17 ...... Tube Review: EL·34 In one of existence since 1953 and th(Omost popular audio tubes of all time, rhe EL-34 has many variarions and performance characteristics. Page 8 Heath W-6M Heathkit: Early Tube Hi-Fi years. In This Issue .. manufacturer of Heathkit was the largest d�c Ironic kits in the US, alone time, selling over ntbe bldustry News 350 different types of kts. Learn more aboUl Check OUt the latest happen gs i in in the the early days of Heath Hi-Fi. Page 3 world of vacuum tubes. Learn the results of a recent survey of tuhe dislfih mors and sellers conducted by VIV. MU/UlrdEL-34s Harbouroudines the latest Ilem and Eric Early Cinema Sound Views. Page 15 vrv examines an early \xre�ternElectric [heater sound system. Page 24 Guitar Amplifiers Learn about how to get the best guitar tone. Chaclie Kittleson interviews Terry Buddingh, Tube Amp Expert from GuiTdrPi4yer Magazine. Page 20 Heatb w-4AM Tube Matching: Get the best soutuisfrom your amp. Matched tubes arc essential for opti mum performance from push-pull amps. n John Atwood explai s tube matching techniques for the layman. Page 22 Vacuum Tube Valleyis published quarterly for electronic enthusiasts interested in the See (Jur newfiatures in this months colorfv1 past, present and fvture af yocuum tube electronics. -
INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH by MICHAEL RIORDAN
THE INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH by MICHAEL RIORDAN ORE THAN A DECADE before J. J. Thomson discovered the elec- tron, Thomas Edison stumbled across a curious effect, patented Mit, and quickly forgot about it. Testing various carbon filaments for electric light bulbs in 1883, he noticed a tiny current trickling in a single di- rection across a partially evacuated tube into which he had inserted a metal plate. Two decades later, British entrepreneur John Ambrose Fleming applied this effect to invent the “oscillation valve,” or vacuum diode—a two-termi- nal device that converts alternating current into direct. In the early 1900s such rectifiers served as critical elements in radio receivers, converting radio waves into the direct current signals needed to drive earphones. In 1906 the American inventor Lee de Forest happened to insert another elec- trode into one of these valves. To his delight, he discovered he could influ- ence the current flowing through this contraption by changing the voltage on this third electrode. The first vacuum-tube amplifier, it served initially as an improved rectifier. De Forest promptly dubbed his triode the audion and ap- plied for a patent. Much of the rest of his life would be spent in forming a se- ries of shaky companies to exploit this invention—and in an endless series of legal disputes over the rights to its use. These pioneers of electronics understood only vaguely—if at all—that individual subatomic particles were streaming through their devices. For them, electricity was still the fluid (or fluids) that the classical electrodynamicists of the nineteenth century thought to be related to stresses and disturbances in the luminiferous æther. -
Push - Pull Audiophile - Output (1608-1650 "A" Series)
Push - Pull Audiophile - Output (1608-1650 "A" Series) PUSH - PULL "EASY HOOK-UP" "CLASSIC" TUBE TYPE - ULTRA-LINEAR OUTPUT TRANSFORMERS • NEW & Improved version of our 1608-1650 series output transformers (re-designed secondaries for easy hook- up of secondary loads) • Designed for push-pull tube output circuits. o • Enclosed (shielded), 4 slot, above chassis Type "X" mounting. • Frequency response 30 Hz. to 30 Khz. at full rated power (+/- 1 db max. - ref. 1 Khz) minimum. Except the Audi 1650E (70 Hz. to 30 Khz. +/- 1 db max. - ref. 1 Khz.) be • Insulated flexible leads 8" min. • All units (except the 1650G) include 40% screen taps for Ultra-Linear operation (if desired). Tu • Typical applications - Push-Pull: triode, Ultra-Linear pentode, and tetrode connected audio output. The 1650G does NOT have primary screen taps and will not support "Ultra-Linear" applications. Audio Dimensions (Inches) Part Primary Max. DC Secondary Wt. Watts E G Number Impedance Per Side Impedance A B C D Lbs. (RMS) +/- 1/16” Slot 1608A 10 8,000 C.T. 100 ma. 4-8-16 2.50 2.75 3.06 2.00 1.69 .203 x .38 2.5 1609A 10 10,000 C.T. 100 ma. 4-8-16 2.50 2.75 3.06 2.00 1.69 .203 x .38 2.5 1615A 15 5,000 C.T. 100 ma. 4-8-16 2.50 3.25 3.06 2.00 2.19 .203 x .38 3.25 1650E 15 8,000 C.T. 100 ma. 4-8-16 2.50 3.25 3.06 2.00 2.50 .203 x .38 3.5 1620A 20 6,600 C.T.