La « Syrie Utile » : Éléments Pour Des Solutions De Sorties De Crise

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La « Syrie Utile » : Éléments Pour Des Solutions De Sorties De Crise juillet 2016 La « Syrie utile » : éléments pour des solutions de sorties de crise JEAN-CLAUDE COUSSERAN, JEAN-FRANÇOIS DAGUZAN, AGNÈS LEVALLOIS, MANON-NOUR TANNOUS Avec les contributions de Joseph Bahout, Youssef Courbage, Antoine Vagneur-Jones et Géo4i WWW . FRSTRATEGIE . ORG SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 8 1 – HISTORIQUE ET ÉTAT DES LIEUX ...................................................................................................... 11 1.1 – Expliquer 2011 ........................................................................................................................ 11 1.2 – État des lieux : un désastre économique et énergétique .............................................. 15 1.3 – Démographie .......................................................................................................................... 23 2 – LES ACTEURS ET LEURS STRATÉGIES TERRITORIALES ....................................................................... 28 2.1 – Le régime : délitement et dépendance .............................................................................. 29 2.2 – Les groupes rebelles : cohésion et désagrégation .......................................................... 45 2.3 – Le mouvement kurde : entre succès militaire et impasse politique ........................... 57 3 – SCENARIOS ........................................................................................................................................ 62 3.1 – Scénario du pire : des « Syries utiles », la radicalisation et la poursuite de l’instabilité ................................................................................................................................ 62 3.2 – Quid de la partition ? ............................................................................................................ 64 3.3 – Scénario de la négociation ................................................................................................... 69 4 – RECOMMANDATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 77 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ............................................................................................................................................. 80 ANNEXE 1 LA SYRIE : RAPPEL D ’UNE GÉOGRAPHIE PHYSIQUE ............................................................ 82 ANNEXE 2 ÉTAT DES DESTRUCTIONS ................................................................................................... 85 ANNEXE 3 PRINCIPALES MILICES CHIITES COMBATTANT POUR LE RÉGIME ........................................ 89 ANNEXE 4 TOUR D ’HORIZON DES RECOMMANDATIONS DES THINK TANKS ................................... 92 ANNEXE 5 POSITIONS DES CANDIDATS À LA PRÉSIDENCE AMÉRICAINE AU SUJET DE LA SYRIE .....104 FONDATION pour la RECHERCHE STRATÉGIQUE 3 La « Syrie utile » : éléments pour des solutions de sortie de crise TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 : Impact de la crise sur les secteurs économiques ................................................. 15 Figure 2 : InFrastructure énergétique......................................................................................... 18 Figure 3 : Contrôle de ressources pétrolières par l’EI .......................................................... 18 Figure 4 : La lutte pour le pétrole dans la région de Deir ez-Zor ...................................... 19 Figure 5 : Image satellite du pillage de pétrole syrien par l’EI .............................................. 19 Figure 6 : Investissements du régime ........................................................................................ 21 Figure 7 : Carte de la démographie syrienne .......................................................................... 23 Figure 8 : Nombre moyen d’enFants avant la guerre (2009) ................................................ 24 Figure 9 : Le poids démographique des communautés en Syrie, avant la guerre ............ 25 Figure 10 : Carte des contrôles territoriaux, mai 2016 ........................................................ 29 Figure 11 : Total Arab-Israeli Active Military Manpower (1973-2015) ............................. 30 Figure 12 : Érosion numérique du régime ................................................................................ 32 Figure 13 : La Famille Assad et les Chabiha .............................................................................. 33 Figure 14 : Zones stratégiques à contrôler et bases aériennes .......................................... 43 Figure 15 : La « Syrie utile » du régime .................................................................................... 44 Figure 16 : Propension (%) aux déplacements internes par mohaFazat (% déplacés internes par rapport à la population avant la guerre ............................................................. 68 FONDATION pour la RECHERCHE STRATÉGIQUE 4 Avant-propos Cette étude a été réalisée par une équipe pilotée par la Fondation pour la recherche stratégique entre avril et juillet 2016. Cependant, si les choses ont évolué depuis un an, aucun des événements advenus (la chute d’Alep que nous pressentions, l’aFFaiblissement notable de Daech, l’attaque chimique du régime sur Khan Cheikhoun et la riposte immédiate des Etats-Unis, etc.) ne remet en cause les conclusions de ce travail. La seule certitude est que rien ne sera plus comme avant. La guerre civile et révolutionnaire qui déchire la Syrie depuis 2011 s’est cristallisée dans un espace de destructions massives et de Fronts multiples à l’évolution aléatoire. L’État islamique a reculé à Kobané, à Palmyre, à Dabiq, à Falloujah en Irak et est en passe de perdre Mossoul. Il n’en conserve pas moins un grand territoire. Le régime syrien a progressé (avec l’aide de l’aviation russe) sur la Frontière turque et a desserré l’étau de l’axe Alep-Homs. Il a repris Palmyre et Alep-Est, au prix de rudes combats. Cependant, les autres groupes, bien qu’aFFaiblis, Armée syrienne libre (ASL) et des mouvements islamistes dont Jabhat Al-Nosra devenu Fatah al-Cham, mettent maintenant la pression autour de Damas et sur le Golan. Le pays urbain (75 % de la population en 2011) n’est plus qu’un champ de ruines, les 7 millions de réFugiés répertoriés s’entassent dans des camps à l’intérieur (1,2 million dans la banlieue de Damas) et à l’extérieur du pays (Liban, Turquie, Jordanie essentiellement). Les capacités industrielles et les inFrastructures sont presque entièrement détruites. À cela, il Faut ajouter la perte sèche en capacité de travail et en bouches supplémentaires en contrepartie, qui aggrave la situation économique globale, sans oublier que le soldat au Front ne produit pas non plus. Dans cette désolation, les acteurs étrangers jouent leur partition. Le Hezbollah et l’Iran soutiennent massivement et à bout de bras le régime avec désormais l’appui aérien de la Russie. Une coalition internationale (dont la France est partie) combat l’État islamique par des opérations aériennes et l’appui ponctuel à certains groupes d’opposition et aux Forces Kurdes, tout en cherchant une solution politique qui peine à venir. La Syrie n’est pas la seule concernée par cette crise, la déstabilisation pèse désormais sur toute la région : Liban, au premier cheF, Jordanie, Irak et Sud de la Turquie – ce dernier pays ayant décidé de peser militairement sur l’avenir du pays avec en ligne de mire les Kurdes de Syrie. Avec la crise des réFugiés, l’Europe est également ébranlée. Seule véritable inconnue, l’élection de Donald Trump à la présidence des États-Unis ne laisse pas d’inquiéter les observateurs attentiFs. Soucieux d’un rapprochement avec la Russie, le président américain s’est montré partisan de la création de zones tampons pour les réFugiés (vieux dossier de l’administration Obama) et de Frappes conjointes contre Daech, mais rien de tout cela ne semblait avoir d’armature. La riposte américaine brutale à la nouvelle attaque chimique du régime sur sa propre population ne peut encore être lue clairement. S’agit-il d’une réaction émotionnelle du Président FONDATION pour la RECHERCHE STRATÉGIQUE 5 La « Syrie utile » : éléments pour des solutions de sortie de crise et de son entourage qui ont vu dans cette Frappe la possibilité de démontrer que Trump était capable de décider et d’agir vite contrairement à Obama dans la même situation ou bien l’amorce d’un mouvement plus coordonné et de moyen terme ? La nouvelle position américaine vis-à-vis de la Syrie reste à écrire. EnFin, le plus souvent, la guerre en Syrie – à la Fois guerre civile et guerre internationalisée – n’est vue que par le petit bout de la lorgnette jihadiste ou le télescope du grand aFFrontement sunno-chiite global dans lequel la bataille ultime en Syrie serait celle du jugement dernier de l’Apocalypse. Nous avons voulu dépasser ce cadre en Faisant apparaître des Facettes plus complexes. Pourquoi partir de la « Syrie utile » – notion déFendue par diFFérents protagonistes, dont Damas, et certains acteurs internationaux engagés dans le conFlit ? En réalité nous avons essayé de donner un éclairage général de la question syrienne ; non point tant concernant le passé que pour son avenir. De Fait, la « Syrie utile » a toujours été abordée sans être déFinie, comme allant de soi. Aujourd’hui, ce concept peut s’entendre de diFFérentes manières. Le plus souvent elle se réFère à l’espace contrôlé par le régime syrien. Mais cette notion
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