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Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León Facultad De Ciencias Forestales Subdirección De Posgrado

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Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León Facultad De Ciencias Forestales Subdirección De Posgrado UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FORESTALES SUBDIRECCIÓN DE POSGRADO DIVERSIDAD DE MACROMICETOS EN EL ESTADO DE TAMAULIPAS, MÉXICO DIVERSITY OF MACROFUNGI IN THE TAMAULIPAS STATE, MEXICO TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS CON ESPECIALIDAD EN MANEJO DE RECURSOS NATURALES PRESENTA: M.C. JESÚS GARCÍA JIMÉNEZ LINARES, NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO JUNIO, 2013 El presente estudio se realizó a través de más de 30 años de trabajo de campo y de laboratorio. La mayor parte de las especies citadas en este estudio han sido recolectadas, registradas y debidamente identificadas por el autor. Los especímenes registrados en el estudio son parte de las colecciones micológicas de diferentes herbarios pero principalmente pertenecen al herbario “José Castillo Tovar” (ITCV) del Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria, en Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. Los datos e información incluidos en esta tesis son responsabilidad absoluta de quien los presenta. Por lo que quiero hacer constar la originalidad del estudio desarrollado a través de estos últimos años. Se ha otorgado el debido crédito a los autores de los diferentes artículos y libros mencionados, estos han sido referidos de manera fiel y coherente en los diversos capítulos de la tesis. DEDICATORIA Dedico la presente investigación al querido maestro José Castillo Tovar QEPD por todo el apoyo recibido durante mi formación profesional por sus enseñanzas en la ciencia de la micología y la incondicional amistad brindada durante muchos años de mi vida. A mis padres José García Padilla QEPD y María Teresa Jiménez García QEPD, por otorgarme la vida y el sustento durante toda mi vida estudiantil y por permitirme con su ejemplo y con todos sus anhelos, formarme como una persona de bien. A mi esposa Paula Imelda Morales Flores, por su amor, toda la vida compartida, el apoyo y la tolerancia hacia mí, en la mayor parte de los años vividos. A mis hijos Leccinum Jesús García Morales e Irmin Elihú García Morales, por su amor, por el alto significado que le han dado a mi vida y por su estímulo constante durante toda su vida. A mi nuera Alejandra Escobar Morín por su nobleza y atención personal y por permitirme compartir la vida con mi nieto Lex (Lexito), quien le otorga un valor más a mi existencia en esta fase de la vida. A mis hermanos María Teresa, Máximo QEPD, José, Rosa Carmen y Antonia por el amor fraternal de toda la vida. A todos ellos y con todo agradecimiento dedico el presente estudio. AGRADECIMIENTOS Se agradece a todas las personas que contribuyeron de una u otra forma en el estudio, entre los que se incluye a las siguientes: Dr. Eduardo Estrada Castillón, Dr. Fortunato Garza Ocañas, Dr. Cesar Cantú Ayala, Dr. José G. Marmolejo, Dr. Enrique Jurado Ybarra, Dr. Gastón Guzmán Huerta, Dra. Laura Guzmán–Dávalos, Dr. Ricardo Valenzuela Garza, Dr. Joaquín Cifuentes Blanco, Dr. José Guadalupe Martínez Avalos, Dr. Gonzalo Guevara Guerrero, Dr. Jacinto Treviño Carreón, Dr. Arnulfo Moreno Valdés, Dr. Felipe San Martín González, Dra. Olivia Rodríguez, Dr. Efrén Cázares González, Dr. Rolf Singer, Dr. Gregory M. Mueller, Dr. James M. Trappe, Dr. Michael A. Castellano y muchas otras personas que de manera parcial o eventual apoyaron en las actividades de campo y publicaciones de este estudio. Se agradece al CONACYT y a las Autoridades de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, las facilidades y el apoyo económico brindados durante el período del estudio doctoral. Se agradece al ANUIES y a la DGEST por el apoyo otorgado al cuerpo académico “Manejo de Recursos Naturales” y a la RED ACADEMICA de “Sistemática y Ecología en Comunidades Forestales y Cultivos” en el grupo correspondiente al Instituto Tecnológico de Cd. Victoria por el apoyo recibido durante los últimos años. A las Autoridades del Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria y del Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica por las facilidades brindadas durante el período de este estudio. García Jiménez, J. 2013. Diversidad de macromicetos en el Estado de Tamaulipas, México. Tesis Doctoral. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, U.A.N.L. CONTENIDO Contenido…………………………………………………………………………….....i Resumen General………………………………………………………………………1 General Summary……………………………………………………………………..2 Capítulo 1. Introducción General…………………………………………………......3 Objetivos generales………………………………………………………………6 Hipótesis…………………………………………………………………………7 Estructura de la tesis …………………………………………………………….7 Literatura citada…………………………………………………………….......11 Capítulo 2. Diversidad de macromicetos en el Estado de Tamaulipas, México….35 Resumen………………………………………………………………………..35 Abstract……………………………………………………………………...…35 Introducción…………………………………………………………………....36 Antecedentes…………………………………………………………………...38 Estudios en Latinoamérica……………………………………………..38 Estudios en México………………………………………………….....39 Estudios en Tamaulipas……………………………………………......43 Objetivos…………………………………………………………………….....44 Materiales y Métodos………………………………………………………......44 a) Área de estudio…………………………………………………….44 Mapa del Estado de Tamaulipas y las áreas de estudio…………...47 Localidades de estudio, ubicación geográfica y vegetación……....48 b) Trabajo de Campo………………………………………………....50 c) Trabajo de Laboratorio…………………………………………….51 d) Estudios taxonómicos……………………………………………...52 e) Trabajo de herbario y Gabinete…………………………………….53 f) Análisis estadístico………………………………………………...53 Resultados.…………………………………………………………..................54 Diversidad de macromicetos ………………………………………54 i García Jiménez, J. 2013. Diversidad de macromicetos en el Estado de Tamaulipas, México. Tesis Doctoral. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, U.A.N.L. Tabla I. Familias, géneros y especies registradas…………...……56 Tabla II. Diversidad fúngica por tipo de vegetación…………........59 Ecología de las especies estudiadas………………………………59 Hongos ectomicorrizógenos……………………………………….60 Hongos saprofíticos………………………………………………..62 Hongos parásitos…………………………………………………..66 Aspectos biogeográficos…………………………………………..67 Especies endémicas……………………………………………......67 La diversidad fúngica en las localidades estudiadas……………….68 Análisis estadístico…………………………………………………70 Dendrograma de clasificación de comunidades vegetales según su diversidad fúngica……………………………….………..75 Discusión………………………………………………………………..….......76 Conclusiones ……………………………………………………………….......77 Literatura citada………………………………………………………………...78 Agradecimientos………………………………………………………………..95 Anexo 1. Listado taxonómico de las especies y su hábitat………..96 Capítulo 3. Distribución ecológica de macrohongos ectomicorrízógenos en bosques tropicales y templados de Tamaulipas, México…………………..…...136 Resumen…………………………………………………………………........136 Abstract .………………………………………………… ………..……........137 Introducción………………………………………………………………......137 Aspectos de la diversidad micológica de México………………..137 Hongos ectomicorrizógenos………………………………………138 La vegetación y los hongos ectomicorrizógenos en México y en Tamaulipas… …………………………………………………….138 Características fisiográficas y la vegetación……………………...142 ii García Jiménez, J. 2013. Diversidad de macromicetos en el Estado de Tamaulipas, México. Tesis Doctoral. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, U.A.N.L. Materiales y métodos……………………………………………….………..143 Localización del área de estudio……………………………........145 Mapa 1. Localización de los principales sitios de muestreo……..145 Tabla1. Localización de los sitios de muestreo…………………...146 Resultados………………………………………………….........................148 Consideraciones taxonómicas…………………………………….150 Distribución geográfica y ecológica………………………….......151 Taxonomía y ecología de las especies de hongos estudiadas…….155 Discusión………………………………………………………….172 Conclusiones……………………………………………………...173 Literatura citada…………………………………………………..174 Agradecimientos…………………………………………...……...185 Capítulo 4. Diversidad y biogeografía de los Boletales de los estados de Tamaulipas, Nuevo León y Coahuila, México..……………………...186 Resumen…………………………………………………………………….186 Abstract……………………………………………………………………..187 Introducción …………………………………………………………..........188 Materiales y métodos……………………………………………………….190 Trabajo de campo y laboratorio ………………………………….190 Mapa de las localidades del área de estudio……………………...191 Tabla I. Localidades de estudio en el noreste de México………...192 Resultados………………………………………………………………….194 Tabla II. Boletales de los estados de Tamaulipas, Nuevo León y Coahuila, de acuerdo al ordenamiento filogenético propuesto por Binder & Hibbett (2006)……………194 Tabla III. Diversidad de Boletales en México y en el área de estudio ………………………………………........204 iii García Jiménez, J. 2013. Diversidad de macromicetos en el Estado de Tamaulipas, México. Tesis Doctoral. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, U.A.N.L. Tabla IV. Diversidad de Boletales con riqueza estatal……....204 Tabla V. Riqueza taxonómica y distribución porcentual de los Boletales en México y los estados del noreste………..204 Discusión …………………………………………………………………..205 TaxonomÍa y diversidad………………………………………205 Aspectos ecológicos…………………………………………...207 Consideraciones biogeográficas……………………………….210 Conclusiones………………………………………………………………..213 Literatura citada……………………………………………………………214 Agradecimientos …………………………………………………………...223 Capítulo 5. Dos especies nuevas del género Boletus (Agaricomycetes, Boletales) en México. ……………………………………………………………….....224 Resumen…………………………………………………………………….224 Abstract……………………………………………………………………..225 Introducción………………………………………………………….......... 225 Materiales y métodos……………………………………………………….226 Resultados…………………………………………………………………..227 Descripción de las especies…………………………………………….227 Boletus
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