Gasteromycetes) of Alberta and Northwest Montana
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University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1975 A preliminary study of the flora and taxonomy of the order Lycoperdales (Gasteromycetes) of Alberta and northwest Montana William Blain Askew The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Askew, William Blain, "A preliminary study of the flora and taxonomy of the order Lycoperdales (Gasteromycetes) of Alberta and northwest Montana" (1975). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6854. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6854 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE FLORA AND TAXONOMY OF THE ORDER LYCOPERDALES (GASTEROMYCETES) OF ALBERTA AND NORTHWEST MONTANA By W. Blain Askew B,Ed., B.Sc,, University of Calgary, 1967, 1969* Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1975 Approved 'by: Chairman, Board of Examiners ■ /Y, / £ 2 £ Date / UMI Number: EP37655 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT OtasaruUEion Awbliahmg UMI EP37655 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 \ 4 ABSTRACT Askew, ¥. Blain, M.A., 1975. Botany A Preliminary Study of the Flora and Taxonomy of the Order Lycoperdales (Casteromycetes) of Alberta and Northwest Montana Director: Orson K, Miller, Jr. Casteromycetes in the Order Lycoperdales were collected during four field seasons from 1971 to 1974, in Alberta and Northwest Montana. Thirty—three species in nine genera, including G-eastrum, Radiigera, Calbovista, Mycenastrum, Calvatia, Bovista. Disciseda, Vascellum, and Lycoperdon, were identified. At least twenty new records of occurrence are reported for the study area. Peridial tissue systems of species in the Mycenastraceae and Lycoperdaceae are newly described. Information on the develop ment and morphology of tissues is presented which suggests a number of new relationships among the genera and species of the Lycoperdales. A complete description of all tissues of Disciseda defodiodis is reported for the first time. Substrates and habitats are described for each species. In addition, new ecological information is presented, including observed fruiting periods, and sporophore development under field conditions. Camera lucida drawings along with some black and white photo graphs of salient taxonomic features are included. 1 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express sincere appreciation to my thesis director. Dr. 0. K. Miller, Jr., for introducing me to the fungi, and for his assistance and direction throughout my studies. I thank Dr. S. J. Preece, Chairman of the Botany Department, and Dr. J. P. Tibhs, Director of the Biological Station, for their assistance and guidance during my graduate program. Thanks are also due to the many students at the Biological Station, who provided a number of specimens for my investigations. I am grateful to my wife Leita, for her assistance with many of the technical aspects of this paper, for proofreading, and for constant encouragement. The loan of specimens from the USDA National Fungus Collections, Beltsville^ Maryland, made confirmations of many species possible and is greatly appreciated. I l l CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................. iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS........................................... vi LIST OF P L A T E S ................................................. vxi Chapter I. INTRODUCTION............................................. 1 Scope of the P r o b l e m .................... 1 Review of the M o d e m Literature ........................ 2 The Study A r e a ........................................ 4 Alpine Tundra ........................................ 4 Krummholz .................................. ..... 5 Low—Alpine and Foothills Forest ...................... 5 Aspen Parklands...................................... 5 Northern Coniferous Forest .......................... 6 Transition Zones .................................... 6 Habitats and Distribution .............................. 7 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................... 9 III. TAXONOMY OF THE ORDER LYCOPERDALES...................... 12 Family I, G e a s t r a c e a e ................................ 13 Geastrum P e r s o o n .................................... 13 Family II. Mesophelliaceae............................ 27 Radiigera Zeller .................................... 27 Family III. Mycenastraceae............................ 30 Calbovista Morse .................................... 30 Mycenastrum Desvaux .................................. 34 Family IV. Lycoperdaceae .............................. 37 Calvatia Fries ...................................... 38 Bovista Persoon ....................................... 5 5 Disciseda C z e m i a i e v ................................ 67 Vascellum S m a r d a .................................... 74 Lycoperdon Toumefort ex Persoon .................... 77 IV. CONCLUSIONS............................................... 100 XV ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................... 104 PLATES ......................................................... 148 LITERATURE C I T E D ............................................... 156 V LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. The Study Area in the Pacific Northwest................... 104 2. Vegetation Regions in the Study A r e a ..................... 106 3. Cross-Sectional Illustrations of Features Characteristic of the Geastraceae, Mesophelliaceae, and Lycoperdaceae....................................... 108 4. Schematic Illustrations of Terminology Applying to Geastrum spp.......................................... 110 5. Schematic Illustrations of Terminology Applying to Spore Ornamentation ................................ 112 6. Spores of Geastrum spp. and Radiigera f u s c o g l e b a ......... 114 7. Spores of Calbovista subsculpta. Mycenastrum corium, and Calvatia spp................................ 116 8. Spores of Bovista spp. and Disciseda spp. ........... 118 9. Spores of Vascellum curtisii and Lycoperdon spp............ 120 10. Basidia of Geastrum spp. and Radiigera fuscogleba ........ 122 11. Basidia of Mycenastrum corium, Calvatia fumosa. and Bovista spp.......................................... 124 12. Basidia of Disciseda defodiodis and Lycoperdon spp........ 126 13- Capillitium of Geastrum spp, and Radiigera f u s c o g l e b a ............................................. 128 14- Capillitium of Calbovista subsculpta, Mycenastrum corium, and Calvatia spp................................ 130 15- Capillitium of Calvatia spp................................ 132 16. Capillitium of Bovista spp................................. 134 17. Complete Capillitial Units of Bovista echine11a .......... 136 18. Capillitium of Disciseda spp. and Lycoperdon spp........... 138 19. Peridial Cells of Calbovista subsculpta and Calvatia spp............................................. 140 20. Peridial Cells of Bovista spp. and Disciseda defodiodis .................................. 142 21i Peridial Cells of Vascellum curtisii and Lycoperdon spp....................................... 144 22. Peridial Cells of Lycoperdon spp........................... I46 VI LIST OF PLATES Plate 1. Capillitial Elements of Calbovista snbscnlnta and Mycenastrum c o r i u m ................................ 148 2. Capillitial Elements of Bovista minor and B. pila ........................................... 150 5. Capillitial Elements of Bovista plumbea and tomentosa ...................................... 152 4. Geastrum pectinatum mature; endoperidial tissue of Calbovista subsculpta ........................ 154 V l l CHAPTER I IHTRODUCTIOH Scope of the Problem Until this study was begun, the Gasteromycete fungi had not been collected and studied to any significant extent in Alberta. Except for the Nidulariaceae (Brodie 1966—70), there are no published accounts of the Alberta species. Available data on the Gasteromycetes of the Pacific Northwestern States is incomplete. In the light of the unique and varied combinations of habitat and climate that exist in the area, these deficiencies leave a serious gap in the floristic knowledge of the North American fungi. Published taxonomic accounts of the Gasteromycetes have tradi tionally been based on the gross morphology of the fruiting body and the microscopic character of spores and capillitium. Only very recently have attempts been made to use peridial cell characteristics as integral components