The Vocabulary of Targum Onkelos, the Oldest Extant Jewish Aramaic Translation of the Pentateuch, Has Been an Object of Study for Centuries
INTRODUCTION The vocabulary of Targum Onkelos, the oldest extant Jewish Aramaic translation of the Pentateuch, has been an object of study for centuries. The Babylonian Talmud contains observations on particular words and passages, and in the medieval period luminaries such as Maimonides and Rashi used the targum extensively and made comments on its wording. During the Renaissance, Elias Levita’s Meturgeman (1541) inaugurated a more systematic approach to Targumic Aramaic lexicography and included a large part of Onkelos’s vocabulary, with exemplification. He was followed by others, including Johannes Buxtorf’s Lexicon chaldaicum, talmudicum et rabbinicum (1639-40), which, in various editions, served scholars for several generations.1 In the modern period, the vocabulary of Onkelos has been treated by J. Levy,2 Marcus Jastrow,3 and Gustav Dalman.4 Levy’s work was devoted solely to the targumim, and included, besides Onkelos, the vocabulary of Targum Jonathan to the Prophets, the Palestinian Targums known to him (i.e., Targum Pseudo-Jonathan and the Fragment-Targum), and the Targums to the Writings. Jastrow and Dalman, in the tradition of Buxtorf, attempted to treat all the vocabulary found in rabbinic literature, both Hebrew and Aramaic. Dalman evinced an awareness of the importance of using reliable manuscripts, although he did not always do this consistently; and, unlike his predecessors, Dalman cited his sources. For Onkelos, he used Ms. Socin 84, in the possession of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft.5 Still, although targum studies and Aramaic lexicography have made great strides since the time of Dalman and Jastrow, no dictionary has ever 1 The most recent edition is Joannis Buxtorfii Lexicon chaldaicum, talmudicum et rabbinicum, ed.
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