Safety Engineering of Anthropogenic Objects Volume 4/2020
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Detecting and Avoiding Killer Asteroids
Target Earth! Detecting and Avoiding Killer Asteroids by Trudy E. Bell (Copyright 2013 Trudy E. Bell) ARTH HAD NO warning. When a mountain- above 2000°C and triggering earthquakes and volcanoes sized asteroid struck at tens of kilometers (miles) around the globe. per second, supersonic shock waves radiated Ocean water suctioned from the shoreline and geysered outward through the planet, shock-heating rocks kilometers up into the air; relentless tsunamis surged e inland. At ground zero, nearly half the asteroid’s kinetic energy instantly turned to heat, vaporizing the projectile and forming a mammoth impact crater within minutes. It also vaporized vast volumes of Earth’s sedimentary rocks, releasing huge amounts of carbon dioxide and sulfur di- oxide into the atmosphere, along with heavy dust from both celestial and terrestrial rock. High-altitude At least 300,000 asteroids larger than 30 meters revolve around the sun in orbits that cross Earth’s. Most are not yet discovered. One may have Earth’s name written on it. What are engineers doing to guard our planet from destruction? winds swiftly spread dust and gases worldwide, blackening skies from equator to poles. For months, profound darkness blanketed the planet and global temperatures dropped, followed by intense warming and torrents of acid rain. From single-celled ocean plank- ton to the land’s grandest trees, pho- tosynthesizing plants died. Herbivores starved to death, as did the carnivores that fed upon them. Within about three years—the time it took for the mingled rock dust from asteroid and Earth to fall out of the atmosphere onto the ground—70 percent of species and entire genera on Earth perished forever in a worldwide mass extinction. -
Kessler Syndrome
Kessler Syndrome March 20, 2021 What is Kessler Syndrome? The Kessler syndrome, also called the Kessler effect, collisional cascading or ablation cascade, is a scenario in which the density of objects in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is high enough that collisions between objects could cause a cascade where each collision generates space debris that increases the likelihood of further collisions. Who proposed it? It is a theory proposed by NASA scientist Donald J. Kessler in 1978, used to describe a self-sustaining cascading collision of space debris in LEO. In an article published on June 1, 1978 in the American Journal of Geophysical Research, the authors Donald J. Kessler and Burton G. Cour-Palais, two NASA experts, identified the risk of an exponential increase in the number of space debris or orbital debris under the effect of mutual collisions. The two authors believed that a belt formed by these objects or fragments of objects around the Earth would soon form. Eventually threatening space activities, this phenomenon will be popularized a few years later under the name of Kessler syndrome Implications One implication is that the distribution of debris in orbit could render space activities and the use of satellites in specific orbital ranges impractical for many generations. The Kessler syndrome is troublesome because of the domino effect and feedback runaway wherein impacts between objects of sizable mass spall off debris from the force of the collision Every satellite, space probe, and manned mission has the potential to produce space debris. A cascading Kessler syndrome becomes more likely as satellites in orbit increase in number. -
Solving the Space Debris Crisis Paul B
Journal of Air Law and Commerce Volume 83 | Issue 3 Article 2 2018 Solving the Space Debris Crisis Paul B. Larsen Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc Part of the Air and Space Law Commons Recommended Citation Paul B. Larsen, Solving the Space Debris Crisis, 83 J. Air L. & Com. 475 (2018) https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol83/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Air Law and Commerce by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. SOLVING THE SPACE DEBRIS CRISIS PAUL B. LARSEN* ABSTRACT Space debris is a growing public safety problem. As described by the Kessler Syndrome,1 the increasing accumulation of debris will soon hinder and eventually preclude access to outer space unless the trend is swiftly reversed. The Inter-Agency Space Deb- ris Coordination Committee’s (IADC) Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines, as adopted by the United Nations (UN) Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), are voluntary but are enforced as mandatory regulations by major space pow- ers; however, the guidelines only apply to new debris. The Euro- pean Space Agency’s (ESA) 2017 Space Debris Conference concluded that existing space debris guidelines are inadequate and must be further strengthened in order to successfully con- trol space debris.2 * The author taught air and space law for more than forty years respectively at Southern Methodist University and at Georgetown University. -
Call Duty Back Ops 2 for Pc Download MULTIPLAYER
call duty back ops 2 for pc download MULTIPLAYER. In Call of Duty®: Ghosts multiplayer, customize your soldier and squad for the first time. Level environments are more realistic and immersive than ever before. Your Soldier. CREATE-A-SOLDIER. In Call of Duty®: Ghosts you don't just create a class, you create a soldier. Choose the head, body type, head-gear and equipment, and you can even create a female soldier for the first time. With over 20,000 possible combinations, you can create the soldier you've always wanted. And each soldier you create will also have his or her own load outs. KILL STREAKS, ADVANCED WEAPONRY & PERKS. There are over 20 NEW Kill Streaks in Call of Duty®: Ghosts — such as Juggernaut Maniac, Helo-Scout, Vulture and the ODIN Strike. You can even bring in Riley, from the single-player campaign, as your guard dog to warn you and attack when enemies are near. Scorestreaks are back, and can now be customized – to alter performance attributes or increase the power of a particular streak. The new Perks System has a value from 1 to 5, and you have 8 points to allocate. You could also choose to get rid of your secondary weapon and get up to 11 perks. SQUADS. Squads introduces a whole new level of competition to Call of Duty. We've taken the best parts of the Multiplayer experience and combined that with a vastly improved AI and our new mechanic of creating your own squad-mates. All the hard work you've put into customizing, playing, and prestiging your squad can now be put to use on a brand new playing field. -
COMMITTEE on the PEACEFUL USES of OUTER SPACE Chaired by Alan Lai
COMMITTEE ON THE PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE Chaired by Alan Lai Session XXII Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Topic A: Regulating the Militarization of Outer Space Topic B: R egulating Commercial Activity in Outer Space Committee Overview ad hoc committee, with 18 inaugural members, including the two major parties The United Nations Committee on involved in the space race: the United States the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space of America and the Soviet Union. In 1959, (COPUOS) was set up by the United the U.N. General Assembly officially Nations General Assembly in 1959. established COPUOS as a permanent body, Founded because of the implications that which had 24 members at that time.1 the successful launch of Sputnik had for the COPUOS now has 87 members, and world, COPUOS’s mission is to review maintains its goal as “a focal point for international cooperation in peaceful uses international cooperation in the peaceful of outer space, to study spacerelated exploration and use of outer space, activities that could be undertaken by the maintaining close contacts with United Nations, to encourage space governmental and nongovernmental research programmes, and to study legal organizations concerned with outer space problems arising from the exploration of activities, providing for exchange of 1 outer space. information relating to outer space The United Nations realized early on activities and assisting in the study of that space would be the next frontier for measures for the promotion of international exploration, and so it has been involved in cooperation in those activities.”2 In addition space activities since the beginning of the to being one of the largest committees in space age. -
Download Battlefield Black Ops 2 Pc Call of Duty: Black Ops 3 Eclipse DLC Pack 2 Available Now on Xbox One and PC
download battlefield black ops 2 pc Call of Duty: Black Ops 3 Eclipse DLC Pack 2 available now on Xbox One and PC. Call of Duty: Black Ops 3 Eclipse DLC, the second downloadable content pack, is available now on Xbox One and PC. Eclipse DLC Pack 2 brings four multiplayer maps, including a remake of Call of Duty: World at War’s Banzai, and an all new Zombies experience, Zetsubou No Shima. For Eclipse DLC Pack 2, the DLC is a separate download from game updates. Eclipse DLC pack is around 7.92GB (size varies by region) and can be downloaded via the Xbox One Store, Steam, or the in-game store. Multiplayer Maps: Spire : Spire takes Multiplayer combat to a futuristic sub-orbital airport terminal set high in the clouds. Multiple levels and open areas promote intense, mid-range combat around a clean, high-tech civilian environment. Watch your step, because one wrong move could send you plummeting back through the stratosphere. Watch the preview trailer here. Rift : Head to the core of a harsh futuristic military complex, set high above an active caldera. Rift funnels and forces tight, intense engagements, where the only way through is forward. Utilize the unique core movement opportunities to outsmart and outplay enemies as you traverse the suspended rail system. Watch the preview trailer here. Knockout : Housed in a traditional Shaolin Temple with a retro twist, Knockout sets the stage for a bloody Kung Fu tournament. This mid-sized map showcases a sharp contrast between the mid-range engagements of the traditional exterior architecture and the tight close-quarters of an eclectic 1970’s styled interior. -
Humanity, Fuck Yeah!
HUMANS, FUCK YEAH No. 2709630, 2008/10/01 (02:55) Author: Anonymous “Humans are insane. You see, Humans have this concept called “Vengeance”. Once, a Vuux warship blew away one of their early colony ships. Fifty Terran geo-helio-cycles later, without a word, they glassed the entirety of the Vuux homeworld and called it even. Not one senator in the Union even dared bring it up with their ambassador. They have no com- punction to follow the Concord of Equal Force!” “The Human muscle-to-mass ratio is incomprehensible. Their world must have been at least half-again as large as ours. Their biology defies reason, they breathe oxygen and yet can swim in liquids without trouble. They can kill with their manipulator extremities, and more. One prisoner slammed his brain case into a guard, and then beat them to death with his bare hands.” “Of all the violence-capable sophont clades, Humans are the only ones who strap themselves into armored shells and drop out of the atmosphere onto enemy positions. And that’s only after they soften up any ground re- sistance with orbital bombardment. We are certain that they have secretly developed mind-upload technology (and thus a kind of technical immortal- ity). The other possibility, that they are willing to throw themselves into the path of anti-starship weapons without hesitation and risk their con- sciousnesses, is unthinkable.” “I once met a Human at a waystation on a Class 1 world. It did some kind of rough work for one of their colonies. It called itself a “search and retrieval expert” but I’m guessing the translation software couldn’t find the proper words. -
June 2019 - March 2020
Geography (PRE-Cure) June 2019 - March 2020 Visit our website www.sleepyclasses.com or our YouTube channel for entire GS Course FREE of cost Also Available: Prelims Crash Course || Prelims Test Series Table of Contents 1. Quadilateral Meet ......................................1 34. National Freight Index: By Rivigo Logistics 2. Organisation Of Islamic Corporation ...1 12 3. New START (Strategic Arms Reduction 35. Kaladan Multimodal Project ...................13 Treaty) ...........................................................1 36. Summer Solstice 2019 .............................13 4. Siachen Glacier ...........................................2 37. Unique Flood Hazard Atlas: Odisha ......13 5. Mount Etna ..................................................2 38. G20 Summit 2019 ....................................13 6. NASA (Insight) Mission .............................3 39. Fortified Rice ...............................................15 7. Air Traffic Management ............................3 40. Space Activities Bill, 2017 .......................15 8. International Renewable Energy Agency 41. Outer Space Treaty ....................................16 (IRENA) .........................................................4 42. Falcon Heavy ...............................................16 9. Pacific Ring Of Fire .....................................4 43. Solar-Powered Sail .....................................17 10. G20 ................................................................5 44. Deep Space Atomic Clock ........................17 11. -
Small Satellites and Space Debris Mitigation
chapter 11 Small Satellites and Space Debris Mitigation Cordula Steinkogler* i Introduction Almost six decades of spaceflight have left a large quantity of debris in outer space. Due to the continuous increase in space activities, the amount of space debris is constantly growing. While in 2005 the total mass of catalogued objects in Earth orbit was an estimated 5,000 tons, this number had risen to approxi- mately 6,000 tons by 2010 and amounts to over 6,600 tons today.1 At present, approximately 17,000 space objects with sizes ranging from a few centimetres to several meters are officially catalogued.2 Of these, however, only approximately * The author would like to thank Prof Otto Koudelka (Graz University of Technology), Dr Manuel Metz (German Aerospace Center), Attila Matas (ITU) and Vladimir Agapov (Russian Academy of Sciences) for the valuable advice and useful material they provided on technical matters. 1 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ‘Monthly Effective Mass of Objects in Earth Orbit by Region’ (Orbital Debris Quarterly News, January 2015) <http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa .gov/newsletter/newsletter.html>. 2 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ‘Satellite Box Score’ (Orbital Debris Quarterly News, January 2015) <http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/newsletter.html>. See also United States Strategic Command, ‘Satellite Situation Report’ <https://www.space-track.org> (as of 6 June 2015). Note that according to the esa space debris risk assessment model esa MASTER 2009 the current number of space objects larger than 10 cm is approximately 29,000. See Institute of Aerospace Systems – Technische Universität Braunschweig, Maintenance of the esa MASTER Model – Final Report (European Space Agency 2011) 336. -
AAS Paper Kessler Syndromefinalfinal
(Preprint) AAS 10-016 THE KESSLER SYNDROME: IMPLICATIONS TO FUTURE SPACE OPERATIONS Donald J. Kessler,* Nicholas L. Johnson,† and J.-C. Liou,‡ and Mark Matney ☺ The term “Kessler Syndrome” is an orbital debris term that has become popular outside the professional orbital debris community without ever having a strict definition. The intended definition grew out of a 1978 JGR paper predicting that fragments from random collisions between catalogued objects in low Earth orbit would become an important source of small debris beginning in about the year 2000, and that afterwards, “…the debris flux will increase exponentially with time, even though a zero net input may be maintained”. The purpose of this pa- per is to clarify the intended definition of the term, to put the implications into perspective after 30 years of research by the international scientific community, and to discuss what this research may mean to future space operations. The conclusion is reached that while popular use of the term may have exaggerated and distorted the conclusions of the 1978 paper, the result of all research to date confirms that we are now entering a time when the orbital debris environment will increasingly be controlled by random collisions. Without adequate collision avoidance capabilities, control of the future environment requires that we fully implement current mitigation guidelines by not leaving future payloads and rocket bodies in orbit after their useful life. In addition, we will likely be re- quired to return some objects already in orbit. INTRODUCTION Since the beginning of the space program through the 1970’s, it was generally believed that NORAD was tracking all man-made objects in Earth orbit and that the catalogued objects repre- sented the major collision threat to other operational spacecraft. -
The Existence and Dangers of the Accumulation of Space Debris in Low Earth Orbit and How Analogies Can Be Used to Better Explain Complexities in New Technologies
The Existence and Dangers of the Accumulation of Space Debris in Low Earth Orbit and How Analogies Can Be Used to Better Explain Complexities in New Technologies A Research Paper submitted to the Department of Engineering and Society Presented to the Faculty of the School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia • Charlottesville, Virginia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science, School of Engineering Colin Purcell Spring 2021 On my honor as a University Student, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this assignment as defined by the Honor Guidelines for Thesis-Related Assignments Advisor Kathryn A. Neeley, Associate Professor of STS, Department of Engineering and Society Overcrowding of Low Earth Orbit Governments, civilians and especially private companies are launching rockets and satellites at unprecedented rates (Stephen Clark, 2021, n.p). This rise is shown in Figure 1 and is predominantly caused by the increase in spacecraft launched by private companies. These satellites serve many purposes such as communication, imagery and even global wifi in the near future. While these spacecraft provide many benefits, some trouble will arise in the future if more attention is not paid to the potential for overcrowding space. Of the 2,666 satellites in orbit around the Earth, 1,918 or 72% are in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (Datta, 2020). This congestion has the potential to lead to collisions between spacecraft causing damage and even destroying operational satellites. Figure 1: Number of spacecraft launched per year by different groups (Lafleur, 2017) This image shows the progression of how many spacecraft were launched each year from the beginning of space exploration to 2017. -
Outer Space: How Shall the World's Governments Establish Order Among Competing Interests?
Washington International Law Journal Volume 29 Number 1 12-23-2019 Outer Space: How Shall the World's Governments Establish Order Among Competing Interests? Paul B. Larsen Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj Part of the Air and Space Law Commons Recommended Citation Paul B. Larsen, Outer Space: How Shall the World's Governments Establish Order Among Competing Interests?, 29 Wash. L. Rev. 1 (2019). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj/vol29/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at UW Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington International Law Journal by an authorized editor of UW Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright © 2019 Washington International Law Journal Association OUTER SPACE: HOW SHALL THE WORLD’S GOVERNMENTS ESTABLISH ORDER AMONG COMPETING INTERESTS? Paul B. Larsen† Abstract: We are in a period of transition in outer space; it is becoming increasingly congested. As one example, small satellites are beginning to interfere with astronomical observations. The objective of this article is to examine and evaluate how the various outer space interests interact, coordinate or conflict with each other. This article examines legal order options and the consequences of choosing among those options. Cite as: Paul B. Larsen, Outer Space: How Shall the World’s Governments Establish Order Among Competing Interests?, 29 WASH. INT’L L.J. 1 (2019). I. INTRODUCTION: WHY ORDER IN OUTER SPACE? Outer space seems unlimited; at least it so appeared in 1957 when Sputnik was launched.