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Special Political and Decolonization Committee Special Political and Decolonization Committee Topic A: Privatization of Outer Space Exploration Topic B: Opium Trade and Trafficking MUNUC 32 TABLE OF CONTENTS ______________________________________________________ Letter from the Chair………………………………………………………….. 3 Committee History………..…………………………………………………... 5 Topic A: Privatization of Outer Space Exploration…………………....… 6 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………….. 6 History of the Problem………………………………………………… 12 Past Actions…………………………………………………………….. 17 Possible Solutions………………………………………………………. 21 Bloc Positions…………………………………………………………… 24 Glossary…………………………………………………………………. 26 Bibliography……………………………………………………………. 27 Topic B: Opium Trade and Trafficking……………………………………. 33 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………….33 History of the Problem………………………………………………… 38 Past Actions…………………………………………………………….. 43 Possible Solutions………………………………………………………. 49 Bloc Positions…………………………………………………………… 52 Glossary…………………………………………………………………. 54 Bibliography……………………………………………………………. 55 2 Special Political and Decolonization Committee | MUNUC 32 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR ______________________________________________________ Dear Delegates, Welcome to the Special Political and Decolonization Committee at MUNUC XXXII. My name is Jake Walsh, and I look forward to serving as your committee chair. I am a fourth-year undergraduate at the University of Chicago studying biochemistry and computer science; this will be my second year staffing MUNUC. This year, you will have the opportunity to discuss two topics that span the wide range of subjects under the purview of the Special Political and Decolonization Committee: the burgeoning privatization of outer space exploration, and the ongoing issue of opium trade and trafficking. Both topics will require you to think creatively and develop collaborative solutions to problems without clear answers. As you reflect upon the priorities of the nations you represent while keeping in mind the particular decolonial lens of this committee, I hope you will all have the opportunity to learn from one another and engage meaningfully with these global problems. As you prepare for conference, I suggest you use this background guide as an introductory step into your own research on the topics of this committee. Although the background guide will be an invaluable starting point, you will have the best experience at conference if you have a strong understanding of your nation’s position on both topics. Thorough preparation will empower you to participate fully in the work of this committee. Whether this is your first experience with Model UN or you are veteran delegate, I encourage you to be thoughtful, detailed, and open-minded to your peers in both discussion and debate. Whether we ultimately explore the role of private enterprise in humankind’s quest to go beyond planet Earth or devise strategies to combat the opium trade’s dual crises of public health and governmental instability, I look forward to hearing your creative solutions to some of the most pressing issues of our time. Please feel free to reach out with any questions or concerns you may 3 Special Political and Decolonization Committee | MUNUC 32 have about the conference. Thank you for choosing the Special Political and Decolonization Committee! I’ll see you at MUNUC XXXII. Best, Jake Walsh 4 Special Political and Decolonization Committee | MUNUC 32 COMMITTEE HISTORY ______________________________________________________ The Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization Committee) is somewhat atypical compared to the other General Assembly committees. While the other GA committees typically have quite narrow purviews – the First Committee focuses on disarmament and security, the Second Committee on economic and financial matters, the Third Committee on social and humanitarian matters, the Fifth Committee on the budget, and the Sixth Committee on legal affairs – the Fourth Committee has a seemingly different one. The UN considers its purview to be broad enough to cover peacekeeping reform, UN Missions, mines, atomic radiation, and “information”, but what are the origins of a committee with such scattered topics of discussion? The Fourth Committee was originally founded to focus entirely on decolonization issues. The UN Trusteeship Council, one of the principal organs of the UN, was created in order to put countries in a UN controlled trust as they transitioned from colonies to sovereign nations.1 The Fourth Committee was set up in order to handle decolonization issues that fell outside the purview of the Trusteeship Council. In addition to the normal composition of the General Assembly, there were a few smaller supplemental committees – one in particular called the Special Political Committee (SPC)-designed to deal with political issues that didn’t fall under the purview of any other bodies. As trusteeship and decolonization became less of an issue, the decision was made to merge the SPC and Fourth Committee – turning them into the Special Political and Decolonization committee that exists today. 1 “Trusteeship Council.” United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/trusteeship-council/ 5 Special Political and Decolonization Committee | MUNUC 32 TOPIC A: PRIVATIZATION OF OUTER SPACE EXPLORATION ______________________________________________________ Statement of the Problem Introduction NASA has been at the forefront of science and space exploration for over 60 years. Its motto “for the benefit of all” has inspired generations of space exploration, including grand enterprises like the Apollo moon landings and the Hubble Telescope launch.2 National space agencies, such as NASA, have done incredible things, but the space exploration paradigm has recently shifted to include privately funded programs by idealistic billionaires. The private funding of space is not a new concept. In fact, this was the case since the beginning of rocketry. Robert Goddard, the Father of Rocketry, funded his research out of his own paycheck.3 In addition, modern commercial air flight is a direct result from the relationship between privatization and government-funding. World War I spurred great leaps in airplane technology and manufacturing capability. To encourage commercial use of this new capacity, the U.S. Congress passed the Air Mail Act of 1925,4 in which private companies quickly took over the air mail industry. This spurred more technological development and business, resulting in commercial passenger flights. While national space industries have accomplished marvelous feats, not much profit has been generated from these government-funded space missions. On the other hand, almost all private companies are driven solely by the profit motive. Elon Musk funded SpaceX with cash from his first project, PayPal.5 Now that SpaceX has a working heavy launch vehicle with reusable boosters, Musk is eying colonies on Mars and beyond. Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon and his Blue Origin company, performed the first successful vertical lading after spaceflight in 2015 with his Shepard 2 Deffree, Suzanne. “NASA: Revealing the Unknown to Benefit All Humankind.” EDN, www.edn.com/collections/4397490/NASA--Revealing-the-unknown-to-benefit-all-humankind. 3 Dunbar, Brian. “Robert Goddard: A Man and His Rocket.” NASA, NASA, www.nasa.gov/missions/research/f_goddard.html. 4 “AIRMAIL CREATES AN INDUSTRY: Postal Act Facts.” Postal Act Facts, Smithsonian National Museum , postalmuseum.si.edu/airmail/airmail/public/airmail_public_postal_long.html. 5 “Elon Musk.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 12 Nov. 2019, www.biography.com/business- figure/elon-musk. 6 Special Political and Decolonization Committee | MUNUC 32 rocket.6 SpaceShipOne was solely funded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, while its successor SpaceShipTwo is now owned by billionaire Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic.7 Then, there is Russian billionaire Yuri Milner and his breakthrough Starshot Program with the intention of sending the first robotic probe to another star system.8 Private companies such as these have one very large advantage over nationally funded programs: the ability to take risks. The private industry is simply less constrained by politics and public opinion than the public sector. For example, SpaceShipX recently put out a video estimating that the Flacon Heavy had a 50% chance of blowing up on the launch pad, yet Musk continued with the launch anyways.9 Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo still forges ahead, even after the fatalities of a test flight crash and an earlier tank explosion.10 Aerospace billionaires see themselves as the new Wright brothers, seeing risks and unsuccessful investments as necessary for innovation. Because of their ability to take risks, the private sector can fulfill the unaddressed needs of government space programs, creating a symbiotic relationship rather than a parasitic one. The privatization of space is both an inevitable and positive evolution during this new era of space exploration. The Existing Framework of Space Law At first, national governments dominated human activities in outer space. This framework is in the midst of major change as private enterprises develop a space infrastructure parallel to that of national agencies. The privatization of space has led to a shift in the paradigm and nowadays private enterprises have a considerable role in the space industry, usually with a predominantly commercial purpose. SpaceX, Virgin Galactic, Blue Origin, Planetary Resources, MarsOne and Deep Space Industries are only a few of the
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