chapter 11 Small Satellites and Space Debris Mitigation
Cordula Steinkogler* i Introduction
Almost six decades of spaceflight have left a large quantity of debris in outer space. Due to the continuous increase in space activities, the amount of space debris is constantly growing. While in 2005 the total mass of catalogued objects in Earth orbit was an estimated 5,000 tons, this number had risen to approxi- mately 6,000 tons by 2010 and amounts to over 6,600 tons today.1 At present, approximately 17,000 space objects with sizes ranging from a few centimetres to several meters are officially catalogued.2 Of these, however, only approximately
* The author would like to thank Prof Otto Koudelka (Graz University of Technology), Dr Manuel Metz (German Aerospace Center), Attila Matas (ITU) and Vladimir Agapov (Russian Academy of Sciences) for the valuable advice and useful material they provided on technical matters. 1 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ‘Monthly Effective Mass of Objects in Earth Orbit by Region’ (Orbital Debris Quarterly News, January 2015)
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1,100 are operational satellites.3 With the growing number of functional and non-functional objects in Earth orbit, the probability of in-orbit collisions is ris- ing. In the long term this could lead to a situation where the increase in space debris will be sustained only by collisions between collision fragments.4 This collision cascading effect, described as ‘Kessler Syndrome’, could render the use of outer space more and more difficult in the future. Space debris is therefore regarded as a serious hazard for the safety and sus- tainability of outer space activities. Yet, this issue is not explicitly addressed in the five United Nations space treaties. To fill this gap, a number of non-binding guidelines and standards on space debris mitigation have been developed on the international level over the past years. In addition, many states have adopted national legislation and procedures on space debris, making the international mitigation standards and guidelines applicable to national space operations. Small satellites have become increasingly popular in recent years and their advantages are manifold.5 However, the technical and operational particulari- ties that allow for their cost-effective development and use, pose specific tech- nical and legal challenges related to the mitigation of space debris. At the same time, small satellites can play an important role in the development of new technologies in the area of space debris mitigation and can thus offer innova- tive solutions to the risks posed by space debris. Against the background of a predicted increase in small satellite activities in the future, the chances and challenges that small satellites present with regard to the issue of space debris merit particular attention.
3 United States Department of Defense, ‘Officials Expand Space-tracking Website’ (Department of Defense News, 25 August 2014)