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1. Greeks and Thracians. Geography and Culture Henri Tréziny (dir.) Grecs et indigènes de la Catalogne à la mer Noire Actes des rencontres du programme européen Ramses2 (2006-2008) Publications du Centre Camille Jullian 1. Greeks and Thracians. Geography and culture Zosia Archibald DOI: 10.4000/books.pccj.666 Publisher: Publications du Centre Camille Jullian, Éditions Errance Place of publication: Aix-en-Provence Year of publication: 2010 Published on OpenEdition Books: 13 February 2020 Serie: Bibliothèque d’archéologie méditerranéenne et africaine Electronic ISBN: 9782957155729 http://books.openedition.org Printed version Date of publication: 1 June 2010 Electronic reference ARCHIBALD, Zosia. 1. Greeks and Thracians. Geography and culture In: Grecs et indigènes de la Catalogne à la mer Noire: Actes des rencontres du programme européen Ramses2 (2006-2008) [online]. Aix-en- Provence: Publications du Centre Camille Jullian, 2010 (generated 03 avril 2020). Available on the Internet: <http://books.openedition.org/pccj/666>. ISBN: 9782957155729. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.4000/books.pccj.666. PREMIÈRE PARTIE : APPROCHES RÉGIONALES - CHAPITRE 5 : GRECS ET INDIGÈNES EN THRACE Orgamè Histria/Istros ube Dan Odessos mer Noire Mesembria Stara Planina Apollonia Vetren Plaine Thrace Maritsa Bosphore thrace Struma Rhodope Vardar Mesta Byzance Nestos Maronée Strymon Pangée Hebros Abdère Axios Argilos Karabournaki Samothrace Thasos Chalcidique Lemnos golfe Thermaïque Fig. 141 Situation de la Thrace,mer entre Egée mer Egée et mer Noire (Tréziny 2009). 202 1. Greeks and Thracians Geography and culture Zosia Archibald he east Balkan landmass is, for the most part, make their own sub-divisions on the basis of material the ecological counterpoint of the Aegean area culture as well as linguistic roots. – a continent with mountain chains orientated Whatever we consider, on the basis of maps, and geol- westT – east, which impede movement from the mar- ogy, and transport considerations, to have been logical gins to the interior. Parallel to the Danube is the Stara and practical strategies for subsistence, does not entirely Planina (Balkan range), and further south are the peaks correspond to what people in the ancient past actually of Rhodope, separated by a roughly triangular lowland did. Past behaviours cannot be logically inferred from area, the Thracian Plain. Even today, whether one uses landscapes, nor were they determined by geographi- the arterial roads or the railways, it is much easier to travel cal necessity, but rather represent a symbiosis between east – west or west – east than it is to go north – south or human populations and their environment. In the east south to north. Ease, however, is only one of the factors Balkans, there is historical evidence that patterns of land that determines why people travel. Evidence from antiq- ownership changed, depending on the nature of political uity, whether it be the witness of Thucydides (2.97.1-2), structures, and we can therefore infer changes of land in his otherwise unexplained remarks about travel times use, which mean that different regimes of exploitation between the Aegean coast and the Danube (Archibald have been adopted at different times. In the Neolithic 2006, 115-122) or the distribution of bulk commodities, and Bronze Ages, nucleated settlements practising such as wine and oil amphorae, or the spread of distinc- intensive agriculture created stratified mounds. In the tive Classical architectural forms in tomb construction first millennium BC, growing ecological diversification and decoration, or the widespread adoption of Greek resulted in more varied exploitation of upland as well as the language of administration and politics, not just as lowland resources, a pattern that continued into later in the fifth and fourth centuries BC but well into the times. These dynamic processes have left a variety of Roman Empire and beyond, laying the foundations for physical impressions on the contemporary landscape the Cyrillic alphabet, all point to dynamic patterns that that are only just beginning to be recognised and valued seem to defy the dictates of geography. as sources of evidence in their own right – the deforesta- One of the reasons for this apparent contradiction is tion of hillsides and valley floors to provide arable and the permeability of the region’s liminal zones, particu- pastoral resources ; the construction of roads and route larly the coastlines, towards the Aegean and the Black ways through hill country as well as lowlands ; the crea- Sea, but also its rivers, which cut through the solid tion of stable settlements using durable materials ; the geography to provide natural highways across country. exploitation of minerals, especially for metallurgy and Half of these have eroded channels through the south- building stone, and clays for a wide range of ceramic ern mountain chain that continues the geology of the products. This silent history, which has literally shaped Pindhos range in the west Balkans, beginning with the the external features of the region, needs to be married Vardar (ancient Axios), in the far south west, and thence with the information that we can glean from a limited the Strymon (Struma), Nestos (Mesta), and the Maritsa range of written sources concerning affairs in the north. (Hebros), with its principal tributaries. The northern river system consists of the tributaries of the Danube, which flow northwards from the Stara Planina and south The inter-penetration of cultural features from the Transylvanian Carpathians into the Danube val- ley. ‘Thracians’ is the name that was applied in antiquity As soon as we cease to view the east Balkans from to most of the inhabitants of this large and ecologically a distance, the abstract clarity of habitual academic dis- highly varied region of southern Europe without any tinctions between indigenous communities and incoming clear distinctions, obliging historians and archaeologists ones – Thracians on the one hand, Greeks on the other of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to – quickly becomes muddied. We may take as an opening 203 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : APPROCHES RÉGIONALES - CHAPITRE 5 : GRECS ET INDIGÈNES EN THRACE example the funerary practices of communities in the thrown up over the remains), while the residue from area of the lower Danube, which are examined here in banquets and periodic libations testifies to the subse- some detail by Vasilica Lungu. The size, layout, and quent commemorations enacted near the tomb. architectural pretensions of the ancient city of Histria/ The construction of the tumuli has structural char- Istros mark it out not just as one of the leading cities of acteristics that connect them to indigenous practices the west Pontic coast in antiquity, but a community with (for example, the ring of stones surrounding a cairn of a well defined Greek character, whereas the burial prac- stones at the centre of the mound fill). In other respects, tices reflected in its cemeteries seem to tell a different indigenous cremations, such as those well represented story. Lungu looks at Istros alongside the much smaller at systematically excavated cemeteries within the wider settlement of Orgame. Istros lay on the south-western lower Danube area (Aegyssus, Celic Dere, Enisala et banks of Lake Sinoe, a deep and sheltered bay south of Murighiol) were quite different, the less highly fired the Danube estuary, Orgame lay on the northern edge of bones frequently housed in urns with lids, with or with- the same lake, so we may expect strong links between out specially constructed stone cists. There is still a great them. Istros was one of the main Black Sea settlements deal to be learned about the social nuances that funer- connected with Milesian immigrants and it is likely that ary practices incorporate. Age profiles in particular are Orgame had a similar pedigree ; according to Stephanos highly incomplete. As is often the case in ancient ceme- of Byzantium, Orgame was a polis epi to Istro (F. teries, the poor representation of children’s graves needs Gr. Hist. I, fr. 172 ; Nenci 1954, fr. 183 : Lungu, this vol- clearer explanation. ume). There are two especially interesting phenomena in The presence, in these indigenous cemeteries, of these cemeteries. One is the overwhelming dominance imported pottery, particularly transport amphorae, of cremations over inhumations. As Lungu explains, the from Chios, Thasos, Klazomenai, Akanthos, Rhodes, two rites were not opposed but complementary. Herakleia Pontika, and other major producing centres, One of the most valuable dimensions of research in but also fine wares (cups, kantharoi, skyphoi, and pour- the lower Danube area is the wide range of sites that have ing vessels), suggests deliberate and conscious choices been investigated archaeologically over the last century. and well developed concepts of what was judged appro- This means that the evidence from Istros and Orgame priate for the performance of rites that writers such as can be viewed in the context of social interactions Herodotos and Arrian considered to be highly articu- between groups and individuals, over many centuries, late reflections on death and the migration of souls to which were, at the outset at least, culturally diverse. the afterlife. Such writers sought to describe what they The principal features of the funerary rite that we note saw as distinctive and different about Thracians. At the in these communities, including the laying out of the same time, the Thracians themselves were responding to corpse, the consignment of the body (whether by inhu- objects and forms of behaviour that involved novelties mation or cremation) to the ground ; the funeral feast ; to them and incorporated new features within traditional the construction of a monument ; and the performance practices. Where archaeologists see indicators of change, of games, is a sequence that has much in common with historians underscore social and cultural differentiation. Greek mainland and island practices, even if the precise These subtle but significant divergences of interpretation details were reworked or manipulated according to dif- deserve to be looked at more closely. ferent traditions.
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