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Handout (5.31) 2 LIGN 142, handout May 31 Spring ‘05 1 Examples Note: The languages listed here are copyrights of the respective authors, unless the language is in the public domain. For each example, the name of the language will be listed, followed by the author, and the (approximate, in some cases) year when the language was begun. Below this will be a link that will provide you more information about the language, should you so desire. 2.0.1: Lingua Ignota by Hildegarde von Bingen (1150) Link: http://www.rickharrison.com/language/ignota.html • Sample from a canticle by the author (bold words are Lingua Ignota; others are Latin): O orzchis Ecclesia [1], armis divinis praecincta, et hyacinto ornata, tu es caldemia stignmatum loifolum et urbs scienciarum. O, o tu es etiam crizanta in alto sono, et es chorzta gemma. 2.0.2: The language in the Voynich Manuscript by an unknown author (~1450) Link: http://www.voynich.nu/ • See http://www.voynich.nu/ for pictures and examples of various attempts at ciphering the manuscript. 2.0.3: John Wilkins’ Analytical Language (1668) Link: http://www.alamut.com/subj/artiface/language/johnWilkins.html a. de = an element b. deb = the first element (fire) c. deba = a part of the element fire (a flame) 2.0.4: Solresol by Jean François Sudre (1830) Link: http://www.ptialaska.net/~srice/solresol/sorsoeng.htm a. Lasol falado fasol dosifado mido do fafadore. b. It is necessary to never act unwisely in order not to be sick. 2.0.5: Volapük by Johann Martin Schleyer (1880) Link: http://personal.southern.edu/~caviness/Volapuk/HBoV/ a. palöfob = “I am loved” f. palöfobs = “We are loved” b. palöfol = “You are loved” g. palöfols = “You are loved” c. palöfom = “He is loved” h. palöfoms = “They (m.) are loved” d. palöfof = “She is loved” i. palöfofs = “They (f.) are loved” e. palöfon = “It is loved” j. palöfons = “They (n.) are loved” 2.0.6: Esperanto by L.L. Zamenhof (1887) Link: http://www.esperanto.org/ • Mi estas en la domo. “I am in the house.” • Mi estas je la domo. “I am in some unspecified relation to the house.” 2.0.7: Ido by Louis de Beaufront & Louis Couturat (1907) Link: http://www.ido.li/ • Me es en la domo. “I am in the house.” LIGN 142, handout May 31 Spring ‘05 2 2.0.8: Novial by Otto Jespersen (1928) Link: http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/3141/novial.html a. Me protekte = “I protect” e. Me bli protekte = “I’m protected” b. Me protekted = “I protected” f. Me blid protekte = “I was protected” c. Me ha protekte = “I’ve protected” g. Me ha bli protekte = “I’ve been protected” d. Me had protekte = “I’d protected” h. Me had bli protekte = “I’d been protected” 2.0.9: Quenya by J.R.R. Tolkien (1917) Link: http://www.esperanto.org/ a. Ar ilya ambar arne er lambe ar quetie. b. And all world had one language and talking. c. “And all the world had one language and one speech.” 2.0.10: LáAdan by Suzette Haden Elgin (1982) Link: http://www.sfwa.org/members/elgin/NativeTongue/ladaanlang.html a. Bíi ada with aril di háawith wodóhada wodedideth bethediwáan wa. b. DECL. woman laughs past child said funny story to her PRIM. EVID. c. “The woman laughs because the child told her a joke.” 2.0.11: Klingon by Marc Okrand (1984) Link: http://www.kli.org/ a. ghopHomDu’ ghaj verenganpu’. b. hand-small-PLU. have Ferengi-PLU. c. Ferengi have small hands. 3.1.1: SASXSEK by Dana Nutter (2000) Link: http://www.nutter.net/sasxsek/?lang=en a. mo tat hon fu so /I give book to him/ “I gave a book to him.” b. ho tat hon fu fo /who give book to you/ “Who gave you the book?” c. fo tat hon fu ho /you give book to who/ “Who’d you give the book?” 3.1.2: Texperanto by Rex May (2005) Link: http://www.nutter.net/sasxsek/?lang=en a. Me esas en la domo. “I am in the house.” b. La bona pistolo. “The good pistol.” 3.1.3: Kamakawi by David Peterson (2001) Link: http://dedalvs.free.fr/kamakawi/ a. Q+L=î1L˚OP®=¬ b. Ka peka i ape kalaka oi oalala poi. c. The world used one language with few words. 3.1.4: Lojban by the Logical Language Group (1993) Link: http://www.lojban.org/ a. la klaudias. dunda le cukta la bil. “Claudia gives the book(s) to Bill.” b. Logical structure: x1 dunda [=give] x2 to x3. LIGN 142, handout May 31 Spring ‘05 3 3.1.5: AllNoun by Tom Breton (1990) Link: http://www.panix.com/~tehom/allnoun/allnoun.htm a. Normal English Sentence: I intend to pick those tomatoes. b. Translation into AllNoun: ( intention me:agent ( act-of-picking me:agent ( thing-there-is-many-of tomato that ):patient ):patient ) c. Retranslation into English: I intend that some picking occur by me where what gets picked is all of the following: something there’s a lot of, and something that’s a tomato or tomatoes, and something I indicated. 3.1.6: Çomyopregi by Andrew Gerber (1998) Link: http://www.geocities.com/rodionraskolnikov2000/index.html Singular Nouns “moon” “sea” “house” “word” Nominative luna mori domu uiquo Genetive lunasyo moryos domuis uiquesos Dative lunáy morí domuy uiquesí Accusative lunam morim domum uiquesa Instrumental luná/lunavé moryé domué uiquesé Locative lunay morí domui uiquesi 3.1.7: Zhyler by David Peterson (2001) Link: http://dedalvs.free.fr/zhyler/ a. Zhyler Possession: “The man’s dog” i. Zhyler Script: se˚av celve∆ye ii. Romanized: sexa-f chelven-ye iii. Gloss: man-GEN. dog-POS. b. Turkish Possession: “The man’s dog” i. Turkish: adam-ın köpeg-i ii. Gloss: man-GEN. dog-OBJ. c. Something Tricky: “I close my door” vs. “You close the house’s door” i. kapı-m kapa-yım. iii. ev-in kapı-sı-nı kapa-sın. ii. door-my close-1sg.sbj. iv. house-GEN. door-OBJ.-OBJ. close-2sg.sbj. 3.2.1: Words for “water” and “fire” in various created languages: Set 1 Water Fire • Kash (Roger Mills): sawu xusha • Kamakawi (David Peterson): lelea kavi • Asha’ille (Arthaey Angosii): ura hikya • Taalen (Aiden Grey): ora shay • Ayhan (Barry García): aywa saray • Senyecan (Charlie Brickner): eekwon vochon • Old Albic (Jörg Rhiemeier): lara phazha • Zariva (Herman Miller): delan za LIGN 142, handout May 31 Spring ‘05 4 Set 2 Water Fire • Kyllano (Seo Sanghyeon): lum pul • Meghean (Andreas Johansson): atash teoa • Drem (Kevin Urbanczyk): bazh shambubu • Çomyopregi (Andrew Gerber): uoda eyni • Tilya (Herman Miller): fokma zharsa • Lauranthea (Geoff Horswood): kathi heeya 3.2.2: Metes by Rodlox R. (2005) Link: http://steen.free.fr/relay10/metes.html a. “jqyes-ar,” attau’at-tollqw-bartabad. aubartabad-ayer-tollqw-bartabad. b. “Yesterday-fit-together,” beyond a year-said-hairy good one. Perceived by force now hairy good. c. Rodlox’s translation: “Fitted together yesterday,” wary to speak of eternity. Wary now to speak of inquests. d. Original Sentence: “It happened,” I won’t say. I don’t believe this. 3.2.3: Njaama by David Peterson (2002) Link: http://dedalvs.free.fr/njaama/ a. Time X: Mezí kaané kolí. /man see-IMP. dog/ “The man sees the dog” b. Time X: Sa kaané sá. /he see-IMP. it/ “He sees it.” c. Time X+1: Mezí, sa kaané sá/kolí. /man he sees it/dog/ “The man sees it.” d. Time X+2: *Mezí kaané kolí. > Mezí sa kaané kolí. e. Time X+3: *Mezí sa kaané kolí. > Mezí sa kaané sa. Thus… f. Time X+3: Mezí li kolí sa kaané sá. /man ACC. dog 3sbj. see 3obj./ g. In the Script: <mevsi .li <kovli .sa <kAvne ,sa 3.3.1: Kelenala Sign Language (KNSL) by David Peterson (2005) Link: http://dedalvs.free.fr/knsl/ (see Phonology section for transcription) a. Incorporatable: Pronouns, negation, quantity, uncertainty, questions b. be tall (int.) [1b]fw = “I’m tall”; [2b]fw = “you’re tall”; [Eb]fw = “who’s tall?” c. push (tr.) [1h]zÿy = “push me”; [2h]zÿy = “push you”; [Eh]zÿy = “push who?” d. see (exp.) [1f(s)]sÿy = “I see”; [2f(s)]sÿy = “you see”; [Ef(s)]sÿy = “who sees?” 3.3.2: X by David Peterson (2003) Link: http://dedalvs.free.fr/x/ “I went to the treehouse with a friend.” ai. ( ) Yegii TFdw˙l aii. [PAST EXP. go I (GOAL tree-house COM. friend)] LIGN 142, handout May 31 Spring ‘05 5 bi. ( ) YTgiFd eiw˙l bii. [PAST GOAL go tree-house (EXP. I COM. friend)] ci. ( ) Ywgi˙l eiTFd cii. [PAST COM go friend (EXP. I GOAL tree-house)] 3.3.3: Klingon by Marc Okrand (1984) Link: http://www.kli.org/ a. je = “and” (when conjoining 2 NP’s) b. ‘ej = “and” (when conjoining 2 S’s) c. joq = “and/or” (2 NP’s) d. qoj = “and/or” (2 S’s) e. ghap = “either/or” (2 NP’s) f. pagh = “either/or” (2 S’s) 3.3.4: Fith by Jeffrey Henning (1996) Link: http://www.langmaker.com/fith.htm a. Lu du skoenm riemnh emn vlongh yan a bom zroe e. b. /I REDUP. human ideal a hire need PAST PLU. NIP PRES. STOP/ c. We needed—and still need—to hire some ideal humans. 3.3.5: Xoqi by David Peterson (2005) a. limEpç{u kçsç XçlutEcE a’. /dog-large-B>A n.o.2>n.o.1 man-sight-A>B/ a’’. “The man sees the large dog.” b.
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