Himalayan Linguistics Copulas in Brokpa
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Differentiating Left Dislocated and Tripartite Verbless Clauses in Biblical Hebrew1
Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 48, 2017, 223-238 doi: 10.5774/48-0-293 At the interface of syntax and prosody: Differentiating left dislocated and tripartite verbless clauses in Biblical Hebrew1 Jacobus A. Naudé Department of Hebrew, University of the Free State, South Africa E-mail: [email protected] Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé Department of Hebrew, University of the Free State, South Africa [email protected] Abstract The so-called tripartite verbless clause in Biblical Hebrew consists of two nominal phrases and a pronominal element. Three analyses of the pronominal element have been advanced, each with implications for understanding the structure of the sentence. A first approach has been to view the pronominal element as a copular constituent, which serves only to link the two nominal constituents in a predication (Albrecht 1887, 1888; Brockelman 1956; and Kummerouw 2013). A second approach has been to view the pronominal element as the resumptive element of a dislocated constituent (Gesenius, Kautzsch and Cowley 1910; Andersen 1970; Zewi 1996, 1999, 2000; Joüon-Muraoka 2006). A third approach combines the first and second approaches and is represented by the work of Khan (1988, 2006) and Holmstedt and Jones (2014). A fourth approach views the pronominal element as a “last resort” syntactic strategy—the pronominal element is a pronominal clitic, which provides agreement features for the subject (Naudé 1990, 1993, 1994, 1999, 2002). The pronominal element is obligatory when the nominal predicate is a referring noun phrase—the pronominal clitic is used to prevent ambiguity in the assignment of subject and predicate (see Doron 1986; Borer 1983). -
Copyright © 2014 Richard Charles Mcdonald All Rights Reserved. The
Copyright © 2014 Richard Charles McDonald All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without, limitation, preservation or instruction. GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS BIBLICAL HEBREW TEXTS ACCORDING TO A TRADITIONAL SEMITIC GRAMMAR __________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________________ by Richard Charles McDonald December 2014 APPROVAL SHEET GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS BIBLICAL HEBREW TEXTS ACCORDING TO A TRADITIONAL SEMITIC GRAMMAR Richard Charles McDonald Read and Approved by: __________________________________________ Russell T. Fuller (Chair) __________________________________________ Terry J. Betts __________________________________________ John B. Polhill Date______________________________ I dedicate this dissertation to my wife, Nancy. Without her support, encouragement, and love I could not have completed this arduous task. I also dedicate this dissertation to my parents, Charles and Shelly McDonald, who instilled in me the love of the Lord and the love of His Word. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................vii -
On Bhutanese and Tibetan Dzongs **
ON BHUTANESE AND TIBETAN DZONGS ** Ingun Bruskeland Amundsen** “Seen from without, it´s a rocky escarpment! Seen from within, it´s all gold and treasure!”1 There used to be impressive dzong complexes in Tibet and areas of the Himalayas with Tibetan influence. Today most of them are lost or in ruins, a few are restored as museums, and it is only in Bhutan that we find the dzongs still alive today as administration centers and monasteries. This paper reviews some of what is known about the historical developments of the dzong type of buildings in Tibet and Bhutan, and I shall thus discuss towers, khars (mkhar) and dzongs (rdzong). The first two are included in this context as they are important in the broad picture of understanding the historical background and typological developments of the later dzongs. The etymological background for the term dzong is also to be elaborated. Backdrop What we call dzongs today have a long history of development through centuries of varying religious and socio-economic conditions. Bhutanese and Tibetan histories describe periods verging on civil and religious war while others were more peaceful. The living conditions were tough, even in peaceful times. Whatever wealth one possessed had to be very well protected, whether one was a layman or a lama, since warfare and strife appear to have been endemic. Security measures * Paper presented at the workshop "The Lhasa valley: History, Conservation and Modernisation of Tibetan Architecture" at CNRS in Paris Nov. 1997, and submitted for publication in 1999. ** Ingun B. Amundsen, architect MNAL, lived and worked in Bhutan from 1987 until 1998. -
)53Lt- I'\.' -- the ENGLISH and FOREIGN LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD 500605, INDIA
DZONGKHA SEGMENTS AND TONES: A PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION KINLEY DORJEE . I Supervisor PROFESSOR K.G. VIJA Y AKRISHNAN Department of Linguistics and Contemporary English Hyderabad Co-supervisor Dr. T. Temsunungsang The English and Foreign Languages University Shillong Campus A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics SCHOOL OF LANGUAGE SCIENCES >. )53lt- I'\.' -- THE ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD 500605, INDIA JULY 2011 To my mother ABSTRACT In this thesis, we make, for the first time, an acoustic investigation of supposedly unique phonemic contrasts: a four-way stop phonation contrast (voiceless, voiceless aspirated, voiced and devoiced), a three-way fricative contrast (voiceless, voiced and devoiced) and a two-way sonorant contrast (voiced and voiceless) in Dzongkha, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Western Bhutan. Paying special attention to the 'Devoiced' (as recorded in the literature) obstruent and the 'Voiceless' sonorants, we examine the durational and spectral characteristics, including the vowel quality (following the initial consonant types), in comparison with four other languages, viz .. Hindi. Korean (for obstruents), Mizo and Tenyidie (for sonorants). While the 'devoiced' phonation type in Dzongkha is not attested in any language in the region, we show that the devoiced type is very different from the 'breathy' phonation type, found in Hindi. However, when compared to the three-way voiceless stop phonation types (Tense, Lax and Aspirated) in Korean, we find striking similarities in the way the two stops CDevoiced' and 'Lax') employ their acoustic correlates. We extend our analysis of stops to fricatives, and analyse the three fricatives in Dzongkha as: Tense, Lax and Voiced. -
Review of Evidential Systems of Tibetan Languages
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 Review of Lauren Gawne Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 40(2), 285–303 Widmer, Manuel DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.00002.wid Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-168681 Journal Article Accepted Version Originally published at: Widmer, Manuel (2017). Review of Lauren Gawne Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 40(2), 285–303. Linguistics of the Tibeto- Burman Area, 40(2):285-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.00002.wid Review of Evidential systems of Tibetan languages Gawne, Lauren & Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. de Gruyter: Berlin. vi + 472 pp. ISBN 978-3-11-047374-2 Reviewed by Manuel Widmer 1 Tibetan evidentiality systems and their relevance for the typology of evidentiality The evidentiality1 systems of Tibetan languages rank among the most complex in the world. According to Tournadre & Dorje (2003: 110), the evidentiality systeM of Lhasa Tibetan (LT) distinguishes no less than four “evidential Moods”: (i) egophoric, (ii) testiMonial, (iii) inferential, and (iv) assertive. If one also takes into account the hearsay Marker, which is cOMMonly considered as an evidential category in typological survey studies (e.g. Aikhenvald 2004; Hengeveld & Dall’Aglio Hattnher 2015; inter alia), LT displays a five-fold evidential distinction. The LT systeM, however, is clearly not the Most cOMplex of its kind within the Tibetan linguistic area. -
The Case for Unipartite Clauses. a View from Spoken Israeli Hebrew
Rev. Estud. Ling., Belo Horizonte, v. 26, n. 4, p. 1675-1726, 2018 Syntax, Prosody, Discourse and Information Structure: The Case for Unipartite Clauses. A View from Spoken Israeli Hebrew Sintaxe, prosódia, discurso e estrutura informacional: o caso das orações unipartidas. Uma visão do hebraico falado em Israel Shlomo Izre’el Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel [email protected] Abstract: The canonical view of clause requires that it include predication. Utterances that do not fit into this view because they lack a subject are usually regarded as elliptical or as non-sentential utterances. Adopting an integrative approach to the analysis of spoken language that includes syntax, prosody, discourse structure, and information structure, it is suggested that the only necessary and sufficient component constituting a clause is a predicate domain, carrying the informational load of the clause within the discourse context, including a “new” element in the discourse, carrying modality, and focused. Utterances that have not been hitherto analyzed as consisting of full clauses or sentences will be reevaluated. The utterance, being a discourse unit defined by prosodic boundaries, can thus be viewed as the default domain of a clause or a sentence, when the latter are determined according to the suggested integrative approach. Keywords: syntax; clause structure; information structure; discourse; context; prosody; utterance; history of linguistics; spoken Israeli Hebrew. Resumo: A posição canônica sobre as orações requer que elas contenham uma predição. Enunciados que não se encaixem nessa visão porque não possuem um sujeito são usualmente considerados elípticos ou como enunciados não-oracionais. Adotando uma visão integrativa para a análise da língua falada, que inclui a sintaxe, a prosódia, a estrutura discursiva e a estrutura informacional, sugere-se que o único componente eISSN: 2237-2083 DOI: 10.17851/2237-2083.26.4.1675-1726 1676 Rev. -
Curriculum Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE NAME: STEPHEN A WATTERS 516 Dyer Ave Waco, TX 76708 (254) 366 - 7844 e-mail: [email protected] ACADEMIC DEGREES: PhD in Linguistics, Rice University, 2018 Thesis: A Grammar of Dzongkha: phonology, words, and simple sentences Master of Arts in Linguistics, University of Texas at Arlington, 1996 Thesis: A Preliminary Study of Prosody in Dzongkha Bachelor of Arts in Linguistics, University of Washington, 1990 (with an emphasis in database management) Associate of Arts, Peninsula College, Washington, 1986 AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Linguistic Field Research, Linguistic Typology, Languages of the Himalaya, Language Documentation, Translation, Tone Language in relation to human flourishing PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: TEACHING: Adjunct Faculty, Baylor University, Jan 2015 to 2018 Instructor, Linguistic Analysis, Rice University, Fall 2014 Teaching Assistant, Linguistic Analysis, Rice University, Fall 2013 Teaching Assistant, Introduction to Linguistics, Rice University, Spring 2013 Visiting Lecturer, Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu Nepal, 1998 to 2009 LINGUISTIC FIELD WORK: Visiting Research Scholar, Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, 1998 to 2007 Sociolinguistic researcher, Indian sub-continent, SIL International, 1986 to 1988 CONSULTING and ADMINISTRATION: Translation Consultant, SIL Intl, 2001 to present International Consultant to LinSuN (Linguistic Survey of Nepal), Government of Nepal, 2007 to 2010 Technical Studies Department Coordinator, SAG, SIL Intl, 2006 to 2008 RESEARCH and APPOINTMENTS: Adjunct Researcher, LCRC, James Cook University, 2020 to present Visiting Fellow, LCRC, James Cook University, 2019 Research Director, SIL Intl, 2019 to present Pike Scholar, Pike Center for Integrative Scholarship, SIL Intl, 2019 to present Fellow, Institute for Studies of Religion, Baylor University, 2018 to present AWARDS: The James T. -
Map by Steve Huffman Data from World Language Mapping System 16
Tajiki Tajiki Tajiki Shughni Southern Pashto Shughni Tajiki Wakhi Wakhi Wakhi Mandarin Chinese Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Wakhi Domaaki Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Khowar Khowar Khowar Kati Yidgha Eastern Farsi Munji Kalasha Kati KatiKati Phalura Kalami Indus Kohistani Shina Kati Prasuni Kamviri Dameli Kalami Languages of the Gawar-Bati To rw al i Chilisso Waigali Gawar-Bati Ushojo Kohistani Shina Balti Parachi Ashkun Tregami Gowro Northwest Pashayi Southwest Pashayi Grangali Bateri Ladakhi Northeast Pashayi Southeast Pashayi Shina Purik Shina Brokskat Aimaq Parya Northern Hindko Kashmiri Northern Pashto Purik Hazaragi Ladakhi Indian Subcontinent Changthang Ormuri Gujari Kashmiri Pahari-Potwari Gujari Bhadrawahi Zangskari Southern Hindko Kashmiri Ladakhi Pangwali Churahi Dogri Pattani Gahri Ormuri Chambeali Tinani Bhattiyali Gaddi Kanashi Tinani Southern Pashto Ladakhi Central Pashto Khams Tibetan Kullu Pahari KinnauriBhoti Kinnauri Sunam Majhi Western Panjabi Mandeali Jangshung Tukpa Bilaspuri Chitkuli Kinnauri Mahasu Pahari Eastern Panjabi Panang Jaunsari Western Balochi Southern Pashto Garhwali Khetrani Hazaragi Humla Rawat Central Tibetan Waneci Rawat Brahui Seraiki DarmiyaByangsi ChaudangsiDarmiya Western Balochi Kumaoni Chaudangsi Mugom Dehwari Bagri Nepali Dolpo Haryanvi Jumli Urdu Buksa Lowa Raute Eastern Balochi Tichurong Seke Sholaga Kaike Raji Rana Tharu Sonha Nar Phu ChantyalThakali Seraiki Raji Western Parbate Kham Manangba Tibetan Kathoriya Tharu Tibetan Eastern Parbate Kham Nubri Marwari Ts um Gamale Kham Eastern -
In Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts Winnipeg
UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA A STUDY OF THE LOU VERB PHRASE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS BY VERNA STUTZMAN WINNIPEG, MANITOBA (c) FEBRUARY, 1997 National Library Bibliothèque nationde du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services seMces bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 OttawaON KIAON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence ailowing the exclusive permettant a la National Lkqof Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distnbute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic fomats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts ffom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. THE UNLYERSI'W OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDiES COPYRIGEIT PERMISSION A Thesismracticum submitted to the FacuIty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulfflment of the requirements for the degree of Permission has been granted to the LIIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANlTOBA to lend or sel1 copies of this thesidpracticum, Co the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfilm this thesidpracticum and to lend or sel1 copies of the film, and to UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS INC. -
Languages and Technology in Bhutan
Languages and Technology in Bhutan Bhutan and Languages Policy • Land area : 38,394 sq km • Enshrined in Constitution: • Population : 734,374 (2018) • Section 8, Article 1: “Dzongkha is the national language of Bhutan” • Linguistically rich country with 19 different • Section 1, Article 4: “language” and “literature” languages spoken to be preserved, protected and promoted • The Bhutanese languages are classified under • Dzongkha Development Commission is mandated Central Bodhish, East Bodhish, Bodic, and Indo- to formulate language plans and policies, develop Aryan (van Driem 1998) and promote Dzongkha, the national language • All the languages of Bhutan with the exception of and document, preserve and promote other Dzongkha, Tshangla, and Lhotsham, fall under the indigenous languages of Bhutan category of “endangered” languages. • Three languages, namely Monkha, Lhokpu, and Language policy of Bhutan Gongduk are critically endangered. can be summarized in the • One dialect kown as Olekha, a variety of Monkha form of Quadrilingual spoken in Rukha under Wangdue Dzongkhag, is a Model moribund. • ’Ucän Script is used to write Dzongkha it is consists Mother Tongue in this of thirty consonant symbols and four vowel model is the sum total of all symbols. Other languages can also be written the mother tongues in using the same script. Bhutan. Language Technology • Currently, it is limited to input, storage and display for Dzongkha • So far, very less has been done in terms of Natural Language Processing (NLP): • Dzongkha word segmentation using syllable feature – 95% accurate • Dzongkha part of speech tagging -90% accurate • Dzongkha automatic speech recognition -66% accurate • Not being able to develop technology for Dzongkha and other indigenous languages of Bhutan is a threat to our languages and culture. -
Existential Propositions
EXISTENTIAL PROPOSITIONS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Itamar Francez November 2007 c Copyright by Itamar Francez 2008 All Rights Reserved ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Cleo Condoravdi Principal Co-Advisor I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Beth Levin Principal Co-Advisor I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. David Beaver I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Graham Katz iii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Paul Kiparsky Approved for the University Committee on Graduate Studies. iv Abstract This dissertation investigates the semantics of existential sentences (existentials) such as (1). (1) There’s whiskey in the jar. Most semantic literature on existentials has focused on the so-called definiteness effect (DE), namely the observation that certain NP types do not easily occur in the construction. -
Estonian Copular and Existential Constructions As an UD Annotation Problem
Estonian copular and existential constructions as an UD annotation problem Kadri Muischnek Kaili Mu¨urisep¨ University of Tartu University of Tartu Estonia Estonia [email protected] [email protected] Abstract frequent verb of Estonian language which can also function as auxiliary verb in compound tenses, be This article is about annotating clauses part of phrasal verbs, and may occur in existential, with nonverbal predication in version 2 possessor or cognizer sentences. of Estonian UD treebank. Three possible As the descriptive grammar of Estonian (Erelt annotation schemas are discussed, among et al., 1993) lacks more detailed treatment of cop- which separating existential clauses from ular sentences, the label “copula” has not been in- copular clauses would be theoretically troduced into original Estonian Dependency Tree- most sound but would need too much man- bank (EDT) (Muischnek et al., 2014). In copu- ual labor and could possibly yield incon- lar clauses olema is annotated as the root of the cistent annotation. Therefore, a solution clause and other components of the sentence de- has been adapted which separates exis- pend on it; that is also the case if the sentence tential clauses consisting only of subject contains a subject complement. As subject com- and (copular) verb olema be from all other plements have a special label PRD (predicative) in olema-clauses. EDT, such sentences can be easily searched. Estonian treebank for UD v1.3 has been gener- 1 Introduction ated automatically from EDT using transfer rules. This paper discusses the annotation problems and The guidelines for UD v1 implied that subject research questions that came up during the anno- complements serve as roots in copular clauses.