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Mihail Zahariade the Thracians in the Roman Imperial Army https://biblioteca-digitala.ro MIHAIL ZAHARIADE THE THRACIANS IN THE ROMAN IMPERIAL ARMY FROM THE FIRST TO THE THIRD CENTURY A.D. I A U X I L I A https://biblioteca-digitala.ro NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ROMANIAN HISTORY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY “VASILE PÂRVAN” THE CENTER FOR ROMAN MILITARY STUDIES 2 Series editors: OVIDIU łENTEA FLORIAN MATEI-POPESCU https://biblioteca-digitala.ro MIHAIL ZAHARIADE THE THRACIANS IN THE ROMAN IMPERIAL ARMY FROM THE FIRST TO THE THIRD CENTURY A.D. I A U X I L I A MEGA PUBLISHING HOUSE Cluj-Napoca, 2009 https://biblioteca-digitala.ro This volume is printed in the framework of the STRATEG Project - PNCDI II, P4, 91010/ 2007, financed by the National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS). General editors: Ovidiu łentea and Florian Matei-Popescu Advisory editors: Corina Borş and Crina Sincovici (text layout) and Sorin Cleşiu (photo & illustration processing) Cover design: Andrei Cîmpeanu First published 2009 Mihail Zahariade & CRMS All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the publishers and editors. ISBN 9789731868660 Edited and printed by MEGA PUBLISHING HOUSE Romania, Cluj-Napoca www.edituramega.ro https://biblioteca-digitala.ro To my wife, IleanaIldiko To my daughters: Anamaria and Elisabeta tefania https://biblioteca-digitala.ro https://biblioteca-digitala.ro Dacos autem et Moesos, ac Thraces, in tantum bellicosos semper fuisse manifestum est, ut ipsum Martem fabulae apud eos natum esse confirment (Clearly the Dacians, Moesians and Thracians have been always warlike, for fables tell us that Mars himself was born among them) (Vegetius, Institutorum rei militaris, I, 28) https://biblioteca-digitala.ro https://biblioteca-digitala.ro CONTENTS Foreword Acknowledgements PART I: DESCRIPTIVE I. The Background: Thrace and the Thracians II. Rome and Thrace. A Political and Military History of the Roman conquest of Thrace III. The Recruitment and the Setting alae and cohorts Thracum IV. Auxilia Thracum: Identification, Structure, and Number V. Alae Thracum VI. Cohortes Thracum VII. The Dynamics of the Thracian Regiments VIII. Auxilia Thracum at War IX. Auxilia Thracum at Work X. Conclusions XI. Abbreviations XII. References PART II: APPENDICES AND ILLUSTRATION Appendices List of illustration Illustrations https://biblioteca-digitala.ro https://biblioteca-digitala.ro FOREWORD This book is the first volume of the project entitled “The Thracians in the Roman Imperial Army of the 1st -3rd Centuries”. It is dedicated to the auxiliary regiments, alae and cohortes which, bore the ethnical distinction Thracum (‘of the Thracians’). It is also the result of a research which began in the late 1990’s. The project is the consequence of a long debated issue in the modern historiography on the role and contribution of different ancient European nations included into the Roman Empire and, owing to the force of circumstances, into the Imperial Roman army. As the Roman army ceased to be exclusively Italic by the end of the Republic and significant territories were included into the Roman Empire, the contribution of other communities with human resources (Gauls, Spaniards, Lusitanians, Illyrians, Germans, Britons, Thracians, a wide range of Middle East populations, Greeks, and Dacians) comprised within its boundaries was of greatest importance for the success of their integration into the Mediterranean civilization. Thracians were one of these populations and even one of the most renowned in Europe, with a noteworthy impact in the ancient world. From their earliest times to the Roman conquest, the eastern regions of the Balkan Peninsula bore the ethnical stamp of the Thracian tribes. “The most numerous in the world, except Indians”, reached a relatively high level of social, political, and cultural development. The Thracian civilization covered a wide geographical area and their history span over several millennia. Its cultural background was remarkably original, even if acculturation implied intense Hellenic and Roman influences. Modern research in philological and archaeological fields identified many of the essential traits that characterized the Thracian identity in relation with other great nations of the ancient world. Apart from the distinctiveness of their culture, Thracians and other closely related tribes were renowned warriors in antiquity. Almost all the Greek and Roman sources which dealt with particular aspects of their history and social behavior have a word of admiration for their valiance and warlike qualities. Pomponius Mela vowed: “This land (Thrace) takes more care for males…so as numerous as savage”. Late sources seem to officialize the image. Expositio Totius Mundi et Gentium affirms: “(Thrace)… has a great number of males, strong in war, for which reason soldiers are frequently recruited there”. “Clearly the Dacians, Moesians, and Thracians have always been bellicose, for fables tell us that Mars himself was born among them” said Vegetius, while in one of Justinian’s Novellae it is plainly stated that “it is an undeniable fact that if one speaks about Thrace, it comes immediately in our mind the idea of manhood, great number of armies, wars, and battles; for they were born and have their origin in that country”. With such a demographic and manly background the Thracian human resources became a sustainable reservoir for recruitment into the Roman army. A sizeable quantity of epigraphic evidence brilliantly confirms the ancient sources. The present investigation is based mainly on the available literary and especially epigraphic sources. Archaeological results in such an enterprise would have increased the approach to some overwhelming dimensions. Modern literature played a significant role in modeling this book. The results of the research of many scholars with considerable contributions on the subject beginning with 19th century until present day were of outstanding importance for my own conclusions. The inventory of basic contributions as to the Thracian regiments in the Roman army, either as a direct approach or included in a larger context is too long to be discussed here. The bibliographical list comprises the books, studies, and articles on which many of my conclusions are based, but also served as base for my own deductions and contributions. The aim of this first volume was primarily to disentangle and establish among tens of opinions, suggestions, and assumptions the real number of regiments officially labeled in the Roman army as 11 https://biblioteca-digitala.ro Thracum. The result was impressive indeed: twelve cavalry and twenty six infantry regiments. As work progressed the need for a comprehensive insight into the recruitment, and setting of the regiments became apparently of utmost importance for understanding the contribution of the Thracian nation to the Roman army. This in turn seemed to demand a more introspective analysis of the history, movements, and participation of the Thracian regiments in war or peace activities. The considerable lot of ca. 55 individuals of Thracian origin from auxiliary regiments recorded in inscriptions and military diplomas and widely distributed into the Roman army was the basis for this particular inquiry. A quantitative approach inevitably depends on the available information. This was one of the reasons why I avoided final statistics, figures, and conclusions regarding such a large scale process like the Diaspora of soldiers of Thracian origin in the auxilia of the Roman Empire. The figures, if they are given, are only preliminary and certainly rather insignificant in quantity, if one considers the real dimension of the process. Particular attention has also been given to the evidence of soldiers of Thracian origin, the tribal or regional origin of every single individual that revealed links to the Thracian area. An important number of soldiers do not specifically mention their origin, but leave no doubt on their relationship to the Thracian background. Many individuals in the Thracian area or in the auxiliary regiments might have hidden their origin under unambiguous Roman names without any indication of their national affiliation or social-juridical status, a fact that makes almost impossible to point to their origin with certainty. However, regardless how much high the critical viewpoint we adopt, the evidence, reduced as it is but considered in its entirety, gives a certain clue as to the preferences and trends of the distribution of the Thracian effectives. They depended on the momentary requirements and especially on the policy of the Roman administration of permanently engaging the human resources of Thrace in order to boost the defense of other frontiers. However, the modern literature on the Roman army is vast and is expanding almost on a daily basis. A good deal of it contains references to the regiments of Thracian origin. Keeping track and updating the information contained in this book with the most recent studies, articles, and notes spread in a large number of journals would have brought this research to no end. This is why I willingly assumed myself the risk of being bitterly criticized by the scholarly community for providing citations and notes from epigraphic and philological literature only until 2006. Future discoveries will undoubtedly add much to this picture and nuance
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