Convergent Evolution of Sexually Dimorphic Glands in an Amphi-Pacific Harvestman Family

Invertebrate Systematics, 2020, 34, 871–892 © CSIRO 2020 doi:10.1071/IS20010_AC

Supplementary material

Convergent evolution of sexually dimorphic glands in an amphi-Pacific harvestman family

Guilherme GainettA,D, Rodrigo H. WillemartB, Gonzalo GiribetC, and Prashant P. SharmaA

ADepartment of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 352 Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

BLaboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil.

CMuseum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

DCorresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Page 1 of 10 100 Stygnomma teapense DNA104849 Stygnomma bispinatum DNA105836 98 Stygnomma sp. DNA106176 100 Badessa sp. DNA104600 Pellobunus insularis DNA101421 100 Lacurbs sp. DNA105668 Metabiantes sp. DNA100704 Baculigerus sp. DNA104054-3 100 Baculigerus sp. DNA105267 91 Baculigerus sp. DNA100640 95 Urachiche sp. DNA106175 Guasinia sp. DNA105838 Minuella sp. DNA101388 Phalangodinella sp. DNA104054-2 79 100 Phalangodinella sp. DNA105269 61 Phalangodinella sp. DNA105268-2 74 Parascotolemon sp. DNA105268-1 100 Zalmoxoidea f. gen. sp. DNA105272 Turquinia cf. montana DNA105835 99 Icaleptes sp. DNA101420 77 Icaleptes sp. DNA104053 100 Icaleptes sp. DNA104056-1 84 Icaleptes sp. DNA104845 95 100 Icaleptes sp. DNA104842 100 Costabrimma sp. DNA105834 Costabrimma sp. DNA106164 51 Fissiphallius sp. DNA105266 100 Fissiphallius sp. DNA105271 95 Fissiphallius chicoi DNA101551 100 Fissiphallius sp. DNA104055 96 Fissiphallius sp. DNA104057 Ethobunus cf. tuberculatus DNA103853 Pirassunungoleptes calcaratus DNA101114 65 cf. Traiania sp. DNA106167 61 70 Guagonia sp. DNA106162 Ethobunus sp. DNA104054-1 Ethobunus sp. DNA106172 Ethobunus sp. DNA103905-1 100 Pachylicus sp. DNA103873 Pachylicus sp. DNA103880-2 Pachylicus spinatus DNA103876 72 97 Pachylicus sp. DNA103880-1 100 Ethobunus sp. DNA106173 100 Ethobunus sp. DNA103879 98 Ethobunus sp. DNA103877 99 Ethobunus zalmoxiformis DNA101424 Ethobunus sp. DNA103875 100 Ethobunus tarsalis DNA103874 79 Ethobunus sp. DNA103872 Ethobunus sp. DNA104844 99 95 Ethobunus sp. DNA103870 Ethobunus sp. DNA103867 65 Ethobunus sp. DNA103857 98 Ethobunus sp. DNA103856 Ethobunus cf. foliatus DNA103864 Ethobunus sp. DNA103855 66 Ethobunus cf. foliatus DNA103858 Afrotropics 55 Ethobunus cf. foliatus DNA103881-2 98 Ethobunus cf. foliatus DNA103881-1 100 Zalmoxis cf. insularis DNA103581 Zalmoxis sp. DNA103582 Neotropics 89 Zalmoxis sp. DNA103929 100 Zalmoxis princeps DNA102353 Zalmoxis princeps DNA102354 Fiji 48 Zalmoxis princeps DNA102358-1 87 86 Zalmoxis princeps DNA102355 86 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102358-5 49 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102351 Australia Zalmoxis mendax DNA102246 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102357-2 100 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102352 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102349 93 New Caledonia 94 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102357-1 Zalmoxis cf. neocaledonicus DNA100914 95 56 Zalmoxis perditus DNA102356 West Sulawesi Zalmoxis kaktinsae DNA102350 100 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102497 Zalmoxis therianthropes sp. nov. DNA102502 94 Zalmoxis bilbo sp. nov. DNA 106883 North Sulawesi Zalmoxis sp. DNA103580-2 70 Zalmoxis sp. DNA103579-3 85 Zalmoxis sp. DNA106901 Java 100 Zalmoxis sp. DNA103583 100 Zalmoxis cf. robustus DNA103580-1 100 Zalmoxis pygmaeus DNA103579-2 Zalmoxis pygmaeus DNA103578 Borneo 98 Zalmoxis pygmaeus DNA103579-1 97 Zalmoxis sp. DNA106320 100 Zalmoxis darwinensis DNA106321 100 Zalmoxis falcifer DNA105836 Luzon Zalmoxis sp. DNA103851 99 Zalmoxis cardwellensis DNA106310 80 97 Zalmoxis furcifer DNA106316 Palawan 100 Zalmoxis furcifer DNA106318 98 Zalmoxis furcifer DNA106311 100 Zalmoxis cardwellensis DNA103199 Zalmoxis cardwellensis DNA106308 New Guinea 74 Zalmoxis sp. DNA106010 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102528 96 71 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102527 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102529-3 Micronesia Zalmoxis sp. DNA102529-1 100 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102530 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102529-2 Vanuatu Zalmoxis sp. DNA106179 69 Zalmoxis sp. DNA106177 100 Zalmoxis sp. DNA106180-2 Zalmoxis sp. DNA106180-1 90 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102522-3 100 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102522-1 78 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102522-2 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102526 55 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102523 90 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102524-2 100 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102524-1 Zalmoxis adze sp. nov. DNA102525 99 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102493 100 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102492 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102491 Zalmoxis curupira sp. nov. DNA102487 39 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102506 58 Zalmoxis zibelthiurdos DNA104061 91 Zalmoxis sp. DNA104066-2 Zalmoxis sp. DNA104067 0.09 97 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102508-2 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102508-1 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102488 81 26 100 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102496 69 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102494 65 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102501 Zalmoxis sp. DNA102515 67 Zalmoxis cf. dammermani DNA102500 Zalmoxis sp. DNA103724 Zalmoxis bendis DNA104063-1 Zalmoxis sp. DNA104065-1 Zalmoxis sabazios DNA105635 83 Zalmoxis kotys DNA104065-2 Zalmoxis kotys DNA104064-1 100 Zalmoxis mitobatipes DNA106196-1 97 Zalmoxis mitobatipes DNA106196-2 88 Zalmoxis gebeleizis DNA104060 100 Zalmoxis cuspanalis DNA106196-3 Zalmoxis cuspanalis DNA106195 40 Zalmoxis cuspanalis DNA106192-3 30 Zalmoxis cuspanalis DNA106191-3 73 Zalmoxis cuspanalis DNA106192-2 43 Zalmoxis cuspanalis DNA106192-1 97 Zalmoxis cuspanalis DNA106191-1 Zalmoxis cuspanalis DNA106191-2

Fig. S1. Maximum-likelihood tree of all terminals from Sharma and Giribet (2012) supplemented with Zamoxis bilbo, sp. nov. and Zalmoxis sp. MCZ IZ-131205 (Vanuatu). Colour on the branches represent localities following the code in the figure. Numbers on the nodes are bootstrap values.

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Table S1. Table of terminals used in the analysis of gland evolution, with accession numbers and coding Species ID on tree MCZ DNA MCZ Inv. Latitude Longitude Locality Specific locality Tarsus GenBank number number Zool. number condition Zalmoxis sp. SL2494 DNA102494 131118 0.455 123.9491667 North Sulawesi Gunung Bonde, near sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102494; Matayangan, Bogani monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654071; Nani Wartabone N.P., NCBI GenBank number = JQ435173; north Sulawesi NCBI GenBank number = JQ435270; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435340; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435471 Zalmoxis sp. SL2496 DNA102496 131119 1.345571978 124.871063 North Sulawesi Gunung Mahawu, sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102496; Rurukan, Tomohon monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654054; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435124; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435271; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435472 Zalmoxis SL2502 DNA102502 131124 –5.042222222 119.7352778 West Sulawesi Bantimurung- sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102502; therianthropes Bulusaraung N.P., monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654056; sp. nov. Sulawesi Selatan NCBI GenBank number = JQ435106; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435286; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435347; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435419; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435442 Zalmoxis SL2487 DNA102487 131112 0.575277778 123.895 North Sulawesi Bukit Linggua, near sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102487; curupira sp. Doloduo, north monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE605029; nov. Sulawesi NCBI GenBank number = JN885723; NCBI GenBank number = JN885743; NCBI GenBank number = JN885774; NCBI GenBank number = JN885779; NCBI GenBank number = JN885791 Zalmoxis sp. BR40662 DNA104066-2 131177 –2.644444444 115.4127778 Borneo South Kalimantan sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA104066_2; Prov., Pagat, ~6 km E monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654065 of Barabai, Gunung Batu Benawa Zalmoxis sp. SL2488 DNA102488 131113 0.759166667 124.4213889 North Sulawesi Gunung Ambang, near sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102488; Modoinding, NE of monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654023; Kotamobagu, north NCBI GenBank number = JQ435123; Sulawesi NCBI GenBank number = JQ435278; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435435 Zalmoxis sp. SL2493 DNA102493 131117 0.759166667 124.4213889 North Sulawesi Gunung Ambang, near sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102493; Modoinding, NE of monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = JQ435099; Kotamobagu, north NCBI GenBank number = JQ435280; Sulawesi NCBI GenBank number = JQ435334 Zalmoxis cf. JV2500 DNA102500 131122 –6.746111111 106.9966667 Java Gunung Gede- sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102500; dammermani Pangrango N.P., Jawa monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE605028; Barat NCBI GenBank number = JN885738; NCBI GenBank number = JN885742; NCBI GenBank number = JN885773; NCBI GenBank number = JN885790 Zalmoxis sp. SL25081 DNA102508-1 131127 0.758611111 124.4202778 North Sulawesi Gunung Ambang, near sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102508; Modoinding, NE of monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654058; Kotamobagu, north NCBI GenBank number = HE654059 Sulawesi Zalmoxis kotys BR40641 DNA104064-1 131175 2.134444444 117.4108333 Borneo East Kalimantan Prov., sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA104064; Sharma et al., Berau District, Hutan monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654062 2012 Wisata Sei Tangap,

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Species ID on tree MCZ DNA MCZ Inv. Latitude Longitude Locality Specific locality Tarsus GenBank number number Zool. number condition ~8 km W of Tanjungredeb Zalmoxis bendis BR40631 DNA104063-1 131174 1.995 117.6008333 Borneo East Kalimantan Prov., sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA104063; Sharma et al., Berau District, near dimorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654061 2012 Kampung Suaran, ca. 40 km N of Tanjungredeb Zalmoxis BR4061 DNA104061 131172 –1.143333333 116.8497222 Borneo East Kalimantan Prov., sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA104061; zibelthiurdos Sungai Wain monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654060; Sharma et al., Protection Forest, ca. NCBI GenBank number = JQ435102; 2012 15 km N of Balikpapan NCBI GenBank number = JQ435267; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435400 Zalmoxis PN4060 DNA104060 131171 11.81972222 121.9666667 Luzon Panay: PESCP sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA104060; gebeleizis research station, monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654091; Sharma et al., Sibaliw NCBI GenBank number = JQ435187; 2012 NCBI GenBank number = JQ435272; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435393; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435424 Zalmoxis LZ61961 DNA106196-1 131216 14.17475 121.0168056 Luzon Luzon: Cabangaan sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA106196; mitobatipes Silang Cavite monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE605018; Roewer, 1926 NCBI GenBank number = HE654115; NCBI GenBank number = HE654116; NCBI GenBank number = JN885721; NCBI GenBank number = JN885741; NCBI GenBank number = JN885764; field number = Locality 798 Zalmoxis LZ61962 DNA106196-2 131216 14.17475 121.0168056 Luzon Luzon: Cabangaan sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA106196; mitobatipes Silang Cavite monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE605018; Roewer, 1926 NCBI GenBank number = HE654115; NCBI GenBank number = HE654116; NCBI GenBank number = JN885721; NCBI GenBank number = JN885741; NCBI GenBank number = JN885764; field number = Locality 798 Zalmoxis LZ61963 DNA106196-3 131216 14.17475 121.0168056 Luzon Luzon: Cabangaan sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA106196; cuspanalis Silang Cavite monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE605018; Roewer, 1927 NCBI GenBank number = HE654115; NCBI GenBank number = HE654116; NCBI GenBank number = JN885721; NCBI GenBank number = JN885741; NCBI GenBank number = JN885764; field number = Locality 798 Zalmoxis LZ61911 DNA106191-1 131211 14.13041667 121.21 Luzon Luzon: Mount sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA106191; cuspanalis Makiling monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654109; Roewer, 1927 NCBI GenBank number = HE654110; NCBI GenBank number = HE654111; field number = Locality 790 Zalmoxis LZ61912 DNA106191-2 131211 14.13041667 121.21 Luzon Luzon: Mount sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA106191; cuspanalis Makiling monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654109; Roewer, 1927 NCBI GenBank number = HE654110; NCBI GenBank number = HE654111; field number = Locality 790

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Species ID on tree MCZ DNA MCZ Inv. Latitude Longitude Locality Specific locality Tarsus GenBank number number Zool. number condition Zalmoxis LZ61913 DNA106191-3 131211 14.13041667 121.21 Luzon Luzon: Mount sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA106191; cuspanalis Makiling monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654109; Roewer, 1927 NCBI GenBank number = HE654110; NCBI GenBank number = HE654111; field number = Locality 790 Zalmoxis LZ6195 DNA106195 131215 14.13513889 121.2255833 Luzon Luzon: Mount sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA106195; cuspanalis Makiling monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654114; Roewer, 1927 NCBI GenBank number = JQ435205; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435277; field number = Locality 797 Zalmoxis LZ61923 DNA106192-3 131212 14.13675 121.20475 Luzon Luzon: Mount sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA106192; cuspanalis Makiling monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE605019; Roewer, 1927 NCBI GenBank number = HE654112; NCBI GenBank number = HE654113; NCBI GenBank number = JN885722; NCBI GenBank number = JN885740; NCBI GenBank number = JN885765; NCBI GenBank number = JN885778; field number = Locality 792 Zalmoxis sp. LZ3724 DNA103724 131163 13.65 123.3430556 Luzon Luzon: Camarines Sur. sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA103724; Province, 15 km E monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654080; Naga City, Mt. Isarog NCBI GenBank number = JQ435175; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435276; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435379 Zalmoxis PW5635 DNA105635 131180 10.15166667 118.8861111 Palawan Palawan: Puerto sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA105635; sabazios Princesa Region, monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654097; Sharma et al., Sabang Underground NCBI GenBank number = JQ435184; 2012 N.P., Daylight Hole & NCBI GenBank number = JQ435304 Lions Cave Zalmoxis NC2356 DNA102356 131105 –22.58916667 167.52225 New Caledonia Isle of Pines, Baie sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102356; perditus d’Upi monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = JN885727; Sharma, 2012 NCBI GenBank number = JN885748; NCBI GenBank number = JN885762; NCBI GenBank number = JN885784 Zalmoxis sp. NC2351 DNA102351 131100 –22.24713889 166.8279167 New Caledonia Pic du Pin sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102351; monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654018; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435115; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435251; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435430 Zalmoxis NC23581 DNA102358-1 124546 –22.34202778 166.95925 New Caledonia Port Boise Bay sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102358; princeps monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE605017; Sharma, 2012 NCBI GenBank number = HE654081; NCBI GenBank number = JN885726; NCBI GenBank number = JN885746; NCBI GenBank number = JN885763; NCBI GenBank number = JN885777; NCBI GenBank number = JN885785 Zalmoxis NC2353 DNA102353 131102 –22.27961111 166.8279167 New Caledonia Pic du Grand Kaori sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102353; princeps monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654020; Sharma, 2012 NCBI GenBank number = JQ435117; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435254; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435351; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435432 Page 5 of 10

Species ID on tree MCZ DNA MCZ Inv. Latitude Longitude Locality Specific locality Tarsus GenBank number number Zool. number condition Zalmoxis sp. NC2352 DNA102352 131101 –22.17697222 166.5106389 New Caledonia Mt. Koghis sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102352; monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654019; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435116; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435247; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435354; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435431 Zalmoxis NC2350 DNA102350 131099 –22.06011111 166.3489444 New Caledonia Mt. Mou sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102350; kaktinsae monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE605015; Sharma, 2012 NCBI GenBank number = JN885728; NCBI GenBank number = JN885749; NCBI GenBank number = JN885761; NCBI GenBank number = JN885783 Zalmoxis sp. NC23585 DNA102358-5 154597 –22.342028 166.95925 New Caledonia sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102358–5; dimorphic NCBI GenBank number = JQ435252.1; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435164.1; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435461.1; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435411.1; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435366.1; NCBI GenBank number = HE654081.1 Zalmoxis sp. NC23571 DNA102357-1 131106 –21.75402778 166.0001111 New Caledonia Mt. Do sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102357; monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654022; NCBI GenBank number = HE654051 Zalmoxis NC2246 DNA102246 124552 –20.55 164.7833333 New Caledonia Mt. Panie track sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102246; mendax monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE605014.1; Sharma, 2012 NCBI GenBank number = JN885739; NCBI GenBank number = JN885747; NCBI GenBank number = JN885782 Zalmoxis sp. NG2527 DNA102527 131140 –5.138694444 145.7745 New Guinea Madang, Bitabag sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102527; Reserve, Madang dimorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654026; Province NCBI GenBank number = JQ435119; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435311; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435327; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435414 Zalmoxis sp. NG6180m DNA106180-1 131186 –6.1621 146.841933 New Guinea Finisterre Mts., sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA106180; Yawan, primary forest monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654107; plot NCBI GenBank number = HE654108 Zalmoxis sp. NG2526 DNA102526 131139 –6.014777778 145.4124722 New Guinea Goroka, Gahavisuka sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102526; Park, East Highlands monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654085; Province, Loc. #457 NCBI GenBank number = JQ435169; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435216; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435367; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435463 Zalmoxis sp. NG25221 DNA102522-1 131135 –6.014777778 145.4124722 New Guinea Goroka, Gahavisuka sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102522; Park, East Highlands monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654025; Province, Loc. #457 to NCBI GenBank number = HE654052; 458 NCBI GenBank number = HE654083 Zalmoxis sp. NG25222 DNA102522-2 131135 –6.014777778 145.4124722 New Guinea Goroka, Gahavisuka sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102522; Park, East Highlands monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654025; Province, Loc. #457 to NCBI GenBank number = HE654052; 458 NCBI GenBank number = HE654083 Zalmoxis sp. NG25223 DNA102522-3 131135 –6.014777778 145.4124722 New Guinea Goroka, Gahavisuka sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102522; Park, East Highlands monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654025; NCBI GenBank number = HE654052; Page 6 of 10

Species ID on tree MCZ DNA MCZ Inv. Latitude Longitude Locality Specific locality Tarsus GenBank number number Zool. number condition Province, Loc. #457 to NCBI GenBank number = HE654083 458 Zalmoxis sp. NG2528 DNA102528 131141 –5.138694444 145.7745 New Guinea Madang, Bitabag sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102528; Reserve, Madang monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = FJ977798; Province NCBI GenBank number = HE605030; NCBI GenBank number = JN885724; NCBI GenBank number = JN885744; NCBI GenBank number = JN885775; NCBI GenBank number = JN885780; NCBI GenBank number = JN885792 Zalmoxis sp. NG2529 DNA102529-1 131142 –5.138694444 145.7745 New Guinea Madang, Bitabag sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102529; Reserve, Madang monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654070; Province NCBI GenBank number = HE654086; NCBI GenBank number = HE654087; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435126; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435243 Zalmoxis sp. NG25292 DNA102529-2 131142 –5.138694444 145.7745 New Guinea Madang, Bitabag sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102529; Reserve, Madang monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654070; Province NCBI GenBank number = HE654086; NCBI GenBank number = HE654087; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435126; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435243 Zalmoxis sp. NG25293 DNA102529-3 131142 –5.138694444 145.7745 New Guinea Madang, Bitabag sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102529; Reserve, Madang monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654070; Province NCBI GenBank number = HE654086; NCBI GenBank number = HE654087; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435126; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435243 Zalmoxis sp. NG6177 DNA106177 131183 –6.1621 146.8419333 New Guinea Finisterre Mts., sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA106177; Yawan, primary forest monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654105; plot NCBI GenBank number = JQ435177; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435310; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435386; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435477 Zalmoxis sp. NG2530 DNA102530 131143 –5.138694444 145.7745 New Guinea Madang, Bitabag sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102530; Reserve, Madang monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654028; Province NCBI GenBank number = JQ435109; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435245; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435345; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435464 Zalmoxis adze NG2525 DNA102525 131138 –9.444027778 147.3408333 New Guinea Virarata National Park, sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA102525; sp. nov. Central Province, Loc. monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654069; #461 NCBI GenBank number = JQ435168; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435236; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435329; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435413; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435483 Zalmoxis sp. FJ3582 DNA103582 131159 –17.66508333 178.7583611 Fiji Forest above Viro, sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA103582; near river monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654030; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435111; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435234; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435348; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435440 Page 7 of 10

Species ID on tree MCZ DNA MCZ Inv. Latitude Longitude Locality Specific locality Tarsus GenBank number number Zool. number condition Zalmoxis FJ3579 DNA103579-1 131156 –18.07083333 178.4444167 Fiji Savura Park, along sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA103579; pygmaeus ridge trail monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE605021; Sørensen, 1886 NCBI GenBank number = HE654090; NCBI GenBank number = JN885732; NCBI GenBank number = JN885753; NCBI GenBank number = JN885767; NCBI GenBank number = JN885787 Zalmoxis sp. FJ3583 DNA103583 131160 –17.67108333 178.7610556 Fiji Forest above Viro, in sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA103583; drier forest monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654040; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435122; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435239; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435316; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435446 Zalmoxis sp. WA3851 DNA103851 131165 –14.44666667 125.9944444 Western Australia Bonaparte sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA103851; Archipelago, Sleep monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654073; Head Island, site NCBI GenBank number = JQ435174; STMH01 NCBI GenBank number = JQ435228; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435371; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435421; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435482 Zalmoxis QL6308 DNA106308 131207 –19.01088889 146.2055278 Queensland Paluma Range N.P., H sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA106308; cardwellensis track monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = JN885734; Forster, 1955 NCBI GenBank number = JN885755; NCBI GenBank number = JN885769; field number = Locality 855 Zalmoxis QL6311 DNA106311 131187 –16.06136111 145.4617222 Queensland Daintree N.P., Cape sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA106311; furcifer Sharma, Tribulation Road, monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE605025; 2012 Emmagen Creek, NCBI GenBank number = JN885735; adjacent to ‘4WD NCBI GenBank number = JN885756; track’ field number = Locality 859 Zalmoxis WA6321 DNA106321 131196 –12.45766667 131.0510833 Western Australia Howard Springs sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA106321; darwinensis Reserve, grassy area monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE605022; Goodnight & before forest, adjacent NCBI GenBank number = JN885730; Goodnight, to springs NCBI GenBank number = JN885751; 1948 NCBI GenBank number = JN885768; field number = Locality 876 Zalmoxis WA5836 DNA105836 131181 –14.51666667 124.9166667 Western Australia Western Australia, sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA105836; falcifer Sharma, Bonaparte Archipelago monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE605024; 2012 NCBI GenBank number = JN885729; NCBI GenBank number = JN885750; NCBI GenBank number = JN885771; NCBI GenBank number = JN885789 Zamoxis bilbo VN6883 DNA 106883 131200 –15.36824 166.97804 Vanuatu Tanakar, near Butmas, sexually MT583734; sp. nov. Mt. Espiritu Santo, dimorphic MT559431; Vanuatu MT559432; MT559338; MT568926 Ethobunus cf. MX38811 DNA103881-1 81158 17.514278 –92.294861 Neotropics sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA103881–1; foliatus monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = JQ435460.1; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435409.1; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435318.1; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435223.1; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435162.1; Page 8 of 10

Species ID on tree MCZ DNA MCZ Inv. Latitude Longitude Locality Specific locality Tarsus GenBank number number Zool. number condition NCBI GenBank number = HE654048.1 Ethobunus cf. MX38812 DNA103881-2 81158 17.514278 –92.294861 Neotropics sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA103881–2; foliatus monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = JQ435410.1; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435319.1; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435224.1; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435163.1; NCBI GenBank number = HE654049.1 Ethobunus cf. MX3864 DNA103864 80720 17.12365 –91.63656 Neotropics Lago Metzabok sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA103864; foliatus monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654046; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435137; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435222; field number = LLAMA Wa-A-06–2-all Pachylicus sp. CR38801 DNA103880-1 80070 8.40667 –83.32833 Neotropics 13 km. SSW Pto. sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA103880; Jimenez monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654038; NCBI GenBank number = HE654039; field number = LLAMA 6209 Pachylicus sp. CR38802 DNA103880-2 80070 8.40667 –83.32833 Neotropics 13 km. SSW Pto. sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA103880; Jimenez monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654038; NCBI GenBank number = HE654039; field number = LLAMA 6209 Pachylicus CR3876 DNA103876 79937 8.78658 –82.95987 Neotropics Las Cruces Biological sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA103876; spinatus Station monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654034; Goodnight & NCBI GenBank number = HE654035; Goodnight, NCBI GenBank number = JQ435145; 1983 NCBI GenBank number = JQ435146; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435265; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435295; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435324; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435358; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435453; field number = LLAMA MGB 514 Ethobunus sp. CR3875 DNA103875 79937 8.78658 –82.95987 Neotropics Las Cruces Biological sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA103875; Station dimorphic DNA Reference Code = DNA103876; NCBI GenBank number = HE654034; NCBI GenBank number = HE654035; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435145; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435146; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435265; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435295; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435324; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435358; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435453; field number = LLAMA MGB 514 Ethobunus CR3874 DNA103874 81222 8.94997 –82.83375 Neotropics Las Alturas Biological sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA103874; tarsalis Banks, Station dimorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654033; 1909 NCBI GenBank number = JQ435144; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435264; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435357; field number = LLAMA MGB 521 Ethobunus CR1424 DNA101424 130955 10.208503 –84.215183 Neotropics Volcán Poás sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA101424; zalmoxiformis dimorphic NCBI GenBank number = FJ475953; Roewer, 1949 NCBI GenBank number = FJ475972; NCBI GenBank number = FJ495972; Page 9 of 10 Species ID on tree MCZ DNA MCZ Inv. Latitude Longitude Locality Specific locality Tarsus GenBank number number Zool. number condition NCBI GenBank number = FJ786550; NCBI GenBank number = FJ796478; NCBI GenBank number = FJ796490.2; NCBI GenBank number = FJ796494; NCBI GenBank number = FJ796501; NCBI GenBank number = JF786550 Ethobunus sp. NI39052 DNA103905-2 83070 11.883411 –85.97902 Neotropics Volcán Mombacho, sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA103905; 10.6 km SSW Granada monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654053; field number = LLAMA MGB 1170 Ethobunus sp. GM4844 DNA104844 89625 16.44147064 –89.53447 Neotropics 13 km NW sexually DNA Reference Code = DNA104844; Machaquilá monomorphic NCBI GenBank number = HE654078; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435159; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435226; NCBI GenBank number = JQ435321; field number = LLAMA Wa-B-06–2-all Additional MCZ DNA Invertebrate Latitude Longitude Locality terminal number Zoology number sequenced Zalmoxis sp. DNA106901 131205 not available not available Vanuatu MT554641; MT583735; MT559433; MT568927

Reference Sharma, P. P., and Giribet, G. (2012). Out of the Neotropics: Late Cretaceous colonization of Australasia by American arthropods. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 279, 3501–3509 doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0675.

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