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Morphosyntaxe Du Xavante, Langue Jê Du Mato Grosso (Brésil)

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Morphosyntaxe Du Xavante, Langue Jê Du Mato Grosso (Brésil) UNIVERSITE PARIS.DIDEROT (PARIS 7) UFR de Linguistique Ecole doctorale de Sciences du Langage Thèse de doctorat Sciences du Langage Linguistique théorique, descriptive et automatique MORPHOSYNTAXE DU XAVANTE Langue jê du Mato Grosso (Brésil) ADRIANA MACHADO ESTEVAM Disponível para download em Thèse dirigée par Francesc QUEIXALOS Arquivo enviado pela autora em janeiro de 2013. http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:estevam_2011 Soutenue le 30 / 09 / 2011 Jury : Michel Launey (Professeur, Université Denis Diderot – Paris 7), Président Denis Creissels (Professeur, Université Lumière – Lyon 2) Claire Moyse-Faurie (Directeur de recherche LACITO – CNRS) Francesc Queixalós (Directeur de recherche CELIA/SeDyL – CNRS, IRD, INALCO) Andrés Salanova (Professeur, University of Ottawa) Remerciements Je remercie Francesc Queixalós d’avoir accepté d’être mon directeur de thèse. On ne pouvait espérer plus de gentillesse et de disponibilité d’un linguiste dévoué à la recherche et à ses étudiants, ni plus de clarté et de précision dans les analyses et discussions. Nous saluons son idée originale des stage doctoraux, où les échanges ont été fructueux. Je remercie toute la communauté xavante de São Marcos, à commencer par son représentant, le cacique Raimundo, et tout particulièrement ceux qui ont eu la gentillesse de m’accueillir chez eux – Maria Clara et toute sa famille – ainsi que ceux qui ont eu l’amabilité de m’accorder leur temps pour enregistrer ou transcrire des textes et répondre à mes questions : Daniel, Ângelo, João Davi (in memoriam), Evaristo, Januário, Tarciso, Roque, Nivaldo, Teresa, Bernadete, Carmita. Merci aussi à José Sõrõpré (in memoriam). A mon informateur principal, Alexandre (in memoriam), un grand merci pour sa patience, sa rigueur, sa finesse, son intérêt et son amitié. Je remercie tous ceux qui ont autorisé, permis ou épaulé mon travail sur le terrain : la FUNAI, Flávio, la FUNASA (Aline, Ana Kelly, Armindo, Mari), ainsi que les Salésiens, tout particulièrement José. Merci à Dioney Gomes pour son soutien à Brasilia. Je me dois de remercier Jean Lowenstamm, Nicole Rivière, Alain Rouveret – les enseignants de Paris 7 qui ont su me transmettre leur passion de la recherche dans différents domaines de la linguistique – mais aussi et surtout Michel Launey et Andrés Salanova pour avoir aimablement accepté de lire et commenter une bonne partie de ce travail. Je remercie encore ces deux derniers pour le privilège de les avoir comme membres du jury de ma soutenance, ainsi que Denis Creissels et Claire Moyse-Faurie. Je tiens à remercier également Christian Chanard pour son soutien technique et surtout mon laboratoire d’accueil et toute son équipe qui, bien que faisant partie aujourd’hui d’une nouvelle structure (Structure et Dynamique des Langues - SeDyL), restera pour moi le CELIA (Centre d’Etude des Langues Indigènes d’Amérique). Un incommensurable merci à Duna, à Mme Armand et à Isabelle pour leur soutien, leurs conseils et leur bonne humeur. Un grand merci aux autres doctorants du laboratoire, avec qui j’ai eu la chance de partager ce long chemin qu’est la thèse. Merci à François, qui m’a fait découvrir et prendre goût à sa passion, la linguistique. Léia, Aline, Doris, Marta : merci pour votre amitié, votre tendresse et votre solidarité. Je ne trouverai jamais les mots pour remercier Léia comme il se doit. Enfin, je remercie chaleureusement mes parents et mon mari pour leur soutien inconditionnel, leur patience et leur amour, qui m’ont permis de mener à bien ce travail. Résumé Cette thèse propose une description morphosyntaxique de la langue xavante, parlée dans l’état du Mato Grosso (Brésil) et faisant partie de la famille des langues jê, du phylum macro-jê. Le premier chapitre, consacré aux parties du discours, montre la distinction entre lexèmes nominaux, verbaux, adverbiaux, postpositions et particules. Dans un deuxième temps, la composante morphologique de la grammaire présente les caractéristiques formelles, flexionnelles et constructionnelles des lexèmes nominaux et verbaux. S’ensuit alors un chapitre dédié à la syntaxe, où sont décrites la structure interne des constituants (syntagmes et propositions) ainsi que leurs fonctions syntaxiques. Enfin, des observations sont faites sur la structure informationnelle de l’énoncé dans un dernier chapitre. Quelques hypothèses diachroniques, qui tentent d’apporter une vision générale sur certains aspects de la langue, sont proposées en guise de conclusion. Abstract This thesis offers a morphosyntactic description of the Xavante language, spoken in the state of Mato Grosso (Brazil) and part of the jê languages, of the macro-jê stock. The first chapter is concerned with parts of speech and shows the distinction between nominal, verbal, adverbial lexemes, postpositions and particles. The second chapter consists of the morphological component of the grammar and accounts for the formal, flexional and constructional characteristics of nominal and verbal lexemes. The following chapter deals with syntactic issues : it describes the internal structure and syntactic functions of constituents (phrases and clauses). Some observations on the informational structure of the sentence are given in the last chapter. In conclusion, we propose a few diachronic hypotheses which attempt to offer a general perspective on certain aspects of the language. TABLE DES MATIERES Index des tableaux .................................................................................................................... 12 ABREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 15 I. Langue et méthode de travail ................................................................................................ 17 II. Quelques définitions ............................................................................................................ 21 III. Plan ..................................................................................................................................... 22 Chapitre I : Les parties du discours .......................................................................................... 23 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 25 I. Les parties du discours .......................................................................................................... 25 I.1. Définitions.......................................................................................................................... 26 I.1.a. Syntagme nominal - nom - lexème nominal ............................................................... 27 I.1.b. Syntagme verbal - verbe - lexème verbal.................................................................... 29 I.1.c. Syntagme adverbial - adverbe - lexème adverbial ...................................................... 30 I.1.d. Syntagme postpositionnel - postposition - lexème postpositionnel ............................ 30 I.1.e. Particules ..................................................................................................................... 31 I.2. Translation ......................................................................................................................... 32 I.2.a. Au niveau du lexique................................................................................................... 32 I.2.b. Au niveau du mot ........................................................................................................ 33 I.2.c. Au niveau de la syntaxe .............................................................................................. 34 II. Les noms .............................................................................................................................. 36 II.1. Les substantifs .................................................................................................................. 36 II.1.a. Substantifs relationnels et substantifs non relationnels ............................................. 37 II.1.b. Substantifs « comptables » et substantifs « non comptables » .................................. 40 II.1.c. Substantifs « animés » et substantifs « inanimés » .................................................... 40 II.2. Les pronoms ..................................................................................................................... 42 II.2.a. Pronoms personnels emphatiques .............................................................................. 42 II.2.b. Pronoms démonstratifs .............................................................................................. 46 II.2.c. Pronoms indéfinis ...................................................................................................... 56 II.2.d. Pronoms quantifieurs ................................................................................................. 59 II.2.e. Pro-formes adverbiales .............................................................................................. 61 III. Les verbes ........................................................................................................................... 63 III.1. Verbes « stricts » ............................................................................................................. 64 III.1.a. Verbes dynamiques
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