DOCSLIB.ORG

Drivers Final Report V1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Drivers Final Report V1 THE FUTURE OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS Project Report, December 2007. Draft 1 Luc van Hoof, Wageningen IMARES , Project coordinator (editor) Andy Payne, CEFAS (editor) Audun Iversen, Fiskeriforskning Chantal Cahu, Ifremer George Tserpes, HCMR John Pinnegar, CEFAS Loïc Antoine, Ifremer Maud Evrard, Marine Board Véronique Lamblin, Futuribles This report does not necessarily reflect the view of the European Commission and in no way anticipates the Commission’s future policy in this area Draft 2 The FEUFAR Project Background The goal of the project is to define the research required in the medium term (here taken as 10 years), to permit exploitation and farming of aquatic resources set against the context of key challenges and risks for meeting sustainability requirements. The main output of the exercise will be a publication outlining key challenges, strategic options and the research needs of capture fisheries and aquaculture in European waters and in waters in which European fleets operate under bilateral or multilateral agreements. The project is expected to contribute to the development and subsequent implementation of a European Maritime Policy and to further strengthen the European marine research area through anticipation of research needs in the field of fisheries and aquaculture. Research Methodology Basically, the methodology consists of three steps: (i) describe the system, (ii) detect the driving forces in the system and, (iii) by constructing hypotheses about the driving forces, sketch potential scenarios for the future. These different scenarios will provide the basis for the identification of issues, from an economical, ecological, societal and managerial (governance) perspective, which may need attention or be the key challenges in future. Based on the analysis, some of the key future needs for research in capture fisheries and aquaculture will be identified. Contributions FEUFAR will seek the opinions of appropriate stakeholders, and the analysis will consider the possible implications of gradual or catastrophic climate change, new technologies, changes in societal values and organizational structures, globalization of markets for fish and other marine products, food security and health, and changes in management practices or fishing techniques. Stakeholder participation and dissemination of results is fully integrated into the project. An expert committee consisting of representatives of the research and funding communities will assist in providing feedback into the analysis, and stakeholder groups will be invited to formal brainstorming activities during the course of the project. One forum will set up a stakeholder network of representatives of research, industry and management areas at a regional, European and international scale. A second will take the form of an expert workshop, including a broad selection of (representatives of) research and advisory organizations across Europe. The wider audience (including Regional Advisory Council representatives, and hence representing production, processing, societal, and environmental interests) will be invited and/or consulted in order to present draft findings and to generate educated feedback. CONTACT You can log on to our project website where you will find more information about the project, the results of the activities as they become available, and a discussion forum: www.feufar.eu Funded by: Draft 3 Draft 4 Table of Contents WORLD CONTEXT .........................................................................................6 A1 Climate change ....................................................................................................... 7 A2 International agreements ...................................................................................... 12 A3 Food security in the world, inc. demography ........................................................ 19 EU REGULATION..........................................................................................25 B1 EU policies ............................................................................................................ 26 B2 Governance and Stakeholder Participation ......................................................... 32 B3 Management tools................................................................................................. 39 B4 National policies ................................................................................................... 45 B5 Politics.................................................................................................................. 48 SEAFOOD MARKETS AND ECONOMICS ...................................................51 C1 Product diversification........................................................................................... 52 C2 Processing (capabilities) ....................................................................................... 54 C3 Distribution channels (value, quality, custody)..................................................... 58 C4 Consumer choices (prices, preferences, ethics)................................................... 66 C5 World production of fish and fish products by region............................................ 69 C6 EU trade within world trade in fish and fish products............................................ 75 C7 COSTS AND EARNINGS OF FISHERIES ........................................................... 79 SOCIAL DYNAMIC ........................................................................................84 D1 Recreational fisheries ........................................................................................... 85 D2 Public perception of fisheries/aquaculture (communication) ................................ 89 D3 Activities in Coastal Areas (including employment for fishers in other sectors) ... 93 D4 Competing Use Of Seashore (energy, leisure activities, urbanization) ................ 97 D5 Fisherfolk attitude towards the future (including education, training, tradition and the attractiveness of the career)............................................................................... 100 D6 Social capital (skills and expertise)..................................................................... 104 ECOSYSTEMS............................................................................................108 E1 Pollutants and contaminants (inc. nutrients)....................................................... 109 E2 Recruitment......................................................................................................... 116 E3 Invasive Species ................................................................................................. 120 E4 Escapement (inc. GMO, parasites)..................................................................... 126 E5 Impact of gears on habitat and organisms......................................................... 130 PRODUCTION.............................................................................................134 F1 Marine “ingredients”, by-products, and bio prospecting...................................... 135 F2 Fleet structure, size and technology (including selectivity, discards).................. 141 F3 Stock Development (commercial stocks, potential commercial stocks, restocking,) .................................................................................................................................. 148 F4 Fish feed development and availability ............................................................... 154 F5 Aquaculture hardware technologies.................................................................... 159 F6 Species Diversification Aquaculture.................................................................. 162 F7 Breeding, selection and genome manipulation ................................................... 166 F8 Health of animals................................................................................................. 170 F9 Resources available for catch-based aquaculture (tuna and eel ranching)........ 177 F10 Health risk of seafood........................................................................................ 181 RESEARCH.................................................................................................189 G1 Sources and allocation of funding for European marine research (including data collection, short term crisis) ...................................................................................... 190 G2 Organisation of European Marine Research ...................................................... 195 G3 Access To Infrastructure..................................................................................... 198 G4 Research Training And Management................................................................. 204 G5 Communication flows (inc. IPR).......................................................................... 209 Draft 5 WORLD CONTEXT Draft 6 World Context WORLD CONTEXT A1 Climate change Driver Definition Climate variability can have an enormous impact on marine ecosystems. Long-term climate change may well affect the physical, biological, and biogeochemical characteristics of oceans and coasts, modifying ecosystems and the way that they function. Relevant Indicators Water temperature Sea level Ocean colour NAO anomalies, ENSO, pH, salinity Frequency of storms Developments over the past 20 years The ‘greenhouse effect’ is a natural phenomenon, but there is strong evidence that human
Load more

Recommended publications
  • European Code of Conduct on Recreational Boating and Invasive Alien Species
    Strasbourg, 18 November 2016 T-PVS/Inf (2016) 13 [Inf13e_2016.docx] CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF EUROPEAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL HABITATS Standing Committee 36th meeting Strasbourg, 15-18 November 2016 __________ EUROPEAN CODE OF CONDUCT ON RECREATIONAL BOATING AND INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES - FINAL - Document prepared by Ms Emma Barton, Environmental Secretary, European Boating Association, on behalf of the Bern Convention This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. Ce document ne sera plus distribué en réunion. Prière de vous munir de cet exemplaire. T-PVS/Inf (2016) 13 - 2 – CONTENTS PRESENTATION ...................................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 3 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Socio-economic value of recreational boating ...................................................................... 5 1.3 European and Member States IAS legislation and initiatives ............................................ 6 2. THE CODE OF CONDUCT .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Designing and Building Center Console Boats – a Case Study
    Designing and Building Center Console Boats – A Case Study CORY WOOD, VICE PRESIDENT GREG BEERS, P.E., PRESIDENT BRISTOL HARBOR GROUP, INC. THE SHEARER GROUP, INC. SNAME NEW ENGLAND SECTION 29 JANUARY 2020 Bristol Harbor Group, Inc. Started by four friends in 1993 while still in college. Became self sufficient (read self employed) in 1997. Bristol Harbor Group, Inc. cont. Design everything from 18’ fiberglass power boats to 400’ long oil tankers. Currently employ twelve naval architects and support staff. In 2005, partners looked into all manner of business opportunities for diversification from naval architectural services…Bristol Harbor Boats was born. First Decisions What type of boats to build? What style to build? What size to build? How much money are we going to need? Market Analysis Determine total number of boats built in the U.S. Determine breakdown of the above. Determine what size we wanted to start with. Style Options Classic vs. Euro vs. Modern It’s the Supply Chain Stupid The concept for Bristol Harbor Boats was developed around an innovative supply chain. Rhode Island company, but only do in the State that which makes SENSE to do in Little Rhody: Design Market Assemble Rig FRP (fiberglass) work done by a third party. Innovative supply chain, boat parts fit INSIDE standard 53’ trailers (one of which is the hull itself). Parts are offloaded and assembled in our final assembly facility in Bristol, Rhode Island. Initial Dealer Network Sales are the most important task. Maximize regional coverage to provide a running start. Design Elements K.I.S.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Filing Port Code Filing Port Name Manifest Number Filing Date Next
    Filing Port Call Sign Next Foreign Trade Official Vessel Type Total Dock Code Filing Port Name Manifest Number Filing Date Next Domestic Port Vessel Name Next Foreign Port Name Number IMO Number Country Code Number Agent Name Vessel Flag Code Operator Name Crew Owner Name Draft Tonnage Dock Name InTrans 4101 CLEVELAND, OH 4101-2021-00080 12/10/2020 - NACC CAPRI PORT COLBORNE, ONT - 9795244 CA 1 - WORLD SHIPPING, INC. MT 330 NOVAALGOMA CARRIERS SA 14 NACC CAPRI LTD 11'4" 0 LAFARGE CEMENT CORP., CLEVELAND TERMINAL WHARF N 5204 WEST PALM BEACH, FL 5204-2021-00248 12/10/2020 - TROPIC GEM PROVIDENCIALES J8QY2 9809930 TC 3 401067 TROPICAL SHIPPING CO. VC 310 TROPICAL SHIPPING COMPANY LTD. 13 TROPICAL SHIPPING COMPANY LTD. 11'6" 1140 PORT OF PALM BEACH BERTH NO. 7 (2012) DL 0102 BANGOR, ME 0102-2021-00016 12/10/2020 - LADY MARGARET FRMLY. ISLAND SPIRIT VERACRUZ 3FEO8 9499424 MX 2 44562-13 New England Shipping Co., Inc. PA 229 RAINBOW MARITIME CO., LTD. 19 GLOBAL QUARTZ S.A. 32'4" 10395 - - 1703 SAVANNAH, GA 1703-2021-00484 12/10/2020 SFI, SOUTHHAMPTON, UK NYK NEBULA - 3ENG6 9337640 - 6 33360-08-B NORTON LILLY PA 310 MTO MARITIME, S.A. 25 MTO MARITIME, S.A. 31'5" 23203 GARDEN CITY TERMINALS, BERTHS CB 1 - 5 D 4601 NEW YORK/NEWARK AREA 4601-2021-00775 12/10/2020 BALTIMORE, MD MSC Madeleine - 3DFR7 9305702 - 6 31866-06-A NORTON LILLY INTERNATIONAL PA 310 MSC MEDITERRANEAN SHIPPING COMPANY 21 COMPANIA NAVIEERA MADELEINE, PANAMA 42'7" 56046 NYCT #2 AND #3 DFL 4601 NEW YORK/NEWARK AREA 4601-2021-00774 12/10/2020 - SUNBELT SPIRIT TOYOHASHI V7DK4 9233246 JP 1 1657 NORTON LILLY INTERNATIONAL MH 325 GREAT AMERICAN LINES, INC.
    [Show full text]
  • The Port of Bristol in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century
    The port of Bristol in the second half of the eighteenth century: An examination of the organisational structure of the port pertaining to the management and operation of its shipping with special reference to ships trading with the West Indies and America. Volume 1 of 2. Submitted by John Gilbert MacMillan to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in August 2015. This thesis is available for library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other university. Signature………………………………… 1 Abstract. In comparison to the amount of research that has been carried out on Royal Navy affairs and its ports and dockyards, few studies have been done on the day to day operations of merchant shipping and civilian ports, especially in the eighteenth century. This thesis attempts to partly redress this by examining at depth the workings of the Port of Bristol and its shipping in this period, using contemporary records where they have survived and a system of cross-referencing where they have not. The physical structure and amenities of the port were subject to close examination, not only to establish whether they were suitable for their purpose, but to observe the effectiveness of the systems that were in place regarding their use.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Assessment of Short Term Options for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters: Costs and Benefits to Other Marine Users and Interests
    Marine Scotland Economic Assessment of Short Term Options for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters: Costs and Benefits to Other Marine Users and Interests Economic Assessment of Short Term Options for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters: Costs and Benefits to Other Marine Users and Interests The Scottish Government, Edinburgh 2011 Economic Assessment of Short Term Options for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters: Costs and Benefits to Other Marine Users and Interests © Crown copyright 2011 ISBN: 978-1-78045-162-6 (web only) The Scottish Government St Andrew’s House Edinburgh EH1 3DG Produced for the Scottish Government by APS Group Scotland DPPAS11534 (03/11) Published by the Scottish Government, March 2011 Economic Assessment of Short Term Options for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters: Costs and Benefits to Other Marine Users and Interests Summary Introduction In 2009, The Crown Estate identified 10 areas where it was prepared to grant commercial leases for offshore wind energy developments. Collectively, these areas could provide a generation capacity of around 6.4GW. Subsequent to this, one of the sites (Bell Rock) proved technically unsuitable for development and the developer has withdrawn from the scheme. The Scottish Government‟s draft Offshore Wind Energy Plan provides a strategic overview of where offshore wind development could be progressed including The Crown Estate‟s 9 short-term options, together with a number of medium and longer-term options. A number of studies have been commissioned by Marine Scotland to support the evaluation of the Plan prior to its adoption. These studies have included a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) (Marine Scotland, 2010a) and a Habitats Regulations Appraisal (ABPmer, 2011) of the short and medium term options in the Draft Plan.
    [Show full text]
  • SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM for TRAILER BOATS
    edited by MC Beanland on 08 Apr 2020 valid only at time of printing live document edit after each use SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM For TRAILER BOATS BOAT DETAILS Skipper Name: ____________________________ Mobile: _________________________ Skipper: Qualifications (required to operate this vessel): _________________________ Qualification Number: _________________________ Qualification Expiry (date): _________________________ Crew: names __________________________________________________________ Operations / Task Location: ______________________________________________________ (Get the below from the Appendix, or your own vessels details) Vessel ID: (Name) ___________________ AMSA / ID Number ___ _______________________ Vessel Survey / Class: 1 2 3 4 (or: grandfathered or NS or Survey Exempt ) Operational Area A B C D E Vessel Description: _____________________________________________ PURPOSE The purpose of this document and procedures is to identify the correct operating procedures in relation to the training boat. SCOPE This procedure is only intended for the Authorised Trainer / Assessors. The trailer boat can only be used for training and assessment activities. REFERENCES LEGISLATIVE COMPLIANCE - NSCV. 1 SMS trailer Vessel.docx Page 1 of 58 edited by MC Beanland on 08 Apr 2020 valid only at time of printing live document edit after each use BOAT DETAILS 1 VESSEL CHECKLISTS & PROCEDURES 5 COMPLIANCE CHECKS 5 FLOTATION 5 REQUIREMENTS ON ALL PBS VESSELS 5 OTHER CHECKS 8 ENGINE CHECKS 9 VESSEL GENERAL CHECKS 9 GARBAGE DISPOSAL 9 TRAILER CHECKS
    [Show full text]
  • 1455189355674.Pdf
    THE STORYTeller’S THESAURUS FANTASY, HISTORY, AND HORROR JAMES M. WARD AND ANNE K. BROWN Cover by: Peter Bradley LEGAL PAGE: Every effort has been made not to make use of proprietary or copyrighted materi- al. Any mention of actual commercial products in this book does not constitute an endorsement. www.trolllord.com www.chenaultandgraypublishing.com Email:[email protected] Printed in U.S.A © 2013 Chenault & Gray Publishing, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Storyteller’s Thesaurus Trademark of Cheanult & Gray Publishing. All Rights Reserved. Chenault & Gray Publishing, Troll Lord Games logos are Trademark of Chenault & Gray Publishing. All Rights Reserved. TABLE OF CONTENTS THE STORYTeller’S THESAURUS 1 FANTASY, HISTORY, AND HORROR 1 JAMES M. WARD AND ANNE K. BROWN 1 INTRODUCTION 8 WHAT MAKES THIS BOOK DIFFERENT 8 THE STORYTeller’s RESPONSIBILITY: RESEARCH 9 WHAT THIS BOOK DOES NOT CONTAIN 9 A WHISPER OF ENCOURAGEMENT 10 CHAPTER 1: CHARACTER BUILDING 11 GENDER 11 AGE 11 PHYSICAL AttRIBUTES 11 SIZE AND BODY TYPE 11 FACIAL FEATURES 12 HAIR 13 SPECIES 13 PERSONALITY 14 PHOBIAS 15 OCCUPATIONS 17 ADVENTURERS 17 CIVILIANS 18 ORGANIZATIONS 21 CHAPTER 2: CLOTHING 22 STYLES OF DRESS 22 CLOTHING PIECES 22 CLOTHING CONSTRUCTION 24 CHAPTER 3: ARCHITECTURE AND PROPERTY 25 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES AND ELEMENTS 25 BUILDING MATERIALS 26 PROPERTY TYPES 26 SPECIALTY ANATOMY 29 CHAPTER 4: FURNISHINGS 30 CHAPTER 5: EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS 31 ADVENTurer’S GEAR 31 GENERAL EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS 31 2 THE STORYTeller’s Thesaurus KITCHEN EQUIPMENT 35 LINENS 36 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
    [Show full text]
  • Serving & Upholding
    2011 SINGAPORE SHIPPING ASSOCIATION / ANNUAL REVIEW 2010 Serving & Upholding SSA Annual Review 2010/2011 1 CONTENTS www.swire.com.sg Headquartered in Singapore - President’s Report - 3 Providing Integrated Services to Global Clients Council Members 2011/2013 - 7 Organisational Structure - 8 SSA Committees 2011/2013 - 9 Activities Report - 13 Port Statistics - 37 SSA Members - 38 Membership Particulars & Fleet Statistics - 42 - Listing of Ordinary Members - 43 - Listing of Associate Members - 89 Offshore Support SINGAPORE SHIPPING ASSOCIATION 59 Tras Street, Singapore 078998 Tel 6222 5238 I Fax 6222 5527 Email [email protected] Environmental Solutions Salvage Web www.ssa.org .sg Special thanks to our statistics contributors, advertisers, and the following companies for giving us permission to use their photographs: AET Tankers Pte Ltd, BW Maritime Pte Ltd, Epic Shipping (Singapore) Pte Ltd, Hong Lam Marine Pte Ltd, Jaya Holdings, Jurong Port Pte Ltd, Mentum.no, NTUC, Rickmers Trust Management Pte Ltd, Rickmers Shipmanagement (Singapore) Pte Ltd, Singapore Tourism Board, Swire Pacific Offshore Operations (Pte) Ltd, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command. This publication is published by the Singapore Shipping Association. No contents may be reproduced in part or in whole without the prior consent of the publisher. MICA (P) 054/07/2011 Wind Farm Installation Marine Seismic Support 2 SSA Annual Review 2010/2011 SSA Annual Review 2010/2011 3 PRESIDENT’S REPORT 2010/2011 ur he global economic climate today is very much an improved one as compared with the global economic recession experienced in 2009. Continued rapid OMission T economic developments and expansion in countries, such as China, India and Vietnam, have largely played key roles in maintaining buoyancy in the supply AS AN ASSOCIATION and demand of shipping services, particularly in Asia in the last one and a half years.
    [Show full text]
  • Singapore Shipping Association ANNUAL REVIEW 2011/12 Towards a Brighter Future
    Singapore Shipping Association ANNUAL REVIEW 2011/12 Towards a Brighter Future Contents SINGAPORE SHIPPING ASSOCIATION 03 President’s Report 59 Tras Street Singapore 078998 06 Council Members 2011/2013 Telephone: (65) 6222 5238 Facsimile: (65) 6222 5527 Email: [email protected] 07 Organisational Structure Website: www.ssa.org.sg 08 SSA Committees 2011/2013 Activities Report 39 Port and Shipping Statistics 40 Membership Summary 46 Membership Particulars & Fleet Statistics • Fleet Statistics Summary • Ordinary Members • Associate Members Special thanks to our statistics contributors, advertisers, and the following companies for granting us the permission to use their photographs: AET Tankers Pte Ltd, BW Maritime Pte Ltd, EU NAVFOR, Hong Lam Marine Pte Ltd, Jurong Port Pte Ltd, Masterbulk Pte Ltd, NYK Bulkship (Asia) Pte. Ltd., PACC Offshore Services Holdings Pte Ltd, PSA Corporation Limited, Rickmers Trust Management Pte Ltd, Singapore Tourism Board, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Swire Pacific Offshore Operations (Pte) Ltd. This publication is published by the Singapore Shipping Association. No contents may be reproduced in part or in whole without the prior consent of the publisher. MICA (P) 043/07/2012 SSA The Mission President’s Statement Report Mr. Patrick Phoon, President, Singapore Shipping Association As an Association 2011 has been a very difficult year for the shipping 2012 as long-overdue, but a step in the right direction. industry. The second half of 2011 saw a slight recovery in The effort must be sustained, however! Furthermore, The Association will protect and promote the interests of the shipping market but this was short-lived. Soaring oil any effective strategy must also address the root causes its members.
    [Show full text]
  • Small-Boat Sailing Merit Badge Pamphlet
    SMALL-BOAT SAILING How to Use This Pamphlet The secret to successfully earning a merit badge is for you to use both the pamphlet and the suggestions of your counselor. Your counselor can be as important to you as a coach is to an athlete. Use all of the resources your counselor can make available to you. This may be the best chance you will have to learn about this particular subject. Make it count. If you or your counselor feels that any information in this pamphlet is incorrect, please let us know. Please state your source of information. Merit badge pamphlets are reprinted annually and requirements updated regularly. Your suggestions for improvement are welcome. Send comments along with a brief statement about yourself to Youth Development, S209 • Boy Scouts of America • 1325 West Walnut Hill Lane • P.O. Box 152079 • Irving, TX 75015-2079. Who Pays for This Pamphlet? This merit badge pamphlet is one in a series of more than 100 covering all kinds of hobby and career subjects. It is made available for you to buy as a service of the national and local councils, Boy Scouts of America. The costs of the development, writing, and editing of the merit badge pamphlets are paid for by the Boy Scouts of America in order to bring you the best book at a reasonable price. BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA MERIT BADGE SERIES SMALL-BOAT SAILING Requirements 1. Do the following: a. Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur while small-boat sailing, including hypothermia, dehydration, heat reactions, motion sickness, cuts, scratches, abrasions, contusions, puncture wounds, and blisters.
    [Show full text]
  • Nautical Dictionary
    NAUTICAL DICTIONARY http://www.geocities.com/cjstein_2000/dictionary.html?20095 Please be patient as this is a large file and takes a while to load. OCTOBER 13 BALI Victorian Branch Australia Day Commitee If you want to be updated when this page changes enter your email address below Monitor page for changes enter email it's private by ChangeDetection A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A.B. - Ableseaman rating a man able to hand, reef and steer. Aback -(backwinded) - The sail filling on wrong side in the casee of square rigged ship may cause the ship to go astern.(See All-Aback) Abaft- towards the stern of a vessel. 1 of 59 5/10/2009 2:02 πμ NAUTICAL DICTIONARY http://www.geocities.com/cjstein_2000/dictionary.html?20095 Abaft the beam - aft a line which extends out from amidships. Abandon Ship - an order given to leave a ship when it is in danger. Abandonment - a marine insurance term indicating that the cost of repairs to a vessel is more than the cost of the vessel and cargo. Abeam - At right angle to the middle of the ship’s side Aboard. Within a vessel. Fall aboard - one vessel falls foul of another. To Lay aboard - to sail alongside an enemy vessel with the intention of boarding. Tacks aboard - to brace the yards around for sailing close hauled. About - on the other tack. To pass through the eye of the wind. Above board - above the deck.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Powered Chain Ferries
    Human Powered Chain Ferries by Theo Schmidt Historically most crossings of inland waterways not served by bridges were probably with ferries worked by oars or paddles. Today they are mostly motorized. However many small cable ferries still exist, which utilize the river current, human power, or both. Although larger cable ferries are motorized., the use of human power is so efficient, that even many-tonne such ferries can be worked by human power. This includes historic ones in England and USA and modern ones mainly in Germany and the Netherlands. This article lists some of these, mainly the ones which use chains rather then ropes as cables, and describes how they operate. Example of a simple human-powered chain ferry with a single central chain. Human-powered Chain Ferries Page 1 of 11 What is a chain ferry? Chain ferries belong to the category of cable ferry. Mostly the cables used are wire ropes rather than chains and where feasible the ferries utilize the water current as motive power – they are then called reaction ferries. This involves the use of long ropes suspended over a river, stretched near the surface, or supported by buoys. However it is also possible to use heavy cables which are not stretched but normally lie loosely at the bottom of the body of water, thus invisible and not impeding shipping. In this mode of operation, chains are particularly suitable, as they are very flexible and easy to grip without slipping – by hand or with chain sprockets. In operation, the ferry pulls itself along one or two ropes or chains, or sometimes using one chain for pulling and one rope for extra guidance.
    [Show full text]