DOCSLIB.ORG

The Port of Bristol in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The port of Bristol in the second half of the eighteenth century: An examination of the organisational structure of the port pertaining to the management and operation of its shipping with special reference to ships trading with the West Indies and America. Volume 1 of 2. Submitted by John Gilbert MacMillan to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in August 2015. This thesis is available for library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other university. Signature………………………………… 1 Abstract. In comparison to the amount of research that has been carried out on Royal Navy affairs and its ports and dockyards, few studies have been done on the day to day operations of merchant shipping and civilian ports, especially in the eighteenth century. This thesis attempts to partly redress this by examining at depth the workings of the Port of Bristol and its shipping in this period, using contemporary records where they have survived and a system of cross-referencing where they have not. The physical structure and amenities of the port were subject to close examination, not only to establish whether they were suitable for their purpose, but to observe the effectiveness of the systems that were in place regarding their use. Similarly, the deposition of shipping in the port was scrutinised to establish whether or not it contributed to the recognised problem of congestion at the port. The reality was that the facilities and systems put in place by the managers of the port, the Society of Merchant Venturers, were mainly effective but they could not overcome the adverse conditions set by the port having one of the highest ranges of tide in the world. However, there was another factor and that was the perspectives of the users of the port, the shipowners and merchants of the city. It was established that Bristol shipowners still adhered to the traditional system of owning ships as an element of a merchant’s business interests rather than in their own right, and this meant that there was little flexibility in both ways of working and the areas ships traded to, with the result that the facilities of the port were subjected to seasonal inundations contributing to congestion. The management of the ships involved in the most important trade of the port, the West Indian, was examined and they and their crews were far from being used to their full potential. In effect the conservative attitude to trade of the Bristol merchant was exacerbating the fundamental environmental problem of the port, its unmanageable tides. 2 Volume 1. Table of Contents. Introduction. 11. An inequality affecting maritime history. 11. Justification for writing the thesis. 12. Questions to be answered in this thesis. 13. The material used to answer the questions posed above. 14. The port’s facilities and management systems. 14. Shipping. 16. Method of research. 18. The layout of the thesis and the development of the argument. 20. Introductory Chapter. Improvements at other British ports to meet increased shipping at the end of the eighteenth century. 26. Introduction. 26. London. 26. Liverpool. 29. Hull. 33. Glasgow. 35. Newcastle. 37. Conclusions. 39. Chapter 1. The structure and facilities of the port of Bristol. 41. Section 1. The amenities of the river. 41. Introduction. 41. The environment of the Severn Estuary and River Avon. 43. The Haven Master. 46. The Port of Hungroad. 47. The moorings at Hungroad. 48. Shipping in and through the port. 53. The Haven Master and his difficulties with the men of Pill. 55. 3 Other facilities at Hungroad. 63. The Haven Master and the River Avon. 67. The nuisances on the River. 68. Natural and man-made obstacles to navigation on the river. 72. The Severn Estuary. 80. Conclusions. 81. Section 2. The harbour between Rownham Meads and the city quays. 83 Introduction. 83. The Merchants’ Dock complex. 85. Regulations covering Merchants’ Dock. 90. Problems encountered at the Floating Dock. 91. Conclusions. 96. Section 3. The facilities available to shipping at the quays. 97. Introduction. 97. The formation of the city quays. 97. The allocation of berths to shipping. 100. Porters on the quays. 107. The Crane Office. 111. Ancillary services. 120. Conclusions. 126. Chapter 2. Shipowning and crewing at the port of Bristol. 127. Section 1. The rationale behind shipowning at the port. 127. Introduction. 127. Maritime operations in the Bristol trading areas. 132. Analysis of the operations of the major shipowners of Bristol. 135. Analysis of shipping companies trading outside of the West Indies and the slave trade. 139. The slave trade. 143. Analysis of the operations of the minor shipowners of Bristol. 147. 4 Conclusions. 147. Section 2. Crewing. 148. General introduction. 148. Section 2a. The crewing of foreign ships. 151. Introduction. 151. The structure of ships’ crews. 151. The allegiance of crewmen to one ship or company. 155. The difficulties of retaining crews in the West Indies. 160. Payment of crews. 162. Crew wages. 170. The effect of war on the wage bills of the shipowners. 174. Conclusions. 176. Section 2b. The crewing of coastal and short haul ships. 177. Introduction. 177. Vessels trading with London. 178. Vessels trading with Liverpool. 182. The general coasting trade. 183. Trade with Ireland. 186. Conclusions. 189. Chapter 3. The management of shipping operating from the port of Bristol. 191. General Introduction. 191 Section 1. The transit of a vessel between arrival and departure at the port. 192. Introduction. 192. Incoming procedures for an incoming vessel and the accumulated costs. 192. Process and costs of incoming pilotage. 196. The discharge and lading of ships. 201. 5 The process and costs of outgoing pilotage. 203. Conclusions. 204. Section 2. Clerical and administrative interactions between the merchant shipowner and the harbour agencies. 206. Introduction. 206. An examination of the procedures affecting incoming vessels. 207. An examination of the procedures affecting outgoing vessels. 214. Conclusions. 217. Section 3. The strategy employed by the managing owner to pass his ship through the port. 219. Introduction. 219. The arrival of a shipowner’s vessel. 220. Clearing through Customs. 221. Factors concerning the owner when considering his ship’s further progress. 225. Conclusions. 228. Section 4. The logistics and economics involved in a West Indian voyage. 229. Introduction. 229. The role of the master of a West Indiaman. 229. A ship’s income from freight. 233. Outward and inward goods shipped on behalf of the owners. 237. Shipping goods on behalf of other merchants. 241. Provision of insurance. 243. Homeward passage. 248. Conclusions. 254. Chapter 4. Congestion. 256. Section 1. Overcrowding and cargo handling at the quays. 256. Introduction. 256. 6 The extent and effect of congestion at the quays. 258. The West Indian ships and congestion. 260. The American trade’s contribution to congestion. 264. The direct African trade. 266. The slave trade and its effect on overcrowding. 266. Statistical analysis of slave trading ships with regard to congestion. 270. The contribution of Merchants’ Dock to cargo handling and congestion at Bristol. 271. Guppy, Armstrong and Co. 276. Conclusions. 281. Section 2. The effect of tide on the movement of shipping at the harbour. 282. Introduction. 282. Congestion and tides affecting foreign-going shipping. 282. Congestion and tides affecting other shipping. 287. The use of slips on Broad Quay. 291. The Backs. 292. Conclusions. 299. Section 3. The floatation of the harbour in pragmatic perception. 302. Introduction. 302. The political analysis. 302. The obstacles associated with floataing in practical terms. 303. The situation at Bristol compared to other ports. 310. Conclusions. 312. Chapter 5. Conclusions. 314. 7 8 Abbreviations. Bristol Record Office. BRO Bristol Record Society. BRS Bristol Reference Library. BRL Felix Farley’s Bristol Journal FFBJ Mariner’s Mirror. MM National Maritime Museum NMM Society of Merchant Venturers. SMV 9 Acknowledgements. The motivating force behind my study of maritime history was fifteen years spent in the merchant navy and living in Bristol, a city with an ancient port which has been in existence since at least the thirteenth century. What began as an interest led to fascination and then academic study, and after realising that there was a paucity of research at operational levels this thesis was produced to examine the last years of Bristol’s most productive century. The Bristol Record Office was the main centre of research and the staff there were always ready to discuss my requests for information and assiduous in supplying me with the necessary documentation. I am particularly grateful to Mrs Patricia Denny who as custodian of the archive of the Society of Merchant Venturers when it was kept at Merchants’ Hall, provided me with documentation I would never have found otherwise and who assisted with the excellent cataloguing of the archive when it was transferred to the record office. I am also grateful to the staff at the Bristol Reference Library who again were patient and always willing to oblige. I am particularly grateful to my tutors at Exeter. Professor Jonathan Barry not only imparted his wide knowledge regarding the history of the City of Bristol to me, but also had the patience to advise me on layout and the correct academic procedures. He also astounded me with an almost instant response by email to any query or indeed voluminous work sent to him. Dr.
Recommended publications
  • Avonmouth Severnside Development Strategy Report April 2012

    Avonmouth Severnside Development Strategy Report April 2012

    Avonmouth Severnside Outline Development Strategy April 2012 - Final Report AMION Consulting Limited Customs House, 7 Union Street, Liverpool L3 9QX Avonmouth Severnside - Outline Development Strategy April 2012 - Final Report Avonmouth Severnside Outline Development Strategy April 2012 - Final Report Reviewed and approved by: Signature(s): Name(s): Graham Russell Job Title(s): Partner Director Date: April 2012 AMION Consulting is the trading name of AMION Consulting Limited Registered Office: Langtons, The Plaza, 100 Old Hall Street, Liverpool L3 9QJ Company No: 3909897 Tel: 0151 227 5563 This document including appendices contains 98 pages Ref: K:\CLIENTS\White Young Green\Avonmouth Severnside\Deliverables\Avonmouth Severnside Development Strategy Report - Final 14 Feb.12.docx Avonmouth Severnside - Outline Development Strategy April 2012 - Final Report Contents Executive summary ............................................................................................................................ i Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... i Avonmouth Severnside ............................................................................................................................................. ii Realising the Opportunity – an Integrated Strategy ................................................................................................ iv Costs, Benefits and Value for Money .......................................................................................................................
  • Records of Bristol Cathedral

    Records of Bristol Cathedral

    BRISTOL RECORD SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS General Editors: MADGE DRESSER PETER FLEMING ROGER LEECH VOL. 59 RECORDS OF BRISTOL CATHEDRAL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 RECORDS OF BRISTOL CATHEDRAL EDITED BY JOSEPH BETTEY Published by BRISTOL RECORD SOCIETY 2007 1 ISBN 978 0 901538 29 1 2 © Copyright Joseph Bettey 3 4 No part of this volume may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, 5 electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any other information 6 storage or retrieval system. 7 8 The Bristol Record Society acknowledges with thanks the continued support of Bristol 9 City Council, the University of the West of England, the University of Bristol, the Bristol 10 Record Office, the Bristol and West Building Society and the Society of Merchant 11 Venturers. 12 13 BRISTOL RECORD SOCIETY 14 President: The Lord Mayor of Bristol 15 General Editors: Madge Dresser, M.Sc., P.G.Dip RFT, FRHS 16 Peter Fleming, Ph.D. 17 Roger Leech, M.A., Ph.D., FSA, MIFA 18 Secretaries: Madge Dresser and Peter Fleming 19 Treasurer: Mr William Evans 20 21 The Society exists to encourage the preservation, study and publication of documents 22 relating to the history of Bristol, and since its foundation in 1929 has published fifty-nine 23 major volumes of historic documents concerning the city.
  • Download Bristol Walking

    Download Bristol Walking

    W H II T RR EE E D L H LL A A A N M D D II PP E TT G O S R N O V R RR EE O O W AA OO A D H RR U D BB G RR II B A LL S CC R E M ONO R E H N LL H A E H T H CC H R Y A CHERCH R TT EE RR A S O O O Y EE 4 M AD H LL E N C D II SS TT 1 RTSEY PP E L CC D R K N L 0 T TT A EE S EE O R HA S O G E CC NN 8 K A N C E N N AA E P M IIN A TT Y RD LEY RO B F H D W L II R F S P R PP M R R L RD W Y CC Y II K D A E O EE N R A A D A U R DD O O E U LLLL A AA D RD RR WAVE A H M EN A B P S P RR N O TT D M LL KK V TT A ININ T C D H H H R BB BB DD LA E O N T AD E R NN K S A A A EE A SS S N C A G RO B E AA D T VI M A L S OO A T RR D TT A OA ST RONA U M L B TT NER A OO O O C NN DD R E RR TT AAN TT M R E O B RR JJ CK T H Y EE NN OOH RONA O II N II R G R L O PP T R EE N OO H N O L AA RR A A RR II RR D T LL CH A A A A NSN C A O T RR O OO V T A R D N C SS V KK DD S D E C VV W D O R NSN H EE R R F EE L R O UU A L S IIE L N AD R A L L II N TT R IAL D K R H U OADO A O O ER A D R EE P VE OD RO O TT N AD O A T T IMPERIIM W D CC NE E D S N II A E OA N E L A D V E R F PP A S R E FR N R EY KK V D O O O TL A E UG T R R T HA RR R E ADA G R S W M N S IIN Y D G A A O P LL E AL PP R R S L L D N V Y WE H YN T II IIN DE WE S R L A LLE C A Y N O E T G N K R O F M N RORO II HA D TO R E D P A T E Y II L R L E P L Y E A A M L R E DD D U E E A R D U F MPTOM H N M R AA M AD A V A W R R R W T W L OA OA M OA S O M OO A IIL T HA R A C L O D L E L RR D A D P K D D II E E N O E AM Y D T HAM VA R R R O T T AD CO D N VE OR N O O M Y BBI D ST F COTHAMC R THA I ST A A FORD AA C T R ITIT G D T M O
  • 330183 1 En Bookfrontmatter 1..15

    330183 1 En Bookfrontmatter 1..15

    Kidnapping and Violence Stephen Morewitz Kidnapping and Violence New Research and Clinical Perspectives 123 Stephen Morewitz California State University, East Bay San Francisco, CA, USA ISBN 978-1-4939-2116-4 ISBN 978-1-4939-2117-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2117-1 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.
  • Bristol Harbour Information for Boaters

    Bristol Harbour Information for Boaters

    covers_308330.qxd 9/7/18 14:13 Page 3 RST L Information for boaters covers_308330.qxd 9/7/18 14:13 Page 4 SAFE HAVENS IN THE BRISTOL CHANNEL PORTISHEAD QUAYS MARINA & PENARTH QUAYS MARINAS PORTISHEAD Tel: 01275 841941 PENARTH Tel: 02920 705021 ■ Professional, friendly staff on duty 24 hrs ■ Professional, friendly staff on duty 24 hrs ■ Excellent access average HW +/- 4 hours ■ Fully serviced berths within Cardiff Bay ■ Fully serviced berths ■ Controlled access and car parking ■ Full boatyard facilities with lifting up to ■ Full boatyard facilities with lifting up to 35 tonnes 20 tonnes ■ Diesel & Petrol available ■ Diesel & Petrol available ■ Chandlery & workshop facilities ■ Chandlery & workshop facilities ■ Excellent road access - 5 mins from ■ Excellent road access 10 mins from junction 19 - M5plus junction 13 - M4 QUAY offering real ‘added value’ for our customers FREE periods of hard standing for annual berth holders* FREE reciprocal berthing between all Quay Marinas for all annual berth holders 50% discounted visitor berthing at 70 TransEurope marinas for berth holders 50% upto 50% off standard tariff for winter berthing 20% 20% off standard insurance rates through Quay Marinas scheme with Towergate Insurance. 15% 15% first year berth discount for boats sold into our marinas by our on-site brokers. * not applicable to Bangor Marina www.quaymarinas.com editorial_308330.qxd 9/7/18 10:47 Page 1 Marine engineering, Servicing, General boat maintenance, Engine sales and installs, Marine salvage Undercover boat storage, craning facilities
  • Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850

    Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850

    The Texture of Change: Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Benjamin, Jody A. 2016. The Texture of Change: Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493374 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Texture of Change: Cloth Commerce and History in West Africa, 1700-1850 A dissertation presented by Jody A. Benjamin to The Department of African and African American Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of African and African American Studies Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2016 © 2016 Jody A. Benjamin All rights reserved. Dissertation Adviser: Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong Jody A. Benjamin The Texture of Change: Cloth Commerce and History in West Africa, 1700-1850 Abstract This study re-examines historical change in western Africa during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries through the lens of cotton textiles; that is by focusing on the production, exchange and consumption of cotton cloth, including the evolution of clothing practices, through which the region interacted with other parts of the world. It advances a recent scholarly emphasis to re-assert the centrality of African societies to the history of the early modern trade diasporas that shaped developments around the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Irish Merchants and Seamen in Late Medieval England

    Irish Merchants and Seamen in Late Medieval England

    Irish Historical Studies, xxxii, no. 125 (May 2000) Irish merchants and seamen in late medieval England ost studies of Anglo-Irish relations in the middle ages understandably Mconcentrate on the activity of the English in Ireland, and unintention­ ally but inevitably this can leave the impression that the movement of people was all one way. But this was not so, and one group who travelled in the opposite direction were some of the merchants and seamen involved in the Anglo-Irish trade of the period. Irish merchants and seamen travelled widely and could be found in Iceland, Lisbon, Bordeaux, Brittany and Flanders, but probably their most regular trade remained with their closest neighbour and political overlord: England. They visited most western and southern English ports, but inevitably were found most frequently in the west, especially at Chester and Bristol. The majority of them stayed for a few days or weeks, as long as their business demanded. Others settled perma­ nently in England, or, perhaps more accurately, re-settled in England, for those who came to England both as settlers and visitors were mainly the Anglo-Irish of the English towns in Ireland and not the Gaelic Irish. This makes it difficult to estimate accurately the numbers of both visitors and set­ tlers, because the status of the Anglo-Irish was legally that of denizen, and record-keepers normally had no reason to identify them separately. They may, therefore, be hard to distinguish from native Englishmen of similar name outside the short periods when governments (central or urban) tem­ porarily sought to restrict their activities.
  • New Approaches to the Founding of the Sierra Leone Colony, 1786–1808

    New Approaches to the Founding of the Sierra Leone Colony, 1786–1808

    Bowling Green State University ScholarWorks@BGSU History Faculty Publications History Winter 2008 New Approaches to the Founding of the Sierra Leone Colony, 1786–1808 Isaac Land Indiana State University, [email protected] Andrew M. Schocket Bowling Green State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/hist_pub Part of the Cultural History Commons, and the United States History Commons Repository Citation Land, Isaac and Schocket, Andrew M., "New Approaches to the Founding of the Sierra Leone Colony, 1786–1808" (2008). History Faculty Publications. 5. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/hist_pub/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@BGSU. New Approaches to the Founding of the Sierra Leone Colony, 1786–1808 Isaac Land Indiana State University Andrew M. Schocket Bowling Green State University This special issue of the Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History consists of a forum of innovative ways to consider and reappraise the founding of Britain’s Sierra Leone colony. It originated with a conversation among the two of us and Pamela Scully – all having research interests touching on Sierra Leone in that period – noting that the recent historical inquiry into the origins of this colony had begun to reach an important critical mass. Having long been dominated by a few seminal works, it has begun to attract interest from a number of scholars, both young and established, from around the globe.1 Accordingly, we set out to collect new, exemplary pieces that, taken together, present a variety of innovative theoretical, methodological, and topical approaches to Sierra Leone.
  • Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Colston, Edward (1636–1721) Kenneth Morgan

    Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Colston, Edward (1636–1721) Kenneth Morgan

    Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Colston, Edward (1636–1721) Kenneth Morgan • Published in print: 23 September 2004 • Published online: 23 September 2004 • This version: 9th July 2020 Colston, Edward (1636–1721), merchant, slave trader, and philanthropist, was born on 2 November 1636 in Temple Street, Bristol, the eldest of probably eleven children (six boys and five girls are known) of William Colston (1608–1681), a merchant, and his wife, Sarah, née Batten (d. 1701). His father had served an apprenticeship with Richard Aldworth, one of the wealthiest Bristol merchants of the early Stuart period, and had prospered as a merchant. A royalist and an alderman, William Colston was removed from his office by order of parliament in 1645 after Prince Rupert surrendered the city to the roundhead forces. Until that point Edward Colston had been brought up in Bristol and probably at Winterbourne, south Gloucestershire, where his father had an estate. The Colston family moved to London during the English civil war. Little is known about Edward Colston's education, though it is possible that he was a private pupil at Christ's Hospital. In 1654 he was apprenticed to the London Mercers' Company for eight years. By 1672 he was shipping goods from London, and the following year he was enrolled in the Mercers' Company. He soon built up a lucrative mercantile business, trading with Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Africa. From the 1670s several of Colston’s immediate family members became involved in the Royal African Company, and Edward became a member himself on 26 March 1680. The Royal African Company was a chartered joint-stock Company based in London.
  • Stalin's Apologist; Great Fire Of

    Stalin's Apologist; Great Fire Of

    The Robert F. Cairo Book Collection Lot # #Bks Book Titles &/or Topics of Books on Shelf Author(s) in order of lot listing Loc. 1 14 Mask of Treachery; The Hollow Men; Who Tell the People; Breaking from Costello; Sykes; Greider; Shainback; the KGB; Stalin's Apologist; Great Fire of London; No More Heroes; The Taylor; Hanson; Gabriel; Kennon; Dailey & DR Twilight of Democracy; Soviet Strategic Deception; The Kinder, Gentlier Parker; Gutman; Sterling Military; The Terror Network 2 10 Wartime Washington; Southern Bivouac, vol 1-6 (1992), Diary of Edmund Ruffin, Laas vol 1-3 (1990) DR 3 30 Official Records of the Union & Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, DR Series I: Vol. 1-27; Series II: Vol 1-3. (1987 reprint). (3 shelves) 4 127 Official Records of the Union & Confederate Armies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I: vol 1-53 (1985 reprint); Series II: vol 1-8; Series III: Vol 1-5; Series IV: vol DR 1-3 plus Index. Vol Series #112 & 113 are missing (7 shelves) 5 15 Military & political subjects DR 6 15 Prescott's (1869 Ed): Conquest of Peru, vol 1-2; Biographical & Critical Miscellaneous; Conquest of Mexico vol 1-3; Ferdinand & Isabella vol 1-3; Phillip DR the Second vol 1-3; Robetson's Charles the Fifth vol 1-3 7 20 The Grand Failure; Profile of Deception; Dringk; Stolen Valor; The Leopard's Spots; An Enormous Crime; Great Houses of San Francisco; History of Food; God DR Men & Wine 8 30 Various subjects: History, Woodworking, American flag, warfare, flim & DR folklore.
  • England Enslaved by Her Own Slave Colonies

    England Enslaved by Her Own Slave Colonies

    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com THE LIBRARY OF THE > *7 Ml tfatm/u* zfe pfa-Jpuf of fade* . ENGLAND ENSLAVED BY HER OWN SLAVE COLONIES. ENGLAND ENSLAVED BY HER OWN SLAVE COLONIES. AN ADDRESS . •• ••- ••••••••*•*••••* • : : ; :. : THE ELECTOSS^D PEOPLE OF %ty tHmteti Htngtiom. By JAMES STEPHEN, Esq. LONDON: PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR, 5HOE-LANIJ FOR HATCHAKD AND SON, PICCADILLY; AND J. AND A. ARCH, CORNH1LL. 1826. ENGLAND ENSLAVED BY HER OWN SLAVE COLONIES. TO THE ELECTORS AND PEOPLE Cljeahttetj&tngtrdjjj,. ..... My Fellow Countrym!:*^ \-'.\\ :": :\ V When it was lately supposed that you would, by an im mediate dissolution of Parliament, be called upon to exercise that noble birthright of British subjects the choice of their own lawgivers, I was employing my vacation leisure in the prosecution of a work in which I have been long engaged, the " Delineation of Colonial Slavery as it exists in Practice" ; having already given to the public a pretty full and demon strative account of it as it stands in point of law. The work, in my own estimate, and in that of most of the -5 friends of the enslaved Negroes, I might say of all among 3 them whose sentiments on the subject I know, is of great im- portance ; because gross misrepresentation of the facts of the 5 case is the main expedient which our opponents have always I too successfully employed ; and the object of my labours is to wrest that instrument out of their hands, by proving all the r positions in my second volume, as I have done in my first, * from their own evidence alone.
  • European Code of Conduct on Recreational Boating and Invasive Alien Species

    European Code of Conduct on Recreational Boating and Invasive Alien Species

    Strasbourg, 18 November 2016 T-PVS/Inf (2016) 13 [Inf13e_2016.docx] CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF EUROPEAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL HABITATS Standing Committee 36th meeting Strasbourg, 15-18 November 2016 __________ EUROPEAN CODE OF CONDUCT ON RECREATIONAL BOATING AND INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES - FINAL - Document prepared by Ms Emma Barton, Environmental Secretary, European Boating Association, on behalf of the Bern Convention This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. Ce document ne sera plus distribué en réunion. Prière de vous munir de cet exemplaire. T-PVS/Inf (2016) 13 - 2 – CONTENTS PRESENTATION ...................................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 3 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Socio-economic value of recreational boating ...................................................................... 5 1.3 European and Member States IAS legislation and initiatives ............................................ 6 2. THE CODE OF CONDUCT .............................................................................................................