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VOL.4 MARCH 1955 N0.3 MEET A FEW OF OUR FRIENDS FROM FAMILIAR SCENES AND FAR PLACES

,1V. JRemcrrial pulwtlj Qfljilhren’s .Mnsemn mtfr IVri Of enter

H L Q v m d f o t f r f J HIBUC LIBRBRV j f c . National Maritime Museum, ^ Greenwich, S.E.10. G rand Rapid* 2, Michigan NEDERLANDSCH HISTORISCH THE MARINERS MUSEUM SCHEEPVAART MUSEUM De Lairesse- hoek Corn. Sckuytstraat NEWPORT NEWS, VIRGINIA Si M "XSSs^ Amsterdam Z. JHarquettc (Eouttig historical jiociciyj (incorporated) ^Marquette, iRicfftgan THE HACKLEY PUBLIC LIBRARY

FORT ST. JOSEPH HISTORICAL N,LES’ ASSOCIATION m.ch.gan^ q

P e n o b s c o t M a r i n e M u s e u m t&lf* fork $ttbUc fitorarg SEARSPORT. MAINE ACQUISITION DIVISION

F i f t h A v e n u e Of +2 n d St r e e t ^ ^ N e w Y ork 18, N . Y. \

BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Delaware Park, The Steamship Historical Society of America Inc. BUFFALO 7, N. Y. Return to A. J.Quayat ______Juan Carlos Gomez 1492 M u ^ Montevideo,Uruguay

ojf i U STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY Q 'leat JlaJzeA cM utasucal S ociety 816 State Street

m2 north main street Madison 6, Wisconsin Vermilion Ohio

THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO LONDON . CANADA MICHIGAN COLLEGE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY NAUTICAL RESEARCH GUILD HOUGHTON. MICHIGAN 2 J.F,# Johnston Q t i t a t a p t R. H. Davison, PUBLISHED BY Editor: Associate Editor G r e a t L a k e s M o d e l S hipbuilders ' G u il d BELLE ISLE DETROIT 7, MICHIGAN Supported in part by the Detroit Historical Society.

EDITORIAL

This month brings us around to fitting out time again in the Museum of Great Lakes History. In spite of the overcrowding that has prevailed for a year or two we will somehow manage to work in some new exhibits and make some improvements that have been very much needed. During the coming summer motive power will be given more attention than has in the past been possible, due to the scarcity of satisfactory materials. In fact we can use several more items such as models of any types of marine engines, steam or internal combustion.If you have, or know of any, please let us know about them.There is a great story there, and we believe you will enjoy taking a part in its presentation in model form or in pictures, draw­ ings, etc. At this writing it appears that we will be able to display four engines and one model of an engine. Hot many, perhaps, but when we started in 19^9 we had no scale models of ships, and look what we have now, with more coming in each year. Do you know where we can locate the working drawings from which we can build models of engines that were used in Lakes steamers of a hundred years or more ago? Let us know of any that have come to your attention. We need them. To Mr.Victor F.Lemmer, of Ironwood,Michigan, go our thanks for the story of the Indian dugout canoe. To those among our readers who wish to send in to TELESCOPE some item which may meet our needs, and who are uncertain about what to send,and how much, we sayuHere is a very good exampleM. His contribu­ tion is one of the nicest things that has come our way in a good while. It is news of the kind which becomes history. For our longer features Mr.A.J.Zuehlke’s story on the Lake Michigan car ferries is another perfect example, and serves to remind our readers that without our naval architects, our marine engineers, and our ship builders, there would not be any Great Lakes maritime history as we know it. THE GUILD

ORGANIZED IN 1952 TO LOCATE, ACQUIRE. AND PRESERVE INFORMATION AND OBJECTS RELATED TO THE HISTORY OF SHIPPING ON THE GREAT LAKES AND TO MAKE SAME AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THROUGH THE MUSEUM OF GREAT LAKES HISTORY AND THE COLUMNS OF TELESCOPE. THE CONSTRUCTION OF AUTHENTIC SCALE MODELS OF GREAT LAKES SHIPS IS ONE OF THE PRIME OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANIZATION. WHICH HAS BROUGHT INTO BEING THE LARGEST EXISTING COLLECTION OF MODELS OF THESE SHIPS. THE MUSEUM OF GREAT LAKES HISTORY. LOCATED ON THE SHORE OF BELLE ISLE, IN DETROIT. IS OFFICIAL HEADQUARTERS FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND THE REPOSITORY OF ALL OF ITS HOLDINGS. THE GUILD IS INCORPORATED AS AN ORGANIZATION FOR NO PROFIT UNDER THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. NO MEMBER RECEIVES ANY COMPENSATION FOR HIS SERVICES. DONATIONS TO THE GUILD ARE DEDUCTIBLE FOR TAX INCOME PURPOSES. OFFICERS

Robert H.Davison ..President. John F.Miller,••.Vice President. Joseph E.Johnston,Sec-Treas.

DIRECTORS

Robert L.Ruhl,.. Detroit. Walter Massey,..LaSalle,Ontario* John K.Helgesen, Detroit. Leo M.Flagler,..Windsor,Ontario. Frank Slyker, East Detroit. Donn Chown,...... Detroit. DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN OF LAKE MICHIGAN CAR FERRIES

PART I. BY A.J.ZUEHLKE, N.A.

This is a paper presented at the October 1st, 19^8 Meeting of the Great Lakes Section, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, at Man­ itowoc, Wisconsin. Subsequent developments will be treated later. All photographs from the collection of Wm.A.McDonald,Detroit. Railway car ferries operate not only in numerous parts of the United hazardous undertaking. States but also in many foreign coun­ However, after finally obtaining the tries, Probably the first railway necessary backing, he secured the car ferry originated in Scotland in services of Mr. F. E. Kirby for de­ l81;9, where a side-wheel Steamer 167 signs and awarded the contract to feet long carried trains across the build the Ann Arbor No. 1 to Captain Firth of Forth. Since that time trans­ Craig’s s’hipyards at Toledo, Ohio. portation o f railway cars over The completion of the Ann Arbor No. rivers, lakes, and oceans has pre­ 1 did not end Governor Ashley’s dominantly taken place in England, difficulties as he was unable to France, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, find shippers who were willing to Italy, India, Africa, South America, trust their freight to the hazards China and Japan. The first car ferry of crossing Lake Michigan by boat. service in the United States took Finally, by bringing pressure on the place on the Susquehanna River in coal company from which the railroad 1855, and shortly after terminal purchased its fuel, he was able to transfer of railway cars by barges route four carloads of coal via the or car-floaty started in harbors of Ann Arbor Railroad and car ferry New York and other Eastern cities. from Frankfort, Michigan, to the Railway car ferrying started on the port of Kewaunee. On Saturday after­ Great Lakes at the close of the 19th noon November 26, 1892, the first Century. Because of its special in­ car ferry, the Ann Arbor No. 1 (Fig. terest to this section of the society 2) steamed into Kewaunee, Wisconsin, this paper will deal solely with car which had been selected as the west ferries operating on Lake Michigan shore terminal of the Ann Arbor rail of the Great Lakes. road. On her return trip the Ann Lake Michigan, a body of water averag­ Arbor No. 1 carried twenty-two cars ing 70 miles in width and 360 miles loaded with flour from the Pillsbury in length, intersects all direct Mills in Minneapolis, destined for east to northwest rail routes, England, Ireland and Scotland. the only alternative all-rail track Quoting from The Engineer. January being around the south end of the 7, 1893: "The Ann Arbor No. I is pe­ lake through the badly congested culiar in that she is the first tri­ Chicago area (Fig. 1). In terms of ple screw boat in actual service in miles, one can appreciate the saving this country, she having one at the by the fact that the distance from bow and one upon each quarter. The Buffalo, N.Y., to Manitowoc, Wis . , bow is, as may be seen by the eng­ is about 700 miles by all rail and raving, designed to run up on an Ice 520 miles by rail and ferry routes. floe and break it by the weight of The usual time delays in switching the vessel, and to this end has a and transferring cars in and around very rank sheer extending down t o Chicago range from 12 hours to two the screw itself. The general dimen­ days or longer. Increased liability sions are as follows: length over of damage to cars or freight due to all, 267 ft.; beam, 52 ft. moulded, switching and terminal charges for and 18 1/2 ft., depth of hold. These transfer service are further impor­ vessels— there are two of them in tant factors which gave rise to the service— are extraordinarily strong development of the Lake Michigan car and heavy, as may be imagined when ferrying system. we state that the frames are solid It was in 1877 that Governor James on the bottom and for three feet ab­ M. Ashley originated the idea of ove and below the water line (Fig. ferrying cars across Lake Michigan 3). The bow is also solid and the by means of a self-propelled vessel. outside planking is 5 ” oak sheathed In the beginning, the capitalists of four feet above and below the water the country gave Governor Ashley line with 3 /l6 steel, the bow being credit for his boldness and orgina- similarly sheathed clear t o t h e lity but were not willing to stake keel. The engines are three sets of their money on the outcome of such a compounds, having cylinders 20"x IjO" MIDSHIP SECTION ANN ARBOR NO. I FIG. 3 two in the stern and one in the bow. a very respectable train, and they They have independent condensers and make the run - 63 miles in Ifhrs ., 30 can be worked at high pressure if min.-say Ilf miles an hour. This, as occasion demands. There a r e also we view the matter, is an extraordi­ three fire-box boilers, two of which narily good performance for a heavy are 15 feet long by 1 0 ’ 6" diameter, load on a heavy boat." worked at 125 lbs. per square inch; The success of the steamer Ann Arbor two supply the after engines and one No. 1 prompted the building of a is in the bow, but all three can be sister ship of similar construction connected with the after engines if named the Ann Arbor No. 2. In 1898 desired; the boiler in the bow is 6 ’ the first steel car ferries were 6 " diameter by l5T long. Cards from constructed for the Ann Arbor Rail­ the engines show 610 h.p. each when way Company, The Ann Arbor No0 3 making 86 revolutions per minute. (Pig. If) and Ann Arbor No. If. In Steam steering gear, steam windlass­ 1923 the Ann Arbor No. 3 was length­ es and capstans and all modern im­ ened 1f8 feet, and it is of interest provements for safety and rapid hand­ to note that both boats are in ac­ ling, together with an arc search tive service today, the No. 3 by her light and a complete electric light original owners and the No. If as an system complete the outfit. The ship auto ferry at the Straits of Macki­ is completely housed in with sub­ nac, having been renamed the City of stantial joiner work to keep out Cheboygan. The steamer Ann Arbor No. snow and ice, and the captain’s, en­ was added in 1910, the Ann Arbor gineers’, and crew’s rooms are all No. 6 in 1917» the Ann Arbor Mo. 7 above deck. They are all fitted, ev­ in 192lf (Pig. 5) and the Wabash in ery room, with steam radiators, for 1927, the latter vessel now being very cold weather is the rule on the the flagship of the fleet. All above route of these vessels. They carry mentioned car ferries are presently 22f loaded freight cars at each trip, in active service. 6

Because of the increasing volume of Marquette 15• Up until the building trade and number of car ferries, the of the Pere Marquette 21, the basic Ann Arbor railroad water routes were hull design, boilers, engines, and soon expanded to include service to equipment followed a pattern s e t Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and Manisti­ down by the Pere Marquette 17. The que, Michigan. Approximate sailing sister ships Pere Marquette 21 and distances to the above ports are as 22, built in 1921|, were increased in length, carrying capacity and pas­ folloWS: MILES senger accommodations. Frankfort to Manitowoc------79 The Pere Marquette steamers City of Frankfort to Kewaunee------63 Saginaw and City of Flint, built in Frankfort to Menominee ------79 19^9, were the first turbine elec­ Frankfort to Manistique ------92 tric driven car ferries on the lakes. The Pere Marquette district of the (Fig. 6). These boats were larger Chesapeake and Ohio, originally the and faster than any of the previous Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad car ferries. Comfortable lounges, was the second railroad to extend additional staterooms and well equip- its rail system westward by car ferry ed dining rooms were installed to across Lake Michigan. During the care for the ever increasing pas­ years between l87o a n d 1882 the senger trade. The most recent addi­ Flint and Pere Marquette routed all tion and flagship to the Pere M ar - its lake freight via an existing in­ quette fleet is the car ferry City dependent "break-bulk" line on the of Midland (Fig. 7) completed i n lake because of its own lack of boat 19hl"» The City of Midland is 1^.06 equipment. However, in 18 8 1 the feet length overall and 58 foot railway management decided it should beam. The normal shaft horsepower of own and operate its own facilities 6000 provides a service speed of 18 for the cross lake freight service miles per hour. The cost of the City and consequently inaugurated a fleet of Midland was about $2,000,000, a- of "break-bulk" boats. T h e term bout ten times the cost of the first "break-bulk" me antthe transfer, by 267 foot wood constructed car ferry. hand, of all shipments from the fr­ eight cars to the boat and from the Ludington, Michigan, located on the boat to freight cars at the end of east shore of Lake Michigan, is the the voyage. As can be readily seen headquarters for the Pere Marquette this process was slow and expensive fleet. Their sailing routes branch and finally a new steel car ferry out to Milwaukee, Manitowoc and Ke­ was put into service February 19, waunee, Wisconsin, all located on 1897* This boat first named the Pere the west shore of the lake. Appro­ Marquette and later renamed the Pere ximate sailing distances are as fol­ lows : Marquette 15 was the first steel car ferry ever to be constructed. She MILES was built by F. W. Wheeler and Com­ Ludington to Milwaukee------100 pany in Bay City, Michigan, and be­ Ludington to Manitowoc------65 came a model for car ferry construc­ Ludington to Kewaunee------65 tion in many parts of the world. The Pere Marquette 15 was 350 feet over­ The Grand Trunk Western Railroad in­ all in length, 5° foot beam, and was augurated its car ferry service be­ powered with twin screws totaling tween the ports of Grand Haven, Ei- 2500 H.P. She had a capacity of thir­ chigan and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in ty 36 foot freight cars and had ten 1906. The first boats of this com­ staterooms for passengers. pany were the Grand Haven. 307 feet In order to take care of the rapidly long, built in 1903 by the Craig increasing number of translake train Shipbuilding Company in Toledo, and car shipments a fleet of seven steam the Milwaukee. 338 feet long, built drivaicar ferries were constructed in the same year by the American and placed in service in the years Shipbuilding Company, Cleveland, following the building of the Pere Ohio. The steamers Grand Rapids and Madison were added to the fleet in 1927. 7 In 1933 the railway transferred following year the ill-fated Milwau­ its operations from Grand Haven kee was replaced by a new vessel, to Muskegon, Michigan, located al­ the City of Milwaukee, which to this most directly across the lake from day is the flagship of the Grand Milwaukee at a sailing distance Trunk fleet. of about 85 miles. The following provides an interest­ During the winter of 1929 the car ing comparison of all Lake Michigan ferry Milwaukee was lost with all train ferrying vessels formerly and hands during a violent storm. The presently operated by the Grand only vestige of her w as a written Trunk Western, Chesapeake and Ohio and message in a metal container which Ann Arbor Railways. The vessels are washed ashore seven days later. The listed chronologically as to the date of construction:

YEAR GROSS BUILT NAME LBP BEAM TONS BUILDER REMARKS

1892 Ann Arbor No. 1 260 53 1128 C.S.B.Co. See Note 1

1892 Ann Arbor No. 1 264 53 1144 C. S •B. Co. Retired

1895 Pere Marquette 16 283 53 1938 C.S.B.Co. See Note 2 1896 Pere Marquette 15 338 56 2443 W. & Co. Scrapped (1935) 1898 Ann Arbor No. 3 307 52 2047 G.I.W. See Note 3

1901 Pere Marquette No. 17 338 56 2775 A.S.B.Co. See Note 4 1902 Pere Marquette No. 18 338 56 2909 A.S.B.Co. See Note 5

1903 Grand Haven 307 54 2320 C. S . B.Co. See Note 6

1903 Milwaukee 338 56 2933 A.S.B.Co. See Note 7 1903 Pere Marquette No. 19 338 56 2626 A.S.B.Co. See Note 8

1903 Pere Marquette No. 20 338 56 2585 A.S.B.Co. See Note 9 1906 Ann Arbor No. 4 259 52 1770 A.S.B.Co. See Note 10

1910 Ann Arbor No. 5 360 56 2884 T.S.B.Co. In Service it 1911 Pere Marquette No.18 338 56 2777 Chi «S.B.Co. it 1917 Ann Arbor No. 6 338 56 2716 G.L.E.W. it 192k. Pere Marquette No.21 314-8 56 3016 M.S.B.Co. it 192k Pere Marquette No.22 348 56 3009 M.S.B.Co. it 1925 Ann Arbor No. 7 348 56 2934 M.S.B.Co. tt 1926 Grand Rapids 348 56 2942 M.S.B.Co. rt 1927 Madison 348 56 2942 M.S.B.Co. tt 1927 Wabash 365 57*-6 " 3366 T.S.B.Co. 8

Ann Arbor No.l

Flg.b Ann Arbor No.3 Fig. 6 City of Flint 10 BUILT NAME LBP BEAM G.T. BUILDER REMARKS M.S. B.Co. 1929 City of Saginaw 369 57 3327 M.S.B.Co. 1929 City of Flint 369 57 3327 M.S.B.Co. 1931 City of Milwaukee 348 56 2942 3968 M.S.B.Co. 1941 City of Midland 388 58 ABBREVIATIONS C.S.B.Co.•.Craig Shipbuilding Co.; G.I.W., Globe Ironworks W & Co Wheeler & Co.; A.S.B.American Shipbuilding Company T.S.B.CO,..Toledo Shipbuilding Co.; Chi.S.B.Co., Chicago S.B.Co. G.L.E.W....Grt. Lakes Eng. Works; M.S.B.Co., Manitowoc S 0B. Co. NOTE 1 - Completely destroyed by fire in Manitowoc March 8 , 1910. Loss of ship and cargo of twenty freight cars estimated at $250,000.

NOTE 2 - Christened the Shenango No.2 this wood constructed ves­ sel was originally used as a train ferry between Conne­ aut, Ohio, and Port Stanley, Ontario, The Chicago and West Michigan Railway purchased the vessel in 1897 a^d renamed her Muskegon. In 1901 as a result of the conso­ lidation of the Chicago and West Michigan and the Flint and Pere Marquette the vessel became known as the Pe r e Marquette 16.

NOTE 3 - Lengthened 48 feet in 1922 by Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co. This vessel is still in service.

NOTE 4 - Sold to the State of Michigan for use as an automobile ferry at the Straits of Mackinac. Renamed the City of Petoskey and presently in service,

NOTE 5 - Foundered in Lake Michigan September 9, 1910. Replaced the following year by a vessel of the same name.

NOTE 6 - Sold to the West India Fruit and Steamship Company in 19^5 the Grand Haven is presently in the train ferrying service between Florida and Cuba.

NOTE 7 - Foundered in Lake Michigan, October 22, 1929.

NOTE 8 - Cut down and converted to barge service in 1943* Pur­ chased by the Roen Steamship Company of Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin and renamed Maitland No. 1 .

NOTE 9 - Sold to the State of Michigan and converted for auto­ mobile ferry service at the Straits of Mackinac; renamed the City of Munising.

NOTE 10- Sank after hitting the breakwater at Frankfort, Michi­ gan, February, 1923, during a severe midwinter storm. The Ann Arbor No. 4 was later raised and converted for automobile ferry service at the Straits of Mackinac; re­ named the City of Cheboygan. Part II of Development and Design of Lake Michigan Car Ferries will be concluded in the April number of TELESCOPE, with plans and pictures of the first streamlined ferry City of Midland. 11

“ SOO ADVENTURE”

Thirteen quarter-hour broadcasts commemorating the Centennial Celebration of the “Soo Locks”. Check your local station for time and date of first broadcast.

FOREWORD

The observance this year of the centennial of the Sault Locks provides an opportunity for history to come to life. The series of radio broadcasts prepared by the staff of Station WUOM is an effective means of presenting an important aspect of our state and national development in an inter­ esting and stimulating manner that will help give APPRECIATION: real meaning to what otherwise might be a series The University wishes to express its thanks to the of facts soon forgotten. It is my sincere hope that men and women of the Committee on Education for Michigan teachers will make it possible for their Citizenship of the Michigan Department of Public Instruction. During the formative period of “Soo pupils to listen to these broadcasts and to utilize Adventure,” the invaluable comments and advice of the material included in this manual. this Committee resulted in much-needed direction. It should be made clear, however, that the University QSUI k £ of Michigan Broadcasting Service assumes all respon­ sibility for any weaknesses which may have been Clair L. Taylor, introduced as we translated the Committee’s guiding Supt, of Public Instruction principles into radio programs. introduction Throughout 1955, Michigan will observe the 100th In recording these “Soo” programs, we had the anniversary of the fabulous locks at Sault Ste. Marie. cooperation of many organizations and individuals. The University of Michigan has developed this You will hear most of them credited on individual series of 13 quarter-hour radio programs, described programs, but we wish to give here a partial list of in detail on the following pages, to provide Michigan those whose continuing assistance affected several school teachers with a convenient, authoritative audio broadcasts: aid about the “Soo”, and to help them awaken student St. Mary’s Falls Ship Canal, U.S. Corps of Engineers interest in this Centennial celebration. The Soo Locks C. A. Aime, Area Engineer play a significant role in our history, commerce, and Frank Monkman, Assistant present-day economy, and the programs are designed Ernie Winter, Chief Lockmaster to illustrate their importance. The narrator of the programs is Captain M. Z. Toby, skipper of the United States Coast Guard (St. Mary’s River) “Vencedora”. Commander Edward Dahlberg Various broadcasts in the series recreate historic Commander Elmer Bodenlos incidents in the development of lake commerce. By Officers and men of the “Tamarack” far the larger number of programs feature on-the-spot visits to the locks and their supporting installations Great Lakes Engineering Works and agencies. These give the teacher, in effect, a Pittsburg Steamship Company chance to take her class on an actual “field trip” by Fred Elliot, Sault Ste. Marie radio. The students will stand in the pilothouse as an Captain E. C. Baganz, “Pargney” ore-carrier enters the locks; ride the jet planes that U. S. Department of Defense patrol the skies over the Sault; sit beside the lock­ master as he directs a stream of ships into the canal; Officers and men of 8th AAA Bn., U.S. Army and visit the U.S. Coast Guard at their Sault Officers and men of 534th Air Defense Group headquarters and at a lonely river lookout station. Kinross Air Force Base These programs, written and recorded by Wm. Brig. Gen. E. L. Tucker, Commanding Officer Bender, Jr., have been designed to stimulate interest 30th Air Division (Defense) and, at the same time, to provide listeners with a Appreciation is also due the many individuals who reasonable amount of factual information. The indi­ aided in research, and gave professional advice. No­ vidual teacher is of course free to direct this interest table among them are: Captain Joseph E. Johnston, into whatever channel is appropriate to the needs of Museum of Great Lakes History; Rev. Edward J. her particular class. The broadcasts may be employed Dowling, S. J., University of Detroit; Captain Louis with success as home-listening assignments, but it is Baier, Professor of Marine Engineering, University of thought that greater advantage will accrue if they are Michigan; Mr. Sundstrom, editor “Evening News”, integrated into classroom work under the immediate Sault Ste. Marie; and Richard Y. Burnett and the staff guidance of the teacher. of radio station WSOO, Sault Ste. Marie 12

Program 10. Whistles and Windigos Program 5. Folklore of the Lakes and Locks Few people know that the raucous steam whistle A light program devoted to some of the “tall tales” was brought into being on the Great Lakes, before of the lakemen, and to the songs they sang back in the spreading to ocean-going vessels, railroad locomotives days of the sailing ships. and factories. Earlier, ships had to use bells or, some­ Captain Toby also tells of the celebrated “argu­ times, small cannon for signalling. To the Reverend ment” (for the benefit of the cabin boy) between two Edward Dowling, SJ. goes the credit for first digging old lakemen about how the Lemon-o’-the-Lakes got out the hilarious story of Billy McGee and Cap’n sucked through the underground whirlpool between Gager: the feud from which grew the first steam Lakes Huron and Superior. whistle on the lakes. WUOM-WFUM—March 2, 2:00 p .m . (A few whistle signals for your information:) Other stations—Week February 28. One long: Directing my course to starboard, (right) Two long: Directing my course to port, (left) One short: Cast off. Program 6. Navigation on the Lakes Five or more short: Danger. The Great Lakes, and the twisting, narrow rivers Two long, two short: Signal entering Soo Locks. that connect them, are considered to have some of Three long, two short: General salute, or greeting. the world’s most treacherous waterways. Along the WUOM-WFUM—April 6, 2:00 p .m . St. Mary’s River alone, there is thought to be a Other stations—Week April 4. greater concentration of navigational buoys and other aids to navigation than can be found anywhere else in the world. On-the-spot pick-ups in this broadcast Program 11. Cargo Handling will let y#u meet some of the Coast Guard men who Speed in passing through the locks at Sault Ste. are responsible for navigational safety along the Marie is only part of the story of “speed” on the approaches to the locks. Great Lakes. Equally important, Captain Toby ex­ WUOM-WFUM—March 9, 2:00 p .m . plains, is the speed and efficiency of loading and un­ Other stations—Week March 7. loading of cargo. And in this field have been developed a number of unique machines, including the Hulett unloader and the seIf-unloader. Program 7. Defense of the Locks . . . Part I WUOM-WFUM—April 13, 2 :00 p .m . The first of two programs dealing with the efforts Other stations—Week April 11. made by the United States government to protect the Soo Locks from air or ground attack. On this broad­ cast, you will hear an actual air-to-air intercept of an Program 12. The Lake Skipper unidentified plane approaching the Soo. Captain Toby The captains of the lake freighters are reputed to takes you on a radio “field trip” around Kinross Air be the best ship-handlers in the world. They have to Force Base; you talk with jet pilots and radar opera­ thread their six to seven hundred foot steel needles tors of the swift planes which are charged with the through some of the country’s most treacherous air defense of the locks. waterways, where an error of only a few feet can WUOM-WFUM—March 16, 2:00 p .m . run the ship aground. Other stations—Week March 14. On this broadcast Captain Toby takes you to meet some representative lake skippers and hear from them accounts of their experiences. WUOM-WFUM—April 20, 2 :00 p .m . Program 8. Defense of the Locks . . . Part II Other stations—Week April 18. Ground and sea defense, Captain Toby explains, are equally important to insure the continued operation of the Soo Locks. On this program you visit the Coast Program 13. One Hundred Years of the Soo Locks Guard’s lonely lookout stations along the approaches Cap’n Toby reviews the highlights of these stories to the locks, and see what they do to protect the locks. and “field trips” around the locks to end the series. You will also visit an anti-aircraft artillery crew WUOM-WFUM—April 27, 2:00 p .m . stationed at the Sault and hear them put on a gun Other stations—Week April 25. drill with the army’s newest “Skysweeper”, a radar- controlled anti-aircraft weapon. a service of WUOM-WFUM—March 23, 2 :00 p .m . Other stations—Week March 21. WUOM the University of Michigan Program 9. Building the Boats Radio Station On-the-spot visits to a shipyard which builds the unique lake freighters. You hear the men who build OUR MARCH COVER these ships describe their goals of “more speed, greater payload” and what they do to achieve these goals. We also visit the University of Michigan naval Our March cover shows just a tank, where many of the boats now sailing the lakes few of the institutions which were first “born”, and where, today, men are develop­ in one way or another assist ing the freighters of the future. us in our work. Almost all WUOM-WFUM—March 30, 2:00 p .m . Other stations—Week March 28. are subscribers or members. 13 “ A NAME TO REMEMBER 11 Location Call Frequency Broadcast tim e WUOM-WFUM: Friday at 2:15 p .m . Flint WFUM (FM)107.1 me Description: Continuing the dramatized stories WFBE (FM) about men and women whose activities Flint Pub.Sch. in a number of fields have influenced Gaylord WATC 900 kc the history of our State. Highland Park Pub,Schools WHPR (FM) 88.1 me 19. Louis Sands (Pioneer lumberman) Holland WHTC 1*4-50 kc w u o m -w f u m —February 25 o u t s t a t e —Week of March 7 Iron River WIKB 1230 kc 20. David Ward (Michigan timber king) Ishpeming WJPD 12*+-0 kc w u o m - w f u m —March 4 Ludington WKLA 1*4-50 kc o u t s t a t e —Week of March 14 Manistee WMTE 13*4-0 kc 21. Madelon Stockwell WMDN * kc (First co-ed at the University of Michigan) Midland 1 4-90 w u o m -w f u m —March 11 Mt,Pleasant WCEN 1150 kc o u ’tst a t e —W e e k o f March 21 Petoskey WMBN 13*4-0 kc 22. Henry Schoolcraft Port Huron WTTH 1380 kc (Folklore authority and Indian trader) Rogers City WHAK 960 kc w u o m - w f u m —March 18 Saginaw WKNX 1210 kc o u t s t a t e —Week of March 28 23. Dr. William Beaumont Sault Ste.Marie WSOO 1230 kc (Military surgeon at Mackinac) Sturgis WSTR (AM) l*+60 kc w u o m -w f u m —March 25 (FM) 103 • 1 me o u t s t a t e —Week of April 4 Toledo,Ohio WSPD 1370 kc 24. Charles T. Harvey (The first locks at the Soo) Toledo Pub.Sch. WTDS (FM) 91.3 kc w u o m -w f u m —April 1 o u t s t a t e —Week of April 11 Traverse City WTCM l*f00 kc 25. Ransom E.,Olds (Pioneer automobile manufacturer) TELESCOPE takes pleasure in giving w u o m -w f u m —April 8 space to the above information,feel­ o u t s t a t e —Week of April 18 26. Alexander MacDougall ing as we do that here is the finest (New developments in lake shipping) program on Great Lakes history ever w u o m - w f u m —April 15 made available to radio audiences. o u t s t a t e —W e e k o f April 25 Planned especially for the benefit 27. James F. Joy (Beginnings of the Michigan Central Railroad) of the schools it is none the less a w u o m -w f u m —April 22 program which will hold the interest o u t s t a t e —Week of May 2 of all students of Lakes lore,old or young. Teachers manuals for use in connection with this program are be­ ing distributed to schools in Michi­ RADIO STATIONS gan. CARRYING »«S00 ADVENTURE” We regret that information reacned CALL YOUR STATION FOR TIME us too late for the February number of TELESCOPE, causing us to omit the Location ______Call______Frequency parts of the program for that month.

Adrian WABJ 1*4-90 kc ” VIEWS OF THE GREAT LAKES " Alma WFYC 1280 kc Alpena WATZ 1*4-50 kc The twenty beautiful water colors by Ann Arbor WUOM 91.7 me (FM) Alfred Pfister, of Niles, Mich.,will Battle Creek WBCK 930 kc remain on display at the historical Benton Harbor WHFB (AM) 1060 kc museum building until March 15th. (FM) 9 9 .9 me The bringing together of this very Big Rapids WBRN 1*4-60 kc fine group of paintings of Michigan Cadillac WATT 12*40 kc scenes, by a Michigan artist makes a Cheboygan WCBY 12*+0 kc show you are sure to enjoy. Be sure Coldwater WTVB (AM) 1590 kc you do not miss it.______(FM) 98.3 me Detroit Pub.Sch. WDTR (FM) 9 0 .9 me MARCH MEETING OF THE GUILD East Lansing WKAR (AM) 870 kc Friday the 25th. (FM) 9 0 .5 me 7-30 P.M. Escanaba WDBC 680 kc Detroit Historical Museum lb

INDIAN DTJGOUT CANOE DISCOVERED ON THOUSAND ISLAND LAKE IN GOGEBIC COUNTY MICHIGAN.

Historians of the Gogebic County historical group with headquarters at Ironwood, Michigan, had an inter­ esting experience during the fall of 195b when there was reported to them the discovery of an Indian dugout canoe on one of the lakes in the co­ unty. Probably the exact origin of the canoe will never be solved, but indications are that the dugout can­ oe belonged to the Chippewa Indians of the Village of Katikitegon, which was located near the waters of Lac Vieux Desert, in Watersmeet Town­ ship. The village was on the bound­ ary between Michigan and Wisconsin, in the southeastern corner of Gogeb­ ic County. However, the dugout canoe was actually discovered on another lake in the area called "Thousand Island" lake. Truly, this Indian co­ Canoe as it was pulled up to shore. unty described in W. Vernon Kin- Note tree growing on one end. ietz*s book, "Chippewa Village" was (Photo by Mrs.Jay Shifra) a "land o' lakes". The Indian tribe roamed the happy hunting grounds and caution with this valuable specimen therefore it is safe to believe that and will prevent its decay". the dugout canoe was the handicraft The dugout canoe measures 32 feet of these Chippewas. The best evi­ 6 inches in length and is 31 inches dence of the accuracy of this theory wide at the center and 21 Inches was expressed by Professor J. Charl­ high. An estimated 15 to 20 people es Kelley, an authority in anthro­ could ride in the craft. The sides pology at Southern Illinois Univer­ vary from one and a quarter to one sity, Carbondale, Illinois, who and a half inches in thickness. wrote on October 11, 195*+* in parts There is the beginning of a thicken­ "I returned from a summer of arch­ ing of the walls about four feet aeological research in Mexico to from the prow that create the effect find a small mountain of work await­ of a flat deck at the prow itself. ing my attention. Among the corres­ The canoe was found by Jay Shif­ pondence of interest was a letter ra, of Ironwood, who, with his wife, from you people regarding the Indian own and operate a resort on "Thous­ dugout canoe which you have found in and Island" lake. Mr. Shifra discov­ the Thousand Island Lake. I have only now found an opportunity to an­ ered this remarkable historical find swer your extremely interesting let­ while fishing at the extreme south ter. I should say from looking at end of Thousand Island Lake with his the photograph which you enclosed brother in law, Earl Pressey, of that the dugout canoe which you Kalamazoo. It was drawn up toward found probably is Indian, as you be­ shore, but completely submerged with lieved. I think it is an extremely a small bush growing out of one end. important find since very few native About the middle of August, Pressey American Indian dugout canoes from and Shigra towed it to the Shifra North America have survived and are resort. They pulled it up on shore, present in museum collections. I and within one day more than 100 hope that you will take every pre- people had come from the surrounding territory to examine the canoe. Note iron braces, evidently install­ ed years ago to prevent splitting of bottom. (Photo by Victor Lemmer)

In a letter from Professor E. F. Greenman, dated November 10, 195*f, he stated: "It looks to me as if someone in the early days of lumber operations found the boat and added the oarlocks and strengthening bars to it for their own use. A couple of weeks ago I was in Detroit and a man told me that he knew of an occurr­ ence during the lumber days in Mich­ igan, I think it was in the Upper Peninsula, where a lumber worker found a dugout, and used it to cross Dr, F. Clever Bald of the Univer­ the lake the camp was on, in order to get around to the other side of sity of Michigan, and noted Michigan the lake where there was a village. historian, and author of "Michigan Before he found the dugout he had to in Four Centuries" advised the Gog­ walk around the lake, which made ebic County historical group that this type of wooden dugout canoe was quite a trip of it. I can see no axe-mark, on the pictures you sent. usually "used by the Indians south And I cannot picture a white man of Lake Michigan and on the Mississ­ ippi River....In the museum at Musk­ making a dugout like this when it egon I saw a dugout which was called would be so easy to get sawed lum­ a ’boom company chain boat*. It was ber. On the other hand it must have been quite an operation for an Ind­ used to carry the chains with which ian, especially in prehistoric times logs were made into a raft to be floated to a mill. If there was when they had only stone or at best, rafting of logs on Thousand Island copper axes. If I were going to do Lake, it may have been used by log­ it under those conditions I would take the winter for it, put the log gers there." up on saw horses of some kind, build The possibility that the dugout a fire under it, a fire with a con­ may have been used in logging oper­ centrated flame, and let my wife ations is indicated by the presence chop away at the charcoal while I of a metal orelock on one side of did the hunting and trapping. In any the craft, and two 32 inch long case, fire must have been pretty im­ metal reinforcing bolts through the portant in making a dugout." bottom of the boat. A sample of the wood in the dug- Among the noted anthropologists out was sent to the Michigan College who was contacted for a solution of of Mining and Technology at Houghton the canoe discovery, was Professor for analysis. Professor U. J. Nobl- E. F. Greenman, director of the Mus­ et, head of the department of for­ eum of Anthropology of the Univer­ estry, reported that the boat was of sity of Michigan. He said, "this is white pine, but that it would be im­ a very interesting find, and I am possible to determine the age of the taking the liberty of including it wood without submitting it to a rad­ in the News of Michigan Archaeolog­ io-carbon test. ical Society". The owners of the Indian dugout, 16

J.T.McDonald of Ironwood, Michigan, demonstrates the spaciousness of the canoe. (Photo by Victor Lemmer)

Mr.and Mrs.Jay Shifra, are placing the canoe on permanent exhibition at A piece of metal, attached to their resort on "Thousand Island" canoe. Purpose unknown. lake. Needless to say this histor­ (Photo by Victor Lemmer) ical item will become a tremendous tourist attraction in Gogebic Coun­ COMMUNITY-OWNED VESSELS ty, as the canoe is, no doubt, one of the greatest finds in the Upper When the Great Lakes country was in Peninsula. And, to add to the inter­ that stage of development in which est in the discovery of the dugout, little cities were becoming bigger supposedly made by members of the cities, towns were becoming little Indian tribe, there was recently cities, and some villages becoming found in the Town of Watersmeet, the towns there were some communities a original land grant charter which bit lost in the shuffle. The larger President Abraham Lincoln gave to vessels could not afford to call at the Chippewa Indians on the occasion the small ports where only several of the acquisition of the area,known barrels, bales, and boxes could be as Chippewa Village or "Katikit- picked up, or put ashore. egon". The Gogebic County histor­ Full cargoes were being picked up ical group reported that renewed at Buffalo for Chicago,Milwaukee,or interest in the history of the Gog­ any of a dozen ports. No way stops, ebic Iron Range has developed as a loading and discharging in the open result of the recent discoveries. lakes, no tricky little entrances, The Ironwood Daily Globe, the daily and unimproved channels to run. newspaper, has extended its cooper­ Even the smaller vessels shunned ation in publicising the historical the little places, until in desper­ finds, and recently the publication ation the local people resolved to recieved a certificate of special provide their own means of getting commendation from the Historical their supplies in and their produce Society of Michigan in recognition out. Without exception these ship­ of the newspaper’s services "mani­ ping ventures failed, financially. fested by the constant presentation Among the communities which were of materials of historical nature, driven to resort to such measures as a public service to its readers were Green Bay,Wisconsin, Holland, in preserving the American way of Michigan, and several others which life in Michigan". happened to be small at the time.