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Home , Clark (Martian crater), Curiosity (rover), Darwin (Martian crater), Feoktistov (crater), James Oberg, LR91

cover-fin-OCT2012_Layout 1 9/12/12 3:04 PM Page 1 AEROSPACE AMERICA 9

October 2012 OCTOBER 2012 OCTOBER

Curiosity on the move

Declassifying the : Part 2 High stakes for human-rating

A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICS AND The legacy Neil Armstrong gave the world inspires us to discover what is beyond, believe in the limitless possibilities of human achievement, and to go humbly but fearlessly into the future.

The Neil Armstrong Scholarship Fund, established The Neil Armstrong by AIAA at the request of the Armstrong family, supports the dreams of future generations. Scholarship Fund Gifts to the Neil Armstrong Scholarship Fund will provide scholarships to outstanding aerospace www.aiaa.org/NeilArmstrongScholarship students. Your donation will help the students of today follow in Neil Armstrong’s footsteps, becoming the aerospace leaders of tomorrow. Join the heroes of today in giving the heroes of tomorrow the inspiration and resources to explore new worlds with knowledge, passion, and courage. TOC.OCT2012_AA Template 9/11/12 12:39 PM Page 1

October 2012

dEpaRTMEnTS COMMEnTaRy 3 Financing the final frontier. Page 4

InTERnaTIOnaL BEaT 4 ESA to break new ground with ExoMars.

waShIngTOn waTCh 8 Page 8 Uncertainties mount as election looms.

COnVERSaTIOnS 12 With Detlef Müller-Wiesner.

ThE VIEw fROM hERE 16 Gemini: Blazing the trail to the .

aIRCRafT updaTE 20 Page 20 The enduring jetliner duopoly.

EngInEERIng 24 Fighting friction, smoothing flow.

OuT Of ThE paST 46 CaREER OppORTunITIES 48 fEaTuRES CuRIOSITy On ThE REd pLanET: IS OuRS! 26 NASA’s and its Curiosity rover’s advanced instruments usher in a new era in planetary exploration. by Leonard David

dECLaSSIfyIng ThE SpaCE RaCE, paRT 2: MOnITORIng ThE 32 Recently declassified -era documents reveal the startling capabilities of U.S. intelligence gathering networks. Page 16 by Peter Pesavento

hIgh STakES fOR huMan-RaTIng SpaCECRafT 38 Developing requirements for human-rating commercial vehicles and crew capsules is a critical challenge for NASA. by James W. Canan BuLLETIn aIaa Meeting Schedule B2 aIaa Courses and Training program B4 aIaa news B5 Meetings programs B12 Page 32 Call for papers B19

COVER Two of Curiosity’s left wheels were captured in two images taken by the rover's . In the distance is the lower slope of . Turn to page 26 to read all about the rover’s arrival at Mars.

Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X) is published monthly, except August, by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. at 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, Va. 20191-4344 [703/264-7500]. Subscription rate is 50% of dues for AIAA members (and is not deductible therefrom). Nonmember subscription price: U.S. and , $163, foreign, $200. Single copies $20 each. Postmaster: Send address changes and subscription orders to address above, attention AIAA Customer Service, 703/264-7500. Periodical postage paid at Herndon, VA, and at additional mailing offices. Copyright © 2012 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., all rights reserved. The name Aerospace America is registered by the AIAA in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 40,000 copies of this issue printed. This is Volume 50, No. 9. 12-0159-final-v1.indd 1 BOOKS • JOURNALS • eBOOKS • CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS • STANDARDS

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Elaine J. Camhi Editor-in-Chief Patricia Jefferson Associate Editor Greg Wilson Funding the final frontier Production Editor Jerry Grey, Editor-at-Large Curiosity has landed. After eight years of development, NASA and JPL have Christine Williams, Editor AIAA Bulletin pulled off something many thought impossible. Perhaps President Obama said it best: “And tonight’s success reminds us that our preeminence—not just Correspondents in space, but here on —depends on continuing to invest wisely in the in- Robert F. Dorr, Washington novation, technology, and basic research that has always made our economy Philip Butterworth-Hayes, the envy of the world.” Michael Westlake, Hong Kong But against this backdrop is an FY13 budget submission that proposes a Contributing Writers cut of $300 million, or 20%, to NASA’s planetary program, with the Mars por- Richard Aboulafia, James W. Canan, tion dropping 38%. This is in the face of a diverse and amazingly successful Marco Cáceres, Craig Covault, Leonard robotic space program and a fiscally responsible plan for continuing planetary David, Philip Finnegan, Edward science advances for the next decade. Goldstein, Tom , , In 1969, NASA received about 4% of the total federal budget. With that, the David Rockwell, J.R. Wilson agency changed the world as Neil Armstrong landed on the Moon, launching Art & Design humankind’s dreams for decades. By the mid 1990s, with government invest- Art Direction and Design ment dwindling, NASA’s budget was down to about 1%. What did we get for that? We got the Hubble . We got the , which Michael Griffin, President flew 135 times and built the international . MESSENGER is cur- Robert S. Dickman, Publisher rently orbiting Mercury, and mapped the surface of . NEAR Craig Byl, Manufacturing and Distribution landed on an asteroid and brought samples home from a comet born STEERING COMMITTEE at the beginning of the . We sent to study and its Col. Neal Barlow, USAF Academy; , and found the first extraterrestrial ocean beneath ’s ice shell. Carol Cash, Carol Cash & Associates; is currently orbiting , observing the system’s rings and ’s Brian D. Dailey; Basil Hassan, Sandia; lakes. is on its way to Pluto, arrival set for 2015, and Voyager is Robert E. Lindberg, National Institute of leaving the solar system. Aerospace; Vigor Yang, Georgia Institute of Technology; Susan X. Ying,; NASA now accounts for only 0.48% of the FY12 budget. We’re doing much more with even less, but there are limits. EDITORIAL BOARD Carl once said, “Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be Ned Allen, Jean-Michel Contant, known.” Nowhere is this truer than in our cosmic backyard. Europa has more Eugene Covert, L.S. “Skip” Fletcher, liquid water than Earth—could it harbor life? We haven’t even begun to ex- Michael Francis, Cam Martin, plore Uranus and Neptune, now thought to be the most common type of Don Richardson, Douglas Yazell planet in the galaxy. Asteroids and comets are relics from the beginnings ADVERTISING of our solar system—what can they reveal about planet formation and how life Robert Silverstein, 240.498.9674 arose? We know little about the Martian moons—could they be used as base [email protected] camps for exploring the planet’s surface? Without stable solar system explo- Brody 732.832.2977 ration funding, and with growing investments in space programs in Europe, [email protected] , India, Japan, and , we may be entering an era when the U.S. B. Garelick Bell Business Manager won’t be making those discoveries. During times of fiscal austerity, some ask, “Why waste money up there?” Send materials to Craig Byl, AIAA, 1801 But the dollars are not lost in space—they are spent on jobs and technological Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA advancements, on innovation and the quest for excellence that is the hallmark 20191-4344. Changes of address should be of our space program. The return on the nation’s investment is immense—not sent by e-mail at [email protected], or by fax only in scientific discoveries, but in the inspiration and sense of wonder it at 703.264.7606. Send correspondence to [email protected]. gives our citizens. We urge the administration and Congress to continue the nation’s invest- October 2012, Vol. 50, No. 9 ment in solar system exploration. NASA’s modest 0.48% of the budget buys windows into the wonders of the cosmos as well as U.S. dominance of critical science and technology, and leadership in space. Even in tight budget times, the return is well worth the price. Dan Britt and Carey Lisse Div. for Planetary Sciences, American Astronomical Society BEATlayout1012_Layout 1 9/11/12 3:24 PM Page 2

ESA to break new ground with ExoMars

ESA GOVERNMENT MINISTERS ARE DUE According to ESA, “Final agree- With ESA now committed to develop- to meet in late November to decide on ments to be developed with Russia in ing the rover by itself—the first time it the future of the ExoMars program, a the coming months and final program will have built a robotic rover—the bill two-mission project to search for evi- configuration will be submitted to the for the mission is climbing. In June dence of . The first mis- ESA Council Meeting at Ministerial ESA announced a tranche of funds to sion, due for launch in 2016, com- level in November to approve. Av- support the program until the end of prises a trace-gas-sensing orbiter and the year, and the project enjoys the an entry, descent, and landing political support of the key European demonstrator module (EDM), to space organizations—particu- be followed in 2018 with a larly the Italian Space robotic rover equipped Agency, which has a to drill beneath the managing role. The planet’s surface. initial successes ExoMars Mission 2018

Finding of the NASA support Curiosity Mars The project has rover program had a complex fi- have also helped as nancial history. Origi- European govern- nally it was conceived as ments gain political sup- an ESA/NASA program, with port for an indigenous robotic NASA providing the launch vehicles rover capability. for both missions and a share of the design and production work on the ExoMars rover/ rover. But when NASA pulled out ear- enues to find some additional money Curiosity comparisons lier this year because of budgetary that would be needed to complete the The early collaboration between ESA problems, ESA negotiated with Rus- mission as envisaged have been inves- and NASA on the rover design has sia’s Roscomos for the use of two Pro- tigated, mainly through redistribution yielded some beneficial results. “The ton launchers to replace the NASA- of internal resources.” time spent working together was ben- sponsored Atlas and to supply ESA has already committed sub- eficial for both sides,” according to instruments for the . stantial sums to the program. It origi- Mark Roe, the rover vehicle project European experts nally budgeted around €1 billion for manager with Astrium U.K. “It has are quietly confident that the project the project, but this was based on shown our U.S. colleagues that Eu- will go ahead, despite the financial NASA partnering in the rover program rope does have unique technologies, challenges. and providing the launch vehicles. and we have learnt from them some

4 AEROSPACE AMERICA/OCTOBER 2012 BEATlayout1012_Layout 1 9/11/12 3:24 PM Page 3

of the lessons of their real practical NASA’s Curiosity uses nuclear ExoMars Mission 2016 achievements.” power, we will use solar ar- But the European ExoMars rover rays, so we have a different will be a very different kind of vehicle thermal challenge. We have to from Curiosity. heat our rover with electrical “The U.S. rover is significantly big- power, and we are concerned ger—which means in the European with the challenge conserving version we have to implement a heat; with Curiosity the chal- greater level of equipment integra- lenge is power dissipation. tion,” says Roe. There are a number of And Curiosity doesn’t have a design differences. “Within the loco- drill—we are building our motion system, we both have a six- rover to get samples from be- wheel configuration; but in the Euro- neath the surface with the aid pean version these are driven through of subsurface radar.” three bogies, which gives us the op- “I think the two rovers are portunity to ‘wheel-walk,’ to move the complementary, not competi- wheel ahead of the steering, which tive,” says Sue Horne, space explo- The U.K. is contributing the Mars means that if you are stuck in soft ration program manager with the U.K. X-ray diffractometer to identify min- sand it will allow the vehicle to crawl Space Agency. “ExoMars will drill eral structures, the Raman spectro- out more easily. down 2 m below the surface to look scope to measure seismic movements, “Our navigation system features a for evidence of life, evidence which and the life marker DHIP to detect or- higher level of soft control, which will might have been destroyed by the ul- ganic molecules deriving from past or allow us to perform obstacle guidance traviolet on the surface of present life on Mars in samples col- in a more intelligent way. And while the planet.” lected by drilling.

Program aims and partnerships The Exo (Exobiology) will •Access to the subsurface to acquire samples. the EDM’s radar altimeter. Thales Alenia search for signs of past and present life on •Sample acquisition, preparation, distribu- Space France is responsible for the design Mars, examine how the water and geochemical tion, and analysis. and integration of the orbiter module, while environment varies, and investigate Martian For the 2016 mission ESA will contribute Astrium U.K. is producing the rover. atmospheric trace gases and their sources— the orbiter and the EDM as well as mission According to the stakeholder meeting especially whether the presence of methane operation control for these elements. Russia held in May, the program is proceeding on in the atmosphere is a result of biological or will contribute the launcher and other schedule for both missions, with the 2016 chemical processes. scientific experiments. This will enhance the mission now in the design development phase, The 2016 mission includes a trace gas ‘science’ value of the 2016 mission more than following a successful preliminary design orbiter and an entry, descent, and landing originally envisaged, according to ESA. review (PDR) in December 2010 and trace demonstrator module (EDM). The orbiter will For the 2018 mission, ESA will contribute gas-orbiter PDR in December 2011. Deliveries carry scientific instruments to detect and study the carrier, elements of the Russian EDL mod- for the 2016 mission will start with the atmospheric trace gases. Some of the EDM ule, the complete rover including various engineering/functional models of the avionics sensors will evaluate the ’s performance experiments and a drill, the mission operations, test benches and the structural-thermal model as it descends, and others will study the envi- and the rover operations. Russia will provide a of the EDM starting before the end of this year. ronment at the landing site. The 2018 mission Proton launcher, some elements of the carrier, The 2018 mission is now in the ‘feasibility’ includes the landing of a rover, equipped with most of the EDL module, some scientific phase, to culminate in March 2013 with the a drill to collect rock samples from beneath the instruments, and experiment contributions system requirements review. The design of the surface of the planet. to the ESA rover. rover is currently in a ‘chilled’ rather than The mission will seek to validate a The ExoMars prime contractor is Thales strictly ‘frozen’ status, according to Astrium number of technologies for future sample Alenia Space-Italy, which is also responsible for U.K.’s Mark Roe, with agency-level reviews next return missions: the design of the EDM, the development of the year to clarify the design baseline. Those will •Entry, descent, and landing (EDL) of a analytical laboratory drawer—which includes include how the rover will be deployed within payload on the . the Payload instruments—its integration the Russian-built carrier, which is to deliver it •Surface mobility with a rover. on the rover, the onboard computer, and safely onto the Martian surface.

AEROSPACE AMERICA/OCTOBER 2012 5 BEATlayout1012_Layout 1 9/11/12 3:24 PM Page 4

But the U.S. is the only nation to Mars exploration beyond NASA and ESA India plans to launch its first Mars orbiter in November 2013, using Polar have successfully landed a rover and PSLV-XL, with a 25-kg scientific payload to measure climate, geology, and the possibilities of life. instruments on the Martian surface. If Other non-U.S. missions to the planet include MetNet, led by the Finnish Meteorological Institute ExoMars does succeed in landing a (FMI) and comprising a consortium including FMI, Lavochkin Association, the Russian rover on the planet, it will give Europe Institute, and Spain’s Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial to deploy several semi-hard-landing a new capability in planetary explo- craft carrying “a versatile science payload focused on the of Mars.” China’s first ration, which until now has been the Mars satellite, Yinghuo-1, was lost on the 2011 Russian -Grunt mission. Japan sent the orbiter preserve of the U.S. Hope to Mars in 1998, but ground controllers were unable to direct it into Mars orbit.  International dimensions ESA sent the mission The initial success of NASA’s Curiosity The ExoMars project is different in to the planet in 2003. It had two ele- rover program in the dramatic landing other ways, too. It marks the start of a ments, an orbiter (for high-resolution on the Martian surface has captured new era of international cooperation imaging, mapping, and surface and the imagination of Europe’s public on Mars missions, with a focus on subsurface structural analysis) and the and, significantly, its politicians. “If we combining more small-scale national 2 lander. While failed had not had the success of the U.S. programs into a wider global effort. to land intact on the planet’s surface, rover program, and its achievements Nations such as China and India are the orbiter has been successfully per- had not been visible for all, I don’t developing their own Mars missions, forming scientific measurements since think we would have got this far,” says which means the next sample return 2004. In August the orbiter supported one of the European scientists in- mission beyond ExoMars is likely to NASA’s Curiosity rover program by volved in ExoMars. be a truly global event, with new de- tracking signals during the entry and Philip Butterworth-Hayes sign philosophies for rover activities. descent phase of the mission. , U.K. One of the key mission objectives of ExoMars is to demonstrate a number of essential flight and enabling tech- nologies required for an international Events Calendar Mars sample return mission. OCT. 1-5 “The focus on Mars exploration Sixty-third International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy. will be increasingly international,” Contact: www.iafastro.org says Horne. “We’ve looked at the re- OCT. 11-12 sults of several studies which have ex- Aeroacoustic Installation Effects and Novel Aircraft Architectures, amined the benefits of operating with , . two or more smaller rovers, or risking Contact: Cornelia Delfs, +49 531 295 2320; [email protected]; everything by putting all your eggs in www.win.tue.nl/ceas-asc a single basket. “Scientists always want more—and OCT. 14-18 the balance of probabilities is that in Thirty-first Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Williamsburg, . the future you will see rovers working Contact: 703/264-7500 in cooperation, collecting a wide suite OCT. 17-18 of samples and bringing them back to International Symposium for Personal and Commercial , a base on the planet for further analy- Las Cruces, . sis, where many different studies will Contact: 703/264-7500 be possible,” he says. Beyond the U.S., small-scale na- OCT. 22-25 tional missions to the planet have had International Telemetering Conference, San Diego, . a mixed success rate at best. Some of Contact: Lena Moran, 575/415-5172; www..org the technologies being applied by NOV. 5-8 Russia to the ExoMars program have Twenty-seventh Space Simulation Conference, Annapolis, Maryland. their origins in the failed 2011 Phobos- Contact: Harold , 847/981-0100; [email protected]; Grunt mission, which was designed to www.spacesimcon.org return samples from Mars’ larger moon, Phobos. The mission was also NOV. 6-8 carrying China’s first Mars satellite. Seventh International Conference Supply on the Wings, However, the launcher failed to propel , Germany. the payload beyond LEO, and it even- Contact: Richard Degenhardt, +49 531 295 2232; tually crashed back to Earth. [email protected]; www.airtec.aero

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Uncertainties mount as election looms

WITH SUMMER CHANGING TOAUTUMN seized the imagination of almost ploration budget is $587 million, about in an election year, Washington is in everyone working in aerospace today. the cost of two F-35 fighter planes. “political paralysis,” wrote Damian The successful landing prompted The administration’s budget proposal Paletta and Sara Murray in the Wall celebrations at the Joint Propulsion plans call for trimming the total to Street Journal following a report is- Lab and around the country, and dem- $361 million in FY13, $228 million in sued on August 22 by the nonpartisan onstrated that the nation has not com- 2014, and just $189 million in 2015. In Congessional Budget Office (CBO). pletely lost interest in the exploration a letter to , Robert According to that report, the nation of space: NASA’s servers were jammed Zubrin, director of the , faces two stark alternatives: with email messages from an enthusi- called this “a level that would effec- •The U.S. economy will slide into a astic public. One Capitol Hill law- tively put the nation out of the Mars “significant recession,” warns CBO, if maker, who does not have a NASA fa- exploration business.” Congress does not avert a “fiscal cliff” cility in his district, reported receiving Two weeks after Curiosity landed, of tax increases and spending cuts 200 congratulatory messages from NASA announced that it will launch a scheduled to begin in January. constituents. lander called InSight to Mars in 2016. •If, on the other hand, Congress Although an extraordinarily com- However, more ambitious and costlier postpones these measures for at least plex technical success, Curiosity’s ar- plans to bring samples a year, the U.S. will see its fifth straight rival on Mars does not signal any back to Earth have been set aside. Un- year with a budget deficit greater than change in NASA funding. No one til recently, the agency was finalizing $1 trillion. knows what will happen to any part preparations for the first two such mis- No action is expected on budget of the administration’s FY13 budget sions, scheduled for 2016 and 2018, to and fiscal issues until after the Novem- proposal, including the NASA portion, be undertaken in conjunction with the ber 6 election. Even then, observers but the document includes what Rep. . But NASA believe, Congress and the executive Adam Schiff (D-Calif.) earlier this year canceled these missions this year, and branch will do little more than enact a called “disproportionate and devastat- the U.S. has backed out of its ExoMars postponement of a future of reck- ing” cuts to . exploration partnership with ESA (see oning when the government and the The Mars effort—what Schiff called page 4). people will finally have no choice but “the crown jewel of NASA’s incredibly Past successes on the red planet to change the way Washington col- successful and popular planetary sci- are still producing results. NASA’s golf- lects and spends money. ence program”—is taking extraordi- cart-sized rover is still Important leaders may be out of nary hits while total NASA spending cruising around the Martian surface town and painful decisions off the cal- remains unchanged from one year to more than eight years after it landed endar, but Washington continues to the next. The current year’s Mars ex- with its twin, . And NASA has deal with issues, including aerospace two orbiters—Mars Odyssey and the issues, every day. Less than three Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter—watch- weeks before the nation bade farewell Rep. Adam Schiff ing the planet from space. Speaking to to Neil Armstrong, the first man to set reporters August 20, John Grunsfeld, foot on the Moon and a true American associate administrator for NASA’s Sci- hero, a vehicle of ingenious design ence Mission Directorate, denied that made a precarious and ultimately per- Mars is getting any favoritism from the fect touchdown inside a canyon in un- U.S. government, pointing to missions explored terrain on Mars. with other purposes—for example, , which is on its way to Jupiter, NASA developments and Osiris-Rex, which is being pre- The August 6 landing of the rover Cu- pared for its mission to an asteroid. riosity in Crater on Mars was a Some experts, including Capitol triumph for NASA (see page 26). Sci- Hill’s Schiff, say they do not know entists gave the location a new name, why planetary science has taken such calling it after Ray heavy hits in budget planning. NASA Bradbury (1920-2012), author of The Administrator Charles Bolden has not Martian Chronicles (1950), a fable that been a vocal presence in this debate,

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and though he has not said so in pub- fense secretary from lic, he has quietly acknowledged that 2006 to 2011 and he would like to stay on if President favored aerial sys- is reelected. tems suitable for a counterinsurgency Spotlight on UAVs abroad… war like the one in Like UAVs, Washington too may be Afghanistan. When ‘unmanned’ in some sense, with the Air Force leaders men and women of Capitol Hill now wanted more F-22 in their home districts and the presi- Raptor superfight- dent on the campaign trail. What one ers and a new government worker calls ‘us regular bomber, Gates re- people’ are still at work, though, and The Navy is planning to spend $3 billion on the Northrop Grumman MQ-4C buffed them and in many offices UAVs are receiving in- Triton. Photo by Alan Radecki. focused on re- creasing attention. tary service branches on UAV opera- motely piloted aircraft like the MQ-1B No one disagrees that such aircraft tions needs to be improved. Predator and MQ-9 Reaper. are here to stay. New uses for them A Government Accountability Of- Both vehicles were originally de- are being discovered daily, including fice report to Congress blasts the Navy signed for surveillance, a mission they law enforcement surveillance applica- for planning to spend $3 billion on its perform well with electrooptical and tions that have privacy activists con- version of the USAF Global Hawk, the radar sensors. However, during Gates’ cerned. But even if UAVs are a key MQ-4C Triton. The GAO wrote that tenure they became flying arsenals, part of our future, many in Washing- the Navy has not justified a need for able to launch a variety of missiles at ton now say that the high priority its unique modifications to the aircraft. ground targets while being controlled given to military versions is about to Moreover, says the report, the Navy from afar. be taken down a notch. never conducted a cost analysis to de- Predator and Reaper are in use by “The use of UAVs will continue to termine how much money could be the Air Force in Afghanistan and by expand,” says Stephen Meyne, an an- saved if it purchased the version al- the CIA in the tribal hinterlands of alyst and historian. “But they’re no ready being used by the Air Force. Pakistan. The role of these UAVs in longer the darlings of Separately, a Pentagon study two ‘targeted killings’ has aroused some they once were.” Wheeler, years ago concluded that $1.2 billion debate about the legality and morality an analyst and frequent critic of UAV could have been saved if the Army of drone warfare, but no one expects program costs, faulted the “burgeon- and Air Force had worked together to it to abate. In August, the administra- ing love affair of the U.S. defense develop sensors for UAVs designed to tion acknowledged a U.S. drone mis- community with drones” in a recent track ground communications. sion in Yemen, the newest major front paper, and suggested the romance is More recently, the bipartisan, non- in the struggle against al Qaeda. beginning to cool. profit American Security Project (ASP) For big-picture planning, however, Several reports circulating in the issued a report asserting that military the Pentagon’s focus is shifting away capital say that UAVs cost more than UAVs are only slightly less expensive from UAVs and small systems. The previously believed, that duplication than manned warplanes and are more Obama administration is giving new abounds in military UAV acquisition, prone to mishaps. The report, released emphasis to the Pacific and China. and that coordination among the mili- in August, notes that unmanned com- Most of the generals and admirals who bat planes offer advantages served under Gates have retired, and such as the ability to loiter their replacements are less interested A staff sergeant at Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan, marshals an MQ-9 over or monitor a target for in counterinsurgency than in being Reaper after its return from a longer periods than a ready for a ‘peer’ war with a modern mission. (USAF photo/Tech. crewed plane can. But the nation-state like Iran or . Sgt. Chad Chisholm.) ASP report says that most This new group of military leaders has military drones generally been able to kick-start efforts to de- are only “slightly cheaper velop a new bomber and is focusing to both acquire and oper- on the F-35 Lightning II as the weapon ate than conventional of the near future. fighter jets.” Another sign of changing priori- The military embraced ties: The administration’s FY13 budget UAVs in a big way under proposal—whose own future, like that Robert Gates, who was de- of the NASA proposal, is now un-

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clear—would kill an important UAV “There are operational issues that program, the Air Force’s RQ-4B Block we need to address,” Huerta told a 30 Global Hawk, which was once ex- trade group in August. He cited pilot pected to replace the U-2 reconnais- training as an example, referring to sance aircraft. The service will con- the pilots of manned aircraft that tinue to buy the Block 40 version for would share the sky with UAVs. “We inland, overground surveillance. also need to make sure that un- manned aircraft see and avoid other …and at home aircraft and that they operate safely.” If UAVs are getting less grease within Huerta did not explicitly mention the August marked the the military, they are on the verge of missed deadline, but other FAA offi- 50th anniversary of becoming plentiful everywhere else in cials say the range operations will be- the ’s entry the nation’s airways. Lawmakers and gin soon. into service. industry want to enable UAVs to oper- As for the civil liberties issues ate in the ‘national airspace,’ or NAS— raised by surveillance drones, DHS the unrestricted skies between 20,000 Secretary Janet Napolitano told a weighing the equivalent of 40 school and 50,000 ft now used by airliners House of Representatives committee buses, “the high-tech drones did not and general aviation aircraft. Two on July 25 that her department is contribute to any sea-based seizures years ago Congress instructed the FAA preparing to expand the use of sur- during that time,” said the report. to conduct tests with the goal of mak- veillance drones to ensure “public The American Civil Liberties Union ing it happen. safety.” has expressed concern about privacy Customs and Border Protection, a issues raised by surveillance drones, component of the DHS, has been and has found an unlikely ally. Assert- monitoring U.S. borders since 2005 ing his second-amendment rights, Fox with nine Predator Bs. These big air- News commentator and retired Judge craft, with a wingspan of 65 ft 7 in. Andrew Napolitano—no relation to the and a gross weight of 10,000 lb, are DHS secretary—said on television in also called Reapers; two are dubbed May, “The first American patriot that Guardians when modified for offshore shoots down one of these drones that maritime patrol duties. All carry syn- comes too close to his children in his thetic aperture radar and electrooptical back yard will be an American hero.” sensors in the latter role. A critical report by the DHS in- And speaking of the Orion… spector general questioned the per- The Navy just marked the 50th an- DHS Secretary formance of the two Guardians: Dur- niversary of its Orion aircraft’s entry Janet Napolitano ing one recent period when the into service. This maritime reconnais- department’s 14 ex-Navy P-3 Orion sance, patrol, and antisubmarine air- The FAA missed the congression- manned patrol aircraft helped inter- craft was called the P3V-1 when the ally mandated August 12 deadline for cept $11.1 billion worth of cocaine first example reached Patrol Squadron establishing six test ranges for UAVs, Eight at Patuxent River, Maryland, in the first step toward full integration of August 1962. The P-8A Poseidon, a manned and unmanned aircraft every- derivative of the Boeing 737-800 air- where in our skies. The Association liner, will soon begin replacing the for Unmanned Vehicle Systems Inter- Orion, known today as the P-3C. The national wrote to FAA Administrator Navy has a program aimed at extend- Michael Huerta emphasizing the im- ing the service life of its current 120 portance of the test sites. Orions (out of 757 built). “This is a critical step in the Although a handful of transport process toward the safe and responsi- planes have had long service lives, it ble integration of UAS [unmanned air- appears that only two other combat craft systems] into the national air- aircraft have served for a half-century space by 2015,” wrote association or more—the B-52 Stratofortress and president Michael Toscano. The pur- the Russian Tupolev Tu-95 ‘Bear.’ pose of the ranges is to demonstrate Robert F. Dorr that UAVs need not be limited, as they [email protected] are today, to military ranges, restricted Robert F. Dorr’s book Mission to Tokyo areas, and skies below 20,000 ft. FAA Administrator Michael Huerta was published September 1.

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Detlef Müller-WiesnerI

What are the current priorities of This is difficult to answer because transport. This was clearly shown dur- the DGLR? there are no detailed statistics known ing the Iceland ash-cloud blockage of Our association celebrates its to me which could authoritatively sup- the air transport system, when after 100th anniversary this year. In April port my personal perception, which is just a few days our automotive com- 1912 the roots of DGLR were estab- based on discussions with young stu- panies and others had to partially stop lished by an aeronautical association dents, researchers, engineers, politi- production because of the interruption founded by Professor Ludwig Prandtl cians, and industrial leaders. of the air transport supply chain. and Prince Heinrich. So 2012 is a year Government and public percep- All this has been acknowledged in which many events are dedicated to tions of the aerospace sector are, in by the government, but it has not re- the achievements of great aerospace my view, to a certain extent ambigu- ally reached public opinion yet. I engineers and entrepreneurs. ous. People like to travel by aircraft could give many examples of this. The This year is also an excellent op- around the world more than ever. latest is that people in have portunity to combine history with new Ticket prices in comparison to income voted against construction of a third technical opportunities for improved levels have continuously been de- runway at Munich Airport. products in the aerospace market. Our creasing since the middle of the last On the other hand, when it Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrt Kon- century. Emissions (noise, di- comes to the aerospace industry there gress [German Aerospace Congress] oxide, and nitrogen oxides) have also is a positive public opinion that this was held in September this year in been continuously decreasing. industry—as original equipment manu- Berlin in parallel with the International Germany is an exporting country, facturers and suppliers—still creates Aerospace Exhibition, ILA. More than and its entire industry depends on air new jobs in Germany for research, en- 500 participants there exchanged the latest results of aerospace research. Following the DGLR slogan “In- forming, Networking, Supporting,” this Detlef Müller-Wiesner is president of the grating, and developing its corporate year we are going to reshape informa- German Society for Aeronautics and Astro- research activities (now known as EADS tion services for our members. We nautics (DGLR). Since 2006 he has been Innovation Works). want to ensure that our students and EADS chief operating officer for innovation, Müller-Wiesner is a reserve officer of the younger engineers are more actively and EADS deputy chief technical officer. German air force, president of the Interna- addressed by our messages. Working In this capacity he has headed EADS Global tional Council of Aeronautical Sciences, for—and with—younger people are top Innovation Networks and chaired the and a member of the senate of the priorities for our association. EADS Research & Technology Council. The Helmholtz Association. He also serves A further priority for our members council is responsible for the joint planning on the Supervisory Board of the German is to enhance international coopera- and implementation of the R&T programs Research Center for Arti- tion with national, European, and glo- at the divisional and corporate levels. ficial Intelligence, the bal aeronautics and space organiza- Müller-Wiesner is also senior vice president Advisory Committee tions. On the global level we are and head of external affairs, business, and of Bauhaus Luftfahrt, members and contribute to the Inter- transverse initiatives within EADS. which he chairs, and national Astronautical Federation and He studied mechanical engineering at the Supervisory the International Council of the Aero- Clausthal University of Technology and Board of EADS nautical Sciences. On the European received a Ph.D. for his thesis on structural Deutschland. He level we are members of the Council durability. also holds the title of European Aerospace Societies Chevalier de l’Ordre (CEAS). And on a national level we Since 1986, when he began his profes- National du Mérite have many bilateral relationships in sional career at ERNO Raumfahrttechnik, du France. Europe and worldwide. There are, for he has worked for EADS or for companies example, regular exchanges with AIAA that later became part of EADS. In the about potential common activities. field, he held positions of responsibility in the development, con- How would you characterize gov- struction, service, and program depart- ernment and public perception of the ments. When the company was founded aerospace sector in Germany? in 2000, he was tasked with heading, inte-

12 AEROSPACE AMERICA/OCTOBER 2012 CONVERS1012_AA conversations 9/12/12 12:46 PM Page 3

Interview by Philip Butterworth-Hayes

gineering production, and services, for the future. The German Ministry of Another measure is of course to year after year. As a result of this suc- Economics is currently working on a identify, at an early stage of research cess it is becoming more difficult for future aeronautics strategy and has al- opportunities within practical projects, the industry to get the skilled work- ready published a long-lead Space how to best exchange research results force it needs. and ideas through We try within the DGLR as much “Technically there should be more networks. Aero- as possible to contribute to solving this space associations challenge through our members and challenging demonstrator projects started, like the DGLR play networks, individually and through so that right from the early phases of an important role more combined measures, to convince technology research systems, engineering here by establish- young people about the challenges, design principles are applied.” ing the structures opportunities, and excellent prospects of those networks, for professional engineers in the aero- Strategy for Germany. So we could providing stages for the exchange of space, defense, and security sectors. say, in theory, that the need for aero- information between experts, indus- space research is for the moment ac- trial leaders, and politicians. Are you happy with the level of aero- knowledged, and through this an ex- space research that is currently un- cellent level of scientific competencies Is there a danger that the current der way in Germany, and what can has been established. financial pressures in Europe might be done to more quickly move proj- In practice, as in other countries, take the focus of those research es- ects from the theoretical calculations there is always an ongoing political tablishments away from long-term to practical projects? debate about where to best place work in areas such as space science With respect to the aerospace re- budgets for research and technology and hypersonics? search landscape in Germany, we do to best fit societal needs. So aerospace Of course this danger exists, in have an excellent and acknowledged stakeholders like the DGLR and its principle, during times of tight public network of research institutions, like personal and corporate members are budgets. In Germany I do not see this the , univer- taking an active part in those discus- danger for the moment, because under sities, and industrial research and tech- sions, to maintain and develop the the current government the budget for nology centers. level of aerospace in competition to science and education has been ex- Many ongoing and planned proj- other research areas. empted from budget cuts. The level of ects are executed as part of interna- Acceleration in innovation is in- support for space and aeronautics tional cooperative programs. The ex- deed needed now more than ever. In seems to be staying constant within cellence of the researchers involved in my personal experience there are sev- other government departments for the these programs has been underlined eral measures being applied to move near-term future. We will see after the by numerous awards they have re- programs from theoretical calculation federal elections in Germany next year ceived at international events and con- to practical projects. As knowledge what the position of the new govern- ferences. This excellence is not limited goes with people, I am convinced that ment will be. to Germany—in other European coun- colocation of scientists, research engi- For other European countries the tries you will also find excellent re- neers, and industrial design and pro- situation might be different, depend- searchers and engineers. duction engineers provides the best ing on the individual state of the econ- Under the leadership of the Ger- environment for ideas and research re- omy in these countries. Today I do not man Ministry of Education and Re- sults to move more quickly into prod- expect major announcements of a search, a high-level group of scientists, ucts and processes. It is also important withdrawal from basic research in researchers, and industrial leaders is that high-level sponsors encourage other countries. Big European basic working on an update to the German those teams by their trust and personal science projects like ITER (the Interna- High Technology Strategy. This strat- support. tional Thermonuclear Experimental egy defines the streams of the Technically there should be more Reactor) or CERN (the European Or- German research landscape, accord- challenging demonstrator projects ganization for Nuclear Research) are ing to the identified future needs of started, so that right from the early ongoing. The European Parliament society. Mobility and energy, for ex- phases of technology research sys- and the European Commission are ample, are areas that have been iden- tems, engineering design principles are preparing the Horizon 2020 research tified as aeronautical research needs applied. agenda and program, where today a

AEROSPACE AMERICA/OCTOBER 2012 13 CONVERS1012_AA conversations 9/12/12 12:46 PM Page 4

“.…research institutions and industry expect from their engineers some ‘soft’ skills, like being able to work within a team, intercultural working capabilities, and knowledge of the legal framework to which engineers are subject.”

budget volume of €80 billion is under sciences. That is the reason why politi- What do you think should be the discussion. This program will cover all cians, industry, and scientific/technical main priorities for Europe if it is to areas of research and includes aero- organizations like the DGLR are work- maintain technical and industrial space topics. ing hand-in-hand on campaigns and competency in all aerospace areas? In the space sector the European sustainable measures to attract young First, there could be an interesting Space Agency is preparing a ministe- people, starting at the kindergarten debate around whether—in a global- rial conference for later this year where level, to become creative engineers or ized economy and with all existing topics and budgets for the future are natural scientists. means of information exchange—Eu- going to be fixed by member states. For the aerospace sector the rope really needs to maintain a techni- problem is probably less severe than cal and industrial competency in all What new key skills will aeronautical for other industrial sectors, because aerospace areas. engineers have to master in order to building flying machines still has its I would like to focus my answer maintain the country’s technical ex- specific fascination for technical peo- here on the need for further mainte- cellence levels? ple. Aerospace companies are among nance and enhancement of competen- If we focus on ‘engineers working the 10 most preferred employers for cies in aerospace. Cooperation and in- in aeronautics and space,’ then this engineering students in many Euro- tegration in aerospace research and becomes part of the answer. The pean countries. industry are now part of daily life in amount of work dedicated to research Europe for many engineers. I am per- and development by engineers spe- What are some of the DGLR’s key sonally convinced that keeping up this cialized in aerospace is decreasing, in pan-European and transatlantic ar- momentum of integration on one hand my experience. Due to the complexity eas of cooperation? while ensuring the diversity of educa- of today’s flying systems, the demand As I mentioned earlier, DGLR is a tion and cultures on the other is one for skills like electronics, communica- member of the Council of European priority for the future success of aero- tions, and other disciplines is increas- Aerospace Societies, together with space in Europe. ing. So skills in systems engineering aerospace associations from other Eu- The continuation of support for are vital for large complex programs ropean countries. Every two years we research, and especially for basic re- to be successfully executed. Fortu- organize the CEAS Congress, hosted search, by industry and the public sec- nately some European and German by one of the national associations. tor is of course another prerequisite to technical universities have realized the CEAS publishes the CEAS Journal with assure the sustainability of the recent increasing demand for education in scientific papers from the aeronautical success of the aerospace sector in Eu- systems engineering and have inte- and space branches of the council. rope and among its global partners. grated this into their curricula. The technical networks of DGLR have The European vision for aeronau- Hand-in-hand with systems engi- working relationships with many of tics is laid down in Flight Path 2050, neering is the increasing demand for the European national associations in where high-level experts have defined skills in the principles of successful organizing events covering specific targets and roadmaps to achieve fu- project management. And last but not technical areas. ture competitive aeronautical prod- least, research institutions and industry expect from their engineers some ‘soft’ “First, there could be an interesting debate around whether— skills, like being able to work within a in a globalized economy and with all existing means of team, intercultural working capabili- ties, and knowledge of the legal frame- information exchange—Europe really needs to maintain a work to which engineers are subject. technical and industrial competency in all aerospace areas.”

Are there any problems in attracting We are also working closely with ucts. Many of the contributing experts people to the industry? AIAA, for cohosted events and for ex- are members of their national aero- In general there is an increasing changes of students, which is one of space associations, like DGLR and problem in Germany and Europe in our current plans. Every year DGLR CEAS. Flight Path 2050 also acts as finding the right number of highly supports the International Air Cadet one of the strategic guidelines for the skilled people with a technical back- Exchange, which is organized together definition of European and national ground, or a background in natural with NATO air forces. research programs for aeronautics.

14 AEROSPACE AMERICA/OCTOBER 2012 AIAA Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics AIAA’s popular book series Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics features books that present a particular, well- defi ned subject refl ecting advances in the fi elds of aerospace science, engineering, and/or technology. NEW RELEASES Tactical and Strategic Missile Guidance, Sixth Edition Paul Zarchan 1026 pages This best-selling title provides an in-depth look at tactical and strategic missile guidance using common language, notation, and perspective. The sixth edition includes six new chapters on topics related to improving missile guidance system performance and understanding key design concepts and tradeoffs. New in 2012 – the original FORTRAN has been converted into the widely used MATLAB language. ISBN: 978-1-60086-894-8 List Price: $134.95 “AIAA Best Seller” AIAA Member Price: $104.95

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Gemini: Blazing the trail to the Moon

A 10-STORY-TALL TITAN II BOOSTER and 8, and they were being built right Titans powering the Gemini crews to certainly makes an impression on a 10- in my hometown. Someday, I hoped orbit. I’m more curious than ever about year-old Cub . Touring the Martin to learn enough to join my neighbors how they did it—how they pulled off a Marietta factory in Middle River, Mary- who were building the Titans; if my dozen successful launches in a row, land, in the summer of 1965, I craned wildest dreams came true, someday I’d and in paving the way to the Moon, my neck to look up 100 ft at a pair of ride on a like that. captured the lead in spaceflight from silver and black Titans in their vertical Forty-seven summers later, I’m still the . test cells. I was captivated. Here were impressed with the Martin Baltimore Preserving that legacy is the Glenn the rockets that would carry team that assembled and launched the L. Martin Maryland Aviation Museum in Baltimore, located on the site of that factory that performed final as- sembly and test of the Gemini-Titans before they were shipped to the Cape for their rendezvous with their astro- naut crews, and with history. Last fall the museum hosted a day- long symposium on the Martin Gemini effort, and attendees met a number of space veterans from the 1962-1966 program. The experts discussed the historical importance of Gemini, the technical challenges of human-rating the Titan II and operating the space- craft, and their personal reflections on blazing a trail to the Moon.

On the shoulders of Titans The 10 piloted Gemini missions, said Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum historian Michael J. Neufeld, gave the U.S. the undisputed lead in the space race. Neufeld recounted Gemini’s major achievements: orbital maneuvering (to include rendezvous, proximity operations, and docking); a demonstration of and productivity on missions lasting up to two weeks; successful EVA tech- niques and space suits; and experi- ence in complex space/ground mis- sion operations. All these combined to give NASA the confidence and depth of experience necessary to attempt ’s lunar landing missions. Martin engineer Harry E. Mettee recalled that the Baltimore plant, which during WW II had turned out thousands of B-26 Marauder medium Martin’s Baltimore plant in Middle River, Maryland, conducted assembly and checkout of the Titan IIs bombers and Navy flying boats, later selected for Gemini. Gemini-Titan GT-2 (the second unmanned Gemini launch) stands in the test cell in D building in 1964. It flew on January 19, 1965. Courtesy: Glenn L. Martin Maryland Aviation Museum. fell on hard times. By the early 1960s,

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most of the aircraft manufacturing who helped institute consistent high work was gone, and the workforce quality throughout Martin’s WWII man- had dwindled far below the wartime ufacturing operations, was lectured yet peak of 53,000. again by a young NASA executive, Salvation came when NASA desig- who stressed that “men will be riding nated Titan II as the Gemini booster. on this rocket.” Furman shot back, Most Titan manufacturing was done at “Who the hell do you think has been Martin’s Denver plant, far removed riding in all those airplanes we built from surprise bomber or missile at- over the past 30 years—monkeys?” tack; Baltimore built the tank domes, Martin built a high bay for vertical skirts, midsections, and other Titan testing in D building, once a seaplane components. But NASA didn’t want its assembly line. Plastic bubbles served Gemini launcher playing second fid- as clean rooms for critical Titan sub- dle at Denver, which was busy turning assemblies, and Furman religiously en- out hundreds of Air Force Titan I and II forced standards. He told one group of ICBMs. So Baltimore got the job of as- workers, “Be sure you’re clean when sembling all Gemini-Titans, including you come in here. Some of you might ‘man-rating’ them for astronaut flight. have to take a shower more than once Gemini XI lifts off from Cape Canaveral’s launch Mettee recalled that the first Titan a week.” complex 19 on September 12, 1966. The Titan II shot Charles ‘Pete’ Conrad Jr. and stages shipped to Baltimore required After vertical assembly and check- Richard F. Gordon Jr. into their first-orbit more than 200 weld repairs. Bastian out of the Titans, the two-stage, 109-ft rendezvous demonstration. Courtesy: NASA. ‘Buz’ Hello, Martin’s Gemini program boosters were destacked and shipped director, soon had Baltimore sending to Cape Canaveral in Air Force C-133, zero instantaneously. Then—CRASH!— its own people to Denver to select or Pregnant Guppy, transports. Mar- the separation pyros fired, the second only the best Titan stages. Manufactur- tin’s record was near-perfect: Al- stage lit, and we accelerated away.” ing responsibility in Baltimore was in though Gemini VI-A did suffer a last- Three more minutes at 100,000 lb of the capable hands of Francis O. ‘Fuzz’ second engine shutdown on Pad 19 in thrust pushed the 8,400-lb Gemini and Furman, a Martin factory legend. The 1965, it later launched successfully, as its crew aggressively up to orbital ‘Buz and Fuzz show’ ran a tight ship. did the other 11 Gemini-Titans. speed. Plastered into his couch by NASA constantly chided Martin more than 7 gs, a single question dom- about the rigorous quality standards Riding the Titan II inated Gordon’s thoughts: “When is needed to man-rate the Titan. Furman, One astronaut particularly grateful for this mother going to quit?” Titan II Martin’s attention to quality was Gem- took just five and a half minutes to ini XI pilot (and later crew- reach orbit; by comparison, each of member) Dick Gordon. At the sympo- my space shuttle ascents lasted more sium, Gordon recalled the thrilling than three minutes longer. experience of his Titan II launch rid- ing next to commander . Proving rendezvous The Titan II’s central mission was A critical objective on Gemini XI was to place a 9-megaton thermonuclear demonstrating a first-orbit rendezvous device on the most hardened strategic with the , which sites in the Soviet Union, using a high- had launched earlier on the morning thrust, high-acceleration ascent profile. of September 12, 1966. Once blasted The first stage fired its twin-nozzled from the Moon, the Apollo lunar mod- LR87 engine (430,000 lb of ule ascent stage would have just nine thrust) for 2.5 minutes, subjecting the hours of battery and consumables life. crew to 6 gs of acceleration at burn- Conrad and Gordon had to prove they out. Titan II’s second-stage LR91 en- could catch an orbiting target well gine ignited while still attached to the within that window. With a launch first stage, a sequence aptly called ‘fire window only two seconds long, the in the hole.’ Titan II thundered off Pad 19 just a In 1966, Martin Baltimore technicians hoist the second stage of the Gemini IX Titan II into Gordon, who says that “nothing half-second late. position for test. A dozen of the Air Force important in spaceflight happens with- Riding that fast break, Conrad and ICBMs were modified for Gemini launch duties; out an explosion,” remembers that Gordon locked onto the Agena with the Middle River-assembled Titans had a perfect flight record. Courtesy GLMMAM. staging vividly. “We went from 6 gs to their Westinghouse rendezvous radar,

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rippling off a rapid series of ren- spacewalk with unwarranted confi- frustrating experiences in orbit con- dezvous burns. Their onboard radar dence. Few guessed the challenges firmed the pool prediction—without and rendezvous charts worked accu- posed by working (not just floating) handholds and anchors to free an as- rately enough to dispense with the so- outside while battling a semirigid suit tronaut’s hands, even the simplest lutions from ’s mainframes. In in the free-fall, vacuum environment. tasks outside proved daunting. an impressive show of sighting, calcu- Gene Cernan’s exhausting EVA on Jacobs sent Mercury veteran Scott lating, and precision flying, Gemini XI Gemini IX had come close to disaster; up to McDonogh. Armed pulled up to the Agena just prior to and when Gemini X’s Mike with a power tool, Carpenter tried his the California coast, less than 94 min- again struggled with fatigue when hand at releasing 57 hatch bolts from utes after launch. Another Gemini ob- tackling seemingly simple tasks, NASA a Saturn third stage ‘wet workshop.’ jective for Apollo was in the bag. finally heard the wake-up call. “In 30 minutes he got maybe one Westinghouse radar expert Ralph Enter Sam Mattingly, who in the bolt off,” says Mattingly. Stiff suit Strong recounted how Gemini XII’s an- early 1960s ran the Baltimore engi- gloves and a constant struggle to hold tenna electronics mysteriously failed, neering firm Environmental Research body position defeated Carpenter’s fortunately after the final Agena ren- Associates (ERA). Sam and his partner best efforts. Over the intercom, Mat- dezvous. Telemetry revealed the cause Harry Loats had been evaluating early tingly heard him lament, “I can’t bend to be electrical arcing, previously space station airlock and hatch de- my [expletive] finger anymore!” thought impossible in a vacuum. Engi- signs for NASA Langley; they soon Cernan also came up to Baltimore, neers discovered there was just concluded that 1-g crew evaluations trying to understand what factors had enough rarefied atmosphere in orbit could never yield accurate results. undermined his Gemini IX EVA. Mat- to get electrons bouncing between Mattingly, Loats, and Langley’s Otto tingly and company were able to conductors, cascading back and forth Trout decided they should evaluate show him that doing those tasks while until a spark jumped the gap. His team the hardware under water, wearing a ‘free floating’ was simply beyond any verified and fixed the problem, but pressure suit weighted to produce astronaut’s capabilities—no one could Strong says it confirmed his belief that neutral buoyancy, thus mimicking the have succeeded. A relieved and grate- “a random failure is simply one that challenges of movement in free fall. ful Cernan took time out at McDonogh you are unwilling to spend the energy Borrowing a training suit from to give a pep talk to a -struck audi- on to understand.” Norfolk NAS, Mattingly and his small ence of students watching from the team submerged the airlock mockup pool bleachers. Secrets of spacewalking on the bottom of the swimming pool One of the biggest challenges for at the McDonogh School, just down Gemini was EVA, crucial to the Apollo the road from ERA’s offices in north- program’s plans for surface explo- west Baltimore. In July 1964, Mattingly ration and emergency spacecraft re- donned a pressure suit and slipped pairs. Gordon recounted how NASA beneath the surface, pouches of lead came away from Ed White’s Gemini IV shot strapped to his limbs. Soon he and his colleagues were conducting extended simulations of various EVA tasks: hatch open- ing, airlock translation, and tool use. ERA’s neutral buoy- ancy tests on what later became the space station concept came to the attention of Gemini troubleshooter Dan Jacobs. He arranged an ERA demo of the Gemini X space- For early 1964 ERA neutral buoyancy studies, walk tasks. “We ran that ERA cofounder Sam Mattingly was dressed in script under water and an Arrowhead pressure suit; he evaluated the showed that some tasks problems involved with entering, traversing, Gemini XI soared above the southern tip of India, with island of Sri weren’t doable—unless and exiting a 4x6-ft airlock while ‘weightless.’ Lanka, and the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The Agena docking you had three hands,” Success in these simulations enabled NASA to vehicle antenna mast projects into image; Conrad and Gordon had overcome Gemini’s EVA challenges. Photo fired the Agena’s engine to soar to a then-record height of 1370 km. says Mattingly. Collins’ courtesy Sam Mattingly.

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Gordon had used NASA’s KC-135 aircraft to practice his Gemini XI EVA in brief, 25-sec bursts of free-fall, but “that was deceptive in that the air- plane and helpers always gave you a stable starting point.” ERA filmed their underwater simulation of the Gemini XI tasks, but Gordon’s frenetic training pace kept him from seeing the movie before his September 1966 launch. In orbit, Gordon was to rig a 30-m tether from the Agena to the Gemini docking bar, but could not stabilize his body over the Agena docking cone. The stiff suit prevented his legs from effectively straddling the Agena, and with one hand needed just to hold on, it was nearly impossible to connect the tether. His eyes stinging and nearly blinded from sweat coat- ing his face, Gordon struggled to po- sition his body. He quickly realized that translat- Gemini XI astronaut Dick Gordon straddles the Agena spacecraft docking collar during his second EVA, ing back to the Gemini adapter sec- on Sept. 13, 1966. Gordon struggled to complete his spacewalking tasks because of insufficient tion for a power tool evaluation was handholds and tethers outside, a problem finally resolved on Gemini XII. Courtesy: NASA. out of the question. “I might have got- ten there,” he says, “but I would have an Apollo torque wrench. He finished years later, in March 1965, launched killed myself in doing it.” Just 30 min- up by wiping down the outside of the first crew, Gus Grissom and John utes after Gordon left the cockpit, commander ’s window, Young, into orbit. A commitment to- Conrad brought the exhausted astro- prompting Lovell to ask, “Hey, would day to matching that performance naut back inside. “I knew it was going you change the oil, too?” would honor Gemini’s accomplish- to be harder, but I had no idea of the At the museum, Gordon acknowl- ments and restore a vital national ca- magnitude,” Gordon later reported. edged Aldrin’s achievements: “Failure pacity we unwisely let slip away. In Mattingly and his colleagues had may be your best teacher. My failures 2012, rocket technology is still impor- seen it all coming. Soon another guest helped make Buzz’s EVAs a success.” tant, but steady leadership on policy arrived at McDonogh: Gemini XII’s and budgetary matters is what makes , intent on proving that Gemini lessons success in space possible. EVA was doable. Training on a Gemini Looking back on the significance of adapter section submerged in the Mc- Gemini, Gordon reflected that the fast  Donogh pool, Aldrin ran through a se- pace of the program, with a launch With the untimely passing of Neil ries of 2-hour exercises, working out every two months, reduced NASA’s Armstrong on August 25, America lost how to use foot restraints, handrails, ability to learn the utmost from each not just an intrepid Gemini veteran, tethers, and simple tools. “He was a flight. “We would have liked to stretch but its most brilliant to the heroic quick study,” Mattingly recollects, “the out the launch interval to properly ap- exploits of Apollo, when we reached smoothest of anyone who came in.” ply those lessons.” But Apollo—and out confidently to touch the face of On November 13, 1966, Aldrin the Soviets—wouldn’t wait. Even so, another world. Armstrong was our ex- conducted a 2-hr, 6-min EVA, the sec- Gordon says firmly, “Gemini made emplar of piloting skill and unassum- ond of the final Gemini flight. Using possible Apollo’s success.” ing modesty, universally admired by tethers, handholds, and the techniques A year has passed since the U.S. the astronaut family. His career re- developed in Baltimore, he retrieved a gave up its ability to launch its own minds us of the talents called forth by micrometeoroid detector, translated astronauts to LEO. May’s SpaceX/ Apollo, and the serious leadership and with ease to the rear adapter section, Dragon success at ISS shows that the steady determination we will need to anchored himself in foot restraints, U.S. is making slow but sure progress stride beyond the bootprints of Arm- and proceeded to cut metal, torque in resurrecting that capability. What strong and his colleagues. bolts, and maneuver his suit with ease. NASA did 50 years ago is still doable Thomas D. Jones Back at the Agena, he mated and de- today: The agency inaugurated Gem- [email protected] mated electrical connectors and tested ini in January 1962, and just over three www.AstronautTomJones.com

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The enduring jetliner duopoly

THIS YEAR’S FARNBOROUGH AIR SHOW petitive response, aside from vague Meanwhile, Bombardier’s CSeries, saw a mix of predictable events. In long-term plans for an all-new single- which played a key catalyst role in the terms of orders, it was Boeing’s show. aisle product. By the end of the week, Airbus/Boeing reengining war, re- Its 737 MAX did well enough to close American, which had purchased only mains stuck at 138 orders, where it has some of the gap with the Airbus Boeing jets for several decades, been for several years. The company A320neo and to remove any doubt looked set to defect and go with Air- was at least able to get a letter of in- that Boeing had made the right move bus. But the rapid creation of MAX al- tent for 10 CS300s from airBaltic at with its 737 reengining decision. And lowed Boeing to prevent all its other Farnborough; this prevented the ig- the reasonably healthy flow of orders key 737 customers from defecting (so nominy of another air show shutout. bore no relation to the broader world far) and even to capture half of Amer- Clearly, with MAX and neo estab- economy. ican’s single-aisle fleet orders. lishing strong but almost preordained In addition to the large single-aisle order numbers, the stage was set for the next phase of the Airbus-Boeing market share war. Both companies are finalizing their next-generation twin- aisle products. In this segment, the onus is on Airbus to catch up with Boeing.

Battle of the single-aisle styles For the first half of the year, Boeing’s 737 MAX labored in the shadow of Airbus’s A320neo family. Airbus led the way in reengining its single-aisle family (although this move itself was a 737 MAX reaction to the Bombardier CSeries). Boeing looked like a follower, saddled with an older, smaller jet that seemed less adaptable to the new generation But Boeing still has to execute on market positions, the Airbus-Boeing of wider turbofans. the MAX program, and make good on single-aisle market share war matters Until Farnborough, Boeing had se- its ambitious performance promises. It less than it once did. In fact, produc- cured just 451 MAX orders, against is basically dependent on sole-source tion rate fluctuations now matter much over 1,400 for the neo. But over the engine provider CFM (General Elec- more than market share changes, as week of the show Boeing scored an- tric/Safran) coming through with an evidenced by Airbus’s decision to hold other 175 firm and 135 MOU (memo- equally ambitious Leap-1B turbofan. single-aisle rates at 42 per month (in- randum of understanding) orders, plus This Boeing/CFM performance stead of moving on to 44, as planned). another 50 firm orders for current- challenge is complicated by the fact Yet even if market shares look set model 737NGs. Airbus got just 29 neo that parity is not enough. In the past to remain fixed for the next few years, MOUs, and another 56 MOUs for cur- decade, the 737 has been able to chal- this is a long-term industry. Product rent-generation A320 series jets. lenge the A320 with slightly lower fuel launch decisions made today will have As the week ended, hundreds of burn and slightly (3-4%) superior op- a profound impact on company stand- additional MAX orders were rumored erating economics. This is because the ings in the second half of the decade. to be in the short-term pipeline. These A320 family offers better comfort and orders represent a very strong en- better range/payload, and because Filling the product gap dorsement of Boeing’s defensive strat- Airbus sells its aircraft with lower com- One of the more intriguing aspects of egy. At the Paris show in 2011, Boeing mercial margins. To enjoy the same the competition between Airbus and looked as if it had been blindsided by production numbers and market share, Boeing is that a product gap has the strength of Airbus’s neo launch. Boeing must continue to offer a prod- emerged between the A320neo/737 Boeing did not appear to have a com- uct that burns less fuel. MAX and the new generation of twin-

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aisle jets. There is nothing in produc- tion, or in design, that can efficiently A320neo do the job of the 757, 767-200/300, and A300. The 321neo and 737-9 sim- ply lack the range and payload of these models. The A350XWB and 787 are optimized for much longer ranges, and carry very large wings and other structures, making them less appeal- ing for 3,000-4,000-n.mi. routes. The dedicated shorter ranged 787-3 was canceled in December 2010. In Janu- ary 2010 the custom A350XWB-800 wing was also dropped, leaving the -800 with the larger -900/1000 wing. Total production of the 757, 767- aisles and reengined singles have The planned upgrade to Boeing’s 200/300, and A300 exceeded 2,000 air- been brought to market. That means a 777 is the biggest potential new pro- craft, and most are still in service. That 2016/2017 launch at the earliest, with gram in the jetliner business. First of indicates a substantial replacement a service entry in 2021/2022. But in all, it is a large aircraft that is set to en- market, even if the routes they serve terms of technical characteristics—twin joy a high level of commercial suc- are not growing as fast as the longer aisle versus single aisle, composite cess, and it will almost certainly be range routes. Either Airbus or Boeing versus metal primary structures—this launched in the next five years. Its may well move forward with a 180/ aircraft is far from defined. very large new composite wings will 230-seat medium-haul jet in the next have 10% more area than the -300ER’s few years. Boeing in particular can use The virtues of up-gauging wings. The current 777 fuselage width this new product to avoid being criti- In contrast to the defensive game it is is retained, but with a stretch, to ‘up- cized for launching its 737 MAX as a playing with its single-aisle product gauge’ the plane. The systems will be ‘me-too jet.’ Both companies will also line, Boeing’s twin-aisle standing looks mostly new, although a more electric want to use this launch opportunity to quite offensive, and there is an excel- design is not likely. keep their new clean-sheet aircraft de- lent chance the company will get even All three large engine manufactur- sign engineering skills intact. more aggressive in the next few years. ers are competing for this platform, In terms of the timing of the new The opportunity revolves around both which requires 100,000-lbst (static plane (or planes), a launch by either companies’ efforts to grow their exist- thrust) class engines. The engine con- company is unlikely until current twin ing midsize twin-aisle products. tract may be sole-source (as on the current 777-300ER/-200LR), or there may be a choice of two. Specific en- COMPARATIVE BACKLOG VALUES gine options include General Electric’s GE9X, a large-scaled version of Pratt & Value in 2012 $Billions $350 Whitney’s Geared TurboFan, and the Rolls-Royce RB3025. 300 Currently, Boeing is planning on three versions of the new 777 series: 250 •777-8X—200/300ER replacement; 353 seats/8,000 n.mi. 200 •777-9X—300ER/747 replacement; 150 407 seats/8,000 n.mi. •777-8LX—200LR replacement; 353 100 seats/9,500 n.mi. Boeing leadership has discussed 50 asking its board for authorization to offer later this year, but 2013 is more 0 Mid 1997 Mid 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 likely. Right now, there is a debate in the company as to which should go BOEING AIRBUS BOMBARDIER first, this 777-X family, or the 787-10 stretch. There is also a chance that

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the new project, it is possible that MARKET SHARE OUTLOOK BY DELIVERIES VALUE Cathay was indicating a preference for Assumes A350XWB EIS 2Q2015 a new model rather than the existing 777-300ER. If that is the case, and if Value in 2012 $Billions $120 British Airways and other key cus- tomers really do want a new 350-seat 100 design, Boeing will need to accelerate 777-X plans. 80 Yet there are still valid reasons for Boeing to prioritize the 787-10 over 60 the 777-X. The latter plane would go after the A350XWB-1000, which still 40 looks like an uncertain performer against the current 777-300ER. By con- 20 trast, the 787-10 would go after the A350XWB-900, which enjoys a much 0 stronger market position than the ‘77 ‘81 ‘85 ‘89 ‘93 ‘97 ‘01 ‘05 ‘09 ‘13 ‘17 ‘21 -1000 (about 360 orders versus about 80). And Boeing has no direct com- BOEING AIRBUS DOUGLAS/LOCKHEED BOMBARDIER/COMAC petitor to the -900. Meanwhile, Airbus continues to announce A330 improvements, and it Boeing will decide to pursue them si- been around as a concept since 2005. is clear that the type may remain in multaneously, a challenge the com- The current 787-10 plan calls for a production longer than expected. pany has not undertaken since its par- 2013 launch, with a 2017 entry into Boeing at Farnborough dubbed the allel 757/767 development programs service. Lufthansa and Emirates are 787-10 an “A330 killer,” but this raised in the late 1970s and early 1980s. As- among prospective launch customers. the question of why the 787-8 and -9 suming the 777-X is launched next While Boeing is assessing options were not good enough to do the job year, service entry will be in 2018. for what could be a powerful counter- themselves. After all, the all new tech- The stretched 787 will have 320 attack against the A350XWB, Airbus nology 787 is supposed to be revolu- seats and a range of 6,800 n.mi. In achieved a noteworthy victory at Farn- tionary, and the A330 is a 25-year-old terms of market segment, it will be borough when Cathay Pacific became design. On the other hand, the A330’s aimed at Airbus’s A330-300 and A350- the fifth customer for the -1000 vari- steady stream of product improve- XWB-900. Since there will be fewer ant. Cathay converted 16 -900 orders ments also hurts the A350XWB-800’s major design changes than with the to -1000s, and exercised options for an chances of survival. 777-X, the 787-10 will offer fewer op- additional 10 -1000s. These were the portunities for new business capture first new -1000 orders in three years. A successful rivalry for the industry’s subcontractors. Since the design changes announced While the two big jet makers battle on As with the 777-X, Teal Group be- at the June 2011 Paris Air Show, there two fronts, new emerging producers lieves there is a 100% chance that this had been doubts about the type’s continue to look for opportunities to product will be launched in the next competitiveness. break into the market. Since this in- five years. As noted, timing depends dustry is worth over $70 billion annu- on the launch of the 777-X series, but Change at the top ally, was largely insulated from the as a much less ambitious derivative Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of global economic meltdown, and still the 787-10 is more likely to happen on this order concerns Boeing itself. Just looks set for more growth, that is schedule. Then again, the 787-10 has before the show, Boeing Commercial hardly surprising. But breaking into president Jim Albaugh resigned and the industry remains quite difficult. was replaced by Ray Conner, who had The Chinese and Russian single- 777 been head of sales. Since Albaugh was a noted advocate of ARJ21 the new 777-X se- ries, and since Boe- ing seemed to indi- cate at the show that it might hold off on announcing

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aisle offerings (COMAC’s CS300 into Airbus and Boeing’s turf. C919 and Irkut’s MS-21) are The CSeries is in the very un- undermined by one crucial usual position of being just weakness: Both are being de- one year away (in theory) signed, built, sold, and sup- from entering service with an ported by government-owned unknown carrier. Despite the companies. Historically, gov- recent letters of intent, there ernment-owned aerospace are just 138 firm orders, with companies do an extremely the order book stuck at poor job of meeting market needs. 2013), in terms of anticipated perform- about that level for several years. Nominally, the C919 had 165 firm ance the plane looks like a miserable In short, the long-running and at orders as of July 1, with the MS-21 failure. While it may be used by the times vicious battle between Airbus holding about 200 (excluding the company as a stepping stone to learn and Boeing masks the fact that it is more completely fictitious ones). But certification requirements for its C919, one of the world’s most successful du- coercing domestic carriers into placing COMAC is taking the same industrial opolies. It is a fierce competition, but orders for state-built aircraft is com- approach on the C919 that it took on that rivalry has also served to hone pletely different from actually getting the ARJ21. This probably dooms it to both companies’ competitive skills, them to take delivery of these planes. failure too. particularly when it comes to new The best illustration of this is the Excluding jets offered by these product development. That competi- COMAC ARJ21 regional jet. In theory, state-owned producers leaves Bom- tive edge appears to be powerful the ‘firm’ order book consists of 290 bardier as the only emerging large jet- enough to keep out newcomers. aircraft. Yet most likely none will be liner provider. The company’s 110/ Richard Aboulafia delivered. Even with service entry de- 130-seat CSeries provides the best il- Teal Group layed by six years (from 2007 to late lustration of how hard it is to break raboulafi[email protected]

THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AT NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY

NMSU invites applications for a 9-month tenure-track Aerospace Engineering faculty position at the Assistant Professor level in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department starting Fall 2013. The successful candidate must have an earned Ph. D. in Aerospace Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, or a closely related field. Priority will be given to candidates with specialization in the areas of aircraft design, atmospheric flight mechanics and controls. Other specializations that will be considered are aerospace structures and combustion/thermodynamics of aerospace propulsion systems. Duties of the position include teaching at both the undergraduate and graduate levels in the discipline, developing a nationally-funded research program with peer-reviewed dissemination of results, and providing of service to the university and the profession. In addition to a competitive salary, NMSU also offers group medical and hospital insurance, group life insurance, long-term disability insurance, state educational retirement, workers' compensation, sick leave, annual leave and unemployment compensation, and opportunities for educational advancement. Please e-mail your application package to [email protected] with the words ”AE faculty position” in the subject line. The attachment should be assembled as a single PDF file that includes- a cover letter, a current vita (including a list of publications), summaries of teaching and research interests, and the names and contact information (including emails and phone numbers) of at least four references. If you are unable to email your materials, then mail to MAE Search Committee Chair, MSC 3450, Box 30001, Las Cruces, NM, 88003. Candidates selected as finalists will be required to provide unofficial transcripts from the highest degree granting institution. Review of applications will start November 30, 2012. Applications received after this date may be considered.

NMSU IS AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY/AFFIRMATIVE ACTION EMPLOYER. All offers of employment, oral or written, are contingent on the University’s verification of credentials, individual's eligibility for employment in the and other information required by federal law, state law, and NMSU policies/procedures, and may include the completion of a criminal history check.

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Green Engineering

Fighting friction, smoothingflow

FOR AEROSPACE MANUFACTURERS, PAR- If greater amounts of boundary-layer ings. He estimates that wing laminar ticularly those in the business of build- air can be made to flow over an air- flow control potentially offers fuel- ing transports, the Holy Grail of their craft’s wing, fuselage, and empennage burn savings of 10% to 12%—roughly continuing quest is to reduce the drag- without becoming turbulent, the plane equal to the savings a new generation creating effects of friction on the skins will burn proportionally less fuel. of turbofan engines offers compared of their aircraft. About half the total skin friction with the preceding generation. Friction accounts for half the total experienced by an aircraft is on its The calculation is simple: Skin fric- drag on a modern jet transport; the fuselage and empennage, and about tion accounts for half the drag on an rest comes from pressure—induced half is on its wings, says William Saric, aircraft, and the wings account for half and wave drag. An aircraft’s need to a professor at Texas A&M University’s of that skin friction—hence they repre- generate lift in order to stay in the air Dept. of Aerospace Engineering and sent a quarter of the total friction drag. creates these latter three forces, so not the director of its Flight Research Lab- But not all skin friction on the wings a great deal can be done to minimize oratory. Recently, companies have ex- can be nullified: Saric notes there is a their effects. Wing fences or winglets perimented successfully with riblets— limit to the degree of wing laminar can shave only a few percentage raised rib-like protuberances applied flow that can be achieved. points off an aircraft’s induced drag along fuselages and empennages in Laminar flow breaks down as a re- budget, and only if the plane remains areas where aircraft have turbulent sult of disturbances within boundary- cruising long enough. boundary-layer air—to reduce skin layer air. As these disturbances grow However, if skin friction can be re- friction (and fuel burn) by 2-5%. and become more unstable, they cre- duced appreciably, an aircraft will ate turbulence. The boundary layer achieve a proportional saving in the Fuel savings from laminar flow can remain laminar as the flow accel- amount of fuel it burns, conferring According to Saric, achieving wing erates to its minimum pressure at benefits on range and operating cost. laminar flow would complement the about 60% of chord. However, the air This is the reason for the industry’s use of riblets elsewhere on an aircraft must decelerate efficiently to atmo- fascination with laminar flow control. and would yield additional fuel sav- spheric pressure by the time it reaches the wing’s trailing edge; this ensures that boundary-layer distur- bances create turbulence in the pres- Saric's team at Texas A&M University's Flight Research sure recovery region over the control Laboratory use a Cessna O-2 Skymaster to carry a surfaces. 30-deg-swept-wing airfoil section perpendicularly under its left wing to flight-test laminar flow Since laminar flow is only possible techniques for transonic wings. over about 60% of the wing, total wing friction can potentially be re- duced by only 60% at most—or about one-eighth of total skin friction on the aircraft. Saric says laminar flow over the wing’s upper surface would pro- duce about 60% of the wing friction reduction benefit, and laminar flow over the lower surface about 40%.

Tried and tested techniques Various approaches have sought to achieve laminar flow control, and some have seen fair success. Creating a 2D airfoil (a very thin airfoil with a sharp leading edge), and ensuring the wing leading edge and surface are highly polished, is the best known way to achieve natural laminar flow.

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Saric says it is also much easier to within the first 1% of the chord of the achieve it on a wing with no sweep wing, to create interference waves. angle, or only a small one, than on a These DREs are tiny bumps, no more transonic or supersonic swept wing. than 10-12 µm high and no more than Another option is to use weak suc- 1 or 1.5 mm in diameter. They are tion at the surface. Boeing used this spaced so the distances between their technique successfully in the 1990s in centers are from one-half to two-thirds an experiment with a 757. This ap- of the wavelength of the most unsta- proach combined natural laminar flow ble crossflow wave, to create the max- control—using an accelerating pres- imum of interference with it. sure gradient in the swept-wing air- In flight testing of the swept-wing foil—with tiny holes in the leading airfoil—carried under the Cessna O-2 edge of the wing. Suction applied and painted to simulate a typical oper- through those holes helped control ational aircraft surface—the Texas leading-edge airflow contamination A&M researchers found that the DREs and crossflow instabilities. suppressed the most unstable wave But in a swept wing that carries enough to move the transition point fuel and features high-lift leading-edge between laminar and turbulent airflow In this in-flight freestream turbulence measure- devices, installing the ducting needed ment, the dark color indicates cold temperature from 30% of chord to 60%. to produce leading-edge suction pres- and laminar flow,light blue indicates turbulent Saric says the wavelength of the ents engineering problems that may region. There are no DREs. Speed was 175 kt most unstable crossflow wave on a not be solved easily (or cheaply) in a (indicated), altitude 7,000 ft. particular wing depends on the airfoil production aircraft. Saric’s team at of the wing, the radius of its leading Texas A&M is pursuing a different ap- techniques. The team’s experiments edge, the aircraft’s speed, and its con- proach that, while still at the technol- have used wind tunnels and the labo- dition of flight. (For instance, the most ogy demonstration stage, might even- ratory’s own Cessna O-2 testbed, fitted unstable wavelength might change tually offer a simpler way to produce to carry a 30-deg swept airfoil section with the aircraft’s angle of attack.) laminar-flow control benefits. perpendicularly under its wing. The In wind tunnel testing, Saric’s team initial results have been promising. found that the most unstable crossflow Controlling crossflow instabilities wavelength for their swept-wing air- Swept wings create an imbalance be- Discrete roughness elements foil model was 12 mm. However, in a tween the centripetal acceleration and One technique, funded under NASA’s wing-glove test on a Gulfstream 3 fly- pressure gradient experienced by air ERA project, has been to use periodic ing at Mach 0.75, the most unstable in the layer above the boundary layer, discrete roughness elements (DREs) crossflow wavelength may be 7 mm; compared with the air within the placed spanwise at regular intervals (Continued on page 45) boundary layer. This imbalance cre- ates a secondary crossflow of air in the boundary layer, which runs in waves along the wingspan, perpendic- ularly to the air streaming over the chord. In attempts to achieve laminar flow, these crossflow waves are partic- ularly difficult to control. In two separate research initia- tives—one a NASA Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) project and the other an AFRL-funded effort with and Texas A&M—Saric’s team has experimented to suppress the most unstable cross- flow wavelengths in different flight and wing conditions. Their approach has been to inter- fere with those unstable waves by in- ducing waves of other wavelengths The area where the wing glove was placed on NASA ’s Gulfstream GIII is outlined in green. along the span using two different Image credit: NASA/Tony Landis.

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t was nothing short of an engi- roundings and investigate whether or not en- neering tour de force: NASA’s vironmental conditions on Mars have favored Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) development of microbial life on that faraway and its 1-ton Curiosity rover suc- world. cessfully touched down on the Following the landing, President Barack red planet’s Gale Crater on Au- Obama saluted the achievement: “The suc- gust 5, after a 36-week sojourn cessful landing of Curiosity—the most so- Ifrom Earth. phisticated roving laboratory ever to land The on-target, wheels-down landing of on another planet—marks an unprece- the nuclear-powered Curiosity meant that dented feat of technology that will stand as the largest rover ever sent to another planet a point of national pride far into the future. had settled into place and was on task to It proves that even the longest of odds are start a multiyear science study of enigmatic no match for our unique blend of Mars. But getting the $2.5-billion mission and determination.” up and running, as well as down and dirty “If anybody has been harboring doubts on the Martian surface, was preceded by a about the status of U.S. leadership in space,” terrorizing, seven-minute, death-defying said John Holdren, the president’s science dive through the planet’s atmosphere. adviser, at a postlanding JPL news confer- What made the touchdown traumatic ence, “well, there’s a 1-ton automobile-size was the need for several cutting-edge piece of American ingenuity…and it’s sitting technologies to work perfectly. All were on the surface of Mars right now.” part of an intense entry, descent, and land- The euphoria of the moment brought Engineers at JPL celebrate the ing (EDL) phase relying on a sequence of flag-waving and tears of triumph for hun- landing of Curiosity. The rover 76 pyrotechnic blasts, a guided entry, su- dreds of scientists and engineers gathered touched down on Mars the personic parachute deployment, and the at JPL, where Curiosity was designed, de- evening of August 5. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech. use of a descent-stage veloped, and assembled. It is also the ‘rocket backpack’ teamed rover’s mission control site. Buoyed by the with a Doppler radar sys- feat, more than one voice was heard to de- tem built especially for the clare: “Mars is ours!” mission. Called the Sky Crane, this hovering plat- Heartbeat tones form—which had never “It was a great day on Mars,” says JPL’s been field tested—was used Alan Chen, operations lead for EDL. “We to enable a ‘soft-landing’ on had an incredibly clean ride…we traveled the Martian surface. over 350 million miles on the way to Mars, Curiosity’s assignment is and we missed our entry target by only clear cut: To survey its sur- about a mile.”

by Leonard David Contributing writer Mars is ours!

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Triumphant shouts erupted at mission control on August 5 as images began arriving from the Martian surface—confirmation that NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory and its Curiosity rover had touched down on the planet safely. A landing tour de force and an automobile sized rover with a suite of advanced instruments are ushering in a new era in planetary exploration, experts say.

A network of orbiters—NASA’s Odyssey worked on a plan for so many years and and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and then just see everything happen exactly ac- ESA’s Mars Express—plus several ground cording to plan,” says Sell. One by one, the stations back on Earth, supported the MSL shedding of all the contingency plans as the landing. Heartbeat and informational tones data came in “was like weights being lifted from MSL during EDL enabled an early re- off our shoulders.” construction of how things transpired. Entering Mars’ atmosphere at about Parking lot landing Mach 24, then slowing down to just under Using eight throttleable engines, the Sky Mach 2, MSL/Curiosity pulled a little over Crane gently lowered Curiosity to a final 11 Earth gs, says Gavin Mendeck, an EDL stop. The crane’s bridle system, made of team member from NASA Johnson. “If you nylon cords, spooled out the rover to the were a human riding onboard it would be ground. The rover’s wheels and suspension a little bit of a rough ride. Fortunately, Cu- system served as the landing gear. When riosity is made of some pretty sturdy stuff, Curiosity sensed touchdown, the connect- and she handled that just fine,” he says. ing cords between rover and Sky Crane The spacecraft executed three bank re- were cut. Still carrying a large reservoir of versals in the Martian atmosphere to target fuel, more than projected, the descent stage itself to the desired landing spot, although performed a flyaway maneuver, crashing at a tail wind may, in part, have contributed to 100 mph some 600 m away from Curiosity’s a downrange misdistance of 1.5 miles, says landing spot, Sell says. This is a portion of the first Mendeck. A best estimate of the rover’s speed at color 360° panorama from Curiosity. The mission's Parachute deployment decelerated MSL touchdown puts it at 0.75 m/sec (1.7 mph) destination, a mountain at from roughly Mach 1.7 to subsonic speeds, vertical and 0.04 m/sec (0.09 mph) horizon- the center of Gale Crater gauged to be Mach 0.7, notes JPL’s Devin tal, as reported by the flight software. In called Mount Sharp, can be seen in the distance, to the Kipp, a member of the EDL team focused other words, Curiosity’s wheels first met left, beginning to rise up. on the parachute descent. “Not a lot of ex- Mars at a slow walking speed. Blast marks from the rover's citing things happened, because everything The rover’s safe and sound touchdown descent stage are in the fore- was right down the pipe of what we ex- benefited from scientists’ having chosen a ground. Credit: NASA/JPL- Caltech/MSSS. pected—but that’s how we want it,” he says. place with a nice flat landing pad right Powered descent and maneuvers made next to it, Sell concludes. “The sci- by Sky Crane to spot-land Curiosity onto ence store they wanted to go Mars went according to script, says JPL’s to had a parking lot.” Steve Sell, who was in charge of powered In a masterpiece flight within the EDL group. “From data re- of sharpshooting ceived so far, we flew this right down the camera work, middle. It’s absolutely incredible to have NASA’s

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Adam Steltzner, JPL’s Mars narrow color swath. But that didn’t happen, Science Laboratory EDL phase because MSL landed east of the center of lead, demonstrates how the their predict by more than 600 m…the half- spacecraft lands the rover during a pretouchdown width of our color swath.” briefing. Credit: NASA/ That MRO picture, likely taken 40-50 Bill Ingalls. sec after parachute deployment, speaks volumes, notes JPL’s Kipp. “It tells a whole lot about how the parachute performed. It’s got its inflated shape perfectly. You can see the dark area at the top of the parachute, which is the vent that lets some air escape through the top. The shape is exactly what we expected to see. You don’t see any ap- parent damage…we see a perfectly func- tioning parachute that looks exactly like we thought,” he says. “That’s good news.”

Jitters at JPL Before MSL began its nose-dive into the Martian atmosphere, the EDL jitters at JPL Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spotted were palpable. Curiosity descending under its parachute. “We definitely did all we could, says MRO’s High-Resolution Imag- Richard Kornfeld, deputy EDL phase lead ing Science Experiment (Hi- for validation, during a prelanding inter- RISE) camera captured the im- view. “We took all the problems and de- age while the orbiter was composed them. Obviously, this is a more listening to transmissions from complex mission than in the past.” Curiosity. The feat was a re- Curiosity was the fourth Mars lander peat performance for MRO, mission for Kornfeld, a veteran of the Spirit which in 2008 had captured a and Opportunity touchdowns as well as much similar view of NASA’s and now MSL. “What impressed Phoenix lander enroute to its me more about this one is its complexity… Mars touchdown. and with that comes a complex test pro- “The MSL parachute image gram, along with the complexity of the Curiosity underneath its parachute turned out just as I had hoped,” says Alfred team to understand all the aspects of every- was photographed by the MRO’s McEwen, University of Arizona in Tucson, thing,” he says. HiRISE camera. Image credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona. HiRISE principal investigator. “The bright- “We pushed the envelope, and the ness levels of both the parachute and Mars team has set new standards. That builds surface were also very close to our predic- confidence, but no guarantee for the future. tions, and we had no saturation,” he says. We continue to perfect the tools. The flight The image shows the supersonic para- test data you get from previous missions, chute fully inflated and performing per- well, they are worth ,” Kornfeld says. fectly. Details such as the band gap at the Personally for Kornfeld, the entire EDL chute’s edges, and the central hole, are also sequence did equate to seven minutes of clearly visible. nail-biting terror. More specifically, he felt McEwen tells Aerospace America that great anxiety about the powered descent of the odds of capturing the shot were a little the Sky Crane, because of “its novelty and lower for MSL’s skydive than for Phoenix— its first-time use,” he says. a 60% rather than 80% chance, according to Sky Crane evolved over many years, the known errors—although the chances of says Rob Manning, MSL’s chief engineer at a mistake were lower because he and his JPL. But bringing the ‘rover on a rope’ idea team had done this kind of camera work to fulfillment did not come easy. before. “I’ve always been a fan of the whole “I also wasn’t surprised at the detail,” closed-loop control architecture. Early on he says, “because I had ground-test images there were a few of us who realized that of the parachute that I reduced to the ex- we could control the horizontal velocity as pected HiRISE scale, and the real thing well as the vertical velocity with this simple looked very similar. I had hoped we would two-body control system,” Manning tells be extremely lucky and capture it in our Aerospace America. “Architecturally, it all

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made so much sense to some of us, be- cause there’s a natural evolution from Vik- ing, , Mars Exploration Rov- ers, and to some extent Phoenix. They are not different architectures; they are all inter- connected. So it was a natural synergy in the ideas and the equations of motion. The physics, the things that we’re trying to pro- tect ourselves from, they all converged to make this architecture come true.” Sky Crane meant “putting your propul- sion system on your roof, and just flipping The heat shield for MSL was the it around so the payload is below,” Manning largest ever built for a planetary says. “I think it was one of the most innova- Miracle of engineering mission. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ tive parts of MSL. It certainly is the most rev- With each Curiosity image received, the call Lockheed Martin. olutionary architectural transformation.” to get moving is perceptible. Despite the Concerning Curiosity itself, Manning rover’s first-rate health, a lengthy, step-by- says one of the challenges is that the rover step commissioning of the mobile robot has flew the entire MSL configuration on its taken priority. “Be patient with us, please,” own. “So what is Curiosity’s specialty? Is it says MSL project manager Pete Theisinger, a pilot? Is it a hypersonic entry vehicle? Is it “because we will be patient with Curiosity.” an interplanetary navigator spacecraft? Is it Caltech’s John Grotzinger, MSL chief an all-terrain vehicle…what the heck is it? scientist, is leading some 400 researchers That transformation…that overloading of on the mission that now must interact with functionality has been the bane of my life,” Mars, and 300 or more engineers who will he admits. “A lot of that has made me very operate Curiosity over the years ahead. nervous over the years, to get all these Shortly after the landing, Grotzinger first functions to work on the same computers, pointed to an area excavated by the blast of the same input/output, and especially to MSL’s descent-stage rockets. With the loose get the resources to test it all.” debris blown away by the rockets, details of

The Mars Descent Imager instrument captured this full-resolution image of the 15-ft-diam. heat shield when it was about 50 ft from the spacecraft. It shows the inside surface of the heat shield, with its protective multilayered insulation. The bright patches are calibration targets for MARDI. Also seen is the Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing Instrument attached to the inside surface. The original image has been geometrically corrected to look flat. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS. DAVIDlayoutREV-1012_Layout 1 9/11/12 3:06 PM Page 6

This graphic shows the Grotzinger reflected on the first images times at which NASA’s of Curiosity’s wheels firmly on the ground. Curiosity rover hit its “You know you’ve landed on Mars. No milestones during its entry, descent, and semaphore tones, no people jumping up landing on Mars. The and down; you actually see a picture of the times at which the surface of the planet with a spacecraft on it. events actually occurred are in red; the times And that is a miracle of engineering.” at which Earth received During its fifth day on Mars, Curiosity confirmation that they underwent a planned ‘brain transplant’—that occurred are in blue. All is, transitioning to a new version of flight times are listed in Pacific Daylight Time. Credit: software on both of the rover’s redundant NASA/JPL-Caltech. main computers. “We’re wiping away all of the cruise and entry, descent, and landing software and making room for the software needed to perform the exciting portions of the underlying material can be seen. Of par- the surface mission ahead,” reported Jessica ticular note is a well-defined topmost layer Samuels of the MSL engineering operations that contains fragments of rock embedded team. The new software, she said, is better in a matrix of finer material. suited for Mars surface operations such as Catching Grotzinger’s eye in the larger driving, or using Curiosity’s and panorama of landscape relayed from Cu- drill. It also includes advanced image pro- riosity is how Earthlike the scene appears. cessing to check for obstacles as the rover “You would really be forgiven for thinking motors about on Mars. that NASA was trying to pull a fast one on you…and [that] we actually put a rover out Mobile analytical laboratory in the Desert and took a picture. “In my view, the historic landing of the MSL “I think for us at this point as scientists mission’s Curiosity rover was beyond trans- we haven’t even scratched the surface,” he formational,” says James Garvin, chief sci- says. “It is a miracle to us. We have chosen entist at NASA Goddard. A member of the this place as a result of scientific delibera- MSL science team, Garvin has a long asso- tion. This EDL system for the first time in ciation with the project, as the first MSL the history of landed missions allowed the program scientist, as one of the mission’s science community to choose between four founding fathers starting in January 2001, [landing site] options.” and as a participant in MSL’s payload defi- nition and selection. “This remarkable and unprecedented feat of spaceflight engineering was signifi- cant in that it culminated the implementa- tion stage of a science-guided Mars Explo- ration Program that was forged from the ashes of NASA’s failed Mars ’98 missions and put into place in fall of 2000,” Garvin tells Aerospace America. By serving as a “surface observatory,” MSL has ushered in a new era, Garvin de- clares. “Having a mobile analytical labora- tory, with field science instruments that far exceed what traditional field geologists here on Earth would carry, is truly transfor- mational,” he says. For example, Curiosity’s CheMin (chemistry and mineralogy) and The four main pieces of hardware that arrived on Mars with Curiosity were spotted by MRO’s HiRISE camera, which captured this overhead image SAM () instruments about 24 hr after the landing. The heat shield was the first piece to hit provide capabilities that typically require the ground, followed by the back shell attached to the parachute, then Earth laboratories far away from field ex- the rover itself, and finally, after cables were cut, the Sky Crane flew away to the northwest and crashed. Relatively dark areas in all four spots are ploration, “and yet on Mars we have them from disturbances of the bright dust on Mars, revealing the darker material ‘on our back’ ready to go,” he notes. beneath. Curiosity is approximately 4,900 ft away from the heat shield, Furthermore, Curiosity carries special- about 2,020 ft away from the parachute and back shell, and roughly 2,100 ized ‘eyes’ and compositional sensors that ft away from the discoloration consistent with the impact of the Sky Crane. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona. are better than the hand-lens and rock ham-

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A chapter of the layered geological history of Mars is laid bare in this postcard from Curiosity, where we see the layers at the base of Mount Sharp, the rover's eventual science destination. Image credit: NASA/ JPL-Caltech/MSSS.

mers used on Earth by geologists. Engineers at JPL worked with rover instrument developers across the U.S., Canada, Russia, France, Germany, Spain, and Finland. This image, taken by Curiosity, shows what lies ahead for the “We are finally be- rover—its main science target, yond the era of the clas- informally called Mt. Sharp. sic robotic field scientist, The rover’s shadow can be seen and now, on the surface in the foreground, and the dark bands beyond are dunes. of another world, we Rising up in the distance, Mt. have a capability better Sharp, the highest peak, at a than what we routinely height of about 3.4 mi., is taller than Mt. Whitney in use to explore the Earth! California. The Curiosity team All of this in less than a hopes to drive the rover to the decade of Mars program mountain to investigate its evolution and execu- lower layers, which scientists believe hold clues to past tion,” Garvin exclaims. environmental change. Image MSL has opened an- credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech. other new era, he adds: that of accessing loca-  tions where the ‘science pull’ is remarkably In many ways, the Mars Science Laboratory rich. Curiosity is factory loaded with gear to can be viewed as a down payment on the study the history of past environments on day when humans set foot on Mars. Mars, and of the preservation potential (or Says Garvin, “MSL could be the step- lack of potential) for chemical or composi- ping stone to give us confidence that peo- tional indicators of ancient habitats. ple can get to Mars, and to showcase for “We have never been able to access any everyone that the U.S. space program is up places as exciting as the Gale Crater region,” to the task. I can only imagine the day says Garvin. It is an amazing location, rich when women and men land on Mars in known scientific targets worthy of inten- equipped with MSL-like robotic ‘assistants’ sive exploration, he believes. He says this is to explore other compelling sites on the red the first time since the 1972 Moon planet. Like the first ships arriving on the landing that “we know we are in one of the shores of North America, Curiosity’s landing best places in the solar system to conduct on Mars will catalyze human exploration of pathfinding new science!” a new world.”

AEROSPACE AMERICA/OCTOBER 2012 31 PESAVENTO2-2layout1012_Layout 1 9/12/12 1:08 PM Page 2 Declassifying the Part 2: Monitoring the Soviet space program Recently released documents from the and other intelligence organizations reveal the surprising extent of U.S. knowledge about Soviet space programs during the Cold War era. As activities in this arena advanced in the USSR, increasingly potent U.S. surveillance capabilities provided unprecedented levels of detail via remote observations of Soviet efforts and assets.

As information about the formerly classified GAMBIT and HEXAGON programs (discussed in Part 1, September, page 32) first came to light, material about another satellite observation system with a hitherto unknown connection to the U.S.-Soviet Moon race was released by the USAF Na- tional Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC). According to one NASIC document (originally classified ‘Secret; Special Access Required’) a U.S. ‘Project 647’ satellite wit- nessed the June 26, 1971, launch—and sub- sequent crash back onto the steppe—of the Soviet SL-X, the Soviet counterpart to the U.S. . Nearly 19,300 n.mi. out in space, and off-angle to the Tyuratam launch site by 58 deg, the U.S. spy satellite re- corded the event for the entire 165 seconds that it lasted. The 647, more commonly Soviet space poster from 1963 reads: “ to space heroes—Glory to the !” called the DSP, or Defense Support Pro- The CCCP emblem connotes the Soviet achievement of first lunar impact in September 1959. gram satellite, probably provided some of the very first emission signature data col- lected from the launch attempt, the third in that Soviet series. The November 11, 1971, report dis- closes that the “…sensor was satu- by Peter Pesavento rated after the first 30 seconds and re- Contributing writer mained at that level for 110 seconds.…

32 AEROSPACE AMERICA/OCTOBER 2012 Copyright ©2012 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics PESAVENTO2-2layout1012_Layout 1 9/12/12 1:08 PM Page 3 space race

Initial detection probably occurred shortly these daily chronicles during Presi- after ignition while the missile was still on dent Lyndon Johnson’s term of of- the . The derived ignition time fice was ‘Top Secret—Contains SIG- was 2351:05Z [Zulu, or Universal Time].... INT [signals intelligence] and The launch point was determined by con- Keyhole [satellite photoreconnais- verting the azimuth and elevation of the sance] Materials.’ Most of first data point to latitude and us- entries in the series were a few sen- ing the target-satellite-earth geometry. The tences to a paragraph long, al- derived launch point…position is within though sometimes—depending on Tyuratam Space Launch Site J1/J2.” the nature of the events—they could The DSP satellite event report provides encompass several paragraphs. A DSP satellite, also known as Project 647, undergoes testing details of the vehicle’s ascent and subse- Overall, the Soviet space mission cover- on the manufacturer’s premises quent breakup, as well the various large age in the newly released PDBs appears to in southern California. The long stage pieces crashing back on the steppe. focus on important factors connected with telescope tube contained the manned and interplanetary mis- infrared sensor that tracked, as well as registered, rocket and PDBs: Keeping the president informed sions. This perhaps reflects the keen interest missile launches from Tyuratam Another family of newly disclosed docu- that Johnson had in Soviet space activities. and elsewhere. This photograph ments is called “The President’s Daily These include, for example, the Venusian depicts Flight 1, the vehicle that recorded the entire June Briefs.” These multipage reports provided missions launched in January 1969. The en- 1971 SL-X launch failure from the president with coverage of world try for January 6 of that year states, “The Tyuratam—from the rocket’s events as they were happening. Akin to the first Soviet interplanetary probe toward Ve- launch to its crashing back on New York Times on steroids, the PDBs nus during this current favorable launching the steppe. The telescope tube pointed down at the Earth. showcased classified facts, trends, scoops, period is apparently designed to descend At the base of the satellite are and other secret information that would gently onto the planet in mid-May. Unlike solar panel arrays that helped keep America’s top policymaker accurately Venus-4, which in October 1967 was the to power the spacecraft. informed. They were provided by the na- first Soviet shot to hit the planet, this probe Courtesy USAF. tion’s far-flung intelligence-gathering net- probably has improved instruments to in- work around the world. sure transmission of Venusian atmospheric The original classification ranking of data during its descent.”

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The January 1969 PDBs provided nearly daily coverage of the 4 and 5 flights, which culminated in the docking and spacewalk transfer of two cosmonauts in the middle of the month. These PDBs also present previously undisclosed informa- tion on what the U.S. intelligence A diorama in the CIA museum shows community knew about key Soviet space the Area J launch complexes. Built missions, including certain aspects of what Rare Soviet in 1969 by the National Photo- information reached the president. The poster commemorating graphic Interpretation Center’s new material features the first disclosed the mission, which— model shop as an aid for overhead due to equipment breakdowns on orbit— satellite intelligence analysis, in mention of the SL-X. The January 3, 1969, lasted only one day. Soyuz 1 ended tragically in the this scale, 1 in.=80 ft. The model entry mentions that recent satellite photog- death of cosmonaut . This poster was shows the two Area J launch pads, raphy had captured the Russian rocket on issued following the event. The caption reads: “First flight 1,640 ft apart. Between them are its Area J launch pad at Tyuratam: “The test of the spacecraft Soyuz 1. 23-24 April, 1967.” The propellant storage, and pumping signatures included some of Komarov’s closest friends: facilities. A rotatable service gantry booster, which has been photographed on , Gherman Titov, Boris Yegorov, and Konstantin tower 455 ft high can be seen at its pad several times [since December Feoktistov. This poster was originally from the collection each pad, as well as lightning of the late Vasiliy Savinykh, first deputy of the arrestor towers roughly 600 ft tall. 1967], was returned to the nearby checkout building….Assuming the checkout turned Moscow-region-based Association of Cosmonautics. In the lower left-hand corner, for Image courtesy Peter Pesavento. scale comparison, are the Washington up no major difficulties, the first flight test monument and Saturn V rocket. could occur within the next few months.” made public, covering three paragraphs, Image courtesy Scott Koch, CIA. Perhaps the most dramatic reportage and shows the confluence of SIGINT (sig- declassified so far concerns the Soyuz 1 nals intelligence) communications inter- tragedy, which ended in the death of cos- cepts, and RADINT (radar intelligence) data: monaut Vladimir Komarov. Five of the “Soyuz-1, the new Soviet manned PDBs contain coverage of the mission, spacecraft launched on Saturday, has been preparations in the days preceding it, having serious difficulties. events during the launch, and Soviet activi- tried to bring the spacecraft down at 8:00 ties in the aftermath of the crash. The April PM EST on Sunday, but failed. He tried on 24, 1967, entry (provided to the president the next orbit, and may have succeeded. If while the mission was still in space) is not, he will have two or possibly three more among the longest PDB excerpts so far chances, at ninety-minute intervals, to come down in the USSR Sunday night. Failing these, he must wait until Monday night…. A keen eyewitness “The difficulty in deorbiting may be a The DSP satellite provided remarkably detailed data about launch and subsequent failure of the Soviet SL-X rocket in June 1971: result of the troubles the spacecraft has “The vehicle followed a fairly smooth trajectory and was heading northeast for about been having with stabilization, communica- 55 seconds. Between 55 and 65 seconds after ignition, the vehicle appeared to veer rapidly tions, and power supplies. These are more to the east, although it continued to gain altitude. Intensity data collected at 55 seconds serious than the Soviets have experienced after ignition also indicate anomalous activity. The peak intensity was significantly higher with any of their previous manned craft.... than at any other time, while many adjacent detectors responded at high intensity levels. “Soyuz-1 carried only one man, but One secondary object…was observed above and slightly behind the primary target. This had room for three. It was the first manned object may have been one of the upper stages of the vehicle. The anomalous activity was still in evidence at 65 seconds after ignition with large numbers of detectors responding. test of a new spacecraft the Soviets have The launch vehicle reached a peak altitude of approximately 9 n.mi. at 75 seconds after been developing, most likely for a circum- ignition. At 95 seconds almost all of the responses from detectors other than those measur- lunar flight. The Soviets may have origi- ing emissions from the primary target had disappeared. However, a large group of detectors nally intended a more complex mission for responded ten seconds later, indicating that perhaps another anomalous event was taking this spacecraft, such as orbiting a second place. During this time, the vehicle itself was steadily spacecraft and transferring crew members, losing altitude. It apparently impacted 135 seconds but scrapped these plans when troubles after ignition, because the azimuth and elevation did not change after this time. The impact position… developed.” is about 9.3 nautical miles northeast of the derived The PDBs demonstrate that the Soyuz 1 launch point.…The target appeared to continue coverage was apparently standard for key burning for at least 20 seconds after impact. At 165 missions selected for the president’s notice, seconds after ignition, infrared emissions from the and was applied to many manned-related target were no longer observed. There were no missions. The discussions involve launch background returns from the launch area either before or after the event.” windows, deployment of space tracking and support ships in the Atlantic, Indian,

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This HEXAGON panoramic image of the Area J facilities at Tyuratam was taken in August 1984. These two launch pads with their distinctive blast pit deflectors were part of Russia’s buildup to send cosmonauts to the lunar surface competitively with Apollo. Four launch attempts between 1969 and 1972 failed. Courtesy NRO.

and Pacific Oceans, and the increased air- craft traffic arriving at the airport located in- side Tyuratam, indicating that a space shot was imminent. Indeed, it appears from the PDBs that unmanned circumlunar mission events—whether successful, unsuccessful, or postponed—were given special mention along with description details. For example, the July 24, 1968, entry says, “The Soviets apparently are postpon- ing their latest attempt to get off an un- manned circumlunar flight. It had looked as if the launch would come this week, but several of the support ships are now mov- ing off their stations in the Atlantic and In- dian Oceans. The ships are not headed home, however. We do not know just what caused the delay. The may try again in August.” A significant portion of the material read by Johnson came from the collection efforts of the National Security Agency (NSA). Based on newly declassified reports, the cumulative effect of the electronic intel- ligence (ELINT, a subset of SIGINT) data acquired via NSA listening posts provides a sense that the agency was able to attain blanket coverage of all USSR-sourced SIG- INT. The ELINT included intercepted te- lemetry from rocketry launches at and Tyuratam, as well as Soviet space- craft operating on orbit. Some of the NSA signals-monitoring locations that aided in the surveillance included in Turkey, Asmara in Ethiopia, and Chitose in Japan.

NSA ELINT on Soviet Moon exploits For the first time, the NSA has released over 200 analysis documents from its volumi- nous archives on the Soviet space program. Unlike the more general information previ- ously declassified and released from other federal agencies, this new NSA material lifts These NSA 20 launch report excerpts, parts 1 and 2, are from an NSA report on the the veil on the ‘nuts and bolts’ of ELINT, lunar landing mission. The data show in bold relief the awesome capabilities of such as how much information was gath- electronic signal interception of Soviet space launches, as well as precision analysis of the ered and how well the accumulated tele- resulting data by U.S. intelligence analysts. It shows that signals could be picked up (in metry intercepts were interpreted. high fidelity) at the Tyuratam launch pad (beginning prior to liftoff). MECO is an acronym for Main Engine Cut Off. Courtesy NSA. The new documents’ original security

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classification levels reflect the im- motors; “half thrust level achieved”; “full portance of the NSA’s intercept thrust and liftoff (FSVM slope change)”; “ve- activities to the entire U.S. locity program start [computer program to intelligence community. control ascent]”; “timer start [at the moment These levels range from of liftoff]”; and six further telemetry bench- ‘Top Secret Umbra’ (Um- marks recorded prior to “first-stage MECO bra is the codeword for [main engine cutoff]”. Subsequently, an ad- SIGINT garnered from ditional 27 data points were chronicled, up ground-based equip- through “fourth-stage MECO/payload sepa- ment) to ‘Top Secret ration.” The timing of each step in the Tiffy Ruff Zarf Umbra.’ chronicled launch sequence is accurate to (Zarf is code for SIGINT hundredths of a second. acquired via space-based A further wrinkle discovered in the assets; Ruff is for information NSA documents was that the Russians from satellite photoreconnaissance; would regularly engage in the practice of Tiffy’s meaning is currently unknown.) “on-pad simulations” for lunar launches These reports disclose a breathtaking (which took place during the week or two Illustration from a February 1969 “Basic Imagery Interpretation range of previously classified ELINT capa- prior to the actual liftoff), going through the Report” recently released by bilities. Most of the documentation amply entire set of mission milestones electroni- NASIC, that is the product of demonstrates how well the NSA was able to cally, sometimes multiple times. It is worth GAMBIT 3 imagery. The drawing capture and identify Soviet launch activities noting that the NSA analysts could recog- depicts the SL-X and its “Complex J” launch pad environs, which with a hitherto unknown thoroughness. nize the difference between the simulation included a service tower over The meticulous technical detail includes the and an actual mission event. In the case of 470 ft tall. Of additional special entire sequence leading to the liftoff of an Luna 20, the on-pad electronic simulation note are the depicted exterior fuel line fairings on the first interplanetary version of the Proton rocket. was conducted up through the fourth-stage stage, as well as the second, of The data collection apparently began sev- separation and took place on February 2, the vehicle. Courtesy Col. Timothy eral minutes before launch and continued 1971, 12 days before actual launch. Traub, NASIC vice commander. all the way through attainment of Earth or- bit. The released details also reveal how ex- Scrupulous precision ceptionally well U.S. analysts understood Declassified NSA documentation further ac- the inner workings of Soviet rockets, in- centuates the high precision and scrupu- cluding their guidance and control systems. lousness of ELINT monitoring, which con- A case in point is reportage dealing tinued all the way through a lunar mission with the Luna 20 mission, Russia’s second to the flight’s intended end point (for exam- successful retrieval of samples. ple, the Moon). Benchmark events such as The benchmark launch-sequence events enroute course-correction burns and burns for this space shot include “binary coded in lunar space are recorded to the second; decimal timer start,” begun approximately velocity changes are recorded to the fourth 3 min prior to actual liftoff; “folded scale decimal place. Orbital parameters (apolune velocity meter (FSVM) start” (in the case of and perilune) are recorded to a tenth of a Proton, three separate frequencies); “start kilometer. of ignition sequence”; “igni- NSA capabilities were especially show- tion (first pressure rise)” of cased when a Soviet craft failed to achieve the fuel lines to the its objectives. When that happened, a near- complete dearth of subsequent information releases by official Soviet media outlets was Technical illustration from a usually the norm. One NSA report series November 30, 1971, concerns the , a lunar soil sample USAF report on Tyuratam return attempt that crashed on the Moon in rocketry activities depicting ongoing repairs of the blast pit September 1971. This report highlights how deflectors at the Area J launch extensive NSA’s capabilities were in the pad facility are the product of face of a Soviet information vacuum. GAMBIT 3 imagery. Launch pad J1 In one document, in a section entitled was partially destroyed following the July 3, 1969, SL-X launch “Orbital Adjustments,” there are indications failure when the booster crashed that NSA analysts had been applying a site- back onto its pad, and this specific computer algorithm that allowed depiction shows the repairs that precise tracking of the Luna 18 spacecraft, were currently noticed by U.S. analysts. Courtesy Col. Timothy apparently with numbers ‘plugged in’ from Traub, NASIC vice commander. the Russian telemetry data. It also allowed

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for the possibility that NSA listening posts fore, an unexpected topographical feature could communicate directly with the space- was most probably the cause of the crash.” craft itself: In a subsequent report issued in 1972 “The first of two orbital adjustment ma- about the Luna series landing sites on the neuvers was made on 9 September during Moon, new information about the location the 27th lunar revolution. The spacecraft of the impact point of Luna 18’s attempted was occulted during the maneuver, pre- soft landing was revealed: “The landing site cluding determination of the exact burn of Luna 20 is very near that of Luna 18 time, but vehicle programming indicates which crashed to the surface at 03-43N, that it occurred at about 0323Z. This adjust- 056-30E on 11 September 1971. Luna 18, ment increased the orbital period approxi- which probably had a soil sample return mately 3 ½ minutes in order to align the fi- mission, was the first Soviet spacecraft to nal lunar orbit with the selected landing attempt a landing in mountainous lurain, site. The burn was simulated by applying but was apparently unable to cope with an instantaneous thrust acceleration of rapidly changing elevations of the lunar 16.76 meters/second…. surface.” “The second orbital maneuver, also oc- However, this newly disclosed NSA- culted, was made during revolution 40 on sourced crash point clashes with the coor- 10 September. Although vehicle program- dinates previously released—by both Rus- ming indicated that the maneuver burn may sian space officials and NPO Lavochkin, have occurred at 0736Z, optimum analytic manufacturer of the spacecraft—as 03-34N, results were achieved by using a simulation 056-30E. To date, amateur astronomers us- burn time of 0748Z. The purpose of this ing the official Russian location data have maneuver was to lower the perilune to the been unable to find Luna 18’s crash site via point where it occurred coincident with the NASA’s photographic archives from its Lu- intended landing time and site. This de- nar Reconnaissance Orbiter program. creased the magnitude of the final landing burn and possibly increased its accuracy. High-level interest Making the adjustment approximately 24 Declassified documentation also reveals that hours before landing allowed time to com- the unmanned Luna series at times caught pute accurate final-orbit parameters and to the attention of top U.S. policymakers, in- program the landing. The second orbital cluding the president. Especially notewor- adjustment burn was simulated by applying thy is a July 21, 1969, memorandum about an instantaneous thrust deceleration of , a space shot the Russians now ad- 30.66456 meters/second at 0748Z. The re- mit was the first attempt to acquire a lunar sultant orbital parameters were: apolune soil sample. At the time of this memo (orig- 104.2 km; perilune, 33.5 km; and period inally classified ‘Secret—Sensitive’), the 114.9 minutes.” manned Moon-landing flight was Furthermore, even though it is now in progress. In this brief communication, commonly known that Luna 18 crashed in National Security Advisor Kissinger its landing attempt, the NSA contemporane- tells President , “SIGINT has ously knew what happened, and how it revealed that the attempted soft landing of happened. New information was disclosed Luna 15 this morning was a failure. Signals by the NSA report on the spacecraft’s final from the spacecraft ceased just prior to moments: touchdown indicating a hard landing. At- “Luna 18 began its descent to the tempts to activate the craft failed.” Moon’s surface on 11 September during lu- Of great interest to space historians are nar revolution 53….Although the second the revelations that the U.S. intelligence ignition occurred unusually early and short- community knew contemporaneously that ened the normal coast period, this in itself Luna 15 was planned to soft-land, as well should not have caused a crash. The coast as the previously undisclosed fact that the period was sufficiently long to have al- Soviets later attempted, more than once, to lowed the automatic-landing system to su- revive the crashed craft. Such facts consti- persede the earlier programmed phase. tute additional evidence of how well, and Luna 18 crashed approximately 6 seconds to what extent, U.S. intelligence community after second ignition, while still under full assets were employed to provide accurate, thrust…. The crash location was in a ‘terrae’ up-to-the-minute coverage of Soviet space region of the Moon, an area rougher than activities that interested U.S. policymakers the ‘mare’ landing site of . There- during the space race.

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Crewmembers of the ISS and the 135th space shuttle mission form a circle in the station’s Kibo laboratory.

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

n turning to private industry for hu- that his agency will give its contractors man spaceflight systems, NASA faces “more freedom to pursue cost effective- a critical challenge: Devise flexible ness,” but will maintain “stringent safety re- human-rating requirements for the quirements and standards.” commercial rockets that will launch “We are establishing the performance astronauts into LEO and for the crew and safety requirements, and we are telling capsules that will carry them to the the companies they can make their own ISS and back to Earth. Certification stan- design choices; but they have to meet those dards for must be stiff requirements,” declares Brent W. Jett, enough to ensure the safety of the astro- deputy program manager of the agency’s nauts throughout their missions—notably commercial crew program at NASA John- flights to the ISS—while son. “We are allowing giving contractors enough [the companies] to come leeway to control costs  in with standards they and to be creative in de-  have used or are cur- signing their spacecraft. rently using. We will re- The future of com-       view them and decide mercial space may well  whether to substitute be at stake. As NASA in-      their standards in place spector general Paul K. of ours.” Martin told Congress late  NASA’s standards last year, how NASA re-     are specified in its basic sponds to the challenge human-rating document,      “will to a large degree de- most recently updated termine whether the nas-     in 2011 as NPR 8705.2B. cent commercial space     “A human-rated system transportation industry accommodates human evolves into a viable  needs, effectively uti- commercial enterprise  lizes human capabilities, that meets NASA’s crew  controls hazards with transportation needs.” sufficient certainty to be considered safe for human operations, and Critical choices provides, to the maximum extent practical, NASA developed human-rating require- the capability to recover the crew from haz- ments years ago for the contractor-built ardous situations,” it states. space vehicles it owned. Those standards are the result of more than a half-century of Firm but not rigid experience with manned spacecraft, from NASA and industry officials note that the Mercury to the space shuttle. Now the fundamental technologies of launch vehi- agency is working with companies in the cles and capsules are well understood. “De- second phase of its Commercial Crew De- veloping crew transportation systems to velopment program (CCDev2) to determine, achieve LEO does not require any signifi- on a case-by-case basis, which of its basic cant technological breakthroughs,” Gersten- human-rating requirements can be eased or maier testified. This is a key factor in NASA’s otherwise modified to accommodate the en- approach to oversight of the companies’ trepreneurial imperatives of its contractors. programs, he said. NASA will leave nothing to chance, its Human rating is defined by NASA as officials insist. William Gerstenmaier, asso- “the process of designing, evaluating, and ciate administrator for human exploration assuring that the total system can safely by James W. Canan and operations, told Congress late last year conduct the required human missions.” Contributing writer

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This includes incorporating design fea- , Boeing, Sierra Nevada, and tures and capabilities that accommodate SpaceX were being funded under Space Act human interaction with the system to Agreements (SAA) to develop commercial make it safe and its mission a success, crew vehicles. Alliant Techsystems (ATK), and to enable safe recovery of the crew (ULA), and Excal- from perilous situations. Moreover, hu- ibur were also involved in the man rating is “an integral part of all pro- CCDev program under SAAs, but without gram activities throughout the life cycle NASA funding. of the system,” which includes design On August 3, NASA announced new and development, test and verification, SAAs with Boeing, SpaceX, and Sierra Ne- Sierra Nevada flew its winged program management and control, flight vada to move forward in designing and de- Dream Chaser capsule for the first time in a captive-carry test earlier readiness certification, and mission opera- veloping spacecraft for LEO missions to the this year. Photo by Eric Cain. tions, the NASA document notes. ISS in the next five years. The agreements Companies taking part in the CCDev are part of the CCiCAP (Commercial Crew program must meet these fundamental re- Integrated Capability) initiative under the quirements but do not always have to toe agency’s Commercial Crew Program (CCP). the line. Jett says the traditional, accepted These companies will continue with the de- ways of designing and building spacecraft velopment, testing, and maturation of their “are not the only ways to get to a system space systems until May 31, 2014, in prepa- that is safe and reliable.” He says some of ration for launching crewed demonstration the commercial spaceflight companies “are missions to LEO by the middle of this pushing those accepted practices a little bit, decade, NASA said. but that doesn’t mean what they are doing is wrong; it only means that we have to be Coping and complying sure that we understand how to handle it.” By all accounts, NASA and its contractors Last year, NASA issued its CCT (Com- believe that compliance with the human- mercial Crew Transportation)-1100 series of rating standards will not pose any insur- documents, including some 300 technical mountable problems. The companies say and other requirements for its competing they are harmonizing with NASA. SpaceX, CCDev2 companies. All conceivable aspects for example, says its Dragon crew capsule of crew safety are covered, “from ground and Falcon 9 launch vehicle were designed processing and providing a crew with opti- from the start with NASA human-rating re- mal breathing air and life support systems quirements in mind. to ensuring the reliability of a spacecraft’s Sierra Nevada has worked closely for windows and computer circuit boards,” a more than five years with NASA Langley in NASA paper explains. It also notes that be- developing the company’s Dream Chaser cause each commercial design is so differ- crewed transportation system, which is de- ent from the others, NASA “could not pos- rived from the HL-20 crewed system that sibly have developed a set of requirements NASA developed years ago. Earlier this that detailed every nut and bolt like the year, the company flew its winged Dream thousands of requirements for the shuttle.” Chaser capsule for the first time in a captive- carry test, prelude to a future drop test from a heavy-lift helicopter. Also this year, Boeing, in partnership with Bigelow Aerospace, air-dropped from a helicopter its CST-100 capsule, resem- bling but slightly wider than the Apollo capsule, and landed it safely on a lake bed using parachutes and airbags. The capsule’s ablative heat shield, the attitude control en- gines that maneuver the vehicle in space, and the Bantam launch-abort engine also passed key tests. Boeing air-dropped its CST-100 and landed Bantam, built by Pratt & Whitney Rock- it safely using parachutes and airbags. etdyne, is designed to separate the CST-100 Photo by Elizabeth Morrell from the main rocket, much like an aircraft ejection seat, in the event of an emergency during launch. Bantam achieved full thrust while validating its performance in key op-

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erating conditions during engine startup craft was designed and shutdown, says . primarily to transport Blue Origins’ crew capsule is a composite structure. John Elbon, director of Boeing’s civil cargo to the space sta- space programs, told Congress late last year tion, which it did, and that the company designed its system to be reportedly met at least “as uncomplicated as practical to improve 80% of NASA’s human reliability and safety and to enable low op- rating requirements, erations costs.” It also incorporates as much including windows off-the-shelf, proven technology as possible and enough of an to lower risks, keep operational costs down, ecosystem to let astro- and stay on schedule, he says. nauts enter and move Last spring Blue Origin reported the around while transfer- successful completion of high-speed wind ring cargo to the ISS. tunnel testing that validated the aerody- But Dragon will namic design of its space vehicle. The craft have to be modified in several important has a unique biconic shape resembling two respects to carry astronauts. Among other cones joined at the base. The company things, it needs seats, a control panel, and was slated to begin testing the pusher-type enhanced environmental controls, says a launch abort system late this summer, with company spokesman. It must also be emphasis on controlling the flight path of a equipped with an automated crew abort- subscale crew capsule by means of a and-escape system that works from the thrust-vectoring propulsion system. launch pad all the way to orbit. The crew- In July, ATK marked the final milestone carrying Falcon 9 rocket must ascend on a in development of its Liberty system for ‘soft’ trajectory slanted enough to enable transporting crews to the ISS: completion of the crew to survive an abort, and to merit a program status review. This covered all NASA human-rating certification. system requirements as well as system Early this year, SpaceX successfully safety review, software status, flight test test-fired its SuperDraco, an advanced ver- plan, ground processing certification plan, and schedule for initial operation capabil- ity. ATK describes its Liberty as “a complete commercial crew space system that in- cludes a composite spacecraft, abort sys- tem, launch vehicle, and ground and mis- sion operations, all of which were designed from inception to meet NASA’s human-rat- ing requirements.” The first stage of the two-stage Liberty is a five-segment solid-rocket booster de- rived from the shuttle and Constellation programs. The second stage has achieved 46 consecutive launches since 2003 as the core of ESA’s Ariane V launch vehicle, said ATK’s program manager Charlie Precourt when he testified before Congress last year.

Dragon’s progress The most dramatic development thus far falls to SpaceX. Last May, in a widely ac- claimed accomplishment for the commer- cial space program, SpaceX launched a cargo-carrying Dragon capsule to the ISS on the company’s Falcon 9 rocket, berthed it at the station for six days, and brought it safely back to in the Pacific us- ing drogue parachutes. This completed the The first stage of ATK’s two-stage demonstration phase of the company’s Liberty is derived from the shuttle program; the second stage has commercial orbital transportation services achieved 46 consecutive launches agreement with NASA. That Dragon space- as the core of the Ariane V.

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dards for themselves in conjunction with those of NASA. Last March, Col. Jim Voss, Sierra Nevada’s director of advanced pro- grams, and Garrett Reisman, CCDev2 proj- ect manager for SpaceX, jointly reassured members of Congress in writing that the commercial space industry is at pains “to ensure that the vehicles we are developing in cooperation with NASA will be the safest ever to fly.” Their engineering teams fea- ture members with “many years of experi- ence in developing safe and reliable vehi- cles, at NASA and in the private sector. Tapping that experience, we have estab- lished stringent internal controls to ensure we meet both NASA’s safety requirements and our own,” they wrote. “We believe that immediate develop- ment of safe and reliable access to the Last May, Dragon berthed at Space Station is a national priority and an the ISS for six days before sion of the Draco engines currently power- important safety issue, as we are currently safely splashing down in ing Dragon. Eight SuperDraco engines built reliant on the Russian Soyuz, a single point the Pacific Ocean. into the side walls of Dragon will give the of failure that puts the Space Station at crewed capsule enough axial thrust to free risk,” Voss and Reisman wrote. itself from the launch vehicle and fly safely Jett emphasizes that human-rating of a back into the atmosphere and down to space system is pegged to its particular mis- Earth. This contrasts with traditional abort sion. For example, launch vehicles must systems featuring solid-rocket escape tow- have enough thrust in all stages to boost as- ers jettisoned from crew capsules. tronauts into the specific orbit or on the At the end of July, SpaceX announced specific trajectory that the mission demands completion of safety and operational design without compromising their safety and review requirements set forth in its CCDev2 well-being aboard. This is why the Falcon agreement with NASA, and said it had ful- 9 and the Atlas V and Delta IV EELVs can filled nine of 10 NASA requirements for its be modified to carry astronauts to the ISS, launch abort system. This prompted Ed but would not suffice for manned missions Mango, manager of NASA’s commercial into deep space, a task requiring a so-called crew program, to note that “SpaceX has heavy-lift vehicle of the kind that NASA and made significant progress on its crew trans- SpaceX have in mind. portation capabilities.” Reviews and modifications Setting high standards Human-rating requirements focus largely By and large, the companies in CCDev2 on rocket and capsule structures, including claim to have set high human-rating stan- fuel tank walls, pressure vessel walls, and pressurized lines, on redundancy of power systems and control systems, on abort sys- tems, and on mission-related measures such as constraining and accommodating the g forces of the ascent and reentry trajec- tories. Abort systems claim major attention in the human rating process. SpaceX will launch its Dragon crew capsule atop a Falcon 9 rocket, which was designed to ascend on a slanted trajectory. This will enable Dragon to reenter the at- mosphere more or less gradually should its astronauts have to abort. As of now, Blue Origin, Sierra Nevada, and Boeing plan to Earlier this year, SpaceX successfully test-fired its SuperDraco engine. vault their crew capsules into space atop ULA’s Atlas V rocket and on trajectories

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conducive to safe aborts on ascent. Those Manual options three companies and ATK are developing A key section of the NASA human-rating systems for orbital missions; the others are document asserts that a crewed space sys- designing systems for suborbital flights. tem “shall provide the capability for the Boeing’s capsule will also be compatible crew to manually control the flight path with the SpaceX Falcon 9. and attitude of their spacecraft,” except dur- Atlas V has long been a NASA mainstay ing ascent through the atmosphere “when in launching and spacecraft for ro- structural and thermal margins…negate the botic missions, including the Curiosity Mars benefits of manual control.” rover and the Juno probe to Jupiter. To Enabling the crew to control the space- meet NASA human-rating standards for At- craft’s flight path “is a fundamental element las V, the three-stage rocket’s launch pad of crew survival,” the NASA paper says. must be modified to enable astronauts to “Manual control means that the crew can board the spacecraft, its upper stage must bypass the automated guidance of the vehi- be powered by two engines in- cle to interface directly with the flight con- stead of one, and its flight computers must trol system” in order to choose any flight be programmed to take it on a trajectory path within the system’s capability, it says. that will induce g forces the crew can toler- The document also specifies that “the ate. The rocket also needs additional sen- crewed space system shall provide the ca- sors to detect emergency situations for the pability for unassisted crew emergency crew, NASA says. egress after Earth landing” and “a safe- Last July, ULA completed a systems re- haven capability for the crew inside the quirements review of Atlas V in partnership spacecraft after Earth landing until the ar- with NASA and with Blue Origin, Boeing, rival of the landing recovery team or res- and Sierra Nevada, whose capsules the cue forces.” Crew safety is a function of rocket may carry. The purpose was to de- emergency systems and equipment, such Falcon 9 is the launch vehicle termine which human-rating requirements as fire suppression systems, fire extinguish- for both the the cargo and crew the Atlas V already meets and “to define ers, emergency breathing masks, and capsules. what we need to do from here to certify the launch-and-entry pressure suits, the paper rocket for human spaceflight,” says George points out. Sowers, ULA’s vice president for human launch services. Surviving varied environments “Our partnership with ULA during this In the human-rating process, “there is a lot round of development has really been fo- of attention paid to the launch and to get- cused on understanding the core design of ting safely into orbit,” Jett explains. “We the launch vehicle,” NASA’s Mango ex- have quite a bit of experience in launching plains. “In these reviews, we were able to see how ULA plans to modify the vehicle for human spaceflight.” FAA safety oversight NASA’s basic human-rating require- In keeping with National , be licensed by the FAA for public safety and NASA and the FAA “have complementary wishes to work with FAA to reach a common ments document notes that in the past, and interdependent interests in ensuring understanding and approach for meeting three crewed launch vehicles—the shuttle that commercially developed human-rated that objective.” and two Soyuz spacecraft—suffered cata- systems and vehicles for LEO are effective NASA is responsible for certifying the strophic failures during launch or on the and safe,” both agencies noted in a joint safety of the launch vehicles and capsules launch pad, and that both Soyuz crews sur- memorandum of understanding (MOU) that carry its crews. The FAA is responsible vived their failures “due to a robust ascent issued last June. The MOU supports their for judging whether all public safety requirements are met in the launch and abort system.” The private sector space sys- mutual oversight of commercial space transportation of government and non- reentry of the commercial space systems tems must therefore enable crews to abort government passengers to LEO “in a man- and their passage through the National anytime and anywhere, from the launch ner that avoids conflicting [safety] require- Airspace System. An FAA license is not pad to Earth-orbit insertion, if their space- ments and multiple sets of standards.” required for government-only space craft loses thrust or flight-path control. The FAA is responsible for regulatory activities such as those carried out by Crews must also be equipped to monitor oversight and licensing of private companies NASA and DOD. launch vehicle performance at all times and individuals involved in commercial The FAA is expected to begin proposing space transportation. An FAA license is safety regulations for commercial space- and to automatically initiate an abort in the required for any launch or reentry, or for flight by the end of this year. The FAA and event of catastrophic failure. Moreover, the operation of any launch or reentry site, NASA are colocating personnel at NASA “the space system shall provide the capa- by U.S. citizens anywhere in the world. headquarters, FAA field offices, and the bility for the ground control to initiate the The MOU’s statement of intent also Johnson and Kennedy Space Centers to Earth ascent abort sequence,” the docu- says: “NASA intends that all launches sup- facilitate their cooperative oversight of ment says. porting ISS crew transportation services will commercial spaceflight safety.

AEROSPACE AMERICA/OCTOBER 2012 43 Cananlayout2-1012_Layout 1 9/12/12 12:42 PM Page 8

tical design to accomplish a mission, the Blue Origin, Sierra Nevada, NASA document emphasizes. “Since space and Boeing plan to use system development will always have mass, the Atlas V, although volume, schedule, and cost constraints, the CST-100 will also be compatible with choosing where and how to apply failure the Falcon 9. tolerance requires integrated analysis at the system level to assess safety and mission risks,” says the paper. Failure tolerance is a term frequently used to describe minimum acceptable re- dundancy, it says, and “since redundancy does not, by itself, make a system safe, it is the responsibility of the engineering and safety teams to determine the design that optimizes safety given the mission require- ments and constraints.” NASA’s human-rating-cum-certification process in CCDev2 is pegged in large part to the results of ground and flight tests of the space vehicles involved. The testing regime features such vital elements as abort systems, docking systems, ecosystems, and, finally, the vehicles themselves. spacecraft. We don’t have as much experi- Flight test programs are used “to vali- ence in bringing people and things back date the integrated performance of the through the atmosphere at the end of a space system hardware, software, and, for mission, especially a long mission in which crewed test flights, the human in the oper- the vehicle is on orbit for 180 days, ex- ational fight environment,” NASA’s basic posed to micrometeorites, and goes human-rating document explains. Flight through the thermal cycles in the vacuum tests also are aimed at validating the analyt- of space. I’m concerned just as much, if not ical models that are used “to confidently more, about the entry part of the mission. predict the performance of the space sys- We understand what has to be done on en- tems at the edges of the operational en- try, but we just don’t have as much experi- velopes, and to predict the margins of the ence with it as we do with launching.” critical design parameters.” Jett notes that a key element in NASA To minimize risk to flight-test crews, “it certification of crewed spacecraft is deter- is preferred that an unmanned flight test be mining the full range of environments in conducted prior to a manned flight,” but which they will fly. For example, he says, if this “may not be feasible for all phases of a crew capsule stays on station in space for flight and may not be necessary for some six months, it will experience a wide range systems,” NASA notes. of thermal conditions in varying degrees of exposure to sunlight. NASA must conclude Cooperation and balance that the vehicle can withstand all possible NASA and its contractors are committed to thermal exposures before certifying it for working together in deciding what is nec- human occupancy. essary and what is feasible. Effective gov- The agency must also make sure that ernment/industry cooperation is the key to commercial crewed capsules will be capa- deciding this. It is also the key to the suc- ble of docking directly with the station, in cess of the commercial spaceflight enter- contrast to the ISS captive-arm docking prise at large. technique used by the Dragon. The crewed As Gerstenmaier told Congress, the capsules must be capable of closing challenge lies in “balancing the need for straight-on and most carefully with the ISS NASA involvement in order to obtain a safe before docking, a technique that makes and reliable system, and allowing the greater demands on flight control software. providers the freedom to seek innovative and cost-effective solutions. Striking the Integration and testing right balance will be the key to successful Withal, the overall objective of the human- and timely delivery of the crew transporta- rating process is to arrive at the safest prac- tion systems.”

44 AEROSPACE AMERICA/OCTOBER 2012 GREEN engLayout0912_AA Template 9/12/12 1:52 PM Page 4

Green Engineering

( Continued from page 25) a particular altitude and angle of at- on the flight test model carried on the tack. However, as it burns off fuel, it Cessna O-2 testbed the most unstable has to bleed off lift by changing alti- wavelength is 4.5 mm. Testing at Mach tude or changing its angle of attack, so 1.85 with an F-15B had a 4-mm most its flight condition changes. In chang- unstable wave. ing flight conditions, DREs can be of “My guess, if we had to make a only limited use. transport wing, is that the most unsta- ble wave would be in the 6-8-mm DBDP jets range,” says Saric. The ‘magic number’ In respose to this, the Flight Research of the wave needed to interfere with Laboratory is building on work ini- the most unstable wave would be tially performed in 2001-2002 with tiny from half to two-thirds of the most un- solid-state dielectric barrier discharge stable wavelength, so the distance be- plasma (DBDP) elements mounted in tween the centers of the DREs would or near the wing leading edge. Each For be from 3.5 mm to 4 mm. DBDP sends current between its con- ductor and dielectric element to create Different kinds of DREs jets of air parallel or perpendicular to dreamers To date the only DRE shape tested has the direction of travel, to mimic DREs. been a circle. However, Saric says Rus- Together with Lockheed Martin, sian research has suggested a rectan- Saric’s team is working to develop and who do. gular shape with rounded corners test plasma actuators that can be set in might be even more effective, the DRE an array along a wing. Different actua- extending in the direction of the tors in the array could be activated airstream over the wing and its diame- during different flight conditions, so ter being from one-quarter to one- that the spacing of active DBDPs third of the most unstable crossflow could be changed in order to suppress wavelength. crossflow interference waves of differ- For some experiments, the Texas ent wavelengths. A&M researchers have used DREs During DBDP development, the stuck on the airfoil surface as an ap- team used a technique called micro- pliqué from a specially printed trans- particle image velocimetry to trace the fer sheet. In other tests, they experi- trajectories of the particles within each mented with pneumatic roughness jet and thus derive a velocity vector elements, stretching membranes over for it. This technique produced “some tiny holes in the airfoil and applying really interesting results” that “gave us pneumatic pressure from within. One an idea for a different design for the advantage of using pneumatic ele- plasma actuators,” Saric says. ments was that the scientists could The Flight Research Laboratory easily vary the height of the elements plans to continue its joint research to determine the best height for dis- with Lockheed Martin on using DB- Live, learn, and work rupting the unstable interference wave. DPs to achieve laminar flow control, with a community overseas. The team also applied vacuum to says Saric, “probably beginning this create dimples in the membranes over fall,” and, he hopes, with AFRL back- Be a Volunteer. the holes, producing a surface that ing. The work “would encompass looked rather like that of a golf ball. wind tunnel tests, flight tests, and de- They found that the two other ap- tailed lab measurements and computa- peacecorps.gov proaches “seemed to work as well as tions of what these things are doing.” the appliqué,” says Saric. On produc- NASA ERA-supported work contin- tion aircraft, anodized aluminum DREs ues with a laminar flow wing glove, might be the most practical solution, using an appliqué, on a Gulfstream III. he believes. In this way, flow parameters ap- One disadvantage of DREs is that proaching transport conditions will be their positions are fixed, and a given achieved and the technical readiness DRE spacing is designed for a particu- level of the DREs will be raised. These lar flight condition. As Saric notes, a flights are scheduled for 2014. widebody aircraft on a long-haul flight Chris Kjelgaard will start off fully loaded and flying at [email protected]

AEROSPACE AMERICA/OCTOBER 2012 45 046_Aerospace_OCT2012.pdf 9/13/12 11:32:38 AM

25 Years Ago, October 1987 Oct. 18 An Atlas Agena B launches the lunar spacecraft from Oct. 30 President Ronald Reagan signs into law a bill that provides NASA with the Atlantic Missile Range at Cape funding of $9.6 billion for the ISS. Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1986-1990, p. 135. Canaveral, Fla. However, a malfunction in the solar cell battery power loop 50 Years Ago, October 1962 causes the power to be depleted about 8 hr into the launch. The craft Oct. 2 A Thor-Delta rocket successfully launches the 89-lb octagonal Explorer subsequently passes the Moon at an 13, designed to investigate energetic particles in space and gather information altitude of 450 mi., then goes into a on the profile of Earth’s magnetic field. This is also the first launch of the uprated solar orbit. The Ranger was to have 168,000-lb-thrust DM-21 engine for the Delta. Aviation Week, Oct. 8, 1962, deployed a seismometer on the p. 32; Astronautics, November 1962, p. 175. surface of the Moon. Aviation Week, Oct. 29, 1962, pp. 38-39. Oct. 3 Navy Cmdr. Walter M. Schirra is launched into orbit in his Oct. 24 U.S. ships of the blockading Mercury Sigma 7 by force are in position at sea in a Mercury-Atlas (MA-8) rocket from accordance with President John F. Cape Canaveral, Fla. After achieving Kennedy’s Oct. 22 order to quarantine nearly six orbits he lands safely in as a result of the missile crisis. the Pacific 275 mi. northeast of The force includes the attack carriers Midway Island. He is recovered by Enterprise and Independence, the helicopter crews and his capsule is antisubmarine carriers Essex and hoisted aboard the USS Kearsarge. Randolph, and shore-based aircraft United States Naval Aviation 1910-1980, p. 247; Aviation Week, carriers that are to conduct air patrols Oct. 8, 1962, pp. 26-30, and Oct. 15, 1962, pp. 28-29. in their assigned sectors. Strategic Air

Oct. 5 NASA awards a contract to United Aircraft’s Hamilton Standard Division and International Latex to develop the Apollo spacesuit. Latex will fabricate the suit while Hamilton Standard heads the overall program and develops the backpack or life-support system that the astronauts will wear during lunar explorations. Aviation Week, Oct. 22, 1962, p. 33. Command forces and U.S. missile Oct. 5 The first full-flight-duration static test firing of S-IV stage engines is made sites are also placed on high alert, at the Sacramento, Calif., test facility of Douglas Aircraft. S-IV in its present while reconnaissance bombers and configuration consists of six Pratt & Whitney RL-10 engines, which fired for a full tankers join the Navy in their search 7 min. Missiles and Rockets, Oct. 15, 1962, p. 11. for incoming shipping to Cuba. United States Naval Aviation 1910-1980, Oct. 14 An Air Force U-2 reconnaissance flight piloted by Maj. Steve Hoyer finds p. 247; D. Daso, U.S. Air Force: A indisputable evidence of Soviet medium- Complete History, p. 430. range ballistic missiles based in Cuba, marking the beginning of the Oct. 27 Maj. Rudolph A. Anderson Cuban missile crisis. Several more Jr. is fatally shot down as he pilots a U-2 missions are flown over the U-2 over Cuba. For his mission he is island nation to monitor the posthumously awarded the Air Force missiles’ movements. Other Cross. D. Daso, U.S. Air Force: A U.S. aircraft find Soviet Complete History, p. 430. Ilyushin IL-28 Beagle bombers and additional planes at Cuban Oct. 28 The USSR agrees to remove airfields. D. Daso, U.S. Air Force: its missiles from Cuba; the U.S. will A Complete History, pp. 429-430; move its own missiles stationed in Aviation Week, Oct. 29, 1962, pp. 28, 32. Turkey. On the following day, USAF

46 AEROSPACE AMERICA/OCTOBER 2012 047_Aerospace_OCT2012.pdf 9/13/12 11:39:14 AM

An Aerospace Chronology by Frank H. Winter and Robert van der Linden

pany at Aldershot. He retired from the army in 1904 and devoted himself to promoting aeronautics. The Aeroplane, Oct. 13, 1937, p. 438.

Oct. 8 Spenser Douglas Adair Grey, one of Britain’s naval aviation pioneers, dies. Grey learned to fly on a Farman biplane and received Aerial Certificate No. 117 in 1911. He then bought a Blackburn monoplane and flew it around the country, a practice considered too ‘spectacular to be proper for an officer and gentleman of reconnaissance Voodoo aircraft the King’s Navy.’ He helped introduce Sopwith biplanes into the Naval Wing and confirm the Soviets’ dismantling of pioneered the use of amphibian biplanes in England. Grey also flew with Winston their missiles. D. Daso, U.S. Air Force: Churchill when, as First Lord of the Admiralty, Churchill offi cially formed the Royal A Complete History, p. 430. Naval Air Service in 1914. In 1916 Grey commanded a Naval Air Wing at Dunkirk and later was lent to the U.S. Naval Air Service. The Aeroplane, Oct. 20, 1937, And During October 1962 pp. 469-470.

—Trans World Airlines conducts the Oct. 15 The Boeing Model 294 (XB-15) heavy bomber first flight using Doppler radar rather prototype makes its maiden flight. Although only than a professional navigator to one is built, it contributes to the development of maintain a course. The Boeing the B-29 Superfortress. Although not accepted 707-320 carries 115 passengers for production, XB-15 does provide the wing for and 11 crewmembers on the New the Boeing 314 flying boat, which will open the York-to-London flight. Aviation first scheduled passenger service across the Week, Oct. 8, 1962, p. 45. Atlantic in 1939. P. Bowers, Boeing Aircraft Since 1916, pp. 228-230. —The Boeing Vertol CH-46A Sea Knight medium assault helicopter Oct. 24 Jean Batten sets a new makes its first official flight at Australia-to-England solo flight record, clipping 14 hr Philadelphia. The helicopter is made 10 min from the previous mark. She flies her Percival for the Marine Corps. Aviation Week, Gull (Gipsy Six Series I engine) from , Australia, Oct. 22, 1962, p. 30. to England in 5 days 18 hr 15 min. Aero Digest, December 1937, p. 111. 75 Years Ago, October 1937 Oct. 25 Well-known German aviatrix Hanna Reitsch flies a Focke-Wulf Oct. 2 The Second International Fw 61 to a new world distance record for helicopters, 67.71 mi., Aeronautical Exposition opens in between and Berlin. J. and A. Kay, German Aircraft , attracting 422 exhibitors from of the Second World War, p. 597. 16 countries. This is the first time Germans participate in a foreign 100 Years Ago, aeronautical show officially, under the October 1912 auspices of the German air ministry. Oct. 7 In Germany, the Zeppelin Aero Digest, December 1937, p. 108. LZ 14 is officially launched. The first rigid airship built for the Imperial Oct. 3 Maj. B.F.S. Baden- German Navy, Powell, the British aviation it is designated pioneer, dies at 77. A the L.1 as it member of the Royal enters service. Aeronautical Society A. van Hoore- since 1880, he was beeck, La later elected as its Conquete de L’Air, p. 97. president. Baden-Powell joined the army in 1882 Oct. 24 Flying a Sopwith biplane, Harry Hawker wins the and in 1894 was attached British Empire Michelin trophy by staying aloft for 8 hr 23 to the army’s balloon com- min. A. van Hoorebeeck, La Conquete de L’Air, p. 97.

AEROSPACE AMERICA/OCTOBER 2012 47 AA_OCT2012_COPP_Layout 1 9/12/12 3:09 PM Page 1

New Faculty Search Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan

The Department of Aerospace Engineering at The University of Michigan invites applications for two tenure-track faculty positions in areas of Aerospace Engineering that align with the principal research interests of the Department. Areas of interest are: (1) dynamics/control, (2) applied computational dynamics (CFD), and (3) wind energy. In the two areas, appointments may be made at any level, while the third area is at the junior level. Applicants must have extensive knowledge and experience relating to Aerospace Engineering. The Department presently has 26 full-time faculty members with nationally ranked undergraduate and graduate programs and research interests that cover a broad spectrum of Aerospace Engineering. More information can be found at aerospace.engin. umich.edu. Applicants must have an earned doctorate in Aerospace Engineering or a closely related The successful ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ���������������������������������������������� and relevant externally funded research program, the teaching of undergraduate and graduate courses, and the supervision of graduate students. Applicants should send an email with an attached single PDF that contains a CV, a statement of research and teaching interests, and the names and contact information for at least three references to the Faculty Search Committee, c/o Prof. D. S. Bernstein at [email protected]. ��3 23 �/ ��/ - ���20 . ��3 ��2� ���2�-/ . - 2��2�21 3 �3 , �3 . 2�����22��3 2� ���3. ��- 2�) 2� �����/ �2��2/ �23 ��/ �2�0 0 �. - ���- �/ ) rmative action employer with an active dual-career assistance program. The University is especially interested in candidates who can contrib- ute, through research, teaching, and/or service, to the diversity and excellence of the academic community.

                                                           

                             

                                                                           

                                                      

                                                   

                            

48 AEROSPACE AMERICA/OCTOBER 2012 AIAAAIAABBulletinulletin OCTOBER 2012 AIAA Meeting Schedule B2 AIAA Courses & Training B4 Program Schedule AIAA News B5 AIAA Meetings Programs B12 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition AIAA Calls for Papers B19 AIAA AVIATION 2013, Continuing the Legacy of the AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference and featuring the 2013 International Powered Lift Conference (IPLC) and the 2013 Complex Aerospace Systems The Lockheed Martin tour group at the 48th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Exchange (CASE) Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Standard Conference Information B22 AIAA Courses and Training B23 Program Committee Nominations B25

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Oct2012ToCB1.indd 1 9/17/12 11:04 AM dAte eetI CAtI CA r AstrACt (Issue of AIAA Bulletin in Aers deAdIe which program appears) (Bulletin in which Call for Papers appears) 15 Oct r Iteratioa Astroautica Cogress Naples, Italy (Contact: www. iafastro.org) 1112 Oct† Aeroacoustic Istaatio eects a ove Aircrat Architectures Braunschweig, Germany (Contact: Cornelia Delfs, 49 531 295 2320, [email protected], www.win.tue.nl/ceas-asc) 1418 Oct† st digita Avioics sstems Coerece Williamsburg, VA (Contact: Denise Ponchak, 216.433.3465, denise.s.ponchak@.gov, www.dasconline.org) 2225 Oct† Iteratioa teemeterig Coerece San Diego, CA (Contact: Lena Moran, information@ telemetry.org, 575.415.5172, www.telemetry.org) 58 Nov† th space simuatio Coerece Annapolis, MD (Contact: Harold Fox, 847.981.0100, [email protected], www.spacesimcon.org) 68 Nov† th Iteratioa Coerece supp o the igs Frankfurt, Germany (Contact: Richard Degenhardt, 49 531 295 2232, [email protected], www.airtec.aero) 710 Jan st AIAA Aerospace scieces eetig Dallas/Ft. Worth, T n u Icuig the ew Horios orum a Aerospace epositio Oct 2125 Jan† Aua reiaiit a aitaiaiit smposium rAs Orlando, FL (Contact: Patrick M. Dallosta, 703.805.3119, [email protected], www.rams.org) 1014 Feb† r AAs/AIAA space ight echaics eetig auai, HI ct 29 Mar† Ieee Aerospace Coerece Big Sky, MT (Contact: David Woerner, 626.497.8451; [email protected]; www.aeroconf.org) 1920 Mar Cogressioa isits da Washington, DC (Contact Duane Hyland, [email protected]) 2528 Mar AIAA Aeroamic deceerator sstems techoog Daytona Beach, FL sep Coerece a semiar AIAA aoo sstems Coerece th AIAA ighterthaAir sstems techoog Coerece 811 Apr th AIAA/Ase/AsCe/AHs/AsC structures structura damics , MA A sep a aterias Coerece st AIAA/Ase/AHs Aaptive structures Coerece th AIAA odetermiistic Approaches Coerece th AIAA damic speciaist Coerece th AIAA ossamer sstems orum th AIAA utiiscipiar desig ptimiatio Coerece 1214 Apr† euroC CeAs speciaist Coerece Delft, The Netherlands (Contact: Daniel Choukroun, o uiace avigatio a Cotro [email protected], www.lr.tudelft.nl/EuroGNC2013) 2325 Apr† Itegrate Commuicatios avigatio a surveiace Herndon, VA (Contact: Denise Ponchak, 216.433.3465, [email protected], www.i-cns.org) 2729 May th AIAA/CeAs Aeroacoustics Coerece Berlin, Germany ulAu ct th AIAA Aeroacoustics Coerece 2729 May† th st. etersurg Iteratioa Coerece o Itegrate St. Petersburg, Russia (Contact: Prof. V. Peshekhonov, avigatio sstems 7 812 238 8210, [email protected], www.elektropribor.spb.ru) 2931 May† reuiremets or utC a Civi timeeepig o earth: Charlottesville, VA (Contact: Rob Seaman, 520.318.8248, A Coouium Aressig a Cotiuous time staar [email protected], http://futureofutc.org) 6 Jun Aerospace toa ... a tomorrow: Williamsburg, VA (Contact: Merrie Scott: [email protected]) disruptive Iovatio A aue ropositio 1719 Jun† America Cotro Coerece Washington, DC (Contact: Santosh Devasia,devasia@ u.washington.edu,http://a2c2.org/conferences/acc2013) 2427 Jun r AIAA ui damics Coerece a ehiit San Diego, CA un ov th AIAA asmaamics a asers Coerece th AIAA thermophsics Coerece st AIAA Appie Aeroamics Coerece st AIAA Computatioa ui damics Coerece th AIAA Atmospheric a space eviromets Coerece AIAA rou testig Coerece

B2 AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012

Oct2012calendar.indd 2 9/17/12 11:02 AM dAte eetI CAtI CA r AstrACt (Issue of AIAA Bulletin in Aers deAdIe which program appears) (Bulletin in which Call for Papers appears) 1417 Jul th AIAA/Ase/sAe/Asee oit ropusio Coerece a ehiit San Jose, CA ulAu ov th Iteratioa eerg Coversio egieerig Coerece IeCeC 1418 Jul r Iteratioa Coerece o evirometa sstems ICes Vail, CO ulAu ov 1115 Aug† AAs/AIAA Astroamics speciaist Coerece Hilton Head Island, SC (Contact: athleen Howell, 765.494.5786, [email protected], www.space-flight.org/docs/2013astro/2013astro.html) 1214 Aug AIAA Aviatio : Chartig the uture o ight , CA t e Cotiuig the egac o the AIAA Aviatio techoog Itegratio a peratios AtI Coerece a eaturig the Iteratioa owere it Coerece IC a the Compe Aerospace sstems echage CAse 1922 Aug AIAA uiace avigatio a Cotro Coerece Boston, MA ulAu a AIAA Atmospheric ight echaics Coerece AIAA oeig a simuatio techoogies Coerece AIAA IotechAerospace Coerece 1012 Sep AIAA sACe Coerece epositio San Diego, CA e a 610 Oct† digita Avioics sstems Coerece Syracuse, N (Contact: Denise Ponchak, 216.433.3465, [email protected], www.dasconline.org)

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B4 AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012

Oct12PDcalendar.indd 4 9/6/12 1:39 PM tHe esss Curiosity beyond the successes of iit and tunit, to do more and better, required a new approach. It had to be conceived, studied, iel iin AIAA eient refined, improved, built andmost importantly of allcontinually sold, to multiple administrations and Congresses. These features The topic for this months column are common to most aerospace projects. The aerospace pro- is motivated by the hugely suc- fession is simply not a place for those seeking instant gratifica- cessful landing of the uiit tion, or even the professional utility and satisfaction of working rover on Mars in what appears to in an industry where the product life cycle is eighteen months be perfect condition, at least as or two years, as is the case for our engineering cousins in the this is written. incredibly dynamic consumer electronics industry. Aerospace This was a really hard thing projects, especially those which truly break new ground, require to do. With our present level of a constancy of purpose that seems particularly challenging for a technology, doing things in space pluralistic democracy. We as a profession have not yet figured is hard. Mars in particular is a out how to communicate this need to national policy makers in really, really hard place at which an effective manner. to work effectively. To deliver a Secondly, uiit shows us that, sometimes, size does mat- spacecraft to an ter. What we wanted from this mission cannot be done effectively corridor at Mars requires the navigation engineers to work to a or efficiently merely by deploying more copies of smaller systems precision of better than one part in ten million, a tolerance found like iit and tunit, as incredibly productive as they have in very few fields of practice. Once there, entry is complicated been. What we want from the e e e elee by the fact that the Martian atmosphere is just thick enough to cannot be obtained by orbiting multiple copies of the ite demand aggressive thermal protection measures, but not thick infrared space telescope, as good as it was. With all due respect enough to be really effective in slowing the spacecraft to an eas- to the value of smaller, cheaper missions executed by nimbler ily accommodated touchdown velocity, as is possible on Earth. teams on shorter time scales, sometimes less is less and more Once down, there is enough solar energy to complicate the ther- is more. Sometimes, to do what needs to be done requires us to mal management of the rover, but not enough to provide a really risk national treasure in amounts that will surely get our attention. useful amount of energy. The thin Mars wind blows fine-grained Sometime we really do need a flagship mission. To me, one dust into every juncture of every moving part on the vehicle, and measure of the greatness of our nation and its stature in the world hugely alters the thermal properties of surface materials, again is our ability to tackle the biggest challenges. When the United complicating the thermal management task. And, as we saw with States can no longer take on the challenge of an , uiit predecessors, iit and tunit, it is easily pos- a ule or e Space Telescope, or a Mars Science Lab, we sible to get stuck in the sand, thus demanding the cleverest pos- will simply no longer be greatno matter how our economy is sible mobility system design. ranked in the world. So, Mars is hard. Space is hard. In fact, most of the things uiit demonstrates, if such demonstration were needed, we aerospace professionals do are hard. Even after more than the value of making the difficult choice. When in 2009 it was a century of flight, building a new airplane to carry more people determined, for a host of individually small but collectively signifi- over greater distances more efficiently, cheaply, and safely than cant reasons, to be necessary to delay the planned launch of the they have ever been carried before, is hard. Building a missile mission until 2011, the detractors rose up in full voicetoo much that can shoot down an incoming reentry vehicle, distinguish- money, too much time, too much riskarguing for cancellation. ing it from a cloud of debris and potential decoys with only a few Despite the furor of that time, JPL, NASA, and the Congress minutes of warning is terribly hard. Building a new telescope that determined to stay the course, and now we have a chance to reap can literally see back almost to the of time is excruciatingly the rewards of that persistence. But my hat is off to the individual hard. Almost everything we do in aerospace is, in reality, just managers and engineers, far down the chain of command as barely possible. We aerospace professionals have from the first viewed from the White House or Capitol Hill, who had the courage been in the vanguard of those who have, in President Theodore to acknowledge and insist that we were not ready to go in 2009, Roosevelts famous words about the man in the arena, chosen a knowing that they could expect, at best, years of abuse prior to life of striving valiantly and risking failure while daring greatly. a hoped-for eventual success. In the end, this kind of behavior So what can we learn from the success of uiit that might shows what it truly means to be an ethical professional, to do the merit deeper reflection, especially on those dayswell known to right thing, when the easy thing offers a much readier path. many of uswhen we are having to explain why a new idea or a In the end, we hope to gain an enormous amount of new new development didnt work out quite as well as we had hoped knowledge about Mars from uiit. But even today, a study A few thoughts come to mind. of this mission can offer for many of us considerable knowledge I will first note that many who worked on the Mars Science about ourselves and the nature of our professioneven if it isnt Laboratory program were involved with it for a decade. To go really new.

eI Arstr sCHArsHI ud

At the request of the family of Neil A. Armstrong, the AIAA Foundation has established the Neil A. Armstrong Scholarship Endowment Fund to support the dreams of future generations. The Fund information is now live on our website: https://www.aiaa.org/ secoaraig.aspi. We are honored to have been selected by the Armstrong family as one of three recipients of gifts made in memory of Neil Armstrong, said Robert S. Dickman, executive director of AIAA. Donations will fund the Neil A. Armstrong Scholarship Fund, to help ensure that the students of today have the opportunity to pursue the education that will be necessary for them to follow in Neils foot- steps as the aerospace leaders of tomorrow.

AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012 B5

Oct12News.indd 5 9/10/12 10:28 AM AIAA AuCes CAdIdAtes r Ard directorAtarge Iteratioa dIreCtrs eeCtI David Finkleman, Analytical Graphics Inc. Shamim Rahman, NASA AIAA is pleased to announce that its 2013 Nominating arl Rein-Weston, The Boeing Company Committee has selected candidates for next years openings on the AIAA Board of Directors. The Committees chairman, AIAA directortechica Iormatio sstems roup Past President Brian D. Dailey, confirmed the names of the offi- Sanjay Garg, NASA cer and director candidates who will appear on the ballot. They James Rankin, University of Arkansas are as follows: directortechica ropusio a eerg roup resieteect Jeff Hamstra, Lockheed Martin Corporation James Albaugh, The Boeing Company (retired) Christopher Pestak, Battelle Memorial Institute

eect techica Activities directorregio Thomas Duerr, The Aerospace Corporation Jayant Ramakrishnan, Corporation David Riley, The Boeing Company directorregio eect emer services Laura Richard, United Launch Alliance Joseph Morano, The Boeing Company Annalisa Weigel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology directorregio Luisella Giulicchi, European Space Agency directorAtarge Essam halil, Cairo University, Egypt Neal Barlow, Academy Steve Trejo, The Boeing Company Voting members of the Institute will be able to cast their ballot Mark Whorton, Teledyne Brown Engineering beginning in February 2013.

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B6 AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012

Oct12News.indd 6 9/10/12 10:28 AM rtuIt r etItI CAdIdAtes r HIstrIC sItes rrA Ard dIreCtrs eeCtI The AIAA Historic Aerospace Sites committee chose four Any AIAA member who wishes to propose a candidate for the sites this year to be designated. The e Aircrat at, in 2013 Board of Directors election through the petition process Wheatfield, N, produced many aircraft fighters during World must submit a written petition, signed by at least 300 voting mem- War II, but is best known for the design and manufacture of the bers, to the AIAA Secretary. To allow for verification of signatures S-1, the first plane to break the sound barrier. This plant also by the cutoff date established in the bylaws, completed petition produced the Bell 47, the first commercially certified helicopter; packets must be received by the AIAA Secretary by oa and the Lunar Module ascent engine. decemer . Each petition must be accompanied by the peti- ue ie, also known as the Cincinnati Municipal tion candidates written acceptance, biographical data, campaign Lunken Airport, played an important part in the early years of statement, and a color head and shoulders photograph. commercial and civil aviation. The Lunken family started the Open positions for the 2013 election are the following: Aeronautical Corporation of America, or Aeronca, and built the affordable C-2, which helped kickstart the civil aviation • President-Elect industry. Lunken also served as a hub of activity for the Embry • VP-Elect, Member Services Riddle Company, which was awarded one of the first U.S. • VP-Elect, Technical Activities airmail contracts, and who formed the Aviation Company in • Directorat-Large 1928 as a holding company to acquire other airlines. In 1930, • Directorat-Large, International the holding company was renamed American Airlines. Lunken • DirectorTechnical, Information Systems Group Fields old control tower is the oldest standing control tower in • DirectorTechnical, Propulsion and Energy Group the United States. • DirectorRegion 4 earso ie, in Vancouver, WA, is one of the oldest con- • DirectorRegion 5 tinuously operating airfields in the United States. In 1905, a • DirectorRegion 7 dirigible from the nearby Lewis and Centennial Exhibition Members intending to follow this process are asked to con- flew across the Columbia River and landed at what was then tact the AIAA Secretary, laus Dannenberg, at 703.264.7655 or called Vancouver Barracks. Since then, the field, now the only [email protected], as soon as possible before the 3 December active airport located completely within a U.S. National Historic 2012 deadline for more specific instructions and coordination. Reserve, has continuously played a part in the development of Completed petition packets, containing at least 300 signed peti- U.S. air power. tions, should be sent to: On 18 December 1928, Arthur Rawson, followed by Harold F. Pitcairn, flew a Cierva C.8W Autogiro at Willow Grove, laus Dannenberg Pennsylvania, also called itcair ie. This was the first suc- AIAA Secretary cessful rotary wing aircraft to fly in America and ushered in a 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500 new age of aeronautical development. Pitcairn Field Willow Reston, VA 20191 Grove became the center of American Autogiro development and manufacture. redA reCIed AsA Ceremonies for Pearson Field and Bell Aircraft were held in September and October 2012. As part of an ongoing evaluation AIAA Fellow dr. daie C. rea of NASA Ames Research of AIAA activities, the AIAA Board of Directors voted at their Center was recently awarded NASAs highest civilian honor, August meeting to suspend the Historic Sites budget. Sites that The Distinguished Service Medal. This award was given for his were already chosen will have a plaque and ceremony through pioneering research on boundary layer transition for hypersonic the end of F13, but no new sites will be chosen for the year, flows over ablative thermal protection system materials and the and there is no budget for F14. The programs budget will be advancement of ballistic ranges for this purpose. re-evaluated for F15.

reue H. eet sCHArsHIs AArded tHe sA dIe seCtI I A

At the AIAA San Diego Section Honors and Awards Banquet on 23 May 2012, the AIAA San Diego Section Reuben H. Fleet Scholarships were awarded. Since 1983, 149 students have received the scholarship, which is made possible by the Reuben H. Fleet Foundation at The San Diego Foundation.

2012 Reuben H. Fleet Scholarship recipients (left to right): Greg Marien (Scholarship Coordinator, AIAA San Diego), Himanshu Waidya (SDSU), Daniel Nelson (SDSU), Alexander Weiss (SDSU), Sean Davis (SDSU), Alex Fleet (grandson of Reuben H. Fleet).

AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012 B7

Oct12News.indd 7 9/10/12 10:28 AM ste utreACH suCCess I tHe AtIA CAItA seCtI

iele ue Ainitt AIAA tinl itl etin

The National Capital Section (NCS), AIAAs largest with nearly 3,000 members, undertakes a multifaceted effort to recognize outstanding STEM educators and students across the Washington metropolitan area. Each year, the NCS funds 8 regional science fairs for middle and high school students in Maryland, Washington, DC, and Virginia with support from AIAA corporate member sponsors, and recruits 26 volunteer judges from NCS membership. Winning aerospace-related projects are recognized with certificates and free student membership in AIAA, monetary awards for second and third place win- ners, and first place winners receive a full scholarship to a week-long stay at Space Camp. Space Camp, located in Huntsville, AL, offers students a stimulating hands-on 2012 NCS Science Fair Winners, with NCS Chair Bruce Milam and Science Fair approach to study not available in the typical classroom Committee Chair Dr. Natalia Sizov. setting. Corporate partners in the 2012 science fair scholarship Virginia, Elizabeth Butler of Martin Luther ing Jr. Middle School program were Lockheed Martin and Honeywell International. in Maryland, and areen Lazarre, of J.C. Nalle Elementary in The impact of the NCS science fair programs on students cant Washington, DC. be overstated, setting many young people on a course of study The annual NCS Honors and Awards Banquet, held each in aerospace that can last a lifetime. Among the many thank you June, is the centerpiece of many months of dedicated education letters received by the NCS from students are these words from outreach efforts undertaken by the Section, and the highlight of 2012 first-place honoree Rachel Vogler, an 11th grade student the year for the NCS Council, who take great pride in nurturing from Loudoun County, VA, I would like to express my gratitude and inspiring the talented educators, students, and young profes- for the Space Camp scholarship that your association awarded sionals who will light the way forward for the aerospace industry. meI attended the camp last week and I can honestly say that it The students winning projects are shared during a pre-dinner was one of the best experiences of my life. Space Camp opened reception and the student and eductor honorees receive their up the world of aerospace to me, and had it not been for your awards. Also numbered among this years honorees were the scholarship, I would not be compelled to study it more deeply. Hal Andrews oung Engineer of the ear (Dr. Moble Benedict thank you for the life changing opportunity. of the University of Maryland) and the NCS Engineer/Scientist Students are not the only participants to come away inspired. of the year (ai Harth of Aurora Flight Sciences). This awards NCS member and volunteer judge Dr. Thomas Snitch remarked, program is headed up by Professor Norman Wereley, NCS I was a judge at the Washington DC fair. We had participation Honors and Awards Committee Chair. The keynote speaker by students who were living under difficult circumstances and, was Dr. athryn Sullivan, Assistant Secretary of Commerce despite the challenges, these young people were able to con- for Environmental Observation and Prediction and Deputy struct scientifically respectable projects. While these students Administrator for NOAA. Dr. Sullivan, who also currently serves may have lacked financial resources, they were able to use inge- as NOAAs acting chief scientist, a renowned astronaut and nuity, help from great teachers and sheer willpower to examine intrepid explorer, held the audience in rapt attention as she tough issues. These students are absolutely inspiring. shared the motivating influences, trials, and inspirations of her The NCS also sponsors the AIAA NCS Educator of the ear professional journey from her youngest years onward. Awards, recognizing three outstanding STEM educators who If you would like to help support the 20122013 NCS Science currently teach at the elementary, middle, and high school Fairs, please contact Michele McMurrer at [email protected]. levels within the jurisdiction of the Section. This years honor- ees were Charles Sabatier of Mount Vernon High School in

Third place winner Shubham Patil, a freshman at Stone Bridge High areen Lazarre (left), teacher of mathematics at JC Nalle Elementary School, discusses his work with longtime NCS Science Fair team mem- School, Washington, DC, one of the 2012 NCS Educators of the ear. ber Dr. Nils Jespersen and his wife Beth Jespersen at the 2012 Honors Shown with JC Nalle principal im Burke and NCS Education Outreach and Awards Banquet. Chair Michel Santos.

B8 AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012

Oct12News.indd 8 9/10/12 10:28 AM AIAA udAtI AuCes rAduAte AArd Iers

The AIAA Foundation is pleased to announce the recipients of the AIAA Foundations six Graduate Awards for the 20122013 academ- ic year. The winning graduate students will receive a total of 17,500 in awards. Each year the AIAA Foundation presents Orville and Wilbur Graduate Awards. These 5,000 awards, given in memory of the Wright brothers contributions to the evolution of flight, are presented to students completing masters degree or doctoral thesis work. The 20122013 winners are: • au Aerso, University of Boulder, Boulder, CO • rache ema, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA The AIAA Foundation also annually presents a series of 2,500 awards. The 20122013 winners are: • oe ahtia, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, who is the recipient of the n eln At ute A. The Leland Award, sponsored by endowments from Rockwell and Boeing North America, Inc., and named in memory of John Leland Lee Atwood, former chief executive officer of Rockwell, North American, is presented to a student actively engaged in research areas covered by the technical committees of AIAA. • e Chiraath, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, who is the recipient of the uine itin n ntl A. The Guidance, Navigation, and Control Technical Committee presents this award to a student engaged in work relating to the commit- tees subject areas. • a opescu Georgia Institute of Technology, , GA, who is the recipient of the illi ie ute A. The William T. Piper Award, sponsored by endowments W.T. Piper, Sr. Foundation, in the name of William T. Piper, Sr., the founder, eponym, and first president of Piper Aircraft Corporation. The award is also supported by AIAAs General Aviation Systems Technical Committee and the AIAA Foundation, and is presented to a student actively participating in research endeavors in General Aviation as part of their graduate studies

Anderson Ellman Bakhtian Chirayath Popescu

For more information on the AIAA Graduate Awards program, please contact Rachel Andino at 703.264.7577 or [email protected].

AIAA udAtI resets eee uderrAduAte sCHArsHIs

AIAA and the AIAA Foundation have awarded eleven AIAA Foundation undergraduate scholarships for the 20122013 academic year. The Foundation has presented the i n teine n e enl li, named for, and endowed by, for- mer AIAA President David Thompson, chairman, chief executive officer and president, of Orbital Science Corporation, Dulles, VA, to Aeaer oug, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. The AIAA Foundation has presented two undergraduate scholarships named for individuals who have contributed greatly to the field of aerospace science. The winners are: • e nin iitl Aini li: Christopher ie, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO • etie e en li: emi oster, Texas A&M University, College Station, T. This scholarship is presented to the Foundations top female scholarship applicant. Five AIAA Foundation undergraduate scholarships are presented by AIAA Technical Committees: e nttin enil ittee presented a 2,500 scholarship • atthew arcus, University of Maryland, College Park, MD iitl Aini enil ittee presented three scholarships of 2,500 each. • Amer aere, The University of , Tuscaloosa, AL (Dr. Amy R. Pritchett Digital Avionics Scholarship) • ames ewis, The State University, , OH (Ellis F. Hitt Digital Avionics Scholarship) • a u Hew, The University of Texas, Arlington, T (Cary Spitzer Digital Avionics Scholarship) iui ulin enil ittee • ro atterso, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV The AIAA Foundation presented 2,500 scholarships to three students in their senior, junior, and sophomore year of college. • daie ii, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, A, received the scholarship for seniors. • Aeaer Aerso, St. Martins University, Lacey, WA, received the scholarship for juniors. • icoas spoetge, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, received the scholarship for sophomores.

AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012 B9

Oct12News.indd 9 9/10/12 10:28 AM AuCeet ru rAtI: uite states space uiversa uar su architecture specia Iterest roup susI Auust In response to public and private sector incentives to decrease the costs of satellite design and integration and to establish spacecraft modular- ity to improve interoperability, adaptability and agility, a Space Universal MOdular architecture Special Interest Group (SUMO-SIG) is being established within the framework of the US Technical Advisory Group to ISO Technical Committee 20, Subcommittee 13 (ISO/TC20/SC13), Space Data and Information Transfer Systems. The Terms Of Reference for the group are attached. This group will evaluate candidate architectural frameworks for standardized spacecraft avionics and will examine: - Common areas where architectures and frameworks are the same - Differing areas and subsequent assessment of which set is better - Gap areas where there is a lack of definition and further development is needed The SIG will assess a range of standards and architectures, including: Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA); U.S. Air Force Research Labs (AFRL) proposed Space Plug and Play Architecture (SPA) standards and their related odular pen etwork Architecture (MONARCH); the European Space Agencys space Avionics pen Interface architecture (SAVOIR); and protocols for onboard data exchange. The goal is to identify the common features for interoperability and identify where a common set of standards would be beneficial to the space community. There is a strong market need for the development of international technical consensus for standards that addresses future spacecraft avionics architectures. The desired outcome is sufficient U.S. consensus to request the formation of a multinational study group within the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), which could lead to the development of an international CCSDS Recommended Standard and its subsequent advancement to ISO. Participation in the SUMO-SIG is open to qualified representatives of U.S. government, industry and academia who have a bona-fide interest in the subject matter. It is planned that the SUMO-SIG will meet during summer 2012 via a web-based teleconference to discuss the formulation of a technical position. Interested U.S. parties who wish to participate in the SIG are invited to submit their names, affiliation, and professional inter- est and contact information to the US-SUMO-SIG convener: aren Jones: [email protected]; 703-275-2902

uIted stAtes teCHICA AdIsr ru t Is teCHICA CIttee suCIttee sACe dAtA Ad IrAtI trAser sstes https://www.aiaa.org/Secondary.aspxid6920&termsTAG13

ters reereCe: us space uiversa ouar architecture specia Iterest roup susI 09 AUGUST, 2012

C 1. A unified and internationally standardized open architecture for space vehicle components which will stimulate international competitiveness of space component and payload manufacturers across the global space community by providing a level playing field on which internationally- interoperable products can be based. 2. There is a strong international desire to eliminate proprietary and regional standards that introduce market barriers which undermine trade. 3. There is significant economic and strategic motivation among satellite component manufacturers to reduce non recurring engineering (NRE) expenses. By establishing an internationally standardized modular architecture for space vehicle components satellite component manufacturers would reduce duplicative design, testing and certification procedures could allow for more time and capital to focus on design and performance improvements 4. A goal of the us s is to promote a robust domestic commercial space industry and fair and open global trade and commerce through the promotion of suitable standards and regulations that have been developed with input from U.S. industry. 1. Satellite integrators, primes, component, subsystem and payload manufacturers must be involved in the international standards development process. Participation should include space companies doing business in the global space marketplace. 2. It is imperative to forge international agreement on the best architecture among the various standard-based architectures that are currently being developed. A first and vital step in securing such an international agreement is to assemble a technical consensus across the US space community.

us s u o s i ussuosi us t isotCsC 1. Develop a consensus US technical position concerning the desirability of developing a standardized modular architecture for space vehicle avionics that blends the best parts of current standards and any other approaches that may be proposed during the SIG process. 2. Build that consensus by consulting and involving leading technical experts from the US satellite community, including the DoD, NASA, other space faring US government organizations and commercial providers. 3. Meet as necessary (face-face and/or virtually) to develop an agreed US technical position relative to the requirements for an internationally- standardized spacecraft avionics architecture. The group will initially focus on defining the problem and the desired characteristics of a preferred solution, rather than advancing any particular concrete implementation. 4. Advance the consensus US proposal to the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) in the form of a request for internation- al participation on a CCSDS Birds of a Feather group (BOF), with a view towards chartering a CCSDS Working Group to create the necessary international standard(s) that would then be advanced to ISO.

B10 AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012

Oct12News.indd 10 9/10/12 10:28 AM e AIAA CrrAte eers

AIAA is pleased to welcome the following corporate members to our roster. For more information on the corporate membership program, please contact [email protected]

• a Aerospace techoogies Corp., located in Boulder, CO, develops and manufactures spacecraft, advanced instruments and sensors, components, data exploitation systems and RF solutions for strategic, tactical, and scientific applications. • sC sotware, located in Santa Ana, CA, makes products that enable engineers to validate and optimize their designs using virtual prototypes. • ete Aeroscieces, located in Williamsburg, VA, provides complexity science-derived agent-based tools for demand-supply modeling for the national transportation system, airspace modeling with interacting flight paths, and asset optimization solutions. • Hr sstems Ic., located in Rolling Hills Estates, CA, specializes in the development of avionics systems, both for aircraft and spacecraft, focused on reducing the cost of software development, integration, and test.

ItuArIes the Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS) and the Advanced Attack Helicopter (AAH) developments, with Crawford i s as Director. He was the U.S. Armys airworthiness authority as delegated oh emaue aies passed away on 5 April 2012 at the from the AVSCOM Commander and as such was responsible age of 65. for establishing its airworthiness qualification process and for the Mr. Gaines received Bachelors and Masters degrees in aero- planning and management of the qualification portion of all Army space engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology. He air items and modifications thereto. This included the overall also served his country proudly in the United States Navy as a responsibility for design criteria, qualification test requirements, naval aviator. After spending several years working in construc- test planning, and approval of each test/analytical reports which tion with his father and then independently, Mr. Gaines relocated substantiated compliance with these requirements. Crawford to southern California in 1980, where he enjoyed a 30-year career was responsible for issuing all contractor flight releases and as an aerospace engineer with the Aerospace Corporation. airworthiness releases for use of Army air items. He also served in a supervisory position on almost every major Army Aviation i s Source Selection Evaluation Board (SSEB) or Source Selection stato rgee oraas died on 5 August 2012. He was 84 Advisory Council (SSAC) between 1963 and 1983. years old. Between 1983 and 1988, Crawford served as the AVSCOM Mr. Boraas graduated from the University of Minnesota in Technical Director, and the Director of the Aviation Research, 1949 with a BS Degree in Aeronautical Engineering. He was in Development & Engineering Center (AVRDEC). Mr. Crawford U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory from 1951 to 1953. was responsible for approximately 1400 employees at the 7 Mr. Boraas began his early career for Boeing Aerospace in locations throughout the United States, including at the Ames, Seattle, WA. He then worked as an Aeronautical Engineer for Langley, and Lewis NASA Research Centers, with an annual Bell Aerospace, Niagara Falls, N. Mr. Boraas assisted Bell in budget of 120 million. Crawford served as Tri-service Chairman the design for the original Rocket Belt. Moving on, he worked for of the Technical Assessment Committee for the Joint Services Morton- in Brigham City, UT. There he assisted on sev- Advanced Vertical Lift Aircraft (JV), which led to the V-22 eral U.S. Space Shuttle projects with NASA. Mr. Boraas retired Osprey program. from Morton-Thiokol in 1990. He, along with partner Rashid After retirement from the Department of the Army, Crawford Ahmad, recently U.S. patented a new Wind Chill Theory. was a full-time research engineer at the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) until 2004, and a part-time consultant until i C his death. At GTRI, Crawford served as the Aerospace, Transportation, and Advanced Systems Laboratorys Chief Chares C. Crawor r. passed away on 14 August 2012. Engineer for Powered-Lift Technology, supporting the Army and He was 81. Air Force Special Operations Forces. Crawford also served as a In 1954 Crawford graduated from the Georgia Institute of consultant to firms in the aerospace business in the area of devel- Technology. He worked from 1955 to 1962 for the U.S. Air Force oping new products and preparation of proposals for competitive Flight Test Center (AFFTC) at Edwards AFB, CA, as a flight solicitations. He was a consultant for several law firms relating to test engineer. He became the chief of the rotary wing engineer- rotorcraft accidents and the Institute of Defense Analysis. He was ing branch in 1960, where he oversaw all rotary wing projects also a consultant for the NASA . assigned to the center, including novel VTOL aircraft such as the Crawford was an Honorary Fellow of the American Helicopter Bell V-3 tilt rotor, as well as airworthiness qualification tests of Society (1980), the winner of the AHS Nikolsky Honorary Bell UH 1B/C/D and Boeing Vertol CH-47A. Lectureship (1989), and winner of the U.S. governments He worked from 1962 to 1966 for the U.S. Army Materiel Meritorious Civilian Service Award (1965, 1972, 1983, and 1988), Command as the Light Observation Helicopter (LOH), where he the Secretary of Defense Medal for Meritorious Civilian Service was responsible for the technical management of the LOH pro- (1988) and the Exceptional Civilian Service Decoration (award- gram, including development and initial production of over 1000 ed by the Secretary of the Army) in 1977. He was an AIAA Hughes OH-6 helicopters, as well as the qualification of the T63 Associate Fellow, a longtime member and former Vice Chairman engine. Development was highlighted by an intensive competi- of the AIAAs VSTOL Technical Committee, a member of the tive fly-off between three designs: the OH-4, OH-5, and OH- AHS STOVL/Advanced Vertical Flight Technical Committee, and 6. He eventually became the LOH Deputy Program Manager. a Lifetime Member of the Army Aviation Association of America Between 1966 and 1988, he worked for the Armys Aviation (AAAA). He also served as the AHS President in19781979 and Systems Command (AVSCOM). He established the Flight Chairman of the Board in 19791980. Standards Office, where he oversaw the development of the Bell Donations for the Charles Crawford scholarship fund are AH-1G Cobra. The organization was elevated to the Directorate being accepted by the AHS Vertical Flight Foundation: www. of Development and ualification just prior to the advent of vto.org/v. AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012 B11

Oct12News.indd 11 9/10/12 10:29 AM st AIAA Aerospace scieces eetig Icuig the ew Horios orum a Aerospace epositio

710 January 2013 Gaylord Texan Hotel and Convention Center Grapevine, T (DallasFort Worth Region)

AIAA Aerospace scieces eetig The AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting is the first major multidisciplinary event of the year for aerospace scientists and engineers from around the world. It provides an ideal forum for scientists and engineers from industry, government, and academia to share and disseminate scientific knowledge and research results with a view toward new technologies for aerospace systems. This meeting is built around excellent technical paper presentation sessions. Plenary sessions that focus attention on program areas of current interest will start some sessions, followed by technical papers providing additional discussion of these topics. Distinguished lectures and evening networking events fill out the remainder of the program throughout the week.

ew Horios orum The New Horizons Forum is held in conjunction with the AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. This Forum will feature keynote speak- ers from industry and government who will share their perspectives on the new challenges, future opportunities, and emerging trends in aerospace education, research, and programs. Panel discussions in which leaders from industry, government, and academia address current issues and trends in aerospace technology research and development are planned. See box on page for more information about the New Horizons Forum program.

Aerospace epositio The Aerospace Exposition will showcase exhibits from various sectors of the aerospace communityfrom larger organizations to small businesses. The Exposition provides opportunities for one-on-one discussions with exhibitors, hardware and software demon- strations, and side meetings with these organizations throughout the week. See page for more information about the Aerospace Exposition and the activities occurring in the Exposition Hall.

specia rogram Activities C C As part of the Aerospace Sciences Meeting, other activities AIAA is offering a number of continuing education courses are planned to provide specific attendees valuable knowledge, on auar to provide focused learning opportuni- experience, and interaction. ties for aerospace professionals. See the box on for more information about the course being offered and the course registration. The New Horizons Forum has gained significant attention from leaders and managers in the aerospace industry and gov- i i s C ernment research labs. This event will be held in parallel with The 2012 Regional Student Conference first-place under- the Aerospace Sciences Meeting, featuring renowned keynote graduate, masters, and team winners will compete Monday, speakers with companion interactive panel discussions that auar for the 2013 AIAA Foundation International address critical aerospace issues and opportunities. Specially Student Conference awards. Their papers, judged by AIAA pro- selected panel participants from government, industry, and aca- fessional members, have been deemed the best student papers demia will engage in timely topical discussions to enlighten the for this year. The Community Outreach division features presen- aerospace community about the issues, solutions, and opportu- tations that show how AIAA Student Branches are interacting nities that are likely to impact their professional lives. Confirmed with their community. keynote speakers include Lt Gen Larry James, Commander, Support these students as they present their papers again to USAF and Maj Gen Neil McCasland, Commander, AFRL, with a larger audience. Information about the papers can be found potential keynote Linda Cureton, NASA OCIO. Each panel is in sessions ISC-1 (Undergraduate Division), ISC-2 (Masters structured to raise the difficult issues and diverse perspectives Division), ICS-3 (Team Division), and ISC-4 (Community that are shaping these important topics. The panel participa- Outreach Division). The student winners will be announced at the tions are nationally recognized experts to assure a lively, infor- AIAA Foundation International Student Conference Reception mative discussion. At least four keynotes and three panels are Monday night and honored at the Awards Luncheon. being scheduled during the four days of the events so plan to attend the entire series. For up-to-date panels please visit the t r website at www.aiaa.org/asm and select agenda on the AIAAs Rising Leaders in Aerospace Forum is a special right-hand toolbar. initiative that takes place during the Aerospace Sciences

B12 AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012

ASM2013fmv2.indd 12 9/10/12 2:27 PM As eecutive Chair Ray O. Johnson, Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, Lockheed Martin Corporation Aerospace scieces eetig Chair ew Horios orum techica Chair Aerospace epositio Chair Rob Vermeland John T. Tom Sheridan, Lt General, USAF (Ret.) athy Gattis Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company Vice President, National Security Space United States Air Force TheSI Organization, Inc. icia eia sposor Aee Aei

eeits o Atteace As is here it A Comes together No matter where you go at the Aerospace Sciences Meeting (ASM), there is always something happening. From plenary ses- sions addressing critical topics for the future of the industry to presentations on current state-of-the-art technologies. From student paper competitions to panel sessions that foster discussion and debate among stakeholders. From hallway conversations with colleagues to meeting new contacts at receptions. From lectures by renowned speakers addressing topics of general interest to special presentations on the exhibit hall stage. From a luncheon that addresses a timely policy issue to an off-site social event that provides a fun and informal way to interact with other attendees. ASM is the first major multidisciplinary event of the year for aerospace scientists and engineers from around the world. It pro- vides an ideal forum for industry, government, and academia to share and disseminate scientific knowledge and research results with a view toward new technologies for aerospace systems. This conference is built around excellent technical paper presentation sessions. Plenary sessions that focus attention on pro- gram areas of current interest will start some sessions, followed by technical papers providing additional discussion of these topics. Distinguished lectures and evening networking events fill out the remainder of the program throughout the week

h Atte • For 50 years the Aerospace Sciences Meeting has been t place to present emerging and up-to-the-minute aerospace research and development findings. • Gain valuable knowledge when you participate in the New Horizons Forum, featuring high-level speakers and panelists sharing their perspectives on the new challenges, future opportunities, and emerging trends in aerospace education, research, and programs. • Meet with your clients and suppliers in the Aerospace Exposition. Exhibits from government, industry, and small businesses will feature hardware and software demonstrations and new products. • Enhance your skill set as more than 1,000 engineers, researchers, and scientists report on their latest research and development findings and share views on new technologies for aerospace systems. • Network, discuss challenges, and share ideas during panel sessions, luncheons, receptions, coffee breaks, and off-site events. • Focused career development and public policy workshops provide access to top aerospace leaders and perspectives on issues affecting your career.

ho shou Atte • Engineering Managers and Executives • Engineers, Researchers, and Scientists • oung Aerospace Professionals • Educators and Students • Media Representatives

hat to epect enil neent etin • More than 1,500 papers presented in • New Horizons Forum addressing air • Rising Leaders in Aerospace Forum over 30 technical tracks and space transportation for the future • Fun at the Dallas Cowboys Stadium • AIAA Foundation International Student • Career and Workforce Development • Aerospace Happy Hours Conference Workshop • And More

Meeting and that provides a forum for young aerospace lead- Workforce Development Workshop. This activity will feature a ers, age 35 and under, to learn and engage with others. See series of presentations to guide and position you to get the most the box on page for more information about this exciting out of your career. The workshop will feature topics on what to new program. expect in the first two years of aerospace career, how to develop your career by knowing yourself, and what managers want from t C y o C their engineers for promotion. C Tuesday, 8 January, 09301200 hrs and 14001630 hrs t Are you just beginning your career, in your early career and Tuesday, 8 January, 10001100 hrs preparing for a career transition, or mid-career and looking for Winners of the 20122013 AIAA Foundation Graduate a new direction Get a jump start and attend the Career and Awards will present their research and receive recognition on

AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012 B13

ASM2013fmv2.indd 13 9/10/12 2:27 PM 51th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Mee>ng 51th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Mee>ng Including the New Horizons Forum and Including Aerospace Exposi>on the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposi>on

Overview Overview Saturday, 5 January Sunday, 6 January Saturday, 5 Monday, January 7 Sunday, January 6 January Monday, 7 January Tuesday Tuesday 0700 hrs 0700 hrs Con*nental Breakfast in Registra*on Foyer Con*nental Con*nental Breakfast Breakfast in Registra*on in Foyer Exhibit Hall Con*nental Breakfast in Exhibit Hall 0730 hrs 0730 hrs Speakers' Briefing (Session Rooms) Speakers' Speakers' Briefing Briefing (Session (Session Rooms) Rooms) Speakers' Briefing (Session Rooms) 0800 hrs 0800 hrs New Horizons Forum Keynote New Horizons Forum Keynote 0830 hrs 0830 hrs 0900 hrs 0900 hrs A-­‐D 0930 hrs 0930 hrs A-­‐D Technical Sessions (0800-­‐1200 hrs) Technical Sessions (0800-­‐1200 hrs) 1000 hrs 1000 hrs Technical Sessions (0900-­‐1200 hrs) Technical Sessions (0900-­‐1200 hrs) 1030 hrs 1030 hrs Aerospace Exposi*on Aerospace 1100 hrs 1100 hrs Exposi*on Aerospace Located in Grapevine Ballroom Grapevine in Located 1130 hrs 1130 hrs Ballroom Grapevine in Located 1200 hrs Con*nuing Educa*on Con*nuing 1200 Educa*on hrs Con*nuing Educa*on Con*nuing Educa*on Durand Lectureship in Public Services/AIAA Durand Public Policy Lectureship in Public Services/AIAA Public Policy 1230 hrs Courses Courses1230 hrs Courses Courses Luncheon AIAA Awards Luncheon Luncheon (*Tickets Required) AIAA Awards Luncheon (*Tickets Required) 1300 hrs 1300 hrs 1330 hrs 1330 hrs New Horizons Forum Opening Keynote New Horizons Forum Opening Keynote 1400 hrs 1400 hrs Speakers' Briefing (Session Rooms) Speakers' Briefing (Session Rooms) 1430 hrs 1430 hrs Speakers' Briefing (Session Rooms) Speakers' Briefing (Session Rooms) Dessert) 1500 hrs 1500 hrs Technical Sessions (1430-­‐1730 hrs) Technical Dessert) Sessions (1430-­‐1730 hrs) (Coffee & (Coffee (Coffee & (Coffee Exposi*on Exposi*on Aerospace Aerospace Technical Sessions (1500-­‐1730 hrs) Technical Sessions (1500-­‐1730 hrs) Aerospace 1530 hrs 1530 hrs Rising Leaders in Aerospace: Leadership Rising Exchange (1500-­‐1630 Leaders in Aerospace: Leadership Exchange (1500-­‐1630 New Horizons Forum Panel (1530-­‐1730 hrs) New Horizons Forum Panel (1530-­‐1730 hrs) 1600 hrs 1600 hrs hrs), Recep*on (1630-­‐1730 hrs) (*Separate hrs), Registra*on Recep*on (1630-­‐1730 hrs) (*Separate Registra*on Rising Leaders in Aerospace: Leadership Rising Exchange (1500-­‐1630 Leaders in Aerospace: Leadership Exchange (1500-­‐1630 1630 hrs 1630 hrs Required) Required) hrs) (*Separate Registra*on Required) hrs) (*Separate Registra*on Required) 1700 hrs 1700 hrs Happy Hour Happy Hour 1730 hrs 1730 hrs Dryden Lectureship In Research Dryden Wright Lectureship Brothers Lectureship In Research in Aeronau*cs Wright Brothers Lectureship in Aeronau*cs 1800 hrs 1800 hrs 1830 hrs 1830 hrs Waypoint Na*onal Harbor, MD Recep*on Waypoint Na*onal Harbor, MD Recep*on Student Recep*on (1830-­‐1930) Student Recep*on (1830-­‐1930) 1900 hrs 1900 hrs Located in the Exhibit Hall Texas Ballroom Located A-­‐D in the Exhibit Hall Texas Ballroom A-­‐D 1930 hrs 1930 hrs (*Tickets Required) (*Tickets Required) 2000 hrs 2000 hrs AIAA Associate Fellows Dinner AIAA Associate Fellows Dinner 2030 hrs 2030 hrs (*Tickets required) (*Tickets required) 2100 hrs 2100 hrs 2130 hrs 2130 hrs

the presentation stage in the Exhibit Hall on Tuesday. This is found impact on the rights of inventors. Intellectual Property an opportunity to hear about the latest university research from Law Attorney, Richard Jaworski, with over 20 years of experi- some of the best students. ence will present a workshop to provide into the various options that are available for protecting intellectual property. s The workshop will discuss the process for obtaining patents, Between sessions, grab a cup of coffee in the exhibit hall copyrights, and trademarks and the advantages/disadvantages and join us at the presentation stage for additional learning and of each type of protection. It will include a detailed discussion of networking opportunities. Visit www.aiaa.org/As for the the recent changes to the patent laws and how they will impact most up-to-date schedule and full descriptions of presentations. those who are currently navigating or considering navigating the patent process. A &A session will follow the presentation (www.richaraworsi.com). Tuesday, 8 January, 09001200 hrs et u een Iitin tin ientit n Thursday, 10 January, 1300 hrs ninee tinl Aenuti Intutue ln Attorney Mark Harrington will present an overview of Green uli eetin Card options available for foreign-born scientists and R&D The Aeronautics Science and Technology Subcommittee engineers. This presentation will cover employer-sponsored (ASTS) of the National Science and Technology Councils green card cases as well as cases that can be self-filed directly (NSTC) Committee on Technology will hold a public meet- by immigrants without the need for official sponsorship from an ing to discuss the National Aeronautics RDT&E Infrastructure employer. A &A session will follow the presentation (www.har Plan. At this meeting, ASTS members will review the content rigtoawirm.com). of the National Aeronautics RDT&E Infrastructure Plan and receive input to help inform the future development of national Wednesday, 9 January, 09001200 hrs aeronautics R&D planning documents. The focus of that dis- Intelletul et cussion will be the transfer of technology from federal aero- The United States has recently implemented sweeping nautics and aeronautics-related technology R&D programs at changes to the Patent Laws. These changes will have a pro- several agencies.

B14 AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012

ASM2013fmv2.indd 14 9/10/12 2:27 PM 51th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Mee>ng Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposi>on

Overview ednesday Thursday Con*nental Breakfast in Exhibit Hall Con*nental Breakfast in Registra*on Foyer Speakers' Briefing (Session Rooms) Speakers' Briefing (Session Rooms) New Horizons Forum Keynote New Horizons Forum Keynote

Technical Sessions (0900-­‐1200 hrs) Technical Sessions (0900-­‐1200 hrs) New Horizons Forum Panel (0930-­‐1130 hrs) New Horizons Forum Panel (0930-­‐1130 hrs)

Rising Leaders in Aerospace: Roundtable Luncheon Exposi*on Luncheon Recep*on (*Tickets Required) (*Separate Registra*on Required) Aerospace Exposi*on Aerospace Speakers' Briefing (Session Rooms) Speakers' Briefing (Session Rooms) Located in Grapevine Ballroom A-­‐D Ballroom Grapevine in Located

Technical Sessions (1400-­‐1730 hrs) Technical Sessions (1330-­‐1730 hrs) Rising Leaders in Aerospace: Session (1600-­‐1730 hrs) (*Separate Registra*on Required)

Happy Hour von Krmn Lectureship In Astronau*cs Busses load for off-­‐site from Conven*on Center porte-­‐cochere at 1830

Dallas Cowboys Off-­‐Site Dinner (*Tickets Required)

recogitio Activities a ectureships Recognizing the best in our profession for their outstanding achievement is one of the primary goals of AIAA. The Aerospace t r Sciences Meeting features a number of activities that help us The multidimensional program features a speed mentoring honor achievements and contributions to the profession. leadership exchange, panel or keynote sessions, &A with i top industry leaders, and multiple opportunities to network- One hundred seventy-eight Institute members will be inducted ing. This exciting and energetic forum will provide access as AIAA Associate Fellows during the AIAA Associate Fellows to top aerospace leaders and perspectives and subject Dinner, which will be held at 1930 hrs, Monday, 7 January. Each matter relevant to career stage. year, the Institute recognizes exemplary professionals for their Monday, 7 January, 16001730 hrs: Rising Leaders in accomplishments in engineering or scientific work, outstanding Aerospace Workshop merit, and contributions to the arts, sciences, or technology of aeronautics or astronautics. Please support your colleagues, Tuesday, 8 January, 15001630 hrs: Leadership Exchange and join us for the induction of AIAAs Associate Fellows class for Rising Leaders in Aerospace of 2013. Tickets to this prestigious event are available on a first- come, first-served basis and can be purchased via the registra- Tuesday, 8 January, 16301730 hrs: Rising Leaders in tion form or on site for 97, based on availability. Business attire Aerospace Networking Reception is requested. Wednesday, 9 January, 16001730 hrs: Rising Leaders in Aerospace Workshop The Tuesday Awards Luncheon will be held in the Texan Thursday, 10 January, 12151345 hrs: Rising Leaders in Ballroom A&B and is included in the registration fee where indi- Aerospace Roundtable Luncheon and Featured Speaker cated. Additional tickets may be purchased for 52 at the AIAA on-site registration desk, based on availability. Separate registration required. To register for this program and events, please select the Rising Leaders in Aerospace t s track when registering to attend the ASM conference. This lectureship will be the keynote address for the 9th Public Policy Luncheon being held on Monday, 7 January, 12001300

AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012 B15

ASM2013fmv2.indd 15 9/10/12 2:27 PM hrs in the Texas Ballroom A. The speaker is Gen. John R. Dailey r (USMC, Ret.), Director, Smithsonian National Air and Space There will be two receptions in the Exhibit Hall: Tuesday eve- Museum, Washington, DC. The luncheon is open to all attend- ning, 18302000 hrs, and Wednesday afternoon, 12001330 hrs. ees but is on a first-come, first-serve basis. Once the room has Tickets are included in the registration where indicated. Additional met capacity, the doors will be closed. tickets may be purchased in advance via the registration form, or, based on availability, at the registration desk on site. r The Dryden Lectureship in Research will take place on o Monday, 7 January, 17301830 hrs. The lectureship empha- Join us at the off-site event at the Dallas Cowboys Stadium on sizes the great importance of basic research to advancement Wednesday, 19002130 hrs, at which AIAA will host a Passing in aeronautics and astronautics, and is a salute to research Competition. First prize is complimentary hotel and confer- scientists and engineers. It is named in honor of Dr. Hugh L. ence registration for AIAA Science and Technology Forum and Dryden, renowned leader in aerospace research programs. The Exposition 2014 (AIAA SCI TECH 2014) at the Gaylord National, 2013 lecture will be given by Alan H. Epstein, Vice President, in National Harbor, MD. Wear your favorite team colors and get Technology and Environment, Pratt & Whitney Corporation. ready to show off your skills. Tickets to the off-site event are included in the registration fee where indicated. Ticket includes transportation and a Texas-style barbeque dinner buffet, includ- The Wright Brothers Lectureship in Aeronautics will take place ing beverages. Additional tickets for accompanying persons and on Tuesday, 8 January, 17301830 hrs. The lectureship com- committee members may be available but will not be considered memorates the Wright Brothers first powered flights at itty Hawk until closer to the event. in 1903, and emphasizes significant advances in aeronautics by recognizing major leaders and contributions thereto. The 2013 Aerospace epositio lecture will be given by Thomas J. Cogan, Director, Airplane The Aerospace Exposition will be held Tuesday, 8 January Product Development (Retired), Boeing Commercial Airplanes. through Wednesday, 9 January, in the Grapevine Ballroom. Organizations plan to exhibit an array of technology that includes workstations, mini-supercomputers, supercomputers, graphics, The von rmn Lectureship in Astronautics will take place networking, and software. The Exposition is the place to network on Wednesday, 9 January, 17301830 hrs. The lectureship hon- and conduct business for all attendees, as well as attend pre- ors an individual who has performed notably and distinguished sentations featured on the Presentation Stage. himself/herself technically in the field of astronautics. It is named for Theodore von rmn, world-famous authority on aerospace iit ll u sciences. The 2013 lecture will be given by James H. Crocker, Tuesday 07001200 hrs, 13451600 hrs, 18302000 hrs Vice President and General Manager, Lockheed Martin Space Wednesday 07001600 hrs Systems Company. iit ll ent etworig Activities Tuesday, 10 January Understanding the importance of networking with colleagues, 0700-0800 hrs, Continental Breakfast we have planned a series of activities during the Aerospace 09000930 hrs, Coffee Break Sciences Meeting that will help you connect with current col- 13451600 hrs, Dessert and Coffee leagues and new acquaintances. 18302000 hrs, Waypoint Reception

t s Wednesday, 11 January Join us for a special session on Sunday, 6 January, 1900 0700-0800 hrs, Continental Breakfast 2030 hrs aimed at achieving the most value from your atten- 09000930 hrs, Coffee Break dance at the Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Especially useful for 12001330 hrs, Luncheon Reception first-time attendees, the social will offer the opportunity to meet with other professionals and young members who are experts at eetig siteaor tea Hote Covetio Ceter navigating the many sessions, speakers, paper presentations, Brimming with authentic Texas style and hospitality, the awe- and receptions. Enjoy an informal short program, followed by inspiring Gaylord Texan Hotel and Convention Center invites networking time Please rsvp to [email protected]. you to experience the energy and excitement of the Lone Star State. Overlooking beautiful Lake Grapevine, Gaylord Texan is t just six minutes from the Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport. Stop by to grab a drink and network with other attendees dur- Underneath our signature majestic and climate-controlled glass ing Aerospace Happy Hour, SundayWednesday, 17001800 atriums, youll find some of the most distinctive shopping, dining, hrs. There will be different themes at each of several stations, and recreation options all under one roof such as AIAA Committees, Texas culture, and relaxation loung- es. Stay tuned for the final schedule events. A cash bar with Hote reservatios happy-hour prices will be available at each station. This event is open to all attendees. No tickets required. Gaylord Texan & Convention Center 1501 Gaylord Trail, Grapevine, T 76051 t C Attenee: hote.aiaa.org/As/atteee A great way to start the day and interact with exhibitors and other attendees, a continental break will be offered on Monday enent Attenee: hote.aiaa.org/As/gov Thursday, 07000800 hrs. Breakfast will be in the registration foyer on Monday and Thursday and in the Exposition Hall on Room rates are 189 for a standard room (single or double Tuesday and Wednesday. This event is open to all attendees. occupancy) includes non-negotiable resort fee*, plus applicable No tickets required. taxes will apply. To make reservations via the Web, see hotel

B16 AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012

ASM2013fmv2.indd 16 9/10/12 2:27 PM By 10 December 2012

Registration Type AIAA Member Nonmember Conference Sessions Online Proceedings New Horizons Forum Luncheon Tuesday Reception Tuesday Luncheon Wednesday Wednesday Off-Site Event Exposition CE Course Monday Associate Fellows Dinner Option 1 Full Conference $780 $930 nnnnnn n n Option 2 Full-Time Undergraduate Student $25 $55 n n Option 3 Full-Time Undergraduate Student $297 $327 n nnnn n n with Networking Option 4 Full-Time Graduate or Ph.D. Student $75 $105 n n Option 5 Full-Time Graduate or Ph.D. Student $347 $377 n nnnn n n with Networking Option 6 AIAA Retired Member Only $60 n nnnn n n Option 7 Discounted Group Rate $698 n nnnn n n Option 8 Rising Leaders in Aerospace Forum* N/A N/A You must be a paid Aerospace Sciences Meeting registrant to participate. Continuing Education (CE) Course and Option 9 $1,295 $1,400 Full Conference with Online Proceedings nnnnnn n nn

Extra Tickets $200 $52 $65 $45 $110 $97 Pricing subject to change.

links above or visit www.aiaa.org/asm for hotel informa- o A oos at As tion. Should you prefer to call directly for reservations, call AIAA publications is offering a special discount on all titles fea- 866.972.6779 or 615.889.1000 and ask for the AIAA block. tured at ASM 2013. Attendees can take advantage of a 30 dis- *The Gaylord Texan Hotel & Convention Center on Lake count off the list price of all books for sale in the AIAA Pavilion. Grapevine has a 10.00 per day plus tax, per room resort fee This show special will be available only during ASM. AIAA will be that will be posted to your account upon check in. This fee featuring one select title with a 35 discount. Take advantage of includes: these super savings and visit the bookstore in the AIAA Pavilion. • Wireless internet access in each guestroom and throughout the hotel public space (not including the convention center registratio Iormatio and meeting rooms). All participants are urged to register online via the AIAA web- • Local phone calls up to 20 minutes (.10/minute thereafter). site at www.aiaa.org/asm. Registering in advance saves • Toll-free and credit card calls up to 20 minutes (.10/minute conference attendees time and up to 200. A PDF registration thereafter). form is also available on the AIAA website. Print, complete, and • Bottled water (2 per room, per day). mail or fax with payment to AIAA. Address information is provid- • Access to the resorts state-of-the-art Fitness Center. ed. Payment must be received in order to process registration. • Discounted shuttle service to Grapevine Mills Mall and Early-bird registration forms must be received by Downtown Grapevine on pre-set schedule decemer and standard registrations will be avail- able online through auar . All those whose regis- These rooms will be held for AIAA until decemer or tration forms have not been received by auar may until the room block is full, then released for use by the general register via the website for the standard price or on site at public. There are also a small number of federal government the on-site price. All nonmember registration prices include a per diem rooms available. If you reserve a government room one-year AIAA membership. If you require more information, you will need to present a government ID upon check-in. The please call 703.264.7503 or email [email protected]. Gaylord Texan requires a major credit card with expiration date to reserve a room. If you have issues making reservations under site Checi one of the AIAA blocks, please contact Anna immel, Event Partnering with Expo Logic, weve streamlined the on-site Manager, [email protected]. registration check-in process All advance registrants will

AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012 B17

ASM2013fmv2.indd 17 9/10/12 2:28 PM Cotiuig eucatio Courses On 56 January 2013 at the Gaylord Texan Hotel and Convention Center in Grapevine, T, AIAA will offer the following Continuing Education courses in conjunction with the 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Register for any course and attend the confer- ence for FREE (*Registration fee includes full conference participation: admittance to technical and plenary sessions; receptions, luncheons, and online proceedings.) Please check the conference website for up-to-date information regarding the courses.

s C C Intut i illi e enil teil Aee nineein etent iet lui ni ee ente Illini Intitute enl i I niel ille enil e n Inetit ulin Intetin ee tin un Binie Iln A unii i Aitnt e etent enil nineein li Ali tte nieit llee The techniques of Active Flow Control are becoming more sophisticated as Fluid Dynamics and Dynamical Systems and Control Theory merge to design control architectures capable of solving challenging flow control applications. The two-day course will examine advanced topics in active flow control, placing particular emphasis on how to do flow control. This new course will com- plement the more fundamental AIAA Short Course on Modern Flow Control. Modern dynamical systems and control theory related to closed-loop flow control and performance limitations will be discussed. State-of-the-art actuator and sensor design techniques will be covered. Two case studies will be presented that describe recent success stories about the implementation of active flow control on advanced aircraft. The six course lecturers have extensive backgrounds in flow control, coming from industry and academia.

s s Intut ete iel Aunt Aite e nieit li li As modeling and simulation (M&S) is penetrating the aerospace sciences at all levels, this two-day course will introduce you to the difficult subject of modeling aerospace vehicles in six degrees of freedom (6 DoF). Starting with the modern approach of ten- sors, the equations of motion are derived and, after introducing coordinate systems, they are expressed in matrices for compact computer programming. Aircraft and missile prototypes will exemplify 6 DoF aerodynamic modeling, rocket and turbojet propulsion, actuating systems, autopilots, guidance, and seekers. These subsystems will be integrated step by step into full-up simulations. For demonstrations, typical fly-out trajectories will be run and projected on the screen. The provided source code and plotting programs lets you duplicate the trajectories on your PC (requires FORTRAN or C compiler). With the provided prototype simulations, you can build your own 6 DoF aerospace simulations.

s Intut n u A tte nieit e nieit A t Iine ueen nieit n e Bein n e A This course will focus on the verification and validation aspect that is the beginning, from the validation point of view, and the final part of the systems engineering task for a program/project. It will clarify the confusing use of verification and validation. Familiarize yourself with validating requirements and generating verification requirements. Start with the verification and validation plans. Then learn how to choose the best verification method and approach. Test and Evaluation Master Plan leads to test planning and analy- sis. Conducting test involves activities, facilities, equipments, and personnel. Evaluation is the process of analyzing and interpret- ing data. Acceptance test assures that the products meet what intended to purchase. There are functional and physical audits. Simulation and Modeling provides virtual duplication of products and processes in operational valid environments. Verification man- agement organizes verification task and provides total traceability from customer requirements to verification report elements.

receive an email with a registration barcode. In order to pick up AIAA cannot directly intervene with the U.S. Department of your badge and conference materials, make sure to print the State, consular offices, or embassies on behalf of individuals email that includes your ExpressPass Barcode, and bring it with applying for visas. you to the conference. Simply scan the ExpressPass barcode at one of the ExpressPass stations in the registration area to print Cer Ca Iteret Access your badge and receive your meeting materials. Computers with complimentary Internet access will be in the Exhibit Hall for conference attendees during the following hours: otice o isas If you plan to attend an AIAA technical conference or course Monday, 9 January 07002000 hrs (Grapevine Ballroom Foyer) held in the United States and you require a visa for travel, it is Tuesday, 10 January 07002000 hrs incumbent upon you to apply for a visa with the U.S. Embassy Wednesday 11 January 07002000 hrs (consular division) or consulate with ample time for processing. Thursday, 12 January 07001300 hrs (Grapevine Ballroom Foyer) To avoid bureaucratic problems, AIAA strongly suggests that you submit your formal application to U.S. authorities a minimum of Coerece sposorship tha ou 120 days before the date of anticipated travel. To request a letter AIAA would like to thank Lockheed Martin Company for their of invitation, fill out and submit the online Invitation Letter Request premier sponsorship of this event. Form. ou can also request a letter of invitation by contacting: Coerece sposorship pportuities ATTN: Customer Service When your brand is on the line, AIAA sponsorship can raise American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics the profile of your company and put you where you need to be. 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500 Available packages offer elevated visibility, effective marketing Reston, VA 20191-4344 and branding options, and direct access to prominent decision 703.264.7500 • 703.264.7657 FA makers from the aerospace community. Contact Merrie Scott at Email: [email protected] [email protected] or 703.264.7530 for more details.

B18 AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012

ASM2013fmv2.indd 18 9/10/12 2:28 PM conference website for a listing of the Technical Chairs, and how AIAA AIAtI to contact them. Chartig the uture o ight Cotiuig the egac o the AIAA Aviatio AtI Ca or apers or techica topics techoog Itegratio a peratios AtI The AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Coerece (ATIO) Conference has an established reputation for bringing together aviation professionals, practicing engineers, research- A eaturig the Iteratioa owere ers, and policymakers to explore ideas and share research. it Coerece IC a the Compe Building on this tradition, the AIAA AVIATION 2013 themes will Aerospace sstems echage CAse be directly addressed by the 2013 ATIO conference in the fol- lowing technical topics areas. Commercial, military, business, and general aviation issues will be addressed in a collaborative r C environment, allowing operators to interact with designers and C engineers and researchers to network with government policy- makers. The event program will be designed to appeal to senior industry leaders and university students alike.

Aviation is an essential component of the U.S. and global o o C economy and our national security. The foundations of aviation Aviation, in all of its forms, has transformed the world in success are built on the technological innovations that have countless ways and continues to evolve; improving capability, provided an unprecedented level of capability, capacity, safety, safety, security, and efficiency through the continued advance- and efficiency. The AIAA AVIATION 2013 is the premier venue ment of technology. This track will focus on the future of aviation for the presentation of both recent progress on aircraft design, and will investigate the global market trends, policy issues, tech- aircraft systems, air traffic management and operations, and nology needs, and societal drivers that are impacting commer- aviation-related technologies, as well as policy, planning, and cial, military, business, general, and unmanned aviation today. market issues affecting the future direction of global aviation. Presentations and papers, both technical and more general in Distinguished keynote speakers, panel discussions among nature, are sought addressing the broad spectrum of opportuni- aviation luminaries, interactive learning sessions, and technical ties and challenges facing the future of aviation. Some topics to research presentations will provide a forward-looking conference consider: experience conducive to collaboration and participation among attendees around critical issues and the future direction of global • Market and policy trends that will drive technology develop- aviation. The major themes for the AIAA AVIATION 2013 focus ment and implementation on the following lines: • Major challenges to increased capacity, capability, efficiency, and security • Global Aviation: Outlook, opportunities, and challenges • Safety certification of commercial, military, and general avia- • Air Traffic Management: Optimization for capacity, efficiency, tion aircraft (both manned and unmanned) and safety • How are unmanned systems changing the nature of civil and • The Energy Imperative: The impact of energy on Aviations military aviation, and what are the societal impacts future • How are economic and investment constraints impacting the • The Connectivity Challenge: Protecting our assets in a net- business and general aviation markets worked world • Designing the Fleet for the Market: Integrating the platform t o C with the mission s Playing a vital role in addressing environmental concerns and To cover the waterfront of these theme lines, AVIATION 2013 transportation issues are the air traffic systems that guide aircraft is including several conferences and forums for its introductory and transport people and cargo around the globe. Todays Air year. The Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Traffic Management (ATM) system has been highly optimized (ATIO) Conference intentionally covers a broad range of topics based on the interdependencies of safety, capacity, weather, from the design and operation of aircraft of all kinds (including and individual stakeholder goals. There is, however, room for lighter-than-air and balloon systems, and unmanned aircraft), to improvement. Research in technologies to increase system the design and operation of the air traffic management system and aircraft efficiency and to manage aircraft operations at opti- (from strategic traffic planning systems to tactical air traffic con- mal levels are topics of particular interest for AVIATION 2013. trol methods and procedures), to the complex system-of-system Presentations and papers, both technical and more general in connectivities to make it all operate smoothly, now and into nature, are sought that discuss a broad range of topics related to the futureeach of which is soliciting abstracts for the devel- ATM, including but not limited to: opment of the technical program. The International Powered Lift Conference (IPLC) focuses on the latest developments in • Diverse flight trajectory modes of operation (including surface, Vertical and/or Short Take-Off and Landing (V/STOL) aircraft terminal and en-route, with phases of flight covering depar- research, concepts, and programs. And, through panel presenta- ture, climb, cruise, descent and arrival) tions and discussions, the new Complex Aerospace Systems • Enterprise architecture systems for communications, naviga- Exchange (CASE) tackles some of the most important system tion, surveillance, flight planning, and air traffic control development issues facing aerospace chief engineers, program • Design and analysis of increasingly complex aviation systems, managers, and systems engineers today, such as minimizing using integrated system-of-systems methodologies cost overruns and delays, and mitigating late test failures. • System operational efficiency with increased demand/capacity Detailed technical topics that are solicited by each conference and new aircraft types (such as VLJs, LSAs, unmanned air- component are listed below. Based on the responses to this craft, and lighter-than-air systems) Call for Papers, these conferences will integrate the AVIATION • How will the integration of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) themes into a detailed technical program. Please refer to the into the NAS impact safety

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Oct2012callv2.indd 19 9/14/12 7:23 PM • UAS certification standards and regulations engineers, technologists, and managers to discuss the latest • NextGen and SESAR implementation and integrationsuc- developments in Vertical and/or Short Take-Off and Landing cesses and challenges (V/STOL) aircraft research, concepts, and programs. IPLC 2013 topics will focus on the technologies, promise, and prog- i ress of powered lift systems, with applications ranging from helicopters to advanced rotorcraft to runway independent air- As new technologies move from research and development craft to jet-borne lift aircraft. into operations, an increased emphasis on systems engineer- ing and integration and value-driven design continues to shape o t i aircraft design methodologies. The capabilities provided by s C advanced computational and analytical methods are being • Status of current programs/future programs matched by developments in technologies such as materials and • Budget sonsiderations on new programs propulsion systems, in both military and civil sectors. Papers are • Advocacy of powered-lift to the public and political leadership sought on everything from design methods to case studies, from • Economy of operations/reducing costs system and vehicle level down to detail subsystems. Topic areas • ESTOL commercial, military, and dual use include but are not limited to: • Flight testing experiences, pilot reports • Certification experiences/new regulations needed • Design synthesis and multidisciplinary optimization • Advanced systems integration, and the application of systems analysis to aerospace design • Modeling and simulation • Innovative concepts and technologies (including energy opti- • Jet-induced effects mized systems, balloons and lighter-than-air systems, elec- • Circulation control aerodynamics and active flow control tric aircraft, and fuel cell power systems), as expounded by • Powered-lift technologies NextGen and SESAR • JSF/F-35B technologies • Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) technologies and applica- tions to the market, including s i t o Cooperative UAS • PHM/HUMS System of systems architectures, technologies, & applications • Integrated flight and propulsion control (IFPC) Sense & avoid strategies and sensors Green technology and operations Science applications Simultaneous non-interfering operations • Cost effectiveness and value engineering of aerospace systems CV and LHA carrier operations and shipboard systems

t i t i C s Rising fuel costs and pricing volatility has dramatic • Personal air vehicles implications for commercial, civil, and military operations. • UAV programs and operations Experimentation with alternative fuels to hedge price and avail- • Super heavy lift rotorcraft/joint heavy lift ability in the long term has gotten a lot of interest and media • New Army, Navy, NASA, DARPA initiatives coverage. Presentations and papers, both technical and more • JSF/ F-35B program overview (emphasis on STOVL) general in nature, are sought that discuss a broad range of top- • History and lessons learned ics related to energy, including but not limited to: • Tiltrotor concepts including V-22, BA609, and others • Advanced rotorcraft concepts • How far can we push efficiency • Current state and future of alternative fuels, electric power Astract sumitta roceures and propulsion, and other novel concepts Abstract submissions will be accepted electronically through • Achieving operational and mission cost reductions through the AIAA website at www.aiaa.org/aviatio. Once you automation and autonomy have entered the conference website, log in, click Submit a • How will global efficiency regulations impact commercial oper- Paper from the menu on the right, and follow the instructions ators What technologies are needed to enable compliance listed. This website will be open for abstract submittal starting t C C ctoer . The deadline for receipt of abstracts via elec- tronic submittal is eruar . As connectivity continues to increase and benefits from If you have questions regarding the submission crite- information technology capabilities continue to impact aviation, ria or questions about AIAA policy, please contact Institute opportunities for vulnerabilities are also created. Cyber threats to Administrator Ann Ames at [email protected]. If you have any the aviation enterprise provide unique challenges and opportuni- difficulty with the submittal process, please contact ScholarOne ties. Presentations and papers, both technical and more general Technical Support at [email protected], 434.964.4100, in nature, are sought that discuss a broad range of topics related or (toll-free, U.S. only) 888.503.1050. to the policy and technology issues surrounding an increasingly uestions pertaining to the abstract or technical topics should networked aviation endeavor, including by not limited to: be referred to the corresponding Technical Program Chair. Authors will be notified of paper acceptance or rejection on or • Security systems for operators, airports and aircraft about Apri . Instructions for preparation of final manu- • Integrated net-centric operations for Air Traffic Management scripts will be provided for accepted papers. • Spectrum management and communications • Secure GPS navigation Astract sumitta uieies Submittals should be at approximately 1,500 words and in IC Ca or apers or techica topics the form of a draft paper. Submittals must clearly describe the Complementing the AIAA AVIATION 2013 program, the purpose and scope of the work, the methods used, key results, International Powered Lift Conference (IPLC) will bring together contributions to the state of the art, and references to pertinent

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Oct2012callv2.indd 20 9/14/12 7:23 PM publications in the existing literature. The submittal should conference. If your paper is selected for the competition, it will include figures and data that support the results and contribu- be published along with the conference proceedings. tions asserted. Both abstracts and final papers should address adequately the accuracy of the numerical, analytical, or experi- h sumit a aper mental results. Abstracts will be reviewed and selected based on technical content, originality, importance to the field, clarity Build your professional network and interact with peers during of presentation, and potential to result in a quality full paper. As your paper presentation. such, abstracts should describe clearly the work to be included in the full paper, its scope, methods used, and contributions to the state of the art. The abstract must include paper title, names, our paper will be added to AIAA Aerospace Research affiliations, addresses, and telephone numbers of all authors. Central, the largest aerospace library in the world. More than two million searches are performed every year with 150 institutions o aper o oium o oium o aper oicies as subscribers If a written paper is not submitted by the final manuscript deadline, authors will not be permitted to present the paper at r the conference. It is the responsibility of those authors whose AIAA journals are cited more often than any other aerospace- papers or presentations are accepted to ensure that a represen- related journal, and their impact factor is ranked in the top ten. tative attends the conference to present the paper. If a paper is Publishing with AIAA ensures that your name is connected with not presented at the conference, it will be withdrawn from the the most prestigious publications in the aerospace field. conference proceedings. These policies are intended to elimi- nate no-shows and to improve the quality of the conference for attendees. Receive recognition from your peers for your presentation (or if your student paper is considered for the best student paper dupicate uishig award). AIAA policy precludes an abstract or paper from being submit- ted multiple times to the same conference. Also, once a paper Our members network with aerospace leaders from business, has been published, by AIAA or another organization, AIAA will government, defense, and academia. Gain access to the latest not republish the paper. Papers being submitted to the Student technical information. Make connections among 35,000 of the Paper Competition being held in conjunction with this conference best minds in aerospace. And form lifelong professional rela- may not be submitted to the general sessions. Author(s) must tionships and friendships in aerospaces premier community of choose to submit to the Student Paper Competition or to the excellence.

Introducing AIAA’s All-New Electronic Database Featuring Over Four Decades of Aerospace Research With AIAA’s Aerospace Research Central you can: • Save and schedule searches • Highlight books, conference proceedings, and journal articles Experience • Download citations and bundle content based on topic disciplines ARC Today • Sign up for alerts on subjects of interest arc.aiaa.org • Access e- rst publications ahead of print • Post links to research articles and selected book titles on social networking websites ARC also enables you to discover articles, books, conference proceedings, and other published materials based on your interests, greatly enhancing the  ow of information and ideas in the collaborative research process.

For More Information: [email protected] 12-0205_1/2pg

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Oct2012callv2.indd 21 9/14/12 7:24 PM Standard Information for all AIAA Conferences This is general conference information, except as noted in the individual conference preliminary program information to address exceptions.

Photo ID Needed at Registration VHS VCR and monitor, an overhead projector, and/or a 35-mm All registrants must provide a valid photo ID (driver’s license slide projector will only be provided if requested by presenters on or passport) when they check in. For student registration, valid their abstract submittal forms. AIAA does not provide computers student ID is also required. or technicians to connect LCD projectors to the laptops. Should presenters wish to use the LCD projectors, it is their responsibil- Conference Proceedings ity to bring or arrange for a computer on their own. Please note This year’s conference proceedings will be available in an that AIAA does not provide security in the session rooms and online format only. The cost is included in the registration fee recommends that items of value, including computers, not be left where indicated. If you register in advance for the online papers, unattended. Any additional audiovisual requirements, or equip- you will be provided with instructions on how to access the con- ment not requested by the date provided in the preliminary con- ference technical papers. For those registering on-site, you will ference information, will be at cost to the presenter. be provided with instructions at registration. Employment Opportunities Young Professional Guide for Gaining Management Support AIAA is assisting members who are searching for employment Young professionals have the unique opportunity to meet and by providing a bulletin board at the technical meetings. This bul- learn from some of the most important people in the business letin board is solely for “open position” and “available for employ- by attending conferences and participating in AIAA activities. A ment” postings. Employers are encouraged to have personnel detailed online guide, published by the AIAA Young Professional who are attending an AIAA technical conference bring “open Committee, is available to help you gain support and financial position” job postings. Individual unemployed members may post backing from your company. The guide explains the benefits of “available for employment” notices. AIAA reserves the right to participation, offers recommendations and provides an example remove inappropriate notices, and cannot assume responsibil- letter for seeking management support and funding, and shows ity for notices forwarded to AIAA Headquarters. AIAA members you how to get the most out of your participation. The online can post and browse resumes and job listings, and access guide can be found on the AIAA Web site, www.aiaa.org/ other online employment resources, by visiting the AIAA Career YPGuide. Center at http://careercenter.aiaa.org.

Journal Publication Messages and Information Authors of appropriate papers are encouraged to submit them Messages will be recorded and posted on a bulletin board in for possible publication in one of the Institute’s archival journals: the registration area. It is not possible to page conferees. A tele- AIAA Journal; Journal of Aircraft; Journal of Guidance, Control, phone number will be provided in the final program. and Dynamics; Journal of Propulsion and Power; Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Membership Transfer; or Journal of Aerospace Computing, Information, and Professionals registering at the nonmember rate will receive Communication. You may now submit your paper online at http:// a one-year AIAA membership. Students who are not members mc.manuscriptcentral.com/aiaa. may apply their registration fee toward their first year’s student Speakers’ Briefing member dues. Authors who are presenting papers, session chairs, and co- Nondiscriminatory Practices chairs will meet for a short briefing at 0700 hrs on the mornings The AIAA accepts registrations irrespective of race, creed, of the conference. Continental breakfast will be provided. Please sex, color, physical handicap, and national or ethnic origin. plan to attend only on the day of your session(s). Location will be in final program. Smoking Policy Speakers’ Practice Smoking is not permitted in the technical sessions. A speaker practice room will be available for speakers wishing Restrictions to practice their presentations. A sign-up sheet will be posted on Videotaping or audio recording of sessions or technical exhib- the door for half-hour increments. its as well as the unauthorized sale of AIAA-copyrighted material Timing of Presentations is prohibited. Each paper will be allotted 30 minutes (including introduction and question-and-answer period) except where noted. International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) AIAA speakers and attendees are reminded that some top- Committee Meetings ics discussed in the conference could be controlled by the Meeting room locations for AIAA committees will be posted International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). U.S. Nationals on the message board and will be available upon request in the (U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents) are responsible for registration area. ensuring that technical data they present in open sessions to non-U.S. Nationals in attendance or in conference proceedings Audiovisual are not export restricted by the ITAR. U.S. Nationals are likewise Each session room will be preset with the following: one LCD responsible for ensuring that they do not discuss ITAR export- projector, one screen, and one microphone (if needed). A 1/2” restricted information with non-U.S. Nationals in attendance. upcomig AIAA roessioa deveopmet Courses

ctoer this miute weiar wi tae pace at To register, go to www.aiaa.org/Courseistig.aspi. hrs est. AIAA Members Nonmembers Students $99 $139 $50 Space Radiation Environment (V. L. Pisacane, Ph.D.) This webinar defines the planetary and interplanetary charged particle radiation environment required to assess the effects of radiation on personnel and electronics appropriately. The effects of charged particle radiation are briefly addressed. Equations of motion are presented leading to an understanding of the mechanisms of particle gyration, gyro-frequency, Larmor radius, mirroring, and drift. The trapped radiation, , and solar event environments are then described in detail. Available models for each that are used to simulate the effects on electronics and personnel are presented with references. An understanding of the elements discussed here are important to address the detailed interactions with electronics and personnel that will be covered in a follow on webinar.

ctoer this miute weiar wi tae pace at edt To register, go to www.aiaa.org/Courseistig.aspi. Introduction to Communication Satellites and their AIAA Members Nonmembers Students Subsystems (Instructor: Edward (Ed) Ashford) $199 $239 $50 This webinar presents the basic technologies and designs used in communication satellites, and the system considerations that underlie the selection of a particular type of system. A brief history will be given of the field prior to beginning the coverage of system, economic, and technical aspects. An introduction to the environments encountered in space will be given. The various orbits used for satellite communications will be described along with the pros and cons associated with the selection of any specific orbit(s). There will then be a breakdown given of the various subsystems making up typical communication satellites, with an introduction to the types of technologies used in these. The synthesis and analysis techniques on which the subsystem designs are based also will be described. Finally, the typical test program for a communication satellite will be discussed.

ctoer this miute weiar wi tae pace at edt To register, go to www.aiaa.org/Courseistig.aspi. Overview of Missile Design and System Engineering AIAA Members Nonmembers Students (Eugene L. Fleeman) $99 $139 $100 This webinar presents the fundamentals of missile design, development, and system engineering. It addresses the broad range of alternatives in satisfying missile performance, cost, risk, and launch platform integration requirements. The methods presented are generally simple closed-form analytical expressions that are physics-based, to provide insight into the primary driving parameters. Typical values of missile parameters and the characteristics of current operational missiles are discussed, as well as the enabling sub- systems and technologies for missiles. Videos are presented to illustrate missile development activities and performance.

ovemer this miute weiar wi tae pace at edt To register, go to www.aiaa.org/Courseistig.aspi. Flight Dynamics and Einstein’s Covariance Principle AIAA Members Nonmembers Students (Peter Zipfel, Ph.D.) $89 $129 $40 The great divide between Newtonian dynamics and Einsteins Relativity is a chimera. Einstein had great respect for and made sure that his theory would converge to Newtons three laws as conditions approach classical proportions. Flight dynam- ics, which is based on Newtons laws, is no exception. During a one-hour perambulation, I will acquaint you with Special and General Relativity as it applies to classical dynamics. Modeling of flight dynamics benefits greatly from such a vantage point. The physics of the problem are separated from its computational aspects. Tensorsindependent of coordinate systemsmodel the physics, while matri- ces, created from these tensors by introducing coordinate systems, are coded for execution.

ovemer this miute weiar wi tae pace at edt To register, go to www.aiaa.org/Courseistig.aspi. Risk Analysis and Management (Dr. Vincent L. Pisacane) AIAA Members Nonmembers Students This course is intended for technical and management person- $99 $139 $50 nel who wish to gain an understanding of techniques that can be implemented to minimize premature failure of space sys- tems. It first identifies selected typical space system failures and their causes. Failure analyses includes the Weibull distribution and its failure rate, mean time to failure, hazard function reliability (survival) function, and conditional, reliability function. Mitigation techniques discussed includes burn in and risk management techniques that includes failure identification, fault tree analyses, event tree analyses, failure modes and effects analyses, failure modes and effects analyses, and risk matrices.

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Oct12PD.indd 23 9/14/12 1:25 PM decemer this miute weiar wi tae pace at edt To register, go to www.aiaa.org/Courseistig.aspi. Advanced Composite Materials and Structures AIAA Members Nonmembers Students (arl Zween, Ph.D.) $99 $139 $50 Advanced composites are critical, and in many instances enabling, materials for a large and increasing number of aero- space and commercial applications. Historically considered primarily structural and thermal protection materials, they also have great potential in virtually all subsystems, including propulsion, mechanisms, electronics, power, and thermal management. Physical proper- ties are increasingly important. For example, composites with low densities, low CTEs and thermal conductivities higher than copper are now in production. Materials of interest include not only polymer matrix composites (PMCs), currently the most widely used class of structural materials, and carbon-carbon composites (CCCs), which are well established for thermal protection, but also ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), metal matrix composites (MMCs) and other types of carbon matrix composites (CAMCs). In this presentation we consider key aspects of the four classes of composites, including properties, key manufacturing methods, design considerations, analy- sis overview, lessons learned and applications. We also consider future directions, including nanocomposites.

auar the oowig Cotiuig eucatio courses are eig To register for one of the ASM 2013 courses, go to he at the st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting in www.aiaa.org/asm. rapevine registratio icues course a course Early Bird by 10 Dec Standard (11 Dec–4 Jan) On-site (5 Jan) otes u coerece participatio: amittace to tech ica a pear sessios receptios ucheos a AIAA Member $1295 $1395 $1495 oie proceeigs. Nonmember $1400 $1500 $1600

Specialist’s Course on Flow Control (Instructor: Daid illiams, Professor of echanical, aterials Aerospace Engineering Department, Director of Fluid Dnamics esearch enter, Illinois Institute of echnolog, hicago, IL Daniel iller, echnical Lead and PI for Propulsion Integration D, Locheed artin un ors, ainridge Island, A Dr. unihio aira, Assistant Professor, Department of echanical Engineering, Florida AFlorida tate niersit, allahassee, FL) The techniques of active flow control are becoming more sophisticated as fluid dynamics, control and dynamical systems theory merge to design control architectures capable of solving challenging flow control applications. The two-day course will examine advanced top- ics in active flow control, placing particular emphasis on how to do flow control. This new course will complement the more fundamen- tal AIAA Short Course on Modern Flow Control. Modern dynamical systems and control theory related to closed-loop flow control and performance limitations will be discussed. State-of-the-art actuator and sensor design techniques will be covered. Two case studies will be presented that describe recent success stories about the implementation of active flow control on advanced aircraft. The six course lecturers have extensive backgrounds in flow control, coming from industry and academia.

Si Degrees of Freedom Modeling of Missile and Aircraft Simulations (Instructor: Peter Zipfel, Adunct Associated Professor, niersit of Florida, halimar, FL) As modeling and simulation (M&S) is penetrating the aerospace sciences at all levels, this two-day course will introduce you to the difficult subject of modeling aerospace vehicles in six degrees of freedom (6 DoF). Starting with the modern approach of tensors, the equations of motion are derived and, after introducing coordinate systems, they are expressed in matrices for compact computer pro- gramming. Aircraft and missile prototypes will exemplify 6 DoF aerodynamic modeling, rocket and turbojet propulsion, actuating sys- tems, autopilots, guidance, and seekers. These subsystems will be integrated step by step into full-up simulations. For demonstrations, typical fly-out trajectories will be run and projected on the screen. The provided source code and plotting programs lets you duplicate the trajectories on your PC (requires FORTRAN or C compiler). With the provided prototype simulations you can build your own 6 DoF aerospace simulations.

Systems Engineering erification and alidation (Instructor: ohn su, A tate niersit, he niersit of A at Irine, ueens niersit and he oeing ompan, press, A) This course will focus on the verification and validation aspect that is the beginning, from the validation point-of-view, and the final part of the systems engineering task for a program/project. It will clarify the confusing use of verification and validation. Familiarize yourself with validating requirements and generating verification requirements. Start with the verification and validation plans. Then learn how to choose the best verification method and approach. Test and Evaluation Master Plan leads to test planning and analysis. Conducting test involves activities, facilities, equipments, and personnel. Evaluation is the process of analyzing and interpreting data. Acceptance test assures that the products meet what intended to purchase. There are functional and physical audits. Simulation and Modeling provides virtual duplication of products and processes in operational valid environments. Verification management organizes verification task and provides total traceability from customer requirements to verification report elements.

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Oct12PD.indd 24 9/14/12 1:25 PM Membership nominations are now open for AIAA Technical with identified restrictions, are included on TCs in addition to the Committees (TC) for 2013/2014. Our TCs have between 30 and 35 regular member limit. 35 members each. Nearly one-third of the members rotate off the If you currently serve on a TC, do not nominate yourself. ou committees each year, leaving six to ten openings per TC. will automatically be considered for the 2013/2014 TC year. The TC chairs and the Technical Activities Committee (TAC) Enclosed are instructions for nominations as well as the work diligently to maintain a reasonable balance in (1) appropri- form needed. Please feel free to make copies as necessary. ate representation to the field from industry, research, education, Nominations may also be submitted online. The TC nomina- and government; (2) the specialties covered in the specific TC tion form can be found on the AIAA Web site at www.aiaa.org, scopes; and (3) geographical distribution relative to the areas under My AIAA, Nominations and Voting. We look forward to technical activity. TAC encourages the nomination of young pro- receiving your nominations. If you have any questions or need fessionals, and has instituted a TC associate member category more forms, please call Betty Guillie at 703.264.7573. (see associate membership guidelines). Associate members, Nominations are due by ovemer .

Curret AIAA techica Committees

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AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012 B25

TCNominations.indd 25 9/14/12 1:34 PM

Istructios or Competig techica Committee techica Committee Associate emership

omiatio orms uieies Year Year

1. Submit one nomination form for each nominee. 1. Associate membership is restricted to those who have Nominees who are not selected for committee mem- not yet reached their 35th birthday, or who obtained their bership for 2013 will automatically be considered professional degrees less than 10 years ago.

for membership in 2014. As the nomination forms 2. Associate membership is a one-year term renewable are held for an additional year, it is not necessary to three years. to resubmit a form for someone not selected for the 3. Associate membership is restricted to current AIAA 2012/2013 term. ou may send updated information members. 4. Selection to associate membership is based on tech- Year

to be attached to an existing nomination form. nical merit. The associate members should show prom- 2. ou do not have to be nominated by someone else;

ise within the eld of the technical committee. you may submit an application for yourself. 5. Associate members may attend TC or subcommittee 3. A resume or biographical data must be attached meetings and will assist in carrying out committee work. and submitted with the nomination form. 6. At the discretion of the TC, associate members may 4. Membership is usually restricted to one technical be assigned a volunteer full member as a counselor.

Year committee (TC) at a time. If you nominate someone The counselor will advise and guide the associate mem- AIAA Membership Grade and Number and AIAA Grade Membership Are you currently a member of any AIAA Technical Committee? Yes No / If yes, what technical committee are you a member of, and when does your end? term College or University Major/Field of Study degrees: Graduate College or University You must be a current member of AIAA to join a Technical Committee. Technical 2 than more on membership for apply not should Individuals Committees at the same time. Individuals are not allowed to join two Technical Committees simultaneously. After you have been a member of a Technical Committee for at least 1 year, you may apply to join a second Technical Committee. Please list the TC(s) you are interested in joining in priority order: 1. 2. Please explain briefly why you would like to join these Technical Committees, any activities associated with these Technical Committees that member a as accomplish to hope you what and supporting, currently are you of the Technical Committee. to more than one committee, use one form. All infor- ber on TC procedures and activities. Degree mation should be detailed and complete. Please list 7. Associate members will have no voting privileges on each TC for which you wish to be considered. It is the TC, but may (with consent) act as a substitute for recommended that you do not apply to more than 2 their counselor.

Please explain briefly why you would like to join these Technical Committees, any activities associated with these Technical Committees that member a as accomplish to hope you what and supporting, currently are you of the Technical Committee. 2. Individuals should not apply for membership on more than 2 Technical Technical 2 than more on membership for apply not should Individuals Committees at the same time. Individuals are not allowed to join two Technical Committees simultaneously. After you have been a member of a Technical Committee for at least 1 year, you may apply to join a second Technical Committee. Please list the TC(s) you are interested in joining in priority order: 1.

Are you currently a member of any AIAA Technical Committee? Yes No / If yes, what technical committee are you a member of, and when does your end? term You must be a current member of AIAA to join a Technical Committee. AIAA Membership Grade and Number and AIAA Grade Membership

College or University degrees: Graduate Major/Field of Study Degree TCs at a time. This form will be duplicated at AIAA 8. Associate members will not count toward the TC College or University and sent to each TC indicated. In the event of selec- membership limit. tion by more than one TC chair, the nominee will be 9. Application forms for associate membership are the contacted to select one committee for membership. same as those of full membership, but a resume is a re- quired attachment. Applicants for full membership who

5. The Technical Activities Committee (TAC) strongly suggests that special consideration be given to mem- were not selected may be considered associate mem-

bers 34 years of age and under or who obtained their bers provided they meet the age restriction. professional degree less than 10 years ago. See at- 10. At least two associate members should be appoint- ed to each TC. At no time should the number of associ- tached Technical Committee Associate Membership Guidelines. ate members exceed that of full members.

11. An endorsement form from the nominees depart- 6. All TC members must join AIAA (if they are not al- ment head, indicating that the nominee may travel to Fax ready members) within 45 days of their appointment two meetings per year and have some time to devote to

to a technical committee. committee business, must accompany each nomination 7. TC membership is generally for one year with two

form. additional years possible, but contingent upon com-

Fax mittee participation, ongoing projects, and AIAA mem- bership. It is not necessary to send a new nomination

Send nominations to: form for someone who is already on a committee. All , Inside

committee members are automatically considered for AIAA TC NomINATIoNs a second and third year of membership. lexANder ell rIve uITe 8. Deadline for receipt of nominations is ovem 1801 A B d , s 500

er . Nominations received after this date will be resToN, vA 20191-4344 , Inside Preferred mailing address: (This is the address where your Aerospace America and Technical Journals will go, and this is the address that will be published in the Technical Activities Roster) ( ) Business ( ) Home published) not - only TCchairman by used be (to Home phone

Home Address E-mail Telephone

Address (Yes/No)______membership? associate an for applying you Are Associate membership is available only for members under 35 years. Organization Title AIAA TECHNICAL COMMITTEE (TC) NOMINEE FORM NOMINEE (TC) COMMITTEE TECHNICAL AIAA one and form, this of acceptable) are (photocopies copy one submit Please copy of nominee's resumé to: AIAA Technical Committee Nominations, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191. Fax number is 703.264.7551. Form can also be submitted via our web site at AIAA, Technical Committees For additional information about AIAA Technical Committees, please see http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=192 Date Name: Mr/Ms/Dr/Prof held for consideration until the next year. www.aiaa.org published) not - only TCchairman by used be (to Home phone Preferred mailing address: (This is the address where your Aerospace America and Technical Journals will go, and this is the address that will be published in the Technical Activities Roster) ( ) Business ( ) Home Home Address AIAA TECHNICAL COMMITTEE (TC) NOMINEE FORM NOMINEE (TC) COMMITTEE TECHNICAL AIAA one and form, this of acceptable) are (photocopies copy one submit Please copy of nominee's resumé to: AIAA Technical Committee Nominations, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191. Fax number is 703.264.7551. Form can also be submitted via our web site at AIAA, Technical Committees For additional information about AIAA Technical Committees, please see http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=192 Date Title (Yes/No)______membership? associate an for applying you Are Associate membership is available only for members under 35 years. Organization Address Telephone E-mail www.aiaa.org Name: Mr/Ms/Dr/Prof

B26 AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012

TCNominations.indd 26 9/14/12 1:34 PM

Year Year

Year

Year Are you currently a member of any AIAA Technical Committee? Yes No / If yes, what technical committee are you a member of, and when does your end? term AIAA Membership Grade and Number and AIAA Grade Membership Major/Field of Study degrees: Graduate College or University You must be a current member of AIAA to join a Technical Committee. Technical 2 than more on membership for apply not should Individuals Committees at the same time. Individuals are not allowed to join two Technical Committees simultaneously. After you have been a member of a Technical Committee for at least 1 year, you may apply to join a second Technical Committee. Please list the TC(s) you are interested in joining in priority order: 1. 2. Please explain briefly why you would like to join these Technical Committees, any activities associated with these Technical Committees that member a as accomplish to hope you what and supporting, currently are you of the Technical Committee. College or University Degree

Please explain briefly why you would like to join these Technical Committees, any activities associated with these Technical Committees that member a as accomplish to hope you what and supporting, currently are you of the Technical Committee. 2. Individuals should not apply for membership on more than 2 Technical Technical 2 than more on membership for apply not should Individuals Committees at the same time. Individuals are not allowed to join two Technical Committees simultaneously. After you have been a member of a Technical Committee for at least 1 year, you may apply to join a second Technical Committee. Please list the TC(s) you are interested in joining in priority order: 1.

Are you currently a member of any AIAA Technical Committee? Yes No / If yes, what technical committee are you a member of, and when does your end? term You must be a current member of AIAA to join a Technical Committee. AIAA Membership Grade and Number and AIAA Grade Membership

College or University degrees: Graduate Major/Field of Study Degree College or University

Fax

Fax

, Inside

AIAA,

Voting My , Inside Preferred mailing address: (This is the address where your Aerospace America and Technical Journals will go, and this is the address that will be published in the Technical Activities Roster) ( ) Business ( ) Home published) not - only TCchairman by used be (to Home phone

Home Address E-mail Telephone

Address (Yes/No)______membership? associate an for applying you Are Associate membership is available only for members under 35 years. Organization Title AIAA TECHNICAL COMMITTEE (TC) NOMINEE FORM NOMINEE (TC) COMMITTEE TECHNICAL AIAA one and form, this of acceptable) are (photocopies copy one submit Please copy of nominee's resumé to: AIAA Technical Committee Nominations, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191. Fax number is 703.264.7551. Form can also be submitted via our web site at AIAA, Technical Committees For additional information about AIAA Technical Committees, please see http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=192 Date Name: Mr/Ms/Dr/Prof www.aiaa.org and

Title Address Telephone Home Address published) not - only TCchairman by used be (to Home phone Date (Yes/No)______membership? associate an for applying you Are Associate membership is available only for members under 35 years. Organization Preferred mailing address: (This is the address where your Aerospace America and Technical Journals will go, and this is the address that will be published in the Technical Activities Roster) ( ) Business ( ) Home AIAA, Technical Committees For additional information about AIAA Technical Committees, please see http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=192 AIAA TECHNICAL COMMITTEE (TC) NOMINEE FORM NOMINEE (TC) COMMITTEE TECHNICAL AIAA one and form, this of acceptable) are (photocopies copy one submit Please copy of nominee's resumé to: AIAA Technical Committee Nominations, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191. Fax number is 703.264.7551. Form can also be submitted via our web site at E-mail Name: Mr/Ms/Dr/Prof www.aiaa.org Nominations tts:aiaaoseondaasid

AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012 B25

TCNominations.indd 27 9/14/12 1:34 PM

Technical Committee.

ENDORSEMENT by (if other than self)

ENDORSEMENT

by (if other than self)

Nomination submitted Title Organization Address E-mail haveyou If anyneeded. as sheets separate attach to free feel Please 703.264.7573. at Activities Technical contact please questions, for membership on the NAME TITLE ORGANIZATION TELEPHONE

Please provide a brief description on what projects you have recently on working currently are or on worked the document to supervisor nominee’s the by signed be must form This commitments. travel and time of understanding I endorse the nomination of I understand that he/she will be expected to commit time and travel resources to support committee activities and meetings. SIGNATURE Please feel free to attach separate sheets as needed. If you haveyou If anyneeded. as sheets separate attach to free feel Please 703.264.7573. at Activities Technical contact please questions, E-mail

Address Organization Title Nomination submitted

TELEPHONE TELEPHONE ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION

TITLE TITLE

Technical Committee. Please provide a brief description on what projects you have recently on working currently are or on worked for membership on the NAME the document to supervisor nominee’s the by signed be must form This commitments. travel and time of understanding I endorse the nomination of I understand that he/she will be expected to commit time and travel resources to support committee activities and meetings. SIGNATURE

Honors and/or awards awards and/or Honors

Professional publications (attach additional pages if necessary)

Positions held pertinent to above

Secondary professional interests interests professional Secondary

Primary professional interest

Membership in other societies, committees, boards, or other AIAA activities

AIAA offices held

Please list activities you have been active in that are relevant to the Technical Committee charter ship in other societies, committees, boards, or other AIAA activities AIAA offices held Member Primary professional interest interests professional Secondary Positions held pertinent to above Professional publications (attach additional pages if necessary) awards and/or Honors Please list activities you have been active in that are relevant to the Technical Committee charter

B26 AIAA BULLETIN / OCTOBER 2012

TCNominations.indd 28 9/14/12 1:35 PM how far can you see

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