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Curiosity on the Move cover-fin-OCT2012_Layout 1 9/12/12 3:04 PM Page 1 9 AMERICA AEROSPACE October 2012 OCTOBER 2012 Curiosity on the move Declassifying the space race: Part 2 High stakes for human-rating spacecraft A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS The legacy Neil Armstrong gave the world inspires us to discover what is beyond, believe in the limitless possibilities of human achievement, and to go humbly but fearlessly into the future. The Neil Armstrong Scholarship Fund, established The Neil Armstrong by AIAA at the request of the Armstrong family, supports the dreams of future generations. Scholarship Fund Gifts to the Neil Armstrong Scholarship Fund will provide scholarships to outstanding aerospace www.aiaa.org/NeilArmstrongScholarship students. Your donation will help the students of today follow in Neil Armstrong’s footsteps, becoming the aerospace leaders of tomorrow. Join the heroes of today in giving the heroes of tomorrow the inspiration and resources to explore new worlds with knowledge, passion, and courage. TOC.OCT2012_AA Template 9/11/12 12:39 PM Page 1 October 2012 dEpaRTMEnTS COMMEnTaRy 3 Financing the final frontier. Page 4 InTERnaTIOnaL BEaT 4 ESA to break new ground with ExoMars. waShIngTOn waTCh 8 Page 8 Uncertainties mount as election looms. COnVERSaTIOnS 12 With Detlef Müller-Wiesner. ThE VIEw fROM hERE 16 Gemini: Blazing the trail to the Moon. aIRCRafT updaTE 20 Page 20 The enduring jetliner duopoly. gREEn EngInEERIng 24 Fighting friction, smoothing flow. OuT Of ThE paST 46 CaREER OppORTunITIES 48 fEaTuRES CuRIOSITy On ThE REd pLanET: MaRS IS OuRS! 26 NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory and its Curiosity rover’s advanced instruments usher in a new era in planetary exploration. by Leonard David dECLaSSIfyIng ThE SpaCE RaCE, paRT 2: MOnITORIng ThE SOVIET SpaCE pROgRaM 32 Recently declassified Cold War-era documents reveal the startling capabilities of U.S. intelligence gathering networks. Page 16 by Peter Pesavento hIgh STakES fOR huMan-RaTIng SpaCECRafT 38 Developing requirements for human-rating commercial space launch vehicles and crew capsules is a critical challenge for NASA. by James W. Canan BuLLETIn aIaa Meeting Schedule B2 aIaa Courses and Training program B4 aIaa news B5 Meetings programs B12 Page 32 Call for papers B19 COVER Two of Curiosity’s left wheels were captured in two images taken by the rover's Mars hand lens imager. In the distance is the lower slope of Mount Sharp. Turn to page 26 to read all about the rover’s arrival at Mars. Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X) is published monthly, except August, by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. at 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, Va. 20191-4344 [703/264-7500]. Subscription rate is 50% of dues for AIAA members (and is not deductible therefrom). Nonmember subscription price: U.S. and Canada, $163, foreign, $200. Single copies $20 each. Postmaster: Send address changes and subscription orders to address above, attention AIAA Customer Service, 703/264-7500. Periodical postage paid at Herndon, VA, and at additional mailing offices. Copyright © 2012 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., all rights reserved. The name Aerospace America is registered by the AIAA in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 40,000 copies of this issue printed. This is Volume 50, No. 9. Introducing STANDARDS • CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS • AIAA’s All-New Electronic Database BOOKS Featuring Over Four Decades e of Aerospace Research Experience • With AIAA’s Aerospace Research Central you can: ARC Today • Save and schedule searches arc.aiaa.org • Highlight books, conference proceedings, and journal articles • Download citations and bundle content based on topic disciplines • Sign up for alerts on subjects of interest • Access e-rst publications ahead of print • Post links to research articles and selected book titles on social JOURNALS networking websites • ARC also enables you to discover articles, books, conference proceedings, and other published materials based on your interests, greatly enhancing the ow of information and ideas in the collaborative research process. For More Information Contact: [email protected] powered by BOOKS 12-0159 12-0159-final-v1.indd 1 2/10/12 8:43 AM comment.OCT2012_AA Template 9/11/12 12:40 PM Page 1 ® is a publication of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Elaine J. Camhi Editor-in-Chief Patricia Jefferson Associate Editor Greg Wilson Funding the final frontier Production Editor Jerry Grey, Editor-at-Large Curiosity has landed. After eight years of development, NASA and JPL have Christine Williams, Editor AIAA Bulletin pulled off something many thought impossible. Perhaps President Obama said it best: “And tonight’s success reminds us that our preeminence—not just Correspondents in space, but here on Earth—depends on continuing to invest wisely in the in- Robert F. Dorr, Washington novation, technology, and basic research that has always made our economy Philip Butterworth-Hayes, Europe the envy of the world.” Michael Westlake, Hong Kong But against this backdrop is an FY13 budget submission that proposes a Contributing Writers cut of $300 million, or 20%, to NASA’s planetary program, with the Mars por- Richard Aboulafia, James W. Canan, tion dropping 38%. This is in the face of a diverse and amazingly successful Marco Cáceres, Craig Covault, Leonard robotic space program and a fiscally responsible plan for continuing planetary David, Philip Finnegan, Edward science advances for the next decade. Goldstein, Tom Jones, James Oberg, In 1969, NASA received about 4% of the total federal budget. With that, the David Rockwell, J.R. Wilson agency changed the world as Neil Armstrong landed on the Moon, launching Fitzgerald Art & Design humankind’s dreams for decades. By the mid 1990s, with government invest- Art Direction and Design ment dwindling, NASA’s budget was down to about 1%. What did we get for that? We got the Hubble Space Telescope. We got the space shuttle, which Michael Griffin, President flew 135 times and built the international space station. MESSENGER is cur- Robert S. Dickman, Publisher rently orbiting Mercury, and Magellan mapped the surface of Venus. NEAR Craig Byl, Manufacturing and Distribution landed on an asteroid and Stardust brought samples home from a comet born STEERING COMMITTEE at the beginning of the solar system. We sent Galileo to study Jupiter and its Col. Neal Barlow, USAF Academy; moons, and found the first extraterrestrial ocean beneath Europa’s ice shell. Carol Cash, Carol Cash & Associates; Cassini is currently orbiting Saturn, observing the system’s rings and Titan’s Brian D. Dailey; Basil Hassan, Sandia; lakes. New Horizons is on its way to Pluto, arrival set for 2015, and Voyager is Robert E. Lindberg, National Institute of leaving the solar system. Aerospace; Vigor Yang, Georgia Institute of Technology; Susan X. Ying,; Boeing NASA now accounts for only 0.48% of the FY12 budget. We’re doing much more with even less, but there are limits. EDITORIAL BOARD Carl Sagan once said, “Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be Ned Allen, Jean-Michel Contant, known.” Nowhere is this truer than in our cosmic backyard. Europa has more Eugene Covert, L.S. “Skip” Fletcher, liquid water than Earth—could it harbor life? We haven’t even begun to ex- Michael Francis, Cam Martin, plore Uranus and Neptune, now thought to be the most common type of Don Richardson, Douglas Yazell planet in the galaxy. Asteroids and comets are relics from the very beginnings ADVERTISING of our solar system—what can they reveal about planet formation and how life Robert Silverstein, 240.498.9674 arose? We know little about the Martian moons—could they be used as base [email protected] camps for exploring the planet’s surface? Without stable solar system explo- Russell Brody 732.832.2977 ration funding, and with growing investments in space programs in Europe, [email protected] Russia, India, Japan, and China, we may be entering an era when the U.S. Ross B. Garelick Bell Business Manager won’t be making those discoveries. During times of fiscal austerity, some ask, “Why waste money up there?” Send materials to Craig Byl, AIAA, 1801 But the dollars are not lost in space—they are spent on jobs and technological Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA advancements, on innovation and the quest for excellence that is the hallmark 20191-4344. Changes of address should be of our space program. The return on the nation’s investment is immense—not sent by e-mail at [email protected], or by fax only in scientific discoveries, but in the inspiration and sense of wonder it at 703.264.7606. Send correspondence to [email protected]. gives our citizens. We urge the administration and Congress to continue the nation’s invest- October 2012, Vol. 50, No. 9 ment in solar system exploration. NASA’s modest 0.48% of the budget buys windows into the wonders of the cosmos as well as U.S. dominance of critical science and technology, and leadership in space. Even in tight budget times, the return is well worth the price. Dan Britt and Carey Lisse Div. for Planetary Sciences, American Astronomical Society BEATlayout1012_Layout 1 9/11/12 3:24 PM Page 2 ESA to break new ground with ExoMars ESA GOVERNMENT MINISTERS ARE DUE According to ESA, “Final agree- With ESA now committed to develop- to meet in late November to decide on ments to be developed with Russia in ing the rover by itself—the first time it the future of the ExoMars program, a the coming months and final program will have built a robotic rover—the bill two-mission project to search for evi- configuration will be submitted to the for the mission is climbing. In June dence of life on Mars.
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