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MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES AS a CAUSE of the BOXER REBELLION by James C. Sherman a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT

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MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES AS a CAUSE of the BOXER REBELLION by James C. Sherman a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT Missionary activities as a cause of the Boxer Rebellion Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Sherman, James Charles, 1941- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 12:35:59 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347546 MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES AS A CAUSE OF THE BOXER REBELLION by James C. Sherman A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ORIENTAL STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 6 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfill­ ment of requirements for an advanced degree at The Univer­ sity of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. ■ Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable with­ out special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quo­ tation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Bean of the graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of seholar- ship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: (A ($, }fC(o DR. EARL H. PRITCHARD Date™ Chairman of the Department of Oriental Studies- Ae KHOVLBBaNBirr s A grateful aelmowledgment is expressed to tlae follow^ iiag persons and institutions for their assistance in the preparation of this thesis. Recognition is given to the wri= ter1s thesis advisor Dr, lari H, Pritchard, Chairman of the Department of Oriental Studies, who, with his suggestions and guidance, greatly assisted the investigator. Gratitude is expressed to the Inter-Library Loan de­ partment at the University of Arizona Library. Without the assistance of Miss Sue Green, Miss Margaret Sparks, and Miss Cynthea Hall, many of the sources employed in this thesis would not have been made available. Acknowledgment is also expressed to the following in­ stitutions who graciously permitted the investigator access to their facilities: the University of California at Berke­ ley, the University of California at Los Angeles, and Stanford University. I am also indebted to the many institutions who have permitted the investigator access to their Inter-Library Loan departments. iii TABLE OF OOHTSHTS O' hapter _ Page LIST OF' ILLEST1ATI01S . ♦ ................. vii I. OIBISTIASITT IH GHI1S BlFOai 1858 ....... 1 The Sestorians, ea» 635-1368 1 The Fran e L s c an s, ea. 1292-X328 ......... 2 The Jesuits, ea, 1583-1773 . ... 3 ■ The • Reman Catholic s. oa. lf.0®-»19©Q ^ 6 The Protestants, 18#7-19#0 f The Creek Orthodox, ea. 1729-1900 . , . , . 8 The Success and Failure of Christianity . 16 II. T1SATT PBI'FILEEES OF 1ISSI0EASI1S. THAT *' Aiowsii .oiiiisss missraisHT 15 Privileges Sbtkined by Treaty between 18A2 and, 1865 15 Problems of Access to the Interior ...... 21 Problems of Land Ownership .......... 25 Problems Belating to Building Concessions . 27 Western Abuse of the Sight to Protect Christiius . ........... 31 XII. iilSSIOlABT ACTIVITIES WHICH CA1SS0 A1TI-. ’ POBEISH FBlLimS AMOIfC- THE OHIHESE ...... 39 Missionary Involvement in' Chinese Bopestie Affairs 39 iv V TABLl OF COHTEMTS--Continued Chapter Page Hissioiaary Pretectiem ®f Chinese Converts from the Chinese Government and the Hative Chinese Pretentions Claims of the Missionary as a Privileged Social Class ».«»», «o„ » . *5 Missionary Activities . as a Member'of His Christian Charoh . 59 The Spread "'of Christian Literature in China . 59 Chtirch Activities Regarding- the Selection ox Converts ■ » « e * a » » » o » » # o » o » . 6h IT, CB1SBSE 1MCT10H TO 3IISSZ9HART ACTITZT1SS , , . 72 "Chinese "■Reaction to the Privileged Christian Chnrch , . 72 Chinese Confusion Concerning the : Christian Religion » 73 Opposition to Missionary Activities by Chinese other than the Literati . 79 Opposition to Missionary Activities by the Literati » » , o » #. * , , , » , a o , , 82 ■ . Chinese Attacks aposa Missionaries , . » .. , * .. 99 Chinese Acceptance of Christianity ...... 102 T. MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES AS A GAUSS OF THE BOXER MOVEMENT , . ..... ... ......... .. 11© vx TABLE OF C01TBBTS— Opatinaed Chapter , , Page Miss3.OB9.ry AetiTities daws lag Hostility . * , . 110 , OataseS' BehlaS the G-rowth of the ' 'i.' Boxer MoTemeat . » »•. » » . « * . , . , 115 Conflicts Between the Boxers, and Christians . * 125 • ’ 1 i VI. SUMMARY ilfl C.GSOLMSIOMS OF 1TI11IC1 P11S1ETEB . 133 Smssjary » » . * * . * . 133 ' Implications for Further Study .... 138 LIST Of B1F1RBS01S CITBB . » , » 1-4-1 LIST Of ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1, Stations of the Ohlma Inland Mission, iSSf , . , 2% , . , ■ '■ 1 ■. • 2 , An Attempt to Bestroy the Worship of Jesas ■ and to Kill the Foreigners.......... .......... , 91- 3, The Lack of Christian Morality as Reflected in Ticioms.Relationships Among Its Members * . 4 92 The Christian Atrocity Towards Chinese, S-omgipg Ont the lyes of Non-Christians »»»,««,, , 93 5« The Christian Atrocity Towards Chinese, Removing the Ch-born Fetus of a Child , * , ♦ , . 9% 6 ,. The Repayment of Saffering by the Chinese , , , . 95 7, The Number of 'Protestant Societies in China, 1 (i j5 0 ”i-S^ 0 0 o 6 6 * O , W Q » e 6 6 « O ti 6 e O 6 . 10% 8 , The Humber of Catholic and Protestant Foreign Missionaries, in China, 1850-1900 . , . i , . , . 1©5 9« • The Number of Catholic Christians in China, 18 5 0 — 1^00 « e ti o e e , et , » o e , e 4 o o e « 106 10, Christian Mission Stations in Northeast China, , 107 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to determine what part missionary activities within Ohina from 1842-1900 played in causing the Boxer Rebellion. Also, to illustrate how par­ ticular activities contributed to the growth of anti-Chris­ tian and anti-foreign feelings which culminated in the Boxer Rebellion. Using the techniques of historical research, data was compiled and examined from English and French language sources. Recognized scholarly books and periodicals were consulted, as were government documents, missionary reports, book reviews, maps, and, illustrations. The evidence reveals that many missionary activities within China caused anti-Christian feelings. These activi­ ties include: the methods of obtaining entrance to China, presumptuous and arrogant attitudes, ignorance of Chinese culture and language, involvement in Chinese domestic af­ fairs, their dependence upon the intervention of foreign gov­ ernments to protect them and their converts from Chinese au­ thority, and their acquisition of property rights in the interior of China. The missionaries, however, were not the only cause of anti-foreignism. The aggressive political, economic, and military acts of the foreign governments, as well as literati activities, excited the general populace. viii Chinese misunderstanding of Christianity, their fear of for­ eign dominance and the threat of Christianity to traditional values are studied as factors causing the Boxer Rebellion. Conclusions reached find that anti-Christian feeling aroused by activities of the missionaries was an important cause of the Boxer Rebellion. CHAPTER I CHRISTIANITY IN CHINA BEfORE 1858 The Nestorians, ca. 632=1168 Other than a legendary visit by St. Thomas, the Apos­ tle, which modern scholars have discounted, the honor of be­ ing the first Christian missionary in China belongs to A1open, a seventh century Nestorian from Syria,^ The earli­ est evidences of Nestorian Christianity are found on a monu­ ment erected in 7 8 I at Hsianfu, in Shensi province. On it are recorded, “the diffusion through the Middle Kingdom of the Brilliant (or Luminous) Teaching of Ta-chin", the Chinese term used to describe the Near East, and a summary of the doc­ trines and practices of the missionaries who followed Alopen,^ Nestorianism was introduced by Alopen in 635s> during the reign of T*ai Tsung, who granted him permission to build a monastery at the capital. The Nestorians were apparently active here until the Wu Tsung emperor issued an edict in 8kS which proscribed both the Buddhist and Nestorian faiths. Be­ cause of this edict, Nestorianism suffered greatly, declined 1. Columbia Gary-Elwes, China and the Cross (New York P. J, Kenedy and Sons, 195^), pp. 9-13.... 2. E. R. Hughes, The Invasion of China by the Western World (New York: The Macmillan Co., I93BT, pp. 55-557“” 3. Kenneth S. Latourette, A History of Christian Mis­ sions in China (New Yorks The Macmillan Co., 1929") , p. 53. 2 in importances and traces of Hestorianism are almost all but erased after the fall of the T ang= Many Mestorians became either Buddhists, Mohammedans, or Mamicheans. During the thirteenth century the Mongols came into contact with Hester- ian Christianity among the Uighurs, Kitans, Keraits, and Kirghia tribes. The end of Nestorianism in China is attri­ buted, by Cary-Blwes, iio the conquests of Tamerlane, and to the fall of the Mongol dynasty in 1368„ The na^iye Ming dy­ nasty which followed was unfriendly to every fqreign religion,^ The franciscans, ca, 1292-1328 The Mongol threat to Christian Europe in the thir­ teenth century brought ambassadors from Europe to the Mongol Court. John of Plan di Carpina and William of Rubruclc were the first of many. A Franciscan, John of Montecorvino, ar­ rived at Cambaluc in 12$k and was allowed by the Kublai Shan to build a church near one of the gates of the Imperial pal­ ace, so that "the Emperor could hear the chanting of the choir," By 1305 John had baptised approximately six thousand persons, and in 1308 three fellow clergy members arrived to assist in his efforts. John of Montecorvino died in 1328 and his replacement arrived in 13^2, However, this replacement departed in 1 3 W or 13^7* much to the distress of the Emperor and his court.
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