DOCSLIB.ORG

MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES AS a CAUSE of the BOXER REBELLION by James C. Sherman a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Missionary activities as a cause of the Boxer Rebellion Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Sherman, James Charles, 1941- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 12:35:59 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347546 MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES AS A CAUSE OF THE BOXER REBELLION by James C. Sherman A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ORIENTAL STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 6 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfill­ ment of requirements for an advanced degree at The Univer­ sity of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. ■ Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable with­ out special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quo­ tation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Bean of the graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of seholar- ship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: (A ($, }fC(o DR. EARL H. PRITCHARD Date™ Chairman of the Department of Oriental Studies- Ae KHOVLBBaNBirr s A grateful aelmowledgment is expressed to tlae follow^ iiag persons and institutions for their assistance in the preparation of this thesis. Recognition is given to the wri= ter1s thesis advisor Dr, lari H, Pritchard, Chairman of the Department of Oriental Studies, who, with his suggestions and guidance, greatly assisted the investigator. Gratitude is expressed to the Inter-Library Loan de­ partment at the University of Arizona Library. Without the assistance of Miss Sue Green, Miss Margaret Sparks, and Miss Cynthea Hall, many of the sources employed in this thesis would not have been made available. Acknowledgment is also expressed to the following in­ stitutions who graciously permitted the investigator access to their facilities: the University of California at Berke­ ley, the University of California at Los Angeles, and Stanford University. I am also indebted to the many institutions who have permitted the investigator access to their Inter-Library Loan departments. iii TABLE OF OOHTSHTS O' hapter _ Page LIST OF' ILLEST1ATI01S . ♦ ................. vii I. OIBISTIASITT IH GHI1S BlFOai 1858 ....... 1 The Sestorians, ea» 635-1368 1 The Fran e L s c an s, ea. 1292-X328 ......... 2 The Jesuits, ea, 1583-1773 . ... 3 ■ The • Reman Catholic s. oa. lf.0®-»19©Q ^ 6 The Protestants, 18#7-19#0 f The Creek Orthodox, ea. 1729-1900 . , . , . 8 The Success and Failure of Christianity . 16 II. T1SATT PBI'FILEEES OF 1ISSI0EASI1S. THAT *' Aiowsii .oiiiisss missraisHT 15 Privileges Sbtkined by Treaty between 18A2 and, 1865 15 Problems of Access to the Interior ...... 21 Problems of Land Ownership .......... 25 Problems Belating to Building Concessions . 27 Western Abuse of the Sight to Protect Christiius . ........... 31 XII. iilSSIOlABT ACTIVITIES WHICH CA1SS0 A1TI-. ’ POBEISH FBlLimS AMOIfC- THE OHIHESE ...... 39 Missionary Involvement in' Chinese Bopestie Affairs 39 iv V TABLl OF COHTEMTS--Continued Chapter Page Hissioiaary Pretectiem ®f Chinese Converts from the Chinese Government and the Hative Chinese Pretentions Claims of the Missionary as a Privileged Social Class ».«»», «o„ » . *5 Missionary Activities . as a Member'of His Christian Charoh . 59 The Spread "'of Christian Literature in China . 59 Chtirch Activities Regarding- the Selection ox Converts ■ » « e * a » » » o » » # o » o » . 6h IT, CB1SBSE 1MCT10H TO 3IISSZ9HART ACTITZT1SS , , . 72 "Chinese "■Reaction to the Privileged Christian Chnrch , . 72 Chinese Confusion Concerning the : Christian Religion » 73 Opposition to Missionary Activities by Chinese other than the Literati . 79 Opposition to Missionary Activities by the Literati » » , o » #. * , , , » , a o , , 82 ■ . Chinese Attacks aposa Missionaries , . » .. , * .. 99 Chinese Acceptance of Christianity ...... 102 T. MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES AS A GAUSS OF THE BOXER MOVEMENT , . ..... ... ......... .. 11© vx TABLE OF C01TBBTS— Opatinaed Chapter , , Page Miss3.OB9.ry AetiTities daws lag Hostility . * , . 110 , OataseS' BehlaS the G-rowth of the ' 'i.' Boxer MoTemeat . » »•. » » . « * . , . , 115 Conflicts Between the Boxers, and Christians . * 125 • ’ 1 i VI. SUMMARY ilfl C.GSOLMSIOMS OF 1TI11IC1 P11S1ETEB . 133 Smssjary » » . * * . * . 133 ' Implications for Further Study .... 138 LIST Of B1F1RBS01S CITBB . » , » 1-4-1 LIST Of ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1, Stations of the Ohlma Inland Mission, iSSf , . , 2% , . , ■ '■ 1 ■. • 2 , An Attempt to Bestroy the Worship of Jesas ■ and to Kill the Foreigners.......... .......... , 91- 3, The Lack of Christian Morality as Reflected in Ticioms.Relationships Among Its Members * . 4 92 The Christian Atrocity Towards Chinese, S-omgipg Ont the lyes of Non-Christians »»»,««,, , 93 5« The Christian Atrocity Towards Chinese, Removing the Ch-born Fetus of a Child , * , ♦ , . 9% 6 ,. The Repayment of Saffering by the Chinese , , , . 95 7, The Number of 'Protestant Societies in China, 1 (i j5 0 ”i-S^ 0 0 o 6 6 * O , W Q » e 6 6 « O ti 6 e O 6 . 10% 8 , The Humber of Catholic and Protestant Foreign Missionaries, in China, 1850-1900 . , . i , . , . 1©5 9« • The Number of Catholic Christians in China, 18 5 0 — 1^00 « e ti o e e , et , » o e , e 4 o o e « 106 10, Christian Mission Stations in Northeast China, , 107 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to determine what part missionary activities within Ohina from 1842-1900 played in causing the Boxer Rebellion. Also, to illustrate how par­ ticular activities contributed to the growth of anti-Chris­ tian and anti-foreign feelings which culminated in the Boxer Rebellion. Using the techniques of historical research, data was compiled and examined from English and French language sources. Recognized scholarly books and periodicals were consulted, as were government documents, missionary reports, book reviews, maps, and, illustrations. The evidence reveals that many missionary activities within China caused anti-Christian feelings. These activi­ ties include: the methods of obtaining entrance to China, presumptuous and arrogant attitudes, ignorance of Chinese culture and language, involvement in Chinese domestic af­ fairs, their dependence upon the intervention of foreign gov­ ernments to protect them and their converts from Chinese au­ thority, and their acquisition of property rights in the interior of China. The missionaries, however, were not the only cause of anti-foreignism. The aggressive political, economic, and military acts of the foreign governments, as well as literati activities, excited the general populace. viii Chinese misunderstanding of Christianity, their fear of for­ eign dominance and the threat of Christianity to traditional values are studied as factors causing the Boxer Rebellion. Conclusions reached find that anti-Christian feeling aroused by activities of the missionaries was an important cause of the Boxer Rebellion. CHAPTER I CHRISTIANITY IN CHINA BEfORE 1858 The Nestorians, ca. 632=1168 Other than a legendary visit by St. Thomas, the Apos­ tle, which modern scholars have discounted, the honor of be­ ing the first Christian missionary in China belongs to A1open, a seventh century Nestorian from Syria,^ The earli­ est evidences of Nestorian Christianity are found on a monu­ ment erected in 7 8 I at Hsianfu, in Shensi province. On it are recorded, “the diffusion through the Middle Kingdom of the Brilliant (or Luminous) Teaching of Ta-chin", the Chinese term used to describe the Near East, and a summary of the doc­ trines and practices of the missionaries who followed Alopen,^ Nestorianism was introduced by Alopen in 635s> during the reign of T*ai Tsung, who granted him permission to build a monastery at the capital. The Nestorians were apparently active here until the Wu Tsung emperor issued an edict in 8kS which proscribed both the Buddhist and Nestorian faiths. Be­ cause of this edict, Nestorianism suffered greatly, declined 1. Columbia Gary-Elwes, China and the Cross (New York P. J, Kenedy and Sons, 195^), pp. 9-13.... 2. E. R. Hughes, The Invasion of China by the Western World (New York: The Macmillan Co., I93BT, pp. 55-557“” 3. Kenneth S. Latourette, A History of Christian Mis­ sions in China (New Yorks The Macmillan Co., 1929") , p. 53. 2 in importances and traces of Hestorianism are almost all but erased after the fall of the T ang= Many Mestorians became either Buddhists, Mohammedans, or Mamicheans. During the thirteenth century the Mongols came into contact with Hester- ian Christianity among the Uighurs, Kitans, Keraits, and Kirghia tribes. The end of Nestorianism in China is attri­ buted, by Cary-Blwes, iio the conquests of Tamerlane, and to the fall of the Mongol dynasty in 1368„ The na^iye Ming dy­ nasty which followed was unfriendly to every fqreign religion,^ The franciscans, ca, 1292-1328 The Mongol threat to Christian Europe in the thir­ teenth century brought ambassadors from Europe to the Mongol Court. John of Plan di Carpina and William of Rubruclc were the first of many. A Franciscan, John of Montecorvino, ar­ rived at Cambaluc in 12$k and was allowed by the Kublai Shan to build a church near one of the gates of the Imperial pal­ ace, so that "the Emperor could hear the chanting of the choir," By 1305 John had baptised approximately six thousand persons, and in 1308 three fellow clergy members arrived to assist in his efforts. John of Montecorvino died in 1328 and his replacement arrived in 13^2, However, this replacement departed in 1 3 W or 13^7* much to the distress of the Emperor and his court.
Recommended publications
  • East Syriac Christianity in Mongol-Yuan China (12Th 14Th Centuries)

    East Syriac Christianity in Mongol-Yuan China (12Th 14Th Centuries)

    Orientalia biblica et christiana 18 East Syriac Christianity in Mongol-Yuan China (12th–14th centuries) Bearbeitet von Li Tang 1. Auflage 2011. Buch. XVII, 169 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 447 06580 1 Format (B x L): 17 x 24 cm Gewicht: 550 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Religion > Christliche Kirchen & Glaubensgemeinschaften Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Li Tang East Syriac Christianity in Mongol-Yuan China 2011 Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden ISSN 09465065 ISBN 978-3-447-06580-1 III Acknowledgement This book is the outcome of my research project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, abbreviated as FWF) from May 2005 to April 2008. It could not be made possible without the vision of FWF in its support of researches and involvement in the international scientific community. I take this opportunity to give my heartfelt thanks, first and foremost, to Prof. Dr. Peter Hofrichter who has developed a passion for the history of East Syrian Christianity in China and who invited me to come to Austria for this research. He and his wife Hilde, through their great hospitality, made my initial settling-in in Salzburg very pleasant and smooth. My deep gratitude also goes to Prof. Dr. Dietmar W. Winkler who took over the leadership of this project and supervised the on-going process of the research out of his busy schedule and secured all the ways and means that facilitated this research project to achieve its goals.
  • Tombstone Carvings from AD 86

    Tombstone Carvings from AD 86

    Tombstone Carvings from AD 86 Did Christianity Reach China In the First Century? † Wei-Fan Wang Retired Professor Nanjing Theological Seminary 1 This study, carried out as part of the Chaire de recherche sur l’Eurasie (UCLy), will be issued in English in the volume The Acts of Thomas Judas, in context to be published in the Syro- Malabar Heritage and Research Centre collection, Kochin (Indian Federation) 2 Table of contents I. The Gospel carved on stone ......................................................................................... 5 Fig. 1 situation of Xuzhou .............................................................................................. 5 Fig. 2 : The phoenixes and the fish ................................................................................ 6 II. The Creation and the Fall ........................................................................................... 7 Fig. 3: Domestic animals ................................................................................................ 7 Fig. 4: temptation of Eve ................................................................................................ 7 Fig. 5: The cherubim and the sword ............................................................................... 8 ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Fig. 6: The exit of the Eden garden ................................................................................ 9 Fig. 7: Pillar of ferocious
  • Jacobs – Soviet Far East Geography 1930S

    Jacobs – Soviet Far East Geography 1930S

    THE NEW YORK TIMES The Opinion Pages The Opinionator Exclusive Online Commentary from The Times February 21, 2012 Manchurian Trivia By FRANK JACOBS Borderlines explores the global map, one line at a time. Here’s a bit of insight into the mind of a budding map-head. While my grade-school geography teacher attempted to stuff our heads with tables on the average rainfall in the Amazon and graphs on the relevance of the Donbas [1] for the Soviet economy, I kept staring at the page showing East Asia, wondering: Does Russia share a border with North Korea, or does China touch the sea? The map stubbornly refused to yield enough detail for an answer. The line that defined China’s borders with North Korea and Russia was inked too thickly to determine whether there was a Chinese-Russian-North Korean tripoint on land (but very close to shore), or a Chinese (but very narrow) beachfront on the Sea of Japan [2]. Both options seemed bizarre, yet either would have obvious geopolitical implications: in the former case, Russia would have unimpeded traffic with North Korea; in the latter, China would have direct access to a strategic body of water. Did the mapmakers deliberately gloss over the issue, not wanting to be bothered with such trivia [3]? It’s more likely that they too didn’t quite know where to draw the line: the last border disputes in the area, a region with some of the world’s tightest, most heavily policed borders, were settled less than a decade ago. Even then, the border is too intricate to display adequately on a small- scale map [4]; you can see it with a zoomable online map, but you have to get in pretty close to see what the dickens is going on.
  • Apr 1990 Vol 14 No 2

    Apr 1990 Vol 14 No 2

    EVANGELICAL REVIEW OF THEOLOGY VOLUME 14 Volume 14 • Number 2 • April 1990 Evangelical Review of Theology WORLD EVANGELICAL FELLOWSHIP Theological Commission p. 99 The Doctrine of Regeneration in the Second Century Victor K. Downing Printed with permission Having been raised within the evangelical community since birth, and having ‘gone forward’ at a Billy Graham crusade at the age of nine, there has never been any question in my mind as to what it means to be ‘born again’. However, since having begun to dabble in historical theology, the question has often occurred to me: ‘I wonder if Ignatius or Justin or Irenaeus understood John 3:7 as I understand it, and if not, why not?’. The purpose of this paper is not to critique twentieth-century evangelicalism’s doctrine of regeneration but to ponder this issue: if the idea of the ‘new birth’ is as foundational to the Christian faith, and the experience of the ‘new birth’ as central to the Christian life, as we evangelicals believe them to be; and if our (evangelical) view of regeneration is correct, as I presume most of us are convinced that it is; then why is it not more evident in the traditions of the sub-apostolic and early patristic Church? There are two reasons that I have chosen to examine the second century in particular. First, the person of Irenaeus provides us with an appropriate and convenient focal point. He lived and wrote at the close of the period and was the pre-eminent systematic theologian of the century and arguably the first in the history of the Church.
  • Jingjiao Under the Lenses of Chinese Political Theology

    Jingjiao Under the Lenses of Chinese Political Theology

    religions Article Jingjiao under the Lenses of Chinese Political Theology Chin Ken-pa Department of Philosophy, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; [email protected] Received: 28 May 2019; Accepted: 16 September 2019; Published: 26 September 2019 Abstract: Conflict between religion and state politics is a persistent phenomenon in human history. Hence it is not surprising that the propagation of Christianity often faces the challenge of “political theology”. When the Church of the East monk Aluoben reached China in 635 during the reign of Emperor Tang Taizong, he received the favorable invitation of the emperor to translate Christian sacred texts for the collections of Tang Imperial Library. This marks the beginning of Jingjiao (oY) mission in China. In historiographical sense, China has always been a political domineering society where the role of religion is subservient and secondary. A school of scholarship in Jingjiao studies holds that the fall of Jingjiao in China is the obvious result of its over-involvement in local politics. The flaw of such an assumption is the overlooking of the fact that in the Tang context, it is impossible for any religious establishments to avoid getting in touch with the Tang government. In the light of this notion, this article attempts to approach this issue from the perspective of “political theology” and argues that instead of over-involvement, it is rather the clashing of “ideologies” between the Jingjiao establishment and the ever-changing Tang court’s policies towards foreigners and religious bodies that caused the downfall of Jingjiao Christianity in China. This article will posit its argument based on the analysis of the Chinese Jingjiao canonical texts, especially the Xian Stele, and takes this as a point of departure to observe the political dynamics between Jingjiao and Tang court.
  • Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881

    Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881

    China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881 The East India Company’s steamship Nemesis and other British ships engaging Chinese junks in the Second Battle of Chuenpi, 7 January 1841, during the first opium war. (British Library) ABOUT THE ARCHIVE China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881 is digitised from the FO 17 series of British Foreign Office Files—Foreign Office: Political and Other Departments: General Correspondence before 1906, China— held at the National Archives, UK, providing a vast and significant primary source for researching every aspect of Chinese-British relations during the nineteenth century, ranging from diplomacy to trade, economics, politics, warfare, emigration, translation and law. This first part includes all content from FO 17 volumes 1–872. Source Library Number of Images The National Archives, UK Approximately 532,000 CONTENT From Lord Amherst’s mission at the start of the nineteenth century, through the trading monopoly of the Canton System, and the Opium Wars of 1839–1842 and 1856–1860, Britain and other foreign powers gradually gained commercial, legal, and territorial rights in China. Imperial China and the West provides correspondence from the Factories of Canton (modern Guangzhou) and from the missionaries and diplomats who entered China in the early nineteenth century, as well as from the envoys and missions sent to China from Britain and the later legation and consulates. The documents comprising this collection include communications to and from the British legation, first at Hong Kong and later at Peking, and British consuls at Shanghai, Amoy (Xiamen), Swatow (Shantou), Hankow (Hankou), Newchwang (Yingkou), Chefoo (Yantai), Formosa (Taiwan), and more.
  • Anglicans in China

    Anglicans in China

    ANGLICANS IN CHINA A History of the Zhonghua Shenggong Hui (Chung Hua Sheng Kung Huei) by G.F.S. Gray with editorial revision by Martha Lund Smalley The Episcopal China Mission History Project 1996 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements . ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 1 Editor's foreword ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 2 List of illustrations ... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 3 Preface by G.F.S. Gray. ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 4 Overview and chronology of the period 1835-1910 ... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 5 Overview of the period 1911-1927 .... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 20 Diocesan histories 1911-1927 Hong Kong and South China ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 25 Fujian (Fukien) .. ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 26 Zhejiang (Chekiang) ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 27 Guangxi-Hunan (Kwangsi-Hunan) .... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ ............ 28 Shanghai .... ...... ....
  • Bibliography

    Bibliography

    BIBLIOGRAPHY HUDSON TAYLOR AND THE CHINA INLAND MISSION 1. PRIMARY SOURCES: Publications by J.H. Taylor and the CIM 1.1 JAMES HUDSON TAYLOR China’s Spiritual Need and Claims (London: Morgan & Scott, 1865). Brief Account of the Progress of the China Inland Mission from May 1866 – May 1868 (London: Nisbet & Co.1868). The Arrangements of the CIM (Shanghai: CIM, 1886). Union and Communion or Thoughts on the Song of Solomon. (London: Morgan and Scott, 1894). After Thirty Years: Three Decades of the CIM (London: Morgan and Scott, 1895). Hudson Taylor’s Retrospect (London: OMF Books, Eighteenth Edition, 1974). Unfailing Springs (Sevenoaks: Overseas Missionary Fellowship, n.d.). Union and Communion (Ross-shire: Christian Focus, 1996). 1.2 CIM ARCHIVES (Held at THE SCHOOL FOR ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON and at OMF INTERNATIONAL (UK), BOROUGH GREEN, KENT, ENGLAND) JAMES HUDSON TAYLOR’S PAPERS: Section 1 1849 –1874 Boxes 1-3 Section 2 1853 Box 4 Section 3 1854-1856 Box 4 Section 4 1857-1865 Boxes 5 and 6 Section 5 1866-1870 Boxes 6-8 Section 6 1871-1882 Boxes 9 & 10 Section 7 1883-1886 Box 11 Section 8 1887-1890 Boxes 12 & 13 Section 9 1891-1898 Boxes 14 & 15 Section 10 1899-1905 Boxes 16 & 17 Section 11 General Papers Boxes 18-19 CHINA INLAND MISSION 1. LONDON COUNCIL Section 1-48 2. CIM CORPORATION Section 49-68 3. CHINA PAPERS Section 69-92 4. ASSOCIATE MISSIONS Section 93-96 5. PUBLICATIONS Section 97-433 Periodicals: CIM, Occasional Papers, London 1866-1867 CIM, Occasional Papers, London 1867-1868 CIM, Occasional Papers, London 1868-1869 CIM, Occasional Papers, London 1870-1875 CIM, China’s Millions, London 1875 – 1905 CIM Monthly Notes (Shanghai: CIM, 1908-1913) The China Mission Hand-Book (Shanghai: American Presbyterian Press, 1896).
  • The Multiple Identities of the Nestorian Monk Mar Alopen: a Discussion on Diplomacy and Politics

    The Multiple Identities of the Nestorian Monk Mar Alopen: a Discussion on Diplomacy and Politics

    _full_alt_author_running_head (neem stramien B2 voor dit chapter en nul 0 in hierna): 0 _full_alt_articletitle_running_head (oude _articletitle_deel, vul hierna in): Introduction _full_article_language: en indien anders: engelse articletitle: 0 Introduction 37 Chapter 3 The Multiple Identities of the Nestorian Monk Mar Alopen: A Discussion on Diplomacy and Politics Daniel H.N. Yeung According to the Nestorian Stele inscriptions, in the ninth year of the Zhen- guan era of the Tang Dynasty (635 AD), the Nestorian monk Mar Alopen, carry- ing with him 530 sacred texts1 and accompanied by 21 priests from Persia, arrived at Chang’an after years of traveling along the ancient Silk Road.2 The Emperor’s chancellor, Duke3 Fang Xuanling, along with the court guard, wel- comed the guests from Persia on the western outskirts of Chang’an and led them to Emperor Taizong of Tang, whose full name was Li Shimin. Alopen en- joyed the Emperor’s hospitality and was granted access to the imperial palace library4, where he began to undertake the translation of the sacred texts he had 1 According to the record of “Zun jing 尊經 Venerated Scriptures” amended to the Tang Dynasty Nestorian text “In Praise of the Trinity,” there were a total of 530 Nestorian texts. Cf. Wu Changxing 吳昶興, Daqin jingjiao liuxing zhongguo bei: daqin jingjiao wenxian shiyi 大秦景 教流行中國碑 – 大秦景教文獻釋義 [Nestorian Stele: Interpretation of the Nestorian Text ] (Taiwan: Olive Publishing, 2015), 195. 2 The inscription on the Stele reads: “Observing the clear sky, he bore the true sacred books; beholding the direction of the winds, he braved difficulties and dangers.” “Observing the clear sky” and “beholding the direction of the wind” can be understood to mean that Alopen and his followers relied on the stars at night and the winds during the day to navigate.
  • Sino-British Agreement and Nationality: Hong Kong's Future in the Hands of the People's Republic of China

    Sino-British Agreement and Nationality: Hong Kong's Future in the Hands of the People's Republic of China

    UCLA UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal Title The Sino-British Agreement and Nationality: Hong Kong's Future in the Hands of the People's Republic of China Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9j3546s0 Journal UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 8(1) Author Chua, Christine Publication Date 1990 DOI 10.5070/P881021965 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California THE SINO-BRITISH AGREEMENT AND NATIONALITY: HONG KONG'S FUTURE IN THE HANDS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Christine Chua* I. INTRODUCTION On July 1, 1997, the United Kingdom will officially relinquish its sovereignty over Hong Kong' to the People's Republic of China (PRC). The terms for the transfer of governmental control are set forth in the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Govern- ment of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong (hereinafter, "Joint Declaration"), which was signed by rep- resentatives for both governments on December 19, 1984. The terms likewise appear in the Memoranda exchanged by the United 2 Kingdom and PRC governments on the signing date. Set forth in the Joint Declaration is the PRC's intent to estab- lish the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR). 3 Rules for implementing the separate government of the Hong Kong SAR are also enumerated. 4 The creation of the Hong Kong SAR is au- thorized by a provision in the PRC Constitution' originally in- * J.D., 1989, UCLA School of Law; B.A., 1985, Cornell University.
  • The Recovery of Hong Kong by the People's Republic of China-A Fifty Year Experiment in Capitalism and Freedom

    The Recovery of Hong Kong by the People's Republic of China-A Fifty Year Experiment in Capitalism and Freedom

    Day: The Recovery of Hong Kong THE RECOVERY OF HONG KONG BY THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA-A FIFTY YEAR EXPERIMENT IN CAPITALISM AND FREEDOM Christian C. Day* I. INTRODUCTION The People's Republic of China (PRC) has the opportunity to fashion a novel relationship with the capitalistic city-state of Hong Kong. This opportunity has arisen out of the September 26, 1984 Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong.1 This Joint Declaration, issued with three integrated annexes, and an Ex­ change of Memoranda, comprises the text of the "agreement" be­ tween the UK and the PRC on the future of the current British Colony.2 The UK-PRC agreement, which was signed in Peking on December 19, 1984,3 is an unprecedented solution to the PRC's * Associate Professor of Law, Syracuse University College of Law; A.B. Cornell University, 1967; J.D. New York University School of Law, 1970. 1. Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong, signed at Peking Dec. 19, 1984, United Kingdom-People's Republic of China, 1984 Gr. Brit. T.S. No. 20, at 11-13 (Cmd. 9352) [hereinafter cited as Joint Declaration]. Ac­ cording to the Joint Declaration, its effectiveness is subject to "ratification and shall enter into force on the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification, which shall take place in Beijing before 30 June 1985." Id.
  • CCS News and Activities

    CCS News and Activities

    9 N a t i o n a l C e n t r a l L i b r a r y 10 number of distinctive bookmarks made by collectors, ▓ NCL Exhibitions CCS News and Activities translated the Bible into Chinese, many missionaries including bookmarks made from used train tickets, to China have engaged writing and translation related In order to promote reading and ongoing to their missionary work, including John Fryer, clothing accessories, scraps of cloth and cellphone ▓ CCS Seminars accessories. education, the NCL will host several book exhibitions Timothy Richard and Griffith John of Britain. Dr. Oh in 2007, including the following: discussed the Chinese language works of several The NTL regularly organizes art and craft The Center for Chinese Studies (CCS) invited April 21 to July 1: Exhibition of choice NCL Christian missionaries in China, including those of exhibitions to enhance the library's aesthetic visiting scholar Dr. Oh Soon-bong to present a lecture collection works. William Milne, Griffith, and Richard; as well as the environment. The bookmark exhibition also turned on "Missionary Work, Translation, Enlightenment and July 3 to September 30: Exhibition of old local production and circulation of original and translated the highlight on an object that represents a pause in Novels: Textual Works of Protestant Missionaries in photographs in the NCL collection Christian novels by other missionaries in China in the reading and provides inspiration for thought both in China in the 19th Century and Transitions in Novel October 2 to 31: Exhibition of books about 19th century. their designs and the words of wisdom they bear.