ANGLICANS IN CHINA A History of the Zhonghua Shenggong Hui (Chung Hua Sheng Kung Huei) by G.F.S. Gray with editorial revision by Martha Lund Smalley The Episcopal China Mission History Project 1996 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements . ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 1 Editor's foreword ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 2 List of illustrations ... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 3 Preface by G.F.S. Gray. ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 4 Overview and chronology of the period 1835-1910 ... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 5 Overview of the period 1911-1927 .... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 20 Diocesan histories 1911-1927 Hong Kong and South China ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 25 Fujian (Fukien) .. ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 26 Zhejiang (Chekiang) ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 27 Guangxi-Hunan (Kwangsi-Hunan) .... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ ............ 28 Shanghai .... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 29 Anqing (Anking) . ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 31 Hankou (Hankow) ... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 32 West China . ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 34 Henan (Honan) .. ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 35 Shandong (Shantung) .... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ ............ 37 North China ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 38 Shaanxi (Shensi) ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ ............ 39 Overview of the period 1928-1959 .... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 41 Diocesan histories 1928-1958 Hong Kong and South China ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 50 Fujian (Fukien) .. ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 51 Zhejiang (Chekiang) ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 53 Guangxi-Hunan (Kwangsi-Hunan) .... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ ............ 55 Yunnan-Guizhou (Yun-Kuei) ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 56 Shanghai .... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 58 Anqing (Anking) . ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 61 Hankou (Hankow) ... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 63 West China . ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 66 Henan (Honan) .. ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 68 Shandong (Shantung) .... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ ............ 69 North China ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 70 Shaanxi (Shensi) ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ ............ 71 Postscript ... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 74 Appendix A: Bishops and Dioceses of the Anglican Church in China ... ............ .......................... ............ ............ 81 Bibliography ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 84 Index. .. ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 87 Acknowledgements The members of the Episcopal China Mission History Project count themselves fortunate to have turned to Martha Smalley, Curator of the Day Missions Library at Yale Divinity School, for advice and help with Francis Gray's draft typescript. Thanks to her initiative and judgment, we find our hopes happily realized. Within the duties we retained, of liaison with the author abroad and our own Church here, a key role was played, up to his death in November 1995, by the Rev. Leslie Fairfield. He was a leader in calling on former Episcopal missionaries like us to fill out the history of pre-1950 work in China. We owe particular gratitude to the Church Missions Publishing Company of the Diocese of Connecticut for covering incidental costs of this edition. Inquiries as to additional copies should be referred to Charles Long. Paul L. Ward Charles H. Long 1 Editor's foreword For more than twenty years, G.F.S. Gray was a part of the history of the Anglican Church in China. He served under the Church Missionary Society in Guilin, Guangxi Province during the early 1930s, then taught at Central Theological School in Nanjing. Later years brought him to other areas of China, including Beijing and Wuchang, where he served under the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel and the American Church Mission respectively. The length and breadth of Gray's personal involvement with the Anglican Church in China have given him the perspective and the passionate interest needed to sustain the years of research and writing that stand behind his manuscript "Anglicans in China: A History of the Chung Hua Sheng Kung Huei." This manuscript, running to more than 250 single-spaced typed pages, is based on both English and Chinese sources documenting the Anglican effort in China and its context. In addition to printed sources, Gray had extensive discussions with Chinese Church leaders and personal memories upon which to draw. Even the compilation of the bibliography and indices for this manuscript was a noteworthy task, and from the many and varied strands of his sources Gray has woven the basic fabric of a comprehensive history of the Anglican Church in China. One can hope that the factual fabric presented in Gray's work will serve as a base for more intricate designs documenting various dimensions of the Anglican Church in China and the people who formed it. Full, if rather poor quality, photocopies of the original typescript of Gray's work, annotated in his aged handwriting, are available in the Special Collections Department of the Yale Divinity School Library and at the Episcopal Church Archives in Austin, Texas. Unable to find a publisher for his work, Francis Gray deposited a copy of the manuscript at Lambeth Place Library in London, and provided a copy to his friend Paul Ward for deposit in the United States. At the instigation of Paul Ward, Leslie Fairfield, and Charles Long, this condensed version of Gray's massive manuscript has been prepared in order to make his work more widely available. It should be noted that a great many more facts and details are included in Gray's full manuscript than could be included in this condensed version. While editing and condensing Gray's work, I have attempted to retain the "flavour" of his writing, as well as his British spelling conventions. Changing methods of romanization of the Chinese language lead to considerable complications in an historical work such as this. Gray was aware of the trend toward pinyin romanization and had begun to annotate his manuscript with alternate spellings for geographic and personal names. Given Gray's hope that his work would be for the benefit of Chinese Christians as much as for Westerners interested in Chinese Christianity, it seemed best to utilize modern conventions of spelling for the context of the story, so whenever it has been possible to locate the pinyin spelling of a Chinese geographic name in text elsewhere, pinyin has been used. However, names of individuals and place names not located in a current atlas remain as Gray had spelled them in his original text. Chinese characters are provided for all Chinese names indexed in this condensed text (primarily names mentioned more than once). The index to this volume is very brief. More extensive indices of geographic names, and Western and Chinese personal names are included in Gray's original manuscript; these have additional Chinese characters provided in Gray's (sometimes indecipherable) handwriting. The facts presented by Gray in his work are largely unfootnoted