DOCSLIB.ORG

Crusaders Against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874-1917

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Crusaders Against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874-1917 University of Kentucky UKnowledge Christianity Religion 1996 Crusaders Against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874-1917 Kathleen L. Lodwick Pennsylvania State University Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Lodwick, Kathleen L., "Crusaders Against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874-1917" (1996). Christianity. 3. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_christianity/3 CRUSADERS AGAINST OPIUM This page intentionally left blank CRUSADERS AGAINST OPIUM Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874-1917 KATHLEEN L. LODWICK THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Copyright © 1996 by The University Press of Kentucky Paperback edition 2009 The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-8131-9285-7 (pbk: acid-free paper) This book is printed on acid-free recycled paper meeting the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence in Paper for Printed Library Materials. Manufactured in the United States of America. Member of the Association of American University Presses This book is dedicated to the memory of my maternal grandparents: Edith Tremayne Worthington, 1882-1972, who always encouraged my love of reading, and Edward Stephen Worthington, 1879-1954, who, though our years overlapped but few, never refused my request to hear again the story his grandfather had told him of Edward Worthington, who had served as paymaster for George Rogers Clark at the battle of Vincennes in the American Revolution. Grandfather's story always ended as he carefully unrolled his photostatic copy of the payroll he had obtained at the National Archives and helped me read the handwriting of our long-ago ancestor, then a very real person to both of us. Thus I came to know and love history. This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 ONE Opium in China in the Late Nineteenth Century 11 TWO Missionaries Organize to Oppose Opium 27 THREE The Pro-Opium Forces and Government Investigations 72 FOUR The Anti-Opium Lobby Comes of Age 116 FIVE Success and Failures of Opium Suppression 148 Conclusion 181 Appendix 186 Notes 188 Bibliography 203 Index 210 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments Opium suppression in China, and particularly the role of Protestant missionaries in it, is a subject that has drawn my attention from time to time over many years. I first worked on the subject as part of my dissertation at the University of Arizona but later was distracted from the subject by the periodical The Chinese Recorder through which the mission­ aries had organized their anti-opium campaigns. A National Endowment for the Humanities grant led me to work on an index to The Chinese Recorder for a number of years, the first of which I spent at the John King Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University. During that year, 1978-79, the Chinese-made film, titled in English, The opium War was shown in Cambridge and became the topic of lunch­ time conversations as more and more people at the Fairbank Center viewed it. In one of these conversations, Professor Benjamin Schwartz remarked that one thing we still did not know was why so many Chinese had taken to opium at that moment in their history. That remark stayed with me over the years, and although I moved on to other topics, namely Educating the Women of Hainan: The Career of Margaret Moninger in China, 1915-1942 (University Press of Kentucky, 1995) and a history of the Presbyterian mission on Hainan island on which I am still working, I never gave up my in­ terest in the topic of opium suppression. From time to time as I studied various aspects of the missionaries' anti-opium activities, I was increasingly struck by the similarities of the arguments about drugs a century ago in China to those in the news media in the United States today. x ACKNOWlEDGMENTS In Cambridge for the memorial service for Professor Fairbank in 1991, I reminded Professor Schwartz of his re­ mark, which he recalled; he added that we did not know then that the United States would soon also have a huge drug problem and that no one would know why so many Americans had taken to drugs. I still do not know why indi­ viduals in any society take to drug use; perhaps it is a ques­ tion to which the answers are so varied and personal that no historian will ever be able to identify them with any cer­ tainty. But it is clear that academic interest in this subject is growing, as demonstrated by the number of papers on the subject of China's opium problem that have been presented at academic conferences in recent years. This work, which focuses solely on the missionaries' role in the suppression campaign, is my contribution to this growing field. A number of people have provided me with assistance in this endeavor. Jessie G. Lutz, professor of history emerita of Rutgers University, and Murray Rubinstein, professor of history at Baruch College of City University of New York, read the manuscript and provided many suggestions. My longtime friend Christine W. Kulikowski read both the drafts of the manuscript and the page proofs with her pro­ fessional editor's eyes and made many suggestions. Gene Slaski, academic officer of Penn State's Allentown campus, provided encouragement and financial assistance, and John V. Cooney, campus executive officer, also provided help. Also at Penn State's Allentown campus, Sue Snyder and Nancy Eberle provided secretarial help and Kay Stokes and Kathy Romig, both of the library staff, obtained numerous items for me. Thanks, too, to Suzanne Wilson Barnett, pro­ fessor of history at the University of Puget Sound; Daniel Bays, professor of history at the University of Kansas; David Buck, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin­ Milwaukee; Lawrence Kessler, professor of history at the University of North Carolina; Judith Liu, professor of so­ ciology at the University of San Diego, and Victoria Siu, ACKNOWlEDGMENTS xi adjunct professor of history, at the University of San Fran­ cisco, for their friendship and help over the years. Thanks are also due to the staffs of the Library of Congress and the libraries of Washington University in St. Louis and Georgetown University for their assistance. Thanks to Dominik Fellner for his assistance in the final stages of the project. Thanks, too, to my longtime friends John F. and Vivian Cady of Ohio University, who have long encouraged my interest in Asia. Special thanks are also due to my mother and father, Kathryn E. and Algha C. Lodwick, for their help and encouragement over the years. A NOTE ON ROMANIZATION In this work I have used the Wade-Giles romanization sys­ tem, which was used in most of the source materials cited. For consistency I have used Taiwan only, instead of both Taiwan and Formosa. Sir Alexander Hosie's Joumeys Author's Routes Roads Railways Fu Cities • Sir Alexander Hosie's Journeys. DEASY Geographies. This page intentionally left blank Introduction Dazzling fields of flowers, magnificent to the eye of the be­ holder, stretched across the Chinese countryside. Far be­ yond the horizon more flowers bloomed in India. Beauti­ ful as they were these flowers were not grown to please the eye; with them bloomed international controversy, war, greed, degradation, misery, and death. These were no or­ dinary blossoms-they were opium poppies. Opium was the subject of controversy in China through­ out the nineteenth century and into the twentieth. No one could say how many Chinese were addicted to the drug, but addicts surely numbered in the millions, and their families, who suffered indirectly, added many more to the list of those harmed by the drug. Opium was an emotional issue for the Chinese. Its use had been prohibited by the Yung-cheng emperor in 1729, but as trade with the West increased opium imports to China gradually grew from about two hundred chests a year early in the eighteenth century to about one thousand chests a year in 1767. In 1781 the British East In­ dia Company took over the British part of the trade from private merchants, and by 1790 the company's trade in opium amounted to 4,054 chests. A Chinese imperial edict prohibited all importation in 1796, but it was openly ignored, and by 1830 the amount of opium entering China was 16,877 chests. The amount had grown to 20,619 by 1838, just be­ fore the Opium War of 1839-42. The Opium War, the first war in which the Chinese were defeated by the Europeans, was fought largely over the foreigners' right to sell opium in China. Following the hostilities, 50,000 chests of opium :2 CRUSADERS AGAINST OPIUM were thought to have been imported in 1850, and 85,000 chests entered in 1860 when the trade was legalized by treaty.! Once the trade was legalized opium imports were recorded by the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Ser­ vice.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Missionary Advocate
    MISSIONARY ADVOCATE. HIS DOMINION SHALL BE FROM SEA EVEN TO SEA, AND FROM THE RIVER EVEN TO THE ENDS OF THE EARTH. VOLUME XL NEW-YORK, JANUARY, 1856. NUMBER 10. THB “ ROTAL PALACE ” AT OFIN. IN THE IJEBU COUNTRY. AFRICA. in distant lands, and direct their attention to the little JAPAN. gardens which here and there have been fenced in from A it a rriva l at San Francisco, of a gentleman who Above is presented a sketch taken in the Ijebu country, the wilderness. But it will not do always to dwell on went out from that port to Japan on a trading expedi­ an African district on the Bight of Benin, lying to the these, lest in what haB been done we forget all that re­ tion, affords the following information:— southwest of Egba, where the missionaries arc at work. mains to be done. We must betimes look from these In Egba they have several stations—at Abbeokuta, and pleasant spots to the dreary wastes beyond, that, re­ The religion of this country is as strange as the people Ibadan, and Ijaye, &e.; but into Ijebu they are only be­ themselves. Our short stay here has not afforded us minded of the misery of millions to whom as yet no much opportunity to become conversant with all their ginning to find entrance. It is much to be desired that missionaries have been sen’t, we may redouble our vocations and religious opinions. So far as I know of the Gospel of Christ should be introduced among the efforts, and haste to the help of those who are perishing them I will write you.
    [Show full text]
  • © 2013 Yi-Ling Lin
    © 2013 Yi-ling Lin CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT IN MISSIONARY CHINA: AMERICAN MISSIONARY NOVELS 1880-1930 BY YI-LING LIN DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2013 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral committee: Professor Waïl S. Hassan, Chair Professor Emeritus Leon Chai, Director of Research Professor Emeritus Michael Palencia-Roth Associate Professor Robert Tierney Associate Professor Gar y G. Xu Associate Professor Rania Huntington, University of Wisconsin at Madison Abstract From a comparative standpoint, the American Protestant missionary enterprise in China was built on a paradox in cross-cultural encounters. In order to convert the Chinese—whose religion they rejected—American missionaries adopted strategies of assimilation (e.g. learning Chinese and associating with the Chinese) to facilitate their work. My dissertation explores how American Protestant missionaries negotiated the rejection-assimilation paradox involved in their missionary work and forged a cultural identification with China in their English novels set in China between the late Qing and 1930. I argue that the missionaries’ novelistic expression of that identification was influenced by many factors: their targeted audience, their motives, their work, and their perceptions of the missionary enterprise, cultural difference, and their own missionary identity. Hence, missionary novels may not necessarily be about conversion, the missionaries’ primary objective but one that suggests their resistance to Chinese culture, or at least its religion. Instead, the missionary novels I study culminate in a non-conversion theme that problematizes the possibility of cultural assimilation and identification over ineradicable racial and cultural differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Apr 1990 Vol 14 No 2
    EVANGELICAL REVIEW OF THEOLOGY VOLUME 14 Volume 14 • Number 2 • April 1990 Evangelical Review of Theology WORLD EVANGELICAL FELLOWSHIP Theological Commission p. 99 The Doctrine of Regeneration in the Second Century Victor K. Downing Printed with permission Having been raised within the evangelical community since birth, and having ‘gone forward’ at a Billy Graham crusade at the age of nine, there has never been any question in my mind as to what it means to be ‘born again’. However, since having begun to dabble in historical theology, the question has often occurred to me: ‘I wonder if Ignatius or Justin or Irenaeus understood John 3:7 as I understand it, and if not, why not?’. The purpose of this paper is not to critique twentieth-century evangelicalism’s doctrine of regeneration but to ponder this issue: if the idea of the ‘new birth’ is as foundational to the Christian faith, and the experience of the ‘new birth’ as central to the Christian life, as we evangelicals believe them to be; and if our (evangelical) view of regeneration is correct, as I presume most of us are convinced that it is; then why is it not more evident in the traditions of the sub-apostolic and early patristic Church? There are two reasons that I have chosen to examine the second century in particular. First, the person of Irenaeus provides us with an appropriate and convenient focal point. He lived and wrote at the close of the period and was the pre-eminent systematic theologian of the century and arguably the first in the history of the Church.
    [Show full text]
  • Hudson Taylor's Spiritual Secret
    Hudson Taylor’s Spiritual Secret FOREWORD This record has been prepared especially for readers unfamiliar with the details of Mr. Hudson Taylor's life. Those who have read the larger biography by the present writers, or Mr. Marshall Broomhall's more recent presentation, will find little that is new in these pages. But there are many, in the western world especially, who have hardly heard of Hudson Taylor, who have little time for reading and might turn away from a book in two volumes, yet who need and long for just the inward joy and power that Hudson Taylor found. The desire of the writers is to make available to busy people the experiences of their beloved father—thankful for the blessing brought to their own lives by what he was, and what he found in God, no less than by his fruitful labors. Howard and Geraldine Taylor Philadelphia, May 21, 1932 Men are God's method. The church is looking for better methods; God is looking for better men. What the church needs today is not more machinery or better, not new organizations or more and novel methods, but men whom the Holy Ghost can use—men of prayer, men mighty in prayer. The Holy Ghost does not come on machinery, but on men. He does not anoint plans, but men—men of prayer . The training of the Twelve was the great, difficult and enduring work of Christ. It is not great talents or great learning or great preachers that God needs, but men great in holiness, great in faith, great in love, great in fidelity, great for God—men always preaching by holy sermons in the pulpit, by holy lives out of it.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report
    THE ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTEENTH Annual Report o f the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD Congregational House 1 4 B e a c o n S t r e e t B o sto n Contents Page T a b u l a r V ie w o p M is s i o n s ....................................................................................................... 3 M e d ic a l St a t i s t ic s ........................................................................................................................ 4 O rganization o f th e A m e r ic an B o a r d .................................................; ............................ 5 O rganization o f th e W om an’s B o a r d s ................................................................................. 6 C om m ittees Se r v in g in 1 9 2 5 ..................................................................................................... 6 M in u t e s of th e A n n u a l M e e t i n g ........................................ 7 Members Present............................................................................... 7 Committees Appointed .................................................................................................. io, 14, 21 Reports of Officers................................................................................................................... 11 Resolutions................................................... 16 Election of Officers...................................... 17 H om e D e pa r tm e n t Giving an Account of Ourselves.....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Farewell to Alms
    A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World Draft, 1 October 2006 Forthcoming, Princeton University Press, 2007 He is a benefactor of mankind who contracts the great rules of life into short sentences, that may be easily impressed on the memory, and so recur habitually to the mind --Samuel Johnson Gregory Clark University of California Davis, CA 95616 ([email protected]) 1. Introduction…………………………………….. 1-13 The Malthusian Trap: Economic Life to 1800 2. The Logic of the Malthusian Economy…………. 15-39 3. Material Living Standards……………………….. 40-76 4. Fertility………………………………………….. 78-99 5. Mortality………………………………………… 100-131 6. Malthus and Darwin: Survival of the Richest……. 132-152 7. Technological Advance…………………………..153-179 8. Preference Changes………………………………180-207 The Industrial Revolution 9. Modern Growth: the Wealth of Nations………… 208-227 10. The Problem of the Industrial Revolution……….. 228-256 11. The Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1760-1860…. 257-293 12 Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution.. 294-330 The Great Divergence 13. The Great Divergence: World Growth since 1800.. 331-364 14. The Proximate Sources of Divergence…………... 365-394 15. Why Isn’t the Whole World Developed?.................. 395-420 16. Conclusion: Strange New World………………… 421-422 Technical Appendix……………………………... 423-427 References……………………………………….. 428-451 ii 1 Introduction The basic outline of world economic history is surprisingly simple. Indeed it can be summarized in one diagram: figure 1.1. Before 1800 income per person – the food, clothing, heat, light, housing, and furnishings available per head - varied across socie- ties and epochs. But there was no upward trend. A simple but powerful mechanism explained in this book, the Malthusian Trap, kept incomes within a range narrow by modern standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Harmfully Isolated Criminalizing Sex Work in Hong Kong
    HARMFULLY ISOLATED CRIMINALIZING SEX WORK IN HONG KONG Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2016 Cover photo: Tourists stroll through the red light district in Hong Kong, 10 January 2012. Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons © DPA Germany (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2016 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: ASA 17/4032/2016 Original language: English a mnesty.org CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 2. METHODOLOGY 12 3. SEX WORK IN HONG KONG 13 3.1 Venues for sex work 14 3.2 The number of sex workers 15 3.3 Reasons for engaging in sex work 15 3.4 Sexual health and access to services 16 3.5 The criminalization of sex work 17 4. POLICING OF SEX WORK 19 4.1 Extortion for money or sexual services 20 4.2 Reciept of sexual services as an investigatory technique 22 4.3 Entrapment 23 4.4 Obtaining confessions through coercion or deception 27 4.5 Failure to inform suspects of their rights 29 4.6 Condoms as evidence 31 4.7 Electronic communications as evidence 33 4.8 Abuses against transgender sex workers 33 5.
    [Show full text]
  • 2009 Hamerkaz
    50883_Book_r3:50883_Book_r3 9/16/09 2:21 PM Page 1 F ALL 2 0 0 9 E DITION HAPPY NEW YEAR 5770 HAMERKAZ A PUBLICATION OF THE SEPHARDIC EDUCATIONAL CENTER SECuring Our Jewish Future 50883_Book_r3:50883_Book_r3 9/16/09 2:21 PM Page 2 BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Jose A. Nessim, Founder & President MESSAGE FROM THE BOARD W o r l d E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e Ronald J. Nessim, Chair Sarita Hasson Fields Raymond Mallel Freda Nessim By Ronald J. Nessim Steven Nessim Prof. Eli Nissim There has been significant and exciting changes at the SEC over the past two Dr. Salvador Sarfatti years. Let me update you on some of them. Neil J. Sheff Marcia Israel Weingarten Larry Azose, World Executive Director In the fall of 2007, we hired Larry Azose as our full-time executive director. Larry has a rich Sephardic background, brings organizational skills to the SEC and is S E C J e r u s a l e m C a m p u s 200% committed to our cause. We are fortunate to have him. Rabbi Yosef Benarroch, Educational Director [email protected] Our executive committee which I am proud to chair has been meeting monthly in Israel Shalem, Administrative Director Los Angeles. The executive committee has made great progress in revitalizing the [email protected] SEC and each member has assumed primary responsibility in one or more areas such as finance, Israel programs and our Jewish day school initiative. S E C C h a p t e r s Los Angeles• Argentina• New York• Montreal It is our intent over the coming months to create Advisory Committees consisting World Executive Offices of community leaders in our local chapters.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglicans in China
    ANGLICANS IN CHINA A History of the Zhonghua Shenggong Hui (Chung Hua Sheng Kung Huei) by G.F.S. Gray with editorial revision by Martha Lund Smalley The Episcopal China Mission History Project 1996 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements . ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 1 Editor's foreword ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 2 List of illustrations ... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 3 Preface by G.F.S. Gray. ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 4 Overview and chronology of the period 1835-1910 ... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 5 Overview of the period 1911-1927 .... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 20 Diocesan histories 1911-1927 Hong Kong and South China ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 25 Fujian (Fukien) .. ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 26 Zhejiang (Chekiang) ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ 27 Guangxi-Hunan (Kwangsi-Hunan) .... ...... ..... ...... ..... ............ .......................... ............ ............ 28 Shanghai .... ...... ....
    [Show full text]
  • Footbinding, China, and the West, 1300-1911 He Qi
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarBank@NUS THE CHANGING OTHER: FOOTBINDING, CHINA, AND THE WEST, 1300-1911 HE QI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2012 THE CHANGING OTHER: FOOTBINDING, CHINA, AND THE WEST, 1300-1911 HE QI B.A. (ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE &LITERATURE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2012 i Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance, patience, and support of the following people. First and foremost, I owe deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Ross G. Forman, whose knowledge and wisdom greatly inspired me to write on this topic. Despite the fact that he has other academic commitments, his encouragement, support, and insightful advice from the preliminary to the concluding level enabled me to develop a better understanding of the subject. I would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and criticisms, which enabled me to enrich this thesis. I also would like to express my special thanks to my former teachers and friends, Professor Ernest Olson, Professor Peter Swirski, and Ms Sichen Shou for patiently proofreading my scripts and giving me invaluable feedback. I am heartily thankful to all my friends who have been supporting me by all means during the months of research and writing. My special thanks go to Gaoshao Cao, Zhao Lu, Gao Shuang, Yanqing Li, and Jiaqi Hu, who have listened endlessly to my ideas and complaints, and cheered me up when I was stressed out.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of World Civilization. 3 Cyclus (1450-2070) New Time ("New Antiquity"), Capitalism ("New Slaveownership"), Upper Mental (Causal) Plan
    The history of world civilization. 3 cyclus (1450-2070) New time ("new antiquity"), capitalism ("new slaveownership"), upper mental (causal) plan. 19. 1450-1700 -"neoarchaics". 20. 1700-1790 -"neoclassics". 21. 1790-1830 -"romanticism". 22. 1830-1870 – «liberalism». Modern time (lower intuitive plan) 23. 1870-1910 – «imperialism». 24. 1910-1950 – «militarism». 25.1950-1990 – «social-imperialism». 26.1990-2030 – «neoliberalism». 27. 2030-2070 – «neoromanticism». New history. We understand the new history generally in the same way as the representatives of Marxist history. It is a history of establishment of new social-economic formation – capitalism, which, in difference to the previous formations, uses the economic impelling and the big machine production. The most important classes are bourgeoisie and hired workers, in the last time the number of the employees in the sphere of service increases. The peasants decrease in number, the movement of peasants into towns takes place; the remaining peasants become the independent farmers, who are involved into the ware and money economy. In the political sphere it is an epoch of establishment of the republican system, which is profitable first of all for the bourgeoisie, with the time the political rights and liberties are extended for all the population. In the spiritual plan it is an epoch of the upper mental, or causal (later lower intuitive) plan, the humans discover the laws of development of the world and man, the traditional explanations of religion already do not suffice. The time of the swift development of technique (Satan was loosed out of his prison, according to Revelation 20.7), which causes finally the global ecological problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    BIBLIOGRAPHY HUDSON TAYLOR AND THE CHINA INLAND MISSION 1. PRIMARY SOURCES: Publications by J.H. Taylor and the CIM 1.1 JAMES HUDSON TAYLOR China’s Spiritual Need and Claims (London: Morgan & Scott, 1865). Brief Account of the Progress of the China Inland Mission from May 1866 – May 1868 (London: Nisbet & Co.1868). The Arrangements of the CIM (Shanghai: CIM, 1886). Union and Communion or Thoughts on the Song of Solomon. (London: Morgan and Scott, 1894). After Thirty Years: Three Decades of the CIM (London: Morgan and Scott, 1895). Hudson Taylor’s Retrospect (London: OMF Books, Eighteenth Edition, 1974). Unfailing Springs (Sevenoaks: Overseas Missionary Fellowship, n.d.). Union and Communion (Ross-shire: Christian Focus, 1996). 1.2 CIM ARCHIVES (Held at THE SCHOOL FOR ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON and at OMF INTERNATIONAL (UK), BOROUGH GREEN, KENT, ENGLAND) JAMES HUDSON TAYLOR’S PAPERS: Section 1 1849 –1874 Boxes 1-3 Section 2 1853 Box 4 Section 3 1854-1856 Box 4 Section 4 1857-1865 Boxes 5 and 6 Section 5 1866-1870 Boxes 6-8 Section 6 1871-1882 Boxes 9 & 10 Section 7 1883-1886 Box 11 Section 8 1887-1890 Boxes 12 & 13 Section 9 1891-1898 Boxes 14 & 15 Section 10 1899-1905 Boxes 16 & 17 Section 11 General Papers Boxes 18-19 CHINA INLAND MISSION 1. LONDON COUNCIL Section 1-48 2. CIM CORPORATION Section 49-68 3. CHINA PAPERS Section 69-92 4. ASSOCIATE MISSIONS Section 93-96 5. PUBLICATIONS Section 97-433 Periodicals: CIM, Occasional Papers, London 1866-1867 CIM, Occasional Papers, London 1867-1868 CIM, Occasional Papers, London 1868-1869 CIM, Occasional Papers, London 1870-1875 CIM, China’s Millions, London 1875 – 1905 CIM Monthly Notes (Shanghai: CIM, 1908-1913) The China Mission Hand-Book (Shanghai: American Presbyterian Press, 1896).
    [Show full text]