Crônica Mexicana De Hernando Alvarado Tezozómoc E As Redes De Inteligibilidade Da Memória (1538-1598)

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Crônica Mexicana De Hernando Alvarado Tezozómoc E As Redes De Inteligibilidade Da Memória (1538-1598) PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP JOÃO LUIZ FUKUNAGA Crônica Mexicana de Hernando Alvarado Tezozómoc e as redes de inteligibilidade da memória (1538-1598) Mestrado em História SÃO PAULO AGOSTO 2008 JOÃO LUIZ FUKUNAGA CRÔNICA MEXICANA DE HERNANDO ALVARADO TEZOZÓMOC E AS REDES DE INTELIGIBILIDADE DA MEMÓRIA (1538-1598) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Estudos Pós Graduados em História da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo como requisito parcial para obtenção de título de Mestre em História Social sob orientação do Professor Doutor Fernando Torres-Londoño. SÃO PAULO Agosto 2008 Agradecimentos Somos todos frutos de encontros, de escolhas e de memórias. É a partir dos encontros que canibalizamos o outro, que o transformamos em objeto de desejo ou de angústias, de repulsa ou adoração, mas é por essa devora que nos apropriamos do outro, de seu pensamento, de sua representação de mundo e de seu ser. A partir desses encontros fazemos nossas escolhas e dão origem a ciclos de amizades, já aqueles que interditamos não estarão próximos em momentos de angústias, de penúrias, de felicidade e esperanças. Das memórias, lembramos daqueles que conhecemos, dos que se tornaram íntimos em um processo de escolha detalhada, que investiga a alma e o ser deste outro. Somos todos frutos dessa relação autoritária, individualista e egoísta, somos fruto dos encontros e das escolhas que fazemos, mas acima de tudo, é destes seres queridos que queremos lembrar, guardar e interiorizar em nossas almas, aos que estejam fora desse ciclo, resta o esquecimento ou a vaga lembrança. Assim, somos em todos os momentos sujeitos dos erros e das escolhas, somos historiadores da alma e do ser daqueles que encontramos nessa vida. È a estes que ficam após o encontro que dedico esta dissertação, pois sei que em meus maus e bons momentos, eles estiveram perto de mim, pois esta foi minha escolha e a escolha deles. Sei que em meus maus momentos, fui insuportável, autoritário e orgulhoso, ao mesmo tempo em que fui atrapalhado e desajeitado nos maus temperamentos. Nos bons, espero ter sido um bom colega e amigo, companheiro em todos os momentos, dedicado a ouvir os problemas da vida e, assim, ter revelado outra faceta desse ser de mil facetas. Sei que nesses momentos flutuantes, poucos ficaram, mas aos que ficaram sei que serão amigos e colegas para o resto da vida. Deste modo agradeço aos meus amigos da época da graduação e que permaneceram meus amigos: Prof. Yone, Rei, Kazuo, Flavia, Marília, Juliana, Dinho, Laura e Mariana. Aos amigos novos: Andrézito, Adriano, Roberta, Karen, Van, Nilo, Beto, Dani, Dimi, Marcão, Cicília, Vitorino, Cleyton, Cris, Luis Henrique, Luis Claudio, Fabi e tantos outros que não caberiam aqui, meu muito obrigado e amor. Ao Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em História e a coordenação, pela possibilidade de continuar crescendo e aprendendo, nas angústias e felicidades, este ofício de historiador. Agradeço a minha família, pelo apoio financeiro e emocional, pelo carinho de ter estado sempre comigo. A minha mãe que fez o possível para me educar, pelos conselhos e carinhos próprios que essa profissão exige, à minha avó pelo amor incondicional que sempre me dispensou e pela criação humana que sempre procurou passar. À minha tia e prima que sempre constituíram minha família, a elas que cuidaram de mim e que sempre fizeram parte da minha infância e da minha vida adulta. E por fim, ao meu avô, não mais presente entre nós, mas sempre em nossa memória e carinho, pelo apóio e carinho ao seu primeiro neto e companheiro de aventuras por esse Brasil a fora. À minha “família adotiva”, Rosana e Beto, “mãe e padrasto”, grandes amigos e conselheiros dessa vida. Agradeço seu carinho, sua paciência e a disponibilidade de ouvir e crescer comigo. As minhas “irmãs adotivas”: Julli, Lila e Biazinha por me aceitarem, serem minhas amigas e por seu amor, por ensinarem a um filho único a ser e a ter irmãs. Quero viver e aprender mais com vocês, quero estar sempre presente como um bom filho e irmão. À família de minha Sil, aos seus pais pelos conselhos e pelas acolhidas, minhas desculpas pela invasão de sua casa, à tia Mari, pelas longas conversas, carinhos e incentivos, a eles um muito obrigado e a todos meu respeito. Às irmãs, Lica por seu apóio e carinho, para Bibi uma irmã, amiga e conselheira dos maus e bons momentos. Aos tios e tias que me receberam e compartilharam momentos. Para a “prima”, paulistana de nascimento, mas de alma baiana, pelo amor e amizade, por ter nos dado a “pessoinha” mais linda e amorosa deste mundo, Cauêzinho, a estes meu amor e dedicação. Para minha amada Silvia, por ter apresentado este novo universo, ao mesmo tempo em que proporcionou meu crescimento em vida e, ao seu amor de uma vida, para você que tanto amo e da qual quero passar muitos anos de alegria e amor. Por fim, e não menos importante, para meus professores e mestres. Para meu orientador Fernando Torres-Londoño, que me aceitou, respeitou e incentivou neste caminho. Por ser orientador, professor e amigo, tanto desta dissertação como na vida, para você meu respeito e eterna estima. Para a professora Yvone Dias Avelino, amiga e professora que me ensinou a viver e a respeitar o amor que sentimos pelo México e América, e meu profundo agradecimento por ter me apresentado a nossa paixão em comum, Leopoldo Zea. Para Eduardo Natalino dos Santos, por ter lido, ter tido paciência e ter passado um pouco de seu conhecimento sobre o México no século XVI. A esta banca meu muito obrigado. Ao professor Alvaro Allegrette, por ter me ajudado desde a graduação e em minha qualificação, pelas importantes críticas e pelos incentivos ao longo desses anos. Em memória do professor Bruit, por ter sido duro ao mesmo tempo em que passava aos seus alunos a sua paixão pela América, aqui fica a tristeza e a saudade típicas de uma perda tão importante. Para as amigas, a Betinha e Andréia, “secretárias dos Programas”, que me ajudaram e foram sempre minhas amigas e ajudantes ao longo deste mestrado. Ao CNPq, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifica e Tecnológico, pelo apóio institucional e financeiro para esta pesquisa. Sem esta, seria impossível continuar com este mestrado. Eu vejo o futuro repetir o passado Eu vejo um museu de grandes novidades O tempo não pára Não pára, não, não pára (Cazuza) Não vou lamentar a mudança que o tempo traz, não o que já ficou para trás e o tempo a passar sem parar jamais já fui novo, sim de novo, não ser novo pra mim é algo velho quero crescer quero viver o que é novo, sim o que eu quero assim é ser velho. (Rennó E Lokua Kanza) Mas não vou dar fim jamais ao menino em mim e nem dar de, não mais me maravilhar diante do mar e do céu da vida e ser todo ser, e reviver a cada clamor de amor e sexo perto de ser um Deus e certo de ser mortal de ser animal e ser homem. (Rennó E Lokua Kanza) Resumo FUKUNAGA, Joao Luiz. Crônica Mexicana de Hernando Alvarado Tezozómoc e as redes de inteligibilidade da memória (1538-1598). Esta dissertação começa na tentativa de conhecer o sujeito Hernando Alvarado Tezozómoc. Entretanto as problemáticas em relação à fonte têm um amplo espectro temporal, ou seja, é no momento de feitura da obra Crônica Mexicana, 1598, que temos noticia do sujeito entre-lugar que foi seu autor, mas é ao longo de 1521 a 1598 que encontramos as bases sócio-políticas e culturais que formaram este sujeito histórico. Deste modo, este trabalho propõe a análise desta crônica do XVI com o intuito de conhecer Tezozómoc, membro da elite indígena mexica e da elite da sociedade colonial, fruto esta das relações de contato. Neste trabalho, proponho entender que este discurso histórico provém de um grupo social específico na sociedade colonial como também, se fez como um dispositivo de legitimação desse grupo frente às pressões sociais, políticas e econômicas que abalaram seu lugar privilegiado e o status que tinham adquirido nessa sociedade. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Elites Indígenas, Sociedade Colonial, México Colonial, Memória, Legitimação. Abstract This dissertation begins with an attempt to investigate Hernando Alvardo Tezozómoc. Nevertheless, the problems arising from the document comprise a board temporal gap, as it’s only when his masterpiece, the Cronica Mexicana is written, in 1598, that we first note the existence of such a in-between-spaces subject as the author was, whereas it’s between the years of 1521 and 1598 that we may first find the social- political and cultural foundations for this historical subject. Therefore, this project intends to analyze this 16th century chronicle in search of Tezozómoc, a member of the mexica and colonial society elite, the latter a result of several contact relationships. In this work, I intend to seek the understanding of how this historical speech was born inside a specific social group in the colonial society as well as how it became a tool to legitimate said group when facing the social, political and economical pressures that shook the privileged position and status they had previously acquired. Keywords: Indigenous Elites, Colonial Society, Colonial México, Memory, Legitimation INTRODUÇÃO.......................................................................................................................... 17 A caminho de Tenochtitlán: inícios de uma pesquisa......................................................... 18 Tenochtitlán e o encontro com a nobreza: definição da pesquisa ..................................... 20 DISCURSOS HISTÓRICOS OU HOMENS EM SEU TEMPO: A CRONICA MEXICANA E HERNANDO ALVARADO TEZOZÓMOC NA LUTA PELA INTELIGIBILIDADE LETRADA MEXICA NUM MOMENTO DE INDEFINIÇÕES ............ 28 Crônica Mexicana.................................................................................................................... 29 História de um documento: relampejos do passado .......................................................... 29 E assim foi dito e aqui está inscrito: histórias na Crônica Mexicana......................................
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