Hydraulic Research in the United States 1963

Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1963

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 249 THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; ind the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basis program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections, presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes. A complete listing of the Bureau's publications can be found in National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25), and the Supplement to National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 ($1.50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240, July 1957 to June 1960 (Includes Titles of Papers Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) ($2.25) ; available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

k Hydraulic Research

it il in the United States

1963

(Including Contributions from Canadian Laboratories)

Edited by Helen K. Middleton

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 249

Issued August 9, 1963

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price SI . 00 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 34-3323 .

FOREWORD

The information contained in this publication was compiled from reports by the various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and Canada. The cooperation of these agencies is greatly appreciated. The National Bureau of Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness of this publication. We must depend upon reporting laboratories for the completeness of the coverage of their own programs, as well as upon new laboratories engaged in hydraulics to bring their activities to our attention.

Projects are numbered and the number once assigned is repeated for identification purposes until a project is completed. The numbers 4474 and above refer to projects reported for the first time. All projects are in active state, unless otherwise noted under (f).

The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of reports or detailed information regarding the research projects reported by other organizations. Such information may be obtained from the correspondent listed under (c) or immediately following the title of the organization reporting the work. It is of course understood that any laboratory submitting reports on its work will be willing to supply information to properly qualified inquirers.

A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research," compiled and published by the International Association for Hydraulic Research, contains information on hydraulic research being conducted in foreign countries. This bulletin is edited by Professor H. J. Schoemaker, Director of the Hydraulic Laboratory at the Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International Association for Hydraulic Research. Copies may be obtained from the Secretary at $6.00 each (postage included)

A. V. Astln, Director

ill CONTENTS

Page

Foreword Hi List of contributing laboratories v Project reports 1 Subject index 201

Key to Projects

ia) Number and title of project fe) Description b) Project conducted for If) Present status !c) Correspondent fg) Results (d) Nature of project (h) Publications

iv LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

ARIZONA, UNIVERSITY OP 1 FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OP 24 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Tucson, Ariz. Engineering and Industrial Exp. Station Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Head Coastal Engineering Lab., Gainesville, Fla.

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OP 5 GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 25

Agricultural Expt . Station, Fayetteville, Ark. Engineering Experiment Sta., Atlanta, Ga. Prof. Kyle Engler, Head Mr. R. E. Stiemke, Director Agricultural Engineering Dept. IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF 29 ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF 5 Engineering Experiment Sta., Moscow, Idaho Civil Engineering Dept., Fayetteville, Ark. Dean Allen S. Janssen, Director Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION 31 BEACH EROSION BOARD (see U. S. Government) Box 232, Urbana, Illinois Mr. William C. Ackermann, Chief BONNEVILLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY (see U. S. Govt., U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland) ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION 34 Dept. of Public Works and Building BROOKLYN, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF 6 201 West Monroe St., Springfield, 111. 333 Jay Street, Brooklyn 1, New York Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engr. Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Civil Engrg. ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 34 CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 6 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Urbana, 111. Engineering Division, Pasadena 4, Calif. Dr. Prank B. Lanham, Head Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Applied Mechanics ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 35 CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 6 Civil Engineering Dept., Urbana, 111. W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof. Hydraulic Engineering Water Resources, Pasadena 4, Calif. Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Professor of Hydraulics ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OP 36 Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 90 214 Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, 111. College of Agriculture, Davis, Calif. Prof. T. J. Dolan, Head Prof. Robert H. Burgy, Acting Chairman Department of Irrigation IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH 37 State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OP 7 Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director Div. of Agricultural Sciences Los Angeles 24, California IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY 40 Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ames, Iowa Department of Irrigation and Soil Science Dr. Clarence Bockhop

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OP 8 IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY 40 College of Engineering, Berkeley 4, Calif. Dept. of Agronomy, Ames, Iowa Prof. J. W. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineering Prof. Don Kirkham

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 12 IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Dept. of Naval Architecture, Berkeley 4, Calif. Iowa City, Iowa (see Iowa Institute Prof. H. A. Schade, Chairman of Hydraulic Research)

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OP SOUTHERN 14 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE 41 Research Foundation for Cross-connection Applied Physics Lab., Silver Spring, Md. Control, Los Angeles 7, California Mr. R. E. Gibson, Director Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Supervisor JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE 42 CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 14 School of Engineering, Baltimore 18, Md. Dept. of Civil Engineering, Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman Dr. T. E. Stelson, Head Dept. of Sanitary Engrg. and Water Resources

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, THE 91 KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF 42 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Wash. 17, D. C. Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, Lawrence, Kansas Prof. Frank A. Bibersteln, Head Dr. Kenneth C. Deemer, Chairman

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY 15 LEHIGH UNIVERSITY 44 Hydraulics Laboratory Department of Civil Engineering Civil Engineering Section, Fort Collins, Colo. Fritz Engineering Lab., Bethlehem, Pa. Prof. Milton E. Bender, Chief Prof. W. J. Eney, Director and Head of Dept.

COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF 22 LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE 45 Engineering Experiment Sta., Boulder, Colo. Agricultural Engrg. Dept., Baton Rouge 3, La. Dr. K. D. Timmerhaus, Director Mr. Harold T. Barr, Head

CORNELL UNIVERSITY 23 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 45 School of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Dept. of Civil and Sanitary Engineering Hydraulics and Hydraulic Engrg., Ithaca, N. Y. Cambridge 39, Mass. Dr. J. A. Liggett Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head, Hydrodynamics Lab.

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government) MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OP TECHNOLOGY 49 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY OF 23 Cambridge 39, Mass. Dept. of Civil Engineering, Newark, Del. Prof. Ascher H. Shapiro, In Charge Dr. D. L. Dean, Chairman Fluid Mechanics Division

DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY OF 23 MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OP 51 Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Newark, Del. School of Engineering, Amherst, Mass. Dr. James P. Hartnett, Chairman Dean George A. Marston, Director

v .

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OP 92 PURDUE UNIVERSITY Dept. of Civil Engineering Dept. of Agronomy, Lafayette, Ind. 320 W. Engineering Building Dr. J. P. Peterson, Head Ann Arbor, Michigan Prof. E. P. Brater PURDUE UNIVERSITY Chemical Engineering Dept., Lafayette, Ind. MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OP 52 Dr. Brage Golding, Head Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. PURDUE UNIVERSITY Prof. R. B. Couch, Chairman Civil Engineering Dept., Lafayette, Ind. Prof. K. B. Woods, Head MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OP Minneapolis, Minn, (see St. Anthony Palls PURDUE UNIVERSITY Hydraulic Laboratory) School of Electrical Engineering, Lafayette, Ind. Dr. T. F. Jones, Head MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OP 92 Agricultural Expt. Station, St. Paul 1, Minn. PURDUE UNIVERSITY Prof. A. J. Schwantes, Head Jet Propulsion Center, Lafayette, Ind. Dr. Maurice J. Zucrow, Director MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY 53 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Missouri PURDUE UNIVERSITY Dr. C. L. Wilson, Dean School of Mechanical Engineering Lafayette, Ind. MONTANA STATE COLLEGE 53 Dr. R. J. Grosh, Head Agricultural Experiment Sta., Bozeman, Mont. Mr. Charles C. Bowman, Acting Head PURDUE UNIVERSITY Agricultural Engineering Dept. School of Mech. Engrg., Automatic Control Lab. W. Lafayette, Ind. NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF 53 Dr. Rufus Oldenburger, Head Hydrodynamics Laboratory Dept. of Engineering Mechanics ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY Lincoln 8, Nebraska University of Minnesota Dr. T. Sarpkaya Miss. River at Third Ave., S. E. Minneapolis, Minn. NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK CO. 54 Dr. Lorenz Straub, Director Hydraulic Laboratory Newport News, Virginia SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OP OCEANOGRAFHY Mr. C. H. Hancock, Director University of California, La Jolla, Calif. The Director NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 55 Dept. of Chemical Engineering SOUTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF Bronx 53, N. Y. Civil Engineering Dept., Columbia, S. C. Prof. John Happel, Chairman Dr. Harold Flinsch, Head

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 93 SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE College of Engineering Dept. of Mechanical Sciences Dept. of Meteorology and Oceanography San Antonio 6, Texas University Heights, New York 53, N. Y. Dr. H. Norman Abramson, Director

NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 56 STANFORD UNIVERSITY AND ENGINEERING Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford, Calif. University of North Carolina Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Exec. Head Department of Engineering Research Hydraulic Laboratory Raleigh, North Carolina Prof. N. W. Connor, Director, Engrg. Research STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Davidson Laboratory NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY 56 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey Agricultural Engineering Dept., Fargo, No. Dak. Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director Mr. W. J. Promersberger, Chairman ROBERT TAGGART INCORPORATED NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 57 400 Arlington Blvd., Falls Church, Va. The Technological Institute, Evanston, 111. Mr. Robert Taggart Dean Harold B. Gotaas TENNESSEE, UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF 58 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Knoxville 16, Tenn. School of Engineering, Notre Dame, Ind. Mr. William A. Miller Jr., Acting Head Dr. Norman R. Gay, Dean Hydraulic Laboratory

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 58 TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Columbus 10, Ohio Dept. of Oceanography and Meteorology Mr. Charles F. Sepsy College Station, Texas Dr. Dale F. Leipper, Head OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY 58 Agricultural Engineering Dept., Stillwater, Okla. TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF Prof. E. W. Schroeder, Head Dept. of Civil Engineering, Austin 12, Texas Dr. Walter L. Moore, Directing Head OREGON STATE COLLEGE 59 Hydraulics Lab., Dept. of Civil Engineering UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Corvallis, Oregon Engineering Expt. Station, Logan, Utah Dr. Charles E. Behlke Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 59 WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Ordnance Research Lab., University Park, Pa. The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Lab., Pullman, Wash. Dr. John C. Johnson, Director Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 60 WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF Agricultural Expt. Sta., Lafayette, Ind. Fisheries Research Institute, Seattle 5, Wash. Mr. N. J. Wolk, Director Dr. William F. Royce, Director WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF 85 ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA . 132 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Seattle 5, Wash. 221 Forestry Bldg., Fort Collins, Colo. Prof. Charles H. Norris, Chairman Mr. Raymond Price, Director

WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION (see U. S. Govt.) SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 135 P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C. WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF 86 Dr. Thos. F. McLintock, Director Hydraulics Laboratory Dept. of Civil Engineering, Madison, Wis. SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 136 Dr. Arno T. Lenz T-10210 Federal Bldg., 701 Loyola Ave. New Orleans 12, La. WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION 88 Mr. P. A. Briegleb, Director Woods Hole, Mass. Dr. Paul M. Fye, Director DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 88 BEACH EROSION BOARD 136 Alden Hydraulic Laboratory 5201 Little Falls Road, N. W. Worcester 9, Mass. Wash. 16, D. C. Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director The President

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND 140 Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon The District Engineer DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL 143 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and 1217 U. S. Post Office and Customhouse Water Conservation Research Division St. Paul 1, Minn. The District Engineer CORN BELT BRANCH 95 108 Soils Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPT. STATION 143 Dr. C. A. Van Doren, Branch Chief P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. The Director NORTHEAST BRANCH 99 Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Mr. W. W. Pate, Branch Chief BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS 157 NORTHERN PLAINS BRANCH 102 Division of Hydraulic Research, Wash. 25, D. C. 323 South College Avenue, P. 0. Box 758 Mr. Carl F. Izzard, Chief Fort Collins, Colorado Dr. C. E. Evans, Branch Chief NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 158 National Hydraulics Laboratory NORTHWEST BRANCH 106 Washington 25, D. C. 306 No. 5th St., Box 27 24, Boise, Idaho Dr. J. S. Robins, Branch Chief WEATHER BUREAU 158 Hydrologic Services Division SOUTHERN BRANCH 108 Washington 25, D. C. Univ. of Georgia, Box 1309, Athens, Ga. Mr. William E. Hlatt, Chief Mr. Russell Woodburn, Branch Chief DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SOUTHERN PLAINS BRANCH 112 220 Urban Bldg., 804 Ryan St., Amarillo, Tex. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 161 Dr. J. R. Johnston, Branch Chief Water Resources Div., Washington 25, D. C. Dr. Luna B. Leopold, Chief Hydraulic Engineer SOUTHWEST BRANCH 117 3730 Elizabeth St., Box 2325, Riverside, Calif. BUREAU OF MINES 172 Mr. W. W. Donnan, Chief Morgantown Coal Research Center Collins Ferry Road, Morgantown, W. Va. FOREST SERVICE Dr. L. L. Hirst, Research Director

CENTRAL STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 123 BUREAU OF RECLAMATION 173 111 Old Federal Bldg., Columbus 15, Ohio Division of Engineering Laboratories Mr. R. D. Lane, Director Denver Federal Center, Denver 2, Colo. Mr. Grant Bloodgood INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STATION 125 Asst. Commissioner and Chief Engineer Forest Service Bldg., Ogden, Utah Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

LAKE STATES FOREST EXPT. STATION 126 DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN 178 St. Paul Campus, University of Minn. Washington 7, D. C. St. Paul 1, Minn. The Commanding Officer and Director Dr. Murlyn B. Dickerman, Director U. S. NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY 184 NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 127 Naval Base, Philadelphia 12, Pa. 102 Motors Avenue, Upper Darby, Perm. The Director Dr. Ralph w. Marquis, Director U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY 184 NORTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 128 White Oak, Silver Spring, Md. Box 740, Juneau, Alaska The Commander Mr. Richard M. Hurd, Director U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION 185

PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA . 129 3203 E. Foothill Boulevard P. 0. Box 3141, Portland 8, Oregon Pasadena 8, Calif. Mr. R. W. Cowlln, Director The Commander

PACIFIC SOUTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA. 130 OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH 186 P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, California Fluid Dynamics Branch, Wash. 25, D. C. Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director Mr. Ralph D. Cooper, Head

vil TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY 187 LaSALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 194 Engineering Laboratory, Box 37, Norrls, Tenn. 0250 St. Patrick Street Mr. Rex A. Elder, Director LaSalle, P. 0., Canada Mr. E. Parlset, Director TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY 188 Hydraulic Data Branch, Knoxvllle, Tenn. MANITOBA, UNIVERSITY OP 195 Mr. James Smallshaw, Chief Dept. of Civil Engineering Winnipeg, Canada CANADIAN LABORATORIES Prof. E. Kuiper

H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY, LTD. 191 McGILL UNIVERSITY 196 Niagara Falls, Canada Dept. of Civil Engrg. and Applied Mechanics Mr. I. W. McCalg, Hydraulic Engineer Montreal 2, P. Q., Canada Prof. A. J. Reynolds ALBERTA, UNIVERSITY OP 191 Department of Civil Engineering NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 196 Edmonton, Canada Division of Mechanical Engineering Prof. T. Blench, Head Montreal Road, Ottawa 2, Canada Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OP 191 Hydraulic Lab., Vancouver 8, Canada ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 197 Prof. J. H. Muir, Head Dept. of Engineering Science Dept. of Civil Engineering Guelph, Canada Prof. C. E. G. Downing, Head ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE 192 2500 Guyard Avenue, Montreal 26, Canada QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY 198 Prof. Raymond Boucher, Head Dept. of Civil Engineering Division of Hydraulic Engineering Kingston, Ontario, Canada Dr. A. Brebner, Chairman THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION 192 OP ONTARIO TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OP 198 620 University Avenue Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Toronto 2, Canada Toronto 5, Canada Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer Prof. G. Ross Lord, Head

vlll

c . .

HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN TOE UNITED STATES

UNIVERSITY OP ARIZONA. (d) Field investigation for design data. (e) Investigation of the use of sprinkler (4619) A STUDY OP THE MECHANICS OP UNSATURATED application of irrigation water in pro- FLOW OF WATER IN SOILS. duction of Arizona crops. Irrigation efficiencies under sprinkling as compared to b) Agricultural Experiment Station, efficiencies under surface applications. c; Dr. Duwayne M. Anderson, Dept. of Agri- Irrigation scheduling and system design for cultural Chemistry and Soils, Univ. of sprinkler application of water. Crop yields Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona. per unit of land and per unit of water as d) Laboratory Investigation. functions of method of water application, e) An effort is being made to discover all the soil type, irrigation schedules, and crop physical processes occurring during soil species and variety. water movement (g) Field tests on citrus, cotton, grains, and (g) The movement of a liquid water flow through legumes indicate increased crop production soils has been shown to consist of no less per unit of water applied when water is than five distinct processes: viscous flow applied by sprinklers rather than by surface of the liquid phase, evaporation of water at methods. Results vary with crop and soil the liquid flow, combined diffusion and texture. On coarse textured soils water viscous flow of water vapor ahead of the savings of 50% have been achieved by advancing liquid, sorption of water vapor by sprinkling. the medium, and cyclic heat flow due to (h) "Sprinkler Evaporation Losses," H. C. thermal gradients and evaporation. A method Schwalen and K. R. Frost, Progressive of distinguishing liquid from vapor move- Agriculture in Arizona. 4(4): 10-11. ment of water in soils was developed. 1953. (h) "Temperature Fluctuations at a Wetting "Sprinkler Irrigation," H. C. Schwalen, Front: I. Characteristic Temperature Time K. R. Frost, W. W. Hins, Ariz. Agr. Exp. Curves," Duwayne M. Anderson and A. Llnville. Sta. Bull. No. 250, 1954. Soil Scl. Soc. Amer. Proc. 26:14-18 (1962). "Sprinkler Evaporation Losses," K. R. Frost "Temperature Fluctuations at a wetting front: and H. C. Schwalen, Agricultural Engineering II. The Effect of Initial Water Content of 36(8) 526-527, Aug. 1955. the Medium on the Magnitude of the Temper- "Sprinkler Irrigation of Citrus," K. R. ature Fluctuations," Duwayne M. Anderson, Frost. Progressive Agriculture in Arizona. Garrison Sposito, and A. Llnville. Soil 6(3): 4. 1955. Scl. Soc. Amer. Proc. (in press). "Evapotransplration During Sprinkler "Temperature Fluctuations at a Wetting Irrigation," K. R. Frost and H. C. Schwalen. Front: III. Apparent Activation Energies Trans, of A.S.A.E. 3(1): 18-20, 24. 1960. for Water movement in the Liquid and Vapor "Citrus Irrigation Experiments on the Phases," Duwayne M. Anderson, A. Llnville, Yuma Mesa," K. R. Frost and R. Rodney. and Garrison Sposito. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Progressive Agriculture in Arizona 14(4): Proc. (in press) 14-15. 1962. "Twelve Years of Sprinkler Irrigation Re- (4620) EFFECT OF CROP COVER ON EFFICIENCY OF search," K. R. Frost. Progressive Agri- SPRINKLER IRRIGATION UNDER VARYING CLIMATIC culture in Arizona 15(1): (in press) 1963. AND OPERATING CONDITIONS. (4622) GROUND WATER SUPPLIES. b) Agricultural Experiment Station. c) Mr. Kenneth R. Frost, Department of Agri- (b) Agricultural Experiment Station, The Univ. cultural Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, of Arizona; City of Tucson; and the Pima Tuscon, Arizona. County. dl Laboratory for theory and design, (c) Prof. Harold C. Schwalen, Department of e) Precise water balance of growing crops under Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, sprinkler application of irrigation water. Tucson, Arizona. Crops are grown in a tank of soil 12 feet (e) Detailed continuing groundwater Inventory in diameter and 2 feet deep. Instrumen- of selected basins in Arizona including at tation permits measurement of loss or gain present the Santa Cruz from Nogales to Red of 0.005 Inches of water on the area of the Rock, Avra, Altar, Little Chino, Reddington tank. Measurements permit evaluation of Area of the San Pedro. Groundwater contour loss or gain of water from dew, rain, maps are prepared annually. Specific irrigation, evaporation, and transpiration yields storage coefficients and transmis- on crops at any stage of growth and as sibilltles are determined from well tests. functions of ambient atmospheric conditions. An electric analog of the Tucson groundwater (g) Evapotransplration during sprinkling is basin is being developed. approximately equal to that during non- (g) Groundwater elevation data has been developed sprinkling periods since evaporation from for all areas studied. Volumetric un- wet foliage replaces normal transpiration. watering estimates have been prepared. Daily evapotransplration ranges from 6-6 Water balance estimates have been prepared

times the one-hour • evapotransplration at for the Tucson Metropolitan, sahuarita the period of peak rates. Districts, and Cortaro Districts. Open Cloud cover reduces evapotransplration by files are maintained from which current one-third from that at full-run under the ground water level data is available for same vapor pressure deficit. any location in the area studied. (h) "A Weighing Evapotranspirometer, " by K. R. (h) "Water in the Santa Cruz Valley," H. C. Frost. Agricultural Engineering. 43(3): Schwalen and R. J. Shaw. Arizona Exp. Sta. 160, March 1962. Bull. No. 288. October 1957. "Factors Affecting Evapotransplration Losses "Suspended Sediment and Chemical Analyses of During Sprinkling," by K. R. Frost. A.S.A. the San Pedro River at Charleston, Arizona," E. Paper No. 62701 (Mimeo) Presented at H. C. Schwalen. Arizona Agr. Exp. Sta. 1962 Winter Meeting A.S.A.E. Report No. 202, June 1961. "Progress Report on Study of Water in the (4621) SPRINKLER IRRIGATION STUDIES UNDER ARID Santa Cruz Valley, Arizona," H. C. Schwalen SOUTHWESTERN CONDITIONS. and R. J. Shaw, Arizona Agricultural Exp. Station Report No. 205, November 1961. b; Agricultural Experiment Station, "Upper Santa Cruz Valley," H. C. Schwalen, c) Mr. Kenneth R. Frost, Department of Agri- Water Resources Report No. 11, Annual Report cultural Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, on Ground Water in Arizona. Spring 1961 to Tuscon, Arizona. Spring 1962. pp. 61-66, Arizona State Land

1 .

Department 1962. various simple abrupt contractions. "Avra-Marana Area," H. C. Schwalen, Water Throughout the experiments, examination of Resources Report No. 11, Annual Report on the assumptions of the analysis of Dr. E. M. Ground Water In Arizona. Spring 1961 to Laursen will be made and also of the time Spring 1962. pp. 66-71, Arizona State Land dependency of depth of scour Insofar as Department 1962. feasible. "Chino Valley," H. C. Schwalen, Water (g) Based on the assumptions that the depth of Resources Report No. 11, Annual Report on scour at the obstruction is a multiple of Ground Water In Arizona. Spring 1961 to the depth of scour in a comparable long Spring 1962. pp. 106-109, Arizona State contraction, that the particle shear up- Land Department 1962. stream can be evaluated by Manning's formula and Strlckler's relation, and that the shear (4623) CHARACTERISTICS OP SEGMENTAL ORIFICES. in the scoured area is the critical tractive force, analytical relationships for the b) Departmental. depth of scour have been obtained. c) Dr. E. M. Laursen, Department of Civil (h) "An Analysis of Relief Bridge Scour," by Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. E. M. Laursen, submitted to Journal of the d) Laboratory Investigation for development. Hydraulics Division, ASCE. e) A partial orifice plate such as a segment of a circle may have advantages In some (4627) A STUDY OF PARTIALLY SATURATED FLOW IN SAND- situations as a metering device. The dis- EPOXY RESIN COLUMNS. charge and loss characteristics of such a constriction will be studied. b) Departmental. c) Professor Richard L. Sloane; Department of (4624) HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OP A GROUNDWATER Civil Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, BASIN. Arizona. d) Laboratory investigation related to theory. (b) City of Tucson and Pima County through a e) The flow of water through soils often takes cooperative agreement with the Agricultural place under conditions of partially saturated Engineering Department, Arizona Agricultural flow. The prediction of fluid distribution Experiment Station. and pressure under conditions of partially (c) Mr. John Ferris, Department of Civil Engrg., saturated flow is important to those inter- Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. ested in the problem of recharge to the (d) Analytical, laboratory, and field investi- ground water table from water applied to the gations for development, operation, design surface of the earth. and theory, for Doctoral dissertation. This study of partially saturated flow will (e) Attempts are being made to determine the make use of vertical columns made of sand hydrologic characteristics - specific yield grains cemented together with epoxy resin. and/or storage coefficient and transmis- The use of this type of sand columns will sibillty — of the groundwater basin in the result in a model for which properties such Santa Cruz Valley near Tucson, Arizona. as void ratio and particle arrangement will Well tests are being made at sites where remain constant during a series of tests. observation wells are available. Water budget analyses are being used in connection (4628) RADIOCARBON AS A TRACER IN WATER SUPPLY with mathematical models. A passive element PROBLEMS electric analog model is being developed. (g) Well tests made during the past two years (b) Research Corporation unrestricted venture indicate that realistic values of specific grant and Geochronology Dept. funds. yield and/or storage coefficient are not (c) Dr. Paul E. Damon, project leader; Geo- obtained from such tests in the Santa Cruz chronology Laboratories, Univ. of Arizona, Valley. Values of transmissibility are more Tucson, Arizona. consistent and reasonable. d) Laboratory and field research. e) The study of ground water movement through (4625) CRITICAL TRACTIVE' FORCE OF UNIFORM SANDS. aquifers has been limited by the slow rate of movement of the subsurface waters. Thus, b) Departmental. if a tracer is introduced, only limited c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen; Department of Civil information is obtainable between the times Engineering, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Arizona. of spiking and observation. However, radio- (d) Analytical and laboratory investigation carbon (C-14) has been naturally introduced related to theory. into ground water reservoirs continuously (e) Analytic and experimental attempts to throughout geologic time and, consequently, relate the average boundary shear to the movement which has taken place during the incipient movement of sediment particles last 45,000 years may be studied. In additicr composing the boundary. In the laminar nuclear technology is now producing radio- regime, the analysis will proceed by ap- carbon at a greater rate than nature and so proximating the forces on sediment particles this artificially produced radiocarbon may in various possible positions among other also be used to trace recent water movements. sediment particles. The turbulent flow Furthermore, it represents a potential regime analysis will also consider the hazard to health and therefore it is es- statistical nature of the variations in the sential to monitor the increment for the flow. safety of the community. The experimental results will be used to We propose to monitor the present carbon-14 determine any needed constants or functions content of surface water and organic matter and to verify the approximate analyses. in the Southwest and to measure the radiocarbon content of subsurface waters. The (4626) SCOUR AT RELIEF BRIDGES. source of the carbon in water will be determined by c!2/cl3 measurements. This data (b) Departmental. will be related to ground water hydrologic (c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen; Department of Civil problems such as the rate of laminar flow Engineering, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz. through aquifers, their permeability, the (d) Laboratory investigation related to theory source and rate of recharge, paleoclimatology and design. radioactive contamination in water supplies, (e) To find the effect of sediment size and and the waste disposal problem, velocity of flow on the limiting depths of (g) The C-14 age of a number of water samples clear-water scour in simple relief-bridge has been determined. The results are quite geometries. First, the case of the long reasonable. For example, flow rates of contraction will be studied, then the case approximately 10 feet per year have been of the long gradually-contracting channel. deduced in the Safford region. The uptake The last case to be studied will involve of bomb C-14 in vegetation is also being

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monitored. (b) In cooperation with General Desert Develop- (h) "Arizona Radiocarbon Dates IV," P. E. Damon, ment Authority, Cairo, U.A.R. Austin Long, and J. J. Sigalove, American (c) Moh. H. I. Salem, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Journal of Science, Radiocarbon, Vol. 5, Ariz. 1963, in press. (d) Analytical study of field data; operation and development; for doctoral dissertation. (4629) CURRENT METER DEVELOPMENT. (e) An electric analog model of the subsurface geologic and hydrologic conditions of the

(b) U.S.G.S. Ground Water Branch and departmen- western desert of the U.A.R. , Lybia, Sudan tal. and Tehad is being constructed. Presently (c) Mr. E. H. Cordes, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, the area of recharge is in the high regions Ariz of Tehad and of Darfur in the Sudan. Ground (d) Design and development for field use; master's water Is discharged into the Nile and into thesis the Qattera Depression. The distribution of (e) This project will entail the design and the fundamental differential equations in operation of a current meter to measure the the system will be determined taking Into vertical velocity component in a pumping consideration the boundary conditions. It well. The velocity profile can then be is hoped that the equations can be solved applied to study transmisibility of ground with the use of the electric analog model. water aquifers. The effects on the Ground Water system due (f) Work is scheduled to begin July 1, 1963. to changed boundary conditions such as the completion of the Aswan High Dam (The Nile (4630) DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULIC MODELS ANALOGOUS is expected to recharge water to the aquifer TO SUBSURFACE GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS FOR after the dam is completed) or the initia- STUDYING AND DEMONSTRATING THE CHARACTER- tion of the Qattera depression project, will ISTICS OF GROUND WATER MOVEMENT. be included in the general analysis of the western desert. b) National Science Foundation.

i c) Dr. John W. Harshbarger, Dept. of Geology, (4632) ENERGY BALANCE OF DESERT REGIONS. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. (d) Laboratory investigation, design, develop- b) Departmental project. ment and operation. c) Dr. William D. Sellers, Inst, of Atmos- (e) The purpose of the project is to clarify pheric Physics, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, the characteristics of laminar flow in Arizona. groundwater movement in a manner which will (d) Field investigation for testing of new enable a visual flow net analysis. Hydraulic equipment models are being developed which consist of (e) Project is to accurately measure all consolidated media simulating sedimentary components of the energy balance over rock, enclosed in a water-tight case with a various types of desert surfaces. Emphasis transparent side. Basic geologic structures is placed on measuring the heat used for and lithologies can be synthesized and evaporation colored inks can be inserted into the flow (g) Evaporation rates measured in the dry system of the model, forming visible flow stream channel of Walnut Gulch In S.E. lines. These flow lines can then be ob- Arizona over an 16-day period in October served and analyzed in order to better under- 1961 were high enough to Indicate that stand the pattern of laminar groundwater natural recharge of the water table Is flow as controlled by geologic factors. A negligible when the watertable is 48 to 90 few of the empirical model experiments which cm below the surface. For dry soils evapo- are being carried out include: 1) Refrac- ration rates appear to decrease with in- tion of flow bands across llthologic inter- creasing wind speed; the reverse is true faces. 2) Continuity of flow around and for wet soils. Practically all the radia- through highly permeable and impermeable tive energy Incident on short grass is lenses of different lithologies. 3) Flow used for evaporation. net systems caused by a single pumping well. (h) "The Energy Balance of Non-Uniform Soil 4) Flow-net system of mutual interference of Surfaces," by William D. Sellers and Carl depression cones caused by pumping multiple N. Hodges. Journal of the Atmospheric wells. 5) Artesian aquifer systems. 6) Sciences, 19:6:482-491, November 1962. Infiltration phenomenon. May be obtained from the Institute of Models are being developed for use in Atmospheric Physics. education in science and hydrology at the college and university level. (4633) PHYSICS OF CONVECTIVE CLOUDS AND CLOUD (g) Models consisting of plexiglass cases MODIFICATION. containing artificially consolidated porous media which can be arranged in (b) National Science Foundation. Also, some a nearly infinite variety of geologic assistance by U. S. Weather Bureau and U. S. structures and hydrologic situations Forest Service. have been developed. A wide variety of (c) Dr. Louis J. Battan, Institute of Atmos- these models have been constructed and pheric Physics, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, through their use it has become possible Arizona. for the college student to obtain a clear (d) Field Investigations of the physics of description and understanding of previous- convective clouds and the effects of cloud ly conceived groundwater theories. seeding with silver iodide. (h) "Empirical Studies of Laminar Flow in (e) The program Involves detailed observations Porous Consolidated Media," (Abstract) of convective clouds during the summer by Jay H. Lehr, Geological Society of America means of radar, a pair of high resolution Bulletin, Special Paper 68 p. 217, 1961. cameras. A network of recording rain gages "Empirical Studies of Laminar Flow in is employed to measure rainfall. Cloud Porous Consolidated Media," Jay H. Lehr, seeding is conducted with airborne silver- Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Hydrology, Iodide generators. A carefully controlled University of Arizona, June 1962. randomization scheme is employed to decide "Development of Hydraulic Models Analogous on which days to seed. The results are to Subsurface Geologic Conditions for analyzed statistically. In addition a Studying and Demonstrating the Character- physical evaluation is made to uncover in- istics of Groundwater Movement," Jay H. formation about the fundamental nature of Lehr, Progress Report to NSF New Laboratory cloud and precipitation formation. Equipment Program, July 7, 1962. (g) To date the experiments have failed to show that cloud seeding with silver iodide can (4631) GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY OF THE WESTERN Increase rainfall from the convective clouds DESERT, U.A.R. commonly observed in the summer in the

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vicinity of Tucson. The analyses suggest flood water. (4) To study the effect on that the quantity of rainfall does not ground water and the aquifer of any bacteria depend on the ice nuclei properties of the which may be Introduced with recharge water; air. This result leads to the Inference identify and find methods for controlling that seeding with Ice nuclei (such as silver the growth and spread of these bacteria. Iodide particles) is not likely to be (g) Artificial recharge experiments were con- successful in Increasing rainfall, ducted on a test pit at Beardsley, Arizona. (h) "Design of a Program of Randomized Seeding Constant head and falling head lnf lltratlon of Orographic Cumuli," L. J. Battan and A. experiments were performed. Seepage meter R. Kassander, Jr., J. Meteor., 17, No. 6, tests indicated that water below the pit 583-590 (1960). surface occurred in the unsaturated state. "Some Properties of Convectlve Clouds," by Additional experiments were conducted to de- L. J. Battan, Nubila Verona, Italy, IV, No. termine the effectiveness of grass filters 1, 1-12 (1961). in reducing sediment load in flood water. "Evaluation of Effects of Airborne Silver- Coastal Bermuda was the most efficient grass Iodide Seeding of Convectlve Clouds," by of six grass varieties and one alfalfa varie- L. J. Battan and A. R. Kassander, Jr., ty tested. The investigation conducted to Scl. Rep. No. 18, Inst, of Atmos. Physics, determine the nature of the process of Univ. Ariz., Tucson, 59 pp. (1962). sediment removal by pea gravel filters Indi- "Relationship between Cloud Base and Initial cated that removal occurred as a result of Radar Echo," L. J. Battan, J. Applied adsorption of sediment to an organic film Meteor., 2 (1963) (Accepted for publication). (schmutzdecke) "Letting Grass Take the Mud out of Water," (4634) REDUCTION OP EVAPORATION LOSSES BY USING L. G. Wilson and C. B. Cluff, Progressive MONOMOLECULAR FILMS. Agriculture in Arizona, Vol. XIV, No. 6, p. 12, Nov. - Dec, 1962. b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation and Institute. c) C. Brent Cluff, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF METHODS FOR Arizona. DETERMINING EVAPORATION, TRANSPIRATION AND (d) Laboratory and field; operation, development EVAPOTRANSP I RATION IN PINE STANDS BY SOIL and theory. MOISTURE SAMPLINGS. (e) To develop and verify techniques for determining the effectiveness of various mono- Dept. of Watershed Management in cooperation molecular films considering film, water and with U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. White climatic characteristics typical of semi- Mt. Apache Tribe and Southwest Forest arid regions Industries, McNary, Arizona. To develop a simple, effective, inexpensive A. L. McComb, Department of Watershed apparatus for applying and maintaining a Management, University of Arizona, Tucson, monomolecular film at maximum film pressure Arizona. on ponds and reservoirs. Analytical, field investigation: development To screen physical conditioning and spreading and operation. agents to be used with the chemicals Study designed to develop and test a method forming monomolecular films selected under for measuring the evaporation and trans- Objective 1. piration components of evapotransplration To develop methods for detecting the in mature ponderosa pine stands in central presence, extent, and pressure of a mono- Arizona. Installation consisted of twelve, molecular film. 14 x 18 foot trenched plots - 3 with bare (g) Initial selection and chemical testing where soil, 3 with a mature ponderosa pine cover, necessary of the commercial fatty alcohols 3 with a vegetation free soil covered with to be used were accomplished. Calibration plastic sheeting, and 3 with mature ponderosa of field and laboratory equipment was com- pine and ground covered with plastic pleted. The laboratory phase of the program sheeting. Soil moisture supplied by natural is almost completed especially with regard rainfall, supplemented by irrigation. Soil to the determination under controlled condi- moisture storage, percolation through the tions of spreading and healing rates with soil, and evaporative losses were determined time for varying temperatures and humidities. for each treatment by periodic soil moisture The evaporation pan testing phase is also sampling and allied meteorological obser- providing useful data for application in vations. the pond testing program. Completed. Testing in the field ponds is well underway The individual processes involved in the using chemical in the following physical disposition of precipitation (evaporation, forms; Solid, flakes, powders, emulsions, transpiration, soil moisture storage, and and solutions. Considerable attention is percolation through the root zone), and the being given to the development of dispensers effects of vegetation on these processes can for alcohols in the various physical forms. be evaluated through the use of plastic (h) Quarterly progress reports prepared to U. S. sheeting, soil moisture sampling and allied Bureau of Reclamation. Available from Inst, climatic measurements. Such information is of Water Utilization. basic to predicting potential effects of vegetation manipulation on both onsite and (4635) INVESTIGATION OP SITES, METHODS, AQUIFER off site water yields. DETERIORATION CONTROL, AND EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL GROUND WATER RECHARGE OF ALLUVIAL (4637) EFFECT OP FIRE AND RESIDUAL ASH ON THE BASINS TYPICAL OF THE ARID SOUTHWEST UNITED VEGETATION, SOIL, WATER RELATIONS IN STATES. SELECTED PONDEROSA PINE STANDS.

bj Institute. (b) Dept. of Watershed Management in cooperation c) Dr. L. G. Wilson, University of-'Arlzona, with U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, White Tucson, Arizona. Mt. Apache Tribe. (d) Laboratory and field; operation and develop- (c) Dr. A. L. McComb, Department of Watershed ment Management, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. (e) (1) To test-bhe various methods of ground (d) Analytical, laboratory and field investi- water recharge and determine the ones best gations, theory. suited to arid lands. (2) To test in (e) The study will include a series of laboratory laboratory and field and evaluate, also con- and field experiments to evaluate the in- sidering costs, various types of flocculants fluences of wild fire and controlled burning and filters for removal of suspended and on the chemical and physical properties of a colloidal material from recharge water. (3) forest soil as these may affect the basic To determine the effect on the aquifer and processes of surface and soil water movements. ground water of recharging sediment laden Laboratory studies will be carried on to

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determine changes in the structure, pore Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. space, and chemical characteristics of the (d) Experimental, field investigations; basic soil due to burning of the ground cover. research. Field studies employing North Fork type (e) Investigations of fundamental hydraulic inf iltrometers, soil and' soil moisture criteria Involved in flow of water in sampling will be carried on to supplement irrigated furrows (shallow flow in small, and extend the results of the laboratory open channels). Object is to develop e- studies. quations for determining (1) rate of stream Preliminary studies and literature review advance and recession; (2) depression indicate conflicting and inclusive evidence storage; (3) stream size-storage relation-

of the effects of ash residue on water-soil ships . relations. (g) The project has not developed to the point where significant reports may be made. EVAPORATION, TRANSPIRATION AND EVAPOTRANS- PIRATION FROM SOILS UNDER VARYING SOIL (4067) SURFACE DRAINAGE IN BOTTOM LAND SOILS AND MOISTURE AND SOLAR RADIATION LEVELS. TOPOGRAPHY.

(b) Dept. of Watershed Management in cooperation (b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. with U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service. (c) Asst. Prof. Warren Harris, Dept. Agric. (c) Mr. A. L. McComb, Dept. of Watershed Engr., Univ. of Ark., Fayetteville, Ark. Management, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. (d) Experimental and field investigations; Analytical, laboratory, theory. applied research. SI Effects of different levels of soil moisture (e) The purpose of this study is to define the and solar radiation on evaporation, trans- physical requirements for adequate drainage piration and evapotransplration were measured of Individual crop rows and of field-sized by use of 8 groups of fifteen 10-inch plastic areas in the bottom land soils and topography pots. Each pot contained a forest soil of the Miss. River Delta. Shallow surface collected from a mixed stand of ponderosa field ditches are the largest drainage pine (Pinus ponderosa) and douglas fir structures considered. Findings are based (Pseudotsuga taxifolia). Evaporation was on the assumption that larger drainage studied by using pots containing soil only, structures must be of a size that will not transpiration by using pots containing two- restrict drainage for undue periods of time. year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) (g) Depressions and restricted outlets have been seedlings with the soil sealed to prevent found to be the basic causes of inadequate evaporation, and evapotransplration by using drainage in both individual rows and in pots containing tree seedlings with the sur- shallow surface field ditches. Shallow face soil exposed. ditches can be designed and constructed so Completed that with a nominal amount of maintenance, ill Water losses (transpiration and evapotrans- they will form only minor obstructions to plration) from the potted seedlings were mechanized farming operations. closely correlated with a soil moisture and (h) "Surface Field Ditch Studies," by Warren to a lesser degree with solar radiation. Harris, Paper presented at Southwest Section Evaporation from a bare soil surface, on the Meeting of ASAE, Kingston, Okla., Apr. 5-6, other hand, was significantly related only to 1962. soil moisture. In all cases, the greater "Using Computers as a Tool In Land Grading," the soil moisture, the greater the rate of by Warren Harris, Russell Benedict and John water loss. This Indicates that in the Wait, Arkansas Farm Research, Vol. XI, No. management of vegetation to reduce water loss, 4, July-August, 1962. emphasis should be placed on methods of re- "A Progress Report on a Surface Field Ditch," ducing the availability of soil water to by Warren Harris, Arkansas Farm Research, direct evaporation. Vol. XI, No. 5, September-October, 1962. Final report on "Row Drainage Studies" in process of publication.

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Agricultural Experiment Station. UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Civil Engineering Dept. (2255) GROUND WATER, RESOURCES AND RECHARGE, IN THE RICE GROWING AREA OF ARKANSAS. (4068) TURBULENT FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station University of Arkansas. cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey 13 Prof. John C. Ward, Assistant Professor of and U. S. Corps of Engineers. Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, (c) Prof. Kyle Engler, Head of Agricultural Fayetteville, Arkansas. I Engineering Dept., University of Arkansas, (d) The project is experimental and theoretical Fayetteville, Arkansas. and is classified as basic research with Basic and applied research. definite practical applications. 111 The straight 26-inch sand-packed recharge (e) Determination of the relationship between well has been tested for one year and re- permeability of a porous media and its geo- sults have not proved completely satis- metric mean size and geometric standard de- factory. Main difficulties encountered viation. arise in duplicating test condition under (g) The work completed to date on this project field situations. The sand packed well consists of deriving and experimentally veri- seemed to filter out plugging material but fying the following equation for both laminar redevelopment proved more difficult than in and turbulent flow In porous media: the gravel packed well. Separan AP-30 was tried but proved unsatisfactory for con- dp , where ditions as encountered in this test. A dl k slow gravel filter has been constructed and will be tested as a means of clarifying dp is the pressure drop per unit length recharge water during the winter and spring dT (dynes/cm /cm), of 1960-61. H is the absolute viscosity of the fluid (g) Project reports are in process of being (poises) published. k is the permeability of the porous media (cm ), (4066) HYDRAULICS OF FURROW IRRIGATION. v is the macroscopic velocity (cm/sec), and p is the density of the fluid (grams/cc). (b} Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, (c) Prof. Billy B. Bryan, Dept. Agrlc. Engr., Although the units are given in the cgs

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system, the equation is dlmenslonally homo- Erosion of Metals," by Milton S. Plesset, geneous and any consistent set of units (fps, CORROSION, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 161-188, May etc.) may be used. At low velocities the 1962. equation approximates Darcy's law in that the "An Experimental Method for Evaluation of second term Resistance to Cavitation Erosion," by Milton S. Plesset, Intl. Ass'n. for Hydraulic Res., {-d—) Inst, for High Speed Mechanics, Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan, September 1962. becomes numerically insignificant compared "Effects of Thermal Conduction in Sonolumlnee with the first term cence," by Robert Hickllng, Dlv. of Eng. and Applied Science, Rep. No. 85-21, Nov. 1962. If.). "The Pulsation Method for Generating Cavi- tation Damage," by Milton S. Plesset, Dlv. of The ratio of the second term to the first Eng. and Applied Science, Rep. No. 85-22 term is January 1963. vk^ p _ R where

Rk is the Reynolds number for porous media, CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, W. M. Keck (h) Report In preparation. Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources.

(2748) RELATION BETWEEN TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT AND THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAMS. POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN 00 Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. (4071) DIFFUSION OF SUBMERGED JETS. of Agriculture (c) Prof. V. A. Vanoni and Prof. N. H. Brooks, Laboratory project. Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. Prof. Matthew w. Stewart, Assoc. Prof, of Experimental work completed January 1961. Civil Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of "On the Relation between Fall Velocities and Brooklyn, 333 Jay St., Brooklyn 1, N. Y. Sieve Diameter Distributions of Sand Grains," (d) Experimental, basic research for master's by John F. Kennedy and Robert C. Y. Koh, thesis Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 66, (e) To determine the diffusion of a circular No. 12, pp. 4233-4246, Dec, 1961. water jet discharging vertically upward into a stream of water moving horizontally. (3669) FLUIDIZATI0N OF SAND BEDS BY UPWARD FLOW. Preliminary study completed. Colored water was discharged vertically (b) U. S. Public Health Service (Research through a 1/2-inch diameter tube into a hori- Grant) zontally moving stream of water. Jet tra- (c) Prof. N. H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech., jectories were determined photographically Pasadena, California. for various ratios of stream to jet velocity. Experimental thesis project. (h) Thesis available on loan. It] When a bed of sand is lifted and expanded by an upward flow (the "quick" condition), (4484) USE OF RADIOACTIVE TRACERS FOR MODEL STUDIES it is really not an expanded porous medium, OF BAFFLED SETTLING BASINS. as previously described and analyzed by other investigations, but actually it (b) Laboratory project, equipment provided by becomes a thick suspension. The particles Atomic Energy Commission. move freely, sometimes generating large (c) Prof. Paul R. DeCicco, Assoc. Prof. Civil overturning eddies in the fluid. These Eng., Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, phenomena are being investigated in a one- 333 Jay St., Brooklyn 1, N. Y. foot square vertical lucite tank, 6-feet (d) Experimental; applied research, teaching high. Studies of large expansions inte- facility. grate this work with the phenomenon known as hindered settling in dilute suspensions. (4485) RADIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR FLOW MEASUREMENT. Project completed. "Suspensions of Granular Particles Generated (b) Laboratory project, equipment provided by by an Upward Flow," Ph.D. thesis by Francis Atomic Energy Commission. Clay McMichael, Dec, 1962. (c) Prof. Paul R. DeCicco, Assoc. Prof. Civil Eng., Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, (3670) TURBULENCE AND PARTICLE ENTRAINMENT IN 333 Jay St., Brooklyn 1, N. Y. SETTLING TANKS. Experimental; applied research, teaching facility. U. S. Public Health Service. f.'i Prof. VI to A. Vanoni, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California. Experimental research. CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Engineering Flow in a settling tank is simulated by Division introducing water with a low turbulence level and uniform velocity into a flume (1548) SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS. 15 feet long with the bed covered by a thin layer of sediment. As the flow pro- (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the ceeds into the flume, a boundary layer de- Navy. velops and becomes progressively thicker. (c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of The entrainment of particles is observed Tech., Pasadena, California. visually and the corresponding shear stress (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. is deduced from measured velocity profiles. (e) Studies of cavitating and noncavitating Experiments have been completed and the flow; dynamic behavior of cavitation bubbles; report is being prepared. theoretical studies of cavitation damage. (g) Data on critical shear stress for en- (h) "Experimental Investigations of Three- training fine sand particles of diameters Dlmensional Effects on Cavitating Hydrofoils," of 0.1 mm and smaller have been observed. by R. W. Kermeen, Jour, of Ship Res., Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 22-43, Sept. 1961. (3671) EVALUATION OF FORMULAS FOR THE TRANSPORT "An Analysis of Echoes from a Solid Elastic RATE OF SEDIMENT BY ALLUVIAL STREAMS. Sphere in Water," by Robert Hickllng, Jour, of Acous. Soc. Vol. 34, No. 10, pp. 1582-1592, Laboratory project. Oct. 1962. Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Calif. Inst, of "Pulsing Technique for Studying Cavitation Tech., Pasadena, Calif.

6 .

d) Analytical research using published data. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Division of Agricultural e) The sediment discharge calculated by- Sciences, Department of Irrigation and Soil Science. several well-known formulas is compared with actual measured sediment discharges Inquiries concerning the following projects should in natural streams. The results are pre- be addressed to Professor A. F. Pillsbury, Depart- sented as graphs of sediment discharge ment of Irrigation and Soil Science, University of against water discharge. California, Los Angeles 24, California. (f) Project is continuing. (27) HYDROLOGY OF WATER SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA. (4074) ENERGY DISSIPATOH FOR SEWAGE PLOWING INTO AN OCEAN OUTFALL. (b) Laboratory project cooperative with Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Sta., (b) Holmes and Narver-Montgomery (Consulting USFS, and with College of Engrg. , Univ. of Engineers for City of San Diego Sewerage Calif. Los Angeles; coordinated with work Project) of Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., (c) Prof. N. H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Davis, California. Pasadena, California. d) Experimental; applied research. d) Hydraulic model Investigation. e) Work now concerned with: (1) Subsurface movement of moisture; surface treat- ! e) A drop structure for sewage effluent is (2) required between the sewage treatment plant ments affecting infiltration of precipita- (el. 95 feet above sea level) and ocean tion; and (3) detention of precipitation outfall. Since discharge goes into a by surface litter and effect upon Infil- closed ocean outfall pipe 2.3 miles long, tration. air entrainment must be minimized over full (g) Many watershed soils have been found to be range of operation (flow, 60-600 cfs and hydrophobic - difficult to wet. Procedures head drop, 90-10 feet). Recommended so- to determine the contact angle between the lution includes a large vortex with vertical soil and water have been developed to char- axis. acterize this property. The effects of f) Project is completed. contact angle on movement of water and

! h) Vortex Energy Dissipator for San Diego through soil have been evaluated in the Ocean Outfall - Laboratory Invesvestigations. laboratory and in the field. Aqueous resinous spray solutions for surface soil (4075) MECHANICS OF FLOW IN SAND-BED CHANNELS AT stabilization are being developed and eval- VERY LOW RATES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT. uated, particularly as regards maintenance of infiltration rates. The relation of dry b) National Science Foundation. creep to watershed debris production is c) Prof. V. A. Vanoni or N. H. Brooks, Calif. being studied. The characteristics of Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California. subsurface lateral moisture movement are d) Experimental and theoretical research. under investigation. The effect of runoff

i e) Observations are made of the development detention by ground litter is being further of dunes with time on a sand bed with flows evaluated. which produce slow rates of sediment (h) "Effects of Vegetation Manipulation on the transport and of the resulting changes in Disposition of Precipitation on Chaparral- flow resistance as the dunes grow. Covered Watersheds," by A. F. Pillsbury, (f) Project is continuing. R. E. Pelishek, J. F. Osborn, and T. E. Szusklewicz. Jour. Geophys. Res. 67: (4076) PRECISION TILTING FLUME. 695-702. 1962. "New Aqueous Resinous Soil Stabilizers," R. bl National Science Foundation. J. Pence, J. Letey, R. E. Pelishek, J. F.

1 c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni and Prof. Norman H. Osborn. Calif. Agriculture, March 1962, Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, pp 14, 15. California. "Measurement of Liquid-Solid Contact Angles d) Development of facilities. in Soil and Sand," by J. Letey, J. F. Osborn, e) The flume which is to be 130 feet long, and R. E. Pelishek. Soil Science 93: 149- 3.5 feet wide, and 1.75 feet deep will be 153. 1962. mounted on a rigid supporting structure "Effect of Wetting Agents on Irrigation of carried on Jacks. Water will be circulated Water Repellent Soils," by J. Letey, N. C. by pumps with variable speed drives for Welch, R. E. Pelishek, and J. F. Osborn. controlling the flow rate. The slope of Calif. Agriculture, Dec. 1962, pp. 12, 13. the flume can be adjusted continuously "Residual Soil Moisture Below the Root-Zone without interrupting an experiment, up to in Southern California Watersheds," A. F. a maximum of 2 percent. The flume system Pillsbury, J. F. Osborn, and R. E. Pelishek, will be able to produce programmed unsteady Jour. Geophys. Res., Jan or Feb., 1963. flow and will be equipped with convenient recording equipment for observing such (1303) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRIGATION flows. It Is designed as a general DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. purpose facility for studies of open channel flow problems such as sediment (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with transportation, boundary layers, and wave College of Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Los propagation in shear flow. Angeles 24, California. (g) The flume Is being manufactured and as- d) Basic and applied research.

sembled . i e) Work with model low pressure pipe system to study hydraulic transients occurring with (4561) DYNAMICS OF DENSITY-STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS. automatic controls has been completed. (f) Work will be completed with filing of Ph.D. b) U. S. Public Health Service (research grant). Dissertation by graduate student.

! c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman and Prof. Norman H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, (1058) SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO Calif. IRRIGATION. d) Basic research, experimental and theoretical. e) The withdrawal of liquid from a reservoir (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with College with the density of liquid Increasing from of Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles 24, surface to bottom is studied experimentally California. In a tank about 1 foot deep. This problem (d) Experimental; applied research. is also being studied theoretically with the (e) Present work concerned largely with microscope aid of electronic computers. techniques with use of certain solvents to characterize soil structure as affected by the chemical nature of the irrigation water

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applied vapor transfer gaps; (10) reverse osmosis (f) In early stages of work. pilot plant; (11) thermodynamic and economic analysis; (12) experimental heat transfer (2504) DYNAMICS OP SOIL WATER FLOW TOWARDS AND studies; (13) transport phenomena near a INTO SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE FACILITIES. liquid-vapor Interface; and (14) fundamental studies of corrosion processes. Investi- (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with gations are being carried on both at Berkeley College of Engrg., Univ. of Calif., L03 and at Los Angeles. Angeles 24, California, (g) Detailed results may be obtained from the d) Experimental; applied research, progress reports and publications listed e; Present work concerns (1) Reliability of under (h) below. This project has been spot techniques for determination of hydrau- active since 1951-52 and previous summaries lic conductivity; (2) relation of water have listed all reports prior to July 1961. table recession to theory, (3) drainage (h) The following reports and publications have simulation In shallow soils; relating been Issued during the period since July water table height to drain discharge; (4) 1961 and summarize the work to date: drainage simulation In layered soils; and UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES:* (5) criteria for factors contributing to "Studies of Liquid Film Flow and Evaporation excessive soil-water, with Reference to Saline Water Distillation," (h) "Simulation of Drainage in Homogeneous by W. Unterberg, Department of Engineering Shallow Soil," (AGU Western Natn'l. Meeting, Report No. 61-26, October 1961. UCLA, Dec. 27-29, 1961), by J. D. Isherwood. "Saline Water Research, June 1961, Progress "Mathematical Models of Flow in Porous Summary," Department of Engineering Report Media, II, Simulation of Tile Drainage in a No. 61-37, September 1961. Stratified Soil: (AGU Eastern Mat'l. "Sea Water Demineralization by means of a Meeting, Kansas City, Mo. Nov. 15, 1962), semipermeable membrane," by S. Loeb, Dept. of by J. D. Isherwood. Engineering Report No. 61-42, August 1961. "Comparing Hydraulic Conductivity Values "Transient Behavior of the Electrical Double- Using the Ponded Water Theory and an Auger Layer of Stressed Metals in Electrolytes," Hole Method: by Wm. R. Johnston, John Letey, by K. Nobe, Department of Engineering Report and A. F. Pillsbury. (ASAE Winter Meeting, No. 61-56, August 1961. Chicago, Dec. 11-14, 1962.). "Determination of Coefficients for Thermo- dynamic Equations for Determining the Proper- ties of Sea Water, Particularly Vapor Pressure," by C. Gastaldo, Dept. of Engrg. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Engineering, Report No. 61-80, February 1962. Hydraulic Laboratory. "Effect of Stress on the Electrode Potential of Silver, Steel, and Brass In Aqueous Inquiries concerning the following projects, except Solutions," by K. Nobe and Swie-ln Tan, Dept. when otherwise indicated, should be addressed to of Engineering Report No. 62-12, March 1962. Prof. J. W. Johnson, Dept. of Engineering, Hydraulic "Sea Water Demineralization by means of a Laboratory, Hesse Hall, University of California, Semipermeable Menbrane," by S. Loeb, Dept. of Berkeley 4, California. Engineering Report No. 62-26, June 1962. "Saline Water Research June 1962 Progress (529) SAND SOURCES RESEARCH. Summary," Department of Engineering Report No. 62-33, July 1962. (b) Beach Erosion Board, Department of the Army, "Effect of Illumination of the Electrode Washington, D. C. Potential of Copper and Silver Single Crystals d) Experimental and field observations In Aqueous Solutions," by K. Nobe and D. A.

! e) Purpose of this project is to study origin Chance, Department of Engineering Report No. and movement of sand on beaches In vicinity 62-35, August 1962. of San Francisco and north along the coast to "Effect of Monochromatic Illumination on the the Oregon border. The project consists Electrode Potential of Copper and Tin in

of periodic measurements of beach profiles, Aqueous Solutions," by H . A. Arbit and K. and mechanical, mineraloglcal and radioactive Nobe, Department of Engineering Report No. analyses of samples of sand. The project 62-40, August 1962. thus supplies basic data on the regimen of "Sea Water Demineralization by Means of a Northern California Beaches and gives infor- Semipermeable Membrane," by S. Loeb, Dept. of mation on the pattern of movement of sand on Engineering Report No. 62-41, August 1962. the beaches. Such information is desirable for effective measures for harbor control UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY:** and beach erosion. "Condensing Heat Transfer in Steam-Air Mix- fl Completed tures in Turbulent Flow," by P. B. Stewart h) "Beaches in Northwestern California," by David et al, Institute of Engineering Research Seriee T. Snow, Univ. of California, Inst, of Engin. 75, Issue 25, November 1961. Res., Series 14, Issue 25, Aug. 1962. "Performance of Greenhouse Solar Stills," by L. H. MacLeod, and H. W. McCracken, Inst, of (1554) SEA WATER CONVERSION RESEARCH. Engineering Research Series 75, Issue 26, November 1961. b) State of California. "Correlation of the Effects of Temperature, c) Prof. Everett D. Howe, Coordinator Sea Water Geometry, and Heat Capacity of the Perform- Conversion Research, University of Calif., ance of a Single-Effect Solar Distiller," by 1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, California. L. H. MacLeod, and H. W. McCracken, Inst, of (d) Experimental, theoretical, field investi- Engineering Research Series 75, Issue 27, gation and pilot plant; basic research, ap- November 1961. plied research, design, and operation. "Salt Water Demineralization with a Modified (e) The purpose of this project is to discover Aquafresh Electrodialytic Stack," by P. M. whether there is available any method for Rapier et al., Inst, of Engineering Research the large-scale, low-cost demineralization Series 75, Issue 28, May 1962. of sea water. The project includes a number "Saline Water Demineralization by Electro- of investigations, of which the following dialysis with Components Manufactured by have been active during 1961-62: (1) Multi- Ionics, Inc.," by P. M. Rapier et al., Inst, ple effect rotating evaporator; (2) evapo- of Engineering Research Series 75, Issue 29, ration by immiscible fluid heat transfer; August 1962. (3) vacuum flash distillation (low tempera- "Berkeley Progress Report for the Year ture difference method); (4) solar distil- Ending June 30, 1962," Inst, of Engineering lation; (5) electrodialysis tests; (6) Research Series 75, Issue 30, August 1962. freeze-separation; (7) ion exchange; (8) "Condensation Coefficient of Water, " by K. biological studies; (9) capillary control of Nabavian, and L. A. Bromley, Water Resources

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Center Contribution No. 62, October 1962. wind generated waves in the laboratory, "Desalting Water," by E. D. Howe, Inter- (h) "Solitary Wave Behavior at Concave Barriers" national Science and Technology, April 1962, by Gunnar Sigurdsson and R. L. Wiegel, Univ. pp. 47-52. of Calif., IER, Tech. Rept. 89-7, Berkeley, "Saline Water Conversion," by E. D. Howe, Calif., 18 pp., April, 1962. Proceedings Paris Symposium, UNESCO, Arid "Effect of Bottom Slope on Wave Diffraction" Zone Research, Vol. XVIII, pp. 271-97, 1962. by Ismail Mobarek, M. S. Thesis in Civil "Fresh Water from Salt Water," by E. D. Howe, Engineering, and IER, Tech. Rept. 89-8, Univ. New Scientist, Vol. 13, No. 271, June 1962, of Calif., Berkeley, Calif., 88 pp., 1962. pp. 196-199. "Diffraction of Periodic Waves Along a Requests Tor copies should be directed to: Vertical Breakwater for Small Angles of Institute of Industrial Cooperation, Dept. of Incidence" by Arne Hasle Nielsen, M.S. Thesis Engineering, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, in Civil Engineering and IER Tech. Rept. California. 89-9, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif., Requests for copies should be directed to: 63 pp., 1962. Sea Water Conversion Laboratory, Univ. of Calif., 1301 South 46th St., Richmond, Calif. (2265) FORCES ON ACCELERATED CYLINDERS.

(1823) THE MECHANICS OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT MOVEMENT h) Laboratory project. 109 WITH OSCILLATORY WAVES. I c) Prof. A. D. K. Laird, Mechanics Bldg. Univ. of California, Berkeley 4, Calif. (b) Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Army, Washington, d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research. D. C. 1 e) Measurement and prediction of drag coef- d) Experimental, basic research, ficients and flow configurations about cylinders during accelerated motion in fluids 1 e; To obtain experimental Information on the criterion for Initial and general movement as related to wave forces as cylinders of bottom sediment by wave action. Prototype including effects of support flexibility. conditions of the relative motion of water (h) "Eddy Forces on Rigid Cylinders," by A.D.K. and bed were simulated by use of an oscil- Laird, Journal Waterways and Harbors Div., lating plate in still water, Proc. ASCE, Vol. 87, No. WW4, Nov. 1961. (g) The experimental velocity distribution law "Water Forces on Flexibile Oscillating has been used to determine the local lift Cylinders," by A.D.K. Laird, Journal Water- acting on the grains forming the bed. ways and Harbors Div., Proc. ASCE, Vol. 88, Because of the turbulent structure of the No. WW3, Aug. 1962. boundary layer, this lift force has a rapid- "Groups of Vertical Cylinders Oscillating ly varying component which was assumed to in Water," by A.D.K. Laird and R. P. Warren, have a normal distribution. An expression Proc. ASCE (in press). has been derived which determines the probability of motion of the individual grain. (2505) EFFECT OF SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN STREAM The constants contained in thi3 expression CHANNELS. will be evaluated from experimental data which are now being analyzed. (b) University project. (d) Experimental; basic research. (2261) WAVE REFRACTION RESEARCH. (e) Alluvial flows In channels with artificially secured banks are studied systematical- (b) Beach Erosion Board, Department of Army, ly for their tendency to meander as ex- Washington, D. C. pressed by the development of alternate (c) Prof. R. L. Wlegel, Assoc. Prof, of Civil bars. It Is the aim of this study to de- Engrg., University of Calif., Berkeley, velop criteria for stability. Calif. f) Experimental work concluded. (d) Experimental; basic research. g) The important parameters seem to be the (e) Laboratory studies are being made of the Froude's number, the depth-width ratio refraction and some (diffraction and re- and the size and uniformity of the bed flection) phenomena of water waves. Special sediment. The uneven distribution of attention is being given to the "Mach stem" friction between banks and bed is of prime phenomenon. importance (f) Completed. (h) "Development of Bed Roughness in Alluvial (g) In shallow water the velocity of a water Channels," by Hsieh W. Shen, Jour, of the gravity wave depends upon the depth of water Hydraulics Division, Proc. ASCE, Vol. 88, as well as upon the length of the wave. HY3, pp. 45-58, May 1962. When it travels in shoaling water it bends. This refraction changes the wave height and (2753) HYDRAULIC BREAKWATER. direction. Powerful graphical and analytical tools are available for use by the engineers; b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

however, there is an almost complete lack ! c) Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Assoc. Prof, of Civil of evidence as to their accuracy. The Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley 4, Calif. purpose of this contract has been to per- d) Experimental; applied research. form laboratory experiments to check the ! e) Determination by model tests of the mecha- validity of the techniques used In practice. nisms by which hydraulic breakwaters dampen The first series of tests were performed in water gravity waves. a ripple tank; these showed that the tech- f) Completed. niques were fairly reliable from a practical g) Three dimensional tests in a model basin standpoint. A series of tests were made in show that the effect of wave refraction due a model basin 150 feet by 64 feet by 2 1/2 to the currents generated by the hydraulic feet deep. The results of these tests have breakwater is of primary importance. For been published. Tests have been conducted certain conditions the area in the lee of on the formation of secondary wave crests the breakwater can be made to be almost free as periodic waves pass into shoal water, and of waves, while for other conditions the the results have been found to compare waves behind the breakwater will be higher favorably with theory. Studies have been than if there were no hydraulic breakwater made of the non-reflecting characteristics in operation. A series of model sizes have of waves Incident to a steep slope, large been used and a definite scale effect ob- plane angle shore, and the results presented served. Tests have been completed in con- in a report. Additional studies have been nection with the measurement of the currents made of the "Mach stem" phenomenon in the generated by the jets and then the effect of presence of a curved, and a wavy vertical the currents on the waves, the purpose being impervious wall, and in the presence of a to find out in which portion of the mecha- sloped pervious wall. Studies are being nism the scale effect occurs. It was found made of the refraction and short-crested that the scale effect occurred in the orifice.

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The results have been published. Tests have f) Completed. been completed on the effect of hydraulic g) Experimental measurements in a parallel breakwaters on wind generated waves, and It plate model are being made for drainage of was found that the short period components underlying saline water in irrigated land. of such a wave system were damped, allowing (h) "Seepage of Saline Water in Delta Lowlands," the long period wave components to get past by H. Marcus, D. E. Evenson, and D. K. Todd, the breakwater, Water Resources Center Contribution No. 53, (h) "Attenuation of Wind Waves by a Hydraulic 70 pp., 1962. Breakwater" by John A. Williams and R. L. Wlegel, Proc. Eighth Conf. on Coastal Engrg., (3673) JET PUMP FOR SEDIMENT. Council on Wave Research, The Engineering Foundation, Berkeley, California, 1963. (b) Pacific Coast Engineering Co. (d) Experimental design. (3022) FLOATING BREAKWATER. (e) The use of a Jet pump as a booster pump at the end of the ladder of a suction dredge b) U. S. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory. is studied. c) Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Assoc. Prof, of Civil (f) Initial design study completed. Investi- Engineering, University of California, gation continuing on sand erosion effects. Berkeley, California. (g) Erosion rates have been substantially re- (d) Analytical and experimental; applied duced by design modifications without research. sacrificing sand pumping performance. (e) Analytical and experimental studies of new concepts of floating breakwaters. (3674) INVESTIGATIONS OF BOUNDARY LAYERS ALONG (f) Completed. FLUID INTERFACES. (g) Several new concepts have been investigated. One of these systems consisted of (b) National Science Foundation. a series of long plastic tubes (slightly id) Experimental, basic research. buoyant) connected side by side and filled (e) To investigate the possibility of reducing with water. The effectiveness of the friction by artificially increasing the system was remarkable for wave lengths of stability of the flow. the order of one-half the tube length, or (g) The literature survey shows that very little less. Additional work has been done with work has been done on the study of boundary large plastic bags filled with water with layers along interfaces as such. Analogy the same results. Small scale laboratory with boundary layers along solid and elastic studies have been completed, including the boundaries suggests that the layer always measurement of forces in the mooring lines. begins as a laminar flow. This laminar flow Medium scale tests in San Francisco Bay finally becomes unstable and the Instability have been completed. may either lead to turbulence or to waves on (h) "Hovering Breakwater" by R. L. Wiegel, H. W. the interface or to both. It appears that Shen, and J. D. Cummlng, Journal Waterways two different characteristics govern the and Harbors Div., Proc. ASCE, Vol. 88, No. onset of waves and turbulence. The basic W W 2, pp. 23-50, May, 1962. problem appears to be the formulation of the two characteristics and of their interaction. (3384) SAND MOVEMENT BY WIND. It appeared to be impossible to find a general solution for a complicated problem of (b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army, this type. Instead, work was begun on a Washington, D. C. number of individual specific problems to d) Experimental. gather information which eventually may lead 1 e) Laboratory wind tunnel tests were made to to a more general solution. 1. Analytical develop a relationship for sand transport as solutions are being developed for comparison a function of wind speed, sand size and sand with measurements of velocity and pressure moisture. Calibration of sand traps for distributions throughout cylindrical liquid possible field use also was made. Field bubbles and surrounding liquids in vertical sampling of the major California dune areas tubes. The effects of interfacial tension was made to determine the general character on interfacial boundary layers is included. of sand being transported under natural Preliminary tests have been made of the conditions energy and entropy extremum principles as (h) "Sand Movement by Wind" by Pierre-Yves Belly, flow type criteria for vertical laminar Univ. of California Inst, of Engineering annular oil-water flow. 2. A program has Research, Series 72, Issue 7, July 1962. been started to measure shear values at the interface between water and other fluids and

(3385) ELECTRIC FLOOD MODEL. quasi-fluids . 3. Studies have been made of the flow of air over water, with the water (b) U. S. Corps Engineers, Kansas City Dist. being as much as 25 degrees F cooler and id) Experimental; design and development. warmer than the air to find the effect of (e) Using analog model techniques a simulator air-water temperature difference and wave for the Kansas River and its tributaries formation. Statistical techniques (Tukey's) is being developed. Purpose is to provide have been used to study the relationship a rapid and convenient means of estimating between the phase of air pressure time the effects of reservoir operation and history and water surface time history in rainfall distribution on flood stages. order to determine the validity of Miles' All pertinent hydraulic variables will be stability theory. 4. In order to permit the under operator's control, and a flood simultaneous measurement of several vari- routing procedure completed each 1/60 ables in a form that will facilitate their second correlation, a digital data recording system (h) "Analog Models for Flood Control Systems," by has been developed. It records 8 channels J. A. Harder, Journal of the Hydraulics Div., with a precision of 11 bits on magnetic Proceedings ASCE, Vol. 88, No. HY2, March tape in a format compatible with the IBM 1962. 7090 and at rates up to 7,500 samples per second. (3386) SUBSURFACE SALINITY, (3675) CLAY TRANSPORT. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Analytical and experimental; basic research. b) National Science Foundation, (e) This investigation is concerned with the d) Experimental and theoretical; basic dynamics of the fresh-salt water interface research. in flow through porous media. Effects of (e) A continuation and generalization of non-steady flows and dispersion will be (3382)to various types of clays. The considered effect of flocculation and concentration

10 .

of clay on flows, and the deposition and surface wind waves. The effects of wind scour of these sediments are studied and waves on surface dispersion have been systematically studied in a laboratory wind-wave flume. (g) Viscometer measurements on suspensions of Measurements of the shape of the dispersion clayey sediment from 5 sources are yielding plume have been obtained under various wind Theological characteristics of sediment floes and wave conditions, and the influence of and floe aggregates, including shear some of the wave characteristics on the strengths. Rheological measurements on con- eddy diffusion coefficient has been noted. solidating sediments are also in progress. (h) "Jet Discharge into a Fluid with a Density A 1000-ft. channel and circulating system is Gradient" by W. E. Hart, Jour. Hyd. Div., completed and instrumented to determine Proc. ASCE, Vol. 87, No. HY6, pp. 171-200, friction factors of flowing sediment suspen- Nov. 1961. sions in order to study flow-bed interaction "Mixing and Dispersive Action of Wind Waves" during deposition and scour. This work is by Frank D. Masch, Ph.D. Thesis in Civil in progress. Engineering (also IER Tech. Rept. 138-6), Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif., 106 pp., (3676) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OP GROUND WATER. Nov. 1961. "Observations on Vertical Mixing in a Closed b) Laboratory project, Wind Wave System" by Frank D. Masch, Univ. d) Analytical and experimental; basic of Calif., IER Tech. Rept. 138-7, 24 pp., research. Jan. 1962. (e) This investigation is concerned with the unsteady flow of water from recharge (4077) NEARSHORE SEDIMENT MOVEMENT. areas into homogeneous and non-homogeneous aquifers. National Science Foundation. f) Completed. Experimental (laboratory and field). g) Experimental measurements in a translucent The objective of this investigation is to model have been made of unsteady flows determine the overall sand balance for from recharge areas percolating to selected localities and to explain changes impermeable subsurface layers. quantitatively. Special consideration is (h) "Hydraulics of Artificial Recharge in Non- given to sediment conditions at the mouths homogeneous Formations," by K. R. Marmion, of large sediment-carrying rivers, subma- Water Resources Center Contribution No. 48, rine canyon heads, and major headlands. Univ. of California, Berkeley, 88 pp., 1962. (h) "Transportation of Coastal Sediments" by A. M. Kamel, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Calif., (3677) ANNULAR NOZZLE GROUND EFFECT MACHINE. Jan. 1962. "Littoral Studies near San Francisco using (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Tracer Techniques," by A. M. Kamel, Beach Navy. Erosion Board Tech. Memo. No. 131, 1962. (c) Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California. (4078) BEACH BACKGROUND RADIOACTIVITY. d) Experimental; applied research. e) Airborne vehicles supported by annular Jets (b) Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C. have a lift considerably in excess of that (d) Field observations and theoretical con- due to the jet momentum when operating in siderations. a region close to the ground. The dynamic (e) Purpose of project is to measure variations lift, bending moment, wave resistance, base in background radioactivity of beaches along pressures, and intake pressures are being the California Coast with the object of de- measured for such a vehicle operating over termining the normal background, its seasonal both calm water and water with surface variations and variation in radioactivity gravity waves present. from place to place at any one time. (g) Much information has been obtained on the (g) The dilution in concentration of naturally response of the model vehicle to surface radioactive sediments away from a source has water waves. In regard to wave-making re- proved of value in establishing the pre- sistance a noticeable nonunlformlty of jet dominant direction of littoral drift. momentum has been measured. (h) "The Relationship between Watershed Geology (h) "Research on Annular Nozzle Type Ground and Beach Radioactivity," by J. R. Byerly, Effect Machine Operating Over Water: Pre- M. S. Thesis in Engin., Univ. of California, liminary Report" by R. L. Wiegel, D. 0. January 1963. Horning, J. Cumming, G. Reichert, G. Slgurdsson, W. M. Linder, and M. Price, Univ. (4080) FLOW THROUGH ANISOTROPIC POROUS MEDIA. of Calif., IER Tech. Rept. 187-1, Berkeley, Calif., 95 pp., March 1962. (b) Laboratory project. "Research on Annular Nozzle Type Ground (d) Analytical and experimental; basic research. Effect Machine Operating Over Water: Pressure (e) This study is concerned with the direction- Transducer" by D. 0. Horning and J. D. Cumming, al permeabilities in anisotropic Univ. of Calif., IER Tech. Rept. 187-2, porous media. Analytic results are being Berkeley, Calif., 20 pp., March 1962. compared with measurements on an electric "Research on Annular Nozzle Type Ground analog. Effect Machine Operating Over Water: Descrip Completed. tion of Wake Patterns" by M. Moser, Univ. of (3 Flow directions are evaluated in terms of Calif., IER Tech. Rept. 187-4, Berkeley, directional permeabilities and hydraulic Calif., 26 pp., March 1962. gradients. "Research on Annular Nozzle Type Ground (h) "Directional Permeability in Anisotropic Effect Machine Operating Over Water: Non- Porous Media," by H. Marcus and D. E. Evenson, uniformity of Jet Momentum" by Gunnar Water Resources Center Contribution No. 31, Slgurdsson, Univ. of Calif., IER Tech. Rept. Univ. of California, Berkeley, 105 pp., 1961. 187-5, Berkeley, Calif., 28 pp., March 1962. "The Permeability of a Sample of an Aniso- tropic Porous Medium," by H. Marcus, Jour, of (3678) OCEAN SEWER OUTFALLS. Geophysical Research (in press).

(b) U. S. Public Health Service. (4081) RECHARGE OF WASTES IN UNDERGROUND (d) Basic research. FORMATIONS. (e) This study is concerned with the various phenomena involved in the diffusion of Livermore Radiation Lab., Livermore, Calif. sewage at the discharge end of an ocean Experimental; basic and applied research. sewer outfall. This study is designed to evaluate the (g) Phases investigated to date have involved hydraulics of fluid flow from a surface basti mixing resulting from Jet action and into underlying aquifers. Results are ex-

11 . .. ) . .

expected to assist In field studies of dis- California, Sept. 1962. posal of industrial wastes, brines, and radioactive materials. (4567) RAINFALL VARIANCE. (h) "Plow from Large Diameter Wells into Un- saturated Confined Aquifers," by D. K. Sunada Laboratory project. and D. K. Todd, Hydraulic Laboratory, Univ. S) Hydraulics Laboratory, Univ. of Calif., of Calif, Berkeley, 78 pp., 1962. Berkeley 4, California. Theoretical; basic research. (4082) CAVITATION IN A VENTURI. u Statistical analysis of long records of hourly rainfall. Laboratory project. Si Prof. H. W. Iversen, Dept. of Mech. Engrg., (4568) SIGNIFICANCE OF VORTICITY IN TURBULENT FLUID University of Calif., Berkeley, California. FLOWS. (d) Experimental and theoretical basic research. (b) University project; thesis. (e) Macroscopic nature of cavitation formation id) Theoretical

and collapse with inter-relationships of 1 e A basic attempt to define turbulence. head losses on collapse and with liquids of (f Completed. different vaporization properties. (g) Some new characteristics of flows were (g) Tests with water over a 60 degree F - developed describing the onset and mainte- 200 degree F range of temperature are es- nance of turbulence. sentially completed. (h) "The Significance of Vortlcity, Vortex Motion and Dissipation in Turbulent Fluid Flows" by (4562) ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS. L. F. Mockros, thesis.

Laboratory project. (4569) STUDY OF THE PERSISTENT POLYMOLECULAR Si Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of STRUCTURE OF WATER. Calif., Berkeley 4, California. Theoretical; basic research. Laboratory project; thesis study. Given a sufficiently long record of the input SI Basic theoretical and experimental - thesis and output of a stationary system that may Ph.D. include nonlinearities, the purpose is to (e) The assumption of quasi-permanent structures develop a predictor for arbitrary inputs. between the molecules of liquid water is (g) Computer program is written that has enabled used to explain some of its anomalies. close prediction of the output of an experi- Completed. mental nonlinear system to a sine wave Si It is shown that several such structure having an amplitude and frequency well within patterns are possible. If one assumes that the limits of the random input used to de- different patterns exist at different velop the predictor. temperatures the anomalies In density, vis- (h) "Nonlinear Analysis of Hydraulic Engineering cosity, etc., can be explained quantita- Systems," by S. L. Jacoby, Ph.D. thesis, tively. Univ. of California, Berkeley, June 1962. (h) "A System of Persistent Polymolecular Structures of Liquid Water," by R. B. Krone, (4563) CLAY-SUSPENSION FILTRATION. 57 pp., May 1962, thesis. Publication in preparation. Livermore Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, California. Experimental; basic and applied research. Si Study of the movement of clay suspensions UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Department of Naval through coarse porous media and through Architecture. fissured rock. (3026) SHIP RESISTANCE IN UNIFORM WAVES AS A (4564) FLOW OF SAND-WATER MIXTURES IN PIPES. FUNCTION WAVE STEEPNESS.

(b) University project - thesis project. David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the (d) Experimental Navy. (e) To define flow parameters and to design (c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ. measuring equipment for the two-phase flows. of Calif. Berkeley, California. (g) A piece of experimental equipment has been Experimental designed to maintain various sustained flows Si A series of experiments were performed to of water-sand mixtures. Two solutions were study the effect of width (beam) and the investigated for combined flow-rate and block coefficient of the ship on the added concentration meters. resistance in uniform waves. The following (h) Thesis in preparation. block coefficients were used for Series 60 5-foot models: 0.60; 0.70; 0.80 and (4565) MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR FLOOD ROUTING. a model of DE 1006 with a block coefficient of 0.49. All of the models were towed in Laboratory project. waves 3.75; 5.00; 6.25 and 7.50 feet long Si Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of at seven different wave steepnesses between Calif., Berkeley 4, California. 0.0146 and 0.0684. Theoretical; basic research. Si Various models are being fitted to experi- (3029) REPRODUCTION OF RECORDED OCEAN WAVES IN A mental floods induced by spillway releases SHIP MODEL TOWING TANK. from reservoirs on the Missouri River. University of California. (4566) PROGRESSIVE WAVES AT SPILLWAYS. Si Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. Laboratory project. Basic and applied research; design. si Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of Si The work undertaken under this program was Calif., Berkeley 4, California. the design and construction of a power and Experimental control system for the existing wave Si Laboratory studies were made of the progres- generator, such that a recorded ocean wave sive waves generated downstream from spill- in a desired scale could be reproduced in ways. Spillways studied included the hy- the towing tank. The system utilizes a draulic pump in both a horizontal and sloping magnetic tape input to servomechanlsm channel and a flip-bucket. which makes the wave-generator follow a Completed prescribed time-distance curve. Si "Wave Action at Spillways," by M. M. Abou- Completed. Seida, M. S. Thesis in Engineering, Univ. of A servomechanlsm controlled wave generator 12 has been installed. Preliminary testing of measured in experiments. the equipment indicates a very satisfactory f) Completed. reproducibility of the wave record from run g) The measured values and values based on the to run. Some more work will be necessary to calculations show similar distinctive be- achieve a better reproduction of any given havior, wave record in the desired model scale, (h) "Measurement of Pressures, Forces, and (h) "Reproduction of Irregular Long Crested Waves Radiating Waves for Cylinders Oscillating in in a Ship Model Towing Tank," by 0. J. Sibul; a Free Surface," by J. R. Paulling and R. K. A paper, presented to the 13th Meeting of the Richardson, University of California, IER American Towing Tank Conference in Ann Arbor, Series 82, Issue 23, June 1960. Michigan, September, 1962. (4083) DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN SHIPS. (3685) SHIP SLAMMING LOADS AND HULL RESPONSES. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the (b) National Academy of Sciences - National Navy. Research Council, Committee on Ship (c) Prof. J. R. Paulling, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Structural Design. Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California. (c) Prof. H. A. Schade, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, d) Theoretical and experimental. Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. e) The linearized equations of motion for two (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and ships operating on parallel courses are applied research. formulated. Coefficients appearing in (e) The project involves structural as well as these equations are being evaluated by hydrodynamic problems. Only the latter are captive model techniques. Analog and described here. (1) It will be attempted digital means of solving the equations are to determine the virtual mass distribution being studied. along the length of a vibrating beam (g) Sinusoidal motion generator was used to e- in water (forced vibration as well as impact valuate velocity and acceleration derivatives loading). for each of the individual models of the f) Completed. ship without the other model being present. g) The beam was fitted into a number of Experiments are under way in which inter- sections(8) of plastic bodies, semi-sub- action forces and moments between two models merged in horizontal position in water, and are measured. forced to vibrate. Vibration frequencies (h) "The Dynamic Problem of Two Ships and damping for the first six flectural Operating on Parallel Courses In Close modes were determined. An impact loading Proximity," by J. R. Paulling and L. was applied also, to excite the vibrating Wood, July 18, 1962. response. (h) "Dynamic Response of an Idealized Hull (4084) SHIPS OF MINIMUM RESISTANCE. Girdle to Slam-Type Loading," by R. W. Clough and W. M. Maclean. The report will (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the be published by Ship Structures Committee Navy. and the National Research Council. (c) Prof. J. V. Wehausen, Room 221, Bldg. T-3, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California. (3686) NON-LINEAR COUPLED SHIP MOTIONS. (dl Theoretical applied research. (e) The usual minimum problem for ship wave (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of resistance fixed the profile and volume the Navy. and minimizes Mlchell's Integral among (c) Prof. John R. Paulling, Jr., Room 224, some given class of functions describing Bldg. T-3, Univ. of California, Berkeley, the whole ship. Since the theory assumes California. irrotational flow of an invlscld fluid, it (d) Theoretical with some experimental veri- does not take account of the effects of fication. viscosity, e.g., the possibility of a (e) It has been shown that at certain fre- separated boundary layer for certain forms quencies of heave or pitch motion of a nor of the necessity of fitting a propeller ship, a rolling motion of large amplitude astern. Here one tries to take account of may arise. This is explained in terms of this by fixing the afterbody as one known instabilities of solutions of the equations to be satisfactory, and then allowing only of motion which include certain non-linear the forebody to vary among a given class of coupling terms. functions. (g) The relationships between natural frequencies in pitch and roll or heave and (4085) EFFECT UPON WAVE RESISTANCE OF THE INITIAL roll which lead to unstable rolling motion ACCELERATION OF SHIP MODELS. have been obtained theoretically and verified experimentally. Analog computational (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the techniques have been used in investigating Navy. the effect of damping. (c) Prof. J. V. Wehausen, Room 221, Bldg. T-3, (h) "On the Normal Modes of Nonlinear Coupled University of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. Ships Motions and their Stability," by W. D. (d) Theoretical applied research. Kinney, University of California IER Series (e) An asymptotic expansion for large t is 173, Issue 5, August 1962. obtained for the wave resistance of a thin ship started from rest and accelerated to (3687) ADDED-MASS, AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS, a final velocity CQ in a time t . The DAMPING COEFFICIENTS FOR CYLINDERS OSCIL- result indicates an oscillation about the LATING IN A FREE SURFACE. limiting value (Michell^s Integral) which

is damped like (t - to)" . The period T (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the is given by gT/Cg, = 8*. A computation is Navy. carried through for a simple ship form. (c) Professors J. V. Wehausen and J. R. Paulling, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ. of (4570) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON SEMI-SUBMERGED Calif., Berkeley, Calif. OSCILLATING BODIES. (d) Theoretical and experimental basic re-

search . (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the (e) A linearized theory is developed for the Navy. pressure distributions, added-mass and (c) Prof. J. R. Paulling, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, damping coefficients for horizontal University of California, Berkeley 4, Calif. cylinders oscillating vertically with small d) Experimental and theoretical. amplitude while semi-immersed in the free e) To determine the response of a floating body surface of a fluid of uniform depth. Calcu- in a seaway, it is necessary to know the lated values are compared with values magnitudes and phases of hydrodynamic forces

13 .

and moments acting on this body. In the Pennsylvania. linearized analysis the total pressure at d) Analytical and experimental. any point takes the form of two terms: (a) e) Study of energy relationships, velocities exciting pressure dependent upon the waves and flow structure in non-newtonian flows. only: (b) pressure dependent upon the geo- (h) "Derivation of Flow Equations for Sewerage metry and motion of the body and Independent Sludges," by G. Bugliarello. Discussion, of the waves. These two terms are being J. of the Sanitary Engineering Division, measured on: (1) A prolate spheroid; (2) A ASCE, Vol. 87, May 1961. ship-like form. "Non-Newtonian Flows in Hydraulic Engi- First the models are attached rigidly to the neering," (in Italian with English summary) dynamometers, towed in waves and the pressure G. Bugliarello, in: Volume in Honor of distribution, total forces and moments Prof. Marzolo, University of Padova, Italy, measured. Then the models are oscillated May 1962. sinusoldally in still water and again the "Some Considerations on the Analysis and pressure distribution, total force and Design of Hydraulic Machinery for Non- moment measured. The results will be com- Newtonian Fluids," G. Bugliarello, submitted pared with theoretical calculations. for publication, 1963 Proceedings of the International Association for Hydraulic Research (IAHR). "On the Similarity between Some Non-Newto- UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Research Foun- nian and Hydromagnetic Flows," M. S. Thesis, dation for Cross-connection Control. R. S. Hyslop, January 1962.

Inquiries concerning the following project should (3689) PHASE SEPARATION EFFECTS IN THE FLOW OF be addressed to Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Supervisor, BLOOD. Research Foundation for Cross-connection Control, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 7, b) National Institutes of Health. California. c) Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13, (49) RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR CROSS-CONNECTION Pennsylvania. CONTROL. d) Analytical and experimental. e) Study of the magnitude of the phase b) Laboratory project. separation effect in the flow of blood d) Experimental research and field investi- for vessels of different sizes and con- gations; basic research, figurations, both under steady and (e) To determine by proper research the rela- pulsating flow conditions. tive value and protection afforded by vari- (h) "High-Speed Microcinematographlc Studies ous backflow prevention devices, of Blood Flow in Vitro," by G. Bugliarello (g) Establishment of standardized laboratory and J. W. Hayden, Science, Vol. 138, No. and field test procedures and minimum 3544, Nov. 30, 1962. specification requirements for backflow "Detailed Characteristics of the Flow of prevention equipment and continuous e- Blood in Vitro," by G. Bugliarello and J. W. valuation and improvement of such pro- Hayden, presented to the 1962 meeting of the cedures and specifications. Information Society of Rheology and submitted for summarized in "Manual of Cross-Connection publication, Transactions of the Society of Control Recommended Practice." Rheology. Abstract in Rheology Bulletin, Vol. 31, No. 2, Fall 1962. "Phase Separation of a Neutrally Buoyant Rigid-Sphere Suspension in Laminar Flow CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of through a Narrow Rectangular Channel," A. Civil Engineering. Brandt, M. S. Thesis, January 1962.

Inquiries concerning the following projects except (3692) SEPARATION FLOW OF SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES. when otherwise indicated should be addressed to Dr. T. E. Stelson, Dept. of Civil Engineering, (b) Allegheny County Sanitary Authority. Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh 13, (d) Experimental and analytical. Pennsylvania. (e) In the separation or divergence of flowing liquid-solid mixtures unbalanced concen- (2275) FLOW OF LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES. trations frequently occur in the different channels. Methods are being developed to (b) Laboratory project. predict and control the unbalance. Id) Analytical and experimental. (h) "Grit Unbalance in Sewage Flow Division," (e) Study of the movement of granular material Y. Yoshimi and T. E. Stelson, submitted carried in a fluid through closed conduits. for publication, J. of the Sanitary Engrg. Measurements of velocities, energy losses, Division, ASCE, December 1962. concentrations and segregated conditions are made (4093) VIBRATORY MOTIONS OF FLOATING BODIES. (h) "Flow Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids," J. W. Hayden, Ph.D. Thesis, June 1962. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. (d) Experimental and analytical. (3203) PRESSURE SURGES IN CLOSED CONDUITS. (e) Development of theory for determining wave pattern and virtual mass and damping in the (b) Laboratory project - National Science three-dimensional flow field around a shallow Foundation Fellowship. ship. d) Analytical and experimental. (h) "The Forced Oscillation of Shallow Draft e) Determination of pipe geometry on the Ships," W. D. Kim, R. C. MacCamy and T. E. reflection and transmission of pressure Stelson, Report submitted to the Bureau of surges in closed conduits. Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research (h) "Generation, Transmission and Reflection of Program, January 1962. Pressure Surges in Conduits," D. J. Wood, T. E. Stelson, Proceedings of the First (4094) MOLECULAR DIFFUSION STUDIES BY RANDOM WALK Southeastern Conference on Theoretical and METHODS. Applied Mechanics, 1963. b) Laboratory project. (3390) MECHANICS OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLOWS. c) Dr. G. Bugliarello, Civil Engineering Dept., Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13, Pa. b) Laboratory project. d) Analytical. c) Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept of Civil Engrg., e; Development of computer programs for the Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13, study of molecular diffusion in a laminar

14 ...... shear flow using random walk methods. COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, Civil Engineering "A Random Walk Study of Molecular Diffusion Section in a Convective Flow Field," E. D. Jackson III, M. S. Thesis, March 1962. (55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS. HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID FLOWS. (b) Soil Conservation Service, Colorado Agric Laboratory project. Experiment Station. Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg., (c) Mr. Jack N. Washichek, Snow Survey Super- Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13, Pa. visor, Civil Engineering Section. Experimental d) Field investigations; applied research. Study of laminar and turbulent flow of e) Systematic measurements of depth and water various liquids between concentric cylinders, content of snow are being made at high ele- under pressures up to 15,000 psi. vations in Colorado and New Mexico mountain "Design and Construction of a Concentric areas for the purpose of forecasting the Cylinder Apparatus for High Pressure Flow runoff of the principal rivers in the Studies," J. M. Evans III, M. S. Thesis, interest of irrigation, power, domestic August 1962. supplies, and other uses. The use of electrical resistance soil moisture units is FLOW OF SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES AT BIFUR- being tested to determine a factor of soil CATIONS. moisture deficiency for water supply forecast purposes. Most of the major basins now Laboratory project. have two or more soil moisture stations in- Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg., stalled. A period of record must follow Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13, Pa. before any degree of correlation can be ac- Experimental complished. Study of the effect of bifurcations on the (g) Forecasts are now being issued at forty-four concentration of solid-liquid mixture in gaging stations in Colorado and New Mexico. the laminar arid turbulent flow range in As forecast procedures improve, additional closed conduits. streams will be forecasted and other areas "The Turbulent Flow of a Neutrally Buoyant of potential power and irrigation develop- Suspension through Bifurcation," G. C. Hsiao, ment will be investigated on the Colorado, M. S. Thesis, June 1962. San Juan, Animas and Arkansas Rivers. (h) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station DESIGN OF A SYNTHETIC COMPUTER LANGUAGE FOR General Series Papers Nos. 765, 766, 767, SANITARY ENGINEERING. and 7 68 covering monthly snow reports for all of Colorado and New Mexico. U. S. Public Health Service. Nine small basin reports and one two-state Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg., bulletin covering the South Platte River Carnegie Institute of Tech., Pittsburgh 13, watershed; Arkansas River watershed; Rio Pa. Grande watershed in Colorado; Rio Grande Analytical watershed in New Mexico; Dolores River water- Design of a user-oriented computer language shed; San Juan and Animas River watershed; leading to a large degree of automation In Gunnison River watershed; Colorado River the area of sanitary engineering and water watershed; Yampa, White and North Platte resources. The first phase of the project River watershed; Lower South Platte River is the development of a pilot language for watershed. Supplemental reports are issued hydrology January 1, May 15, and June 1. "Toward a Computer Language for Hydraulic Summary of all historical data of snow Engineering," by G. Bugliarello, Proceedings surveys is in the press at the present time. of the 1961 meeting of the International Bulletins on surveys in Colorado after

Association for Hydraulic Research ( IAHR ) January 1, 1963 will be available. "Electronic Computer Use in Scoping Power Projects," by G. Bugliarello. Discussion, (821) GROUND WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELATION J. of the Power Division, ASCE, Vol. 87, TO PUMPING. July 1961. (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING. (c) Mr. M. M. Skinner. (dj Field investigation; applied research. Laboratory projects. (e) Semi-annual measurements of the depth to Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg., water table In approximately 565 observation Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh wells are presently being obtained. The 13, Pennsylvania. observation wells are primarily existing Analytical irrigation wells In the South Platte and Study of various aspects of water resources Arkansas River Basins, the High Plains area engineering, with particular emphasis on of eastern Colorado and the San Luis Valley. operational research methods. Electrical Power and Natural Gas Consumption "The Water Resources Problem of Haiti," by data are compiled and estimates of ground-

G. Bugliarello, Carnegie Quarterly, 1961. water pumpage made . The purpose of the "Une Revue des Ressources Hydrauliques en project is to detect areas of ground-water Haiti," by H. Jarbath, G. T. Olson and R. depletion and to develop relationships be- D. Sllfe, Report, Dept. de 1' Agriculture, tween gross pumpage and respective ground- des Ressources Naturelles et du Develop- water reservoir storage volume changes. pment Rural. Port-au-Prince, April 1962. (g) Ground-water levels of the spring of 1962 are generally up from the spring of 1961 in VIBRATION OF A CIRCULAR CYLINDER IN A FLUID. the South Platte and Arkansas River Basins and the San Luis Valley. Considerable Laboratory project. ground-water pumpage is beginning in the Mr. J. A. Keane, Dept. of Civil Engineering, High Plains area of eastern Colorado with Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh some increase in pumping lifts resulting. 13, Pennsylvania. Reported, electrical -power consumption Theoretical and experimental; basic research during 1961 by electrical pumping plants in for doctoral thesis. Colorado amounted to approximately 98,000,000 Ascertaining a representation for the kilowatt hours for 8765 pumping units. functional dependence of the Interaction (h) "Colorado Ground-Water Levels - Spring 1962," force between vibrating body and the sur- by M. M. Skinner, Colorado State University rounding fluid. Experiment Station, Civil Engineering Section, Fort Collins, Colorado. "Operating Characteristics of Ground-Water

15 . .

Reservoirs Occupying a Trench," by R. E. KINETIC PHENOMENON. Glover and M. M. Skinner, Colorado State University, Civil Engineering Section, Port National Science Foundation. Collins, Colorado. Dr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Section, "Summary of Electrical Power Used by Irri- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, gation Pumps in Colorado During 1961 as Colorado Reported by Power Companies," by M. M. (d) Experimental research; basic research, Skinner, Colorado State University, Civil doctoral thesis. Engineering Section, Fort Collins, (e) The primary objective of the study is to Colorado determine the interaction between velocity fluctuations produced by turbulence in the (2514) ALLUVTAL CHANNEL HYDRAULICS. liquid flow and electroklnetlc potential fluctuations generated at a liquid-solid U. S. Geological Survey. interface. Knowledge gained by this study Dr. D. B. Simons, Civil Engineering Section, will be applied to developing techniques for Colorado State University, Fort Collins, measuring turbulence characteristics in Colorado. liquids. Laboratory investigation; basic research. (g) Probes constructed with electrode pairs have IS A laboratory study of resistance to flow, been used to measure the distribution of sediment transport and related problems in turbulence intensities (three components) alluvial channels. and the turbulent shear stress across a (g) Five different bed materials ranging in diameter of a circular pipe. The distri- size from 0.19 millimeters to 0.93 milli- bution measured in water agree with those meters have been studied. The forms of bed obtained by Laufer in air using a hot-wire roughness which occur and their relation to anemometer. sediment transport and resistance to flow (h) "Electroklnetlc Potential Fluctuations have been studied and described. The effect Produced by Turbulence In Fully Developed of large concentrations of suspended fine Pipe Flow," by H. Chuang, Ph.D. sediment (clay), the viscosity of the water Dissertation, Colorado State University, and the specific weight and gradation of Fort Collins, Colorado, May 1962. the bed material on the mechanics of flow "Electroklnetlc Potential Fluctuations and on sediment transport in alluvial Generated by Jet Impingement at a Solid- channels have also been investigated. Liquid Interface," by L. Duckstein., Ph.D. (h) "A Preliminary Study of the Effect of Dissertation, Colorado State University, Gradation of Bed Material on Flow Phenomena May 1962. in Alluvial Channels," by Niwat Daranandana, "Electroklnetlc Probe Response to Vortex- Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State Univ., Sheet Frequency," by H. Chuang (submitted May 1962. to Journal of Fluid Mechanics) Dec. 1962. "Control Structures in Alluvial Channels," by Frederick C. Stepanich, M. S. Thesis, (3034) DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF RADIOACTIVE Colorado State University, October 1962. WASTE IN STREAMS BY FLUVIAL SEDIMENT. "An Investigation of Total Sediment Discharge in Alluvial Channels," by Feng-Ming Chang, (b) U. S. Geological Survey, for Reactor Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State Univ., Development Branch of the Atomic Energy December 1962. Commission. "Electrokinetic-Probe Response to Vortex- (c) Mr. D. W. Hubbell, Civil Engineering Section, Street Frequency," by Hslng Chuang, paper Colorado State University, Fort Collins, to be submitted to the Journal of Fluid Colorado. Mechanics, Colorado State University Civil (d) Theoretical, experimental and laboratory Engineering Report No. CER62HC55, September research, field investigation; basic re- 1962. search, applied research. "Stability of Alluvial Channels," by Francis (e) Natural streams provide a convenient and M. Henderson, Discussion by D. B. Simons, effective medium for the disposal of low- published in the Journal of the Hydraulics level radioactive wastes. When radio Division, Proceedings of the American Society nuclides are introduced in streams, they may of Civil Engineers, Vol. 88, No. HY4, become fixed on sediment particles. As a July 1962. result, waste disposal depends, in part, on Closure to "Forms of Bed Roughness in the transport and dispersion of the sediment. Alluvial Channels," by D. B. Simons and Project activity includes field and labora- E. V. Richardson, published in the Journal tory studies on the application and develop- of the Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of ment of transport and dispersion theory for the American Society of Civil Engineers, bed and suspended load. In addition, some Vol. 88, No. HY4, July 1962. phases of the dispersion of liquid contaminants are being studied. (2760) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. (g) An experiment in which polyethylene particles were released from a point source 00 Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and at the water surface of an 8 foot wide U. S. Weather Bureau. alluvial channel having small dunes was (c) Mr. Lewis 0. Grant, Civil Engineering performed to provide data on lateral diffu- Section, Colorado State University, Fort sion. One field experiment and two labora- Collins, Colo. tory flume experiments have been conducted Field investigation; basic research. on the dispersion of contaminated bed load Meteorological observations are being particles. In the experiments sand obtained to establish long-time records of labelled with radioactive isotopes has been climatological elements and to support released on the channel bottom, then traced current experiment station research which with underwater radiation-detection equip-

is weather dependent. The elements observed, ment . are: Maximum and minimum temperature and wet and dry bulb temperatures every two hours; (3037) TURBULENT SHEAR FLOW PHENOMENON. soil temperatures at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 72 inches; wind direction and velocity at National Science Foundation. 15 inches and 65 feet above ground; barometric Dr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Section, pressure; evaporation from a free water sur- 1 Colorado State University, Fort Collins, face; surface water temperature; precipitation; Colorado. cloud cover; dew and frost. (d) Experimental research; basic research, (g) Complete meteorological observations have doctoral thesis. been made throughout the year. (e) Measurements of mean velocities and mean temperatures together with turbulence in- (2770) TURBULENCE STUDIES IN LIQUID USING ELECTRO- tensities and correlations have been made.

16 . . .

over a smooth, plane, heated or unheated existing for the atmospheric prototype. surface forming the floor of a wind tunnel. (g) Application of a hypothesis of Lagrangian Completed. similarity to particle motions in a turbu- Heating of the turbulent boundary layer at lent shear flow near a solid boundary has low Reynolds numbers has been found to pro- yielded similarity parameters and relation- duce the following effects: (1) Increase ships between them which correlate the wind- the coefficient of drag; (2) increase the tunnel diffusion data and available diffusion eddy viscosity; (3) increase the correlation data obtained in the atmospheric surface between vertical and horizontal velocity layer fluctuations. Characteristics of separation (h) "Diffusion From a Point Source Within a flow downstream from a plate set normal to Turbulent Boundary Layer with Unstable the wind tunnel flow were insensitive to Density Stratification," by R. C. Malhotra, changing plate height relative to local Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State Univ., boundary- layer thickness excepting when the June 1962. plate height was of the order of the laminar "Lagrangian Similarity Hypothesis Applied to "sub-layer" thickness or less. Diffusion in Turbulent Shear Flow," by J. E. Cermak. (Submitted to Journal of (3395) FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF A SUBMERGED THREE- Fluid Mechanics) July 1962. DIMENSIONAL JET IMPINGING UPON A NORMAL PLANE. (3400) HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOW IN SMALL, ROUGH CHANNELS. National Science Foundation. 111 Mr. George L. Smith, Civil Engineering Sec, (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. and Agricultural Research Service, U. S. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research Department of Agriculture. and graduate thesis. (c) Mr. Norman A. Evans, Agricultural Engrg. (e) A study was made of an axisymmetrical jet of Section, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, air impinging normally on a flat smooth Colorado. plate. The mean velocity, the turbulent (d) Theoretical, laboratory experiment. intensities and the turbulent shear stress (e) The study was made in a tilting flume with were measured by means of a hot-wire anemome- rough channels formed in natural soil and ter in order to study the decay of the mean stabilized with chemical spray. velocity, the growth of the boundary-layer (g) Summary of three years work was prepared thickness and the turbulent structure. A showing the character of flow resistance sensitive floating-element type shearmeter in small, hydraulically rough channels. was designed and used. Data on skin friction (h) "Sub-critical Flow In Small, Rough Channels," obtained by direct shear measurements may by E. G. Kruse, Ph.D. Dissertation, Colo. be used to predict the distribution of the State University Library, 1962. skin friction in similar wall Jets. The objective of the program was to investigate (3696) STUDY OF CLOUDS AND SNOWFALL IN THE ROCKY systematically the effects on Jet flow of the MOUNTAINS, AND CHANGES RESULTING FROM THE interaction between the free boundary and the ADDITION OF ARTIFICIAL ICE NUCLEI. solid boundary of varying roughness and configuration, (b) National Science Foundation and the Climax (f) First phase, case of smooth boundary, com- Molybdenum Company. pleted. Investigation of effect of rough (c) Mr. Lewis 0. Grant Civil Engineering Sec, boundary has been initiated. Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. (g) The characteristics of the whole boundary- (d) Field investigation; basic research, ap- layer is dominated by the effect of the free plied research. jet, and the wall influences the flow only in (e) Various physical factors important in "Cold a very limited region close to the wall. Cloud" orographic precipitation processes This results in much higher turbulent in- are being Investigated under winter-time tensities and turbulent shear stress which conditions in the high mountains of Colorado. increases the wall shear stress for this This includes observations of airflow over flow case as compared to two-dimensional the mountains, the characteristics of the uniform flow over a flat plate and smooth "cold" orographic clouds rising over the pipe flow. The ratio of turbulent intensi- nuclei, the characteristics of individual ties snow particles falling from these clouds, snow water freezing characteristics, snow- V 7^ j{W fall amounts, and the changes in these conditions when artificial ice nuclei are is in general not a constant across the supplied. boundary-layer which indicates non-appli- (g) Field equipment and procedures for use at cability of Prandtl's assumption u 1 w 1 for high elevations in the Colorado Rockies have this case. been developed. Observations of the daily (h) "Axi symmetric Boundary-Layer of a Jet accumulation of snowfall, atmospheric ice Impinging on a Smooth Plate," by Yeong-ging nuclei, and various other cloud and snow Tsuel, Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State characteristics have been made over a large University, August, 1962. area for seeded and unseeded days during two winter seasons. Significant increases (3398) TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN SHEAR FLOW. in Ice nuclei have occurred in the area of the observation network, on a number of the I w National Institute of Health, Public Health "seeded" days. The sample size is to be in- Service, U. S. Dept. of Health, Education creased before attempting to determine the and Welfare, Washington, D. C. statistical significance of this apparent (o) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Section, increase in snowfall Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. (d) Experimental research; basic research, (3697) MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE WITH THE doctoral thesis. DOBSON SP EC TROPH OTOMETER (e) The objective of this project is to determine the influence of geometrical factors (b) Air Force Cambridge Research Center, L. G. (land surface roughness, topography, Hanscom Field, Bedford, Massachusetts. structures), and thermal and aerodynamical (c) Mr. Lewis 0. Grant, Civil Engineering factors (turbulence intensity and scale) Section, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, upon atmospheric diffusion of heat and mass. Colo. "Laws of modeling" or "similitude parameters" Basic research. are sought by obtaining detailed data under Measurements of the total amount and the various conditions in the wind tunnel and vertical distribution of ozone with height by comparing them with similar data now are being made with the Dobson Spectrophoto- meter. Daily amounts of total ozone are 17 . . .

being related to atmospheric circulation region, which might account for clear-air patterns. turbulence (g) Observations of total ozone and the vertical (g) Cameras have been calibrated and reduction distribution with height have been made on procedures programmed for electronic a regular basis for days when sky condi- computer. tions have been clear. (h) "On the Nature of Clear-Air Turbulence (CAT)i' (h) Obsevatlonal data Is being supplied to the by Elmar R. Reiter, and Robert W. Hayman. U. S. Weather Bureau for publication. Re- Scientific Interim Report prepared for the ports are submitted to Air Force Cambridge Naval Research Facility Under Contract No. Research Center. N 189(188) 538-28A. Atmospheric Science Technical Paper No. 28. CER62ERR11. (3704) DEVELOPMENT AND USE OP COLORADO "A Case Study of Severe Clear-Air Turbulence^,' BENTON I TE IN SEALING IRRIGATION by Elmar R. Reiter. Prepared for Navy CANALS AND RESERVOIRS. Weather Research Facility under Contract N 189(185)55120A. AST Faper No. 30. bl State of Colorado. CER62ERR20. c) R. D. Dlrmeyer, Jr., Civil Engineering Sec, "Die Feinstruktut der Strahlstroeme, I and Colo. State Univ., Port Collins, Colorado. II," by Von Dr. E. R. Reiter, Associate (d) Field Investigation; applied research and Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, Colo. development State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. Die (e) The work consists of three stages: (1) Umschau, Frankfurt A.M., 62(18, 20): Inventory of clay deposits In Colorado with 575-577, 628-631; 1962. emphasis on those potentially usable in "The Atmospheric Micro-Structure and its sealing canals and reservoirs. (2) Lab- Bearing on Clear-Air Turbulence (CAT)," by oratory evaluation of clays from (1) above. Elmar R. Reiter. Prepared for Navy Weather (3) Field trials in canals and reservoirs Research Facility under Contract No. 189(188) with best clays found in (1) and (2) 55120A, presented on September 10, 1962 at and evaluation of sealing results (Initial the 4th Conference on Applied Meteorology, and with time. Hampton, Virginia. CER62ERR62. (g) Inventory and Testing -- In excess of 240 "Nature and Observation of High-Level samples of Colorado clays have been collected Turbulence Especially in Clear Air," by and tested in the laboratory. Elmar R. Reiter. Presented at Joint Development of Deposits and Field Trials -- Meeting of IAS and AMS in New York, Jan. 21, Eight deposits have been developed com- 1963. CER62ERR76. mercially. Clays from these deposits have been used in about 100 trials in canals (4099) WAKE CHARACTERISTICS FOR BODIES OF REVO- and ponds during the past three years. LUTION. (h) A final report of the three-year project is being prepared and is scheduled for com- (b) Dept. of Navy, David Taylor Model Basin, pletion by 7/1/63. Washington 7, D. C. "Progress Report of Clay Sealing Investi- (c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Section, gations During 1961," by R. D. Dlrmeyer, Jr. Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, (d) Experimental research; basic research, Colorado, CER61RDD8, January 1962. doctoral thesis. (e) A study will be made of the relations (3708) INVESTIGATIONS TO DEVELOP WIND TUNNEL between axially symmetrical bodies and the TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS wakes produced by them for varying mean DIFFUSION IN MODEL VEGETATIVE SURFACES. velocities and turbulence levels of the mean flow, both with and without momentum (b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. addition by means of a jet directed down- of Agriculture. stream from the body. Basic data will be (c) Dr. J. S. Cermak, Professor of Engineering obtained for establishing similarity cri- Mechanics and Civil Engineering; and Mr. teria for turbulent and mean flow charac- E. J. Plate, Assistant Civil Engineer. teristics at large distances downstream from (d) Laboratory research; basic research, applied the body. research for thesis (doctoral). (e) Diffusion of a gas (ammonia) into and out of (4100) PATTERNS IN SEQUENCE OF ANNUAL RIVER FLOWS. a model vegetated plane area contributing part of a wind tunnel test section floor Is b) National Science Foundation.

to be studied. Using a test section 80 ft 1 c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Research Hydraulic long and 6 x 6 ft in cross-section the Engineer turbulent boundary layer in which diffusion (d) Theoretical; basic research. occurs will be several times thicker than (e) Three large samples, 140 river gaging the vegetation height. Using the basic e- stations from around the world, 450 river quations of fluid mechanics, an attempt will gaging stations from the western United be made to establish criterion for appli- States and western Canada, and several cation of the model data to prototype condi- hundred precipitation stations from the tions. The criterion developed will be western United States and western Canada checked using field data being obtained at have been used to study the non-randomness Cornell University by the Agricultural in the fluctuations of wet and dry years of Research Service. river flows and precipitation. (g) A study of diffusion from a line source into (g) The majority of the non-randomness of the a boundary layer over a flat, smooth plate sequence in wet and dry years of river has been completed. Results show that the flows may be explained by the carryover of diffusion pattern can be separated into water in river basins, by evaporation in different zones, according to distances river basins, by evaporation of the rainfall from the source in which different similar- in the air between the cloud base and the ity laws are valid for the diffusion process. ground (arid regions) and by non-homogeneity and inconsistency in hydrologic data. (4098) HIGH LEVEL TURBULENCE. (h) "Climatic Fluctuation Studies by Using Annual Flows and Effective Annual Precipi- (b) U. S. Navy Weather Research Facility, Bldg. tation," by V. M. Yevdjevich, presented at R-48, Naval Air Station, Norfolk, Va. the UNESCO Symposium on Climatic Changes, (c) Dr. Elmar Reiter, Civil Engineering Section, in Rome, Italy, October 1961. Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. "Fluctuations of Effective Annual Precipi- d) Field investigation; basic research. tation," by V. M. Yevdjevich, presented at e) By means of stereo- photography of high- the Western Snow Conference in Cheyenne, level clouds a study will be made of wave- Wyoming, April 17, 1962. lengths of disturbances in the Jet-stream

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(4101) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOW IN A LARGE STORM Engineer DRAIN. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research (b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads and U. S. (e) It is the purpose to study the operating Public Health Service. characteristics of ground water reservoirs (c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Research Hydraulic in Colorado. Specific studies include (1) Engineer. the inter-relationships of ground and (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic surface water in alluvial valleys, (2) research. natural recharge from ephemeral streams, (e) A 825-ft long, 36-in. diameter conduit, and (3) artificial recharge possibilities movable on 43 supports on a hillside, is in the High Plains of Colorado. used as the main experimental facility to (s) (1) Statistical analyses of surface and simulate and record free surface waves in ground water records for a section of the pipes. The same waves are computed by using alluvial valley of the Arkansas Valley are a digital computer and then a comparison being conducted, to determine significant is made. The ultimate purpose is a components influencing river gain. (2) development of a set of routing methods to Studies in Kiowa Creek have shown Influences suit the desired accuracy and the quality of of stream flows on water table levels. (3) the initial and boundary data. Rainfall and runoff studies are being ini- (g) The analytical study for directing the tiated in the High Plains Area. research is being completed. (h) "Statistical Techniques for Predicting River (h) "Unsteady Free Surface Flow in a Storm Accretion as Applied to the South Platte Drain," by V. M. Yevdjevich, general River," (Henderson-Fort Lupton), by R. A. analytical study, a report to the U.S. Longenbaugh. Master of Science Thesis, Colo. Bureau of Public Roads Hydraulic Division, State Univ. Library, July 1963. 108 pp. Engineering Research; Colorado State Univ., "Natural Ground-Water Recharge from Kiowa Fort Collins, Colorado, June 1961. Creek, 1961 Progress Report," by M. W. Bittinger, R. A. Longenbaugh, and E. F. (4102) WIND FORECASTING TECHNIQUES. Schulz, Colorado State University Mimeo. March 1962, 10 pp. (b) Federal Aviation Agency, Federal Aviation "Managing Artificial Recharge Through Public Facilities Center, Atlantic City, New Districts," by S. C. Smith and M. W. Jersey, Attn: RD-140. Bittenger. Paper presented at 1962 Winter c) Dr. Elmar Reiter, Associate Professor. Meeting of the American Society of Agric. d) Theoretical, experimental; basic and Engineers, December 1962, 16 pp. applied research. (e) Automatic forecasting techniques for high- (4108) WATERSHED HYDROLOGY. level winds which can be used by an automatic air traffic control system shall (b) Agricultural Experiment Station, Foothills be devised and tested. Campus (h) "Wind Forecasting Techniques for Input (c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Research Hydraulic into an Automatic Air Traffic Control ( ATC Engineer and Mr. E. F. Schulz, Associate System," Dr. E. R. Reiter, Atmospheric Civil Engineer, Colo. State University, Fort Science Technical Paper No. 37, CER62ERR51. Collins, Colorado. "Note on the Eddy Kinetic Energy Distri- d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. in to the Jet Stream," by bution Relation : e) The research is being initiated in three Elmar R. Reiter. ATS Paper. Prepared in directions; gathering of the data on several the course of research on upper-level winds hundred hydrographs and hyetographs for under contract ARDS-450 with Federal floods from small watersheds; design of a Aviation Agency. CER62ERR68. ATSP40. large hydraulic model to Investigate rainfall-runoff relationship; and theoretical (4105) HAIL GENESIS AREAS. research for relating variables describing hydrographs, rlverbasins, and hyetographs (b) Crop Hail Insurance Actuarial Association, for floods from small watersheds. Chicago, Illinois. (h) "Design Hydrographs for Very Small Watersheds (c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Associate from Rainfall," by B. M. Reich. Ph.D. Research Engineer. Dl ssertation (d) Field investigation, basic and applied re- "Some Effects of Glaciation on Water Yield," search. by E. H. Hansen. Master of Science Thesis. (e) Regions of hailstorm genesis were determined "Normal Monthly and Annual Precipitation by following thunderstorm precipitation for Eastern Colorado," by G. L. Smith and areas with a three-centimeter radar set lo- E. F. Schulz. CER62GLS48. cated at New Raymer, Colorado. The clima- "A Graphical Procedure to Estimate Potential tology of hailstorms and thunderstorms was Evapotranspiratlon by the Penman Method," determined by tracking these precipitation by E. F. Schulz CER62EFS49. cells during the period 15 May 1962 to 31 July 1962. (4109) METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING DENVER f) The project is being continued. AIR POLLUTION. g) The direction of hailstorms in the area was normally from the southwest in May, and (b) Yetter Foundation, administered by Denver changed to the northwest by late June or U. S. National Bank. early July. It is noted that there is a (c) Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric concentration of hall genesis In the region Science Just east of the Rocky Mountains, with more (d) Field, applied, basic. thunderstorm areas developing there than (e) Denver pollution has been steadily growing in a corresponding region about one hundred but has not yet attained extreme proportions. miles further east. It will be a novel feature of this investi- (h) "Climatology of Hailstorms in and Near gation that the causes and history of pol- Northeastern Colorado 15 May to 31 July 1962 lution periods will be measured and analyzed with Comparative Data for 1961," by Richard with view toward providing the basis for a A. Schleusener and Thomas J. Henderson, sound city ordinance, before the situation Civil Engineering Report November 1962, has become very severe. Colorado State University. CER62RAS-TJH7 7 With instrumentation furnished by the Taft Center of Sanitary Engineering, National (4106) GROUND-WATER RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT. Institute of Health, five stations recording detailed wind and temperature fluctuations (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and have been set up in the Denver Area. With Colorado Department of Natural Resources. collaboration of the U. S. Weather Bureau, (c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Associate Research the U. S. Air Force, and private Industry

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six additional stations take records, so Navy. that a total of 11 stations are operating (c) Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric during pollution periods. The air sampling Science is carried out in conjunction with the dl Basic research.

project by the City of Denver, ! e) The discharge of major western rivers f) Completed. (Colorado, Columbia, Sacramento, Rio Grande)

I h) "A Study of Denver Air Pollution," by has fluctuations with the order of magnitude Herbert Rlehl and Loren W. Crow. A report of the mean annual discharge itself. These on research conducted under a Grant by the fluctuations are brought about mainly by Helen Dean Yetter Foundation to Colorado variations In winter precipitation yield and State University. June 1962. by variable evaporation. Heavy precipitation may result from seasonal conditions (4110) TURBULENT AIR MOTION IN THE HIGH ROCKIES favorable for the recurrence of cyclones IN RELATION TO THE WATER YIELD OP UPPER over headwater areas; the occurrence of WATERSHEDS. occasional very heavy storms may also be random. On the other hand, high evaporation, (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. requiring weeks of abnormally dry and warm (c) Dr. Herbert Rlehl, Professor of Atmospheric conditions, must be a manifestation of Science general circulation anomalies of longer (d) Field, basic and applied. duration. The objective of the study is (1) (e) The structure of the turbulent wind eddies, to separate the "systematic" and "random" which produce the exchange of momentum components of the precipitation, and (2) between atmosphere and ground in the high to determine the controls for the systematic mountains, is completely unknown. Yet anomalies of precipitation and evaporation. these eddies have sufficient force for the Such controls may be deviations of air-sea most part to blow the snow away from the heat exchange from average in the tropical mountain slopes above timberline. This Pacific, deviations of the Asiatic monsoon snow in part drifts into high-altitude basins circulation from the mean, and departures of where it accumulates in depth augmenting strength and location of the Siberian winter the summer water supply; in part it drifts cold pool from normal, on slopes where it readily evaporates. Much (h) Publications in progress. interest has been shown in the possibility of channeling the drift so that a substan- (4113) WEATHER PATTERNS AND CIRCULATION OF THE tially higher fraction goes into the basins. TROPICS. Technologically this appears to be feasible. But any construction is dependent on bl U. S. Weather Bureau. knowledge of the turbulence spectrum, c) Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric especially on the first day following snow- Science fall. In order to determine this spectrum, 1 d) Basic. a first Installation containing electronic e) Part of the project deals with hurricanes, wind and temperature measuring instruments another part with general characteristics of is being installed on Ouandry Peak (14,250 weather in the tropics. Hurricane investi- feet) in the Central Colorado Rockies. It gation is concerned (1) with the energy will be maintained there during the 1962-63 cycle of the mature storm, especially the winter. Other sites will be chosen in role played by air-sea interaction in subsequent years. The measurements will maintaining the center; (2) with the balance yield detailed information on the structure of forces in these storms and the nature of turbulence, when very fast air currents and importance of frictlonal forces in a interact with major topographic features. fully turbulent vortex; (3) with the forma- (f) Project temporarily postponed while wind tive stage of hurricanes; and (4) with the equipment is being redesigned. ocean-air heat exchange and recovery of ocean temperatures subsequent to hurricane (4111) THE ROLE OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS IN THE passage. Other studies are concerned with GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE. the variability of radiative emission from the atmosphere as a function of height; with (b) U. S. Navy Numerical Weather Prediction the thermal modification of air passing over Facility, Monterey, California. the tropical ocean under various types of (c) Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric general weather conditions; and with the Science Interaction between tropical disturbances of d) Basic. less than hurricane intensity with their

1 e) The Rocky Mountains are a solitary obstacle environment at large using line integral in the path of the westerly winds which approaches. cannot be circumvented like the Himalayas. (h) "Some Observations of Low-Level Wind A large fraction of the exchange of angular Variation in the Vertical in Tropical momentum between air and ground — estimated Cyclones," by Arthur C. Pike. A report on as high as 50 percent--takes place in the research conducted under contract No. CWB- small mountain region. The processes are 9918 between the U. S. Weather Bureau and direct surface stress from Interaction be- Colorado State University. February 1962. tween the high-velocity currents of the Engineering Report 62-12. upper air and the high mountains, and a "Estimating the Effect of Cloudiness on torque produced due to the pressure dif- Incoming Solar Radiation," by Arthur C. Pike. ferential between eastern and western A report on research conducted under contract mountain slopes. The purpose of the No. CWB-9918 between the U. S. Weather project is (a) to determine the actual Bureau and Colorado State University. atmosphere-ground momentum exchange and May 1962. Engineering Report 62-33. its variation in time; (b) to determine "Radiation Measurements over the Caribbean the effect of this exchange on weather in During the Autumn of 1960," by Herbert and to the lee of the mountains; (c) to Riehl. Published in Journal of Geophysical determine the importance of the momentum Research, Vol. 67, No. 10, pp. 3935-3942. exchange on large-scale weather conditions March 1962. Engineering Report 62-13. around the hemisphere; and (d) to find an improved model of the surface stress term (4114) GRAVEL FILTER FOR TILE DRAINS. for numerical prediction purposes. (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. (4112) THE DISCHARGE OF MAJOR WESTERN RIVERS IN (c) Mr. Norman A. Evans, Agricultural Engineer. RELATION TO THE GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE (d) Applied; experimental. ATMOSPHERE. (e) Gravels classed as "pit-run" have been tested in a sand tank model with very fine (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the sand as the aquifer.

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(g) Criteria for selecting very non-uniform correlation, gravels as fillers for very fine sand have (g) Installation is near completion. been established. (h) "Criteria for Gravel Filter Design," by C. (4609) MODELING OF AIR- FLOW PATTERNS AT CANDLESTICK des Bouvrie, Master of Science Thesis, BALL PARK. Colo. State Univ. Library, 1962. (b) Metronics Associates Inc., Menlo Park, (4115) INFLUENCE OF INORGANIC WATERSHED COVERS ON Calif. MOISTURE EXCHANGE IN A VERTICAL DIRECTION (c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Prof, of Engineering ACROSS THE SOIL-AIR INTERFACE. Mechanics and Civil Engineering; and Mr. E. J. Plate, Asst. Professor, Colo. State (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, University, Fort Collins, Colorado. a contributing project of the Western d) Experimental; applied research. Regional Research Project W-73. i e) The applied study utilizes a 1:800 scale (c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Professor of Agricultural model of the local topography and the Engineering. Candlestick Ball Park Stadium placed in a d) Applied and basic research. 6 by 6 foot wind tunnel. Verification of

i e) This project is a study of the effects of the modeling technique is being accomplished inorganic covers (especially gravel mulches) as a first phase of the study by comparing on the hydrologic processes of evaporation model wind patterns with prototype wind and infiltration of moisture across the patterns obtained by field measurements. soil-air interface and the relationship of The second phase of the model study will these processes to water yield. consist of modifying both topography and (g) It has been demonstrated by both laboratory stadium to obtain minimum wind disturbance and field experiments that gravel mulches In the ball park. substantially reduce the rate of evaporation (g) The first phase of the study has been com- from bare soils and promotes an increased pleted with the result that model wind accumulation of water in the soil. patterns have been found to be sufficiently (h) "Influence of Inorganic Watershed Covers on representative of field behavior to permit Moisture Exchange in a Vertical Direction proceeding to the second phase with con- Across the Soil-Air Interface," by Colorado fidence . Contributing Project, W-73, progress Re- ports Nos. 1 and 2, Colorado Agricultural (4610) PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF CLIMATOLOGICAL Experiment Station, October 19C1 and DATA OF IMPORTANCE TO AGRICULTURE IN COLO. October 1962. (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, (4606) STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE IN TURBULENT SHEAR a contributing project of the Western FLOW Regional Research Project W-48. (c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Prof, of Agricultural b) Department of the Army. Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, prof, of Engineering Collins, Colorado. Mechanics and Civil Engineering, and Mr. d) Applied.

E. J. Plate, Asst. professor, Colo. State 1 e) This project has as its objectives: (1) To Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. provide cllmatologlcal data for a repre- (d) Experimental research; basic research, sentative network of Colorado stations in doctoral theses. a form suitable for weather analysis; (2) to (e) The effects of surface roughness and surface obtain summaries of distributions of meteoro- heating or cooling upon the structure of logical parameters pertinent to agriculture; turbulence in boundary layer flow will be (3) to devise and utilize statistical and determined. The flows investigated will be computer methods for estimates of the those existing on the heated or cooled floor probabilities of significant weather condi- of a wind-tunnel test section 6 x 6 ft in tions; e.g., weekly rainfall totals and cross section and 80 ft long. Space-time dates of critical spring and fall tempera- correlations, Joint probability densities, tures. spectra and intensities of the turbulent (g) Work on objective No. 2. has almost been velocities and temperatures will be ob- completed. tained by hot-wire techniques and special (h) Colorado Contributing Project, W-48, Progress analog computers employing magnetic tape Report No. 1, Colorado Agricultural Exp. input Station, September 1962.

(4607) WIND-WAVE RESEARCH FACILITY. (4611) PERMEABILITY AND CAPILLARY PRESSURE RELATED TO MEDIA PROPERTIES. b) National Science Foundation. c) Mr. E. J. Plate, Asst. Professor, Colo. State b) National Science Foundation.

Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. i c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Prof, of Agricultural d) Laboratory development. Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort e) The research facility consists of a tilting Collins, Colo. water channel approximately 35 feet long d) Experimental and theoretical basic research. and 2 feet by 2 feet in cross section with e) The study involves an investigation of a a closed upper space about 2 feet by 2 feet tentative theory describing how the in cross section to permit controlled air functional relationship between relative flow over the water. Studies of wind-wave permeability and relative capillary pressure generation and growth and interfacial is related to measurable properties of transfer phenomena will be made possible with porous media. this water channel-wind tunnel combination. (g) A theory showing how the variables capillary (g) Construction is in prc-ress. pressure, liquid and gas permeability are related to degree of saturation has been (4608) TURBULENCE DATA ANALYSIS SYSTEM. developed. The experimental results to date appear to verify the theory. The most (b) Department of the Army and National Center important property of granular porous media for Atmospheric Research. in respect to the functional relationship (c) Dr. L. V. Baldwin, Assoc. Professor, Colo. between relative permeability and relative State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. capillary pressure seems to be the presence Id) Laboratory development. or absence of secondary porosity (structure). (e) The system employing magnetic tape input (h) "Hydraulic Characteristics of Porous Media," is designed to yield the following infor- by R. H. Brooks and A. T. Corey, Annual mation: (1) spectra (10~ 3 to 104 cycles/ Research Report 1960, 1961. second), (2) joint probability densities, (3) root-mean-squares, and (4) space-time (4612) TRANSPORT OF PARTICLES THROUGH UNSATURATED

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SOILS. stream valley.

(b) Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, (4616) WATER CYCLE (GENERAL HYDRAULIC CHARACTER- Bureau of State Service. ISTICS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA). (c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Prof, of Agricultural Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Office of Naval Research. Colorado. lei Dr. V. M. Yevdjevlch, Research Hydraulic Applied; experimental. Engineer, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Si The objective of this research is to de- Colo. termine to what extent the transport of Theoretical; basic research. solid particles by water flowing through n By using a large sample of 450 homogeneous soil may be affected by the degree of river gaging stations in western North saturation of soil. The term "soil" is America and several hundred precipitation interpreted broadly as including sands and stations, the regional correlation of wet gravels as well as agricultural soils. The and dry years, as well as their simultaneity, solid particles to be considered in this is being investigated. study will be of sizes and shapes corres- (g) Both large samples are in a final stage of ponding to that of viruses. processing with standardized variables of (f) Project was only recently funded and is Just annual flows, effective annual precipitation getting started. and annual precipitation obtained.

(4613) MORPHOLOGY OF WHITE RIVER, MOUNT RAINIER, (4617) MECHANICS OF LOCAL SCOUR. WASHINGTON. (b) Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public 0>) U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Roads, Hydraulic Research Division. Division, General Hydrology Branch. (c) Mr. S. S. Karaki, Associate Civil Engineer, (c) Mr. Robert K. Fahnestock, Geologist, U. S. Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. Geological Survey. Theoretical and experimental; basic research. Field investigation; basic research. \i\ A theoretical study of the mechanics of Si To determine the processes of valley train local scour Is under way to develop basic formation and the influences of a glacier equations for determining local scour. on the stream form. Basic experiments will be undertaken (h) "Dynamics of Stream Braiding as Shown by simultaneously to assist theoretical de- Means of Time Lapse Photography," by R. K. velopment.

Fahnestock, (Abs) Geol . Soc . America Bull., v. 70, No. 12, Pt. 2, p. 1599, 1959. "Morphology and Hydrology of a Glacial Stream," by R. K. Fahnestock, Ph.D. Thesis, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, Department of Civil Engi- Cornell University, 1960, (Abs) Geol. Soc. neering. America Bull., v. 71, no. 12, pt. 2 page 1862, (Abs) Dissertation Abstracts, v. 21, (4639) WAVE REFLECTION STUDIES. No. 6. "Significance of a Braided Channel Pattern," Laboratory project. by R. K. Fahnestock, (Abs) Geol. Soc. America Dr. Warren DeLapp, Department of Civil Bull., v. 71, No. 12, pt. 2, p. 1862, 1960. Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, "Competence of a Glacial Stream, " by R. K. Colorado. Fahnestock, U. S. Geological Survey Pro- (d) Experimental, basic research, for Master's fessional Paper 424-B, p. B211-213, 1961. thesis "Morphology and Hydrology of a Glacial (e) Initial studies were made of artificially Stream, White River Below Emmons Glacier, generated waves reflected from a beach of Mount Rainier, Washington," by R. K. variable slope and roughness, and included Fahnestock, U. S. Geological Survey Pro- studies of the effects of the wave steepness fessional Paper 422A, in press. ratios. Current studies are being made of reflection and transmission of waves at a (4614) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGY submerged barrier. OF THE RIO GRANDE NEAR EL PASO, TEXAS. (g) The reflection coefficient is found to decrease with increasing beach roughness and (b) U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources wave steepness. An empirical equation was Division, General Hydrology Branch. developed relating the variables for beach (c) Mr. Robert K. Fahnestock, Geologist, U. S. slopes of more than 30 degrees. An unstable Geological Survey. transition condition was found for flatter Field investigation; basic research. slopes and results were considered in-

Si A reach of canalized river 100-ft wide and conclusive . another 200-ft wide have been selected for (h) "Effect of Roughness, Wave Steepness, and comparison. Discharges from 100 to 1300 cfs Beach Slope on the Reflection of Deep Water are available in the form of irrigation Waves," by D. K. Lysne, M. S. Thesis avail- releases from Caballo Reservoir. Prelimi- able on inter-library loan from University nary maps of bed form and bottom velocity of Colorado Library. have shown marked variations with time, sediment transport, width, water temperature, (4640) STUDIES OF TURBULENT SWIRL FLOW IN A PIPE. and discharge. Measurements of variables in these and additional reaches will allow National Science Foundation. comparison with flume data and provide a 13 Dr. Frank Krelth, Department of Mechanical better basis for prediction of bed behavior Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, in natural and artificial channels. Colorado. Analytical and experimental; basic research. (4615) MORPHOLOGY OF STREAMS OF THE OLYMPIC A swirling secondary flow is induced in a PENINSULA, WASHINGTON. plastic pipe by a short section of twisted tape inserted in the pipe at the upstream (b) U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources end. The flow is studied downstream of the Division, General Hydrology Branch. inducer to determine the rate of decay of the (o) Mr. Robert K. Fahnestock, Geologist, U. S. secondary flow and the effective resistance Geological Survey. coefficient. Reynold's Numbers of the main Field investigation; basic research. flow range from 15,000 to 150,000. Other II! The objectives of the study are to determine variables include pipe diameters and the the characteristics of streams of the Olympic length and pitch of the swirl inducers. Peninsula, the processes taking place within (g) A theoretical analysis of the swirl decay the channel and to relate these character- has been made. The experimentally observed istics and processes to morphology of the values of rate of decay compare favorably

22 . .

with the theory. Pipe resistance studies frey, Professor. are in progress. (d) Experimental, operation, development for (h) "A Theoretical Investigation of the Decay basic and applied research, thesis, edu- of Turbulent Swirl Flow in a Pipe," by Otto cational aid. Sonju; M. S. Thesis available on inter- (e) Continued efforts to make the versatile library loan from University of Colorado flume most useful for the study on mechanics Library. of fluid flow and related problems resulted In (1) installation of two flowmeters recording rates of flow up to 4000 g.p.m., (2) taking of still photographs and short CORNELL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering. movies of complex flow phenomena, (3) extended studies of submerged flow visuali- (2285 QUADRANT EDGE ORIFICE STUDIES. zation, (4) internal reports on the facility (description, manual of Instructions). ASME Fluid Meters Committee (In part). Purpose: participation In educational aid, 15 Dr. J. A. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell research projects, improved usefulness of Univ., Ithaca, New York. facility for interdepartmental interests. (d Experimental; applied research for M. S. (f) Item (e-1) completed, items (e-2) and (e-3) theses suspended, Item (e-4) three reports completed. (e This project is a study of the character- (g) Item (e-1) indispensable, (e-2) basically istics of the quadrant edge orifice at high achieved, (e-3) Merlam fluid of spec. gr. of and low Reynolds numbers. The effect of such unity Is suitable for generation of submerged items as the effect of upstream velocity spheres (red spheres adjustable to desirable distribution, orifice and boundary roughness, sizes), (e-4) Indispensable for efficient and the beta ratio are being studied. work If facility is used by various investigators (see, for example, special listing of (4121 TWO-DIMENSIONAL CHANNEL FLOW. Department of Mechanical Engin.). (h) "Description of Versatile Flume," Dr. K. P. Laboratory project. H. Frey, Prof. C. E. Dept., and Dr. B. S. ft Dr. J. A. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell Seldel, Assistant Prof. Mechanical Engin. Univ., Ithaca, New York. Dept. (d Theoretical; basic and applied research for "Manual of Instructions on Versatile Flume, Ph. D. thesis. Part I and Part II," by K. P. H. Frey. Avail- (e The equations of two dimensional free surface able on request, see item (c). flow have been solved numerically using high speed computer. (4557) MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF VELOCITY PROFILES AT Results to this point have demonstrated the LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS (0.018 to 1.85). feasibility of solving the hyperbolic e- quations of high speed channel flow on a Laboratory project. digital computer. Included are such effects fti Dr. K. P. H. Frey, Dept. of Civil Engineering, as slope and friction. However, the program Univ. of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. at this point still has certain limitations (d) Experimental; development of improved tech- which will be the subject of further study. niques, master thesis. (h Ph.D. thesis now being written. (e) Improvement of photomicrographlc techniques to determine accurate velocity profiles near (4531 SECONDARY CURRENTS IN NON-CIRCULAR CONDUITS. boundaries; water depths 0.08 to 3.2 mm,

velocities 0.015 to 1.2 mm. p. second . Parti- National Science Foundation. cle sizes of less than 0.003 mm (specially Dr. J. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell 15 A. prepared suspension of titaniumdloxide ) , dark Univ., Ithaca, New York. field microscope (magnification factor 186 fx>r Theoretical and experimental. observation, 62 for photographs), and Xenon Those secondary currents caused by Reynold's arc tube cooled by air flow are found to be stresses in straight, non-circular conduits suitable means to make use of the depth of are being studied. A triangular open channel field of microscope used (1 mm depth of water is being used. Measurements are to be taken can be sectioned into 100 layers by selective

by the hot-film anemometer. focusing) . With shutter speeds being known, Equipment is being constructed. measurements from photographs of the layers yield velocity profiles. Closest distance (4532 THE INFLUENCE OF CHANNEL HYDRAULICS AND from boundary used for evaluation is 0.01 mm. WATERSHED GEOMETRY ON THE SHAPE OF THE Purpose: originated from gutter flow studies RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH and heat exchange interests, it Is believed that Improvements of photomicrographlc tech- Laboratory project. niques are of basic interest. Dr. W. H. Brutsaert, Hollister Hall, Cornell (f) Completed at anticipated scope; under review Univ., Ithaca, New York. by Dr. J. H. Olson, Ass. Prof, of Chemical Experimental; basic research for Ph.D. thesis. Engin. for his interests in microscopic flow The purpose of this project is to further studies. explore the influence of channel hydraulics (g) The shown technique of photomicrographlc and watershed geometry on the geometry of studies is simpler and more conclusive than the runoff hydrograph . A model watershed will previously developed techniques. Accurate be constructed in the laboratory which will measurements at 0.01 mm distance from bounda- allow the singular variation of the following: ry were accomplished. Still photographs and (1) Channel geometry, slope and roughness; one short film were taken. (2; the drainage density; and (3) the (h) "A Dark Field Photomicroscopic Method for watershed shape. Information obtained from Measuring Velocity Profiles," by N. C. Vasuki, this physical model will be compared and C.E. Master Thesis 1962, Memorial Library, analyzed with a mathematical model, suitable U. of Del., Newark, Del. for solution on a digital computer. (f) In planning stage.

UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, Department of Mechanical Engrg.

UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory (4556) DRAG REDUCTION BY BOUNDARY LAYER GAS INJEC- Section, Dept. of Civil Engineering. TION.

(4123) STUDIES ON MECHANICS OF FLUID FLOW. Laboratory project. fti Prof. B. Seidel, Prof. J. P. Harnett, Prof. K. |b| Frey, (Civil Engineering) Univ. of Delaware, Department of Civil Engineering, Dr. K. P. K. Newark, Delaware.

23 ) . ) ..

Theoretical and experimental; master's thesis. Engineering Laboratory, December 1961. HI The possibility of reducing the skln-frlctlon drag of a body moving through a liquid by (3723) EMERALD BEACH PROJECT, PASCO COUNTY. ejecting air from the body is being Investi- gated. Measurements of the drag on a flat Trustees of Emerald Beach Project. plate are being obtained. (II Mr. C. C. Edwards, P. 0. Box 306, Port Rlchey Florida. Id) Field investigation; applied research. ( e) Recommendations for planning of fill projects UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, The Engineering and Industrial (f Completed Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Laboratory. (h) "Coastal Engineering Study of Emerald Beach Project," Pasco County, Report, Nov. 1960. Inquiries concerning the projects should be addressed to Dr. Per Bruun, Head, Coastal Engineering Lab., (3724) ANALYSIS OF BEACH PROFILES AT JUPITER ISLAND. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Mr. Alton A. Register. (3051) BASIC STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN WIND AND Field investigation; applied research. WATER BEHAVIOR IN COASTAL WATER. Recommendations for the establishment of a sea wall line. (b) National Science Foundation. Completed id) Field and laboratory study; basic research. "Coastal Engineering Investigation at Jupiter (e) A combined field and laboratory research Island," Report, Coastal Engineering Lab., program analyzing the transfer of energy from November I960. wind to water and the effect of sloping offshore profiles. Observations were made on (4124) MODEL STUDY OF EAST HORSENECK BEACH INLET. platforms In the Gulf of Mexico and in a laboratory wave tank. (b) Dufflll Associates, Consulting Engineers, Completed. Boston, Mass. 12 Shear stress In the boundary layer above (c) Dufflll Associates, Consulting Engineers, water surface is affected by momentum Boston, Mass. exchange between wind and water. Water waves Experimental; applied research. play a significant part in the relation Study of wave action in inlet. between wind speed and the frlctional stress Completed. at the water surface. For high wind speeds, "Model Study of Navigation Inlet at East the roughness parameter of a water wave sur- Horseneck Beach, Mass.," Report, Coastal face is related to both shear stress and Engineering Laboratory, September 1961. water wave height and steepness. For low wind speeds, however, the actual roughness at (4125) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF SAN NICOLAS HARBOR, the interface is determined by the Reynolds ARUBA, N.W.I. number of the smooth boundary layer, (h) "Surface Wind Stress Over Water as Related Lago Oil and Transport Co., Ltd., Aruba, to Wave Action," Coastal Engineering Labora- N.W.I. tory, 1962. (c) Lago Oil and Transport Co., Ltd., Aruba, "Amplification of Long Waves in Bays," by N.W.I. Dr. R. Dorrestein, Technical Paper No. 213^ Experimental; applied research. Florida Engineering and Industrial Experiment 13 To investigate wave action and recommend im- Station, University of Florida, 1961. provements for the harbor and fenders. "On the Deviation of the Average Pressure at Completed. a Fixed Point in a Moving Fluid From its £1 "Hydraulic Model Study of San Nicolas Harbor, Hydrostatic Value," by Dr. R. Dorrestein, Aruba," Report, Coastal Engineering Labora- Section A, Vol. 10, Applied Scientific Re- tory, July 1962. search, 1961. "Fenders — Design Criteria for San Nicolas "Wave Setup on a Beach," by Dr. R. Dorrestein, Harbor, Aruba," October 1962. Coastal Engineering Laboratory, 1962. "Surface Wind Stress Over Water as Related (4126) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT MULLET KEY. to Wave Action" to be presented at the Inter- national Association of Hydraulic Research !b| Pinellas County Park Board, Clearwater, Fla. Oonference, London, 1963. c) Pinellas County Park Board, Clearwater, Fla. d) Field investigation; applied research, (3412) FLOOD TIDE STUDY. e) Recommendations for protection from beach erosion. (b) Laboratory project. Completed. id) Field investigation; applied research, f£i "Coastal Engineering Study at Mullet Key," (e) Topography of coastal areas in Florida in Report, Coastal Engineering Laboratory, relation to potential flooding and statisti- March, 1962. cal analysis of extreme high tides. Completed. (4127) FLUORESCENT TRACING OF SEDIMENT IN COASTAL (£1 "Storm Tides in Florida as Related to AREAS. Coastal Topography," by Per Bruun, T. Y. Chiu, F. Gerritsen, and W. H. Morgan, Bulletin (b) National Institute of Health, Department of Series No. 109, Vol. XVI, No. 1, Florida Health, Education and Welfare. Engineering and Industrial Experiment Sta., (d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- University of Florida, January 1962. search. (e) Tracing of sediment drift on beach and off- (3413) INLET STUDIES. shore bottoms by means of injected fluorescent material. Laboratory project. (g) Statistical sampling methods, rapid measure- Field investigation; applied research. ment fluorescent tracer concentration by Study of the stability of coastal inlets. electronic scanners, a new longshore current theory and a statistical approach to littoral (3722) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF SARASOTA BAY. transport mechanism are being developed at the laboratory. City of Sarasota and Arvida Realty Corp. (h) "Tracing of Material Movement on Seashores," c City of Sarasota, Sarasota, Fla. by Per Bruun, 1962. ( ) Shore and Beach, April Experimental; applied research. "Longshore Currents and Longshore Troughs,"

( e To study effect of fills in Sarasota Bay on by Per Bruun, Geological Society of America the stability of New Pass and Big Sarasota (in print) Pass Completed. (4128) FLUX OF WAVE ENERGY PERPENDICULAR TO THE "Sarasota Bay Model Study," Report, Coastal DIRECTION OF WAVE PROPAGATION. 24 . .

(b) National Science Foundation, (e) Photographic review of the erosion situation (dl Basic research. in Florida and preliminary suggestions for (e) Experiments to determine flux of wave energy remedial measures. perpendicular to the direction of wave (h) "Review of Beach Erosion and Storm Tide propagation. Situation in Florida," Report, Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station (in print). (4129) INFLUENCE OF SEA LEVEL RISE ON EROSION. (4480) ENGINEERING STUDY OF COASTAL PROBLEMS IN FLA. State Government Basic field research. (b) Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund, To determine the influence of short-term Florida. as well as long-term fluctuation of sea level (c) Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund, on erosion and shoreline movements. Florida. (h) "Sea-level Rise as a Cause of Shore Erosion," Field investigation; applied research. by Per Bruun, ASCE paper 3065 WW, February 13 The Coastal Engineering Laboratory acts as a 1962. consultant to the State Government and sub- mits reports on the basis of field inspection (4130) EROSION STUDY OF SAND SHORES IN FLORIDA. and study of proposed structures, fills, dredging, etc. State Government. Applied research. (4481) INVESTIGATION OF STABILITY AND MOVEABLE BED To check present status of erosion. MODEL LAWS OF INLETS.

(4474) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT SOUTH LAKE WORTH (b) Laboratory project. INLET, FLORIDA. (d) Basic and applied research. (e) With a new basic approach to similitude laws South Lake Worth Inlet District Commission. in sediment transport by currents, investi- South Lake Worth Inlet District Commission, gations are underway in the stability analysis c/o K. C. Mock and Associates, 2930 Okeechobee of inlets by means of model studies of suitable Road, West Palm Beach, Florida. inlets. A theoretical study of model laws for Experimental field and applied research. moveable bed models initiated as lntroductor \i] To study distribution of inlet currents, im- to inlet study. provement of entrance jetties, and navigation channels and measures against beach erosion. (4482) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICS OF DUNE BUILDING AT CAPE HATTERAS NATIONAL SEASHORE (4475) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT HILLSBORO INLET, AREA. FLORIDA. (b) Cape Hatteras National Seashore, National Parks (b) Hillsboro Inlet Improvement and Maintenance Service, Manteo, North Carolina. District, City of Pompano Beach and Trustees (c) Cape Hatteras National Seashore, National Parks of the Internal Improvement Fund. Service, Manteo, North Carolina. (c) Director, Trustees, Internal Improvement Fund, Experimental and field research. Capitol Bldg., Tallahassee, Florida. Study of mechanics of dune building by various Experimental, field and applied research. types of sand fences and other sand catchment 13 To study methods for inlet stabilization, devices under controlled conditions is under- navigation improvement, and sand bypassing way in a laboratory wind tunnel to be later across the inlet. correlated with field tests.

(4476) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF CURRENT ACTIVITY (4483) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF PROPOSED JETTY AT SEBASTIAN INLET. AT HONEYMOON ISLAND.

(b) Florida State Road Department. !b) Honeymoon Development Corporation, Tampa, Fla. (c) Florida State Road Department, Tallahassee. c) Southworth Associates, Tampa, Florida, (d) Field investigation; applied research. d) Field Investigation; applied research, (e) To study the effect of currents on bridge a- e) A field study of current patterns during flow linement and fender system. and ebb tides was undertaken to find the best f) Completed. alinement for a jetty at the southern tip of h) "Coastal Engineering Study of Current Activity Honeymoon Island, at Sebastian Inlet," Report, Coastal Engineer- f) Completed.

ing Laboratory, November 1962. ! h) "Proposed Jetty at the Southern Tip of Honey- moon Island," Report, Coastal Engineering (4477) COOPERATIVE STUDY OF SHORE PROTECTION STRUC- Laboratory, July 1962. TURES IN FLORIDA (in cooperation with U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District). GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Engineering (b) State and Federal Government. Experiment Station. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) To study effectiveness and structrual dur- Inquiries concerning the following projects should ability of various types of shore protection be addressed to Mr. R. E. Stlemke, Director, structures existing along Florida coastline Engineering Experiment' Station, Atlanta 13, Georgia by making repetitive surveys of selected except as otherwise Indicated. shore segment s (291) FLOW OF WATER OVER HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS. (4478) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT COCOA BEACH, FLA. b) Laboratory project. (b) City of Cocoa Beach. c) Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, School of Civil (c) City Manager, City of Cocoa Beach, Florida. Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, (d) Field investigation; applied research. Atlanta 13, Georgia. (e) To study the best locations of bulkhead lines (d) Experimental; partly sponsored by U. S. and bay fills and. draft ordinances from coas- Geological Survey. tal engineering point of view. (e) Experimental data were obtained on the discharge characteristics of an embankment- (4479) REVIEW OF BEACH EROSION AND STORM TIDE shaped weir. Emphasis has been placed on SITUATION IN FLORIDA. free discharge over smooth-surfaced embankments. Data have been obtained on the (b) Engineering and Industrial Experiment Sta., influence of embankment height and tallwater University of Florida, submergence. Detailed velocity surveys have (d) Field Investigation; applied research. been made to define the boundary layer

25 . . ..

between the upstream edge of the upstream work is being conducted on simple and com- shoulder and the crown. Tests were made pound cross sections in a variable slope on a 1:9- scale model in a 3-foot wide flume. 90-foot long flume. Completed. It has been established that the discharge (3414) INFLUENCE OF FREE-SURFACE DISTURBANCES ON characteristics of an embankment can be PIEZOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS. related to the theoretical equation of discharge for a broad-crested weir by means Laboratory project. of the discharge-displacement boundary- layer CI Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering, thickness. Data and procedures for computing Georgia Institute of Technolgy, Atlanta 13, the thickness of the boundary-layer at the Georgia. control section have been determined as a (d) Experimental and theoretical; research for means of generalizing the discharge e- master's thesis; partly supported by U. S. quation for various shapes, sizes and rough- Geological Survey. ness of embankments. (e) Observations on laboratory flume (see pro J. (h) "Discharge Characteristics of Embankment- 2529) revealed a discrepancy between depth shaped Weirs," Geological Survey Water- measurements and piezometrlc-head measure- Supply Paper, in press. ments for flow conditions Involving disturbed free surface. The phenomenon appears to be (1331) THE DIFFUSION OF FOREIGN PARTICLES IN A analogous to pressure or density variations FLUID. in unsteady, compressible-fluid flows. Completed. (b) Laboratory project; sponsored by the National "Plezometric Measurement of Depth in Open Science Foundation. Channels," by W. W. Emmett, M. S. thesis, (o) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1961. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. (3725) SECONDARY MOTION IN ENCLOSED CONDUITS AND (d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral OPEN CHANNELS. dissertation. (e) Diffusion of macroscopic foreign particles Laboratory project. and of dye were measured in agitated water. icj Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering, The water within the diffusion chamber was Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13 agitated by pulsating jets which were ar- Georgia. ranged in geometrically repeating patterns (d) Theoretical and experimental; research for The amplitude and frequency of the pulsing Ph.D. thesis. was controlled. Dye concentration was (e) A fundamental study of secondary motion in measured by light transmission and particle turbulent flows. Secondary motions are concentration by gamma-ray radiation from the often superimposed upon flows In enclosed ion-exchange resin beads (particles) to conduits and open channels. The mode of which radioactive cesium was attached. origin, development and decay is being Completed. studied to delineate the influence on the The diffusion coefficients were found to be general motion pattern in straight, non- proportional to the one-third power of the circular conduits and channels. The present rate of energy dissipation. The values of phase concerns turbulent flow In a non- the particle-diffusion coefficient were circular enclosed conduit. indicative that the particle boundary layer was turbulent when a laminar boundary layer (4131) FLOW OVER GATED SPILLWAYS. was expected. (h) "Investigation of the Relationship Between Laboratory project; Georgia Power Company. Fluid-Turbulence Characteristics and the III Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering, Diffusion of Solid Particles," Richard Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13, Cleveland Farmer, Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgia Georgia. Tech, 1962. Experimental, applied research. Studies are to be made to evaluate discharge (1584) FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS. characteristics of gated spillways under various operating conditions in a 1:40 scale (b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water model Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. (f) Completed. (c) Prof. C. E. Klndsvater, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Tech., (4574) THE ROLE OF A PERMEABLE BED IN SEDIMENT Atlanta 13, Georgia. TRANSPORT. (d) Library search, re-analysis and correlation of published data, plus original research Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy. as required. (!) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engi- (e) A comprehensive study of the discharge neering, Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, characteristics of practical forms of weirs Georgia. and spillways, including the preparation (d) Analytical and experimental; fundamental of bibliography and the collection and research for doctoral dissertation. analysis of experimental data from all known (e) To determine theoretically the effect of the sources. Objectives include the publication, vertical seepage force, which occurs in in generalized form, of available experi- porous-media flow, on the effective weight mental data. force in terms of an apparent specific (f) Inactive weight of sediment. To study experimentally the influence of the seepage force on incipi- (2529) UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS. ent sediment motion. (f) Analytical part completed; experimental part (b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water in progress. Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. (g) For porous-media flow in a sand bed induced (c) Mr. H. J. Tracy, U. S. Geological Survey, by progressive gravity waves, the seepage 162 Peachtree-Seventh Building, Atlanta, Ga. force is shown to render sediment particles (d) Reanalysis and correlation of existing data; lighter under the wave trough and, conversely original experimental research and analysis; heavier beneath the wave crest. The apparent theoretical study of turbulence energy specific weight of sediment at the bed can transfer and diffusion mechanisms. be shown to vary from 0.85 to 1.40 times the (e) A fundamental investigation of the mechanics real specific weight. The theoretical treat- of uniform flow in open channels, with ment is effected for both Stokian and cnoidal particular emphasis on the influence of wave s channel shape on velocity distributions and (h) "The Influence of a Permeable Bed on Sediment wall shear-stress distributions. Experimental Transport with Special Reference to Gravity 26 . . , .

Waves", M R. Carstens and C. S. Martin, the two power plants. Georgia Institute of Technology, Engineering Experiment Station, Technical Report No. 1, (4578) INFLUENCES ON PIEZOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS. Project A-628, 55 pp., November 1962. Laboratory project. (4575) VAPOR-CAVITY FORMATION IN A PIPE AFTER VALVE ii) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering, CLOSURE. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13, Georgia. Laboratory project. (d) Experimental and theoretical; partly ft) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineer- supported by U. S. Geological Survey; ing, Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Ga. research for M. S. thesis. (d) Theoretical and experimental; research for (e) Results of a previous project (see 3414) M.S. thesis. Indicated influences on piezometric measure- (e) The pressure as a function of time was ments other than those reported in W. W. measured at a downstream valve in a pipe Emmett's thesis. The Influence of turbu- line following rapid closure of the valve. lence intensity, piezometer hole diameter, The pipe line was 334 ft of coiled 5/8-in. OD length of piezometer tubing and channel copper tubing. The experimental measurements roughness were investigated. indicated that a vapor-cavity formed at the Completed. valve at the time that the first shock wave, SI Results indicated that errors, A.D, in pie- which was reflected from the upstream zometric measurements of depth of flow of reservoir, reached the downstream valve. smooth, open channels may be expressed by This vapor cavity grew in size and then decreased in size. At the instant of decay of AD C i- the vapor cavity, another shock wave was g generated. The process repeated with decay. where V is the mean stream velocity, and C Completed. an empirical coefficient. C was shown to be (2 The results of graphical shock-wave analysis a function of turbulence Intensity, scale of assuming "lumped" resistance, a single vapor turbulence, and hole diameter. cavity, and vapor pressure within the cavity "Influence on Piezometric Measurements," by were in excellent agreement with experimental James R. Wallace, M. S. thesis September results. 1962. (h) "Vapor-Cavity Formation in a Pipe after Valve Closure", William E. Heath, M.S. thesis, (4579) WHIRLPOOL FORMATION AND VORTEX STRETCHING. Georgia Institute of Technology, 1963. (b) Laboratory project; partly sponsored by the (4576) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL Georgia Power Company, Atlanta, Georgia. ORIFICE PLACED UNSYMMETRICALLY IN THE (c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering, APPROACH CHANNEL. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. Experimental and theoretical. (b) Laboratory project at Georgia Institute of ID Asymmetric approach condition to the suction Technology and at SEATO Graduate School of bells of centrifugal pumps led to severe Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand. whirlpool formation, prerotation, and air (c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engi- entralnment. A model study was conducted neering, Ga. Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Ga. to alleviate existing conditions in a con- (d) Experimental and theoretical; research for denser-water circulating system. A rotating M.S. theses." pot apparatus was built subsequently to (e) The flow characteristics, coefficient of study free vortex motion and vortex contraction and angle of jet deflection, stretching under controlled conditions. were to be determined both analytically and (s) Laboratory measurements and photographic theoret ical ly analysis of vortices permitted a comparison Continuing. with results predicted by hydrodynamic $ Experimental results have been obtained for relationships. opening width-approach channel width ratios of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, for a range of (4580) ISOTROPIC-TURBULENCE WATER TUNNEL. opening eccentricities. Theoretical results have been evaluated for symmetrical jet and (b) Laboratory project; sponsored partly by U. S. for maximum eccentricity. Numerical Inte- Geological Survey. gration is being done for intermediate (c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering, eccentricities. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13, (h) "Flow and Discharge Characteristics of a Two- Georgia. Dimensional Orifice (Slot) Placed Unsymmet- Experimental and theoretical. rlcally in the Approach Channel", Sumana In order to establish response character- Chowchuvech, M.S. thesis, SEATO Graduate istics of turbulence probes, a known field School of Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand, of turbulence Is necessary. Isotropic 1961. turbulence can be created behind square-mesh "Theoretical Study of the Flow and Discharge grids and results of the decay of isotropic Characteristics of a Two-Dimensional Orifice", turbulence have been known from wind tunnel Anat Arbhabhirama, M.S. thesis, SEATO studies. The experimental flow system Graduate School of Engineering, Bangkok, consists of a head tank, a contraction cone, Thailand. an 8-inch diameter test section and a tailwater bay. The turbulence-generating grid 4577) CIRCULATION OF CONDENSER WATER, CHATTAHOOCHEE was built Into the throat of the contraction RIVER. cone (f) Velocity calibration in progress. Georgia Power Company, Atlanta, Georgia. 81 Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engrg. (4581) INFLUENCE OF ROUGHNESSES ON FLOW ESTAB- Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Ga. LISHMENT AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN OPEN Experimental CHANNEL FLOW. It) Study involving flow distribution patterns in a partial river model. Favorable (b) Laboratory project; partly sponsored by U. S. routing of condenser discharge water from Geological Survey. two steam power plants in tandem was sought (c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering, to permit optimum plant efficiencies during Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13, low flow periods. Georgia. Completed. Experimental; research for M. S. thesis. SI Results of the model study suggested en- ID Vorticity and secondary motions are created gineering solution to problem of short at channel transitions. The longevity of circuiting of hot condenser water between these vortices is to be investigated in a

27 . . . .

80-foot-long variable-slope channel. The Temperature Horizontal Tube," by T. w. velocity profiles of the developing flows Jackson, Kenneth R. Purdy, and Calvin C. are to be compared with one another for Oliver, Paper No. 57, 1961 International various channel conditions. The deformation Heat Transfer Conference, August 28 - Sept. and recovery of velocity profiles downstream 1, 1961, University of Colorado, Boulder, from disturbances are to be Investigated. Colorado, USA, and January 8-12, 1962, Central Hall Lecture Theater, Westminister, (4582) INVESTIGATION OP THE SPECTRUM OP TURBULENCE London, England. IN A RECTANGULAR CLOSED CONDUIT. "Heat Transfer Threshold Values for Resonant Acoustic Vibrations in a Horizontal Iso- b) Laboratory project. thermal Tube," by Ian Eastwood, Thomas W.

i c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering, Jackson, Calvin C. Oliver, and Kenneth R. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13, Purdy, ARL Technical Report 62-326, April Georgia. 1962. (d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral "Viscous Fluid Plow Under the Influence of dissertation. a Resonant Acoustic Field," by Kenneth R. (e) Energy spectra are being investigated in a Purdy, Thomas W. Jackson, and C. W. Gorton, wind tunnel study. A hot wire anemometer paper No. 62-WA-116 presented at the 1962 and a wave analyzer are being used to Annual Meeting of the ASME and to be measure spectral components in the stream- published in the Heat Transfer Journal. wise direction. Various physical changes at the entrance to the wind tunnel create (4585) THE VISCOSITY OF HIGH PRESSURE STEAM. different turbulence conditions in order to shed light on the mechanism of turbulence- b) National Science Foundation. energy transfer and the structure of turbu- c) Prof. T. W. Jackson, School of Mechanical lence. Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13, Georgia. (4583) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF NON-ISOTHERMAL (d) Experimental and theoretical; research for VELOCITY PROFILES. master's and doctor's theses. (e) An experimental and theoretical study of the National Science Foundation, viscosity of steam to 10,000 psi and 1200 ib) c) Prof. C. W. Gorton, School of Mechanical degrees F. Engineering, Georgia Institute of Tech., (g) Experimental data have been obtained for the Atlanta 13, Georgia. viscosity of steam using an annulus type (d) Experimental and theoretical; research for transpiration viscosimeter . A unique two master's theses. method of measuring small pressure drops at (e) Horizontal and vertical velocity profiles very high static pressures was developed. were measured for the flow of mineral oil Experimental and theoretical work are con- through a one inch steam heated horizontal tinuing on the project. tube in the Reynolds number range 800 to (h) "An Investigation of the Viscosity of Steam 1400. The purpose of the research was to at High Pressures," Samuel C. Barnett, Ph.D. better understand the effects of varying Thesis. viscosity and density on velocity profiles. "The Experimental Determination of Steam fl Completed. Viscosity at Pressures of 5,000 psia and g) Horizontal and vertical velocity profiles 7,500 psia," Roger Harold Whitesides, Jr., and temperature profiles were measured for M.S.M.E. Thesis. ten different Reynolds numbers in the "A High Pressure Differential Manometer, " by laminar range S. C. Barnett, T. W. Jackson, and R. H. (h) Partial results have been accepted for Whitesides, Jr., accepted for publication in publication by the AIChE Journal as a com- Journal of Heat Transfer of ASME. munication to the editor. (4586) EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF (4584) VISCOUS FLUID FLOW UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A SECONDARY FLOW PHENOMENA INDUCED BY RESONANT ACOUSTIC FIELD. CURVATURE AND VISCOUS SHEAR LAYERS.

(b) Aeronautical Research Laboratories, Office b) National Science Foundation. of Aerospace Research, United States Air c) Prof. A. W. Marris, School of Mechanical Force Engineering, Georgia Institute of Tech., (c) Prof. T. W. Jackson, School of Mechanical Atlanta 13, Georgia. Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, (d) Experimental and theoretical; master's and Atlanta 13, Georgia. doctor's theses. (d) Experimental and theoretical; research for (e) Basic research on secondary flow development master's and doctor's theses. by the action of curvature on non-uniform (e) An experimental and theoretical study of the velocity gradients and viscous shear layers. effects of resonant acoustic vibrations on (h) "Turbulent Flow of Water in Plane Curved the fluid flow and heat transfer in a 4-inch Channels of Finite Depth" by 0. G. Brown horizontal tube heated by steam. Air was and A. W. Marris, Paper No. 62-WA-75, 1962 used as the fluid, resonant frequencies were Annual ASME Meeting, (to be published in 220 and 356 cps, and sound pressure levels Journal of Basic Engineering) up to 164 decibels were obtained. "A Review on Vortex Streets, Periodic Wakes (g) The existence of standing vortices in the and Induced Vibration Phenomena," by A. W. tube were confirmed experimentally by a Marris, Paper No. 62-WA-106, 1962 Annual visualization study of the flow. Periodic ASME Meeting, (to be published in Journal of variations in the heat transfer coefficient Basic Engineering) were obtained and the period of the variation "Radial Distributions of Temporal-Mean is a half wave-length of the resonant Peripheral Velocity and Pressure for Fully frequency. The resonant vibrations tended Developed Turbulent Flow in Curved Channels," to increase the overall heat transfer for by A. W. Marris, ASME Journal of Basic laminar flow and decrease it for turbulent Engineering, Sept. 1960, Vol. 82, Series flow conditions. D, No. 3, p 528-538. (h) "The Effects of Resonant Acoustic Vibrations on the Local and Overall Heat Transfer (4587) HEAT TRANSFER IN ANNULI. Coefficients for Air Flowing Through an Isothermal Horizontal Tube," by Thomas W. b) Departmental research. Jackson, Kenneth R. Purdy, Calvin C. Oliver, c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical and Harold L. Johnson, ARL Technical Report Engineering, Georgia Institute of Tech., 60-322, October 1960. Atlanta 13, Georgia. "The Effects of Resonant Acoustic Vibrations (d) Experimental; basic research for doctor's on the Nusselt Numbers for a Constant thesis.

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(e) Investigation of the effect of diameter erical solution of the theoretical equations ratio, Prandtl number, Reynolds number, and are presented for rapid computation of the unheated entrance length on heat transfer flow variables including the critical flow through outer wall of annuli situation. f) Completed. (h) "Adiabatic, Evaporating, Two-Phase Flow of g) Heat transfer coefficients to water, Steam and Water in Horizontal Pipe," by ethylene-glycol, and n-butanol were obtained R. W. Pike and H. C. Ward, paper to be pre- for a one inch O.D. inconel tube (wall sented at the National Meeting of the thickness 0.049"), 10 feet long with center American Institute of Chemical Engineers, plugs of 0.037, 0.125, 0.25, 0.407, 0.502, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 10-14, 1963. 0.673, and 0.752 inches in diameter. (h) "Heat Transfer in Annuli: Nusselt Numbers (4591) LAMINA R- FLOW DEVELOPMENT IN AN ACOUSTICALLY at the Outer Wall as a Function of the RESONANT HORIZONTAL TUBE. System Variables," by John Paul Sanders, Ph.D. thesis, August 1962. bl Departmental research.

i: c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg., (4588) MASS TRANSFER IN THE ENTRANCE LENGTH OF A Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Georgia. PIPE - LAMINAR FLOW. (d) Theoretical; basic research for doctor's thesis. b) Departmental research. (e) An analytical study of resonant acoustic c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg., vibrations in air flowing through a hori- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13, zontal tube. Constant density and viscosity Georgia. are assumed. Also the effects due to gravity (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research are assumed to be negligible. A mathematical for doctor's thesis. model for instantaneous velocity profiles (e) The project was established to determine was generated through an adaptation of the the mass transfer effects in the entrance equations of motion. The model was solved lengths of tubes. numerically and the results predicted an (g) Local mass-transfer rates were obtained by instantaneous acoustic vibration effect on measuring the thickness decrease of a the normal boundary layer development which naphthalene layer as a function of time Is periodic with respect to axial position and position. Theoretical results were cal- in the system. culated using Langhaar's entrance length ve- f) Completed.

locity profiles. i g) Provides analytical expressions for velocity (h) "Mass Transfer in the Entrance Length of a profiles in a tube in which resonant acous- Pipe - Laminar Flow," by R. T. Bosworth and tical vibrations are established. These H. C. Ward, paper presented at 55th Annual profiles may be used in analytical ex- Meeting of American Institute of Chemical pressions for heat or mass transfer rates in Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 2-6, 1962. similar systems. (h) "Laminar-Flow Development In an Acoustically (4589) A THEORETICAL STUDY OF NON I SOTH ERMAL FLOW Resonant Horizontal Tube," by J. M. Spurlock AND HEAT TRANSFER IN VERTICAL TUBES FOR and H. C. Ward, paper to be presented at FLUIDS WITH VARIABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. National Meeting of American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana, t) Departmental research. March 10-14, 1963.

1 c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg., Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Georgia. (d) Theoretical; basic research for doctor's thesis. UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Station. (e) A theoretical study of noni sothermal flow in vertical tubes. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1859, 3056, 3057, (g) A numerical scheme has been obtained for and 3416 should be addressed to Prof. C. C. Warnick, calculating heat transfer and fluid friction College of Engineering, and for Projects Nos. 1862, characteristics for laminar flow of fluids 2786, and 3418 should be addressed to Prof. G. L. with variable physical properties in vertical Corey, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of circular tubes. Correlation parameters were of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. developed for common fluids, taking into account free convection effects, variable (1859) INVESTIGATION OF METHODS OF CONTROLLING viscosity, and variable heat capacity and AND EVALUATING CANAL SEEPAGE. thermal conductivity. Correlated mean temperatures and friction factors are pre- (b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with

sented . U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. (h) "A Theoretical Study of Nonisothermal Flow (d) Experimental and field Investigation; basic and Heat Transfer In Vertical Tubes for and operational with master's thesis. Fluids with Variable Physical Properties," (e) Different types of canal linings are being by W. J. Lee and H. C. Ward, paper presented studied and various ways of evaluating at 55th Annual Meeting of American Institute performance are being considered, especially of Chemical Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, ideas for measuring canal seepage from Dec. 2-6, 1962. both lined and unlined canals. (g) New sealants are being investigated in (4590) ADIABATIC, EVAPORATING, TWO-PHASE FLOW OF experimental sections of irrigation canals. STEAM AND WATER IN HORIZONTAL PIPES. Techniques for measuring seepage are being compared in simultaneous testing in by-pass (b) Departmental research. sections of canal. (c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg., (h) Annual progress report is available on a Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Georgia. limited basis. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research "A Study of the Measurement of Canal Seepage" for doctor's thesis. D. E. Woodward, M. S. Thesis, University of (e) The adlabatic, evaporating, two-phase flow of Idaho, 1962. steam and water in a horizontal pipe, including the critical flow, was sucessfully (1862) DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM described by a system of non-linear differ- WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS. ential equations which were solved, using numerical techniques, on a digital computer. (b) Laboratory project; being carried on under Experimental data which were obtained show Agricultural Experiment Station. that the theoretical equations describe the d) Experimental; applied research. complex flow phenomena to plus or minus 10 e) A study of the hydrological factors affecting percent when radial temperature gradients the Moscow Mountain Watershed as It applied are small. Design charts based on the num- to the total water use in the area.

29 .. . . .

(g) Measurement data on a small watershed Is Infiltration patterns by analogy methods. continuing to be collected. (g) Flow patterns from square, round and triangular shaped furrows in uniform soils (2786) FARM IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES. have been Investigated. (h) "Electric Analog Studies of Steady Flow from (b) Laboratory project; cooperative with the Irrigation Furrows," by D. W. Fltzslmmons, Bureau of Reclamation under the Agricultural M. S. Thesis, University of Idaho, 1962. Experiment Station. "A Procedure for Determining Equivalent Con- (d) Field Investigation; basic and applied ductivities of Soils for Electric Analog research Solutions of Steady Flow Problems," by (e) To evaluate Irrigation efficiencies on D. W. Fltzslmmons and G. L. Corey, Idaho actual farms to aid in planning of a water Agricultural Experiment Station Research use on irrigation projects. To consider Bulletin No. 58. efficiency from aspect of farm operations "Infiltration Patterns from Irrigation and not just consumptive use of crops. Furrows," by G. L. Corey and D. W. Fltz- (g) Basic field data have been collected for slmmons, Idaho Agricultural Expt. Sta. Re- five years. Final results are being prepared search Bulletin No. 59. for publication. (3418 AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF SURFACE IRRIGATION WATES. (3056) TELEMETERING HYDROLOGIC DATA FROM MOUNTAIN LOCATIONS. (b Laboratory project; under investigation in Agricultural Experiment Station. 0>) Laboratory project; in cooperation with (d Experimental field investigation; applied federal agencies and power companies. research. (d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic (e To develop sensing elements which will elec- and applied operational research. trically trip automatic headgates after a (e) A complete system for reporting six or field has become irrigated. more hydrologlc data is being studied and (g Several elements have been field tested. No basic parameters of snow melt are being element has been developed thus far that Is studied for conversion into time delay sufficiently sensitive to high soil moisture circuits for transmission by radio. levels. (g) Prototype unit is being tested on Moscow Mountain; elements of measurement trans- (4533 MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN LIQUIDS IN PIPE ducers are being studied both in the field FLOW USING COMPUTER TECHNIQUES. and In the laboratory. License for station has been approved. (b Laboratory project; National Science (h) Annual progress report is available on loan. Foundation grant (c Assoc. Professor G. 0. Martin, Chemical (3057) CONSERVATION OF WATER FOR RANGE STOCK. Engineering Department, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. (b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with Experimental; basic research. Bureau of Land Management and ranchers. To measure relative intensity and Eulerian (d) Field investigation; applied operational integral scale of turbulence from auto- research. correlation measurements using computer (e) Experimental stock watering ponds in desert techniques. areas will be lined and evaporation control Completed. measures supplied to see if extension of such A correlation has been obtained to predict water supply can be developed economically. the relative intensity of turbulence and (g) Several ponds lined and unlined are being Eulerian and Legrangian scales of turbulence studied and enonomolecular films are being for flow of fluids through pipes. experimented with to find net water savings. (h "An Investigation into the Turbulence The hydrology of small ponds is also being Characteristics of Fluids In Pipe Flow," Investigated. by G. 0. Martin, Ph.D. Thesis, University (h) "Idaho Reconnaissance Precipitation Gage," of Washington, 1963. by P. R. Collett and C. C. Warnlck, Circular No. 1, Engineering Experiment Station, Univ. (4534 MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN LIQUIDS IN PIPE of Idaho, July 1962. FLOW USING A WAVE ANALYZER.

(3416) STUDY OF METHODS FOR AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT (b Laboratory project; National Science Founda- OF SNOW WATER CONTENT. tion grant, National Defense and Education Act fellowship. Laboratory project; cooperative with (c Assoc. Prof. G. Q. Martin, Chemical Engrg. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. Department, University of Idaho. of Agriculture. Experimental; basic research. Field investigation; applied research. i: To measure relative intensity and Eulerian n A study is being made of basic methods of Integral scales of turbulence using a wave measuring snow water content for use in analyzer telemetering data from remote mountain (h "Measurement of Pipe Turbulence Using a Wave locations Analyzer," by D. K. Edwards, M. S. Thesis, (g) Five different methods are being investi- University of Idaho, 1963. gated in field experiments at mountain locations. Data are being obtained manually (4535 CROP COEFFICIENTS FOR CONSUMPTIVE USE IN and correlated with conventional tube snow IDAHO. measurement s (h) First phase to be completed in December 1962. Laboratory project. Two theses are in preparation and a final Department of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. report will be made in 1963. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. (d Field Investigation; applied research for (3417) INFILTRATION AS AFFECTED BY FURROW PARAMETERS master's thesis. AND SOIL VARIABILITY. (e To determine crop coefficients, using the Blaney-Crlddle formula, for such crops as (b) Laboratory project; under investigation in potatoes, beans, and corn for southern Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. areas. The variation of the crop coefficients (c) Assistant Prof. D. W. Fltzslmmons, Dept. of for (1) light, medium and heavy applications Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Idaho, of water, (2) each month of growing or Moscow, Idaho. Irrigation season, and (3) the stage of Theoretical; basic research. growth of each crop. These coefficients will !!! To determine the effect of various furrow be compared with the coefficients developed geometric parameters and soil conditions on by Blaney-Criddle and other investigators for 30 .

other areas, as a result of artificial recharge. (g) Data are currently being collected. (g) Ground-water conditions substantially improved in past ten years and consistently since the use of four recharge pits was initiated in 1956. One pit in North Field ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION is operated the year-round with nearly complete recovery of the recharged water. A list of publications is available upon request; Second pit in North Field inoperative in 1962. write to Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Recharge in Central Field arbitrarily Urbana, Illinois. limited to cool surface water seasons. Central Field recharge has been reduced (552) SEDIMENTATION OP ILLINOIS RESERVOIRS. because of improved ground water conditions. (h) "ABS in the Peoria Domestic Water Supply," (b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Orville W. Vogel and Robert H. Hai-meson, Agricultural Research Service, Soil Conser- State Water Survey Reprint Series 1962-E, vation Service, and University of Illinois Jour. AWWA, 54(7) :803-810, July 1962. Agricultural Experiment Station. "Eleventh Annual Report on Operation of the (c) Mr. R. L. Corinth, Illinois State Water Cedar Street Recharge Pits," Virginia Schnepper, Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Peoria Assoc. of Commerce, Peoria, 111., d) Field investigation; applied research. 1962.

! e) For design of water-supply reservoirs, measurements of sediment accumulation in (561) GROUND-WATER INVESTIGATION IN EAST ST. lakes in Illinois. Sediment samples are LOUIS AREA. analyzed and complete surveys of watershed soil type, slopes, land use, and conser- b) Laboratory project. vation practices are made. c) Mr. R. J. Schicht, Illinois State Water (g) Results show correlation between rate of Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. sedimentation and land use on watershed; d) Field investigation; applied research. results show six factors in explaining e) Evaluation of potential yield of the sediment deposition: age of lake, capacity- sand and gravel deposits beneath the inflow ratio, watershed gross erosion, a American Bottoms (East St. Louis area). watershed shape factor, the density of Ground water levels are measured in more non-incised channels, and a watershed slope than 200 observation wells, 9 of which are factor. equipped with recording gages. Ground (h) "An Empirical Equation for Reservoir Sedi- water pumpage, Mississippi River stages, mentation," William C. Ackermann and Roger rainfall, and quality of ground water data L. Corinth, State Water Survey Reprint Series are continuously collected. Maps have 1962-H, extract of publication No. 59, been prepared showing the distribution and I.A.S.H., Commission of Land Erosion, areal extent of the hydraulic properties, pp. 359-366. the thickness of the aquifer, and watertable contours. Computations are being (555) EVAPORATION IN ILLINOIS. made to determine the amount of recharge from precipitation and from induced in- (b) Laboratory project. filtration of river water, and the amount (c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water of subsurface flow from valley walls into Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. the American Bottoms . An electric analog (d) Field Investigation; applied research. model has been constructed to simulate the (e) Measurements were made of evaporation at complex aquifer system. four stations in northern, central, and (h) "Ground-Water Levels and Pumpage in East southern Illinois. Evaporimeters con- St. Louis Area, Illinois, 1890-1961," R. J. structed and installed adjacent to pans Schicht and E. Q. Jones, State Water Survey for year-round records. Report of Investigation 44, 1962. (f) Measurements discontinued November 1, 1962. (h) Measurements published in Climatologlcal (1335) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE CHICAGO Data, Illinois Section. "Lake Evaporation in AREA. Illinois," State Water Survey Technical Letter No. 5, 1960. (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Illinois State Geological Survey. (559) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER, (c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. bi Laboratory project. d) Field investigation; applied research. i c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory, e) Study of variations of natural resources. Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Investigation of artesian well field with Peoria, Illinois, wells 1200 to 2200 feet deep, locally dl Experimental; basic research, heavily pumped. Study of ground water level e) Model studies of different pit types and recession, interferences, transmissibilities, variations in relationship between ground- effect of additional demands. water gradients and artificial recharge. (g) Results show the ground water resources in (g) Pilot plant pit operation by water Survey Chicago region ST? developed from four relinquished; laboratory analysis in water-yielding units: glacial drift aQUifers, progress shallow dolomite aquifers, Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer, and Mt. Simon Aquifer. The Cambrian- (560) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN PEORIA, Ordovician has been the most highly developed ILLINOIS, DISTRICT. source of large ground -water supplies.. Future ground-water supplies should be taken from b) Laboratory project. the shallow aquifers wherever possible. c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory, (h) "yields of Deep Sandstone Wells in Northern Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Illinois," W. C. Walton and Sandor Csallany, Peoria, Illinois. State Water Survey Report of Investigation d| Field investigation; applied research, 43, 1962. e) I Continuing evaluation of ground water State Water Survey annual summaries of water- resources of the district. Ground water level decline and pumpage in the Chicago levels and temperatures are monitored in region for 1959, 1960, 1961, given in Circu- wells in key locations. Effects of lars. 79, 83, 85, respectively. artificial recharge are evaluated. Analy- ses for changes in composition of ground (1865) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DROP -INLET SPILLWAY water used to trace movement of ground water STRUCTURES FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS. and to observe for possible introduction and movement of contaminants (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

31 . .

Agricultural Research Service, Soli Conser- (2788) METEOROLOGY OF FLOOD-PRODUCING STORMS. vation Service, and Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Box 232, Urbana, 111. (d) Experimental; generalized applied research d) Applied research. for development and design. i e) Investigation of meteorological conditions (e) To determine the most desirable proportions associated with flood-producing storms in and shapes of drop-inlet spillway structures Illinois to obtain basic data for reliable that have unique flow characteristics and definition of time and space distribution of to develop anti-vortex devices. To provide such storms and for calculation of probable the necessary Information on flow relations maximum rainfall and discharge coefficients so that these (g) Continuing project; analysis of storm area- structures may be economically designed. depth relations, orientation of storms, season Initial phases of study concerned with al and geographic distribution, synoptic hydraulics of square risers with free dis- weather types, topographic influences. De- charge. Effect of lip or crest shape and velopment of area-depth frequency relations anti-vortex devices being studied. Second underway. phase to include the complete spillway. Experimental apparatus constructed and tests (3058) HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SEVERE are being conducted on the complete spillway. RAINSTORMS. Information is being obtained on discharges, vortex effect on discharge, pressures, a b) Laboratory project. flat plate antl-vortex device, and flow c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, conditions Box 232, Urbana, 111. (g) Hydraulics of various types of flow possible d) Field investigation; applied research.

in square risers are well defined as well 1 e) Field surveys and detailed analyses of severe as some of the effect of non-square crest rainstorms in Illinois. Analyses based upon shape. Model tests were performed on a radar, synoptic weather, and field survey data drop-inlet spillway to determine whether and include area-depth-duration relations, or not a metal grating deck placed above the antecedent rainfall evaluation, lsohyetal maps inlet can control vortices. The results for peak periods of storm. of the tests show that gratings do not g) Analyses completed on 16 storms since 1951. prevent or control strong vortices. h) State Water Survey Reports of Investigation Nos. 14, 24, 27, 35, and 42. (2532) EVAPORATION RETARDATION. (3059) THERMAL LOADINGS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF (b) Laboratory project. SURFACE WATERS. (c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. b) Laboratory project. (d) Field investigation; applied research, c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory, design. Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Peoria, (e) Monomolecular chemical films to retard Illinois. evaporation from water supply lakes and d) Field Investigation; applied research. ponds in Illinois. e) A study of heat loads applied to fresh water fl Additional summer tests planned, bodies In Illinois to determine relationships g) Results appear favorable and tests will be between temperature and/or heat loadings, continued through 1963 summer season with water usage, stream assets, and stream re- soluble packages. covery capabilities.

(2534) DENSE RAIN GAGE NETWORK PROJECTS. (3419) PRECIPITATION DROUGHT CHARACTERISTICS.

b) Laboratory project. b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey, I c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. d) Field investigation; applied research. d) Applied research.

! e) Data from four rain gage networks, con- e) Investigation of precipitation drought frequen sisting of 50 gages in 400 square miles, cy in Illinois, distribution in space and time 10 gages in 100 square miles, 54 gages in of dry periods, relative severity of these 550 square miles, and 11 gages in 10 square periods, meteorological conditions favorable miles. Studies include: (1) Rainfall for drought in Illinois, correlation of pre- variability, (2) frequency of point and cipitation drought with other meteorological areal mean rainfall, (3) area-depth rela- factors such as thunderstorm frequency and tions, (4) variation of point rainfall with atmospheric moisture distribution, and associ- distance; (5) areal representativeness of ation of precipitation drought with low stream point rainfall; and (6) reliability of flow. areal mean rainfall estimates. (h) Report in preparation.

(2535) FILTERING THROUGH COARSE MATERIALS. (3420) FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF LOW FLOWS.

b) Laboratory project. b) Laboratory project. c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory, c) Mr. John B. Stall, Illinois State Water Survey Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Peoria, Illinois. d) Theoretical; applied research.

d) Experimental; basic research. S e) Analysis of the severity, frequency, and - to 3/4-Inch) i e) Small, coarse media (1/4 duration of low flows in Illinois streams as filters are operated at rates comparable they affect impounding reservoir yields, to those achieved in field practice. (g) Methodology devised to determine gross and net Purpose is to study the effects of coarse yield of an Impounding reservoir during media on physical, chemical, and bacterio- various recurrence-interval droughts. A non- logical properties of recharged water and sequential mass curve analysis gives gross to evaluate the function of coarse media yield. Net lake evaporation is processed on a in protecting aquifer materials. frequency basis; applied to the reservoir; (g) Results of former field tests of various and net yield is determined. Risks associated sizes of materials are reported in State with an impounding reservoir have been de- Water Survey Bulletin 48. Program of termined and clarified to allow better under- specially controlled laboratory test runs standing of reservoir design and recurrence initiated in 1962 under grant from U. S. of events. Public Health Service. (h) "Reservoir Mass Analysis by a Low Flow Series,

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ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division, Sept. 1962. past pumpage and water levels and a digital "Calculated Risks of Impounding Reservoir computer are used to establish the validity Yield," ASCE Hydraulics Div., January 1963. of this mechanism to describe the response of Final report in progress, to be titled "Low aquifers to pumping. Flows of Illinois Streams for Impounding (g Case histories of ground-water development Reservoir Yield." have been used to evaluate the practical sustained yields of eight aquifers in Illinois. (3421) PILOT DRAINAGE BASIN STUDIES IN NAPERVILLE (h "Selected Methods for Well and Acquifer Evalu- AREA. ation," W. C. Walton, State Water Survey Bulletin 49, 1962. Laboratory project 15! Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water Survey, (3734 INDUSTRIAL WATER USE IN ILLINOIS. Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Field Investigation; applied research. (b Laboratory project. it! All factors of the hydrologic cycle (especially (c Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water precipitation, temperature, stream flow, soil Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. moisture, changes in surface and subsurface (d Field investigation; applied research. storage, and evaporation) to be measured and (e Determine withdrawal of water by industries examined to obtain quantitative knowledge of in Illinois, with delineation according to the movement and storage of ground water under kinds of industry, location by area, and natural conditions in the 22-square mile basin. sources of supply. The annual rate of recharge to, and evapotranspiration from, the ground-water reservoir (4135 CORROSION PREVENTION BY CaCO . to be determined. Stream discharge hydrograph to be separated into its two components, fb Laboratory project. surface runoff and ground-water runoff. (c Mr. T. E. Larson or H. W. Humphreys, Illinois Gravity yields of glacial deposits and under- State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. lying dolomite aquifer to be estimated. (d Experimental (e To determine chemical requirements and veloc- (3731) HYDROLOGY OF DOLOMITE AQUIFERS. ity requirements to provide protective coating in water pipes. w Laboratory project, in cooperation with 111. State Geological Survey. (4136 SEVERE STORM SINGULARITY STUDY. (c) Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. fb Laboratory project. Field investigation; applied research. (c Mr. S. A. Changnon, Jr., Illinois State Water Evaluation of water yielding potential of Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. dolomite aquifer in Illinois from pumping (d Applied research. test and specific capacity data Is in (e Investigation of the tendency of severe progress. Statistical analysis of well pro- weather events to occur on preferred dates, duction data is being made to determine the causes of observed tendencies, and the geological controls on aquifer productivity. application of the results In defining the (g) Frequency graphs were used to determine the probability distribution of severe storms. role of individual units of a dolomite aquifer Elements under study include severe rain- in DuPage County, Illinois, as contributors storms, thunderstorms, hailstorms, and tor- of ground water. The practical sustained nadoes. yield of the dolomite aquifer was estimated Completed. based largely on case histories of heavy "Singularities in Severe Weather in Illinois',' ground-water development, S. A. Changnon, Jr., paper presented at American (h) "Ground-Water Resources of DuPage County, Meteorological Society meetings on Climatology, Illinois," A. J. Zeizel, W. C. Walton, R. T. Asheville, N. C, Oct. 1962; to be publishe as Sasman, and T. A. Prickett, Illinois State research report for Crop-Hall Insurance Water Survey and Geological Survey Coopera- Actuarial Assoc., January 1963. tive Ground-Water Report 2, In press 1962. (4137 DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION AND (3732) TRANSPIRATION RETARDATION. RELATED WEATHER ELEMENTS.

Laboratory project. Laboratory project. 13 Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water Mr. S. A. Changnon, Jr., Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Laboratory and field investigation. Applied research. \i] Monomolecular film-forming fatty alcohols are Investigation of the diurnal distribution of Introduced to roots of plants causing the various weather elements on a monthly, season- plants to transpire less water than control al, annual, and geographic basis. Elements plants under study include rainfall, sleet, hail, Field tests being analyzed. tornadoes, thunderstorms, freezing rain, and "Reduction of Transpiration," W. J. Roberts, fog. State Water Survey Reprint Series 1961-E, (f Suspended. Jour. Geophys. Res., 66(10) :3309-12, Oct. 1961, (4138 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN ILLINOIS. (3733) EVALUATING WELLS AND AQUIFERS WITH ANALYTICAL METHODS. Laboratory project. Mr. D. M. A. Jones, Illinois State Water Laboratory project. Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Si Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water Survey, Applied research. Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Evaluation of methods for calculating evapo- d) Field investigation; applied research. transpiration and assessment of evapotranspi- I e) Case histories of ground-water development ration in Illinois. are being studied to determine if it is (h "Evapotranspiration in Illinois," Report of possible to evaluate wells and aquifers with Investigation in preparation. analytical expressions by devising approximate methods of analysis based on idealized models (4139 PRECIPITATION PATTERNS OVER AND AROUND LOWER of aquifer situations. Geohydrologic bounda- LAKE MICHIGAN. ries are assumed to be straight-line demar- cations and are given mathematical expression (b Laboratory project. by means of the image-well theory. The hy- (c Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey, draulic properties of the aquifer and overlying Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. r Dnf ining beds are considered mathematically (d Applied research. b: using ground-water formulas. Records of (e Radar film records are being studied to de-

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termlne the Influence of Lake Michigan on (e) To obtain and correlate basic data on the precipitation processes. A proposal has been several forces and factors Involved in submitted to develop a ralngage for bouy in- erosion processes along the Illinois Shore stallation and plans have been prepared for of Lake Michigan to the end that future additional radar data collection over lower efforts toward the prevention of erosion Lake Michigan. might be founded upon a more definite and (h) "Influence of Lake Michigan on Squall Line factual basis with a consequent greater Rainfall," Proceedings, Fifth Conference on degree of assurance that the works will Great Lakes Research, Great Lakes Research serve the Intended purposes. Division Publication No. 9, University of Michigan, pp. 111-115, 1962.

(4536) GEOHYDROLOGIC SYSTEM ANALYSIS WITH AN ELECTRIC UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Soil and Water Conservation ANALOG COMPUTER. Engineering Lab., Department of Agricultural Engrg.

Laboratory project. Inquiries concerning the following projects should 13 Mr. William C. Walton, Illinois State Water be addressed to Prof. B. A. Jones, 100 Agricultural Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. Experimental; applied research. Purpose of project is to apply electric analog (2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN computers to ground-water resource evaluation ILLINOIS. problems in Illinois. Ground-water development schemes are being tested and the relative (°) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS, merits of alternate choices of development are U. S. Department of Agriculture., being appraised. The consequences of the (d) Experimental and field investigation; basic utilization of aquifers are being forecast. research. The electric analog computer in use consists (e) To determine frequencies of peak rates and of an analog model and excitation-response total amounts of runoff from agricultural apparatus, i.e., waveform generator, pulse watersheds of 25 to 1,500 acres; to deter- generator, and oscilloscope. The analog mine maximum rates of runoff from agri- model is a regular array of resistors and cultural watersheds in different soil asso- capacitors and is a scaled-down version of an ciation areas in Illinois; to compare run- aquifer. off from agricultural watersheds under ac- (g) Analog models have been constructed for three cepted soil conservation practices with Idealized aquifer situations to study the watersheds cultivated without soil conser- accuracy and reliability of the analog computer vation practices. Watersheds of 45.5, 63, Close agreement between analog computer and 82, and 390 acres near Montlcello, Illinois exact analytical solutions for the three are covered with a rain gage network, and selected aquifer situations has been obtained. runoff is measured at weirs and spillway A comparison of the analog computer and structures by water level recorders. Max- simplified analytical solutions for a selected imum stage recorders are Installed at field complex aquifer situation indicates that re- structures on 8 watersheds in Champaign, source evaluations based on incomplete data Piatt, Vermillion, and Ford Counties on and analog or idealized mathematical models watersheds ranging in size from 45 to 1,400 can be meaningful and useful. Analog models acres. Model studies and field calibrations for sand and gravel aquifers in the East St. are made on the field structures. Louis and Champalgn-Urbana areas have been (h) Bulletin summarizing twelve years of record constructed. Past records of pumpage and being written. water levels have been used to establish the validity of the analog model for the East St (2789) LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF CONSERVATION Louis area. AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES. (h) "Electric Analog Computers for Analyzing Ground -Water Problems," W. C. Walton and T. A. Laboratory project. Prickett, has been submitted for publication Experimental investigation in the laboratory; in the Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE applied and basic research. (e) To investigate the performance of soil and (4537) HYDR0METE0ROLOGY OF SPECIFIC ILLINOIS BASINS. water conservation structures by means of hydraulic model studies, to study water flow Laboratory project. patterns into surface drains and to determine Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, the cause of failures and remedial measures Box 232, Urbana, 111. of certain conservation structures under Applied research. flood conditions. I!) Development of relations defining the distri- (h) "Filter Materials for Tile Drains in a Medlun bution of precipitation extremes in major Sand - A Laboratory Comparison," by D. R. basins. Included are studies of the frequency Sisson and B. A. Jones, Jr. Trans, of ASAE: distribution of excessive point and areal mean 5-1, 54-58 (1962). rainfall in various regions of basins, the "Discussion: End Depth at a Drop in Trape- frequency distribution of drought, average zoidal Channels" by J. A. Replogle. Proc. slope of area-depth curves, actual depth- ASCE 88-HY2, 161-165. (March 1962). duration-area relations in the heaviest storms "A Microdif ferential Pressure Transducer," by on record, area-depth frequency relations based L. F. Huggins, Agricultural Engineering 43-9, upon all major storms of record, seasonal dis- 529, 531. (September 1962) tribution of heavy storms, and the shape "Comparison of Theoretical, Laboratory, and characteristics of major storms. Research Field Discharge Ratings of a Drop Inlet for a presently confined to the Kaskaskia basin. Small Farm Pond," by J. A. Replogle, L. F. Huggins and R. D. Black, Trans, of ASAE 5-2, (in press 1962) "Gully Control Without Structures" by W. S. ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION, Springfield. Harris and R. C. Hay, Trans, of ASAE 5-2 (in press 1962) (1863) EROSION CONTROL, ILLINOIS SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. (3424) A STUDY OF RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION.

State of Illinois. 0>) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS, Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engr., U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Div. of Waterways, Dept. of Public Works Experimental; basic research. and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street, Natural rainstorms are photographed with a Springfield, Illinois. raindrop camera so that the number of rain- (d) Field investigation; applied research. drops, their size and size distribution, and

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the kinetic energy of a rainstorm may be Chicago, Illinois, May, 1961. calculated. Physical measurements will be made of the soil to determine the effect of (3425) LOCKPORT SLUICEGATE STUDY. the kinetic energy of the rainstorm on soil loss. The nature and properties of rain- (b) Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater storms that occur in this area of Illinois Chicago. will also be studied, (c) Prof. J. C. Guillou, Dept. of Civil Engrg., (h) "Modifications to Improve Hydrologic Data Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. from Wheel-Type Samplers" by J. A. Replogle. d) Experimental, applied research. Paper No. 62-717 presented at the Winter e) A 1:20 scale model has been constructed and Meeting of the American Society of Agricul- tested. The subject sluicegates will be used tural Engineers, December 1962 (available for supplemental control of storm water from the Executive Secretary ASAE, St. Joseph, releases from the Chicago Drainage Canal. Michigan) Three turbine pits in the existing powerhouse at Lockport have been modified to receive triple sluicegates. The model data have been used to develop operational rating data for UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Hydraulics and Water the gates under various headwater and tail- Resources Laboratory, Department of Civil Engrg. water conditions. (g) Report in preparation. Inquiries concerning all projects should be addressed to Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof, of Hydraulic Engineering, (3736) NON-LINEAR APPROACH TO THE INSTANTANEOUS University of Illinois, Urbana, 111., unless other- UNIT HYDROGRAPH THEORY. wise indicated. (b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for K. P. (1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS. Singh. d) Theoretical; basic research. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois e) To study the characteristics of Division of Highways and Bureau of Public instantaneous unit hydrographs (IUH) on Roads. the basis of the concept of non-linearity. (d) Analytical and field investigation; applied Various mathematical models are analyzed research and design. by means of digital computers. (e) To determine the discharge of water which f| Completed will reach openings of highway drainage g) A non-linear theory is developed to account structures, such as bridges and culverts and for the variations in IUH derived from to provide a simple but scientific procedure different storms over a drainage basin. for use of engineers in establishing the The transformation of rainfall exesss economical and adequate size of opening. having a non-uniform areal and time dis- f) Completed. tribution to a direct runoff hydrograph is is f g) A scientific, simple, and practical method accomplished by considering the mechanics of developed for the determination of peak overland and channel flow in terms of trans- discharges from small drainage basins. For lation and storage effects practical applications, a design chart for (h) "Non-linear Approach to the Instantaneous climatic and physiographic conditions in Unit Hydrograph Theory," by K. P. Singh, Illinois is prepared. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Illinois, (h) "Hydrologic Determination of Waterway Areas 1962, Prof. V. T. Chow being the advisor. for the Design of Drainage Structures in Small Drainage Basins," by Ven Te Chow, (3737) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FREE-SURFACE EFFECT. University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 462, March, 1962. (b) Departmental study. "Hydrologic Design of Culverts," by Ven Te (d) Theoretical; basic research. Chow, Proceedings American Society of Civil (e) To evaluate the free -surface effect of flow In Engineering, Paper 3071, Journal of Hydraulics open channels. Division, March, pp.' 39-55; HY2, 1962, (g) A preliminary study is being made to check reprinted also as University of Illinois the variation in roughness coefficient in Civil Engineering Series, Hydraulic Engrg. circular conduits when the flow is partially Series No. 5, Illinois Cooperative Highway full. In this study Prandtl's assumption of Research Program, Series No. 5, June, 1962. constant shearing stress is changed to an assumption of variable shearing stress depending (3060) OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FILTER DRAINS. on hydraulic radius. The computed variation in roughness coefficient agrees in general bl Association of American Railroads. with the average observations. ! c) Prof. J. C. Guillou, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. (4140) MODEL STUDY OF HYDROGRAPH CONCEPTS. d) Experimental; applied research. e) Investigation of characteristics of flow i (b) Graduate project by W. H. Huang. through granular filters and several types (d) Experimental, basic research. of drain pipe. Investigations have included (e) This study involves the construction of a tests of coated and uncoated corrugated metal hydraulic apparatus to test the theory pipe, drain tile, and plastic pipe. Com- involved in the conventional method of paction studies have been completed. Cur- hydrograph analysis and to determine the rent Investigation is directed toward study effects on hydrographs due to various of migration of fines within the filter and factors including slope, roughness, and the effect of migration upon filter stability. geometry of the drainage basin and the T) Completed. movement, duration and Intensity of simulated Little sorting of filter material occurs at ! g) rainfalls. The method employed is both ex- pipe perforations. Optimum compaction of perimental and analytical. concrete sand filters appears to be about (g) A basin model of 4 ft. by 8 ft. has been 15 percent greati..'- than loose fill. Filter constructed and preliminary test runs were stability is caused by binding of fines in made for three different durations. The the intergranular openings near the pipe simulated rainfall Is produced by six Spraco openings sprinklers. The runoff discharge is measured (h) "First Progress Report on Performance of by differential volumetric tanks and recorded Filter Materials," by J. C. Guillou, Bulletin by successive time exposures of a movie 556, American Railway Engineering Assoc., camera. February, 1960. "Second Progress Report on Performance of (4537) BOX CULVERT ENERGY DISSIPATORS. Filter Materials," by J. C. Guillou and R. F. Lanyon Report ER-12, AAR Research Center, (b) Laboratory project.

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(c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng., such a channel, Univ. of 111., Urbana, Illinois. (g) A critical-flow channel was constructed of (d) Experimental; applied research; NSP Plexiglass plates which were shaped to the undergraduate research grant problem. form of the theoretically computed cross (e) Initially, applicability of U.S.B.R. Basin section. VT (ASCE Proc, Vol. 83, No. HY5, Paper 1406, Oct., 1957) for highway box culverts under (4543) WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM. Investigation. Study will be extended to development of alternative structures for (b) Laboratory project supported by the erosion control. University's Center for Advanced Study. Theoretical; basic research. (4538) WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS-ANALYSIS CRITERIA. (!) To study the methods of synthetic hydrology and the use of mathematical models In the (b) Laboratory project. planning and development of water resources (c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng., systems. The approach Is analytical and Univ. of 111., Urbana, Illinois. mathematical, including various methods of (d) Numerical; development. probability, programming techniques, and (e) General criteria are being sought for operations research. determination of minimum initial cost and optimum operating cost of systems comprising (4544) ELECTRONIC ANALOG MODEL FOR GROUND WATER. pumped input, network and equalizing storage. Consideration will be given to hourly and 0>) Laboratory project for graduate studies by yearly demand variations. P. A. Carr and S. H. Whitaker; cooperative (g) General network head-loss parameters and with Illinois State Water Survey. pump-network- storage balancing criteria have (d) To construct an electronic analog model to been developed. simulate aquifer characteristics. (h) "Generalized Distribution Network Head-Loss (e) Part of the electronic analog model to slmulss Characteristics," by M. B. McPherson, ASCE the aquifers in the area of Champaign-Urbana, Trans., Vol. 126 (1961). Illinois, has been completed. "Applications of System Analyzers: A Summary," by M. B. McPherson, Proceedings of Fourth Sanitary Engrg. Conf., Univ. of Illinois, Engrg. Experiment Station Circular UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic No. 75, 1962. (Reprinted in Water and Laboratory. Sewage Works, Reference Volume, 1962). Inquiries concerning Project No. 2083 should be ad- (4539) NON-UNIFORM SUPPLY OVERLAND FLOW. dressed to W. M. Lansford, 219 Talbot Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, and for (b) Laboratory project; support from University Projects Nos. 2320, 2536, 2537 to Professor J. M. of Illinois Research Board and NSF under- Robertson, 125 Talbot Laboratory, University of 111., graduate research grant. Urbana, Illinois. (c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng., University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. (2083) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN CHANNEL Experimental and theoretical; applied research HAVING A TRIANGULAR CR0S S- SECTION Uniform and linearly varying rainfall supply is simulated with a sprinkling system on a (bi Laboratory project. sheet of variable slope and roughness. (d Basic research. Limitations of Izzard's relations for a (e) Data being obtained from a channel artificial uniform supply are under investigation and ly roughened. relations for non-uniform supply are to be (f) Investigation reactivated, additional data studied being taken with new improved instruments.

(4540) CIRCULAR HYDRAULIC JUMP. (2536) STUDY OF HOMOLOGOUS TURBULENCE.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Illinois (t>) Laboratory project, formerly National Science State Water Survey. Foundation. (c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng., Basic research. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. The nature of turbulence (its production and (d) Experimental; development; graduate special dissipation) is being studied in the simplest problem. possible shear flow. This flow is produced (e) A 60 degree sector of a circular hydraulic in plane Couette flow where the shear is Jump is being studied to determine feasi- constant and the turbulence homogeneous but bility of using a radial-efflux conduit exit not isotropic. Mean flow studies essentially transition for more efficient energy complete. Transformation of turbulent stresse dissipation. to different orientation of axes currently being studied. (4541) VARIATION OF TRACTIVE FORCE IN SEWERS AND (f) Reactivated. DRAINS. (3427) STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE NEAR ROUGH SURFACES. (b) Laboratory project for J. A. Replogle's doctoral thesis. Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics (d) To study the distribution of boundary shearing Research Program. stress, or tractive force in a circular Basic research; experimental. conduit flowing partially full and to de- Information on mean-flow and turbulence termine the relationship between the shearing- structure near roughnesses being studied in stress distribution and the velocity distri- an 8-inch "natural roughness" pipe and in bution. 3-inch sand-roughened pipe. Basic question (e) A 4 in. smooth copper tube with fully devel- is how roughness produces turbulence. oped open-channel flow Is used for a variety Current emphasis is on spectrum. of flow depths. The velocity distribution is (f) Investigation in process. measured by using a small pitot tube and the "law of the wall" method. (4142) TURBULENT BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOW TOWARDS A NORMAL STEP. (4542) CRITICAL- FLOW CHANNEL. Graduate project. (b) Laboratory project for graduate studies. Professor J. M. Robertson, 125 Talbot Lab., (e) To construct a critical-flow channel which University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. will be used to verify the theory of critical Basic Research. flow and to examine the behavior of flow in An analytical and experimental study is being 36 . — . . .

made of upstream separation, i.e., the real Hydraulic Research. Summary of 33-year fluid behavior (separation, mixing, reat- record published as Bulletin 16 of the Iowa tachment) in front of a normal step projecting Highway Research Board in 1961; available inward from a plate along which fluid is upon request from Iowa Highway Commission, flowing with a turbulent boundary layer. Air Ames, Iowa. is fluid medium being used. (f) Investigation in process. (67) COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN IOWA. (4143) HEMODYNAMICS SIMILITUDE STUDY OF AN ARTERIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey. 15) Mr. V. R. Bennlon, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic (b) State of Illinois, Department of Public Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Welfare, Galesburg State Research Hospital, (a) Field investigation; collection of basic Galesburg, Illinois. stream-flow data. (c) Prof. M. E. Clark, 123 Talbot Laboratory, (e) Stream-flow and sediment measuring stations University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. maintained throughout the State of Iowa Basic research; experimental. cooperatively on a continuous basis. Records It] The flow of blood in the Circle of Willis collected by standard methods of U. S. G. S. the arterial distribution system for the (g) Records of stream-flow and sediment discharge brain— is to be studied utilizing larger- computed yearly. sized models of both the prototype fluid and (h) Records contained in Water-supply Papers conduit system. Present goal is to fabricate available through offices of the Geological a model which will simulate in as many ways Survey as possible the prototype and its flow. (f) Investigation in process. Fabrication of (68) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED. first-stage model essentially complete. Model-prototype verification studies to be Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey. initiated. Mr. V. R. Bennlon, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (4558) EFFECT OF TURBULENT NORMAL STRESS ON DRAG Field investigation; applied research. EVALUATION BY WAKE MOMENTUM METHOD. Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge fran Laboratory project. a 25- square-mile area measured and flood Basic research. runoff on main subbasins determined by U. S. Conventionally the evaluation of drag of bodies Geological Survey; rainfall records at four from wake transverses ignores normal stresses automatic recording stations collected by in wake. Estimates from scanty data Indicate U. S. Weather Bureau. Continuous records this factor to account for 2 to 10 percent of since 1941 of precipitation, runoff, and drag. Experiments are being conducted to ob- ground-water levels tain a more precise indication of the size of (g) Rainfall records published in Weather Bureau the error and how it varies. Climatological Bulletins and surface runoff (f) Investigation in initial stages. and ground-water levels published in Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers. (4559) FLOW STABILITY AND HEAD LOSS IN BRANCHED TUBES. (73) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING WATER.

(*) State of Illinois, Department of Public (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Welfare, Galesburg State Research Hospital, Department of the Navy. Galesburg, Illinois. (c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of (c) Prof. M. E. Clark, 123 Talbot Laboratory, Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and ap- Basic research; experimental. plied research. (3 In conjunction with a model study of the (e) Instruments, primarily electrical in operation, Circle of Willis — the arterial distribution are being developed to measure the character- system for the brain--a need was felt for a istics of turbulent flow over a wide range of better understanding of the stability of laboratory and field conditions. Both sensing viscous flows through certain types of junctions and computing elements are Involved. as well as the amount of head loss which occurs. (g) Commercial pressure transducers have been A series of bifurcations and fusions of rigid, used with adapters to measure instantaneous circular tubes are being studied to gain this values of total and local pressures at a understanding point in a flow field. Modifications using (f) Investigation in process. hot-wire elements to measure pressure-velocity correlations are also under study.

(7 9) CAVITATION IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, State Univ. of Iowa. (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy. (66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED. (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (b) Cooperative with Department of Agriculture, (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research U. S. Geological Survey. and graduate theses. (c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics (e) Basic information is sought on cavitation and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, for systematically varied boundary condi- Iowa City, Iowa. tions. Studies of cavitation in Jets and (d) Field investigation; applied research, and behind disks and plates are being continued. M. S. theses. (h) "Cavitation and Pressure Fluctuation Behind (e) Study being made of relation between rain- a Bluff Body With and Without a Trailing fall and runoff over a small area. Dis- Splitter Plate," by Arthur D. Newsham, M.S. charge from a 3-square-mile area measured thesis, State University of Iowa, February by U. S. G. S.; rainfall records at five 1963. (Available on loan.). automatic recording stations collected by Agricultural Research Service. Continuous (81) MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE DISTRI- records since 1924 of precipitation, runoff, BUTION. groundwater levels, and vegetal cover. (g) Yearly records available for examination at (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research and Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the (h) Reports prepared annually since 1924 avail- Navy. able in files at the Iowa Institute of (c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of

37 . . . .

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. of Iowa, June 1962. (Available on loan.). Id) Applied research. (e) Pressure and velocity distributions on a (2328) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS. series of 30 bodies of revolution, In axial, transverse, and rotational motion are being (b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey, analyzed. Dept. of the Interior. (f) Phase described In (e) completed. (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic (g) Computer program for obtaining flow patterns Research, Iowa City, Iowa. developed. Report near completion. (d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral (h) "Potential Flow About a Family of Bodies of dissertation. Revolution," by L. Landweber and Matilde (e) Primary purpose is to determine the effect Macagno. Final report on Contract N600 of different concentrations of roughness (167)55727 (x) to the David Taylor Model Basin elements on open-channel resistance. Tests December 1961. have been conducted in two flumes, 30 feet and 85 feet, in both the subcrltical and (1875) CHARACTERISTICS OF STABLE EDDIES. supercritical regimes using both a cubical roughness element and a natural sand-grain (b) Laboratory project, partially supported by element varying systematically from minimum Office of Naval Research, Department of the to maximum concentration. The correlation Navy and U. S. Army Research Office (Durham). between free-surface instability, increased (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hy- channel resistance, and the presence of roll draulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. waves has also been studied. Apparatus is (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research. now being devised for measuring drag on (e) Distributions of velocity, pressure, and individual elements. turbulence are being investigated throughout the vicinity of separation zones produced by (2541 DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN abrupt changes in flow section, to the end ANALYZING APERIODIC SIGNALS. of establishing the primary eddy characteristics as functions of the boundary geometry. (b Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, (g) Studies are being conducted on flow in the Department of the Navy. wake of a circular disk and in axlsymmetrlc (c Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of conduit expansions. Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (h) "Flow Characteristics at Abrupt Axlsymmetrlc Experimental; applied research. Expansions," by Mahesh C. Chaturvedi, Ph.D. a The purpose Is to improve the analysis of dissertation, State University of Iowa, turbulent velocity and pressure fluctuations, August 1962. (Available on loan.) especially where long-period fluctuations are significant (2091) RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY. (g Such basic computing elements as operational amplifiers, integrators, and function genera- (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research tors are combined to perform all the neces- and David Taylor Model Basin, Department of sary statistical operations. the Navy. (c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hy- (2792 THE DECAY OF TURBULENCE IN A ZERO -MOMENTUM draulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. WAKE. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (e) To determine the laws governing the forces, (b Cooperative with the Office of Naval Research, moments, and motions of ships in smooth and Department of the Navy. disturbed seas, in order to furnish design (c Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of data to the naval architect. Work is under Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. way on the following problems: (1) Wave Primarily experimental; basic research. damping of a series of rolling (Ursell) Powered models of a strut-mounted propeller cylinders, (2) resolution of viscous and and a merchant vessel are driven in a wave drag by means of measurements in the towing basin, and the wake is investigated wake of a ship, (3) effect of a free surface with a PItot rake and a hot-wire anemometer. on separation, (4) treatment of vibration Measurements of turbulent velocities are being of spheroids and shiplike forms on the basis made to supplement the mean-velocity data of a unified theory of hydroelasticity, and already at hand (5) image of a source in a prolate spheroid, (h) Experimental Investigation of Ursell' s Theory (2795 PREDICTION OF RUNOFF FREQUENCY FROM PRECIPI- of Wavemaking by a Rolling Cylinder," by W. TATION AND INFILTRATION FREQUENCIES. C. McLeod and Tsuying Hsleh, submitted for publication to Schif f stechnik. Laboratory project. "Drag Coefficients of Flat Plates Oscillating Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics and Normally to their Planes," by M. Ridjanovic, Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa Schiff stechnik, Bd. 9, Heft 45, 1962. City, Iowa. "Separation of Viscous from Wave Drag of Ship Statistical. Forms," by Jin Wu, Journal of Ship Research, Exploration of possibility of estimating June 1962. frequencies of rare floods based on combina- "The Viscous Drag of Submerged and Floating tion of observed frequencies of precipi- Bodies," by L. Landweber and Jin Wu, IIHR tation and infiltration. Report, March 1962. f Completed. "Image System in an Ellipse due to an g Good correlation for small and medium-sized External Source," by Matilde Macagno, IIHR but not for large watershed. Report, July 1962. (h "Prediction of Runoff Frequency Based on Precipitation and Infiltration Frequencies," (2324) ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERNS FOR SHARP -CRESTED by Srinivasan Mukundan, M. S. thesis, State WEIRS. University of Iowa, February 1963. (Avail-

able on loan. ) (b) Laboratory project, partially supported by National Science Foundation. (3068 DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC FORCES ON FLASH- (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic BOARDS. Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (d) Analytical; basic research for doctor's Laboratory project. degree \l Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics (e) Determination of streamline configuration and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, through use of digital computer for various Iowa City, Iowa. relative heights of weir. Experimental; for M. S. thesis. (h) "Irrotatlonal Flow Over Weirs, "by Theodor S. 8 Measurement of dynamic moment exerted by Strelkoff, Ph.D. dissertation, State Univ. water flowing over flashboard.

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(f) First phase completed; investigation con- (h) Partial results in "A Study of Sediment in tinuing. Suspension," by Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Hau- (g) A parameter involving turning moment on Wong Ho, and Surya Rao Singamsetti, Internat. flashboard related to head- and tail-water Assoc. of Scientific Hydrology, Symposium of levels for typical OG spillway crest. Bari, Pub. No. 59, p. 293-310, 1962. (h) "Overturning Moments on a Flashboard Mounted on a Parabolic Spillway Crest," by Alberto (3738) SEDIMENT DIFFUSION. Lizarralde, M.S. thesis, State University of Iowa, February 1962. (Available on loan.). (b) Laboratory project partially supported by a grant from Gulf Research and Development Co. (3074) WAKE OF ZERO MOMENTUM FLUX. (o) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, IowaCity, Iowa. (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Experimental; Ph. D. dissertation. Department of the Navy. I To determine the sediment-diffusion character- (c) Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of istics for small concentrations of particles Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. in a submerged Jet of water. (d) Experimental; basic research. (h) "Exploratory Study of Sediment Diffusion," (e) Distribution of velocity, mean and turbulent, by Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Trans. Amer. and of pressure is being measured in the Geophys. Union, Vol. 67, No. 4, p. 1421 - field of flow past a bluff, axisymmetric 1433, 1962. body with a centrally located jet for the "A Study of Sediment in Suspension, "by Lucien particular condition of zero momentum flux. M. Brush, Jr., Hau-Wong Ho, and Surya Rao (h) "Preliminary Studies of the Wake of a Body Singamsetti, Internat. Assoc. of Scientific with Zero Difference of Momentum Flux," by Hydrology, Symposium of Bari, Pub. No. 59, Horacio Alberto Caruso, M.S. thesis, State p. 293 - 310, 1962. Univ. of Iowa, August 1962. (Available on

loan. ) (3739) EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON THE MECHANICS OF FLUIDS.

(3428) MECHANICS OF BANK SEEPAGE IN NATURAL STREAMS National Science Foundation. DURING FLOOD FLOWS. Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City Iowa. Laboratory project. (e) Six 20-mlnute sound films in color are Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and planned to cover following material: (1) An Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa introduction to the subject, stressing its City, Iowa. great breadth of coverage, the necessarily (d) Field investigation; basic research for close tie between theory and experiment, the Ph. D. thesis. role of the scale model in engineering (e) Observations taken on transverse profile of analysis and design, and methods of flow ground-water levels during rise and recession measurement in laboratory and field. (2) of hydrographs. Sections on Missouri, The source and significance of the funda- Des Moines, Boone, Iowa, and English Rivers, mental principles of continuity, momentum, Clear Creek and Rapid Creek. Permeability and energy, and their application to typical tests made by pumping wells. problems in many professional fields. (3) (g) Early results indicate substantial flow into Gravitational phenomena, including Jets, banks during period of rise, thus showing nappes, channel transitions, waves, surges, a negative groundwater contribution to the and effects of density stratification. (4) flow in this period. Effects of viscosity, examples of laminar flow, characteristics of fluid turbulence, (3429) JET WITH TRANSVERSE PRESSURE GRADIENT. and problems of surface resistance. (5) Form drag and lift, and their application (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, to propulsion and fluid machinery. (6) Com- Department of the Navy. pressibility effects - water hammer, subma- (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic rine signaling, gravity-wave and sound-wave Research, Iowa City, Iowa. analogies, and supersonic drag. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- (g) First two films of series, "Introduction to search. the Study of Fluid Motion" and "Fundamental (e) In order to better understand the effect of Principles of Flow" now available from Bureau Jet mixing on an annular Jet, the diffusion of Audio-Visual Instruction, Extension Div., of a two-dimensional Jet directed against a State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Third flat plate in the presence of a transverse film, "Flow in a Gravitational Field," In pressure gradient has been studied. preparation. (h) "Patterns of Flow Under a Two-DImensional Gem," by Ben-Chle Yen, Report to Office of (3740) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLUIDS UNDER CONDITIONS OF Naval Research, January 1962. RAPID ACCELERATION.

(3431) SEDIMENT SORTING. Rock Island Arsenal, U. S. Army. IX! Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of (b) Partially supported by National Science Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Foundation Theoretical and experimental; basic research. (c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of Analytical techniques which are applicable Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. to systems involving rapid acceleration of Experimental; basic research, fluids through constructions or of solids id)e) To determine the effect of various particle- through fluids. Results will be expressed size distributions with the same means but as lumped-constant parameters similar to different standard deviations on (1) total- those used for steady-flow phenomena. load and suspended-load transportation, (2) (g) A complete description of the behavior of bed configuration, and (3) size distribution an orifice in unsteady flow requires terms of the total load. representing convective acceleration, virtual mass, and a residual which is as yet (3432) ACCELERATED MOTION OF A SPHERE FALLING IN AN unexplained. OSCILLATING FLUID. (h) "An Approximation for the Motion of a Compressible Liquid," by E. 0. Macagno and (b) Laboratory project. H. W. Ho, Report to Rock Island Arsenal under (c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of contract No. DA-11070-508 0RD-988. Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. "Interpretation of Data and Response of (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research Probes In Unsteady Flow," by Philip G. Hubbard, and Ph. D. dissertation. Symposium on Measurement in Unsteady Flow (e) To determine accelerated motion of a sphere A.S.M.E., May 21 - 23, 1962. falling in an oscillating fluid.

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(4145) INTERFACIAL EFFECTS IN FLUID FLOW WITH Laboratory project. DENSITY STRATIFICATION. Dr. Don Klrkham, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University. w Cooperative with U. S. Army Research Office (d) Theoretical and applied research; Doctor's (Durham) thesis. (c) Dr. Enzo 0. Macagno, Iowa Institute of Hy- (e) Theoretical work done on the movement of draulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. ground water in soil, particularly in the (d) Experimental; basic research and graduate saturated phase continues. Work in the theses. unsaturated phase, using the mass spectro- (e) On stability of two-layered flow and sub- meter with deuterium as a tracer was consequent mixing. Effect of thickness of cluded and the observations are being pre- lnterlayer on stability. Effect of strati- pared for publication. Mr. John C. Corey fication on turbulence propagation. Role of Is continuing Isotope work on water move- lnterfaclal shear In stable stratified flow. ment in the unsaturated state (misclble Apparatus is now ready for study of stability displacement) In cooperation with the Iowa and mixing of two layers flowing in the same State University Institute for Atomic direction. Research. (h) "Deuterium and the Self-Diffusion Coefficient EFFECT OF GATE LIP SHAPE UPON DOWNPULL. of Soil Moisture," by R. J. Kunze and Don

Klrkham, Soil Sci. Soc . Amer. Proc, Vol. Laboratory project. 25: 9-12. J.961 (Joint research with Inst, Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of for Atomic Research) Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. "An Upper Limit for the Height of the Water Experimental; applied, for M. S. thesis. Table in Drainage Design Formulas," by Don Pressure distribution under high-pressure Klrkham, Proc. Int. Soil Scl. Soc, Seventh gates is being measured for various lip Congress, Madison, Wisconsin August, 1960. shapes. Coefficients are to be established Commission VI, Vol. 1, pp 486 - 492, 1961. for the analysis of vertical forces acting "Diffusion Equation Calculations of Field upon the gate. Soil Water Infiltration Profiles," by D. R. Nielsen, Don Klrkham and W. R. Van Wijk. RESISTANCE OF CYLINDRICAL PIERS IN SUPER- Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, 25: 165-168. CRITICAL FLOW. 1961. Project 998. "Graphical Solution and Interpretation of a Laboratory project. new Drain-Spacing Formula," by S. Toksoz and Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Don Klrkham. Jour. Geophys. Res., 66: Research, Iowa City, Iowa. 509-515. February 1961. Experimental, M. S. thesis. "Isotopes Methods and Uses in Soil Physics Drag is studied as function of Froude number, Research," by Don Klrkham and R. J. Kunze. relative depth, and relative spacing of Advances In Agronomy. Vol. 14, pp. 325-358, piers. 1962. "The Resistance of Piers in High-Velocity "Simplified Accounting for Membrane Impedance Flow," by Tsu-ying Hsieh, M.S. thesis, State in Capillary Conductivity Determinations," University of Iowa, August 1962. (Available by R. J. Kunze and Don Klrkham, Soil Scl.

on loan ) Soc. Amer. Proc, 26:421-426. 1962.

MEAN-FLOW AND TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF ;4592) MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM WASTE RECHARGE RIVER BENDS. INSTALLATIONS.

Supported by the National Science Foundation. (°) U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute Welfare, Public Health Service, National of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Institute of Health. Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. dis- (c) Dr. Don Klrkham, Department of Agronomy, sertation and M.S. thesis. Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa. To determine the mean-flow and turbulence (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic characteristics of flow In a model river bend. and applied research; master's and doctor's Pressure, velocity, and shear stress measure- thesis. ments are to be made in the curved channel (e) The purpose of this project is to discover for smooth, rough, and movable beds. laws which predict, from the geometry of the waste recharge installation, and from DRAG OF SUPERCAVTTATING BODIES OF REVOLUTION. the physical properties of the soil about it, how fast, and how far at certain times, water Bureau of Ships, Office of Naval Research. will move from the installation. This will Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of be accomplished by (1) obtaining empirical Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. laws governing seepage of water from an Theoretical; applied research. idealized scaled model (2) testing by full- Method of computing pressure distributions scale field experiments to see if the on supercavitating bodies of revolution being empirical laws found in (l) above need to be developed. Equipment for measuring drag modified when applied to field conditions, being prepared. and (3) formulating rational relations between Computer program for a proposed method of the water movement, the geometry of the computing pressure distributions has been system and the soil conditions, by setting prepared. up and solving the appropriate seepage differential equations and checking the result HEAD LOSS IN TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL AT 90 DEGREE against the experimental data from (1) and BEND AS FUNCTION OF BEND WIDTH. (2) above. (g) Data for the first year is being compiled. Laboratory project. Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural Experimental; for M.S. thesis. Engineering. Determination of degree of widening required at bend to produce minimum head loss. Inquiries concerning the following projects should be addressed to Dr. H. P. Johnson, Department of Agri- cultural Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy. (2330) DEPTH, SPACING AND HYDRAULICS OF TILE DRAINS. (307 9) MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOILS.

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(b) Laboratory project. Hanson, Master's Thesis, Iowa State Univ., (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic 1962. and applied research; master's and doctor's thesis. (e) Analytical and experimental approach is being studied to determine depth and spacing of THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Applied Physics Lab. tiled drains by analyzing soil characteristics and geometry of systems. Work is (2335) APPLICATION OF SWITCHING TECHNIQUES TO cooperative with Dr. Kirkharn, Soil Physics HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS. Department of Agronomy. Studies of the relationship of hydrologic and applied bl Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy, hydraulic problems of field tile systems i d) Theoretical and experimental; applied de- being made. velopment and design, (g) Further studies of unsteady flow through (e) Study the dynamic qualities of an acceler- porous media by the use of models are being ation switching hydraulic servomechanism conducted in the Department of Agronomy under while operating in a closed loop under the the direction of Dr. Kirkharn. presence of various loads and environmental (h) "Unsteady- state Drainage of Fluid from a conditions on the transfer valve, actuator Vertical Column of Porous Material," by and feedback transducer. J. T. Ligon, H. P. Johnson, and Don Kirkharn. (g) The operation of a broad bandpass servo- Submitted for publication. mechanism driving a low resonant frequency "Glass Bead Glycerol Model for Studying the linkage has resulted in radial design compro- Falling Water Table Between Open Ditch mises to prevent instability. Extension of Drains," by J. T. Ligon, H. P. Johnson and acceleration switching techniques without Don Kirkharn. Submitted for publication to any mechanical modifications has permitted Agricultural Engineering Journal. closed loop operation with bandpasses equal to or exceeding the linkage characteristics. (2331) SURFACE RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS. (h) "Design of a Hydraulic Servo with Improved Bandpass Characteristics When Driving a To) Laboratory project. Resonant Mechanical Load," APL/JHU CM-962, d) Theoretical; applied research; doctoral by W. Seamone. thesis. (e) A study designed to obtain frequencies of (3207) ACCELERATION SWITCHING HYDRAULIC SERVO- runoff for different soils, moisture condi- MECHANISMS UNDER EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL tions and cover has been completed. The ele- CONDITIONS. ments of point rainfall intensity, infiltration rates, and the unit hydrograph are b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy, being integrated in such a form that most d) Experimental; applied development and de- of the work involved in finding the frequen- sign. cies of flow can be completed with a computer. (e) Extend to regions of extreme high tempera- g) Completed. ture a servomechanism capable of high per- h) "Derivation of Hydrographs for Small Water- formance and horsepower (up to 10 H.P.). sheds from Measurable Physical Character- The servo valve, actuator and feedback istics," by D. M. Gray, Research Bulletin transducer must operate under environmental 506, Agricultural and Home Economics Experi- extremes while the electronic circuitry is ment Station, Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa, maintained in a protected area. 1962. (g) Tests have been conducted on hydraulic servo "Hydrograph Development for Agricultural components under steady state temperature Watersheds Based on Point Rainfall Records," conditions of 700 degrees F ambient and by D. B. Palmer, Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State 500 degrees F oil temperature. Thermal Univ., November 1962. shock temperature tests have been conducted on servo packages to 400 degrees F to study (2333) IMPROVEMENT OF SURFACE DRAINS WITH TILE transient temperatures. BLIND INLETS. (h) "Hydraulic (Acceleration Switching) Servo Dynamic Performance Under Extreme High (b) Laboratory project. Temperature Environment," APL/JHU CF-2737, (d) Field investigation; design. by W. Seamone and K. Duning. (e) Field study is being continued to determine "APL/JHU High Temperature Test Laboratory," the effect of different tile backfill ma- APL/JHU CF-2837, by M. Shandor. terial on the flow of water into the tile drains. (3435) HYDRAULIC SUPPLY LINE CHARACTERISTICS. (h) "Field Evaluation of Flow Through Blind Inlets," by D. B. Palmer and H. P. Johnson, (b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy. Transactions of ASAE, 5:58-60,61. 1962. Id) Theoretical; experimental, (e) High performance hydraulic servomechanisms (2334) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS, can excite the pressure and return lines into pressure oscillation. Establishment b) Laboratory project. of the physical relationship which could d) Field Investigation; applied research; cause pressure oscillation as well as per- design. formance deterioration in the servo valve (e) Measurements of rainfall and surface runoff performance is. being Investigated.

being made on seven agricultural watersheds. f ) Continuing low priority research study. Gaging of six small agricultural watersheds g) The switching activity of an acceleration with uniform cropping to be initiated in 1963. switching hydraulic servomechanism was noted to create pressure oscillation under speci- (4150) COMPARISON OF SYNTHETIC UNIT GRAPH METHODS. fied conditions in length of supply lines. Analysis and experiments have shown that b) Laboratory project. pressure oscillations occur when the acoustic

i d) Experimental, applied research; master's frequency of the hydraulic fluid column is thesis in specific relationship to that of the (e) Three synthetic unit graph methods developed switching frequency. Where line length for application to small watersheds are changes cannot be used, methods of detuning being compared with actual unit graphs from the supply lines by volume chamber or given watersheds. The effect of duration acoustic filter is developed. of storm, and distribution of rainfall with time on the storm hydrograph is being (3436) ADAPTIVE ELECTRO HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISMS. studied. (h) "Comparison of Synthetic Storm Hydrographs b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy, for Selected Rainfall Patterns," by T. L d) Theoretical and experimental.

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(e) Techniques have been developed for designing (b) Federal Housing Administration. linear servomechanlsms with a limit cycle (d) Field investigation; applied research and Instability about a relay type non-linearity. design. The closed loop characteristics of this (e) This project is directed toward obtaining servomechanlsm becomes invariant to any pure data on maximum hourly demands and water use gain changes occurring in the linear elements. patterns in residential areas having varying This servomechanlsm, categorized as a self- populations and located in various climatic oscillating control servomechanlsm, ap- regions throughout the country. It also is peared to be an evolutionary improvement over directed toward obtaining Information on the the acceleration switching hydraulic servo- effect of lawn sprinkling and other large mechanism. water uses on maximum demands. The purpose (g) A self -oscillating rate servomechanlsm has of the project is to obtain a rational deslga been operated with the loop closed around criteria for water distribution systems, to the valve spool position. Predictable self- provide a basis for evaluating water rate oscillation frequency was achieved and dy- structures and a basis for improving system namic performance bandpass was independent operation of hydraulic supply pressure between 500 (g) Peak demands in residential areas can be and 2000 psi. The bandpass of both servo- described mathematically based upon sta- mechanisms exceeded 60 cycles per second tistical evaluation of field data. Peak with the latter operating a complex me- demands can be determined by segregating chanical load system. residential water use into (1) domestic or short duration uses and (2) lawn sprinkling or long duration uses. The average consumption and the rate of sprinkling per THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Department of Sanitary residence increases according to size of lot. Engineering and Water Resources, School of Engrg. The probability of occurrence of sprinkling demands varies with the season and climate Inquiries concerning the following projects should and the time of day; while the probability be addressed to Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman, Dept. of occurrence of domestic use varies with of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources, The the number of persons per home and the time Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 18, Maryland. of day. The characteristics of the total demand on a distribution system serving (856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN residential areas have been tentatively AREAS. established. Correlation of residential demands with sewage flows, and seasonal and (b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, Maryland climactic factors is the subject of con- State Roads Commission, and the U. S. Bureau tinuing investigation. The data on water of Public Roads. demands of commercial establishments as- (d) Field investigation; basic research and de- sociated with residential areas shows that sign. peak commercial uses frequently are not (e) Study of rainfall and runoff relationships imposed on sprinkling demands and conse- as affected by various drainage area parame- quently are situated favorably on the hydro- ters. At present, runoff from 6 urban graph of peak daily demands. areas ranging in size from 10 to 150 acres are gaged, 5 by stage instruments and 3 by (3438) RESIDENTIAL SEWERAGE RESEARCH PROJECT. Parshall Flumes. Three recording systems which simultaneously record rainfall and (b) Federal Housing Administration. runoff from 12 inlet areas provide good (d) Field investigation; operation and design. opportunity for detailed study. About 10 (e) Examination of adequacy and utility of resi- years of rainfall records now exist for a dential sewerage system design criteria. network of 12 recording gages covering an Determination of the effects of parameters area of 50 square miles. of design, construction, loading, and natu- (g) A study of the Baltimore rainfall data for ral phenomena on operation of sewerage the period 1894-1955 shows: (l) The critical systems. Research includes analysis and storm in the Baltimore area is the summer study of representative sewerage systems type cloud burst. About two-thirds of the throughout the country. storms - greater than 2 year frequency occur (g) Sewage flow records presently being compiled in the months of July and August. Winter from four representative residential areas. storms are not important for design purposes. The minimum duration of flow study in each 2) The maximum average rainfall rate area is one year. Operation and maintenance

i for durations up to 60 minutes) generally investigation will provide correlations of occurs at the beginning of the storm. (3; cause and frequency of sewer stoppages with Rainfall Intensities (during 15, 30, and 60 sewer slope, length of lateral behind minute durations) for frequencies greater stoppage, size of pipe, type of Joint materi- than 2 years are not uniform. Difference al, frequency of cleaning; and maintenance between maximum intensity and average and operating costs of lift stations. intensity over the duration range from 30 (h) Residential Sewerage Research Project Progress percent (for the 15 minute duration! to 75 Reports 1, 2, 3, 4. Sewer Stoppage Experi- percent (for the 60 minute duration). In- ence, Springfield, Missouri, 1956-1960. tensities greater than those indicated by Sewer Stoppage Experience, Bradenton, Florida, rainfall frequency curves occur during more 1960-61. Sewer Stoppage Experience, than half the period of the 15, 30 and 60 Baltimore County, Maryland, 1959-61. minute durations studied. Consequently the design storm assumed in the Rational Method is unrealistic. (4) Gagings made by this project and by the Corps of Engineers indi- UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, Dept. of Mechanics and Aero- cate that where a check on the Rational space Engineering. Method is possible, the Rational Method produces inconsistent results. Further Inquiries concerning the following projects should analyses are continuing. be addressed to Dr. Y. S. Yu, Dept of Mechanics and (h) "Progress Report on the Storm Drainage Aerospace Engineering, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Research Project, June 1962," by John C. Kansas. Schaake, Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources, The Johns Hopkins Univ., (3081) DIFFUSION OF A JET FORMED AT AN ABRUPT Baltimore 18, Md. A limited number of copies ENLARGEMENT IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW. are available on request. (b) Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris, Tenn. (3437) RESIDENTIAL WATER USE RESEARCH PROJECT. (d) Experimental; basic research. (e) Formation of two-dimensional vortices in

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flow behind a vertical gate has been studied. slopes and depths which occur on highways The purpose is to analyze the effect of or airstrips, the flow is quasi-steady and forced oscillations of the gate on vortex effectively uniform. The computed runoff formation and depth hydrographs agree satisfactorily f) Terminated. with the measurements, g) A gate oscillating in a plane normal to flow (h) "Runoff from Impervious Surfaces," by Y. 3. through a conduit generates stable vortices Yu and John S. McNown, Progress Report, which form periodically at a frequency May, 1962. Final report in preparation. equal to that of the oscillating gate. These regular vortices were not present (4151) SEPARATION OF FLOW AT INTERIOR CORNERS. unless the Strouhal number of the gate motion is greater than about 1/2. For lower (b) Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wis. Strouhal number, vortices occur irregularly (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. and at an average frequency higher than that (e) The geometric characteristics of two-di- for the gate. mensional zones of separation at interior (h) "A Study of Plow through Abrupt Two-Dimen- corners between two plane boundaries are sional Expansions, Progress Report IV-- being investigated. Experiments will span Effect of Gate Oscillation," by Svein the range from laminar to fully turbulent Vigander, Studies in Engineering Mechanics, flows. Report No. 15, June, 1962. (g) Experiments on the separation of turbulent boundary-layer flow at interior corners show (3742) DIVERSION OF FLOW WITH SUCTION APPLIED TO that zone of separation decreases in size SLOTS BENEATH A SHALLOW STREAM HAVING A with increasing Reynolds number, decreasing FREE SURFACE. contraction ratio, and decreasing angle of the corner. (b) Kimberly-Clark Corporation and the Dept. of (h) "Separation of Flow at Interior Corners," Mech. and Aero. Engrg. by Karl G. Maurer, Studies in Engineering (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research; Mechanics, Report No. 14, the University of also master's thesis. Kansas, June 1962. (e) Experimental verification of a momentum analysis for the drainage into an inclined (4152) ROUGHNESS OF TURBULENT JETS. slot with resistance imposed by a moving screen is sought. (b) Laboratory project. f) Terminated. (d) Experimental, basic research.

1 g) A one-dimensional analysis for withdrawal (e) The surface configuration of liquid jets of part of a shallow, high-speed flow through formed from fully turbulent flow discharging a wire screen into a single slot with suction freely from pipes into air is studied. underneath has been made. The discharge (g) A method has been developed for measuring coefficient of flow into the slot depends on the continuous variation of the interface

the geometry of the slot, the suction of air and a turbulent water jet . The rms- pressure, and the resistance of the wire value of the height of variation of the screen. interface at a fixed station and its (h) "A Study of the Dynamics of Flow through frequency distribution were measured. The Suction-Box Covers," by William H. Y. Lee, results are presented on the basis of three Studies in Engineering Mechanics, Report dimensionless parameters. No. 11, February, 1962. (h) "Measurement of the Roughness of Free Turbu- lent Jets of Water," by F. R. Swanson, M. S. (3743) STUDY OF THE MECHANICS OF DIVIDED FLOW, Thesis, the University of Kansas, September, 1962. (b) National Science Foundation. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. (4153) INTERACTION OF A FIXED, VERTICAL WALL WITH (e) A study of the instability of flow at A TRAIN OF SURFACE WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER. branches of a manifold and of flow into a slot in a plane wall of a semi-infinite flow. b) Laboratory project.

(g) The pressure pulsations originated at the i d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research branch of flow into symmetrical laterals of for M.S. thesis, circular and rectangular sections were (e) The reflection and transmission of surface measured for different flow conditions. waves in the presence of a fixed barrier in Experiments in rectangular duct show that shallow water Is studied, large vortices are formed due to separation (h) "Surface Waves in the Presence of A Vertical of flow from the front and the back walls Barrier in Shallow Water; Theory and Experi- of the main duct. The vortices are unstable ments," by S. M. Tan, M. S. Thesis, the and cause pulsation of local pressure near University of Kansas, August, 1962. the branch. A free-streamline analysis is made for flow into a slot. (4641) HYDRODYNAMIC STABILITY OF FLOW BETWEEN TWO (h) "A Study of Pressure Pulsations and Mass- CONCENTRIC ROTATING CYLINDERS. Flow Fluctuations in Flow through Symmetri- cal Laterals," by John V. Otts, M. S. Thesis, it) Laboratory project. the University of Kansas, June 1962. (d) Theoretical; basic research for M. S. thesis. "Characteristics of Flow at Division into (e) Mathematical solution of Taylor's problem for Symmetrical Laterals," by Carl T. Herakovich, finite radii of the concentric cylinders is M. S. Thesis, the University of Kansas, sought June, 1962. (4642) ON POTENTIAL FLOW PROBLEMS WITH FREE STREAM- (3745) BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OVERLAND FLOW. LINES.

(b) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of (b) Laboratory project. Engineers, U. S. Dept. of the Army. (d) Theoretical; basic research for M. S. thesis. d) Theoretical; basic research. (e) A synthetic study on methods of solution of

i e) Data from experiments made by the Los potential flow problems with free stream- Angeles District, Corps of Engineers, on the lines. controlled surface runoff due to rainfall on

an impervious plane slope are analyzed . The (4643) MECHANICS OF BLOOD FLOW. objective is to provide an improved method for estimating overland flow In the drainage (b) Laboratory project financed by the NASA of airfield and expressways. grant to the University of Kansas. (g) Runoff of rain falling on an impervious d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. surface can be predicted by means of numeri- i e ) A study of flow problems pertaining to blood cal computations. For the usually small circulating in a vascular system.

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LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering. bridge abutments. (f) Phases (a), (b) and (c) completed; phase (d) Inquiries concerning the following projects and re- active quests for reprints and technical reports should be (g) Preliminary investigation Indicates that a addressed to Prof. J. B. Herblch, Chairman, Hy- properly designed spur dike can produce a draulics Dlv., Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Lehigh fairly uniform velocity distribution between University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. the abutments.

(2543) STUDY OF CONDUIT EXIT PORTALS. (3441) STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND PROTOTYPE 270 DEGREE BENDS FOR FLOW OF Laboratory Project. SILT-CLAY-WATER MIXTURES. Experimental: M. S. Thesis. 13 General pressure-distribution study com- Laboratory project. pleted. M. S. Thesis. (g) Tests of square and circular conduit with Four-, six-, and eight-Inch diameter 90 free-jet, horizontal apron, and three dif- degree elbows assembled to form 270 degree ferent wall flares, have been completed. bends. Head loss measurements obtained for various flows and concentrations of sllt- (3084) STUDY ON IMPROVING DESIGN OF A HOPPER clay-water mixtures. Prediction equations DREDGE PUMP. have been Investigated. Completed. (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., SI No evidence of appreciable scale effect Marine Division, Philadelphia, Corps of observed Engineers Applied and Basic Research. (3442) SUGGESTED DESIGN CHANGES FOR A CENTRIFUGAL (!) The immediate purpose of the study is to PUMP IMPELLER HANDLING DREDGED MUD. improve design of a hopper dredge centrifugal pump for pumping silt-clay water mixtures. Research report requirement of master's The long-term objective is to determine the degree effect of Bingham Body-type of fluid on Theoretical. pumping characteristics. The project has Design changes in centrifugal pump impeller been divided Into four phases: (1) Model for handling mud are suggested on basis of test of existing dredge pump; (2) recom- past research and theoretical considerations. mendations for design changes of the dredge (f) Completed. pump; (3) model investigation of the modified design of the dredge pump; and (4) (3746) ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERN IN VOLUTE OF A analysis of the investigation and final CENTRIFUGAL PUMP. recommendations. Phase 1 involved installation in the hydraulic laboratory of a 1:8 0>) Research report requirement of master's scale model of the dredge pump now used on degree. District Engineer, U. S. Army the U.S. Corps of Engineers dredge ESSAYONS. Engineer District, Marine Division, Phila. Water as well as silt-clay-water mixtures Corps of Engineers. (Bingham Body-type of fluid) were pumped and Experimental complete characteristics of the pump ob- High-speed movies of flow taken through a tained for capacity of 0 to 1200 gallons per transparent plexiglas volute casing were minute, speed of 1150 to 1900 revolutions analyzed. Velocity distribution as well as per minute, and liquid concentrations of distribution of the exit angle between the 1000 and 1380 grams per liter. Phases 2 and Impeller vanes as fluid leaves the impeller 3 involve modifications In the shape of vane were determined. and changes in the exit vane angle of the Completed. impeller. Experimental tests indicate con- si "Modifications in Design Improve Dredge Pump siderable Improvement in pump efficiency. Efficiency," by John B. Herblch, Fritz Lab. Analysis of the experimental data resulted Report No. 277.35, Sept. 1962, 146 pages. In recommendations for changes in pump design. (3747) FRICTION HEAD LOSSES IN CIRCULAR PIPES FOR A 1, 2, 3 and 4 completed. BINGHAM-BODY FLUID. SI Considerable Improvement in pump efficiency has been achieved. Laboratory project. Experimental and theoretical. (3085) STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND The object of the study is the determination PROTOTYPE SPILLWAYS. of the pipe flow characteristics of slurries of various concentrations. The slurries do Laboratory project. not behave as fluids of constant viscosity Graduate students' project. so that It is not possible to use conventiona A 1:100 scale two-dimensional model built methods for prediction of head losses in of Chief Joseph Dam. Prototype crest pipes conveying them. Tests are being con- pressures compared with the data obtained ducted in 6-inch, 3-inch, and 2-lnch pipelin on the model with velocities from less than 1 fps to over Completed. 30 fps. Si Very good correlation obtained between the (f) Suspended. model and prototype. (4154) DREDGE PUMP DESIGN. (3086) INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA OF SPUR DIKES. National Bulk Carriers, Inc. Experimental (*) Modjeski and Masters, Consulting Engineers, The objective of the Investigation is to Harrisburg, Pa., Lehigh University Inst, of obtain the efficiency and head -capacity Research. curves, to check the effect of the reduced Analytical and experimental. vane exit angle, and to determine the ef- ft The project has been divided into four phases: ficiency of a model dredge pump while (a) Literature survey; (b) analytical study; pumping sllt-clay-water mixture of specific (c) experimental study In a fixed-bed model gravity equal to 1.17. The experimental to determine the desired lengths and shapes tests were carried out on a 1/8 model pump of spur dikes to provide uniform velocity of the National Bulk Carriers Hopper Dredge, distribution in the waterway between bridge S. S. Zulia. abutments; (d) experimental study in a Completed. movable-bed model to verify findings in Si Report in preparation. part c. A spur dike has been defined as a projection extending upstream from the (4155) WAVE RUN-UP ON COMPOSITE BEACHES. 44 ......

(d) Graduate students' project. Experimental, Completed. applied research for design. Equations for prediction of the rate of ad- (e) The main object of the study is to verify vance of the water front for eighteen inch existing equations for determining the furrows on 0.14 ft./lOO ft. slope were devel- height of wave run-up and obtain the limits oped for three soil types: of application of the equation for long beach berms. Soil Type Equation The study is conducted in a 67 ft. long, 2 ft. 1.264 -0.520 wide and 2 ft . deep wave channel equipped with Sandy Loam T = 0.098 D 3 pendulum-type wave generator and efficient ' 294 absorbers. Clay Loam T = 0.160 d1 j-0.549 (h) "A Study of the Effect of Horizontal Berm Variation on Wave Run-Up Upon A Composite Clay T = 0.600 D1 * 309 -,-1.167 Beach Slope," by J. B. Herbich, R. M. Sorensen and J. H. Willenbrock, Project where Report No. 35, Fritz Laboratory Project T = Time elapsed, minutes, Report No. 293.35, May 1962, 104 pages. D = Distance water front has advanced, feet, (4156) MULTIPLE DREDGE PUMP SYSTEMS. Q = Furrow stream inflow, gallons per minute National Bulk Carriers, Inc. Experimental and theoretical. The coefficients obtained for the three soil The study is conducted to determine the ef- types were developed from multiple regression fect on total production of dredge pumps analyses based on 268 observations with multi- with separate discharges and a combined ple correlation coefficients above 0.95 for discharge. The investigation is divided each experiment. The prediction forms are valid into two parts: (a) One pair of pumps is in the ranges 0 < D < 1000 ft., 0 < Q < 60 handling a mixture of water and solids, the gallons per minute. other is pumping only water. It is required (h) "Design of Furrow Irrigation for Sugar Cane", to determine what percentage of its normal James E. Wimberly, Paper No. 62-225, available output will the dredge pump passing the from American Society of Agricultural Engi- mixture attain. (b) If one of a pair of neers, St. Joseph, Michigan. dredge pumps, both handling water-solids mixtures, is revolving slower than the other (4489) SUBIRRIGATION WITH PERFORATED TUBES. one, how does the total discharge compare to the total if the discharges were not Laboratory project. combined? u Dr. Harry J. Braud, Jr., La. State University Completed. Agricultural Engineering Dept., Baton Rouge, 0 "Efficiency of Pumping and Piping Layout," Louisiana by Richard G. Warnock, John B. Herbich, Experimental; design and development. Project Report No. 37, Fritz Eng. Laboratory, The hydraulic behavior of small plastic Lehigh University, Fritz Lab. Report No. perforated tubes embedded in a soil medium for 294.1, October 1962, 46 pages. subirrigation is being investigated. Flow at low Reynolds number Is utilized. Observations (4644) STUDY OF THE GRAVITY WAVE REFLECTIONS FROM are made of combined tube friction loss, FLOATING RECTANGULAR BODIES. orifice head loss and hydrostatic pressures resisting discharge from the perforations. Research report requirement of master's Discharge rates from drilled holes and slits degree. are being studied. Experimental The object of the study is to determine the magnitude of wave reflections from rectangular floating bodies. Tests are being con- MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of ducted in a 67 -ft. long, 2 ft. -wide and Civil Engineering, Hydrodynamics Laboratory. 2 ft. -deep wave channel equipped with pendulum-type wave generator and efficient Requests for reprints and Technical Reports should absorbers. be addressed to Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Professor of (h) Report in preparation. Hydraulics, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass. (4645) EFFECT OF LENGTH AND SPACING OF SPUR DIKES. (307) MECHANICS OF STRATIFIED FLOW. Laboratory report Experimental and theoretical; M. S. Thesis. Tennessee Valley Authority. The object of the study is to determine the Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of effect of length and spacing of spur dikes Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. on the magnitude of scour in uniform flow. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and The experiments are conducted in a 10-ft. applied research. wide, 35-ft. long open channel with movable (e) General studies on characteristics of flows sand bed. Scour patterns are observed and in which vertical density gradients are analyzed. present. Present studies are concerned with (h) "Effect of Length and Spacing of Spur Dikes the performance of intake structures for on Scour," by D. R. Joshi, M. S. thesis, condensing water from the cool layer and Civil Engineering Department, Lehigh Univ., with the recirculation between the warm 1963. water outlet and the cool water intake. (g) Experimental and analytical studies have dealt with the limiting dimensions for skimmer walls to insure maximum performance LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE, with respect to withdrawals from the cool Agricultural Engineering Department water layer. It was also found that recirculation of cooling water is dependent (4157) FURROW IRRIGATION IN SUGAR CANE. on the design of the intake structures and can be held to a minimum by proper di- Laboratory project mensioning of these structures. The para- ft) Mr. James E. Wimberly, Agri. Engr. Dept., meters governing the design are defined for Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. general use. (d) Experimental; applied research, master's (h) "Control Structures in Stratified Flows," by thesis D. R. F. Harleman and Y. Goda, Hydrodynamics (e) A study of infiltration rates and furrow Laboratory Report No. 54, May 1962. sizes for soil types in the sugar cane area. "The Effect of Intake Design on Condenser

45 . .

Water Recirculation," by D. R. F. Harleman "Flow-Induced Vibration of Flat Plates - and J. M. Garrison, Hydrodynamics Lab. The Mechanism of Self -Excitation, " by P. S. Report No. 56, August 1962. Eagleson, J. W. Daily, and G. K. Noutsopoulos, Hydrodynamics Laboratory (1609) STUDY OF BEACH PROCESSES IN THE INSHORE AND Report No. 58, February 1963. FORESHORE ZONES. (3443) COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE COMPLETE (b) Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Army Corps of TRANSIENT PROBLEM IN A HYDRO-POWER PLANT. Engineers (c) Professor P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech. (b) U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Division, Cambridge 39, Mass. Missouri River. d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (c) Professor A. T. Ippen, Professor P. S. e) Study of the surface profile and internal Eagleson. kinematics of a shoaling oscillatory wave d) Theoretical, field tests; applied research. up to and beyond the breaker. e) Development of a digital computer program (g) The theoretical phase is seeking an ir- of general utility and proven validity for rotational description of finite amplitude performing design analyses involving the waves which yields mass transport and Is response of hydro-power plant systems to valid up to breaking on an impermeable load fluctuation. bottom of constant slope. The experimental (g) Assistance has been furnished the Corps of phase involves the measurement of wave Engineers in the planning and conduct of a profile and orbital velocities. An comprehensive field test of Garrison Power orbital velocity probe utilizing a therm- Plant and in the planning of similar tests istor as the sensing element has been at Oahe Power Plant. The tests involve developed. measurement of all pertinent mechanical, electrical, and hydraulic variables under (2801) INTERACTION OF WAVES WITH SUBMERGED AND conditions of acceptance, rejection and FLOATING BODIES. oscillation of load. Digital computer programs have been written for the problem of b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. surge tank stability and to yield the system c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech., behavior under load rejection. Cambridge 39, Mass. (h) "Stability of Restricted Orifice Surge Tanks d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. Studied by Digital Computer," by A. C.

i e) The purpose of the study is to determine Tedrow, Master's Thesis, MIT, September 1962. the wave reflecting and transmitting char- "Single Tee Loss Coefficients Applied to acteristics of different types of structures Double Surge Tanks With Restricted Orifices," suitable for application to floating or by G. E. Hecker, Master's Thesis, MIT, Sept. moored breakwaters 1962. (g) Two problems are currently under investigation (1) A study of the effect of a (3444) EFFECTS OF BASIN GEOMETRY AND VISCOUS gradual decrease of depth on a train of DAMPING ON THE AMPLITUDE OF RESONANT shallow water surface waves. Reflection and OSCILLATIONS IN HARBORS. transmission coefficients are being measured for various wave lengths and depths. Re- b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. sults are compared with existing theories. c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Energy losses due to separation at corners Cambridge 39, Mass. of the sloped bottom are believed to be d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. responsible for differences between theory e) Investigation of the response of a harbor and experiment. (2) A new type of sub- to waves incident on the harbor opening, merged breakwater consisting of an array of with open ocean conditions simulated in a open tubes with their axes parallel to the basin of finite size. direction of wave propagation is being (g) The characteristics of the response of a tested. Randomness of position and tube rectangular harbor in the vicinity of the length and total force on the array are lowest symmetrical resonant mode of oscil- being investigated in relation to the trans- lation are studied in a wave basin. The mission coefficient of the breakwater. problem is concerned with the modelling of (h) "The Effect of a Gradual Change of Depth on a prototype system in the laboratory with a Train of Surface Waves," by M. L. Gagnon respect to the correct periods of resonant and M. V. Bocco, Master's Thesis, MIT, June oscillations. A non-dlsslpative model systan 1962. consisting of a small rectangular harbor "Characteristics of an Open-Tube Wave directly connected to a larger wave basin Attenuation System," by A. W. Barnett, was studied first and theoretical and ex- Master's Thesis, MIT, June 1962. perimental solutions were obtained. The aspect of the coupling of harbor and wave (2802) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WAKE MECHANICS. basin was found extremely important and masked the true nature of resonance. Ex- (b) Office of Naval Research, David Taylor Model perimental Investigations are now in Basin, Dept. of the Navy. progress to determine the degree to which (c) Prof. J. W. Daily, Prof. P. S. Eagleson, wave absorbers and filters must be applied Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. in the wave basin to simulate proper harbor- (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research open ocean conditions. Quantitative eval- (doctoral theses). uation of the action of certain wave filters (e) A study of the effect of body geometry and was attained by theory and experiment in support stiffness on the relationship preliminary studies. between wake structure and flow-induced (h) "Wave-Induced Oscillations in Harbors: The body vibration. Problem of Coupling of Highly Reflective f) Inactive. Basins," by A. T. Ippen and F. Raichlen, 1 g) Flat plates are spring mounted in a water Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 49, May tunnel. Plate vibration and turbulent wake 1962. structure are measured. Moment coefficients "Wave-Induced Oscillations in Harbors: are obtained which define the nature of the Effect of Energy Dissipation in Coupled self -excitation experienced and allow Basin Systems," by A. T. Ippen, F. Raichlen, selection of system constants so that self- and R. K. Sullivan, Hydrodynamics Laboratory excitation may be avoided in design. Report No. 52, July 1962. (h) "The Effects of Trailing Edge Geometry and Chord Length on the Early Wake of Stationary (3748) DISPERSION IN POROUS '^DIAN AND WASTE WATER Flat Plates," by P. S. Eagleson, J. W. RECHARGE. Daily, and R. A. Grace, Hydrodynamics Lab. Report No. 51, April 1962. (b) National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public

46 .. . _

Health Service. for Inertia forces. Wave forces are (c) Professor D. R. F. Harleman, Professor N. H. expressed in terms of a Fourier series. Brooks, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Dynamic displacements of the structure are Mass computed by machine and checked by model (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research experiments for 32 cases. The ratios of (doctoral thesis). maximum theoretical to experimental dis- (e) An investigation into the mechanism and the placements vary from about 0.5 to 1.7. The degree of dispersion of dissolved substances largest waves were shown not necessarily in radial, confined flow through a porous the most critical for the structure. Instead medium at velocities greater than the the critical design wave is a function of linear, Darcy range of fluid resistance. the ratio of wave frequency to the natural Results will be important to engineering frequency of the structure, projects in the recharging of aquifers with (h) "Wave-Induced Vibrations in Fixed Offshore reclaimed waste water. Structures," by W. C. Nolan and V. C. (g) The initial phase of this study first Honsinger, Master's Thesis, MIT, May 1962. investigated longitudinal and lateral "Dynamic Analysis of Offshore Structures," dispersion in steady, Darcy flow. Second, by D. R. F. Harleman, W. C. Nolan, and V. C. the problem of salinity intrusion in con- Honsinger, 8th Conference on Coastal fined aquifers with and without tidal Engineering, November 1962. oscillations was studied theoretically and verified experimentally. Currently, (4158) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE longitudinal dispersion of dilute salt FORMATION OF LONGSHORE CURRENTS. concentrations in fine gravels is being studied for Reynolds Numbers (based upon b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. particle diameter) varying from 1 to 500. 1 c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech., The dispersion coefficient is determined Cambridge 39, Mass. from the change in the maximum amplitude (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research concentration of a harmonically varying (doctoral thesis). input concentration. This work is pre- (e) Quantitative study of the mechanics of the liminary to the radial flow investigation formation of longshore currents. where the dispersion is initially governed (g) Current experiments are studying the strength by non-linear or turbulent flow and sub- of littoral currents generated on a straight, sequently is controlled by laminar (linear) plane impermeable beach as a function of motion at large radii. incident wave characteristics, beach rough- (h) "The Dynamics of Salt-Water Intrusion in ness and beach slope. Porous Media" by D. R. F. Harleman and R. R. Rumer, Jr., Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report (4159) INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF No. 55, August 1962. COMPLEX WAVE FORMS. "Longitudinal Dispersion in Uniform Porous Media," by D. R. F. Harleman, P. F. Mehlhorn, b) National Science Foundation. and R. R. Rumer, Jr., Hydrodynamics Lab. c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. J. W. Dally, Prof. Report No. 57, August 1962. P. S. Eagleson. d) Basic research facility. (3749) RESISTANCE OF ENCLOSED ROTATING DISKS. e) Selection and assembly of an analog computer for the calculation and plotting of corre- (b) Office of Ordnance Research, U. S. Dept. lation and spectrum functions. Design and of the Army. construction of a mechanical time delay (c) Professor J. W. Daily, Mass. Inst, of Tech., mechanism. Cambridge 39, Mass. (g) Data are acquired on a portable, multichannel d) Experimental and analytical; basic research. FM tape transport. A second transport

! e) Effect of superposed throughflows on permits frequency multiplication through re- boundary layers, secondary motions and recording and provides a 120-foot tape loop surface resistance of enclosed rotating capability for the repetitive analysis of disks short records. Matched filters allow the (g) A qualitative survey of superposed through- determination of cross power spectral flow effects has been completed. Quantita- densities as well as the power spectral tive measurements of torque and velocities density of a single signal. The tape loop induced by the disk rotation are being made. transport is being fitted with a mechanical Unsteady periodicities disclosed in the time delay mechanism for the determination qualitative survey are being examined in of correlation functions. Output of all detail operational modes is through an x-y plotter. (h) "Effect of Superposed Throughflows on Motion Induced by Enclosed Rotating Disks," by (4160) MOTION OF SUBMERGED BODIES BELOW A FREE R. E. A. Arndt, Master's Thesis, MIT, June SURFACE. 1962. "Enclosed Rotating Disks with Superposed b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. Throughflow: A Survey of Basic Effects," by c) Professor A. T. Ippen, Professor J. F. J. W. Dally and R. E. A. Arndt, Hydrodynamics Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge Laboratory Report No. 53, June 1962. 39, Mass. dl Experimental and theoretical; basic research,

(3750) WAVE FORCES ON STRUCTURES. { e) An investigation of the interaction of a free surface and the turbulent wake gener- b) Laboratory project. ated by a moving body. The effect of a c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of vertical density gradient on the mixing in Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. the wake is also being studied, (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- (g) Velocity distributions have been measured search. at various distances behind a two-dimensional (e) The objective is the development of design body moving at different velocities and procedures for the dynamic displacement various distances beneath the free surface In response of the platform of a fixed offshore a homogeneous fluid. The drag has also been structure acted upon by a regular wave train. measured. An image method has been developed (g) The offshore structure considered consists for predicting the velocity distribution in of a platform on four legs in a square con- the wake of a body moving near a free figuration, with the waves impinging normal surface or rigid boundary. Measured and to one side of the square. The procedure predicted velocity profiles are in good of computation may be modified however for agreement . The drag of the body was found other leg configurations and wave directions. to increase with decreasing distance from Morison's theory is used for drag forces the free surface. The experiments are now and McCamy-Fuchs diffraction theory for being extended to include the effect of a

47 .

density gradient, In a shallow tank of Initially deaerated (h) "Free Surface Effects on the Two-Dimensional water, and the dissolved oxygen is measured Wake Behind a Plat Plate Normal to the as a function of time and depth by means of Direction of Motion," by F. R. Harty, Jr., a specially built electro-chemical probe. Master's Thesis, MIT, September 1962. One of the objectives is to separate the effects of the turbulence on the oxygen (4646) RADIAL FREE SURFACE FLOW. transfer across the surface from the turbulent diffusion within the body of the fluid. b) Laboratory project. Theoretical solutions have been derived c) Professor A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech., which do not depend on one-dimensional Cambridge 39, Mass. approximations dl Theoretical and experimental; basic research, (h) Discussion by D. R. F. Harleman and E. R. e) The theory of the free surface sink and Holley, Jr. of "Turbulent Diffusion and the source flow Is being developed Including Reaeratlon Coefficient," by P. A. Krenkel standing waves - hydraulic Jumps. and G. T. Orlob, Journal of the Sanitary (g) For certain super-critical ranges of flow Engineering Division, Proceedings, ASCE, the two-dimensional equations of motion Vol. 88, No. SA6, pp. 109-116, November 1962. have been solved with simplifying assumptions and the resulting so-called "backwater (4649) TURBULENT TRANSFER MECHANICS OF FLUID curves" have been verified experimentally in SUSPENSIONS OF SOLID PARTICLES. a previous study. The present investigation is concerned with the solution of the (b) Pioneering Research Program, Institute of general differential equations without the Paper Chemistry. previous restrictions, which is possible, (c) Professor J. W. Daily, Mass. Inst, of Tech., however, only by numerical integration by Cambridge 39, Mass. by means of machine computation. A number d) Experimental; basic research. of solutions have been obtained with the e) Basic study of turbulent transfer mechanics special computer program devised for a of liquid flows with particles in suspension. variety of radial free surface flows. A (g) This is a follow-up of the work on character- method has also been developed to cover the istics of dilute fiber suspensions pre- special case of the hydraulic Jump in radial viously reported. In that project during flow. An extensive experimental program has the last phase the role of the suspending been carried out to verify the theoretical medium on modifying turbulent shear flow analysis. was examined using nearly neutrally buoyant (h) "Radial Free Surface Flow," by M. S. Higgins rigid particles. One phase was examination and C. D. Sadler, Master's Thesis, MIT, of the particle effects on response of ve- January 1963. locity and total head probes. Initial experiments in the present study will Include (4647) FREE SURFACE SHEARING FLOW OVER A WAVY effects of particle shape and density BOUNDARY. using uniform shear flows. Later extension to non-uniform shear and shear-free (b) National Science Foundation Institutional turbulence is planned. Grant. (h) "Solid Particle Effects on Total Head and (c) Prof. J. F. Kennedy, Prof. P. A. Drinker, Velocity Measurements in Suspensions," by Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. R. L. Hardison, Master's Thesis, MIT, Nov. d) Experimental. 1962. e) An investigation of the distributions of velocity and shear stress for a free (4650) HURRICANE BARRIER STUDIES. surface flow moving over a sinusoidal- shaped bed. (b) U. S. Army Engineer Division, New England, (g) For supercritical flow, the surface profile Corps of Engineers. and velocity profiles at various positions (c) Professor R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of along the bed have been measured. Shear Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. stresses were calculated from the measured d) Analytical; applied research. velocity profiles. It was found that the e) Determination by digital computation of surface profile, shear stress distribution, waves produced by storms in the vicinity, of and perturbations of the velocity profile Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and selection each have a phase shift from the bottom of design wave for hurricane barriers at the profile. This phase shift gives rise to a entrance to the bay. Determination of form drag on the wavy bottom. The per- optimum geometry for the barriers. turbations of the velocity distribution, (g) Numerical methods for processing wind data due to variations in local mean depth and and calculating wave generation and re- velocity along the wavy bed, generate cross- fraction have been set up and are being waves, one cross-wave being formed by each programmed for the digital computer. A period of the bed. These cross-waves cause system analysis for determining optimum a complex, three-dimensional surface profile. geometry has been started. (h) "An Investigation of Free Surface Shearing Flows Over a Fixed Wavy Boundary," by 0. H. (4651) REFRACTION OF TSUNAMI WAVES IN THE PRESENCE Shemdin, Master's Thesis, MIT, September OF OCEANIC ISLANDS. 1962. bl U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey,

(4648) MECHANICS OF AERATION AND DISPERSION IN ! c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Prof. L. N. Howard, RIVER POLLUTION. Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. d} Theoretical and experimental; basic research, (b) National Institutes of Health, Public Health e) Analytical and experimental study of tsunami Service. refraction using non-linear shallow water (c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Prof. N. H. Brooks, wave theory, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. (g) Tsunami refraction problems are character- (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research ized by the fact that the wave lengths of (doctoral thesis). the wave train and the base diameter of a (e) A study of the basic mechanism of transfer typical island are of the same order of of oxygen molecules from the atmosphere into magnitude. Hence usual methods of analysis turbulent water and investigations into the assuming small wave lengths relative to the vertical diffusive transport and the longi- refracting body are inadequate. A piston tudinal dispersive transport of the type wave generator has been constructed in dissolved oxygen in a flowing stream with a wide shallow channel capable of generating oxygen deficiency due to pollutants. a finite wave train simulating an open ocean (g) In the first set of experiments turbulence tsunami. Measurements of wave properties is being produced with oscillating screens on a two-dimensional island geometry are

48 .

being made for comparison with theory. under various modes of relative motion. The difficult recirculation of sediment and (4652) SORTING OP BEACH SEDIMENTS BY SHALLOW WATER liquid necessary in conventional flumes is WAVES. thus avoided and uniform flow conditions seen assured. (b) Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. (4655) ENTRAINMENT OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS. (c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. Navy.

s e) Application of the mechanics of discrete (c) Prof. J. F. Kennedy, Prof. C. C. Ladd, Mass. bed particle motion to the prediction of Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. equilibrium characteristics of natural sand d) Experimental; basic research. beaches. ! e) A laboratory study of the factors that f) Inactive. determine the erodibillty of cohesive soils g) Laboratory sand beaches having an initially by water. constant slope were allowed to deform to (g) The soil properties of the sediment, equilibrium under a given incident wave. including the shear strength at very low Bed load mechanics were shown to provide an compactive stresses, are measured. The soil improved criterion for aggrading vs. de- is then placed in a recirculating laboratory grading profile classification as well as flume and critical velocity and shear stress, other factors relating to artificial beach at which erosion Just begins, are measured. nourishment and sediment sorting. Several clays are being investigated. (h) "Laminar Damping of Oscillatory Waves," by P. S. Eagleson, Proceedings ASCE, Journal of Hydraulics Division, HY3, May 1962, Paper No. 3152. MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of "Equilibrium Characteristics of Sand Beaches," Mechanical Engineering. by P. S. Eagleson, B. Glenne, and J. A. Dracup, Proceedings ASCE, Journal of Hy- (2807) THE HYDRAULIC ANALOGY APPLIED TO COMPRESSIBIE draulics Div., Jan. 1963, Paper No. 3387. FLOW IN THE PARTIAL ADMISSION TURBINE. "Equilibrium Characteristics of a Movable Bed Under a Standing Wave in Water," by (b) Office of Naval Research and United States P. P. Goldstern, Batchelor's Thesis, MIT, Naval Underwater Ordnance Station. 1962. (c) Prof. Robert W. Mann, Room 3-459A, Ma3s. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Massachusetts. (4653) WAVE-GENERATED SEDIMENT RIPPLES. (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research for master's and doctoral theses. (b) National Science Foundation Institutional (e) A study of time-varying two-dimensional Grant compressible flow with the goal of design (c) Prof. J. P. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech., recommendations for partial admission turbine Cambridge 39, Mass. blading, although the results are generally d) Experimental and theoretical. applicable to time-varying two-dimensional

! e) Sediment ripples generated by long and geometries. short gravity waves are being studied to (g) The water table simulating the gas partial determine the relation between the charac- admission turbine has been revised and im- teristics of the ripples, the bed material, proved. New stereo-mapping cameras to record and the properties of the generating waves. time-varying water height have been designed, Sediments of different sizes and specific fabricated, and tested. Feasibility studies weights are being used. The effect of the have been conducted of several experimental roughening of the boundary, due to ripple apparati by means of which characteristics in formation, on the surface waves is also the water table flow can be compared with gas being investigated. turbine flow. A miniature piezo electric (g) Ripple geometry has been found to be quite transducer for turbine shroud and wheel im- sensitive to the characteristics of the plantation has been designed and is being fab- generating waves, and to the properties of ricated. the bed material . The presence of even a Experimental studies of fixed-geometry non- small standing wave component, superimposed axi symmetric nozzle performance operative over on the translational waves will cause the a wide pressure ratio has indicated novel de- ripple characteristics to vary periodically signs which maximize the whirl component by along the length of the wave tank. utilizing jet-deflection effect at off-desiga pressure ratios. (4654) A NEW METHOD FOR THE SYSTEMATIC INVESTI- (h) "photostereogrammetry Applied to Hydraulic GATION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT. Analogue Studies of Unsteady Gas Flow," R. W. Mann, Proceedings of the ASME Symposium on b) National Science Foundation. Measurements in Unsteady Flow, May 1962. c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. P. A. Drinker, "Stereophotogrammetry Applied to Hydraulic Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. Analogue Studies of Unsteady Gas Flow," (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol. XXVTII, No. research. 4, September, 1962. (e) A research program to develop the general "Off-Design Performance of Axisymmetric Nozzle characteristics of the flow of fluid- with Oblique Exit Planes," E. J. Rogers Thesis sediment mixtures and of the interaction of (S.M.), Dept. of Mech. Engr., Mass. Inst, of fluid flow with movable boundaries. Tech., Cambridge, Mass. (g) A study of sediment transport by shear flow "Partial-Admission Turbines," Gunnar 0. Ohlsson, in the annulus between two rotating drums Journal of the Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 29, rather than by flow in a channel has been 9, September 1962. initiated. A new experimental apparatus is "Low Aspect Ratio Turbines," Gunnar 0. Ohlsson, under design which replaces the commonly Paper No. 62-WA-38, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, employed longitudinal channel by an annular November 1962. channel between two rotating drums, In which "Supersonic Turbines," Gunnar 0. Ohlsson, Paper the normal gravitational field is replaced No. 62-WA-37, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, by a centrifugal force field. With the November 1962. cylindrical drums rotating at different "Cascade Performance From Tests with Wheel of relative speeds a large variety of flow Axial Outlet," by Gunnar 0. Ohlsson Paper No. conditions can be established In the 62-WA-36, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, November "endless" annular channel, covering a wide 1962. range of tractive forces on the sediment "Friction Drag on Bladed Discs in Housings," deposited on the wall of the outer drum R. W. Mann and C. H. Marston, Trans. ASME.,

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Paper No. 61-HYD-5, May 1961, also in Journal lations," by w. S. Wu and T. Y. Toong, Ninth of Basic Engineering, Transactions of the Symposium (International) on Combustion, ASME, Series D, December 1961. Academic Press, New York, in press.

(3092) JET-PIPE CONTROL VALVES. (3758) FILM BOILING INSIDE OF TUBES

(b) U. S. Air Force and Kearfott, Division of National Science Foundation. General Precision, Inc. Prof. W. M. Rohsenow, Mass. Inst, of Tech., (c) Prof. J. L. Shearer, Prof. S. Y. Lee, Dept. Cambridge 39, Mass. of Mech. Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech., (d) Experimental and Theoretical; Applied research Cambridge 39, Mass. To be used for theses. Applied research, thesis Investigation. (e) The investigation of heat transfer associate 121 An analytical and experimental study of the with forced convection film boiling inside steady-state and dynamic characteristics of horizontal and vertical tubes, which has been pneumatic, hot-gas and hydraulic Jet-pipe carried on here for the past two years, is control devices. An Investigation of the being continued at the present time. In this effects of turbulent diffusion of the fluid case the tube wall temperature Is hundreds of Jets of Jet-type devices and an associated degrees above the local boiling point causing Investigation of the limitations of using a vapor "film" to form between liquid and hot potential flow solutions to predict the tube wall. In a vertical tube a relatively characteristics of Jet-type devices are uniform film forms around the tube where the Included in the overall study. Emphasis is liquid vapor interface appears to have a on better understanding the fundamental rough and randomly oscillating shape. The behavior of Jet-type devices, difference between height times density In the (g) Experimental work conducted to date has liquid vapor films appears to cause the vapor produced useful information concerning the to move up the tube much more rapidly than steady-state characteristics of conventional the liquid. Reasonable success has been hydraulic and pneumatic Jet-pipe valves. achieved in predicting these flow rates and Optimum design conditions have been es- associated heat transfer rates by writing the tablished based on certain criteria of merit. momentum equation for the process. In most cases the vapor flow seems to be turbulent. (3448) FLOW THROUGH CONTROL VALVE ORIFICES. The heat transfer rate is found both analytically and experimentally to be relatively In- (b) U. S. Air Force, Chandler-Evans Corp., and sensitive to the inlet flow rate. During the Hamilton Standard (Div. of United Aircraft). past year, the same process was investigated (c) Prof. J. L. Shearer, Mass. Inst, of Tech., in a horizontal tube. For the low quality Cambridge 39, Mass. ranges investigated, the flow remained strat- (d) Applied research. ified. The vapor generated around the tube, (e) Experimental investigation of the character- flows up to the top and then axially toward istics of flow through fixed area and the tube exit. Thus, the flow exhibits a variable area orifices with emphasis on stratified character. Here, too, a combina- resistance to fluid flow and the factors tion of the application of heat transfer re- that lead to being able to predict the lations and momentum equation led to a suc- resistance characteristics over a wide range cessful prediction of tube wall temperature of Reynolds Numbers. distribution in the electrically heated tube. (g) A large scale model study has been conducted for short tube orifices with length-to-diam- (4162) STABILITY OF HYDRAULIC VALVES. eter ratios of 2 to 6 and over a diameter Reynolds Number range of 300 to 25,000. An (t>) Hamilton Standard Dlv., and United Aircraft empirical method has been developed for pre- Corp. dicting the orifice discharge coefficient (c) Prof. S. Y. Lee, Mech. Engineering Dept., over the range of variables tested. Unsteady Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. flow in seating type valves is also being Theoretical and experimental. investigated. Study the phase and amplitude relationship (h) "Flow Characteristics of Short-Tube Hydraulic of several parameters of a control valve i.e. Orifices," by D. J. Tapparo, Thesis (S.M.), Force, Pressure, displacement, flow when the Dept. of Mechanical Eng'g., Mass. Inst, of valve is forced to vary according to a Tech., Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 1962. sinusoidal function of time. It is hoped "Transient Forces on Hydraulic Seating Type that by this study a better understanding Valves," by F. T. Murray, Thesis (S.M.), will be gained of chattering valves. Dept. of Mech. Eng'g., Mass. Inst, of Tech., (g) Apparatus was built. Considerable data Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 1961. gathered. Result not entirely conclusive but very promising. (3456) FLAME PROPAGATION AND STABILIZATION IN (h) "Transient Forces on Hydraulic Seating Type BOUNDARY LAYERS. Valves" by Murray Tuft, Thesis (S.M.) Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Mass. Inst, of (b) National Science Foundation. Tech., Sept. 1961. (c) Prof. T. Y. Toong, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. (4490) COOLING OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE ELECTROMAGNETS. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for doctoral and master's theses. National Magnet Laboratory. (e) Basic study of mechanisms of flame propa- ® Prof. W. M. Rohsenow, Room 1-212, M.I.T., gation and stabilization in a laminar bounda- Cambridge 39, Mass. ry layer adjacent to a heated plate. (d) Experimental; basic research. To be used (f) Completed. for theses. (g) A critical test of the equilibrium theory of (e) The method of predicting heat transfer flame stabilization in boundary layers has associated with high velocity subcooled been obtained by the measurement of propa- liquid with boiling at the tube wall surface gation speed of a two-dimensional laminar Is being investigated. During the past year flame in these boundary layers. this project has shown how superposition of A mechanism has been postulated and confirmed boiling and forced convection effects combine experimentally to explain flame oscillations to predict heat transfer rates. It also has in boundary layers suggested and verified a theory for the heat (h) "Flame Propagation in Laminar Boundary Layers," transfer conditions necessary for initial by T. Y. Toong, J. R. Kelly and W. S. Wu, nucleation--the conditions for beginning Ninth Symposium (international) on Combustion, boiling. In addition, it has gathered data Academic Press, New York, in press. showing that the burnout heat flux Increases "Further Study on Flame Stabilization in a as the tube diameter decreases, a result Boundary Layer: A Mechanism of Flame Oscil- which was not expected a priori. Currently

50 . . . . .

this project is extending the investigation perturbations of prediction of burnout heat fluxes into the higher quality regions. (4497) LOCAL VELOCITY MEASUREMENT IN AN INCOMPRESSIBLE (h) "Forced-Convection Surface-Boiling Heat MHD FLOW. Transfer and Burnout in Tubes of Small Diameter" by A. E. Bergles and W. M. WASD OF WADD. Rohsenow, Technical Report No. 8767-21, ft! Mr. Douglas A. East, Room 3-208, Mass. Inst, Engineering Projects Lab., M.I.T., May 1962. of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. (d) Experimental; applied research, master's and (4491) THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OP COMPRESSED doctor's theses. LIQUID WATER. (e) The work is a study of the behavior of three e types of probes to measure local fluid veloci- w Mass. Inst, of Tech. Mechanical Engineering ty in liquid metal MHD flows: the Pitot tube, 63 Department Research. a miniature electromagnetic flowmeter and an (c) Prof. Joseph H. Keenan, Mass. Inst, of Tech., aerofoil used as a two-dimensional Pitot tube is Room 1-208, Cambridge 39, Mass. (h) "Electromagnetic Fluid Velocity Measurement," c." (d) Analytical study of experimental data on by B. G. Brown; thesis for S.B. degree, 5 water at subcritical temperatures. One Mechanical Engineering, May 1962. (Request ct master's candidate now doing a thesis. for photo copy should be addressed to: (e) The purpose is to revise and extend the data Librarian, Engineering Library, Mass. Inst, on liquid water in "Thermodynamic Properties of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.). of Steam" by Keenan and Keyes. (g) An accurate study of the region of maximum (4498) USE OF ELECTROCHEM ILUM INESCENCE FOR VISUALI- density was completed as a doctoral thesis ZING FLOW FIELDS. about four years ago. A tentative study of temperatures from 0 to 320 degrees C was Laboratory project. made in 1962. lil Mr. George S. Springer, Room 3-264, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. (4492) PROPULSION DUE TO OSCILLATORY FIN MOTION. Experimental investigation; applied research. By use of an electrochemical process a bright Thesis research for doctoral degree. glow is generated on the surface of the body, 8) Prof. A. H. Shapiro, Mass. Inst, of Tech., displaying the flow at the boundary layer Cambridge 39, Mass. without disturbing it. Experimental and theoretical. The light Intensity distribution, controlled in Investigate shape and propulsion force for a by mass transfer, Indicates the heat transfer flexible fin oscillating in a stream of fluid. on the surface of the body.

(4493) CAPILLARY TWO-PHASE FLOW. (4163) STABILITY OF LAMINAR FLOWS.

National Magnet Laboratory. (*) National Science Foundation - (1960-61), - ill Mr. P. Griffith, Mech. Engineering Dept., Ford Foundation ( 1961 -pre sent ) j Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. (o) Prof. Edward F. Kurtz, Jr. Room 3-356, M.I.T. (a) Determine density pressure drop and flow Cambridge, Massachusetts regime boundaries in capillary two-phase flow. (d) Theoretical (experimental work planned for (e) The low velocity flow regime when surface the future); basic research. forces exceed gravitational forces has been (e) Digital computer programs have been written investigated. for obtaining solutions for the Orr- Almost completed. Sommerfeld equation, the equation governing 12 Pressure drop, density and flow regimes the disturbance -amplitude distribution in boundaries have been determined. plane parallel laminar flows. A study of the stability of such flows over rigid sur- (4494) TWO-PHASE FLOW REGIME BOUNDARIES. faces has been completed. The stability of such flows over flexible boundaries is Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. presently being studied. k Mr. P. Griffith, Mech. Engineering Dept., (g) The stability of the Blaslus flow over a Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. rigid flat plate has been treated, and the (d) Determine the limits on the slug flow, flow results are in agreement with theoretical and regime as the velocity is increased. experimental results available. The stabil- (e) Experimental and analytical work is proceeding ity of the free-convection boundary layer using a two-phase flow —flow regime detector. has also been treated and has been found to be stable for sufficiently low Reynolds (4495) STABILITY OF AXIAL MOTIONS IN A ROTATING FLUID. numbers. These results are in agreement with existing experimental data. Laboratory project. (h) "Computer-aided Analysis of Hydrodynamic IJ) Mr. Joseph L. Smith, Jr., Dept. of Mech. Engi- Stability," by E. F. Kurtz, Jr. and S. H. neering, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Crandall, Journal of Math, and Physics. To Mass be published. An experimental study for Master's Thesis. An Investigation to determine the origin and nature of the unusual instabilities which occur when a column of fluid flows axially through a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, School of Engineering. cylinder of rotating fluid. (2561) HYDROLOGY STUDIES IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS. THE FORMATION OF BUBBLES IN A FLUIDIZED BED. (b) Cooperative with the U.S. Soil Conservation Laboratory project. Service, U. S. Geological Survey, and Mass. Mr. Joseph L. Smith, Jr., Dept of Mech. En- Water Resources Commission. gineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech Cambridge 39, (c) Prof. George R. Hlggins, Engineering Research Mass. Institute, Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. An experimental and analytical investigation (d) Experimental-field and laboratory; for de- 12! The purpose is to understand the origin of sign of watershed yield, flood peak reduction bubbles within a uniformly fluidlzed bed (as and general information. distinguished from bubbles formed at the bed (e) Mass curve studies for reservoir and water- inlet) shed yield have been done for nearly all the Completed gaged streams in Massachusetts. Investi- The stability of small perturbations in the gations to determine factors that affect bed void fraction was predicted analytically base flow are being conducted. These and bubbles within the bed were observed to include studies of soil types, drainage originate from the growth of such small density, surface cover, and others deemed

51 .

pertinent. The purpose of the study Is to (4167) PRESSURE DROP ACROSS FITTINGS. determine general Information for optimum use of water resources of the state. Par- b) Laboratory project.

ticular emphasis on recreational aspects ; c) Dr. Kenneth D. Cashln, Assoc. Prof, of and low flow characteristics Is presently Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Chemical being considered, Engineering, Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. (h) Progress reports were submitted to the d) Experimental; senior student honors project,

University Research Council In 1959 and 1960. ! e) Pressure drop is measured for a number of A report for the Massachusetts Water different pipe fittings placed in series and Resources Commission Is currently being at different spacings; effect of approaching prepared. and leaving conditions Investigated. (g) Experiments underway. (3766) AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE STABILITY OF STANDING (TRAPPED RING) VORTICES IN TWO- (4656) THE EFFECT OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID INJECTION DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW. ON THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER OF A FLAT PLATE. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Professor of b) Laboratory project. Civil Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engrg., c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Prof, of Civil Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. Engrg., Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. (d) Experimental; basic research. dj Experimental; basic research, (e) Using a Hele-Shaw table, a vortex is formed e) A non-Newtonian fluid, obtained by mixing in a cusp and the tendency of the vortex to guar gum with water, Is injected through remain in the cusp 1 s studied for various transverse slots cut in a flat plate into free stream velocities past the cusp as well the turbulent boundary layer. The flat as for various suction rates applied within plate is immersed in clear water with a free the cusp in accordance with a theory of stream velocity U 0 . A barium titanate Ringleb. crystal is Installed flush with the surface (f ) Inactive. of the plate a few inches downstream of the (g) Using dye, experimental streamlines and slot and Is used to measure the intensity stagnation points agreed quite well with of turbulence with and without injection of theory with and without suction. A small the non-Newtonian fluid. propeller was required to maintain the vortex within the cusp due to the over- (4657) THE RESPONSE OF A DENSITY CURRENT TO A powering viscous effect; hence vortex sta- SINUSOIDAL PRESSURE PULSE. bility could not be studied. (h) Master's thesis by H. Wang in preparation. b) Laboratory project. c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Professor of (4165) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TWO-PHASE FLOW. Civil Engineering, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. b) Laboratory project. d) Experimental; basic research. c) Senior student honors project, Dr. E. E. e) A system of oscillatory waves is imposed on Lindsey supervisor, Associate Dean of Engrg., the upper layer of a two-layered system con- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. sisting of clear and saline water. The d) Experimental, basic research. response of the interface is observed in e) Effect of surface tension of pressure drop terms of the frequency and amplitude of the and slip for two-phase flow; variation in imposed waves at the free surface. The phase ratios along a pipe. amplitude of the interfaclal wave is seen to increase in accordance with an lnvlscid (4166) AGITATION CHARACTERISTICS IN LIQUID-LIQUID theory of Stokes. Conditions under which SYSTEMS. mixing at the interface occurs are recorded and are to be compared with existing (b) National Science Foundation; University of viscous theory for instability at the Massachusetts Research Council. interface (c) Associate Dean E. E. Lindsey, Engineering (h) Master's thesis by Chao-ho Sung In prepara- Research Institute, University of Mass., tion. Amherst, Massachusetts. (d) Experimental; basic research for master's (4658) THE EFFECT OF HEADER GEOMETRY UPON FLUID thesis. FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN NUCLEAR REACTORS AND (e) Two Immiscible or partly misclble liquids HEAT EXCHANGERS. are used. Dispersions are produced In a dynamometer agitator and particle sizes of b) Laboratory project. the sampled dispersion are measured by a c) Dean George A. Marston, Engineering Research light scattering technique. One thesis was Institute, University of Massachusetts, concerned with developing the technique and Amherst, Mass. study in geometrically similar, baffled d) Experimental; applied research. tanks, another thesis with transient change e) To determine the relationships between such in drop sizes at the start of agitation. variables as core and tube diameter, tube Current project is to study variations in lattice and spacing, header height, etc., geometry. Work is starting on development upon the individual flow per tube for a of light-scattering probe to measure particle pressure vessel in which fluid is introduced size directly in the mixing tank. through a single radial line placed at the (g) Primary peaks in the drop size distribution base of the header. occurred at 1 to 3 microns, secondary peaks f) Inactive. at about 30 microns. Drop size distribu- h) "The Effects of Geometry on Fluid Flow tion is essentially identical in geometrical- Characteristics in Nuclear Reactors," by ly similar vessels of different size of David Creamer, Master's thesis, 1960. equal power/volume. There is a slight decrease in size with increased agitator speed. Comparison of two liquid systems indicates drop size decreases with Increasing vis- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ship Hydrodynamics Lab. cosity. Steady state drop size distribution occurred in 30 to 60 minutes. (4659) TRANSVERSE INERTIA VARIATIONS OF SERIES 60 (h) "An Approach to Characterizing Agitation by SHIP HULL FORMS. Dispersion Particle Size," by D. M. Sullivan and E. E. Lindsey, Industrial and 1) Maritime Administration. Engineering Chemistry, Fundamentals Edition, 1 c) Professor R. B. Couch, 450 West Engineering 1, 87-93 (May 1962). Building, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

52 . . . .

Experimental; design. Laboratory project. (!) Five ship hulls covering the normal range Prof. C. D. Muir, Associate Professor of of fullness, are being designed and their Civil Engineering, Missouri School of Mines

models tested for EHP and SHP . The de- and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri. signs have the same displacement, principal (d Experimental; basic research for master's dimensions, and sectional area curves as thesis. the Series 60 parents. Their transverse (e The effect of some approximations used in sections of extreme "V" rather than the "U" backwater calculations on the resulting form of the original parent series. surface profile were studied by use of a (g) 3 propeller tests, 4 EHP tests, and 2 SHP digital computer. Also, several methods of tests are complete. backwater computations were compared. The results of this study indicated that the (4660) SCALE EFFECT AND BLOCKAGE EFFECT STUDIES ON use of approximations is feasible for BARGE MODELS curves above critical depth but are dependent on flow regime. Laboratory project. (h "A Comparison of Backwater Profile Com- iil Professor R. B. Couch, 450 West Engrg. putations," by A. C. H. Young, Master's Building, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Thesis, Missouri School of Mines, 1962. Experimental; basic research. (Available on loan) if! Studies on scale effect and tank blockage effect of full forms. (4662 HYDROLOGY OF SMALL MISSOURI WATERSHEDS.

Laboratory project. Prof. C. D. Muir, Associate Professor of MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Missouri School of Mines Civil Engineering. and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri. (d Experimental; basic research for master's (319) WEIR STUDIES. thesis (e This study was for the purpose of correlating Laboratory project. basin characteristics and mean annual flood ISI Prof. E. W. Carlton, Civil Engrg. Dept., for Missouri watersheds having a drainage Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, area of less than ten square miles. Rolla, Missouri. Suspended. (d) Experimental; basic research for master's It was found that mean annual floods could thesis be predicted and correlated to known data (e) Tests on rectangular weirs were made to from forty-five Missouri watersheds by use determine effect of velocity of approach of a shape factor (AL^) and basin index on the relation between crest depth and (AL2sV2). critical depth of an imaginary open channel (h "A Study of Small Watersheds Within the having same dimensions as the weir opening. State of Missouri," by Terrence E. Harbaugh, (g) Study produced a simple, accurate and quick Master's Thesis, Missouri School of Mines, solution for plotting of M function. Re- 1962. (Available on loan). lationship between the M function, and the critical depth is logarithmic. This (4663 FLOW THROUGH A ROCKFILL DAM. greatly simplifies determination of critical flow where the critical depth is known or Laboratory project. vice versa. A relationship exists between ft Prof. P. R. Munger, Assistant Professor of M function of channels of same shape but Civil Engineering, Missouri School of Mines different dimensions. The velocity of ap- and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri. proach does not affect the relationship (d Experimental; basic research for master's between physical depth and crest depth. thesis. (e Model studies are being conducted on a (3775 VERTICAL WATER JET IMPACTING UPON A STILLING rockfill dam with a sloping internal spill- BASIN. way to determine the characteristics of flow through such dams. Laboratory project. (g Preliminary results Indicate a relation 8 Prof. V. A. C. Gevecker, Civil Engineering exists between flow rate, head, core height Department, Missouri School of Mines and and rock size. Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri. (h "Investigation of Flow Rates Through a Rock-, (d Experimental; basic research for master's fill Dam," by J. R. Bayless, Master's thesis, thesis. Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, (e Tests being conducted on the terminal 1962. effect of a 3/8 inch water jet on a cylindrical stilling basin to determine side and bottom pressures, velocities and energy dissipated. MONTANA STATE COLLEGE, Agricultural Experiment Station. (4169 INVESTIGATION OF VERTICAL INTERNAL SPILLWAYS. (4664) EFFICIENT APPLICATION OF IRRIGATION WATER BY SURFACE FT CODING METHODS. Laboratory project. C Prof. C. D. Muir, Assoc. Prof, of Civil Laboratory project. Engineering, Missouri School of Mines and Prof. C. C. Bowman, Head, Agricultural Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri. Engineering Dept. Montana State College, (d Experimental; basic research for master's Bozeman, Montana. thesis. (d) This is a study to develop design criteria (e A scale model rockfill dam containing a for more efficient application of irriga- vertical internal spillway was studied to tion water by flooding method. This is determine factors affecting stage-discharge basic research at the present time, but will relationships. be applied research immediately upon com- (g A correlation was found to exist between pletion of the first phase. discharge through the dam and height of spillway, rock size, and head. (h "Investigation of Vertical Internal Spill- ways," by Paul R. Munger, Master's Thesis, UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Missouri School of Mines, 1961. (Available Dept. of Engineering Mechanics. on loan). (3776) VORTEX FORMATION AND DRAG IN UNSTEADY FLOW (4661) A COMPUTER STUDY OF BACKWATER COMPUTATIONS. PAST BLUFF BODIES.

53 ) . .. . .

National Science Foundation. of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr. Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Dept. of Engineering Experimental and theoretical basic research. Mechanics, Bancroft Hall 219, University Study of the added mass of various objects of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebraska. partly submerged In a liquid. (d) Experimental and theoretical study of drag and inertia In unsteady flow. Basic re- [4486) ANNULAR TWO-PHASE FLOW. search for master's and Ph.D. thesis. (e) Primary objects of the research are: To Laboratory project. determine the growth and motion of vortices & Dr. T. Sarpkaya, University of Nebraska, behind two dimensional bluff bodies Lincoln 8, Nebr. subjected to unidirectional unsteady flow; to Experimental and theoretical for Ph.D. Thesis. determine the various components of corre- & Amplitude and frequencies of interfacial waves sponding resistance; and to correlate a are studied. The interfacial structure In- particular vortex configuration with the fluences the flow of gas in a manner similar Instantaneous resistance. to that of a rough wall pipe. (g) The forces predicted on the basis of the (g) The mean liquid film thickness increases with moving and growing vortices are comparable Increase in flow rate at constant ga3 veloci- In magnitude to forces which are observed. ties; it decreases with an Increase In gas Resistance to unsteady flow is not to be velocity at constant liquid rate. Pressure thought of as a mere Juxtaposition of resist- gradient in the gas stream exceeds that for a ances to steady flow augmented by an iner- smooth pipe at the same Reynolds number (gas) tial force. for gas velocities greater than some minimum (h) "Lift, Drag, and Added Mass Coefficients for value a Circular Cylinder Immersed in a Time Dependent Fluid Flow," by T. Sarpkaya, J. (4487) POTENTIAL FLOWS WITH UNISOTROPIC SINGULARITIES Appl. Mechs., ASME Paper No. 62-WA-61, 1962 Winter Annual Meeting of ASME. Laboratory project. "Vortex Formation and Resistance in Unsteady Dr. T. Sarpkaya, University of Nebraska, Flow," by T. Sarpkaya and C. J. Garrison, J. Lincoln 8, Nebr. Appl. Mechs. ASME Paper No. 62-WA-62, 1962 Theoretical and for master's thesis. Winter Annual Meeting of ASME. Mathematical singularities used have unlso- troplc characteristics. Potential flows (3780) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE GENERATION IN resulting from the combinations of such singu- PULSATING VISCOUS FLOW. larities are studied.

(t>) Office of Ordnance Research, U. S. Dept of (4488) A HEART PUMP THROUGH FLUID AMPLIFICATION. the Army, (Durham) (c) Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. U. S. Public Health Service. of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr. [3 Dr. T. Sarpkaya, University of Nebraska, (d) Experimental and theoretical basic research Lincoln 8, Nebr. for master's and Ph.D. thesis. (d) Theoretical and experimental applied research (e) To understand the mechanism of turbulence for master's thesis. generation in pulsating viscous flow super- (e) To develop a total heart pump through the use posed on a steady and initially laminar flow of fluid-jet amplifiers and test it on and to evaluate the resistance to fluid certain animals. motion. (g) A pump has been built and is operating (g) Transition to turbulence takes place at much satisfactorily. lower Reynolds numbers. When the amplitude ratio of the pulsating pressure gradient to steady one is not large, the maximum dissipation occurs at the wall. However, with NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY. the increase of the amplitude ratio the position of the maximum dissipation moves Inquiries concerning the following projects should into the flowing fluid and its distance be addressed to Mr. C. H. Hancock, Hydraulic Lab., varies with time. Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia. (3782) INDUCED MASS OF CONFINED FLUIDS. (123) HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTS. Laboratory project. ill Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, (b) Laboratory project. University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr. (d) Experimental; for design data. (d) Theoretical basic research; for master's (e) Scale model turbines, using either Francis thesis or propeller type runners, are tested for (e) When a confined fluid is suddenly acceler- power and efficiency at various speeds. ated through an opening, initial average acceleration is determined by the induced mass (124) METER CALIBRATION TESTS. of the fluid system. Since the equation of the elastic wave propagagion cannot be solved (b} Laboratory project.

for the boundary conditions imposed, solution ( d ) Expe r ime ntal of Laplace's equation is Joined to that ob- (e) To establish calibration curve for determining tained from the wave equation through the correction for various rates of flow. Meters application of the Schwartz-Christof f el are tested at various rates of flow by transformation and electrical analogy. weighing tank method. Time is recorded Completed. electronically by decade counters. ill The effect of Induced mass is most pronounced particularly for short conduits. Average (901) SHIP MODEL RESISTANCE TESTS. times necessary for the reflection of an elastic wave from a given reservoir is bl Laboratory project. determined. d) Experimental; for design data. (h) "Unsteady Flow of Fluids in Closed Systems," e) Scale ship models are towed to determine T. Sarpkaya, ASCE, J. of EM Div. EM3, Paper effective horsepower, bare hull, required by No. 3154, June 1962. (See discussion and the ship. Because of their small size, closure in subsequent issues of the same Jour- several models may be towed in a short

nal . period of time thus allowing much preliminary work to be done on the choice of lines. (4170) VIRTUAL MASS OF PARTLY SUBMERGED BODIES. Final lines are checked by David Taylor Model Basin. To eliminate a large portion of this Laboratory project preliminary testing, a schedule of systematic Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. models was arranged in which the beam-draft

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ratio, the displacement-length ratio, and (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied the prismatic coefficient are varied over a research. wide range. Towing this set of models is (e) Testing of different shapes for the straighten- continuing and when completed will provide ing of flow in short pipes. design data for a standard offset series

covering a wide range. (3787) ADDED MASS OF TURBINES. .

(1132) HYDRAULIC PUMP TESTS. b) Laboratory project.

i d) Experimental and theoretical; applied (b) Laboratory project. research. id) Experimental; for design data. (e) Determination of the effects of added mass (e) Scale model pumps are tested at constant of a propeller on the efficiency and blade speeds for head developed, power consumption, moment step^up formulas from model to and efficiency at various rates of discharge. prototype Cavitation tests are sometimes conducted by lowering the suction head to a point where (4665) SOUND LEVEL TESTS ON HYDRAULIC MACHINERY. the developed head and efficiency break down. Blade moments are measured by (b) Laboratory project. installing electric resistance strain gages (d) Experimental; for design data. on the pump blade stem. Shear strains are (e) Hydrophones are placed In the discharge of transmitted from the pump via a slip ring pump and turbine models under test in an assembly. effort to obtain a fresh look at hydro- machinery testing. Sound spectrum levels (1133) CAVITATION TESTS OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE are plotted against several parameters In an MODELS. effort to obtain correlation between the characteristic shape of the sound level (b) Laboratory project. curves and the characteristic shape of Id) Experimental; for design data. power and efficiency curves. (e) Scale model turbines are tested on cavitation stand to determine sigma at which (4666) INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS OF HYDRAULIC cavitation starts. Tests were run to de- TURBINE OPERATING CONDITIONS ON POWER termine runaway speeds at low sigma values. SURGES.

(2582) AIR TESTS ON HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODEL. bl Laboratory project.

1 d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- (b) Laboratory project. search. id) Experimental; for design data. (e) A plexiglas hydraulic turbine model is (e) Plexiglas hydraulic turbine model is tested tested to predict power swing rate and with air. Smoke and tufts are used in the magnitude in hydraulic turbine installations flow visualization studies. Velocity and as caused by draft tube vortex precession. pressure distribution studies are made Air is used as a test medium and ammonium using a sensitive differential manometer. chloride smoke for flow visualization. The gate moments obtained from the pressure Velocity and pressure distribution studies distribution will be checked with a strain are made In the draft tube using a 3-hole gage dynamometer. cylindrical search tube and sensitive two- fluid manometer. (3111) PUMP -TURBINE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project. id) Experimental; for design data. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engrg. (e) Pump-turbine models are tested either as a pump or turbine on this test stand. Cavi- (2583) EFFECT OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION ON PRESSURE tation as well as performance tests on pump, DROP AND SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY IN DILUTE turbine or pump-turbine models can be made BEDS OF PARTICLES. on this facility. Provision has been made to perform vane moment tests on adjustable (b) Grants from Texas Company and American blade turbine runners at the same time as Chemical Society; laboratory project. performance tests. (c) Professor J. Happel, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, New York University, Univ. (3783) AIR CONTENT CAVITATION OP TURBINES. Heights, New York, 53, New York. (d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral (b) Laboratory project. thesis. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) The slow translational motion of dilute beds (e) Study of cavitation of hydraulic turbines as of particles settling through viscous fluids affected by the air quantity contained in subjected to the influence of cylindrical the tunnel. boundaries is being studied. This will ultimately enable a theoretical prediction (3784) PITOT TUBE CALIBRATION. of the effect of particle concentration on pressure drop and sedimentation velocity in (b) Laboratory project. beds of particles. (d) Experimental. (e) Calibration of a small 3-hole cylindrical (3474) HEAT TRANSFER AND CHEMICAL REACTION RELATIVE search tube to determine accuracy as affected TO BEDS OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES. by blockage, pipe wall, angularity, discharge and fabrication. t) Laboratory project. c) Prof. J. Happel, Dept. of Chemical Engineer- (3785) VELOCITY PROFILE IN TURBINE MODEL, ing, New York University, University Heights, New York, 53, New York. b) Laboratory project. (d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral d) Experimental; applied research and develop- thesis.

ment . (e) Analytical solution is developed by assuming (e) Determination of velocity distribution a model where fluid is flowing between two through a two-dimensional turbine affected concentric spheres which are maintained at by entrance angle, hub configuration, and different temperatures. The partial differ- distributor height. ential equations applicable are solved by assuming power series solutions in tempera- (3786) FLOW STRAIGHTENERS ture and in spherical co-ordinate 8 . The results will be compared to existing data on (b) Laboratory project. heat and mass transfer in packed and fluldized

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beds NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, (3786) BOUNDARY LAYER MASS TRANSFER WITH HETERO- Department of Engineering Research. GENEOUS CATALYSIS. (4667) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOWS. (b) Grants from American Chemical Society and National Science Foundation; Laboratory b) Laboratory project. project c) Dr. M. Ameln, Department of Civil Engrg., (c) Prof. J. Happel, Dept. of Chemical Engrg., North Carolina State College, Raleigh, N. C. New York University, University Heights, (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- New York 53, New York. search. (d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral (e) An experimental investigation on translatory thesis motions with irregular profiles, on bore (e) This work includes a study of the rate of formations and on the propagation of un- gas-solid catalytic reactions in multi- steady motions through non-uniform flows is particle systems. Using boundary layer made in a glass-walled channel. The channel theory In conjunction with a model consisting is 14 ft. long, 2 ft. wide with adjustable of a solid sphere inside a free-surface variable slope. The experimental results spherical cell, the relationship between are analyzed by the nonlinear shallow water rates of diffusion and rates of surface- theory. The objective of the project is to catalyzed reactions is developed. seek improvements to the prevalent tech- (f) Completed. niques for the computation of unsteady (g) Theoretical results for chemically dilute flows and to provide experimental data for systems correlate existing mass transfer further theoretical Investigations. data reasonably well. It was found that molar convective transport to or from the (4668) STUDY OF VORTEX MOTION IN WAKE FLOWS. surface affects the mass transfer rate and may give appreciably different results than Laboratory project. those obtained from film theory or the dilute IS! Prof. Paul Harrawood, Department of Civil solution equation. A simple criterion is Engineering, North Carolina State College, set up to determine when the dilute solution Raleigh, North Carolina. correlations can be used. (d) Experimental and theoretical; doctoral (h) "Boundary Layer Mass Transport with Hetero- thesis geneous Catalysis," by C. L. Kusik and John (e) An Investigation of the eddy motions present Happel, I & EC Fundamentals, Vol. 1, No. 3, in the wakes of bluff bodies in a streaming p. 163-172, August, 1962. fluid, with particular attention given to the periodicity of eddy motions and to (4172) PRESSURE LOSS IN ORIFICE BAFFLED HEAT vortex strength. EXCHANGERS. (4669) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY OF FLOW Laboratory project. IN CIRCULAR SEDIMENTATION BASINS. Prof. Robert 0. Parker, Department of Chemical Engineering, New York University, Laboratory project. New York 53, New York. Professor Charles Smallwood, Jr., Dept. of (d) Experimental; basic research for master's Civil Engrg., North Carolina State College, degree Raleigh, North Carolina. (e) Project to determine pressure loss on the Experimental; master's thesis. shell side of orifice baffled, shell and A semi -circular center-fed model basin was tube heat exchangers. Three exchangers are built with a transparent back for visual used in this experiment. All are exactly examination of the flow pattern. A uranine alike except for the fact that one has no dye tracer was used to determine flow clearance between the tube and tube hole, through waves for the basin. Stability was one has no clearance between the baffle and measured by the reproducibility of the time- the ID of shell, and one has clearances at effluent dye concentration waves. In an both points. This study will determine the attempt to stabilize the flow radial baffles effect of each flow stream, and the effect were placed In the basin to reduce the angle of their interaction. of divergence and to provide solid boundaries in the divergent flow. (4173) DETERMINATION OF THE STOKE 'S DRAG ON A Completed. PARTICLE FALLING IN AXISYMMETRIC FLOW IN A The baffles had no detectable effect. The BOUNDED MEDIUM. flow pattern was characterized by a short- circuit along the tank bottom and a back- (b) Laboratory project. flow in the upper portion of the tank. (c) Prof. H. Brenner, Dept. of Chemical Engrg., New York University, New York 53, New York. (d) Theoretical; basic research for master's degree NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engrg. (e) The purpose is to determine the effect of Dept the walls of a container on the Stoke 's drag of a particle falling In axlsymmetric (3121) PREFABRICATED DITCH LININGS. flow in a fluid. The shape of the container is beaker- like. Laboratory project. 13 Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural (4174) THE PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL DUE TO A PARTICLE Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., SETTLING IN A VISCOUS FLUID. North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak. Experimental; applied research. (b) Laboratory project. it] The work Involves field testing to check the (c) Prof. H. Brenner, Dept. of Chemical Engrg., durability of 4 to 10 mil black polyethylene New York University, New York 53, New York. linings that have been in place over 2 years (d) Experimental; basic research for master's in farm irrigation ditches. degree (g) Six and ten mil buried linings were in (e) Experiments are designed to verify certain excellent condition after two years of theoretical relationships pertaining to the service. dynamics of a particle in a viscous fluid. Pressure differentials due to spheres (3475) SURFACE DRAINAGE. settling at low Reynolds numbers in a cylinder containing a viscous fluid will be Laboratory project. measured and correlated with particle drag. 81 Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., 56 . .

North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak. Completed. Field investigation; applied research. A frequency notch appears in the exit void Field ditches were constructed on college fraction and the power-exit void fraction farm to study improvements in drainage condi- transfer function with four or more nodes, tions. Snow accumulation in open drains was and is not present with fewer nodes. It is studied again. significant because all previous studies (g) An abnormally wet season prevented any work have assumed axial lumping of the boiling on field ditch construction until the last section. The propagation velocity of a

:, part of August. Spring thaw in surface density disturbance based upon the notch drains was at least 1 month later than in frequency, is intermediate between the gas past years, but snow accumulation pattern and mixture average velocities. was about the same as the previous year. (h) Paper to be submitted to International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. (4175) WATER INTAKE RATES AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF IRRIGABLE SOILS. (3793) TWO-PHASE FLOW STRUCTURE.

(b) Joint laboratory project between Department Argonne National Laboratory. of Agricultural Engineering and Department 15! S. G. Bankoff, Chemical Engrg. Dept., of Soils. Northwestern Tech. Inst. (c) Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural (d) Experimental basic research, doctoral and Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., master 1 s theses. North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak. (e) Development of resistivity probe for de- (d) Experimental, basic research, and Master's termination of local void fraction, local thesis bubble frequency, and local bubble size (e) Intake rates of Irrigated soils were distributions in mercury-nitrogen flow, and measured by the Inflow-outflow method, the also an Impact probe for local liquid ve- double ring lnf iltrometer, and by the locity measurement. Determination of flow

Purdue sprinkling inf iltrometer . The change structure in mercury-nitrogen flow In in intake rates caused by land leveling, vertical one inch pipe. Extension of the tillage practices, seasonal change, and probe to air-water flow, and determination compaction from farm machinery is being of air-water flow structure. studied. The physical and chemical proper- (f) Mercury- nitrogen work completed. Air-water ties and the moisture profile of the soil work active. are being measured before, and after irri- (g) Resolution of resistivity probe allows gations. Individual bubbles 0.1" diameter to be ob- (g) The Intake rate decreased slightly during served in mercury-nitrogen flow. Extensive the Irrigation season. A lower rate was void fraction and velocity profiles obtained. obtained with the double ring method than Slug length distributions, bubble frequency with the Inflow-outflow method when spatial distributions, also obtained. Air- measuring intake rates on three year old water probe looks quite promising. alfalfa plots. (h) Argonne Nat. Lab. report forthcoming. Ph.D. (h) "Water infiltration rates of an Irrigated thesis, L. G. Neal, Chemical Engineering Soil," Jerome M. Schaack, unpublished MS Department, Northwestern University. Thesis, North Dakota State University, March 1962. (3799) FORCES ON SUBMERGED BODIES IN UNSTEADY MOTION. Northwestern Technological Institute. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological Institute. I!) Professor W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Northwestern University, (3476) FLOOD WAVE ROUTING. Evanston, Illinois. (d) Theoretical and experimental; for doctoral Northwestern Technological Institute. thesis. 151 Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engrg., (e) The purpose is to evaluate forces acting on Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. accelerating submerged bodies in a fluid (d) Theoretical and analytical for doctoral and and apply the results to the motion of the masters theses. snow and dust particles in the atmospheric (e) The purpose Is to calculate the movement of boundary layer. The theoretical Investi- flood waves in prismatic and natural gations included the determination of channels. Finite difference equations based the forces acting on arbitrarily accelerating on (a) method of characteristics and (b) plates. Experiments have been completed on basic equations of momentum and continuity a sphere oscillating in oil. are to be programmed separately for solution (f) First phase completed. Second phase on on a digital computer. motion that is not harmonic being analyzed. (g) It has been found best to use difference (g) The forces acting on an arbitrarily ac- equations along characteristics near the celerating infinitely long plates have been upstream and downstream boundaries and a determined theoretically. Data on simple backward difference method based directly harmonic motion up to a Reynolds number of on momentum and continuity equations and a 60 correlated in terms of velocity, ac- rectangular grid for the region not near the celeration and history coefficients. boundaries. Program found to give unstable (h) Ph.D. Thesis completed Aug. 1962; paper under results. preparation. (h) Theses in preparation. (4670) THE EFFECT OF SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS ON THE (3792) RESPONSE OF A BOILING CHANNEL TO INPUT STABILITY OF FALLING LIQUID FILMS. FLUCTUATIONS. Northwestern University. Laboratory project. 15! Mr. Stephen Whitaker, Chemical Engrg. Dept., (5! Prof. S. G. Bankoff, The Technological Inst., Northwestern Tech. Inst., Northwestern Univ., Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. Evanston, Illinois. Basic theoretical research; doctoral thesis. Experimental 81 An analog computer study of the response of Small amounts of surface active agents are a boiling channel with saturated feed under often used to suppress the ripples or waves natural and forced circulation conditions to that tend to form on falling liquid films. power and flow input fluctuations. The The presence of a surface active agent at basic momentum mass and energy balances are a gas-liquid surface gives rise to three differenced in the height variable. The phenomena: (a) lowered surface tension, only assumption is the applicability of the (b) increased surface viscosity, (c) the variable density single fluid model. possibility of surface tension gradients.

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An experimental study Is being undertaken in Kasugaya at the University of Notre Dame order to determine the role of these in cooperation with Dr. S. Kolupalla. More phenomena in stabilizing falling liquid accurate formulas were derived and tables films. of correction factors prepared.

(4671) MAGNETOVISCOUS FLUID FLOW.

Laboratory project. OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Mechanical IS) Mr. Thomas P. Anderson, Gas Dynamics Lab., Engineering. Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. Experimental and theoretical basic research. (4673) A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF UPSTREAM 121 A study of the flow of a class of sus- FLOW DISTORTION AND ACCURACY OF ORIFICE pensions that exhibit marked changes in METERS. effective viscosity under the Influence of applied magnetic fields. American Gas Association. (g) Preliminary experiments have been conducted Mr. Charles F. Sepsy, 206 West 18th Ave., on a suspension of micron sized iron The Ohio State University, Columbus 10, particles in an oil base. Using a cylindri- Ohio. cal geometry and an applied field of approximately 500 amp turns changes in vis- (4674) STUDY OF UPSTREAM NON -UNIFORMITIES RELATED cosity of more than a factor 2 have been TO FLUID METER PERFORMANCE. measured. In addition it appears that the fluid is non-Newtonian in character and the National Science Foundation. effect is Influenced considerably by the 8) Mr. Charles F. Sepsy, 206 West 18th Ave., magnitude of the velocity. The Ohio State Univ., Columbus 10, Ohio. (e) To generalize the influence of and define prediction methods to account for effects of upstream non-uniformities on the per- UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Department of Civil Engrg. formance of fluid meters.

(3124 HISTORY OF HYDROMETRY IN THE UNITED STATES. [4675) CALIBRATION OF DIFFERENTIAL HEADMETERS.

(c Dr. S. Kolupalla, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Engineering Experiment Station, Ohio State University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind. University. (g Part 1, Early history of hydrometry, was (c) Mr. Charles F. Sepsy, 206 West 18th Ave., published in 1960. Part II, Modern history The Ohio State University, Columbus 10, of hydrometry in the USA, is being prepared Ohio. for publication. To provide service in the calibration of orifice meters, venturies and nozzles for (3802 COMPONENT RUNNER FOR THE CURRENT METER. Industry. Calibration of the meter is accomplished by a volumetric method. The (g Recent success in application for turbine calibrating fluid is water. testing is evaluated. (h A paper on measurement of angular and pulsating flow presented at the Conference on Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics at the OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engineering University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Department by Dr. S. Kolupalla, Dec. 11, 1962, is to be published in the Proceedings of the (2365) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON SMALL GRASS-COVERED Conference WATERSHEDS.

(3803 ANALOG SIMULATION OF DEFORMABLE (b) Agricultural Experiment Station cooperative HYDRODYNAMIC BOUNDARIES. with Agricultural Research Service. (c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Okla. State Univ., Dept. National Science Foundation. of Agricultural Engrg., Stillwater, Okla. Dr. A. G. Strandhagen, Dept. of Engineering d) Field Investigation; applied research. Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre e) Measurements are being made to provide Dame, Indiana. hydrologic data on total watershed runoff Theoretical and experimental. and peak rates of runoff from three small Two-dimensional conducting sheet is used to grass-covered watersheds (17 to 206 acres) simulate the flow past submerged bodies. in north central Oklahoma. Highway culverts, Both irrotational and cavity flow are con- modified by the addition of weir sills, are sidered. being used as runoff measuring devices. (g Analog results are in agreement with several (g) Intensive model tests of culverts equipped cases of cavitating hydrofoil flow. with weir sills completed. Ten year data (h Master's thesis completed by J. Sellers. on precipitation and runoff completed.

(4179 RIVER HYDROLOGY, SURVEY AND SELECTED (2828) THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MONOMOLECULAR FILMS BIBLIOGRAPHY. FOR REDUCING EVAPORATION FROM RESERVOIRS.

Dr. S. Kolupalla, Dept. of Civil Engineering. (b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Search continues, manuscript is prepared, cooperative with U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. publication is planned for December 1964. (c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ., Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, (4672 THEORY OF THE HYDROMETRIC ROD. Stillwater, Oklahoma. (d) Experimental; applied research. Laboratory project. (e) Two paired plastic lined ponds, designed Dr. Nobumasa Kasugaya, Prof, of Hydrology, for evaporation research, are being used to Chuo Univ., Civil Engineering Dept., Tokyo, study various aspects of evaporation re- Japan. duction by monomolecular films. Apparatus Theoretical investigation, applied research. has been developed for automatic application Two problems solved under assumption of of hexaoctadecanol slurry. Present research velocity distribution according to the is on the effects of wind on monolayers and logarithmic law and n-power parabolic law: development and testing of methods of (1) Relationship between the measured veloc- alleviating adverse effects of wind. ity and the average velocity on a vertical in (g) Evaporation reductions of 25 to 40$ have a river cross-section; (2) angle of incli- been obtained in long duration tests using nation of a rod submerged In river. slurry method of applying films. Curves (g) Work carried out during a visit of Dr. have been developed relating wind speed and

56 . .

required film application rate. In current (2832) MEASUREMENT OF FORCES ON A MODEL IN A research a system of floating barriers is WATER TUNNEL. used to confine the monolayer to reduce frequency of application. Various height/ (b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau spacing ratios have been tested. The ef- of Naval Weapons. fect of the barriers, with and without (c) Messrs. G. B. Gurney and T. E. Pelrce, monolayer, on evaporation is being studied. Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania. (3804) THE HYDRAULICS OP CONSERVATION CHANNELS. d) Experimental; developmental. e) The problem concerns the measurement of (b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. forces on models in a water tunnel over a of Agriculture in cooperation with the velocity range up to 80 feet per second, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. pressure ranges of 3 to 60 pounds per square (c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Agr. Research Service, Soil inch absolute. and Water Conservation Research Div. (g) Two four component (lift, axial force, Southern Plains Branch, Stillwater, Okla. pitching and rolling moment) balances for d) Experimental; applied research. use in water tunnels utilizing strain gaged e) Vegetation lined waterways of the kind used pre-tensioned flexure beams as the force to convey short duration flood flows from sensing devices have been in successful small watersheds are constructed full size operation for four years, A Planar Motion on the grounds of an outdoor hydraulic Mechanism capable of imparting pitching and laboratory. Plow tests are made on these heaving motions to models is now under con- experimental channels to determine the struction and should be in operation in protective ability of various grasses March of 1963. The balance assolcated with and to evaluate the flow friction factors this mechanism will measure all the hydro- under different conditions of growth. dynamic stability coefficients required in Perennial and annual grasses for the temporary the equations of motion for a submerged protection of newly constructed earth water- body with four (4) degrees of freedom. ways are both considered in these studies. These equations include the static, damping Temporary liners of various fibers Including and acceleration derivatives. A balance jute, paper and glass are also tested. which will measure unsteady forces on pro- (g) Manning's n values have been determined for pulsors has been developed and successfully various grass species. The physical tested. characteristics of the vegetation and the (h) "An Analysis of Force Measurements," by flow character both influence the flow G. B. Gurney, M. S. Thesis, Department of retardance factor so special design diagrams Engineering Mechanics, The Pennsylvania have been prepared to aid in solving flow State University, September 1962. problems under these conditions. (3143) REDUCTION OF SKIN FRICTION DRAG. (4676) THE HYDRAULICS OP OVERLAND FLOW. (b) Joint program of investigation with the (b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station General Electric Company, the United States cooperative with Agricultural Research Rubber Company and the Northrop Corporation Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. sponsored by the Bureau of Naval Weapons. (c) Prof. P. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ., (c) Dr. John Lumley and Mr. John McMahon, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Stillwater, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Oklahoma. Park, Pennsylvania. (d) Experimental; applied research. (d) Experimental, basic research; theoretical (e) A study of the basic relationships involved and applied research. in the hydraulics of overland flow. Now In (e) Investigations into the application of its initial phase, the research is being boundary layer control through suction and done at the Stillwater outdoor hydraulic lab. compliant surfaces for underwater bodies. Test channels, 96 ft long will be subjected (g) A theoretical analysis of the mechanism by to simulated rainfall of various intensities which an admissive boundary may reduce the and droplet sizes. The water surface profile skin friction has been completed. will be studied for transient and equilibrium Experimental measurements of boundary layer states for channels surfaced with cement transition and thickness aft of the transi- mortar and also for earth channels vegetated tion have been made for a number of flat with wheat. plates which were covered with a compliant surface (h) "Stability of Plane Couette Flow over an Admissive Boundary," by J. L. Lumley and OREGON STATE COLLEGE, Hydraulics Laboratory. J. F. McMahon, Presented at American Physical Society, November 1962, Norman, Oklahoma. (3805) INVESTIGATION OP SUPERCRITICAL FLOW CHANNEL "Some Comments on Drag Reduction," American JUNCTIONS. Rocket Society, J. L. Lumley, ARS Preprint #2642-62. (b) U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads. (3486) TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER. (c) Prof. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. (b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied of Naval Weapons. research. (c) Dr. John Lumley, Ordnance Research Lab., (e) Wave effects resulting from the Junction University Park, Pennsylvania. of two supercritical, open channel flows d) Experimental.

are being studied to determine the magnitude 1 e) Using a constant temperature probe, some and the location of the wave pile up on the turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers will channel walls. Only rectangular channels be investigated with particular attention to are presently being considered. Trape- homogeneous grid-produced turbulence and zoidal channels will be considered later. turbulent dispersion in a shear flow. (g) The prediction of wall pile-up. (g) Measurements have been taken in a small water tunnel settling section determining the effect of various screens and honeycombs on turbulence THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Ordnance Research (h) "The Constant Temperature Hot-Thermistor Laboratory, College of Engineering and Architecture, Anemometer," Symposium on Measurements in University Park, Pennsylvania, Dr. John C. Johnson, Unsteady Flow, ASME Proceedings, May 21-23, Director. Work done under Dr. G. P. Wislicenus, 1962, pp. 75-82. Director of the Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel.

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(3487) FLOW DISTORTION FEEDING INTO A PROPELLER. University Park, Pennsylvania. Theoretical and experimental. (b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau Investigation of the errors introduced by of Naval Weapons. the physical boundaries of tunnel walls (c) Mr. J. J. Elsenhuth, Ordnance Research Lab., on the measured forces on large models. University Park, Pennsylvania. The Investigation covers both the axlally Theoretical and experimental. symmetric case and when the models are at This is a study of the interaction effects low angles of attack. Establishing the between control surfaces and a propeller means for correcting these errors is also when the surfaces are located in front of a part of this investigation. the propeller and feed a distorted flow into (g) For the axially symmetric case the installa- It. The primary goal is to determine how tion of a tunnel liner has produced satis- effectively the propeller cancels the forces factory results. produced by the control surfaces. (4677) THE INVESTIGATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL (3488) FLOW OVER A BODY OF REVOLUTION WITH UNSTEADY CAVITY FLOWS ABOUT FIXED SYMMETRIC STABILIZING SURFACES. BLUFF BODIES.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau (b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of of Naval Weapons. Ships, David Taylor Model Basin. (c) Mr. E. J. Rodger s, Ordnance Research Lab., (c) Dr. B. W. Mccormick, J. 0. Young, Ordnance University Park, Pennsylvania. Research Laboratory, University Park, (d) Theoretical and experimental. Pennsylvania. (e) This study is directed toward the under- Experimental and theoretical standing of the flow conditions around a Si An investigation of the wake region body of revolution with stabilizing fins behind supercavitating, bluff, two- under conditions of pitch and/or yaw. The dimensional body shapes will be undertaken eventual goal is to be able to predict for the purpose of defining the flow charac- more precisely the hydrodynamic coefficients teristics and the variables which affect of such a body by virtue of a better fully developed, periodic, cavity flow. understanding of the flow conditions. (h) "Preliminary Investigation of the Unsteady Cavity and Wake Behind a Wedge at Zero (3807) INVESTIGATION OF THE CAVITATION CHARACTER- Angle of Attack," by J. 0. Young, TN ISTICS OF A FEW SIMPLE LIQUIDS. 5.3410-07, January 18, 1962.

Laboratory project sponsored by NASA. (4678) HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISM FOR AN UNDERWATER IS! Dr. J. W. Holl, Ordnance Research Lab., MISSILE. University Park, Pennsylvania. Experimental, analytical; basic research. (*) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau IJ1 To investigate experimentally the cavitation of Naval Weapons and conducted under Dr. characteristics of a few simple (as regards C. L. Key, Asst. Director, Ordnance Research to vapor pressure and handling) liquids Laboratory. under conditions occurring in space and (c) Messrs. H. M. Jensen and R. E. Kershaw, aircraft pumping machinery, and analyze Ordnance Research Laboratory, University the results so that a reliable basis for Park, Pennsylvania. theory applicable to these conditions can Experimental, applied development and design. be formulated. A high-performance hydraulic servomechanlsm A small high speed water tunnel having test for control of rudders and elevators in an section velocities of 370 feet per second, underwater missile system. Specific design pressures to 1000 pounds per square inch, problems were instability caused by a reso- temperatures to 300 degrees Fahrenheit, has nant linkage and high-frequency oscillation been constructed and has been in operation of the servovalve. since April of 1962. (f) Design is complete and field tests will soon (g) Preliminary tests of nozzles in the high be conducted. speed water tunnel have shown that critical (g) Stability was achieved by increasing the cavitation numbers increase with velocity. resonant frequency of the linkage, providing This increase Is greater for nozzles with hydraulic damping with a bypass orifice, and an abrupt contour. lag-lead phase compensation in the servo (h) "Experimental Investigations of Incipient amplifier. The high-frequency oscillation and Desinent Cavitation," by A. F. Lehman, was eliminated by increasing the diameter of J. 0. Young, presented at ASME Aviation activator ports. and Space, Hydraulic, and Gas Turbine Con- ference, Los Angeles, March 3-7, 1963.

(4180) UNSTEADY FLOW INVESTIGATIONS AROUND AN PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Experiment Station. ELLIPSOID OF REVOLUTION. (2596) THE USE OF A RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR SOIL (b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of AND WATER MANAGEMENT STUDIES. Naval Weapons. (c) Mr. Maurice Sevik, Ordnance Research Lab., Soil and Water Conservation Research Dlv., University Park, Pennsylvania. Agricultural Research Service, USDA and (d) Experimental and theoretical study of Purdue University. (See Agricultural unsteady forces acting on an ellipsoid of Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project revolution over a range of Reynolds numbers No. 4276). and body attack angles. Instantaneous (c) Mr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS-SWC, Agricultural values of forces and moments have been Engineering Department, Purdue University, measured for Reynolds numbers up to 10' Lafayette, Indiana. in a water tunnel with body attack angles Field investigation; applied research. of zero, 5 and 10 degrees. Measurements li) The rainfall simulator is used on runoff have been made with the ellipsoid performing plots for comparison of treatments which small oscillations in a direction normal to effect erosion and infiltration. Research the main flow. Includes studies of tillage methods, crop residue management, slope, soil type, crop (4181) DETERMINATION OF EFFECT OF TUNNEL BOUNDARIES rotations, and intensity histograms. ON THE FORCES ACTING ON A MODEL. (h) "Crop Residues as Surface Mulches for Con- trolling Erosion on Sloping Land under (b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Intensive Cropping," by L. D. Meyer and J. V Naval Weapons. Mannering, ASAE Paper No. 62-714, 1962. (c) Mr. Thomas Peirce, Ordnance Research Lab.,

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(2597) THE EFFECTS OF TILLAGE ON RUNOFF AND below a hydraulic Jump are being studied to EROSION. determine their effect on the design of circular drains. Laboratory project. (h) "A Model Study of Flow in Steep Tile Drains," Si! Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering by W. D. Lembke, J. W. Delleur, and E. J. Department, Purdue University, Lafayette, Monke, ASAE Paper No. 62-224, 1962. Indiana.

Field investigation; applied research. ( 3608) DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF METHODS FOR Runoff is measured from 15 watersheds in five ESTIMATING FIELD RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS. different tillage systems. These systems involve two surface soil treatments and Soil and Water Conservation Research Dlv., three subsoil treatments, including subsoil USDA, and Purdue University. (See Agrl. fertilization and vertical mulching. Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project Hydrologlc analyses of these small water- No. 4274). sheds are used to evaluate the effects of (c) Mr. Walter H. Wlschmeler, ARS-SWC, Agric. tillage on soil moisture, crop growth and Engineering Dept., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, yield, and runoff. Indiana. To be continued as part of another project. Experimental; development. "Some Observations on the Effect of The relationships of numerous rainstorm Vertical Mulching," by R. D. Frazier and characteristics, topographic features, soil A. R. Bertrand, Indiana Acad, of Sci., Vol. characteristics and surface conditions to 69, 1959. field runoff and soil erosion are being evaluated from plot data obtained under (2835) PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF WATER TABLE IN natural and/or simulated rainfall. Basic SANDY SOIL. plot and small watershed data on an individual storm basis have been assembled in an Laboratory project. ARS central runoff and soil-loss data lab. Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering at Purdue Univ., from 24 states. The data Department, Purdue University, Lafayette, represent results of cooperative research Indiana. studies over the past 32 years at 47 Field investigation; applied research. locations. SI The water table in a sandy field is con- (g) An Improved soil-loss equation to help guide trolled from an adjacent supply ditch in farm planning for soil and water conserva- which the water level is kept high. Depths tion was developed and published. Data for to the water table are continuously measured locality evaluations of the rainfall factor during the growing season at various distances and the cropplng-management factor In the from the ditch and correlated with crop yield equation have been disseminated in ready- data. reference form. New data from plot studies Suspended. under natural rainfall and from studies unda? The maintenance of the water table at two simulated rainfall have been Included in con- feet below the surface in Maumee fine sandy tinuing investigations to improve the ac- loam significantly increased corn yields in curacy of the soil, topographic and practice years when extended drought periods occurred factors in the equation. during the growing season. Based upon draw- (h) "Soil-Loss Estimation as a Tool in Soil and down curves, a favorable water table level can Water Management Planning," by W. H. be maintained by ditches spaced 600 feet Wlschmeler and D. D. Smith, International apart Association of Scientific Hydrology, Commis- (h) "Water Table Control on Maumee Fine Sandy sion on Land Erosion, Report No. 59, 1962. Loam," by W. D. Lembke, Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull., "Erosion Rates and Contributing Factors in Purdue Univ., (in press). Semi-Arid Regions," by W. H. Wlschmeler, Proceedings of International Seminar on (2837) TREATMENT OF SURFACE WATERS FOR DOMESTIC USE Water and Soil Utilization, Brookings, South ON THE FARM. Dakota, July 1962, (in press).

Laboratory project. (4182) THE MECHANICS OF EROSION OF RAINFALL AND (i) Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering RUNOFF. Department, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. (.*) Soil and Water Conservation Research Dlv., (d) Field Investigation; applied and basic Agricultural Research Service, USDA and research. Purdue University. (e) The treatment of pond water by use of slow (c) Mr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS-SWC, Agricultural sand and dlatomaceous earth filters is being Engineering Department, Purdue University, evaluated. Improved designs are under Lafayette, Indiana. investigation. The effects of algae growth Experimental; basic research. and coagulation-sedimentation methods on IS The splash and runoff of simulated soil filtration processes are being studied. particles from an area 0.6 meters wide by (h) "Automation of a Dlatomaceous Earth Water 3.0 meters long is being Investigated. Treatment System for Farmstead Use," by Variables during the initial phases include K. J. Albrecht and E. J. Monke, ASAE Paper particle size, inclination of slope, rate of No. 61-310, 1961. runoff, and simulated rainfall. "Dlatomaceous Earth Filtration of Pond Water for Domestic Use," by E. J. Monke, (4183) SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE OF BLOUNT SILT LOAM. H. R. Wllke, L. G. Laudenschlager , and K. J. Albrecht, ASAE Paper No. 62-210, 1962. Laboratory project. "Use of Gypsum on the Flocculatlon Behavior Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering of Clays in an Aqueous Solution," by J. Department, Purdue University, Lafayette, Doorenbos, M. S. thesis, Purdue Univ., 1962. Indiana. Field investigation; applied research. (3490) INVESTIGATION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN Various spacings between parallel subsurface DRAIN TILE AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THESE drains are under investigation to determine FLOW CHARACTERISTICS TO SEDIMENTATION. their effectiveness in water removal and crop response. Continuous records of tile Laboratory project. discharge are being made and crop yields are Mr. L. F. Hugglns, Agricultural Engineering determined at harvest time. Department, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana. Experimental; basic research. (4681) EVALUATION OF PLASTIC-LINED MOLE DRAINS AND Flow of water through a partially filled INSTALLATION EQUIPMENT IN MUCK SOILS. transparent drain Is being observed on steep slopes. Three regimes of flow occurring (b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

61 . . .

USDA, and Purdue University. (See Agrl. the hydraulic conductivity of sand during Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project prolonged flow. In fact, there was a slight No. 4271). tendency for methane to increase the hy- (c) Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering draulic conductivity, as compared with water Department, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. not containing methane. Field investigation; applied research. The primary purpose of this investigation is (4679) FLOW LAWS FOR THE MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOIL. to determine the stability with time of various cross-sectional types of plastic- Laboratory project. lined mole drains in muck soil. Secondary ft Dr. Dale Swartzendruber, Department of objectives are concerned with the improvement Agronomy, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana. of the installation equipment. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic for Ph.D. thesis. (e) The validity of Darcy's law for various porous media, with and without clay, will be PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy. studied for both saturated and partially saturated media. One-dimensional flow ve- (4165) ANALYSIS OP THE DYNAMICS OF MOISTURE FLOW IN locity will be determined as a function of SOILS. driving gradient, at various constant water contents. Mathematical relationships for Laboratory project. flow as a function of gradient will also be ft Dr. Dale Swartzendruber, Department of sought Agronomy, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. (g) Assuming Darcy's law valid for unsaturated (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and soil water flow, along with soil capillary applied. potential as a unique function of moisture (e) The flow of water to tube drains in strati- content, implies direct proportionality fied soils was evaluated theoretically by between one-dimensional flow velocity and an approximate method originally developed moisture gradient, for constant moisture in Russia. In a second study, a refined content. An analysis of this type was per- non-Darcy flow equation was developed and formed for the horizontal absorption of evaluated water into a silty clay loam soil. Pro- Completed. portionality was found to hold at the ft In the approximation analysis, the layered higher moisture contents, but not at the system is considered in three special, mathe- lower moisture contents. Deviations were of matically degenerate cases, which then yield the type in which the flow velocity in-

the approximate flow rate . The approximate creased more than proportionally with the values conformed reasonably well with values hydrau 1 1 c grad 1 ent found by essentially exact methods. The (h) "Non-Darcy Behavior and the Flow of Water approximation is widely applicable, and in Unsaturated Soils," by D. Swartzendruber,

yields good physical insight into many com- submitted to Soil Sci. Soc . Am. Proc. plex problems. In the second study, data from the literature were analyzed from the (4680) THE EFFECT OF SUBSOIL TREATMENT ON SOIL standpoint of non-Darcy behavior. In many CONDITIONS, CROP GROWTH AND RUNOFF. cases, it was found that the one-dimensional flow velocity increased more than proportion- Laboratory project. ally with the hydraulic gradient. This be- ft Dr. H. Kohnke, Agronomy Department, Purdue havior could be described quite well with a University, Lafayette, Indiana. 3-parameter equation, which contains Darcy's Field investigation, applied research. law as a special case. Soli conditions, crop growth and peak rates (h) "Approximate Water Flow Rates for Tube of runoff are measured on 15 watersheds under Drains in Stratified Soils," by D. three different systems of subsoil manage- Swartzendruber, J. Geophys. Res. 67, No. 6, ment. These treatments are: subsoil fertil- Pages 2395-2402, 1962. ization, vertical mulching and untreated "Non-Darcy Flow Behavior in Liquid- subsoil. It is the purpose to determine Saturated Porous Media," D. Swartzendruber, J. what effects the subsoil treatments have on Geophys. Res. 67, No. 12, pp. 5205-5213, 1962. soil conditions, crop growth and runoff. (g) As long as vertical mulch channels stay open (4186) MECHANISMS OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY DECREASE at the soil surface, they reduce runoff IN WATER-SATURATED SOILS. rates. Subsoil fertilization has a minor effect on runoff. (b) Laboratory project and Purdue Research Foundation. (c) Dr. Dale Swartzendruber, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Chemical Engineering Department. Experimental; basic research for Ph.D. thesis. ft The effect of gases on the hydraulic con- (4188) SAMPLING OF HETEROGENEOUS FLUIDS IN FLOW. ductivity of porous media was studied for air and methane. The presence of entrapped American Petroleum Institute. air was determined with a compression ft Mr. J. H. Rushton, School, of Chemical technique. Engineering, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. (g) As phenol-containing water was passed con- (d) Both an experimental and theoretical project. tinuously through quartz sand initially Essentially an experimental project to which wetted at atmospheric pressure, the hy- basic fluid mechanics is applied. Proposals draulic conductivity increased and reached for accurate methods of sampling in com- a plateau maximum. The compressibility of mercial type operations will be made at the the system, which reflects the entrapped end of the program. Five Master theses have gaseous air content, decreased sharply at been completed, several others will follow. first, but continued to decrease slowly (e) The work is for the purpose of developing even during the plateau of hydraulic con- methods whereby the accuracy of sampling can ductivity. When phenol was absent, the hy- be maximized for heterogeneous materials draulic conductivity reached a peak maximum flowing through pipe lines. The flowing and thereafter declined. However, the com- fluids handled contain immiscible solids pressibility still decreased sharply initial- and liquids. Work is done In several sizes ly, and continued to decrease slowly. This of pipes so that scale-up information will indicates that the eventual decline in hy- be available. draulic conductivity was not caused by a re- Work is approximately 80$ completed. lease of gas from the permeating water. For small quantities of solids and liquids The presence of dissolved methane in the the vertical distribution in a horizontal permeating water was found not to decrease pipe has been determined for various rates

62 .

of flow. A technique has been devised to from the gas to the liquid phase. relate a sample at one point in the pipe to (g) Preliminary results are being extended to the average stream flowing in the pipe. non-aqueous liquids and liquids containing Isokinetic sampling is important, particu- surfactants. larly for large sized particles and for mixtures where the components vary widely (4683) RESIDENCE TIME STUDIES IN A CONCURRENT in density. It appears that satisfactory WETTED WALL COLUMN. results can be achieved by sampling between a position one tiird pipe diameter above b) Department supported laboratory project.

the bottom of a horizontal pipe and the ! c) Mr. W. H. Tucker, School of Chemical Engrg., center line, provided the sample is with- Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. drawn at a velocity equal to the average d) Experimental; applied research, M.S. thesis. velocity of flow, e) High velocity gas and liquid flowing down- (h) Progress reports have been made to the ward in a wetted-wall column. The shear on American Petroleum Institute. No printed the liquid surface by the high velocity gas publications at this date. causes mixing of the liquid film. Residence time measurements were attempted to provide (4190) CALCULATION OP COMPLETE BATCH SETTLING a tool for measuring the effectiveness of BEHAVIOR FOR RIGID SPHERES IN A NEWTONIAN mixing, to replace mass transfer experiments. FLUID. f) Discontinued. g) Experimental problems resulted in essentially (b) Laboratory project. negative conclusions. Preliminary surface (c) Prof. Paul T. Shannon, School of Chemical velocity measurement appeared to be more Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, fruitful and these preliminary data provided Indiana. the basis for the next project. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research (h) M.S. Thesis by L. Subbaiyan, Purdue Univ., for M. S. thesis. January 1962. (e) As part of a continuing study of the dynamic behavior of multiparticle-fluid systems, additional batch settling data on 66 n spherical glass beads in water was obtained PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering. over a wide range of initial solids concentrations. This work was done to confirm (2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES. previous results at different weight of solids per unit area and to study closely (b) State Highway Department of Indiana and the rising concentration gradient predicted Bureau of Public Roads. by the theory. (c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydraulic Laboratory, (g) Solids flux plats based on the initial batch School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., settling rates were obtained by fitting third Lafayette, Indiana. and fourth order polynomial equations in d) Experimental; for design and master's theses.

Initial reduced solids concentration (solids I e) The purpose of the research is to study cone. /solids density) to the experimental systematically the hydraulic efficiency of settling rate data. A computer program was waterways under arch bridges, to provide a written to theoretically predict the entire criterion for determining the proper clear batch settling behavior of the slurries, span of arch bridges so as to compensate for using only the Initial rate data, based on the loss of efficiency at high flows, and to the postulate that the solids settling rate provide a method for computing the backwater is a function of the local solids concentra- upstream of arch bridges, and indirect flood tion only. The rising concentration gradient discharge measurements. predicted by the theory was observed and (g) Preliminary small scale model investigation photographed and was as predicted. has been completed. Large scale testing of The predicted total batch settling curves two and three dimensional semi -circular agreed within experimental uncertainty with and circular segment models in both smooth the experimental results. This validates and rough boundaries including a number of the basic postulate for systems of uniform skewed, eccentric and dual bridges have been spheres in a Newtonian fluid. Minor de- completed. The large scale tests were con- viations were attributed to small initial ducted in a tilting flume 5 ft. wide and concentration gradients and to particle 64 ft. long. segregation. (h) "A Preliminary Model Investigation of Hy- (h) M. S. Thesis by E. P. Stroupe, Purdue Univ., draulics of River Flow under Arch Bridges," January 1962. by S. T. Husain, M.S. Thesis, January 1959. M. S. Thesis by R. D. DeHaas, Purdue Univ., "Hydraulics of River Flow Backwater Effects January 1963. of Semi-Circular Constrictions in a Smooth The first two of a series of articles based Channel," by H. J. Owen, A. Sooky and S. T. on the work to date have been submitted for Husain, M.S. Thesis, January, 1960. publication in the I&EC Fundamentals Quarterly "Hydraulics of River Flow Under Arch Bridges, Copies of these manuscripts can be secured Progress Report No. 3," by P. F. Biery and by I&EC subscribers from: Research Results J. W. Delleur, Joint Highway Research Proj., Service, I&EC, 1155 Sixteenth Street, N. W. Purdue University, September 21, 1960. Washington 6, D. C. "Hydraulics of Single Span Arch Bridge "Batch and Continuous Thickening. Part I. Constrictions,", by P. F. Biery, Master's Basic Theory. Solids Flux for Rigid Thesis, Purdue University, January, 1961. Spheres." Ms. No. 62-206, $4.00. Discussion by P. F. Biery and J. W. Delleur "Batch and Continuous Thickening. Part II. of paper "Roughness Spacing in Rigid Open Prediction of Batch Settling Behavior. Channels," by W. W. Sayre and M. L. Albertscn Results for Rigid Spheres." Ms. No. 62-318, In Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. $3.00. 87, HY5, ASCE, September 1961. "Hydraulics of Single Span Arch Bridge Con- (4662) SURFACE VELOCITIES OF LIQUID FILM IN CON- strictions," by P. F. Biery and J. W. CURRENT WETTED-WALL COLUMN Delleur, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 88, No. HY 2, ASCE, March 1962. b} Department supported laboratory project,

! c) Mr. W. H. Tucker, School of Chemical Engrg., (2840) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE IN FREE SURFACE Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, FLOW. d} Experimental; applied research, M.S. Thesis, e) High velocity gas and liquid flowing downward (b) National Science Foundation, Purdue Research in a wetted-wall column. The surface velocity Foundation. of the liquid film is being measured to (c) Dr. J. W. Delleur and Dr. G. H. Toebes, determine the nature of the momentum transfer Hydraulic Laboratory, School of Civil Engrg.,

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Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. (b) Laboratory project. Hydraulics Laboratory, Theoretical and experimental. School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., SI Investigation of the mechanism of turbulence Lafayette, Indiana. in free surface flow. The analytical part (c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydraulic Laboratory, of the project will investigate Important School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., flow characteristics such as the spectrum Lafayette, Indiana. of turbulence, correlation of velocities In Analytical the turbulent field, degree of isotropy and IS The purpose of the research is to make avail- the various velocity functions in open able to the hydraulic engineers the mathe- channel flow. The experimental portion of matical tools which are normally beyond his the program will make tests coincident with competence theoretical studies. (g) The use of the calculus of variation in the (g) Hot-wire Instrumentation for liquids is solution of laminar flow problems has been being used In the study of the mean and Investigated. An approximate numerical fluctuating velocity components In partially method of solution of laminar flow in non- developed flow In small test flume of vari- circular conduits has been developed. able slope. Building of a larger test flume (h) "Variational Methods in Fluid Dynamics," by is being completed. The flume has variable J. W. Delleur and A. A. Sooky, Journal of longitudinal slope and changeable cross the Engineering Mechanics Dlv., Vol. 87, No. section. The cross section may be rectangu- EM 6, December, 1961. lar or trapezoidal with different side slopes. (3492) TRANSIENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE FREE SURFACE (h) "Secondary Flow in Straight Open Channels," IN A HOMOGENEOUS EARTH DAM. by J. W. Delleur and D. S. McManus, 6th Midwestern Conference on Fluid Mechanics, Purdue Research Foundation. University of Texas, September, 1959. Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engineering, "Mechanism of Turbulence In Free Surface Department of Soil Mechanics, Purdue Univ., Flow," by J. W. Delleur, Progress Report Lafayette, Indiana. No. 1, July 1961. Theoretical for Ph.D. thesis. ft The study is aimed at the development of a (2841) STUDY OF RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS FOR rational treatment of the "rapid drawdown" HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DESIGN IN INDIANA. condition for the analysis of earth and rockfill dams. State Highway Department of Indiana. Completed. i Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydraulic Laboratory, \l\ Published by Geotechnique, (Dec. 1962). School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana. (4191) MEANDER- FLOOD PLAIN MODEL. (d) Analysis and statistical investigation for Ph.D. thesis. (t>) Purdue Research Foundation; Agricultural (e) The purpose of the research is to study the Research Service, Soil and Water Conser- hydrology of watersheds less than 200 square vation and Research Div., U. S. Dept. of miles throughout the State of Indiana, to Agriculture improve the existing methods for estimating (o) Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydraulic Laboratory, the runoff from small watersheds, and to School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., Improve the present methods of design of Lafayette, Indiana. highway drainage structures servicing small (d) Analytical and experimental research for watersheds. A statistical analysis by means Ph.D. thesis. of the extreme values method has been (e) The study is aimed at formulating bounds for completed. Graphical relations which permit the overall energy losses occurring in flows derivation of peak flow as function of five through meander-flood plain geometries and to geomorphological parameters of the watershed increase the knowledge on the spatial dis- have been prepared. A synthetic instan- tribution of energy dissipation for such taneous unit hydrograph has been developed flow fields. for Indiana. It is described by means of (g) Several experimental stage-discharge re- two parameters which were evaluated in terms lationships are available. A number of de- of three geomorphological characteristics. tailed measurements of the velocity distri- The design storm was based on the Weather bution, direction of flow and free surface Bureau study of stories with different topography have been in a 5' x 30' rigid bed durations and frequencies. model with adjustable slope, side wall and (g) Runoff and rainfall data are being collected, channel dimensions. and runoff statistical and geomorphological analysis has been completed. (4192) PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF EAGLE CREEK RESERVOIR SPILLWAY. (3146) HYDROMECHANICS OF FLUID COLLECTOR SYSTEM IN POROUS MEDIA. (t>) Dodson, Kinney and Linblom, consultants to the Indianapolis Flood Control District. Purdue Research Foundation. (c) Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydraulic Laboratory, ft) Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydraulic Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana. Lafayette, Indiana. Experimental, design. (d) Theoretical, and experimental; for Ph.D. ftj The overflow spillway for Eagle Creek thesis reservoir near Indianapolis, with a design (e) Analytical and experimental investigations discharge of 160,000 cfs is situated only of the gravity flow field around horizontal 700 feet from a major Interstate Highway. collector wells. The road will at larger flow act as a broad The-exact solution for gravity flow towards crested weir giving rise to an unusually a sink strip was derived. Slow convergence flat tailwater rating curve. of relaxation methods, utilizing a digital (g) Tests have led to several modifications of computer necessitated the use of an hydraulic the original design. model equipped with an electric free surface probe. Results permitted the formulation of (4684) GROUNDWATER AND SEEPAGE. a discharge formula as well as a number of design recommendations. A novel method for (.*) School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., increasing the well yield, called "vacuum Lafayette, Indiana. pumping", has been given. (e) Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. (3491) NUMERICAL METHODS IN ANALYSIS OF HYDRO- Textbook. MECHANICS PROBLEMS. ft! Presents an organized, self-contained development of groundwater and seepage theory.

64 . . )

Includes many works of Russian Investigators. Comte-Bellot are quite valuable in many Numerous examples and problems presented. studies of turbulent shear flow. The pur- Completed pose of this project is to obtain such data "Ground Water and Seepage," by M. E. Harr, on flow in annul!, the third type of channel

McGraw-Hill Book Company, N. Y. , 1962. flow which in the steady, fully-developed case can be described in terms of a single (4685) DEVELOPMENT OF THE FREE SURFACE FOR FLOW spatial coordinate. It is hoped that also AROUND PILING. some of the conflicts among previously published velocity distributions can be re- School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ. solved. Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engrg., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana. (4687) FULLY-DEVELOPED TURBULENT FLOW IN RECTANGU- Experimental and theoretical for M.S. Thesis. LAR CHANNELS. The study is aimed at the development of a rational method of determining the locus of ( "b Laboratory project. the free surface for flow around piling and (c) Dr. J. B. Jones, Prof, of Mechanical Engrg., thus permit more reliable estimates of Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. factors of safety with respect to piping. (d) Experimental basic research for doctoral thesis. (e) The purpose of this investigation is to obtain knowledge of the relationships among PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Electrical Engineering. velocity distributions, secondary flows, and turbulence characteristics in fully-develop- (4499) AN INVESTIGATION OF PULSE WIDTH MODULATED ed incompressible flow in channels of HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS. rectangular cross-section. In addition to the velocity and turbulence measurements, b) Laboratory project. local wall shear stresses are to be measured c) Dr. J. E. Gibson, Dir., Control and Infor- by means of a thermal element. mation Systems Lab., School of Electrical Engineering, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. (4688) EVALUATION OF INCOMPRESSIBLE TURBULENT (d) Experimental and analytical investigation; BOUNDARY LAYER PREDICTION METHODS APPLIED basic research. TO DIFFUSERS. (e) Experimental work is being conducted to investigate the feasibility of a new type of pulse (b) Laboratory project. width modulating valve. In addition, some (c) Dr. R. W. Fox, Assistant Prof, of Mechanical analytical work has been done to study the use Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, of a pulse width modulated valve in a dual Indiana. mode hydraulic servo. (d) Analytical applied research for master's (g) Some analytical results have been obtained in thesis. which mathematical models for the pulse width (e) This study contains a summary of available valve system have been derived. A method for incompressible turbulent boundary layer pre- estimating transient responses of a system diction methods; their applicability to with coulomb friction has been developed. diffuser flows was investigated, and their (h) "An Analysis of Pulse Width Modulated Hydraulic assumptions and empirical approximations Control Systems," D. E. Boddy, Control and In- were considered and discussed. Several of formation Systems Laboratory memorandum CISL the methods were applied to two-dimensional 62-19, School of Electrical Engineering, diffuser flows and the results were com- Purdue Univ., 42 pages, Oct. 17, 1962. pared to available experimental data. Completed. Several prediction methods were found to give reasonable values of diffuser length PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Jet Propulsion Center. for first appreciable stall. Predicted pressure recovery values were reasonable (2374) MASS TRANSFER IN TWO-PHASE ANNULAR FLOW OF although about 25 percent lower than those LIQUIDS IN A VERTICAL TUBE. given by available correlations of experimental data for optimum pressure re- b) National Science Foundation. covery. The results of this study indicate c) Dr. M. J. Zucrow, Jet Propulsion Center, that pressure recoveries for non-separating Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. diffusers can be calculated with a reason- (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research able degree of accuracy. for Ph.D. degree. (h) "Evaluation of Incompressible Turbulent (e) This problem is concerned with the analy- Boundary Layer Prediction Methods Applied tical and experimental study of the mass to Diffusers," by Alan T. McDonald, M.S. transfer from an annular liquid film on the Thesis, June 1962 (available on loan). inside wall of a vertical circular tube to a co-current gas flow in the core of the tube. (4689) LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER ABOUT A SPINNING Systematic experiments will be conducted for AXISYMMETRIC BODY OF REVOLUTION AT A HIGH determining the effect of the rates of flow VALUE OF ANGULAR VELOCITY. of air and liquid, and the temperature difference between air and liquid upon the rate (b) Laboratory project. of mass transfer from the liquid film. (c) Dr. E. J. Wellman, Assoc. Prof, of Mech. Engrg., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana. Analytical research for master's thesis. At high values of angular velocity, previous PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Mechanical Engineering. research has indicated that the standard boundary layer equations do not accurately (4686) FULLY-DEVELOPED TURBULENT FLOW IN TUBES OF predict the drag for a spinning body nor the ANNULAR CROSS-SECTION. torque required to maintain rotation. Modified boundary layer equations were de- b) Laboratory project. veloped by including in the circumferential c) Dr. J. B. Jones, Prof, of Mechanical Engrg., Navier-Stokes equation the largest of the Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. terms neglected in the conventional analy- (d) Experimental basic research for doctoral sis. Integral equations of the azlmuthal thesis direction boundary layer equation and the (e) The data on the turbulence structure of modified circumferential direction boundary fully-developed flow in circular pipes pre- layer equation were formed. The potential sented by J. Laufer and by V. A. Sandborn flow pressure gradient was assumed and a and the similar data for flow between Pohlhauser fourth order velocity profile was parallel walls from J. Laufer and from G. used.

65 Boundary layer thicknesses were calculated with certain restrictions, for both the conventional and the modified (h) "Simplification of Hydraulic Line Dynamics equations as applied to a selected shape. by Use of Infinite Products," by R. The solutions were obtained by numerical Oldenburger and R. E. Goodson, American integration using an RPC 4000 digital com- Society of Mechanical Engineers Paper No. puter. 62-WA-55, 1962. f) Completed. "Dynamic Response of Fluid Flow Through

! g) The results Indicated a thicker azimuthal Straight and Curved Lines," by A. F. D'Souza, boundary layer and a thinner circumferential Ph.D. Thesis, Submitted to Purdue University thickness, both of these effects being (Mechanical Engineering) January, 1963. greater near the maximum body diameter than "Experimental Dynamic Response," by W. J. near the nose. The thicker azimuthal Roberts, M. S. Thesis in Mechanical Engrg., boundary layer confirmed previous experi- Submitted to Purdue University January, 1963. mental results of 0. Parr. "Viscous and Boundary Effects in Fluid (h) "Laminar Boundary Layer about a Spinning Lines," by R. E. Goodson, Ph.D. Thesis in Axisymmetric Body of Revolution at a High Mechanical Engineering, Submitted to Purdue Value of Angular Velocity," Howard J. Deacon, University January, 1963. Jr. Master's thesis, January, 1963 (available on loan).

(4690) EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE INLET ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY LENGTH AND CRITICAL REYNOLDS NUMBER FOR OF MINNESOTA. PULSATING FLOW IN RIGID TUBES. Inquiries concerning Projects 2144, 2603, 3153, 3164, bl Laboratory project. 3499, 3502, 3819, 3822, 3824, 4199, 4200, 4201, 4202, c) Dr. R. W. Fox, Assistant Prof, of Mech. 4203, 4206, 4207, 4209, and 4691 to 4700, inclusive Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, should be addressed to Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, Di- Indiana. rector, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Miss. (d) Experimental basic research for doctoral River at Third Avenue S.E., Minneapolis 14, Minn. thesis. (e) The calculation of volume flow rates from Inquiries concerning Projects 111, 1168, and 2386, pressure gradient measurements in the which are conducted in cooperation with the Agri- cardiovascular system are based on the as- cultural Research Service, should be addressed to sumptions of fully-developed laminar flow. Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulic Engineer, Soil and The purpose of this investigation is to Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural determine experimentally the entrance length Research Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab., and critical Reynolds number for pulsating Minneapolis 14, Minnesota. flow. Conflicting data are available as to the effect of pulsations on the critical Inquiries concerning Project No. 194, which is Reynolds number in tube flow. It is hoped conducted in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers that visualization techniques employed will and the U. S. Geological Survey, should be addressed shed some light on the mechanism of tran- to Engineer in Charge, Mr. Byrnon Colby, Federal sition in tube flow. It is anticipated that Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project, St. Anthony this work will also provide a point of Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi River at departure and reference point for additional Third Avenue, Minneapolis 14, Minnesota. work on pulsating flow in elastic tubes. (Ill) CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Automatic Control Laboratory, of Agriculture, in cooperation with the School of Mechanical Engineering. Minnesota Agricultural Expt. Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. (4197) FLUID LINE DYNAMICS. (d) Experimental; generalized applied research for development and design. b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (e) A two-sided drop inlet having a width equal

i c) Mr. Raymond. E. . Goodson, "_Purdue University, to the pipe diameter and a variable length School of Mechanical Engineering, Lafayette, is currently being tested. The anti-vortex Indiana. device consists of a horizontal plate (d) Theoretical and experimental project; supported above the crest of the drop inlet Master'^ and Doctor's Thesis Research. by end piers. The characteristics, per- (e) The research work on fluid lines is being formance, losses, and pressures in the drop done so as to establish mathematical models inlet and on the antl-vortex plate are being for the dynamic response of fluid conduits. determined for various combinations of drop Viscosity, boundary effects and line vibra- inlet length, and height and overhang of the tion are being considered in the analytical anti-vortex plate. Water is used as the work. Experimental Investigation is being model fluid to determine the performance conducted by making frequency response runs characteristics, and head-discharge re- on fluid lines. A sinusoidal signal is lationships during flows of water-air supplied to a valve controlling flow to a mixtures. For full flow, air is used as the line. Unsteady fluid pressure and flow are model fluid to determine the various energy measured at the line inlet and outlet. The loss coefficients and the pressure coef- theoretical work is then compared with the ficients. experimental results. The effects of (g) The theory of closed conduit spillways has bends, longitudinal vibration and different been developed, verified, and published. diameters of pipes are being treated. Results of tests on many forms of the closed To facilitate analysis using the mathematical conduit spillway entrance have been models, approximations are being developed published. Pipe culverts laid on steep which allow the partial differential e- slopes may flow completely full even though quations describing the distributed flow of the outlet discharges freely. Generalized a line to be replaced by ordinary differ- methods for analysis and reporting of the ential equations in time relating fluid results have been developed. The use of variables at two cross-sections of a line air as the model fluid has been verified by separated by a distance L. These approxi- comparing test results with those obtained mations Include viscosity and the effect of using water as the model fluid. The drop an elastic tube. inlet with the horizontal antl-vortex device (g) The results indicate that the mathematical causes the spillway to act as a self- models developed are valid to describe line regulating siphon when the headpool level dynamics and that relatively simple ap- approximates the anti-vortex plate elevation. proximations to line dynamics may be made The height of the antl-vortex plate above the

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drop inlet crest and the overhang of the (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the antl-vortex plate determine the effectiveness Navy. of the plate as an anti-vortex device. For dl Experimental and analytical; basic research,

one form of the inlet, tests have been made i e) Investigation of the air entrainment to determine the crest loss coefficient, the phenomenon of an artificially ventilated barrel entrance loss coefficient, the hydrofoil of finite span in the vicinity of pressures on the plate and the drop inlet, a free surface the general performance of the inlet, (g) A semi-empirical expression has been minimum and maximum permissible plate heights, previously derived to predict the air re- and the head-discharge relationship for plate quirements for a ventilated cavity in the control. Variables have been the length of reentrant jet regime. The application of the drop inlet, the barrel slope, and the this expression has been extended to include height and overhang of the anti-vortex plate. foils of large camber also, such as foils The effect of sidewall thickness on the with trailing edge flaps. Non-rectangular crest loss coefficient remains to be de- planforms were also investigated. Foils termined for the two-way drop inlet with with thick cavities operating near the free horizontal flat floor. surface exhibited no cavity pulsation or Instability whereas pulsation was observed (1168) A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS. for thin cavities at high air flow rates. (h) "Ventilated Cavities on Submerged Three- (b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. Dlmensional Hydrofoils, " Schiebe, F. R. of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Wetzel, J. M., St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Minnesota Agricultural Expt. Station and Laboratory Technical Paper No. 36, Series B. the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. December 1961. (d) Experimental; generalized applied research for design. (2603) WATER TUNNEL AIR CONTENT STUDIES. (e) Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy, of the earth dam. Attempts will be made to (dj Analytical and experimental applied research, determine quantitatively the size of the (e) Establishment of procedures for accoustical- scour hole to be expected under various ly measuring the size and number of small field conditions. gas bubbles existing in water. (f) Suspended. (g) Studies have validated the use of acoustic attenuation as a measure of the presence of (1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES. gas bubbles in water. Continuing work will develop an instrument for a specific water (b) Minnesota Agricultural Expt. Station in tunnel application. cooperation with the Agricultural Research (h) Interim report in preparation. Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. (3153) FLOW ABOUT BODIES AT SMALL CAVITATION (c) Prof. Philip w. Manson, University of NUMBERS. Minnesota, St. Paul Campus, St. Paul, Minn. (d) Experimental; generalized applied research (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the for design. Navy. (e) The junction losses in drain tile flowing d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

full are determined for laterals of different 1 e) The major interest is now in unsteady sizes entering mains of different sizes at supercavitating flow. Both material and various angles. The laterals enter the main ventilated cavitation is under study. at the centerllne. Additional tests have Unsteady flows of various types are under been made with the crowns (or Inverts) of study experimentally in the free- jet water both main and lateral in the same plane. tunnel: (1) Variation of cavity pressure f) Completed. by adding air at variable rate; (2) ! g) Tests have been completed on sharp edge variation of body angle of attack; (3) Junctions entering the main at angles variation of free-stream velocity; and (4) varying in 15 degree increments from 15 variation of ambient pressure. Theoretical degrees to 165 degrees. Both the lateral work on unsteady flows of symmetrical and the main are completely full. The tests bodies is also underway. cover all possible combinations of discharge (h) "Pulsation of Ventilated Cavities," by C. S. in the lateral and in the main. Laterals Song, Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 5, No. having areas 1/1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/7, and 1/16 4, pp. 8-20, March 1962. that of the main have been tested. A color "Unsteady, Symmetrical, Supercavitating motion picture film entitled "Energy Losses Flows Past a Thin Wedge in a Jet," by C. S. at Converging Pipe Junctions" has been Song, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory completed and is available. The 16 mm film Technical Paper No. 34, Series B, 48 pp., is 800 feet long. January 1962. (h) "Loss of Energy at Sharp-Edged Pipe "Unsteady, Symmetrical, Supercavitating Flows Junctions" by Fred W. Blaisdell and Philip Past a Thin Wedge in a Solid Wall Channel," W. Manson. Submitted for publication. by C. S. Song and F. Y. Tsai, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper (2386) GENERALIZED DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS FOR No. 38, Series B, 24 pp., June 1962. SUPERCRITICAL VELOCITIES. "A Dynamometer for the Two-Dimensional Free- Jet Water Tunnel Test Section," by E. (b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. Silberman and R. H. Daugherty, St. Anthony of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station No. 40, Series B, 18 pp., June 1962. and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. "A Note on the Linear Theory of Two- (d) Experimental; generalized applied research Dimensional Separated Flows about Thin for development and design. Bodies," by C. S. Song, St. Anthony Falls (e) Studies will be made to develop a transition Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper No. 39, and to determine the rules for its design. Series B, 39 pp., August 1962. The transition will be used to change the flow cross section from circular to (3164) SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS. rectangular when the velocities are super-

critical . (b) Laboratory project. (f) Suspended. (d) Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Prediction and measurements of ultimate (2144) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF depths of scour around known shape and size HYDROFOILS. of pier.

67 . . . )

Completed. (3822) FLOW OVER VIBRATING PLATES. 13 Depth of scour around bridge piers of known shape can be predicted with reasonable Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. accuracy utilizing Idealized flow pattern Experimental; applied research. and principles of sediment transport. Studies on a water tunnel with one wall (h) "A Theoretical and Experimental Determination externally excited into forced vibration to of the Erosion Pattern Caused by Obstructions determine the effect of wall vibration on In an Alluvial Channel with Particular the boundary layer. Reference to Vertical Circular Cylindrical Completed. Piers," by Zal S. Tarapore, Ph.D. Thesis, 13 Theoretical analysis predicted no overall University of Minnesota, February 1962. effect except for very limber plates and (Available at University of Minnesota very low flow velocities. No effect was Library) measurable experimentally for any conditions tested. (3499) STUDIES OF HYDROFOIL CONFIGURATIONS IN (h) "Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow over a REGULAR WAVES. Flat Plate Vibrating with Transverse Standing Waves," by Albert G. Mercer, St. David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Navy. Paper No. 41, Series B, September 1962. Experimental, basic research. IS) Experimental Investigation of the heaving (3824) SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR ENTRAINED and pitching motions of two hydrofoil con- FLOW IN STEEP CHANNELS. figurations In regular head and following seas. Laboratory project. Completed. Analytical and experimental investigation of i3 Foil configurations consisted of various the air concentration, velocity distribution, arrangements of dihedral and flat foils. and surface roughness of water flow in steep The measured heave and pitch amplitudes open channels, Ph.D. thesis. compared well with quasi-steady linearized (e) Experimental investigation was carried out theory. Non-linearities had little effect on the SAF high velocity channel for slopes on the amplitudes of the oscillatory motions. up to 53 degrees. Velocities were measured The major effect of non-linearities was to by means of a pi tot tube and high speed produce a steady downward component of heave photography. Air concentration was measured The measured component was in most cases by the SAP concentration meter. The surface greater than that derived from analog elevation was measured by a device which computer solutions of the non-linear measures the average time the surface is equations. above a given elevation. (h) "Longitudinal Motions and Stability of Two (f) Experimental work completed. Hydrofoil Systems Free to Heave and Pitch in Regular Waves," by J. M. Wetzel, and W. H. (4199) GEOMETRY OF AIR CAVITIES IN A BOUNDARY LAYER. C. Maxwell, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Technical Paper No. 37, Series B, December David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy. 1961. Experimental; basic research. Experiments performed to observe the (3502) MANGLA SPILLWAY STUDIES. geometry of the air cavity formed downstream of wedges mounted on channel wall when air (to) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Binnie, is introduced through parts on downstream

Deacon, and Gourley, London; Government of face of the wedge . Geometry of cavity and Pakistan. air demand will be observed in relation to Experimental; design and operation. wedge length and thickness for case of A 1:300 scale section model consisting of single wedge and for a series of wedges at half the control structure and basin and a various longitudinal spacings. The ultimate 1:150 scale comprehensive model for study objective is to study drag reduction due to of all important hydraulic features. A presence of air in boundary layer. 1:216 scale section model consisting of two Active. control structure gates for study of (3 Cavity geometry obtained for single wedges pressures and gate calibration. A 1:300 of 0 degrees, 2.5 degrees, and 5 degrees scale comprehensive approach model for study semi -angle. of flow conditions in approach. Two 1:150 scale section models, one a detailed study (4200) INVESTIGATION OF THE FORCES AND INTERFERENCE of pressures on baffle blocks, one a de- EFFECT OF TANDEM FLAT HYDROFOILS. tailed study of waves on the basin side walls. Typical dimension 3 of earth fill b Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. d dam spillway include a drop in water level ( ) Experimental basic research.

of 330 ft, and a design discharge of [ e Investigation of the lift and drag forces 1,100,000 cfs through a two-stage stilling on the aft foil of a tandem hydrofoil con- basin energy disslpator. figuration to determine the effect of the downwash and wave generated by the forward (3819) DESIGN STUDIES FOR SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN RIVER foil. Both non-cavitatlng and ventilated PROJECT. foils were of interest. (g) The experimental work with noncavitating (to) Canada Department of Agriculture, Prairie foils has been completed. Satisfactory Farm Rehabilitation Administration, Regina, agreement between theoretical and experi- Saskatchewan mental downwash angles and surface wave Experimental; applied research. profiles was obtained for a wide range of 13 Experimental studies of the preliminary de- foil separations. Force data were also sign of components of the diversion tunnel taken for the foil moving through a regular system and spillway system oX South wave train. Data agreed with quasi-steady Saskatchewan River Project. theory for small reduced frequencies, and Completed. at the higher reduced frequencies con- 13 Tests of the diversion system showed good sideration of unsteadiness effects Improved agreement between computed and measured the correlation. Results for ventilated head-discharge curves. Other tests indi- foils are not yet available. cated that the design of the diversion and (h) "Tandem Interference Effects of Flat Non- spillway systems is sound but that some Cavitating Hydrofoils," by J. M. Wetzel, saving could be effected in the temporary and W. H. C. Maxwell, St. Anthony Falls stilling basins and that the way the spill- Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report No. 61, way stilling basin could be improved was by May 1962. lowering of the floor. (h) Reports to sponsor. (4201) GURI HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT MODEL STUDIES. 68 f

00 Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, Corp. Science thesis. Venezolano de Guayana. (e) In this study the noise spectrum of cavi- Experimental, design and operation. tation was studied for cavitation which was 13 Preliminary study for the design of the slightly more developed than at incipience. Guri Hydroelectric development on the Caroni The free gas content of the tunnel water was River, Venezuela using a 1:394 comprehensive varied from two parts per million to greater spillway model, 1:197 spillway section model than 300 parts per million by volume and and a 1:197 comprehensive model. Studies the effect noted on sound spectrums obtained include spillway design, channel closure and by hydrophones mounted on the tunnel wall cofferdam studies. and In the test body in the immediate region of the cavitation. (4202) MICRO BUBBLE STUDIES. Completed. Significant changes in the shape of the b David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy. noise spectrum were noted and explained. Analytical and experimental applied research. The gas content of the nuclei reduces the < Measurement of micro bubble structure of intensity of the cavity collapse. The un- laboratory and natural waters before and cavitated nuclei In the surrounding water after exposure to dynamic disturbances scattered and attenuated the noise made by characteristic of common forms of hydraulic the cavitating nuclei. machinery with the ultimate objective of (h) "The Influence of Entrained Gas Nuclei on correlating micro bubble structure with the Cavitation Noise Spectrum on a Test critical cavitation performance. Body in a Water Tunnel," by F. R. Schiebe, (h) "Gas Bubbles: Their Occurrence, Measurement, Masters thesis, University of Minnesota, and Influence in Cavitation Testing," by August 17, 1962. John P. Ripken and John M. Killen, Symposium on Cavitation and Hydraulic Machinery, (4209) THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA ON International Association for Hydraulic THE HYDRAULIC AND ELECTR00SM0TIC PERMEABILITY Research, Sendai, Japan September 1962. OF UNIFORM VERY FINE SANDS.

(4203) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF AN OVERFALL FOUNDED ON Laboratory project. PERMEABLE SOILS. Experimental and theoretical; Ph.D. thesis. Accurately sized, narrow range, angular Laboratory project. quartz particles and spherical glass beads Theoretical and experimental for Ph.D. thesis. were tightly placed in a permeameter with Stability of the hydraulic overfall founded reversible silver-silver chloride electrodes on limited depth of permeable soils, under at the ends of the test section. Streaming the influence of infiltering flow underneath potential, streaming current, electrical the structure, and also in the presence of resistivity of low conductivity liquid, and adverse surface flow conditions was studied. filter velocity were precisely measured. Magnitude and direction of the exit velocity Studies include: (l) Flow retardation from is taken as the criterion for determining return electroosmosis; (2) analysis of the stability. Experimental work necessary electroosmotic permeability factors with to support theoretical results was also respect to particle characteristics and conducted. hydraulic permeability, and (3) comparisons Completed. of streaming current and filter velocity at "Hydraulic Design of an Overfall Founded on varying Reynolds numbers. Permeable Soils," by G. Subba Rao, Ph.D. (g) It has been found that the streaming current- Thesis, University of Minnesota (available potential varies linearly with hydraulic through University of Minnesota Library), gradient to a slightly higher Reynolds June 1962. number than the filter velocity. Lack of complete deaeration causes a larger re- (4206) AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE duction in the filter velocity than the VARIATION OF VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION WITH TIME streaming. When "boiling" action takes place IN A DECAYING VORTEX. anomalous relations between the filter velocity and streaming current occur. M. Sc. thesis study. Completed. (4691) A STUDY OF DRAG REDUCTION BY THE USE OF Experiments were conducted in a circular NON-NEWTONIAN BOUNDARY LAYER ADDITIVES. tank with tangential inflow and with outflow through an outlet in the center of the tank (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the floor. Velocity distributions were Navy. measured by photographs of confetti streaks Analytical and experimental applied research. for steady state vortices with different A study of boundary layer mechanics and re- discharges through the tank and with differ- sulting shear forces for high velocity pipe ent outlet diameters. Unsteady state ve- flow of dilute water solutions possessing locity distributions were also measured in non-Newtonian characteristics. the same way for different instants after flow through the tank was stopped. The (4692) THE INTERFERENCE EFFECT OF SUPPORT BENTS ON observed velocity profiles were compared THE BACKWATER EFFECT OF SUBMERGED CYLINDERS with theory. By this comparison values of IN OPEN CHANNELS. the kinematic eddy viscosity were estimated. Values of kinematic eddy viscosity for Project conducted for master's thesis. different runs were related by means of f!) Dr. Alvin G. Anderson, Professor, Civil Kolmogorof 1 s theory of turbulence. Engineering, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic (h) "Experimental Study of Velocity Profiles in Laboratory, Minneapolis 14, Minnesota. a Decaying Turbulent Vortex," by H. R. Experimental, for master's thesis. Whiteley, thesis submitted to University of IS) The problem of backwater arises in natural Minnesota in partial fulfillment of re- and artificial waterways when a pipe crosses quirements for M.S. in C.E. degree, 195 pp., a river beneath the surface. From prelimi- March 1962. nary tests, the backwater from support bents, built from pairs of cylindrical vertical (4207] THE INFLUENCE OF ENTRAINED GAS NUCLEI ON pipes with wooden caps, and the backwater THE CAVITATION NOISE SPECTRUM MEASURED ON from cylindrical pipes transverse to the A TEST BODY IN A WATER TUNNEL. flow, cannot be added to give the backwater effect of the bents and transverse pipe in Laboratory project. combination. It is my purpose to determine Mr. F. R. Schiebe, Associate Scientist, some means of estimating this interference St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. effect. (d) Experimental, basic research, Master of

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(4693) JET FLAPS ON SUPERCAVITATING HYDRO FX) I LS of a cavitating body in a flowing air-water FOR LIFT CONTROL. mixture.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy. (4700) OSCILLATORY LIFT AND DRAG FORCES ON (d) Experimental; basic research. VENTILATED HYDROFOILS IN REGULAR WAVES. (e) Experimental research will be conducted in the free-Jet water tunnel with both natural (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the and artificial cavities. Jet momentum, Navy. lift, drag and moment will be measured, and Experimental; basic research. the influence of the Jet on the cavity and \i) Investigation of the force characteristics on the flow will be observed. of a ventilated hydrofoil of finite span with trailing edge flaps In both smooth and (4694) ANGAT PROJECT. rough water. (g) Experimental measurements were made in 0>) Harza Engineering Co., Chicago; Engineering smooth water of the lift and drag for venti- and Development Corp. of the Philippines, lated, flapped foils for a number of flap Manila; National Power Corporation, Manila. angles and cavitation numbers. Data extra- Experimental; applied. polated to zero cavitation number agreed Experimental studies are being carried out well with theory. The oscillatory forces on on a 1:118 scale comprehensive model to a restrained, ventilated foil moving through verify proposed designs for the a regular wave train were satisfactorily spillway structure and achieve optimum di- predicted with quasi-steady theory for small mensions for the various components. cavitation numbers. The agreement deteriorated somewhat at the higher cavitation (4695) A STUDY OF THE HYDRAULIC EXIT GRADIENT FOR numbers FLOW THROUGH A GRANULAR MEDIA. INTER-AGENCY SEDIMENTATION PROJECT IN COOPERATION Laboratory project. WITH ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY. Mr. Harvard Aas, Junior Engineer, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Univ. of (194) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND Minnesota, Minneapolis 14, Minn. ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS. (d) The project is for a master's thesis, classified as basic research, with theoreti- (b) Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Inter-Agency cal and experimental aspects. Committee on Water Resources, Personnel of (e) The project deals with upwards flow through the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the a granular media. Materials used were U. S. Geological Survey are actively engaged basalt and concrete sand with sizes ranging on the project. from 0.5 to 5 mm. The hydraulic conditions (c) Engineer in Charge, Mr. Byrnon C. Colby, present when the flow through the granular Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project, bed transfers the bed from a dense to a St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, fluidized state is studied. Hennepin Island and Third Avenue S. E., Minneapolis 14, Minnesota. (4696) THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL (d) Experimental; applied research and develop- UNSTEADY, SUPERCAVTTATED HYDROFOIL FLOWS ment . WITH FREE-SURFACE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. (e) Drawings and specifications are available to facilitate the manufacture of suspended- David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy. sediment and bed-material samplers, particle- Theoretical, basic research. size analyzers and associated laboratory The main purpose is to find the unsteady equipment. Approved designs for the force and moment acting on a supercavltated measurement of suspended sediment include a hydrofoil moving under a waving free surface. single-stage sampler, 4-, 22- and 62-pound samplers, and electrically-operated samplers (4697) KARNAFULI PROJECT. weighing 100 and 300 pounds. Samplers for the measurement of bed material Include a Agency for International Development. piston type hand-operated sampler, a 30- Experimental; applied research. pound hand-line sampler, and a 100-pound Experimental review of flow conditions sampler for cable suspension. Additional leading to partial failure of Karnafuli apparatus embrace a sediment sample splitter, Spillway. Study will involve measurements a bottom-withdrawal sedimentation tube for of average and transient pressures in size analyses, and a visual -accumulation spillway area plus experimental and analyti- sedimentation tube with recording equipment cal studies of impact forces caused by logs for particle size analyses of sands. The passing over the spillway. primary objective of the current program is the development of an instrument to auto- (4698) MANGLA DIVERSION OUTLET STUDIES. matically record suspended -sediment concentrations in flowing streams. 00 Harza Engineering Co., Chicago; Binnie and (g) Field and laboratory tests have been con- Partners, London; Government of Pakistan. tinued on intermittent pumping type samplers, Experimental; design review. turbidimeters, and on electronic, ultrasonic 12) Experimental studies were performed on a and nuclear sensing devices. Improvement In

1 : 144 scale comprehensive model and on a the design of pumping type samplers have sectional model to assist in the review of resulted from field tests by cooperating preliminary plans for the diversion outlet agencies. Field tests of the nuclear density structure at Mangla Dam. The outlet probe will be continued in 1963. The design structure is designed for a possible di- of the sedimentation chamber for the ultra- version discharge of 300,000 cfs. sonic device has been improved, and a Completed. turbidity meter using transmitted light is III The preliminary design was considered to be being developed for measuring the concen- basically sound; further studies of the tration of particles suspended in a fluid. rip-rap design and energy dissipation in A report by Gordon Flammer Is scheduled for front of one tunnel were recommended. publication in 1963 in the U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1141, under the heading (4699) FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CAVITATING BODY "Ultrasonic Measurement of Suspended Sedi- IN A COMPRESSIBLE LIQUID MIXTURE. ment". A progress report is being prepared on electronic sensing of sediment. Report (*>) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, No. 14, titled "Determination of Fluvial Department of the Navy. Sediment Discharge," is being prepared for Experimental, basic research. publication in 1963. HI Investigation of the force characteristics (h) "The Single-stage Sampler for Suspended 70 . . .

Sediment," Report No. 13, 105 pages, 1961. opportunity of measuring the decay of tsunami "Investigation of a Pumping Sampler with energy as a function of frequency. Energy is Alternate Suspended-Sediment Handling reduced by 1/e about once each half day. The Systems," Report Q - Progress Report, 90 decay is somewhat more rapid at high frequen- Pages, June 1962. cies and at high energy densities. By virtue of having measured the background spectrum and the dissipation spectrum we can now estimate the generation spectrum. It SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OP OCEANOGRAPHY, University of turns out that overtones of the frequency range California. 1 erg cm sec per unit frequency band must be transferred to the ocean in order for the (4500) A STUDY OF INTERNAL WAVES IN THE OCEAN. spectrum to persist at the observed level. The inferred rate of dissipation of the tsunami b) Laboratory project. agrees within a factor of 2 with the dissi- c) Dr. Charles S. Cox, The Scripps Institution of pation of tides as inferred from the motion Oceanography, La Jolla, California. of the moon and sun. (d) The project is theoretical, including field An attempt is made to Interpret physically Investigation and is basic research. the observed decay time of tsunamis of approximately half day. For the Pacific Basin the (4501) STUDY OF OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC TIDES. "collision time" (mean free path divided by phase velocity) is of the same order as the b) Laboratory project. damping time, and this suggests a substantial

! c) Mr. Frank Snodgrass, Institute of Geophysics absorption during impact with the coastline. and Planetary Physics, Univ. of Calif., San The "diffusion time" is the time required for Diego, La Jolla, Calif. the initial impulse to be sufficiently (d) Basic research; both theoretical and field scattered so that the wave energy is essen- investigation. tially homogeneous throughout the Pacific (e) For the last forty years the study of ocean basin and directionally isotropic. Apparently tides has been neglected. We are making use this chaotic condition is approached after a of two recent developments to undertake this couple of collisions. There is a sustained study: (1) Pressure transducers capable of leakage into the Indian and Atlantic Oceans measuring ocean tides to the nearest centimeter (largely via the Indian Ocean); under favor- in the open' sea, and (2) modern high-speed able circumstances the leakage energy should computers capable (barely) of solving the be barely detectable In these other ocean partial differential equation for tide gene- basins ration, subject to realistic boundary condi- An important problem is to specify the geo- tions. We propose to make a combined attack, graphic and physical processes responsible with the theoretical approach serving to for the dissipation of tsunami energy. Our Indicate critical locations for the deep-sea contribution to this problem is minor. One stations, and the recorded tides serving as feature that may have been overlooked is a guide to the underlying theory (particular- that in the case of narrow entrances into ly with respect to the dissipation hypothe- inland seas and harbors the "absorption

sis) . cross section" is likely to exceed by a We propose, furthermore, to analyze very long large factor the physical cross section of series of atmospheric pressure records for the mouth, and under favorable circumstances minor lunar tidal constituents, as a means of it may approach a wave length. There are many empirically establishing the resonance char- other possible mechanisms for dissipation: acteristics near twelve hours. diffusion of energy into the porous rock of volcanic Islands and coral reefs; dissipation (4502) LONG RANGE OCEANOGRAPHY. beneath the Antarctic ice sheet; etc. Some of these are briefly discussed; the definitive h) Office of Naval Research laboratory project, study remains to be done.

i c) Prof. Walter H. Munk, Assoc. Director, In- Perhaps the most important news is that the stitute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, digital tide recorder is now in operation. It University of California, San Diego, La records digitally every 5 minutes sea level Jolla, California. to the nearest .05mm and atmospheric pressure (d) Basic research; both theoretical and field to the nearest .1 dynes cm investigation. We have made considerable progress with our (e) Long ocean waves, with frequencies between system of data analysis BOMM. Some description 0.2 and 10 cycles per hour (cph), have been was contained in last year's progress report recorded simultaneously at La Jolla on the where we stated that the system was about half California coast and at San Clemente Island, completed. We now estimate that it is about about 100 km seaward. The spectral power is 80$ completed. greatest at the lowest frequencies but remains fairly uniform (about x 10 cm /cph) between 0.7 and 10 cph. Comparison of the island and shore records shows that at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, College of Engineering, lowest frequencies (below 0.7 cph) the two Department of Civil Engineering. records are consistently In phase and highly coherent, as might be expected; whereas Inquiries concerning the following projects should above 0.7 cph they are out of phase, and the be addressed to Dr. Harold Flinsch, Civil Engrg. coherence is low. The phase reversal Is Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, fairly abrupt and suggests standing wave South Carolina. patterns, with the implication that the coast must be a good reflector. The failure of the (4) THE DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE WAVES BY WIND. coherence to recover after phase reversal suggests multiple modes, with an appreciable b) Laboratory project.

fraction of energy associated with in-phase S d) General theoretical, experimental, and field modes even after most of the energy is out of research phase. It is inferred that the observed (e) Research on the theories of surface wave waves are not only ones that cross the shelf origin and growth, on measurements in the from the deep sea but that comparable energy laboratory and in nature, and on the com- is present in "trapped" waves that have some- parative results of theory and measurement. how been excited upon the shelf. Equipment has been assembled for telemeter- During the Chilean tsunami of 23 May 1960 ing and recording wave height, period, and precise readings were digitally recorded every direction 15 seconds by the La Jolla low-frequency wave (g) A lake shore receiving and recording station instrument . The tsunami remained above back- is under construction. ground for a week. The record gave a good

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(1631) THE EFFECT OF WAVES ON BEACHES. H. N. Abramson, W. H. Chu and L. R. Garza, ARS Journal (in press). Laboratory project. Two additional Southwest Research Institute IS! General theoretical, experimental, and technical reports. field research. (e) Research on beach slopes and contours, In (4217) LIQUID DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR IN ROCKET TANKS. the laboratory and In nature. (g) Elght-directlonal wave tank has been (t>) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, completed. Washington, D. C. (c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of [1907) SHIP STABILITY AND ROLLING PERIOD. Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio 6, Laboratory project. Texas General theoretical, experimental, and (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied field research. research. (e) Rolling and pitching period and metacentric (e) Studies of liquid dynamic behavior in height relationships are studied for elastic tanks. stationary and moving ships, in still water (h) "Some Studies of Liquid Rotation and and under wave action. Vortexing in Rocket Propellant Tanks," by (g) Model experiments have been assembled in a H. N. Abramson, W. H. Chu, L. R. Garza brief report. and G. E. Ransleben, Jr., Tech. Rept. No. 1 December 1960 (also, NASA Technical Note

(4701) THE EFFECT OF TIDES ON HARBORS, BAYS, AND D-1212, January 1962. ) ESTUARIES. "A Discrepancy in the Published Results on Heat Transfer to Cryogenic Fluids," by W. Laboratory project. Squire, Int. Jour, of Heat and Mass 11 General theoretical, experimental, and field Transfer, Vol. 3, p. 347, (1961). research. "Breathing Vibrations of a Circular (e) A study of the scouring or shoaling effect Cylindrical Shell With an Internal Liquid," of tidal currents in South Carolina harbors by U. S. Lindholm, D. D. Kana and H. N. and estuaries. Abramson, Jour. Aerospace Sci., Vol. 29, pp. 1052-1059, September 1962. "Bending Vibrations of a Circular Cylindri- cal Shell Containing an Internal Liquid SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Department of With a Free Surface," by U. S. Lindholm, Mechanical Sciences. W. H. Chu, D. D. Kana and H. N. Abramson, Tech. Rept. No. 4, March 1962 (also, preprint (3826) HYDRODYNAMICS OF SHIP SLAMMING. IAS Annual Meeting, January 1963). One additional Southwest Research Institute (b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy technical report. (DTMB technical supervision). (c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of (4218) LIQUID MOTION IN SPHERICAL TANKS. Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio 6, Laboratory project. Texas Mr. Wen-Hwa Chu, Senior Research Engineer, Theoretical; applied research. Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Study of pressure distribution on bodies of Research Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, arbitrary cross-section entering a plane San Antonio 6, Texas. water surface. Theoretical; applied research. Analysis of liquid motion in spherical tank (3828) STUDIES IN HYDROELASTICITY. of arbitrary depth and development of equivalent mechanical analogy. (b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy Completed. (DTMB technical supervision). "Liquid Sloshing in a Spherical Tank Filled (c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of to an Arbitrary Depth," by Wen-Hwa Chu, Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research Southwest Research Institute Technical Rept., Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio 6, December 1962. Texas. Experimental, theoretical; applied research. (4702 HYDRODYNAMICS OF SHIP ANTI-ROLL TANKS. Present work includes the design, construction, and testing of flexible hydrofoil Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy models to obtain data on unsteady hydro- (DTMB technical supervision). dynamic lift and moment for a variety of (c Mr. John F. Dalzell, Senior Research operating conditions. Engineer, Department of Mechanical Sciences, (h) "An Aerodynamic Analysis for Flutter in Southwest Research Institute, 8500 Culebra Oseen-Type Viscous Flow," by W. H. Chu, Road, San Antonio 6, Texas. Jour. Aerospace Sci., Vol. 29, pp. 781-789, (d Theoretical and experimental; applied July 1962. research. Other Southwest Research Inst. Technical (e Studies of forces and damping effects in reports passive anti-roll stabilization tanks for ships. (4216) STUDIES OF FUEL SLOSHING. (4703 VIBRATION OF SUBMERGED ELASTIC PLATES. (b) National Aeronautics and Space Admin., Marshall Space Flight Center. (b Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy (c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of (DTMB technical supervision). Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research (c Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research 6, Texas. Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- 6, Texas. search. (d Theoretical and experimental; applied (e) Studies of forces and moments in missile research. fuel tanks resulting from sloshing motions (e Study of the vibration characteristics of of fuel. elastic cantilever plat es submerged in water. (h) "Some Notes on Liquid Sloshing in Compart- (h "Elastic Vibration Characteristics of mented Cylindrical Tanks," by H. N. Cantilever Plates in Water," by U. S. Abramson, L. R. Garza and D. D. Kana, ARS Lindholm, D. D. Kana, W. H. Chu, and H. N. Journal, Vol. 32, pp. 978-980, June 1962. Abramson, Tech. Rept. No. 1, Contract "Liquid Sloshing in Spherical Tanks," by N0bs-86396(X), Southwest Research Institute, 72 . .

August 1962. characteristics of the soil are known, the method permits prediction of the future (4704) VIBRATION OF HYDROFOIL STRUCTURES. disposition of soil moisture. Experimental equipment using a gamma source for moisture Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy content determination is under construction. (DTMB technical supervision). (h) Thesis being written. (c) Mr. Guido E. Ransleben, Jr., Senior Research Engineer, Department of Mechanical Sciences, (3508) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION. Southwest Research Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio 6, Texas. U. S. Public Health Service. (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied ill Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil research. Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, (e) Study of the vibration characteristics of California. hydrofoil-type structures. Laboratory and field investigations. 13 Field studies with Class A evaporation pans have been employed to evaluate the evaporation reduction capabilities and biological STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering. attrition resistances of various monomolecular films. In a full scale program at a (1946) SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGRAPHS FOR SMALL AREAS. 40 acre lake methods of application of the film were investigated together with National Science Foundation. the effect of the film on biota. Prof. Ray K. Linsley and N. H. Crawford, (f) The research is being extended to a study of Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford Univ., evaporation from soils. The effect of Stanford, Calif. adding long-chain fatty alcohols to the soli Theoretical and field research. to reduce evaporation is being investigated. A study of the runoff process with a view (g) Full scale field tests using hexadecanol on to estimating the streamflow hydrograph a 40 acre lake during the summer of 1960 from rainfall and eventually by statistical gave an evaporation reduction of 18 percent. means (g) A simplified mathematical treatment of non- (4219) SUPE RCAVITATING HYDROFOIL THEORY. equilibrium overland flow has been developed. Studies on the computation of the hydrograph (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, from rainfall excess by use of fluid Navy Department mechanics and a statistical analysis of (c) Prof. R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engrg., soil-moisture frequency are underway. A Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif. conceptual model has been programmed for Theoretical, basic research for Ph.D. thesis. the digital computer to permit synthesis of SI The forces on supercavltatlng hydrofoils continuous streamflow from hourly rainfall. having large curvature are being studied. Testing and refinement of the model is In addition studies are being conducted on underway. Analysis of results to develop the effects of gravity and rotation on the procedures applicable to ungaged basins will forces acting on supercavltatlng hydrofoils follow. and wedges. (h) "Synthesis of Continuous Streamflow Hydro- (g) Rotation and gravity have been shown to have graphs on a Digital Computer," by N. H. significant effects on forces acting in Crawford and R. K. Linsley, Tech. Rept. supercavltatlng flows. Additional theoreti- No. 12, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford cal work in progress. University, July 1962. (h) "A Linearized Theory for Rotational Super- cavltatlng Flow," by Robert L. Street, Tech. (2151 MODEL STUDY OF PETERS DAM CHUTE SPILLWAY. Rept. No. 16, Department of Civil Engr., Stanford University, 1962. Other reports in Laboratory project. preparation. Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford University. (4705) HYDRAULICS OF OPEN CHANNELS.

Experimental j engineer thesis. Comparison of spillway performance and (b) Laboratory Project. design predictions. (ci Prof. Joseph B. Franzini. Experimental work completed; thesis being (d) Theoretical investigation and experimental written. program; Ph.D. theses. (e) Several aspects of open-channel flow are (2614 PIPE FRICTION IN UNSTEADY FLOW. under investigation including (1) velocity and shear distribution in open channels Laboratory project. having different cross-sectional shapes, Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil (2) characteristics of flow in a channel Engineering, Stanford University. that simulates the cross-section of a river. Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis. In particular, the case where supercritical Comparison of friction processes for steady flow in the main channel section changes to | and unsteady states. subcritical flow in the overbank- stage (g Experimental work completed and analyzed; section is being investigated. thesis being written. (f) Analytic approach to (1) above Is underway. A 50 ft. flume for (2) above has been built (3507 STUDY OF INFILTRATION. and experimental work has commenced.

U. S. Public Health Service. (4706) INVESTIGATION OF THIN -FILM LIQUID FLOW OVER R Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil SOLID BODIES OF DIFFERENT SHAPE. Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Laboratory project. (d Theoretical investigation; laboratory and Prof. Joseph B. Franzini. field studies; basic research; Ph.D. theses. Theoretical and experimental investigation; (e An attempt is being made to develop relations Ph.D. thesis. between soil parameters and Infiltration The characteristics of thin-film liquid capacities. Investigation is being extended flow over solid bodies (spheres, ellipsoids, to unsteady unsaturated flow through soils cones, cylinders, and composites) are being as experienced in capillary rise, drainage, investigated. In later stages of the and infiltration situations. research it is anticipated that the results (g) An analytic approach to the solution of from flow over single bodies will be applied unsteady unsaturated flow in soils has been to packings so that the research can be developed. If the initial moisture condi- extended to the hydraulics of trickling tion and the hydraulic and capillary filters.

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(f) Preliminary analysis for thln-fllm liquid objectives are: (1) Extension of theoreti- flow over spheres and ellipsoids has been cal work on the lateral forces acting on completed. Experimental rig is under con- spheroids at a free surface to cover the struction. case of a thin ship. (2) Measurements of sway force and yaw moment exerted by waves (4707 FREE SURFACE FLOW OVER SPILLWAYS. on a completely restrained surface ship model (Series 60, 0.60 block coefficient). Laboratory project. (3) Experimental investigation of the ap- [5 Prof. R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engr., plicability of linear systems analysis Stanford Univ. Stanford, Calif. techniques to rolling and swaying motions (d Theoretical, basic research for doctoral of a ship model In irregular long-crested thesis beam seas. (e Analytic methods are being developed to (g) Good agreement is shown between strip determine the shape of the free surface on theory calculations and measured forces and and up-stream of spillways. moments exerted by waves on a completely (g Theoretical work is in progress. restrained surface ship model. (h) "Measurements of the Mean Lateral Force and (4708 SEEPAGE FROM CHANNELS AND RESERVOIRS. Yawing Moment on a Series 60 Model In

Oblique Regular Waves," by P . G. Spens and Laboratory project. P. A. Lalangas, Davidson Laboratory Report \l Prof. B. Perry, Dept. of Civil Engr., 880. Stanford, Calif. "Lateral and Vertical Forces and Moments on (d Theoretical basic research for doctoral a Restrained Series 60 Model at Zero Speed thesis In Oblique Regular Waves," by P. A. Lalangas, (e To determine effects of variable permea- Davidson Laboratory Report 920. bility and three dimensional flow in seepage problems (2390) CONTROLLED FINS FOR REDUCING SHIP PITCHING. Completed. \l First and second order perturbation (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, theories are given for seepage from ditches Department of the Navy. and ponds through different types of soils. (c) Mr. P. G. Spens, Davidson Laboratory, (h "Hydrodynamics of Seepage from Channels and Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Reservoirs," by Ahmed El-Amin El-Nimr, Hoboken, New Jersey. Doctoral Dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engr. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied Stanford University June 1962. Report in research. preparation. (e) To determine the most desirable action of controllable fins at the bow or stern of a ship to reduce pitching in regular and irregular head seas. STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Davidson Laboratory. Completed. !2 Model tests have been made with servo- (2154) INVESTIGATION OF SHIP MOTIONS AND HIGH controlled oscillating stern fins, with SPEED SHIP FORMS. and without fixed bow fins, in regular and irregular waves. It appears that the ONR and BuShips, Dept. of the Navy. reduction in extreme pitching motions in ft) Prof. Earl M. Uram, Davidson Laboratory, irregular waves is of the same order as Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson the pitch reduction in regular waves. For Street, Hoboken, N. J. a Mariner class ship, oscillating stern Theoretical and experimental; basic research. fins give a pitch reduction of 2 degrees ft! The development of a calculation method for (double amplitude) for an oscillating fin predicting ship motions in a seaway. force of about plus or minus 250 tons. Investigation of hydrodynamic and motion 00 "Research on the Reduction of Pitching characteristics of high speed ship forms for Motions of Ships by Controllable Fins," by supercritical operation in search of con- Paul G. Spens, D. L. Report 913, July 1962. siderable improvement of seakeeping qualities and powering requirements. (2393) MOTIONS AND BENDING MOMENTS OF SHIPS IN (g) Parametric studies utilizing analog and WAVES. digital computers of the stability, powering, and design characteristics of a semi- 00 Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy submerged craft similar in nature to a (DTMB Technical Supervision). shallow-running submarine incorporating a (c) Mr. Edward Numata, Davidson Laboratory, surface piercing hydrofoil system to provide Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 inherent heave, pitch and roll stability. Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey. Towing tank tests of a model of the craft Experimental and analytical; applied researda are scheduled. An analytical study to 13 Measurements of motions and external determine the optimum drag configurations bending moments and shear of a Jointed for such semi -submerged vehicles is also model of a high-speed naval vessel underway in progress. Calculations to determine ship in irregular head waves of various degrees motions in quartering seas are planned. of severity in a towing tank. Results (h) "Research on High Speed Ship Forms," by have been analyzed by cross- spectral E. M. Uram, Fourth Symposium - Ship Behavior techniques to determine frequency response at Sea, Stevens Institute of Technology, functions, and indicate degree of applica- June 1962. bility of superposition theory to ship response in extreme seas. (2155) SEAKEEPING QUALITIES OF SHIPS AT ALL Completed. HEADINGS TO WAVES. 13 "Some Further Experiments on the Application of Linear Superposition Techniques to the 00 David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, Responses of Destroyer Model in Extreme Department of the Navy. Irregular Long-Crested Head Seas," by John (c) Mr. P. A. Lalangas, Davidson Laboratory, F. Dalzell, Davidson Laboratory Preliminary Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Report 918, September 1962. 'Street, Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical and experimental; basic research. (2616) THE BLADE-FREQUENCY FORCE GENERATED BY A ft! To investigate the coupled responses of ship PROPELLER ON A BODY OF REVOLUTION. models at all headings to waves in order to assist in the prediction of sea-keeping (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, qualities and to evaluate means of reducing Department of the Navy. or controlling ship motions so as to (c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director, and Dr. S. increase sea speeds. Three specific Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamic Division,

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Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of and steady state turning motion of deeply Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. submerged submarines. d) Theoretical; applied research. f) Completed. Preliminary report in preparation. e) The purpose is to evaluate the importance i g) Partial differential equations for the of the pulsating near field of the propeller motion of a deeply submerged submarine with in generating vibratory forces on ships six degrees of freedom are being written in and to determine the attenuation of these accordance with the SNAME, "Nomenclature for forces with tip clearance and number of Treating the Motion of a Submerged Body blades. Case of axial propeller in water Through a Fluid". The hydrodynamlc forces has been evaluated. Case of offset and moments will be expressed in terms of propeller near an infinitely long cylinder third order Taylor series expansions which has also been analyzed. contain all of the cross-coupling terms. (g) Results indicate that small amplitude Particular emphasis is being placed on the vibratory force can be attributed to the terms expressing roll instability due to oscillating pressure field generated by an yaw and pitch. The thrust exerted on the operating marine propeller. submarine is to be expressed as a function (h) Report in preparation. of speed of advance and propeller R.P.M. The effects of the interaction of bow (3516) INVESTIGATION OF HULL BENDING MOMENTS IN planes on stern planes, the effect of WAVES OF EXTREME STEEPNESS. propeller R.P.M. on stern plane effectiveness, and the effect or changes in ballast are (b) Ship Structure Committee. also included. (c) Mr. Edward Numata, Davidson Laboratory, (h) Final report in preparation. Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. (3833) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF FLUTTER (d) Experimental; applied research. OF SUBMERGED HYDROFOILS. (e) Model tests were carried out to determine midship bending moments in very steep waves. (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval Objective is to determine if an upper limit Research, Navy Dept. of wave bending moments exists. Six models (c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer, were tested over a moderate range of speeds Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., in waves of various lengths and several Hoboken, N. J. heights. d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (f) In final stage. e) To determine experimentally the conditions (g) Bending moment is found to be linear in for flutter of submerged hydrofoils and to waves of small and moderate steepness. compare theoretical and experimental Nonllnearity with wave steepness of bending results moment appears with very high waves and f) Completed. its nature varies with wave length and g) Measured flutter speeds did not agree with model. No dramatic upper limits of midship those predicted using aeroelastic flutter theory wave bending moment have been found. for a two degree of freedom system in two- dimensional flow. The predicted asymptotic (3830) RADIATION OF A MARINE PROPELLER PRESSURE behavior of flutter speed with decreasing WAVE FROM ELASTIC PLATE AND CYLINDER. density ratio was confirmed experimentally but at lower values. Discrepancies were (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, found between the measured and predicted Navy Department decay rates from an initial disturbance at (c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div. and below the flutter speeds, whereas the and C. Y. Chen, Research Engineer, measured and predicted response frequencies Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of and complex amplitude ratio were in agree- Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. ment in all cases. The added mass forces d) Theoretical; applied research. were found to be more accurately represented e) The purpose is to evaluate the sound by the theory than the circulatory forces. pressure field radiated from the pulsating (h) "Hydrofoil Flutter Phenomenon and Airfoil boundary of an elastic plate and cylinder Flutter Theory - Volume II: Center of when these are subjected to vibratory Gravity Location," by Charles J. Henry and pressures generated by a marine propeller. M. Ralhan All, Davidson Laboratory Report This study will determine the extent of the 911, July 1962. contribution of the elastic boundary in amplifying the sound level generated by a (4220) ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF COURSE STABILITY propeller AND STEERING QUALITIES OF SHIPS. (g) A formal solution for the case of an elastic cylinder has been obtained in the bi David Taylor Model Basin. transform plane. Expressions for the c) Miss Winnifred R. Jacobs, Senior Research velocity potential for the scattered and Engineer, Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of reduced waves with the corresponding Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. pressure signals have been developed. d) Theoretical; applied research.

Limiting cases for the far-acoustic field i e) Data available on 8 Taylor Series models are and near-hydrodynamic field are being con- being reanalyzed in order to develop a sidered. Calculations made for the far- rational method for estimating the course field case indicate the pressure signal stability and steering qualities of ships. obtained from the rigid body scattering mechanism is the most important contribution (4221) UNSTEADY FORCES AND MOTIONS ON A HYDROFOIL in the case of cylindrical beam whereas MOVING UNDER AN IRREGULAR SEA. the radiated component of the pressure is the main contribution in the case of the (b) Office of Naval Research, Fluid Mechanics infinitely long elastic plate. Branch, Dept. of the Navy. (h) Report in preparation. (c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div. and Mr. Charles Henry, Research Engineer, (3832) FORMULATION OF EQUATIONS FOR SUBMARINE Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of TRAJECTORIES WITH SIX DEGREES OF FREEDOM. Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied b} David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy. research. c) Mr. James White, Davidson Laboratory, (e) To determine by model tests and basic Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., analytical studies the unsteady forces Hoboken, N. J. acting on a fixed, non-cavitating, finite- d) Theoretical; applied research. aspect-ratio hydrofoil and the motions of

i e) Equations of a very general nature are a single hydrofoil (elastically supported) being formulated to study the transient when submerged and moving under an irregular

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seaway. puted in the wake at the plane of the propeller. (4222) APPLICATION OP LIFTING SURFACE THEORY TO Harmonic analyses of both the approximate MARINE PROPELLERS. three-dimensional and approximate and exact two-dimensional results at the plane (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, of the propeller were conducted, by means Navy Dept. of an IBM 1620 computer, to determine the (c) Dr. J. Shiolrl, visiting scientist from amplitude content of the second through Tokyo University, and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head fifth harmonics. of Fluid Dynamics Division, Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., (4225) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE PIERCING STRUTS. Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; applied research. David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, (e) To adapt the existing lifting-surface theory Department of the Navy. of aerodynamics to the marine propeller (

(4223) MARINE PROPELLER NOISE DUE TO BLADE w THICKNESS. is found to be approximated by the empirical relationship (b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department. (c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamic act + Division and Miss W. R. Jacobs, Senior • 36 sra Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson "Experimental Study of Surface Piercing Street, Hoboken, N. J. Struts," by Stephen Chen, Davidson Lab. (d) Theoretical; applied research. Report 930, December 1962. (e) To investigate theoretically the effect of the propeller blade thickness on the pressure (4226) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE-PIERCING FULLY signal for the acoustic and hydrodynamic VENTILATED DIHEDRAL HYDROFOILS. field cases. (f) Discontinued due to lack of funds. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. Mr. P. Ward Brown, Chief of High Speed Craft (4224) INFLUENCE OF AFTERBODY SHAPE ON ANGULAR Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, HARMONIC CONTENT OF THE WAKE OF SINGLE SCREW of Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. SHIPS. (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, (e) A continuing investigation aimed at Department of the Navy. providing basic design information on (c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director, Davidson Lab., three-dimensional hydrofoils operating near Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., a water surface, under conditions of either Hoboken, N. J. fully ventilated flow or fully cavitated (d) Theoretical; applied research. flow. To date the forces and moments on a (e) Analyses of existing wakes of 20 foot models series of surface piercing dihedral to determine the variation of 3rd, 4th and hydrofoils have been measured and the 5th blade angular harmonic coefficients with dynamics of systems employing such foils hull shape. Theoretical analysis of has been studied, including the problem potential wake of thin ship forms having of a hydrofoil Impacting on the water U- and V-shaped stern sections. surface and the stability of hydrofoil (g) The approximate three-dimensional closed craft form solution for the axial velocity ratios Analytical expressions for the forces and in the wake at the propeller plane was de- moments on surface piercing fully ventilated termined and applied to the specific case dihedral hydrofoils have been obtained and of U- and V-shaped body profiles. Using confirmed experimentally. A theory covering thin ship theory, the approach consisted of the impact phenomena of hydrofoils, and determination of the potential function for particularly applicable to seaplanes, has a distribution of three-dimensional sources. also been evolved and confirmed by The strength of the source system was experiment. A parametric study of the assumed to be proportional to the slope at effect of system geometry on hydrofoil the ship surface. The forebody contri- system dynamic stability has been completed. bution was found by inspection to be In order to check the stability theory a negligibly small. Free surface effects simple experimental free oscillation were neglected. technique has been developed and has been An exact and an approximate two-dimensional used to obtain direct verification of the closed form solution, obtained from the ap- theoretical expressions for the stability proximate three-dimensional treatment, was derivatives. Forthcoming reports will obtained and the axial velocity ratios com- present the findings of the stability

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investigation and will extend the data on (c) Dr. S. J. Lukasik, Chief, Fluid Physics forces and moments to include the effect of Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, sweep and taper, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. (h) "Experimental Determination of Surface- (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field Piercing, Fully Ventilated Hydrofoil Sta- investigations; basic research. bility Derivatives by a Free Oscillation (e) The purpose of this work is to study energy Technique," by Gerard Fridsma and P. Ward loss processes in shallow water waves. Brown, D. L. Report 897, November 1962. Theoretically, this is of interest because "Hydrofoil Motions in Irregular Seas," unsteady viscous flows have received rela- by Richard P. Bernicker, D. L. Report 909, tively little attention, particularly the November 1962. case of an oscillatory flow with no mean flow. Analytical and numerical solutions (4227) SMOOTH WATER BEHAVIOR OF SURFACE-PIERCING of the non-linear Navier-Stokes equations HYDROFOIL VESSEL. are under investigation. Laboratory measurements in the Stevens shallow water wave (b) Office of Naval Research, Fluid Dynamics channel have been made of the wave attenu- Branch, Navy Dept. ation coefficient of a progressive wave, the (c) Mr. A. Strumpf , Head Underwater Weapons bottom shear stress under a progressive wave, Div., Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., and the time decay of standing waves. Field 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. measurements of the bottom pressure and (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied bottom velocity in 40 foot depths have been research. made off Block Island, R.I. These field (e) An experimental and theoretical study is measurements provide the possibility of being made of the smooth water operation of determining the applicability of the labora- a 110-ton craft supported by a tandem set tory measurements and the theoretical of surface-piercing hydrofoils. The aim studies to the geophysical problem of the of the study is to develop equations of energy loss by ocean waves in shallow motion and obtain the hydrodynamic data coastal waters. necessary to permit the behavior' of the (g) It has been established in laboratory hydrofoil boat to be predicted in the case experiments both at Stevens and MIT that of coupled six degree of freedom motions. there is an attenuation coefficient for Previous work has been restricted mainly to shallow water waves that is in order-of- the study of the pure pitching and heaving magnltude agreement with simple theoretical motions of various types of hydrofoil predictions. When examined in detail, systems however, the measured attenuation is In the experimental phase of the present slightly in excess of the prediction, by study, the rotating arm facility is being about 40$. An analytical solution of the used to measure three orthogonal forces Navier-Stokes equation after the start-up and three moments acting on each foil under of a progressive wave including the largest a variety of combinations of depth, pitch terms in the non-linear convectlve ac- angle, sideslip angle, roll angle, turning celeration has shown that these terms cannot angular velocity, Froude number, and control be responsible for the excess attenuation. surface angles. The results will yield Ocean swell measurements of the bottom realistic hydrodynamic data that can be used pressure, potential velocity, boundary both in structural and motion analyses of layer velocity, and bottom shear stress the system. have shown agreement with predictions based The steady turning performance of the on existing potential and viscous flow vehicle will be predicted theoretically and theories compared with the experimental results. (h) "Pressure-Velocity Correlations in Ocean General dynamic stability criteria will be Swell," by S. J. Lukasik, et al, J. Geophys. formulated and used to predict the stability Res., 67 3575(A), (1962). of the vehicle. Various types of motions of "Laminar Boundary Layer Under a Wave," by the hydrofoil boat will be investigated C. E. Grosch, Phys. Fluids, 7 1163, (1962). theoretically, making use of theoretical and experimental force and moment data in (4231) PREDICTION OF TRAJECTORIES OF AN UNDERWATER the predictions. MISSILE. (g) The experimental results show that the lift developed by the rear foil is reduced ap- b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy. preciably by the pressure of the forward c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Research Engineer, foil. The rear foil also ventilates under Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., design conditions. For the first time a 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. number of hydrodynamic derivatives with d) Theoretical investigation; applied research. respect to turning angular velocity were e) The main purpose of the study is to de- obtained from the experimental test results. termine whether the observed underwater (h) Progress Reports may be obtained through flight of the Basic Finner Missile can be Correspondent. predicted using equations of motion and hydrodynamic coefficients obtained from (4228) FLUTTER OF HYDROFOILS ON FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES. experiment or theory. The project is part of a larger program, sponsored by the Bureau (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, of Naval Weapons, to verify present-day Dept. of the Navy. trajectory prediction methods. (c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer, (f) Completed. Final report is to be Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., published. Hoboken, N. J. (g) Trajectories could not be predicted d) Theoretical; basic research. succe ssfiilly using hydrodynamic coefficients e) The variation of flutter speed and obtained from the experimental data alone. frequency will be found for a hydrofoil However, theoretical coefficients yielded connected to a free-free beam. The effects predictions which agreed well with the of including varying numbers of modes for observed (planar) motions. The computed beam and foil will be investigated. In trajectories were particularly sensitive to addition, the effect of beam parameters will changes in individual hydrodynamic static and be studied. The beam-foil system will, in damping rate coefficients. However, when the final analysis, represent as close as the values of these coefficients were kept possible a ship-rudder system. consistent with relations expressing their physical interdependence, they could be (4229) THE BOUNDARY LAYER UNDER PROGRESSIVE AND varied over fairly wide ranges without STANDING WAVES. appreciably affecting the predictions. (h) "Prediction of Trajectories for an Under- (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. water Missile," by Howard Dugoff, DL Report 77 No. 898, to be published. d) Experimental; applied research. e) To survey recent developments in the field (4709) SURFACE PIERCING HYDROFOIL FLUTTER. of steering and maneuvering of ships, thus providing a basis for planning a long range (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval research program. An initial investigation, Research, Dept. of the Navy. now completed, covered the general steering (c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer, characteristics of the Series 60, 0.60 Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of block coefficient hull form taken as repre- Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. sentative of a typical high-speed cargo ship. (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied Future work will include (1) a model series research. investigation to obtain the effects on (e) Measured and predicted flutter speeds will controllability of systematic variations in be compared for a surface piercing hydrofoil underwater hull and appendage character- with two degrees of freedom. istics, (2) full-scale steering and maneuvering tests of a merchant ship in (4710) FLUTTER OF HYDROFOILS ON FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES. calm water, and (3) model steering tests In quartering seas. (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, (g) Good agreement between the Series 60 model Department of the Navy. free turning test results and predictions (c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer, based on force and moment derivatives from Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of rotating arm tests indicate that the linear Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, motion prediction method is a useful tool New Jersey. for analyzing steering qualities. Frequency d) Theoretical; basic research. response and harmonic analysis techniques e) The variation of flutter speed and fre- were used with the derivative results to quency will be found for a hydrofoil predict model zig-zag maneuvers. connected to a free-free beam. The effects (h) "Research on Ship Controllability," by H. of including varying numbers of modes for Eda and C. L. Crane, Part I: Survey and beam and foil will be investigated. In Long Range Program, D. L. Report 922; Part addition, the effect of beam parameters will II: Steering Characteristics of the Series In be studied. The beam-foil system will, 60 (C b = 0.60), D. L. Report 923. the final analysis, represent as close as possible a ship-rudder system.

(4711) STUDY OF THE PROPELLER SINGING PHENOMENON. UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineering.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2162, 23S7, 3524, Research, Dept. of the Navy. 4234, 4235 and 4715 should be addressed to Dr. (c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Walter L. Moore, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens of Texas, Austin 12, Texas. Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey. (2161) CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP AT AN (d) Theoretical; applied research. ABRUPT CHANGE IN BOTTOM ELEVATION. (e) To study the propeller singing phenomenon as a self-excited vibration system composed (b) University of Texas Research Institute and of the Karman vortex- shedding mechanism and Bureau of Engineering Research. the propeller blade. (c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas. (4712) INTERFERENCE EFFECTS OF A SUBMERGED HYDRO- d) Experimental.

FOIL ON A SURFACE-PIERCING STRUT. i e) Experimental determinations are made of the flow characteristics at two-dimensional (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of channel drops and rises. The velocity the Navy. distribution and surface profile will be (c) Mr. Y. Chey, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens determined throughout the length of the Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, jump for various relative changes in bottom Hoboken, New Jersey. elevation. The longitudinal location of the (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied jump in relation to the change in bottom research. elevation will be varied over a broad range (e) To conduct experimental and theoretical in distinction to previous related investi- studies on the mutual interference effects gations in which relative location of the between a submerged hydrofoil and a vertical Jump was held constant. surface-piercing strut with respect to (g) Results for the abrupt drop are complete and total lift, total drag, hydrofoil drag, side have been published. For a given entering force, roll moment, and inception of Froude number lying between 2 and 8 three ventilation. types of jump may form, the type and its longitudinal location depending only on the (4713) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PROPELLER- INDUCED relative downstream depth. The velocities VIBRATORY PRESSURES ON SIMPLE SHIP SURFACES. near the bottom below the drop are always less than the mean velocity in the downstrean (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, channel for the jump type of maximum height. Department of the Navy. Experimental measurements have been made on (c) Mr. T. Kowalskl, Davidson Laboratory, the related investigation for an abrupt rise Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 and report is being prepared. Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey. d) Experimental; applied research. (2162) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED. e) To measure the vibratory pressure signatures of a marine propeller model operating in (b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey. uniform flow adjacent to a horizontal (d) Field investigation; applied research. circular cylinder representing a ship hull, (e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a and to compare these results with theoreti- 4 square mile and a 2 square mile portion of cal predictions. the Waller Creek watershed are being made to provide basic information for estimating (4714) RESEARCH ON SHIP CONTROLLABILITY. runoff from small urban watersheds in the Southwest area. Two stream flow stations (b) Maritime Administration, U. S. Department and a rain gage net are in operation. of Commerce. Studies of the correlation between runoff, (c) Mr. C. L. Crane, Davidson Laboratory, rainfall, and the characteristics of the Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson drainage basin are being made by various Street, Hoboken, New Jersey. proposed methods to serve as a base for

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comparison with the data as it is collected Further correlations are being made with from the stream, different "lag" periods between solar (g) The records are now long enough to begin activity and surface runoff, comparing with peak discharge estimates pre- (g) The gradual shifting of the centers of viously given at least for short recurrence runoff excess and deficiency is consistent intervals. A start is being made on this rather than random and appears to represent analysis. a gradual cyclic change in the runoff pattern It appears that the locations of the centers (2397) EFFECT OF UPSTREAM DEVELOPMENT ON THE of runoff deficiency are following roughly RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE the same path that they did some 22 to 24 SOUTHWEST. years previously. Correlation coefficients of plus 0.2 to plus 0.5 are obtained for (b) Laboratory project. selected rivers in Mississippi, Alabama, (d) Field Investigation (thesis). Georgia, and Arkansas when sunspot numbers (e) For selected watersheds rainfall runoff in the 11-year sunspot cycle are correlated relations are being developed on a storm with runoff. Texas streams do not give by storm basis. Multiple correlation significant correlation with the 11-year diagrams, based on data before changes in sunspot cycle but give better correlation the watershed, have been developed and used if runoff is compared with the double to compute runoff for later periods. sunspot cycle in which sunspot numbers are Comparison of these computed runoff values assumed as negative in alternate cycles. with measured values is taken as an index of the effect of watershed development. (3524) GROUND WATER FLOW AND SEEPAGE IN NON- (g) The first results were not conclusive HOMOGENEOUS, NON-ISOTROPIC SEDIMENTS. because of random error in the computed values. Further studies are being made on b) Laboratory project, another watershed with an improved method dj Theoretical, basic. which better accounts for the spacial e) A relaxation solution for the Laplace variation of rainfall. equation has been developed which is applicable across a boundary between two (2874) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SCOUR RESISTANCE regions of different permeabilities. It is OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS. believed that the method can be expanded to apply to any specified non-homogeneous The University of Texas Research Institute. and non-lsotropic condition. It is intended Dr. Frank D. Masch, Department of Civil that the solution be set up for computation Engineering, The University of Texas, on an electronic computer and that selected Austin 12, Texas. numerical solutions be checked against those Analytical and experimental (laboratory). from an electrolytic tank. it! Exploratory tests have been made with two different schemes, one with radially (4234) EVAPORATION REDUCTION BY CONTROL OF outward flow between a circular disc and ADVECTED ENERGY. the soil sample, and one with a submerged vertical circular Jet impinging on a (b) Partial sponsorship by the Lower Colorado horizontal soil surface. With the first River Authority of Texas. scheme it was not possible to obtain the (d) A Master's thesis involving theoretical and necessary precision of measurement at low field Investigation. scour rates, but with the second scheme (e) Measurements have been made to determine the satisfactory measurements were obtained. temperature field In Lake Travi s for the A correlation based on dimensional analysis 1962-63 season. A method was developed to gave consistent results in evaluating the estimate the effect of withdrawing water relative scour resistance of several from near the lake surface. Monthly esti- materials. Apparatus has been fabricated mates of the resulting temperature field for a new test which permits direct evalua- and reduction in evaporation were made. tion of the shear stress at the soil surface. In this test a cylindrical soil (4235) TWO-PHASE FLOW IN CONDUITS. sample is submerged in a transparent concentric cylinder which can be rotated Laboratory project. at a controlled speed to generate a shear Experimental master's thesis. stress on the soil surface. Attempts are It is apparent that for a two-phase flow being made to relate the scour resistance system with a liquid and gas, many dif- to other measurable soil properties, and ferent types of flow are possible. This finally to interpret the results in re- Investigation explored the use of sound lation to field observations.' measurements to detect the type of flow (g) The apparatus to determine shear stress at present, in a metal pipe. Various types of the soil surface has been constructed and flow were established in a thin-walled calibrated, a test procedure has been aluminum pipe, 1.66 I.D., with a transparent developed, and tests have been conducted plastic section at each end. Records of the on soil samples. sound pattern were made with different (h) "Experiments on the Scour Resistance of pick-ups and correlated with the visual ob- Cohesive Sediments," by W. L. Moore and servation of the flow type. Magnetic tape F. D. Masch, Jour. Geophysical Research. records of the sound were also made. Vol. 67, No. 4, April, 1962. (g) Study of the recorded sound patterns revealed some identifiable characteristics (3522) LONG TIME FLUCTUATIONS IN STREAM RUNOFF. related to the type of two-phase flow in the line. Additional work is needed to refine Laborat ory pro j e ct techniques and try other sound pick-up and Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Dept. of Civil Engrg., recording methods. Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas. Analytical and field study. (4715) CONTROL OF CROSS WAVES IN AN OPEN CHANNEL Values of runoff from selected drainage DOWNSTREAM FROM A CURVE WITH SUPER-CRITICAL areas in the lower Mississippi River Basin FLOW. and in basins of the rivers emptying directly into the Gulf of Mexico were Laboratory. studied. Variations in the runoff values Various methods have been investigated for for each stream were considered and these controlling cross-waves In an open channel trends compared with solar variations. downstream from a curve with super-critical The relative sunspot numbers were used as flow. A simple method that has not been the measure of solar variations and were previously investigated is the design of correlated with the mean annual runoff. radius and deflection angle so that the

79 disturbance caused at the entrance to the size, gradation and intensity to the bed. curve will be cancelled by the one caused Detailed studies of bed geometry have been at the end of the curve. Laboratory made at nineteen natural stream sites. studies were made to explore this method, Statistical parameters for measuring and (g) Preliminary results Indicate that the curve describing these configurations which have can be so proportional as to effectively hydraulic significance are being developed eliminate cross waves in the downstream following approaches suggested by the channel. The disturbance within the curve laboratory studies. Piezometrlc-type stage remains large as predicted by the work of recorders have been set up at five sites Ippen. where discharge and slope will be measured in order to test the significance of the (4716) DRAG FORCES IN VELOCITY GRADIENT FIELDS. proposed bed parameters. A laboratory model study is underway of the David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy. mechanics of paving of steep rough streams Dr. Frank D. Masch and Dr. Walter L. Moore, using a bed consisting of graded sand and Department of Civil Engineering, The Univ. gravel elements. Slope and discharge will of Texas, Austin 12, Texas. be varied and observations as to the re- Theoretical and experimental; basic research. sulting stream channel development, paving, The investigation is being conducted to depth and breadth of stream and configuration determine the effect of a velocity gradient of bed elements will be made. on the local and conventional drag coeffi- A flume study of air entralnment in artificii cients for cylinders of varying L/D ratio streams of the class covered by this project and at different Reynolds Numbers. The is being planned. study will be extended to other shapes. (g) Three sizes of graded gravel elements having (g) Preliminary studies have demonstrated that maximum sizes 4", 3" and 2" and three values the velocity gradient along a cylinder af- of intensity in the ratios of 1, 1/4 and fects the drag coefficient. The local drag 1/8 of maximum areal compaction were tested coefficient decreases along the cylinder In under flume conditions. Some 500 runs led the direction toward the end of the cylinder to good correlations of the form where the velocity is high The reduction in drag coefficient is related to a 1/3 '1 dlmensionless measure of the velocity I « (k) gradient along the cylinder. [kf (h) "Drag Forces in Velocity Gradient Flow," for tranquil and tumbling regimes and to by F. D. Masch and W. L. Moore, Jour. Hyd. = DIv., Proc. A.S.C.E., Vol. 86, No. HY 7, V C2 f i gDs July, 1960. for rapid flow where a OJ ax are bed ele- (4717) TWO-FLUID FLOW IN A POROUS MEDIUM. ment size parameters 1 is a bed element spacing parameter, D is a piezometric Laboratory project. average depth above mean bed elevation, and II) Dr. L. R. Mack, Department of Civil f represents an experimentally developed Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, non-dimensional function. Texas. Results of the field studies or of the model Theoretical; basic research. studies of paving are not yet available. The velocity distribution within and the (h) Closing discussion of "Flume Studies of shape of the interface between two im- Flow in Steep Rough Channels," by Dean F. miscible fluids of different densities Peterson and P. K. Mohanty. Journal of flowing through a uniform isotropic porous Hydraulics Division. Proceedings of medium toward a well is sought. This American Society of Civil Engineers. V 88 problem is of interest in both petroleum (HY3) May 1962. engineering and ground-water hydrology. (g) A method has been devised for satisfying the (3185) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION. governing equations, including the nonlinear boundary conditions at the interface. Public Health Service. This method is applicable to both two- CI Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering dimensional and axisymmetric systems. Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. (d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research; Doctoral dissertation. UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY, Engineering Experiment Sta. (e) Hydrodynamlc and field study of movement of water over a porous surface when intake (3183) DYNAMICS OF FLOW IN STEEP, ROUGH, OPEN varies with time. Free surface and the rate CHANNELS. of advance are defined. Differential equations have been obtained (b) Laboratory and field project; Rocky Mt. Exp. defining the free surface and the rate of Sta.; U. S. Forest Service; Nat'l Sci. Found. advance. Solutions have been compared with (c) Dr. Dean F. Peterson, Dean of Engineering, field measurement of the rate of advance. Utah State University, Logan, Utah. The results are within ten percent of field (d) Experimental, theoretical, field investi- observations. High speed computers to gation; basic research for doctoral theses. obtain typical solutions will be used. (e) A basic study of relationships involved in A companion study is based upon utilizing flow in steep, rough channels where the empirical relationships as a foundation for roughness is relatively an appreciable part subsequent development of rate of advance of the depth, and where channels are functions. The results compare well with sufficiently steep or steeper than a slope measured values. such that supercritical flow can occur in connection with contractions caused by the (3525) MEASUREMENT OF FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL PIPE BY roughnesses. The work is basic, however, THE COORDINATE METHOD. it will have application to steep mountain streams and to hydraulic structures. Laboratory project. The objective of the work is to relate Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering descriptive parameters describing the size Experiment Station, Utah State University, and configuration of the bed roughness to Logan, Utah. slope, depth and discharge of channels of Experimental; theoretical; applied research. this class. Studies began using simple bar The error involved in the conventional and cube roughness elements and have method of measurement is shown to be large. progressed through the use of beds formed The coefficient has been defined and by giving natural gravel elements of various parameters developed so that more accurate

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measurements can be obtained in a quick, determine the quantities of water necessary easy method of water measurement for marshlands in order to maintain them in f) Completed. a productive state, h) A bulletin outlining field procedure to be (h) Several progress reports have been written. followed with the method is now being pre-

pared . (3843) A SHAPE AND FRICTION FACTOR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SMOOTH, RECTANGULAR, AND CIRCULAR (3527) DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST WATER LEVEL CHANNELS. RECORDER. b) Laboratory project. b) Laboratory project. c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Associate Professor, c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering Civil and Irrigation Engineering Dept., Experiment Station, Utah State University, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Logan, Utah. (d) Theoretical; basic research for master's d) Experimental, development. thesis.

1 e) In general, the available instrumentation (e) This study has been made to determine a for measuring fluctuation in water level shape factor relationship so that the is costly. Most equipment is designed for friction factors (Moody curves) for circular a wide range of application. However, many pipes can be used with rectangular shaped areas require only a limited fluctuation in channels. To accomplish this, head loss water level. This is particularly true in data has been taken, through a wide range of irrigation practice. Objective of the Reynold's numbers, from a number of rectangu- project is to develop a low-cost recorder lar channels varying from approximately a which will fit these needs and thereby square to a channel approximately 3/8 inches permit a more extensive use. by 4 inches. (g) A water level recorder has been developed Only one material was used in constructing which does meet the requirements and is now the channels and the narrow dimension of the being modified and adapted for commercial channel was held constant. production. Friction factor values for circular pipe have often been used for shapes other than (3528) THE EFFECT OF SEDIMENT PROPERTIES ON THE circular; and for shapes that are not too ATTENUATION OF AN ULTRASONIC PLANE WAVE. far from a circle . The error is appreciable however, for channels that are b) National Science Foundation. far removed from a circle.

f c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Civil and Irrigation (f) Completed. Some difficulty was encountered Engineering Department, Utah State Univ., due to leakage with the equipment used. Logan, Utah. Funds were not available to construct d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. suitable leakproof equipment and therefore e) Some theoretical and experimental work has the results are somewhat Inconclusive due been performed on the attenuation of an to the leakage problem. Funds are being ultrasonic plane wave passing through a sought for further study using adequate sediment suspension. However, prior work is apparatus. still very limited in scope, particularly (g) It is anticipated that this study will over certain loss regions. This study is result in more realistic friction factors using a standard pulse technique to investi- for rectangular channels. gate a wide range of sediments both natural and manufactured over the various loss (3844) THE REMOVAL OF HIGH TURBIDITY WITH RAPID ranges. Of primary concern is the effect of SAND FILTERS. the various sediment properties on the attenuation. b) Laboratory project. (g) Natural sediments have been completed and an c) Prof. Elliot Rich, Civil and Irrigation M. S. thesis has been prepared giving the Engineering Department, Utah State Univ., results. Manufactured sediments of known Logan, Utah. properties are now being tested and a Ph.D. (d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research dissertation will result from this study. for a master's thesis. (h) A publication is now available on work done (e) A study of the efficiency of rapid sand previous to this project entitled, "Ultra- filtration was conducted under conditions of sonic Measurement of Suspended Sediment," varying initial turbidity and application by Gordon H. Flammer, Geological Survey rate. The turbidity ranged from 50 to 400 Bulletin 1140A, December 1962. An M. S. parts per million and the flow rate from thesis has been completed on the project and .25 to 5.5 gal/min/ft2 of filter area. The is available under the following title: same sand 0.505 mm mean diameter, was used "The Effect of the Properties of Natural in all the tests; and its depth was held Sediments on the Attenuation of an Ultra- constant at 30 inches. The filter was sonic Plane Wave," by Yung-Huang Kuo. M. S. constructed from a plastic tube, 3-1/2 thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, Inches in diameter to minimize wall effects, 1961. and was equipped with an overflow so a constant head of 44 inches would be main- (3530) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF MARSHLANDS. tained above the sand. (f) Completed. b) Utah State Fish and Game Dept. (g) The results of this experiment indicates c) Mr. Jerald E. Christiansen, Professor Civil that rapid sand filtration could be used and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State Univ., as a means of pretreating water if initial Logan, Utah. turbidity is under 200 parts per million (d) Field investigations; applied research, and flow rate is maintained below 4 gallons Master's theses. per minute per square foot . To obtain a (e) Large areas of marshy lands adjacent to finished product with a turbidity under 10 Great Salt Lake have been developed and parts per million or initial turbidities improved by the State Fish and Game Dept., greater than 200 parts per million multiple and the Federal Wildlife Service, as filtration should be used with the effluent Migratory Bird Refuges. Available streams from one filter being fed directly to the flow from several of the major streams next filter. flowing into these areas where the water is impounded behina dikes to create habitat (3845) WATERSHED MODEL STUDIES. suitable for nesting, feeding and resting of water fowl. Millions of ducks and geese (b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. utilize this area each year during their of Agriculture. migratory flights. (c) Prof. Jay M. Bagley, Civil and Irrigation Logan, (g) The basic purpose of the study is to Engineering, Utah State University, 81 . . . "

Utah. Engineering Dept., Utah State University, (d) Experimental; basic research for master's Logan, Utah. thesis (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) The purpose Is to establish techniques and (e) This work was undertaken to develop methods model-prototype laws so that watersheds can of obtaining economical and reasonably be Intensively studied In a laboratory. accurate determinations of watershed yield For this study, a small watershed is being where stream gaging records are not availa- modeled in size, shape, and topography ble. Certain relatively easily obtained encompassing provisions for varying the parameters characterizing the physical and permeability of the model's surface. Water climatic factors have been correlated with to represent precipitation in various patterns water yield for a number of watersheds having will be applied over the model watershed. good records of stream flow. By the nature of the proposed study, the (f) Completed. dominant factors influencing the character- (g) Regression equations have been developed for istic shape of the run-off hydrography are: estimating water yield from physical charac- 1) Watershed shape; (2) rainfall Intensity; teristics of basins In various regions of

I 3) rainfall duration; and (4) time element Utah. Based on the developments of this being a function of a composition roughness study, a water yield map for the entire factor. state of Utah is being prepared. The map, The study is divided into two phases. In equations and graphs should aid materially the first phase, the object is to simulate in broadening the coverage of hydrologlc the run-off hydrography using a physical information needed for first stage planning model with an Impervious surface. Thus, it of a long range state-wide nature. is known that the simulated hydrograph will (h) "A Method for Predicting Surface Run-Off fran be distorted volumetrically. The second Watersheds with Limited Hydrographic Data, phase has the added objective of an investi- by Roland W. Jeppson, Master's Thesis, Utah gation of the relationship between infil- State University, 1960. tration and run-off. "Methods for Predicting Mean Annual Water (g) A better understanding of the parameters Yields in Utah," by Jay M. Bagley, Roland W. influencing the rainfall-run-off relation- Jeppson, Yin Auyeung, Cleve H. Milligan. ship of arid southwestern watershed are (Manuscript in preparation.) being obtained. Ultimately, thi3 will result in better design of structures built (4237) EFFECT OF VARIOUS IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES ON to contain, convey, or bridge the run-off SOIL AERATION, SOIL STRUCTURE AND CROP water of this area. RESPONSE.

(3846) CONSTRUCTION OF AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ACROSS (b) Utah Agricultural Experiment Station (State THE SALT FLATS NEAR WENDOVER, UTAH. Funded Project #591). (c) Prof. Jack Keller, Utah Agricultural Expt. b) Utah State Road Commission. Station, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

i c) Prof. Jerry E. Christiansen, Civil and (d) Laboratory, experimental and field investi- Irrigation Engineering, Utah State Univ., gations; applied research. Logan, Utah. (e) Where saturating rainfalls are infrequent (d) Field investigation for design and develop- it appears likely that land productivity is ment of Interstate highway. closely related to the effects of irrigation (e) The design and construction of an interstate on soil aeration and structure. With present highway across the salt flats near Wendover, day irrigation technology, the design Utah, poses a number of problems that require engineer and irrigator have some degree of solutions. This is one of the few places control over both soil aeration and in the world where a highway must be built structure; however, the extent of control over a salt bed. The maintenance of the and effects on crop response have not been present highway and railway that traverses determined. these salt flats has been difficult. It is This project proposes to develop criteria hoped that a better understanding of the (useful in the design and management of problem, based on extensive field and irrigation systems) based on crop responses laboratory investigations of materials on as affected by soil aeration and structure. which the highway will be built, will result A review of literature shows that bulk in a design that will be relatively free of structural tests such as capillary rise, maintenance problems. The objective, moisture release, modulus of rupture and therefore, is to fully determine the various permeability measurements have given characteristics of the salt bed and the indexes that can be related to crop response. underlying soil materials to considerable In order to establish limits for the depth. The work completed to date has been proposed field investigations, it is the concerned primarily with the permeability of intent that the first phase of the project the sub-soil materials to the flow of water. be a laboratory study of simulated field Surprisingly, it has been found there are irrigation techniques. very permeable strata underlying the salt (g) The laboratory phase of the project is set These are of considerable concern because of up and in operation. A water applicator the movement of partially saturated solutions which will produce uniform application rates through these permeable zones which tends to of from .02"/hr to 2"/hr with drop sizes dissolve and remove salt, resulting in of 2 mm or 3 mm has been developed. The uneven settlement of the roadway. present laboratory phase is the study of the (g) A sound and economic design depends upon a effect of water application rate on the complete knowledge of the materials involved. structural characteristics of several soils. Investigations should be of definite practical Water is applied in the surface of the soil value in determining the basic requirements samples contained in 6" clay flower pots for the design and construction of the fitted with porous tension cup bottoms and multimillion dollar highway, which will be air diffusion rings. built within the next few years. Economies (h) Two progress reports have been written. in design should result from the studies being undertaken. (4239) MECHANICS OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (h) Several progress reports have been written. b) Laboratory. (4236) METHODS FOR PREDICTING MEAN ANNUAL WATER c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering YIELDS IN UTAH. Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. (b) Utah Water and Power Board and Utah State d) Theoretical; basic research. Engineer. e) An analysis of water movement from the soil, (c) Prof. Jay M. Bagley, Civil and Irrigation through the plant and into the atmosphere

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is made using basic hydraulic properties of extended to two and three dimensional ve- flow. The mechanism of water transmission locity profiles, within the plant is given particular (g) The project has just been initiated, and no attention. results are available. f) Completed.

f h) "Mechanics of Evapotranspiration, " by David (4719) FREE SURFACE FLOW AROUND A HEMISPHERICAL W. Hendricks and Vaughn E. Hansen. ROUGHNESS ELEMENT. Publication pending. Journal and Trans- actions of American Society of Civil b) Laboratory project.

Engineers, 1962. 1 c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Associate Professor, Civil and Irrigation Engineering Dept., (4240) THE INFLUENCE OF PRECIPITATION CHARACTER- Utah State University, Logan, Utah. ISTICS ON THE WATER AVAILABLE FOR DOWNWARD (d) Experimental and theoretical research toward MOVEMENT INTO THE SOIL. a Master's thesis. (e) This study was made to gain further infor- (b) Western Soil and Water Research Project mation on flow characteristics (primarily with 12 western states collaborating through drag) around a hemispherical roughness ele- U.S.D.A. and State Agricultural Experiment ment where the element size is of the order Stations. of the depth of the free surface flow. To (c) Mr. C. H. Milligan, Head Civil and Irrigation accomplish this, water surface data, ve- Department, Utah State University, Logan, locity profile data and primarily drag data Utah. was taken for a range of Froude numbers. (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied The thesis attempts to answer certain research. One M.S. degree candidate is questions concerning the effects on a working on the project at present. single large hemispherical roughness ele- (e) The purpose of the project is to delineate ment in open channel flow. Of particular the characteristics of precipitation Interest is the flow condition where the including intensity, drop size, terminal element has an effect on the fluid surface velocity, angle of attack, etc. which affect configuration. interception and infiltration of the pre- An M.S. thesis is being prepared on this cipitation, and to find functional relation- project. This work, however, is considered ships which relate these characteristics to to be only preliminary to a continued infiltration and interception. study of much wider proportions. (g) Project active but just getting underway. (g) The results of this investigation may be summarized as follows: (1) The drag force (4241) IMPROVEMENT OF STREAMFLOW FORECASTING. on the hemisphere is due primarily to wave drag in the Froude number range 0.35 to b) Laboratory project. 2.50 and for submergence intervals v/k up

f c) Mr. C. H. Milligan, Head, Civil and Irri- to 1.2. (2) At a given submergence interval gation Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah. the coefficient of drag decreases as the (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field; applied Froude number increases up to 1.5. (3) The research. coefficient of drag is constant above a (e) The purpose of the project is to develop Froude number of 1.5 for all submergence procedures for utilization of antecedent intervals. This constant value is approxi- precipitation, temperature, soil moisture, mately 0.2. (4) The drag coefficient in- runoff, and snow survey data in the pre- creases with an increase in submergence in diction of streamflow for the coming the Froude number range up to 1.5. (5) The irrigation season. relationship between the coefficient of The procedure is largely statistical and is drag and the Froude number tends to become programmed for high speed computer solutions. linear as the submergence increases. Trigonometric series are used to represent (h) An M.S. thesis is currently being prepared trends in antecedent rainfall, temperature, under the following title, "Free Surface soil moisture, and streamflow. Flow Around Hemispherical Roughness Ele- The Fourier coefficients along with total ment," by Dirk Van Woerden. M.S. Thesis, water content of the snow cover on a given Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 1962. prediction date are correlated with runoff by months. Regression coefficients determined from data from the past are utilized in equations to complete the WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, The R. L. Albrook predicted values. Hydraulic Laboratory. (g) Results are promising but a longer record is needed to test the validity of the Inquiries concerning the following projects should procedures. be addressed to Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head, The R. L. (h) "The Use of Fourier Series in Streamflow Albrook Hydraulic Laboratory, Division of Industri- Forecasting," by C. H. Milligan, Proceedings al Research, Washington State University, Pullman, Western Snow Conference, 1956. Washington.

(4718) THE EFFECT OF PRONOUNCED BOTTOM CURVATURE (1689) STUDY OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS. ON THE VELOCITY PROFILE IN A WIDE OPEN CHANNEL. (b) Personnel responsible for the design and/or operation of, water and gas distribution b) Laboratory project. systems. o) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Associate Professor, d) Analyses by analogue and digital computers. made the Civil and Irrigation Engineering Dept . i e) Flow distributions have been with Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Mcllroy Analyzer for over 50 cities, several (d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research gas systems, an air system, a generator for M.S. thesis. cooling system, and several other unique (e) The nature of the project is to study the systems. Losses throughout the system are distortion of a one-dimensional velocity obtained. Engineers use the analogue to profile caused by significant streamline design system pumps, tanks, and piping curvature and to act as a pilot study in additions or revisions. setting up a research program whose ultimate aim will be to discover the relationship (2631) ROCKY REACH HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT. for the effect of streamline curvature on two and three dimensional velocity profiles. (b) Chelan County Public Utility District No. 1. Initially the distortion of a one dimen- id) Experimental; design. sional velocity profile by a curved bed will (e) Hydraulic model studies on several problems be studied. Based upon the results of this of design and operation have been simplified approach, studies will be essentially completed. Construction

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sequences, flshway design and operation, Malaika, ASCE, Vol. 88, No. HY6, November, spillway energy disslpators, spillway 1962. capacity, downstream erosion and waves, and "Flow in Noncircular Conduits," by J. spillway operation all underwent detailed Malalka, Bulletin No. 264, Washington State investigation on six hydraulic models over Institute of Technology, June, 1962. a period of more than six years. Sound motion picture films are now being prepared (4243) UMFQUA RIVER ESTUARY MODEL. on the use of the models. (g) The energy dlssipator, consisting of a (b) U. S. Department of Health, Education and 14-foot high solid baffle a high slotted end- Welfare sill and spillway nappe deflectors, ade- (d) Experimental. quately dissipated the energy in the spill- (e) A highly distorted model (horizontal scale way flow. Vortices ranging from 2 to 30 1:3000, vertical scale 1:1000) of the Umpqua feet in diameter will not adversely affect River Estuary, including the confluence of the spillway gates. the Umpqua and Smith Rivers, has been con- (h) "Flshway Models Rocky Reach Hydroelectric structed, verified, and used for pollution Project," by Claud C. Lomax, Jr., Part II - potential tests for various outfall loca- Technical Report No. 9, Washington State tions and conditions. Institute of Technology, December 1958, 62 Pollution tests were conducted under condi- pages. tions of a relatively well-mixed salinity "Hydraulic Model Studies of Spillway distribution. Flushing tests were conducted Vortices Rocky Reach Hydroelectric Project," as well. by Howard D. Copp, Research Report No. (f) Completed. 61/9-31, Washington State Institute of (g) Such highly distorted models satisfactorily Technology, February 24, 1961, 37 pages. reproduce prototype data on tides and salinity distribution. Model Indicated (3534) WELLS HYDRO-COMBINE FLUME MODEL. significant effect of deep holes and river confluences on dispersion of pollutants. (b) Bechtel Corporation, (h) "Umpqua Estuary Model Study," by John S. id) Experimental; design. Gladwell and E. Roy Tinney, Bulletin 265, (e) A 1:23.3 scale model of a- section of the Washington State Institute of Technology, spillway-power unit is undergoing tests to August, 1962. evaluate hydraulic characteristics of an unusual design for hydro-electric develop- (4244) SULTAN DAM NO. 1. ments. Tests thus far completed indicate that the power units or the spillway, when (bl R. W. Beck and Associates, operated as separate units, perform the same (dj Experimental; design. as conventional designs. When operated (e) Final tests were conducted in the 1:50 simultaneously, the spillway flow is pre- scale model of the Sultan Dam to determine dominant. No harmful forced vibrations are the best arrangement for the tunnel anticipated, the spillway discharge coef- spillway and morning-glory Intake. Data ficient is about the same as conventional were recorded to determine the spillway ogee spillways, and the spill increased the rating curve pressure patterns and aeration operating head on the power units through a conditions. A total of 681 tests were local tailwater depression. conducted in this model before a suitable (g) Tests on design details and spillway gate solution was found. The second stage tunnel vibrations are continuing. will have a capacity of 80,000 cfs. (h) "Preliminary Report on Hydraulic Sectional (g) A two-stage tunnel spillway was found to be Model Studies, Wells Hydro-Combine," by satisfactory with the second stage formed H. D. Copp, Research Report No. 62/9-128, by adding a 38-ft. diameter shaft with a Washington State Institute of Technology, new morning-glory intake. October, 1962. (h) "Sultan Model Studies," (Spillway Model Studies of the Sultan River Project, Dam (3848) CALIBRATION OF FLOW METERING FLUMES. No. 1), Bulletin No. 263, by Manuel Th. Arce and David T. Higgins, Washington State (b) Agricultural Research Service, Boise, Idaho, Institute of Technology, December, 1962, (dj Experimental; design. 105 pages. (e) Metering flumes are being placed on several streams within an experimental watershed in (4245) HYDRODYNAMIC INVESTIGATION, southern Idaho. Desirable shapes, location of head measuring taps, orientation and bj Laboratory project. elevation of invert of these flumes are f d) Theoretical and experimental; applied being Investigated by hydraulic model. The research. effect of flow rate, upstream and downstream (e) Tests are being made on nappe deflectors topography, and sediment deposition are con- adjacent to spillway piers to obtain design sidered. Calibration of two metering de- data and permit selection of this type of vices have been completed by use of the energy dlssipator prior to experimental models and one prototype flume Is now con- testing in connection with a specific structed. application. This type of energy dlssi- (h) "Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed pator has been used on Rocky Reach and Flume Calibration Studies," by George L. Noxon Rapids dams and Is being considered Bloomsburg and E. Roy Tinney, Interim Re- for use at Chungju dam, in Korea. port to Agricultural Research Service, f) Suspended. Washington State Institute of Technology, ! g) Stilling basins can be considerably October 26, 1960, 11 pages. shortened and raised with the use of nappe deflectors. (3849) FLOW IN NONCIRCULAR CONDUITS. (h) "Chungju Hydraulic Model Studies," by E. Roy Tinney and Manuel Th. Arce, Bulletin (b) Laboratory project supported In part by No. 252, Washington State Institute of Nat. Acad. Sciences grant to Dr. Jamil Technology, February, 1961, pp. 10-14. Malalka (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. (4246) ROUND BUTTE TRI FURCA TI ON MODEL. (e) The effect of cross-sectional shape on friction loss in the fully turbulent regions (To) Portland General Electric Company, were investigated by studying the flow (dj Experimental; design. in circular, square, elliptical, rectangular, (e) A 1:23.7 scale model of a power penstock and rhombic conduits. trifurcatlon was constructed and investi- (f) Completed. gated for head loss and undue structural (h) "Flow in Noncircular Conduits," by J. vibrations.

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Completed. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Charles W. Harris Head losses were minimal, information Hydraulics Laboratory. regarding structural vibration was used In the structural design. (3853 FLOW THROUGH AN ARRAY OF CYLINDERS. (h) "Round Butte Penstock Trifurcation, " by- John S. Gladwell and E. Roy Tinney, Bulletin Laboratory project. No. 260, Wash. State Inst, of Tech., May 1962. Prof. Ronald E. Nece, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington. (4720) PACKWOOD DROP STRUCTURE MODEL. Experimental; basic research. Hydrodynamic forces are to be determined on R. W. Beck and Associates. one of a row of circular cylinders. Cylinder Experimental, design. spacing and orientation of the single row Model studies of the drop structure for with respect to a uniform approach flow are Packwood Hydroelectric Project were per- to be varied. formed to determine the shape of the spillway Suspended. crest and its free-flow capacity. The proto- Proximity effects upon drag coefficients type has a maximum capacity of 8000 cfs and have been determined for two cylinder row the model was constructed to a 1:20 scale. orientations for the case of laminar bounda- Completed. ry layers on the cylinders (3 The original designs were modified to provide (h One M.S. Thesis completed (available on loan). better aeration and to stiffen the weir. (h) "Packwood Model Studies," by Manuel Th. (4725 FLUID ENTRA INMENT THROUGH DISCRETE OPENINGS Arce, Research Report No. 62/9-12, Wash. IN SUBMERGED PIPELINES. State Institute of Tech., October 12, 1962. Laboratory project. (4721) MODEL CALIBRATION OF ROCK ISLAND SPILLWAY. Prof. R. E. Nece, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash. fb) Public Utility District of Grant Co., Wash. Experimental; basic and applied research. (d) Experimental; analytical. The mechanism of the entrainment of a fluid (e) A 1:50 scale model of the west section of from an infinite still reservoir through dis- the Rock Island Dam spillway was constructed. crete ports into a conduit flowing full is to Tests are continuing to determine the be studied experimentally and analytically. discharge coefficients for each bay as (g Data have been obtained for single circular they may be Influenced by adjacent and ports of different sizes and various edge nearby bays, tailwater and apron elevations, configurations. and distribution of flow approaching the (h One M.S. Thesis completed (available on loani spillway discharges in connection with power losses due to tailwater encroachment at (4726 A STUDY OF VELOCITY BARRIER DEVICE FOR Rock Island by the Wanapum pool, DOWNSTREAM MIGRANT BYPASS. (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies for the Calibration of the Rock Island Spillway," C. C. Lomax, (b Columbia Fisheries Program Office, U. S. Interim Research Rpt. No. 62/9-110, Wash. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Portland, Ore. State Inst, of Tech., Sept. 13, 1962, 58 pp. (c Prof. H. S. Strausser, 317 Hydraulics Lab., University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash. (4722) BOUNDARY COMPREHENSIVE MODEL. (d Experimental investigation; developmental research. (b) Bechtel - Leedshill. (e The problem requires a structure which will (d) Experimental; design. guide downstream migrant fish into a col- (e) A 1:65 scale model of approximately 0.6 lection facility with a minimum obstruction miles of the Pend Oreille River approxi- to flow. The methods under study utilize mately the arch dam, forebay, and spillways velocity changes which would attract or have been constructed. Investigations have repel the fish, thereby steering them into been concerned to date primarily with the a desired location. sluice ring orientation and approach channel (g No satisfactory results as yet. design. The sluice ring is particularly of concern because it must pass flows of ap- (4727 A STUDY OF THE DOWNSTREAM MIGRANT BYPASS proximately 280,000 cfs at a depth which FOR THE THREE-MILE DITCH, UMATILLA, OREGON. results in velocities of about 100 f.p.s. (b Columbia Fisheries Program Office, U. S. (4723) BOUNDARY PROJECT SLUICEWAY MODEL. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Portland, Ore. (c Prof. H. S. Strausser, 317 Hydraulics Lab., Bechtel Corporation. University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash. Experimental; design. Experimental investigation; developmental. A 1:25 scale model of low level sluiceways \i A fish bypass was designed to be placed at has permitted experimental investigation of the terminus of a standard louver guiding sluiceway design and the determination of a device. Device can be used on existing dam suitable intake shape that will operate cavi- structures without having to pass through tation free, under heads up to 190 ft. Sluice- structure itself. way gate vibration tests will be conducted. Completed. (g) The original intake shape, designed ac- (g The design developed is apparently working cording to conventional procedures was not satisfactorily under field conditions. cavitation free. A converging section formed (h Unpublished report available on loan from by a rising invert was found necessary. correspondent, H. S. Strausser.

(4724) WELLS COMPREHENSIVE MODEL. (4728 THE INTERACTION EFFECTS OF FIXED SEMI- IMMERSED CIRCULAR CYLINDER WITH A TRAIN OF (b) Bechtel Corporation. PROGRESSIVE OSCILLATORY WAVES IN A CHANNEL (d) Experimental; design. OF FINITE DEPTH. (e) A 1:78 model of the Wells Hydrocombine has been constructed to study erosion, waves, pas- (b The exploratory work has been done supported sage of migratory fish. Spillway capacity in part by an NDEA Fellowship. Proposals are and construction sequences since the power being prepared to continue the work. house and spillway are combined Into one struc- (o Prof. E. P. Richey, Dept. of Civil Engrg., ture several unique problems in design and Univ. of Wash., Seattle 5, Washington. operation must be investigated. The model is (d Basic theoretical research with experimental 44 feet wide and 66 feet long and will pass verification for a doctoral thesis. the equivalent of 1,300,000 cfs. (e The objective of the work is to obtain an analysis of the problem which can be used to determine force components and coefficients of reflection and transmission. 85 .

(4729) DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT TO DETERMINE MINIMUM Investigation basic and applied research, VELOCITY TO ORIENT SMALL FISH. Including thesis research. (e) Artificial spawning areas have been con- b) U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. structed on Indian Creek on Prince of Wales c) Prof. J. C. Kent, 201 More Hall, Univ. of Island within the Tongass National Forest, Washington, Seattle 5, Washington. Alaska. The project is to test the general d) Experimental and basic research. hydraulic considerations associated with e) Flow through two channels Is held at the design of improved pink salmon spawning constant depth and controlled at Identical areas in natural streams. Objectives of flow rates by use of orifices and differ- the research program are to test the design ential manometers. of artificial Improvements to salmon spawning f) Completed. grounds. The problem is to determine if we g) The flow Is extremely uniform Indicating can provide, at reasonable cost, small practically no variation In velocity between areas of stable permeable gravel in which the two channels. low water flow of stream will be concentrated (h) "Discrimination of Low Water Velocity by The evaluation of artificially constructed Juvenile Salmon," Technical Report to U. S. channels will provide information of the Army Corps of Engineers, No. 52., College of detailed requirements of spawning fish as Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle well as the requirements of eggs and larvae. 5, Washington. Further information will be obtained on movement of bed material as no stream flow regulation is provided. (g) Data currently being analyzed. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Fisheries Research Inst. (4730) DETERMINING CHANGES IN SIZE COMPOSITION IN (3535) EFFECTS OF LOGGING ON PRODUCTIVITY OF PINK STREAMBED MATERIAL IN LOGGED WATERSHEDS. SALMON STREAMS IN ALASKA. b) Institute of Forest Products. (b) Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Fisheries Hall #2, and Wildlife Service, Juneau, Alaska, Is University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash. contracting agency. Co-operating agency is (d) Experimental, theoretical and field investi- Alaska Forest Research Center, U. S. Forest gation; applied research for M.S. thesis. Service, Juneau, Alaska. (e) The research is to evaluate ecological (c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Research Associate changes in salmon streams caused by de- Professor, Fisheries Research Institute, forestation. Soil erosion, subsequent University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash. logging operations in a watershed, may (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field cause large quantities of fine particles to investigation; basic and applied research, be deposited in the beds of the streams including master's and doctoral thesis adjacent to logging areas. The presence of research. fine materials reduces the permeability of (e) To identify environmental factors causing the stream and gravel thereby reducing the mortality of pink salmon embryos; (2) to rates of waterflow in the streambed and the gain a more complete understanding of inter- rate of exchange of inter-gravel water. relationships among spawning behavior, The rate of exchange between the inter- physical and biological attributes of the gravel and stream water limits the quality stream and spawning bed, and mortality of of the inter-gravel environment of the embryos; (3) to determine how the quality habitat for salmon eggs and larvae. The of the spawning bed environment as it results of the proposed investigation will pertains to growth, development, and assist in determining if logging will mortality of embryos is affected by logging; affect salmon production. The objectives of and (4) to determine criteria for the the study are: (1) To evaluate the present improvement of natural spawning areas to gravel sampling procedures and index of increase production of juvenile salmon. streambed quality for salmon; (2) to deter- Included among active routine studies are mine the physical factors controlling the hydrological conditions, intragravel water size of the particles within the stream bed; quality, spawning bed quality, and channel (3) determine if streambed composition can debris evaluation. Included among active be used to measure effects of logging on basic studies are composition and source of salmon suspended sediment and bed load, relation- (g) Field data has been gathered. Analysis is ship between surface and intragravel water, in process. and sources of intragravel water. (g) Methods have been developed for routine field measurement of dissolved oxygen content of intragravel water, gravel composition, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, Hydraulics Laboratory. and mortality of salmon embryos. Gravel shift has been identified as an (149) THE EFFECT OF SUBMERGENCE ON FLOW CHARACTER- Important natural cause of embryonic ISTICS OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES. mortality. A theoretical model of factors controlling interchange between stream and t) Laboratory project.

intragravel water has been proposed and ! c) Prof. J. R. Vlllemonte, Hydraulics Lab., tested qualitatively. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin. (h) "A Method of Estimating Mortality of Pink (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and Salmon Eggs and Larvae," by William J. applied research for M.S. degree. McNeil. Contribution No. 119, 28 pp. (e) The effects of submergence on discharge of manuscript, (in press). large circular thin-plate weirs and orifices "Mortality of Pink and Chum Salmon Eggs and broad-crested weirs are being studied. and Larvae in Southeast Alaska Streams," by f) Suspended. William J. McNeil. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of g) General correlation equations have been Washington, Seattle, 270 pp., 1962. developed for all thin-plate weirs, Parshall Flumes, and one type of Ogee spillway. (4247) IMPROVEMENT OF SALMON SPAWNING AREAS IN INDIAN CREEK, ALASKA. (956) ENERGY LOSS IN LIQUID FLOW IN PIPES AND FITTINGS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE. (b) U.S. Forest Service, Juneau, Alaska, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the (c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Research Associate Ladish Company, Cudahy, Wisconsin, and the Professor, Fisheries Research Institute, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash. (c) Prof. J. R. Vlllemonte, Hydraulics Lab., (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

8 6 .

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied Station," by C. K. Sarkar, J. R. Villemonte, research and design for B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. and S. Kar, Proceedings of Symposium on theses. Hydraulic Structures, Indian Institute of (e) Energy loss measurements in straight pipes Science, Bangalone, January 1962. and fittings have been completed on sizes 1/4 inch to 2 inches. Pressure range (3541) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CIRCULAR 0-2500 psi, temperature range 60 to 120 SEDIMENTATION BASINS. degrees P. Reynolds number range 50 to 150,000. (b) National Institutes of Health, Washington, (f) Suspended. D. C. (g) If viscosity, density, and temperature (c) Prof. G. A. Rohlich and Prof. J. R. Villemon relations are known, the standard pipe Hydraulics Laboratory, University of friction theory applies at high pressures. Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin. The fitting loss constants for laminar flow (d) Experimental; basic research and design for are about 3 times those for turbulent flow M.S. and Ph.D. theses. when Nr = 2000. The loss gradually reduces (e) A versatile, transparent, 6-foot diameter to zero at Nr = 150. cylindrical basin has been constructed which will permit model studies at depth to (1181) VORTEX FLOW PROM HORIZONTAL THIN-PLATE diameter ratios of 0.67 to 0.083. Flow ORIFICES. patterns and dispersion characteristics will be observed over a wide range of overflow (b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and rates. New instrumentation for measuring J. C. Stevens, Consulting Engineer, Portland, small velocities and dispersion functions Oregon are being developed. (c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab., (g) Hydraulic characteristics have been deter- Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin. mined for a wide range of flows and inlet (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research and outlet situations. New criteria have for M.S. and Ph.D. theses. been developed. (e) The effects of vorticity on orifice dis- (h) "Hydraulic Characteristics of Circular charge were studied over a wide range of Sedimentation Basins," by J. R. Villemonte vorticity, head, and orifice size. and G. A. Rohlich, Proceedings 17th Annual (g) A new parameter, the vortex number, was Conference on Industrial Waste Treatment, developed as the ratio of inertial and Purdue University, May 1962. centrifugal forces. A general correlation procedure was also developed for estimating (3854) REACTION JET INLET FOR OIL-WATER SEPARATORS. discharge rates through orifices with varying degrees of vorticity. b) The American Petroleum Inst. (h) "Vortex Plow through Horizontal Orifices," c) Prof. G. A. Rohlich and Prof. J. R. by J. C. Stevens and R. C. Kolf Trans. ASCE, Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory, Univ. of Vol 124, p. 871, 1959. Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin. "The Vortex Chamber as an Automatic Flow- (d) Experimental; basic research and design for Control Device," by R. C. Kolf and P. B. master's and doctoral theses. Ziellnski, Journal Hydraulics Dlv., ASCE, (e) A transparent basin 5 feet wide, 10 feet lo December 1959. and 3 feet deep has been constructed. Investigations will be made using various (3539) THE EFFECT OF BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS AND sizes and spaclngs of the Stengel reaction CONFIGURATION ON TURBULENCE LEVEL AND Jets at the entrance to the basin to VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION. determine the effects of jet inflow on the hydraulic characteristics. b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. f) Completed.

i c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab., g) Hydraulic characteristics for rectangular Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin. basins with Reaction Jet Inlet devices were (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research observed using a wide range of flows. for M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (h) Several unpublished M.S. theses. (e) New instrumentation has been developed to measure turbulence levels In pipes and ducts. (4251) CHANNEL DYNAMICS ABOVE GULLY CONTROL The effects of boundary roughnesses on the STRUCTURES. decay of extra turbulence caused by a variety of boundary configurations is being (b) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural studied. Research Service. (g) New equations have been developed for esti- (c) Dr. Arno T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil mating losses due to combined and divided Engineering, University of Wisconsin, flow. 1513 University Aveue, Madison 5, Wisconsin. (h) "Momentum and Energy changes In Disturbed (d) Theoretical study and field Investigation of Laminar Flow," by S. Kar and J. R. Villemonte, basic research in channel dynamics for presented at Annual Conference of Hydraulics Ph.D. thesis. Division of ASCE, August 1962. (e) Data from field surveys of 44 gully control structures in Southwestern Wisconsin have (3540) MODEL STUDIES OF PUMP INLET STRUCTURES. been analyzed to develop procedures for estimating quantitatively the dynamic (b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation in changes in channel profiles which occur cooperation with the Government of West when a gully control or sediment detention Bengal, India. structure Is built. (c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab., f) Completed. University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis. g) An equation has been developed for the ratio (d) Experimental; design for M.S. thesis. of the average deposition slope to the (e) A l/16-scale model of the inlet structure for original channel slope as a function of one of four axial flow pumps at the past and present hydraulic and sediment Uttarbhag Pumping Station (Sonarpur, India) parameters. has been made. Studies of Inlet flow (h) "Channel Dynamics Above Gully-Control patterns and pressure coefficients for a Structures," by D. A. Woolhlser, Univ. of wide variety of flow situations are being Wisconsin Ph.D. thesis. made for the purpose of reducing the cavitation threshold. (4252) PLOW OF A DENSITY STRATIFIED FLUID. (f) Completed. (g) Pressure coefficients were computed at 37 b) Laboratory Project. points on the model over a wide range of c) Prof. P. L. Monkmeyer, Hydraulics Laboratory, flows. University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wise. (h) "Model studies of Inlet to Uttarbhag Pumping (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

87 . . "

Dynamic characteristics of compressible and scour patterns and characteristics down- Incompressible density - stratified fluids, stream of a proposed barrage across the are being investigated. Both steady and Wisconsin River at Muscoda. A second model unsteady flow problems relating to internal Is being constructed to study the stability gravity waves are Included in the study. of the proposed rock fill section at key Linearized equations for steady, inviscid, locations compressible flow in atmospheres with various density distribution have been developed (4736) UNSTEADY FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA. and solved for simple boundary configurations. "The Steady-State Dynamics of an Ideal, Laboratory project. Density-Stratified Atmosphere," by P. L. 13 Prof. P. L. Monkmeyer, Hydraulics Lab., Monkmeyer, Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, 1962. Wisconsin. Theoretical; basic research for M.S. thesis. THE EFFECT OF VISCOSITY OF DISCHARGE Computer solutions of a general nature are THROUGH SPECIAL ORIFICES. under Investigation for problems involving unsteady, unconflned flow toward a well. W. A. Kates Co., Deerfield, Illinois. Graphical methods for application to specific Prof. J. R. Vlllemonte, Hydraulics Lab., problems are being developed. University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wise. Experimental; applied research. The variation of the orifice coefficient with Reynolds number is being studied for a WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION. wide variety of slot orifices in cylindrical surfaces. (4737) EXPERIMENTAL HYDRODYNAMICS OF ROTATING SYSTEM UNIT HYDROGRAPH INVESTIGATIONS. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. Laboratory project. (c) Dr. Alan J. Faller, WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. Dr. Arno T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil (d) Experimental, theoretical, field investi- Engineering, 1513 University Avenue, gations; basic research. Madison 5, Wisconsin. (e) Hydrodynamics of rotating systems with Theoretical study and field investigation specific application as experimental models of the unit hydrograph. Basic research for of geophysical fluid circulation. Ph.D. thesis. (g) Determination of stability criteria of The dimenslonless unit hydrograph is being Ekman boundary layer flows and application used as a tool in the study of the basin of these results to oceanic and atmospheric characteristics which affect the unit systems. hydrograph. (h) "The Development of Fluid Model Analogues of Atmospheric Circulations," by Alan J. THE TRANSFORMATION OF RAINFALL ON THREE Faller, Final Report, Contract AF 19(604)- BASINS IN NORTH CENTRAL WISCONSIN. 4982, GRD, AFCRL. "An Experimental Analogy to and Proposed Laboratory project. Explanation of Hurricane Spiral Bands," by Dr. A. T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil Alan J. Faller, Proc. 2nd Tech. Conf. on Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1513 Hurricanes, Amer. Met. Soc. June 27-30, 1961, University Avenue, Madison 5, Wisconsin. Miami Beach, Florida. Experimental and theoretical with field "An Experimental Study of the Instability investigation; basic research for Ph.D. of the Laminar Ekman Boundary Layer," by thesis. Alan J. Faller, J. of Fluid Mech. (in press). This study is to determine the relationships existing between rainfall, stream runoff, (4738) SYNOPTIC OCEANOGRAPHY - SURFACE EFFECTS. infiltration, groundwater, and evapotranspiration with respect to three drainage (*) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the basins in North Central Wisconsin which have Navy. both similar and dissimilar soil types and (c) Mr. Raymond G. Stevens, Woods Hole aquifers, based on published data. Oceanographlc Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. (d) Experimental, field investigation, basic FLOW BETWEEN CONCENTRIC ROTATING CYLINDERS. research, doctoral dissertation. (e) Measurement of the directional spectrum of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and wind generated gravity waves in the Fairbanks Morse Co. generating area. Prof. P. L. Monkmeyer, Hydraulics Lab., (g) Directional spectra have been measured in University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wise. Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, and Panama Theoretical and experimental; basic research City, Florida. for Ph.D. thesis. GO "A Data Acquisition and Analysis System for Development of theory for increased resis- Oceanographlc Measurements," by D. D. tance to axial flow due to rotation of Ketchum and R. G. Stevens, Marine Sciences bounding cylinders, for turbulent flow Instrumentation Vol. 1, Plenum Press, pp conditions; laboratory investigation of 55-60, 1962. functional resistance, torque requirements; "A Fast Response Cup Anemometer for Measure- stability considerations and transition for ment of Turbulent Wind Over the Ocean, flow between concentric cylinders. by Marine Sciences Instrumentation Vol. 2, An approximate theory for increased Plenum Press (In press). resistance to axial flow due to rotation of bounding cylinders, for turbulent flow has been developed. WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Hydraulic MODEL STUDY OF A PROPOSED BARRAGE AT Laboratory. MUSCODA, ON THE WISCONSIN RIVER. Inquiries concerning the following projects should Muscoda Development Corporation, Muscoda, be addressed to Professor Leslie J. Hooper, Director, Wisconsin. Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Folytechnic Prof. J. R. Vlllemonte and Prof. P. L. Institute, Worcester 9, Mass. Monkmeyer, Hydraulics Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin. (1963) METER CALIBRATION. Experimental; applied research and design for M.S. thesis. (b) Foxboro, Company, Foxboro, Mass. A model study is underway to determine the (d) Experimental, for design.

88 .

(e) Calibration of various sizes of magnetic flow (e) Evaluation of the percentage breakup of tubes (1" to 36" diameter). the flow between the two discharge paths (f) Test in progress. (accepts and rejects) in a cyclong type separator was made. The flow pattern in (3859) METER CALIBRATIONS. various sections of the machine was measured in the course of the studies. (b) B-I-F Industries, Providence, R. I. (g) Tests in progress. (dj Experimental, for design. (e) Calibration of a variety of flow measuring (4744) FLOW DIFFUSER. devices including flow nozzles, open flow nozzles and venturl meters were calibrated. (b) Rice-Barton Corp., Worcester, Mass. Calibrations were at times performed in the (d) Experimental; for design. standard test loop and in some cases in a (e) A variety of modifications to a standard mock-up in place conditions. diffuser have been designed and tested with (f) Tests in progress. the purpose of reducing the length while maintaining or producing a uniform exit (4255) METER CALIBRATIONS. velocity. (g) Tests In progress. (b) Perm Meter Company, Philadelphia, Pa. (d) Experimental; for design. (4745) METER CALIBRATION. (e) Calibration of open flow nozzles and flow tubes from 2" to 48" in diameter. (b) Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, Schenectady, (f) Tests in progress. New York. d) Experimental; for design.

(4739) CHONG PYONG HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT. i e) A variety of flow measuring devices in all stages of development have been calibrated. (b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp., Types included orifice plates, venturl Boston, Mass. tubes and ultrasonic flowmeters (Gulton and d) Experimental; for design. Narda Ultrasonics). e) A 1/50 scale model of a section of the (g) Tests in progress. spillway was installed in the 3 foot glass sided flume of the laboratory. Calibration (4746) METER CALIBRATIONS. of the spillway and flood gates was performed. Tests were also conducted on a (b) Hagan Chemicals and Controls, Inc., variety of apron designs for different Pittsburgh, Perm. sections of the spillway. d) Experimental, for design. e) Calibration of a variety of sizes and (4740) CHONG PYONG HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT. designs of flow nozzles. (g) Tests in progress. (b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass. (4747) SCALE PIT. d) Experimental, for design. e) A 1/75 scale model of a reach of the North (b) Morgan Construction Co., Worcester, Mass. Han River in the Republic of Korea is under (d) Experimental; for design. construction for the Korea Electric Co. (e) A 1/12 scale model of a circular scale pit The model will Include the spillway and was constructed and tested. The tests were powerhouse as well as river topography up used to determine the effectiveness of the and downstream of the development. Studies pit in removing steel mill scale from the will be made of the flow characteristics for wash water. In addition tests were con- various operating conditions. ducted with a variety of floor configurations (g) Model under construction. In order to induce the scale to settle in a pattern such as to facilitate removal. (4741) CORNWALL PUMPED STORAGE DEVELOPMENT. (f) Completed.

(bl Uhl, Hall and Rich, Boston, Mass. (4748) FRICTIONAL LOSS IN PLASTIC PIPE. id) Experimental, for design. (e) A 1/80 scale model of the intake at the (b) International Pipe and Ceramics Corp., upper reservoir will be constructed Wharton, New Jersey. including local topography near the intake. (e) Sections of 8" and 12" PVC pipe were The studies will involve the flow patterns installed with instrumentation in the and possible surface disturbances in the laboratory line. Tests were conducted to reservoir as well as the flow in the first determine head loss and friction coeffi- few diameters of the vertical shaft of the cients for a full pipe as well as for the Intake pipe set at a number of slopes and flowing (g) Model under construction. partially full. (h) Report In preparation. (4742) RIO LAS DAMAS HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT. (4749) DYNAMICS OF CAVITATION ON SPHERE. (b) Jackson and Moreland International Inc., Boston, Mass. (b) Laboratory project. (d) A 1/20 scale model of a section of the Id) Experimental; for design, proposed spillway was constructed In the (e) An investigation and analysis were per- two foot wooden flume at the laboratory. formed on the dynamic characteristics of a Enough length was provided to accommodate nonrotatlng sphere in cavitating flow. The a stretch of the river upstream of the dam spheres were launched underwater at ve- and the apron and stilling basin pool on locities between 60 and 130 feet per second the downstream side. Tests involved the to produce the transient cavitating flow performance of the spillway with various behind the sphere. Observations of drag flows and with stop logs in place at the coefficient, slope of cavity and the re- crest. Also studied was the apron design entrant jet were made during the study.

and the adequacy of wing walls and rip-rap f ) Completed.

bank protection downstream. i h) Master's Thesis entitled "The Dynamic f) Completed, Characteristics of a Nonrotatlng Sphere in

I h) Report completed. Transient Cavitating Flow, " by Ronald D. Kangas, in our file at Worcester Polytechnic (4743) HYDRAULIC CYCLONE. Institute, Worcester, Mass.

b) Bird Machine Co., South Walpole, Mass. (4750) LOW VELOCITY METER. d) Experimental, for design. 89 .

Laboratory project. evaluation of evapotranspiratlon 1'rom the Experimental, for thesis. study watersheds. The design of a flow meter capable of (h) "Water Use by Native Vegetation and Hydro- measuring velocities in water by means of logic Studies," by D. C. Lewis and R. H. a dynamic force sensor was carried out. Burgy, Annual Report No. 3, 1961-62, Dept. Velocities in the range from 0.8 to 6 inches of Irrigation, University of California, per second were indicated by a strain gage Davis, California. type of instrument. Instantaneous readings and lnsensitivlty to water temperature are ;i8i9) DRAINAGE IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION. among the advantages. The Instrument was constructed and calibrated in the laboratory California Agricultural Experiment Station. calibration towing tank. 81 Dr. J. N. Luthin and Mr. R. V. Worstell, Completed University of California, Davis, California. Master's Thesis entitled, "A Force-Velocity Basic and applied research. Meter for Low Velocities," by Raymond L. It] A study of glass fiber filter materials for George is on file at Worcester Polytechnic drains showed them satisfactory in preventing Institute, Worcester, Mass. soil particles from entering the drain and in conducting water from the soil to the (4751) LOW VELOCITY METER. cracks or perforations of the drain tube. A study of sound transmission through soils Laboratory project. in relation to moisture content showed that Experimental, for thesis. water films exert a load on the soil par- The design of a low velocity thermistor ticles which increases the velocity of flowmeter with ambient temperature compensa- sound transmission in the low moisture-ten- tion was designed, constructed and tested. sion ranges. The meter was designed to operate in water Data are being collected to evaluate the flow at velocities from 0.04 to 0.5 feet capillary pressure behind the wetted front per second. Flow direction was indicated by to be used in an analysis of the seepage of use of a matched pair of thermistors. water from a cavity into a dry soil. Completed. The four-electrode probe method is being "The Design and Operation of Low Velocity used to monitor soil salinity variations in Thermistor Flowmeter with Ambient Tempera- two field studies of saline reclamation as ture Compensation," by Wallace C. Flower related to irrigation and drainage. Early is on file at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, results indicate this method may become a Worcester, Mass. useful tool. The large drainage tank was filled with soil, equipped with a system of primary instrumentation and two preliminary runs were UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture, made to test out the entire setup and Department of Irrigation. establish operating procedures. Some improvements are to be made but the tank is (21) THE MECHANICS OF WATER DROPLET AND SPRAY operational for many studies. FORMATION FROM SPRINKLER NOZZLES. (h) "The Propagation of Elastic Waves in Uncon- solidated Granular Media," by W. H. Brutsaert California Agricultural Experiment Station. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Dr. J. R. Davis, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. Davis, California, 1962. of California, Davis, California. "Drainage Salinity Investigations in the (d) Experimental; theoretical and laboratory Five Points, Tranquillity Area, Fresno investigation. County, California," by J. N. Luthin, J. W. (e) Investigations to evaluate the causes of Biggar, Report submitted to Bureau of wave formation of the Jet, to evaluate. the Reclamation, U. S. Dept. Int. 1962. nature of the wave system, and to determine "An Investigation of Perforated Pipe and the relation between turbulence in the Fiberglass Filters for Subsurface Drainage," nozzle and the formation of discontinuous by D. G. Watts, Master's Thesis, University water drops. of California, Davis, California, 1962. Completed. "Thick Fiberglass Filters for Subsurface Results include the development of the Drains," by D. G. Watts and J. N. Luthin, electric needle technique for describing Submitted for publication in Hilgardia, 1962. the frequency, amplitude and wave length of the wave system. The distance from the (3866) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS. nozzle to the point at which the Jet begins to break up has been related to Weber California Agricultural Experiment Station. number and Reynold's number. For smooth Dr. J. R. Davis, Department of Irrigation, nozzles, Weber number appears to be the University of California, Davis, Calif. only parameter. (d) Experimental; laboratory and field investigation. (23) HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIES IN (e) Rational approaches to defining the flow of CALIFORNIA. water in vegetative channels, dimensional analyses and model studies of rate of water California Agricultural Experiment Station. advance in borders. Evaluations of criteria Prof. R. H. Burgy and Mr. D. C. Lewis, Dept. for design of tail water return systems, of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., Davis, measurement of flow in small irrigation California. streams, and evaluation of irrigation (d) Experimental and field investigation; efficiency concepts. applied research. (e) Hydrologic investigations of mountain water- (4086) MISCIBLE AND IMMISCIBLE FLUID DISPLACEMENTS sheds are being conducted on pilot watersheds IN RELATION TO SOLUTE MOVEMENT IN SOIL AND in three areas of the state. Measurements OTHER POROUS MATERIAL. are being made of rainfall, surface runoff, erosion, and groundwater storage and outflow. California Agricultural Experiment Station. The hydrologic effect of vegetative con- Ri Drs. J. W. Biggar and D. R. Nielsen, Dept. versions on the watersheds is under long- of Irrigation University of California, range study. Radioactive tracers are used Davis, California. to study groundwater movement and depth of (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and rooting of trees. A neutron moisture meter applied. is used to measure moisture content in the (e) The simultaneous transport of fluids and soil and rock above the water table. Micro- solutes through porous media is under inves- meteorological techniques and equipment are tigation. The mixing and spreading of the being tested to provide an Independent fluids in the medium, the interaction of the SO fluids with each other and the medium have the transmlssibility and storage coefficients been studied. The work will help define the of an aquifer from short-time pumping tests, nature of the porous structure of materials, and in water supply and drainage problems and the coupling between velocity and dif- where seasonal water requirements vary or a fusion In the dispersion process. certain schedule of pumping is to be followed. Leaching phenomena, disposal of industrial Field tests are being used to check the and radioactive wastes, and the movement of theory. pesticides in soil water depend upon the (g) A general analytical solution has been devel- dispersion process. oped for unsteady flow of groundwater to a (g) Mathematical models of dispersion previously well having a decreasing discharge rate. A reported have been compared with experimental graphical solution has been proposed to data obtained from studies on soil, glass determine the aquifer characteristics from beads, sandstone and sand columns. More pumping test data. The graphical solution recently the effects of the density and requires the numerical computation and viscosity of the fluids on the mixing has tabulation of a mathematical function called been studied using Cl36 and glass bead the "variable well function". Values of medium. Leaching Phenomenon, disposal of this function have been determined. industrial and radioactive wastes and the (h) "Non-Steady Plow to a Well for Decreasing movement of pesticides in soil water involve Rate of Discharge," by M. Abu-Zied, Ph.D. in dispersion processes. Engineering Thesis, University of California, (h) "Miscible Displacement: II. Behavior of Davis, California. Aug. 1962. Tracers," by J. W. Biggar, and D. R. Nielsen, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 26:125-128, 1962. "Miscible Displacement: III. Theoretical Considerations," by D. Ft. Nielsen, and J. W. CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Department of Civil Biggar, Soil Scl. Soc. Amer. Proc. 26:216- Engineering. 221, 1962. "Some Comments on Molecular Diffusion and (3030) TRANSIENT FLOW THROUGH POROUS INCOMPRESSIBLE Hydrodynamic Dispersion In Porous Media," MEDIA WITH VARIOUS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. by J. W. Biggar and D. R. Nielsen, J. Geophys. Res. 67:3636, 1962. (b) Experimental part was supported by the National Research Council of Canada. (4087) DYNAMIC PROJECT PLANNING. (c) Dr. B. S. Browzln, Professor of Civil Engrg., The Catholic University of America, Wash. 17, (ti) California Agricultural Experiment Station. D. C. (c) Dr. V. H. Scott, Department of Irrigation, d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. University of California, Davis, California. e) The unsteady laminar flow was reproduced by (d) Developmental design. a highly viscous liquid flowing between (e) This study is to develop an approach to the closely spaced translucid plates on a engineering aspects of project planning number of models with geometric boundaries particularly adaptable for such areas where representing various types of earth dams on (1) water requirements whether for irrigation impervious foundations and earth massives or other uses are supplied through pumping crossed by open channels, when boundary from wells, and (2) where problems of in- conditions are of transient character with creased cost of pumping due to lowering the respect to the time. water wells, deterioration of water quality, Experimental part concerning earth dams and and/or reduction in yield of wells due to earth massives on Impervious foundations depletion of available ground water supply completed. The theoretical part of the occur. research completed for the case of rapid (g) Detailed analysis has shown that dynamic drawdown in homogeneous dams. The theo- project planning is a satisfactory engi- retical research of cases of gradual draw- neering technique when applied to situations down, of non-homogeneous dams, of tailwater where development of water facilities is condition, and the drawdown in canals is undertaken for presently unused water progressing. supplies in areas with a ground water (g) An approximate function relating, by deficiency. dimensionless parameters, the shape and the position of free surface of flow (4088) IRROTATIONAL PLOW OVER A VERTICAL, SHARP- through the earth dam, following rapid CRESTED WEIR. reservoir drawdown, to the geometry of the dam was obtained theoretically and confirmed (h) California Agricultural Experiment Station. by experiments. (c) Prof. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Acting As- (h) "Nonsteady-State Flow in Homogeneous Earth sistant Professor, Dept. of Irrigation, Dams after Rapid Drawdown," Proceedings of Univ. of California, Davis, California. the Fifth International Conference on Soil (d) Theoretical, basic research, In part for Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. doctoral dissertation. II, p. 551, Paris 1961. (e) An integral equation has been derived for "Nichtstationare Sickerstromungen in the two-dimensional flow over a weir through homogenen Erddammen und Erdkorpern," pp. 259, application of the methods of complex Doctoral dissertation at the Rhelnlsch- variables and vorticity distribution. The Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen. equation, representing satisfaction of the The book Is available at the library of the constant-pressure condition on the free National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa surfaces, involves no approximations or 2, Ontario. linearizations. An iterative solution similar to the Neumann treatment of (3031) THE VARIATION OF HYDROLOGIC FACTORS AND Fredholm integral equations has been devel- THEIR INFLUENCE ON RIVER REGIMES IN THE oped and programmed for the IBM 7090 GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE DRAINAGE AREA. digital computer. b) Laboratory project. (4857) USE OP WELLS IN AREA DEVELOPMENT. Engrg., i c) Dr. B. S. Browzln, Professor of Civil The Catholic University of America, Wash. 17, bl California Agricultural Experiment Station, D. C. 1 c) Dr. V. H. Scott, Department of Irrigation, d) Basic research. University of California, Davis, California. and 1 e) Research is based on long range flow (d) Theoretical and field research including meteorologic record. Flow and precipitation doctoral thesis research. data on U.S. and Canada stations were (e) To consider the influence of a decreasing statistically investigated In order to discharge rate in developing a general obtain river regime characteristics. solution for unsteady flow to wells. Such f) Completed. a solution is of in Classified discharges for long range gauging importance calculating 1 g) 91 s .

stations are calculated. Characteristic National Institutes of Health. parameters for river classification of the CI Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics, area are obtained, water-balance in the basin Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg., Is calculated; average, maximum and minimum Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. run-off for the period of available obser- Theoretical and experimental; basic research. vations is analysed. 13 Computer simulation of portions of the (h) "On Classification of Rivers in the Great arterial tree; experimental studies of Lakes-St. Lawrence Basin," Proceedings. energy dissipation in pulsatile flow Fifth Conference on Great Lakes Research, through distensible tubes. Toronto, Canada, April 9-10, 1962. p. 86. (h) "Pulsatile Pressure and Flow through Publ. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Distensible Vessels," Circulation Research, "Runoff in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence in press. Basin, Including General Principles of River Classification." Monograph in preparation. (4860) WATER HAMMER: FAILURE OF PUMPS.

National Science Foundation. Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics, UNIVERSITY OP MICHIGAN, Department of Civil Engrg. Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg., University of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. (3769) WAVE REFRACTION IN A TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL. Theoretical Study of water hammer in suction and discharge Laboratory project. lines of large pumping stations with multiple Prof. E. F. Brater, Prof, of Hydraulic pumps when one or more lose their power. Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engrg., College Dimenslonless, homologous complete charac- of Engrg., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. teristics used with computer program for Theoretical and experimental; basic research water hammer based on methods of character- for doctoral thesis. istics. Investigation of the refraction of waves which enter a trapezoidal channel from (4861) WATER HAMMER, ITS EFFECT ON MINOR LOSSES. deeper water. Project completed. National Science Foundation. Graphical procedure for applying Stoke' (SI Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics, equations to refraction developed. Analy- Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg., tical model for momentum transfer along wave Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. crests was derived. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research Thesis on file in University of Michigan for doctoral thesis. library. (e) Investigation of effect of minor losses on water hammer pulses, the losses being devel- ROLL WAVES. oped from a series of closely-spaced orifices. Transmission and reflection Laboratory project. coefficients obtained by theory; then Prof. E. F. Brater, Prof, of Hydraulic programmed into a water hammer solution for Engrg., Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of the experimental set-up. Engrg., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Experimental work completed. Theoretical and experimental; basic re- Transmission and reflection due to a minor search for doctoral thesis. loss of K V2 /2g each equal to K/2 V2/2g. Investigation of the characteristics of a wave generated by a disturbance at the (4862) WATER HAMMER, LIQUID COLUMN SEPARATION. entrance to a channel. Project completed. National Science Foundation. The method of characteristics and the digital 13 Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics, computer were applied to the problem of the Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg., generation and decay of a disturbance in Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. uniform flow. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research Thesis on file in University of Michigan for doctoral thesis. library. (e) Study of shape of separated liquid free surface in a horizontal pipe. UNSTEADY GRAVITY FLOW OF LIQUIDS THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

Laboratory project. UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Agricultural Experiment Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics, Station. Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. (1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES. Theoretical and experimental; basic research for doctoral thesis. Cooperative with St. Anthony Falls Hydrau- Study of flow through porous media, for lic Laboratory. See page 67. cases of free surface flow with upstream free surface varying with time. (2350) DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND BY PUMPING. Project completed. Method of solution using method of character- Field and laboratory project. istics and digital computer was developed IS Prof. Curtis L. Larson, Dept. of Agricul- and checked. tural Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, Thesis on file in University of Michigan St. Paul 1, Minnesota. library. (d) Theoretical and field investigations; applied research. WATER HAMMER: RESONANCE IN TRIPLEX PUMP (e) The project has three phases: (1) The SUCTION AND DISCHARGE LINES. development of basic relations for planning pump drainage systems, (2) the study Union Pump Company. of rates of drainage, and (3) the study Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics, of factors affecting the efficiency. Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg., (g) Continuous measurements of farm tile flow Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. from mineral or organic soil are made, as Theoretical and experimental; basic research. well as precipitation amounts. Theoretical determination of resonance-free (h) "Tile Flow and Power Use Data for Pump suction lines and experimental study of Drainage Systems," by C. L. Larson and D. M. actual transients. Manbeck. Trans, of the American Society of

Agricultural Engineers, 5(2) : 207-209, 1962. PULSATILE FLOW THROUGH ARTERIES. (2576) CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PUMPING OF 92 . . " .

SHALLOW WELLS FOR IRRIGATION. "The Average Horizontal Wind Driven Mass Transport of the Atlantic for February as b) Field project. Obtained by Numerical Methods," by D. M.

! c) Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept. of Agricultural Garner, G. Neumann, and W. J. Pierson. Tech. Engineering, Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1, Report prepared for Office of Naval Research Minn. under contract Nonr 285(03). New York (d) Field investigation; applied research and University, College of Engineering, Dec. 1962. development "Some Studies on the Ocean Circulation," by (e) The objectives of the project are: (1) D. M. Garner. Tech. Report under Contr. To study and develop inexpensive methods Nonr 285(03), New York University, College for construction of shallow irrigation of Engineering, Oct. 1962. wells, (2) determine hydraulic permeability and characteristics of various aquifers, and (3) to survey and determine extent and availability of shallow ground water sources ROBERT TAGGART INCORPORATED. for irrigation in Minnesota. (4863) DIMENSIONAL EFFECTS ON HYDROPHONE OUTPUT (3470) HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION BOOM- IN THE NEAR FIELD. SPRINKLERS. (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the b) Field and laboratory project. Navy.

I c) Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept. of Agricul- (c) Mr. Robert Taggart, Robert Taggart Inc., tural Engineering, Univ. of Minn., St. 400 Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, Va. Paul 1, Minn. d) Experimental; applied research.

(d) Primarily field Investigation; applied re- i e) Measurements were made of the outputs of search. two cyllndrically shaped hydrophones, 5/8" (e) The objective of the project is to deter- and 2" diameter, whose bases formed the mine the effect of wind velocity, nozzle active area. The hydrophones were mounted in arrangement, rotation speed and operating a closed trunk over a flat flexible plate pressure on the distribution from irriga- forming part of the wall of a rectangular tion boom-sprinklers. water tunnel. The distances between the f) Completed. active face and the plate were 1/8", 1/4", h) "Effect of Wind Resistance on Rotational 1/2", 1", 2" and 4", while the flow ve- Speed of Boom Sprinklers," by E. R. Allred locities through the main pipe ranged from and R. E. Machmeier, Trans, of the American 6 to 13 kts. These tests were conducted to Society of Agricultural Engineers, 5(2)218- determine whether a "distance" effect, 225, 1962. previously noted, could be reproduced in a "Operating Performance of a Boom Sprinkler, laboratory facility. by R. E. Machmeier and E. R. Allred, Trans, f) Completed.

of the American Society of Agricultural ! g) It was found that a relation did exist Engineers, 5(2) : 220-225, 1962. between output levels and distance, the higher level occurring at the closest position. During the process of reducing the data, there was some evidence of an "area" NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Meteorology and effect also, at least for the two closest Oceanography. positions of the hydrophones. (h) "Dimensional Effects on Hydrophone Output (3120) OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH ATMOSPHERE INTER- in the Near Field," Report RT-5703 to David ACTION AND WAVE PROJECT. Taylor Model Basin (Contract NObs 86122) February 1963. (b) Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy. (4864) SEA-CHEST STRAINER PLATE SUCTION. (c) Prof. Gerhard Neumann, Prof, of Oceanography and Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Prof, of b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy. Oceanography, New York University, New York c) Mr. Robert Taggart, Robert Taggart Inc., 53, New York. 400 Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, Va. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and di Experimental; applied research, applied research. e) An investigation is being carried out in a (e) Study of wave generation and propagation in 2" x 8" plastic water tunnel, to determine deep water; nonlinear properties of the acoustic effects of the flow of water capillary and gravity waves in both Eulerian through a model strainer plate. The plate and Lagrangian form. Observations of is mounted in a model sea-chest on the lower temperature, humidity, and wind over the sea wall of the tunnel and suction is applied surface. Albedo measurements. Wind stress either by gravity or by an eductor operating over the water surface. The prediction of on a 40 psi system. All throttling and flow large scale oceanic circulations. Theo- control is effected by Flex valves to retical and observational studies of minimize noise. turbulence in water. Diffusion studies. Flush-mounted hydrophones and accelerometers (g) Models of random seas in Lagrangian form are used to determine the boundary-layer have been developed that look promising. pressure fluctuations and the acoustic Field work will be augmented by the radiation at several locations near the acquisition of a T-boat and additional strainer plate, for various suction ratios, scientific equipment for it. (g) Preliminary results show that for the (h) "An Experiment in Numerical Forecasting in suction ratios used, flush-mounted hydro- Deep Water Ocean Waves," by L. Baer. phones of small active area are not sensitive Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, June enough to measure radiated noise. On the 15, 1962. other hand, an accelerometer located in the "Polarization of Sunlight Reflected from the sea-chest indicated a definite rise in the Sea Surface," by J. Pandolfo. Submitted to noise spectrum level with various suction Jour, of Geophysical Research, April 1962. ratios "Some New Unsolved Problems in Connection With Random Processes of Interest in Geo- physics," by W. J. Pierson. Tech. Report, New York University, under contract Nonr UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, Hydraulic Laboratory, Dept. 285(03) of Civil Engineering. "Perturbation Analysis of the Navier-Stokes Equations in Lagrangian Form with Selected Inquiries concerning the following projects should Linear Solutions," by W. J. Pierson. Jour. be addressed to Mr. William A. Miller, Jr., Acting Geophys. Res., vol. 67, no. 8, July 1962. Head of Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Term.,

93 .

Knoxville 16, Tenn. b) Nat'l. Science Foundation, Grant NSF-F 19780. d) Analysis methodology; applied research. (2619) BOUNDARY- ROUGHNESS EFFECTS UPON TURBULENT e) The object is to develop a numerical model PLOW. which can reproduce the temporal changes in the gross features of the salinity distribution Laboratory project. in a shallow bay in response to changes in Experimental; basic research. control factors and to determine changes In Extended study of specific effects of the variance spectrum of the detailed certain characteristics of roughness- features as related to the spectral statistics element geometry upon turbulent flow over of the control factors. rough surfaces. Initiated, Sept. 1961. Suspended Indefinitely. Studies being undertaken include evaluation Measurement of resistance characteristics of the spectra and cross-spectra of salinity and of velocity distributions have been made and river discharge data for Lake for 35 patterns of depression, projection, Pontchartrain, La., over a period of eleven and rlng-and-groove roughness. years. Also multiple regression techniques have been employed to evaluate the effective (4865) AN ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF exchange coefficient between the bay and the DEPRESSION-TYPE ROUGHNESS FOR TURBULENT FLOW adjoining Gulf associated with tidal exchange, IN PIPES. (h) Dissertation by Mr. T. Sakou on the results of the investigations is in preparation. lb) Laboratory project. d Experimental; for master's thesis. (4866) MODIFICATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL LONG WAVES Analysis and discussion of results of OVER VARIABLE BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY. experimental measurements of velocity distribution and resistance characteristics (b) Beach Erosion Board, DA-49-055-CIV-ENG- for cylindrical depression type roughness 63-9. elements; effect of various roughness Theoretical properties; comparisons. 121 The objective is to investigate the modi- (g) Effects of size, spacing, roughness density fication of free gravity waves in variable noted and evaluated. depth, including reflection and transmission (h) Thesis to be available by August 1963. aspects, especially considering those long wave phenomena where simple refraction theory is inadequate. Initiated, March 1963. TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE, Department of Oceanography Of particular concern is the propagatlonal and Meteorology. aspects of a tsunami wave packet in the vicinity of a continental shelf. Methods Inquiries concerning the following projects should are being developed to take into account be addressed to Prof. R. 0. Reid, Texas A and M vertical acceleration which is usually College, College Station, Texas. Ignored when treating long waves, (h) Paper in preparation on "Variational (4233) THE EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS AND SALINITY Formulation for Long Waves in Variable Depth," REGIME OF SHALLOW WATER BAY SYSTEMS. by R. 0. Reid and A. C. Vastano.

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U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL Field investigation and office analysis. RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation Various records of runoff, ground water, Research Division. precipitation and climatic factors, soil moisture, land use, and agricultural CORN BELT BRANCH, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, conditions and practices are maintained for Minn., Dr. C. A. Van Doren, Branch Chief. 22 agricultural watersheds ranging in size from 2.7 to 11,000 acres in the vicinity of (66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED. Lacrosse, Fennimore, Colby and at other locations in Wisconsin. Analyses are made See Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, to evaluate the factors affecting flood page 37. flows, hydrograph characteristics, and the yield of stream flow. (17 33) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES. (4265) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING See St. Anthony Palls Hydraulic Laboratory RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS ON THE Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1929, and 2386. UN GLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU. See also U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soil and w Laboratory project, cooperative with Ohio Water Conservation Research Div., Southern Agricultural Experiment Station. Plains Branch, Project No. 4335, and Illinois (c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic State Water Survey Division Project No. 1865. Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio. Field investigation and office analysis. (b) Cooperative with the Minnesota Agricultural \i] To develop methods of characterizing Experiment Station, the St. Anthony Falls watershed precipitation related to runoff Hydraulic Laboratory, and the Illinois State rates and volumes and to evaluate "normalcy" Water Survey. of sample periods. (c) Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulic Engineer, (g) Records of dense network of rain gages are St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, being analyzed to determine network 3rd Ave. S. E., at Mississippi River, specifications for characterizing rainfall Minneapolis, Minnesota. for runoff rates and volumes. Shielded and (d) Experimental; applied research for develop- tilted catchment surfaces of rain gages ment and design. have been installed in the field along with (e) Research dealing with the design, con- wind recording apparatus for studying the struction, and testing of structures for effect of wind on the rain gage catch and conserving and controlling soil and water how the latter evaluates the rainfall on are carried out. Studies during the past sloping land surfaces of a single aspect. year have been concerned with the two-way (h) "Seasonal and Areal Effects on Small drop inlet for closed conduit spillways. Watershed Streamflow," by J. L. McGuinness The width of this drop inlet is equal to and L. L. Harrold, Jour. Geophy. Res. the barrel diameter. Its length varies. 67:4327-4334, Oct. 1962. Water flows only over the two sides. The end walls support a horizontal plate over (4266) SURFACE RUNOFF AND INTERFLOW STUDIES IN THE the drop inlet which acts as an anti-vortex UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU. device. The overhang of the plate supports a trash guard. Tests are conducted using (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the both water and air as the model fluid to Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. determine the performance, loss coefficients, (c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic and pressure coefficients for the drop inlet. Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio. Cooperation with and co-ordination of the Field investigation and office analysis. tests at the Stillwater, Oklahoma, Outdoor To evaluate the factors affecting the Hydraulic Laboratory and the Illinois State volume of storm surface runoff and interflow Water Survey is maintained. from various combinations of upland watershed (g) If the anti-vortex plate is too low, soil, cover, and treatment, and to study the undesirable orifice flow will control the basic factors affecting the hydrograph of discharge. If the anti-vortex plate is too these flows under various soil-cover high, harmful vortices will form under the combinations plate. Rules for determining acceptable (g) Work is continuing on these studies. Storm plate heights have been determined. The flow totals from all unit source watersheds overhang of the plate must be greater than along with specific watershed and climatic a certain minimum to insure satisfactory parameters have been assembled for all the performance. The action of the two-way major storm runoff periods of record. drop inlet is that of a self-regulating Computer analysis of these data is being siphon. The tests using air agree with the made to test for parameter significance. results obtained from the water tests and are much easier to perform. Air is used as (4267) STUDIES OF RUNOFF FROM COMPLEX WATERSHEDS the model fluid only for the condition of IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU. full conduit flow. Laboratory project, cooperative with the (2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. ILLINOIS. (c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio. See University of Illinois, Department of (d) Field investigation and office analysis. Agricultural Engineering, page 34. (e) To determine how flows from incremental areas combine to produce hydrographs of stream flow on larger complex watersheds; (4191) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW THROUGH MEANDER-FLOOD determine the effects of climate and PLAIN GEOMETRY. watershed characteristics on rates and amounts of runoff; and develop methods for See Purdue University, School of Civil predicting the magnitude and frequency of Engineering, page 64. flows from ungaged watersheds. (g) Work is continuing on these studies. (4264) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON AGRICULTURAL Preliminary analysis showed that the WATERSHEDS IN WISCONSIN. summation of flow from incremental areas accounted for, at the best, only 70 percent (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the of the storm flow measured for the larger Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station complex watershed. Base flow was at a minl^ and the Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co. Interflow studies are being made to evaluate (c) Mr. K. E. Saxton, Hydraulic Engineer, 3230 the magnitude and timing of this quick University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin. return flow as a factor in flood stream flow.

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Geologic Investigations of aquifers con- FURROWS. tributing to stream flow are Included In the study of the effects of watershed 00 Laboratory project in cooperation with the characteristics and management of stream Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. flow. Their effect Is an Important factor, (c) Mr. John F. Thornton, Agricultural Engineer, as runoff volumes Increase rapidly with Building T-12, University of Missouri, watershed size up to areas of 1,000 acres. Columbia, Missouri. A small watershed has been thoroughly (d) Experimental and field investigations, both Instrumented to Identify and evaluate basic and applied. shallow-depth interflow, (e) The purpose of the study is to investigate (h) "Seasonal and Areal Effects on Small Water- the hydraulics of flow in irrigation furrows, shed Streamflow," by J. L. McGuinness and as influenced by furrow shape, slope, L. L. Harrold, Jour. Geophy. Res. 67:4327- roughness, and rate of flow. Develop engi- 4334, Oct. 1962. neering techniques that will provide maximum "Explanation of the Coshocton Watershed effective control and management of irri- Hydrology Research Station," Proc. 9th Nat'l gation water. Watershed Congr., 104-115, Oct. 1962. (g) The work is continuing on the basic hydraulic "Estimating Flood Volumes and Hydrographs aspects of flow in irrigation furrows to Corresponding to Peak Flows of Given Fre- contribute to better understanding of furrow quencies for Small Agricultural Watersheds," irrigation and the ultimate achievement of Jour. Geophy. Res. 67:4341-4346, Oct. 1962. more efficient use of water.

(4268) STUDIES IN SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY IN THE (4271) PLASTIC-LINED MOLE DRAIN STUDIES. UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU. (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the 00 Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) Mr. James L. Fouss, Agricultural Engineer, (c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic Agricultural Engineering Dept., Ohio State Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio. University, Columbus, Ohio. Field investigation and office analysis. (d) Experimental and field investigations, both To evaluate ground-water and interflow basic and applied. contributions to stream discharge of (e) The purpose of these investigations is to agriculture watersheds and the recharge to improve plastic mole drainage techniques and aquifers under various watershed and climatic test the effectiveness of other surface conditions. drainage systems. Tile, mole and other (g) Work is continuing on geologic mapping for sub-surface drainage systems are developed identifying and evaluating aquifer flow to and their effectiveness determined. stream discharge. Catchment areas of these (g) The work is continuing on improving plastic contributing aquifers is being mapped. mole drainage techniques and the effective- Studies of interflow have been started on ness of other surface drainage systems. the upland watersheds to help account for 00 "Plastic-Lined Mole Drains," by James L. that storm flow at the complex watershed Fouss and W. W. Donnan, Agricultural Engrg., runoff gages not measured as upland surface Vol. 43, pp. 512-515, September 1962. runoff "A New Machine to Lay Plastic Drains," by (h) "Seasonal and Areal Effects on Small Water- James L. Fouss, Civil Engineering, (In shed Streamflow," by J. L. McGuinness and Press) L. L. Harrold, Jour. Geophy. Res. 67:4327- 4334, October 1962. (4273) SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

(4269) MOISTURE REGIMES OF SOILS IN THE UNGLACIATED 00 Laboratory project in cooperation with the ALLEGHENY PLATEAU. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) Mr. Lee Hermsmeier, Agricultural Engineer, 00 Laboratory project, cooperative with the North Central Soil Conservation Field Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. Station, Morris, Minnesota. (c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic (d) Experimental and field investigations, both Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio. basic and applied. Field investigation and office analysis. (e) The purpose of these investigations is to To maintain the soil moisture inventory of develop engineering techniques that will agricultural watersheds; to evaluate the provide maximum effective control and effect thereon of soil, land use, and climate; management of water. Techniques are to develop methods of estimating soil developed for managing surface water flow moisture quantities under various land use through land forming and surface drainage and climatic conditions; and to determine systems. Tile, mole and other subsurface the influence of frozen soil and frost drainage systems are developed and their structure on water movement effectiveness determined. (g) Nuclear soil-moisture equipment is now (g) Work is continuing on land forming and the providing good data on soil moisture down development of improved surface drainage to 90-inch depths. They show material systems, the effectiveness of field variations in moisture within a small diversions, improved plastic mole drainage watershed. Presently, methods of evaluating techniques and effectiveness of other watershed soil moisture are being studied. subsurface drainage systems. Effect of vegetation of different rooting depths on soil moisture is being evaluated. (4274] NATIONAL SUMMARIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF Deep-rooted crops extract moisture to depths RUNOFF AND SOIL-LOSS DATA. unaffected by shallow-rooted crops. In dry seasons, the former consumes more water than See Purdue University, Agricultural Engrg. the latter, resulting in less percolation to Dept. No. (3808). ground water reservoirs. Lysimeters, 8 feet deep and 1/500 acre area of undisturbed (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the soil record weight changes and percolation. Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station. (h) "Errors in Evaluations of Dew Amounts by the (c) Mr. W. H. Wischmeler, Research Statistician, Coshocton Lysimeters," Bui. International ARS, Agricultural Engineering Department, Assoc. Sc. Hydrol. Vol. II, No. 3, 73-74, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Sept. 1962. Data analyses, applied research. "Some Aspects of Watershed Hydrology as e Objectives of the national data summarization Determined from Soil Moisture Data," Jour. and analysis project are (1) to consolidate Geophy. Res. 67:3425-3435, October 1962. all available past, current, and future runoff, soil loss and related data in (4270) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW IN IRRIGATION standardized form to make them available for

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application of current methods of hydrologic velocity of flow are being investigated. and statistical analyses; (2) to analyze the Non-cohesive particles (glass beads) used in data on an over-all basis, with special the initial phase of the study will later be emphasis on identification and evaluation of replaced by sand and/or soil. Dr. W. C. significant factor interactions; and (3) Moldenhauer, ARS Soil Scientist at Ames, to develop bases for prediction of runoff Iowa, is investigating the effects of and soil losses from different landscapes rainfall on surface conditions, erodibility, under various land use and management condi- and physical properties of various soils, tions. In analyses of the assembled data, (h) "An Applicator for a Laboratory Rainfall special emphasif is directed toward identifi- Simulator," by C. K. Mutchler and W. C. cation and evaluation of factors and inter- Moldenhauer, ASAE paper No. 62-718, 1962. action effects responsible for the frequent wide differences in results of localized (4276) IMPROVED PRACTICES FOR CONTROL OF RUNOFF studies at various locations. Over-all AND EROSION. results are reduced to charts and tables readily usable by application technicians. (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the (g) Runoff, soil-loss and related data collected Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station. since 1930 on 47 cooperative research (c) Mr. J. V. Mannering, Soil Scientist, ARS, stations in 24 states have been assembled Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, and transferred in detail to punched cards Lafayette, Indiana. to facilitate organization, selection and (d) Experimental; field investigations, applied analyses and to provide a compact permanent research. record. A rainfall-erosion index was (e) The purpose of these studies is to determine derived, and an improved soil-loss equation the effects of soil properties, slope was developed that is universally applicable characteristics, type and extent of canopy wherever locality evaluations of its compo- cover, quantity and management of crop nent factors are available. Ready reference residues, seedbed and tillage practices, and information for locality evaluations of various factor interactions on infiltration some of the factors has been completed. and erosion. Replicated tests are conducted Work on more accurate evaluations of the on selected plots on Purdue-owned and other factors is in progress. privately-owned farms in Indiana and ad- (h) "Soil-Loss Estimation as a Tool in Soil joining states under simulated rainfall and Water Management Planning," by W. H. applied with the ARS-Purdue "Rainulator" Wischmeier and D. D. Smith, International (g) Investigations in 1962 included: (1) effects Association of Scientific Hydrology, of minimum-tillage practices for corn on Commission on Land Erosion, Report No. 59, infiltration and soil erosion; (2) deter- 1962. mination of relative erodibllities of "Erosion Rates and Contributing Factors in various soils in Indiana; (3) effect of Semi -Arid Regions," by W. H. Wischmeier, rotation meadows on runoff and erosion from Proceedings of International Seminar on successive years of corn following the Water and Soil Utilization, Brookings, South meadow; and (4) residual erosion-control Dakota, July 1962. (In press). effectiveness of meadows on erodibility "Soil Loss Prediction for the North Central of fallow soils. States," mimeographed report of SCS-ARS-AES (h) "Cut that Crust and Let the Water In," by workshop held at Chicago, Illinois, Jan. 1962. A. R. Bertrand and J. B. Mannering, Crops "Soil-Erodibility Evaluations for Soils on and Soils, (In Press). the Runoff and Erosion Stations," by T. C. "Crop Residues as Surface Mulches for Olson and W. H. Wischmeier, Soil Science Controlling Erosion on Sloping Land under Society of America Proceedings, (in Press) Intensive Cropping," by L. D. Meyer and "Storms and Soil Conservation," by W. H. J. V. Mannering, Presented at ASAE Meeting, Wischmeier, Journal of Soil and VJater Con- Paper No. 62-714, 1962. servation, Vol. 17, pp. 55-59, 1962. "The Effects of Various Rates of Surface "Rainfall Erosion Potential," by W. H. Mulch on Infiltration and Erosion," by Wischmeier, Agricultural Engineering, Vol. J. V. Mannering L. D. Meyer, Proceedings, 43, pp. 212-215, 225, 1962. Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 27, pp. 84-86, 1963. (4275) THE MECHANICS OF EROSION BY RAINFALL AND RUNOFF. (427 7) SOIL ERODIBILITY DETERMINATIONS.

See Purdue University, Agricultural Expt. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Station, Project No. (4182). Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) Mr. T. C. Olson, Soil Scientist, and Mr. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the W. H. Wischmeier, Research Statistician, Minnesota, Purdue and Iowa Agricultural ARS, Agricultural Engineering Department, Experiment Stations. Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. (c) Mr. W. H. Wischmeier, Investigations (d) Experimental; laboratory and field Leader, ARS, Agricultural Engineering Dept., investigations, basic and applied. Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. (e) The purpose of this study is to identify and (d) Experimental; laboratory investigations, evaluate the soil properties and profile basic research. characteristics which influence erodibility (e) Investigations designed to obtain funda- of the soil and to combine these in a mental information on the mechanics of multiple regression equation. The equation rainfall, runoff, and erosion are carried would serve to evaluate the soil -erodibility on at three locations in the Cornbelt. factor of soils for use in the universal C. K. Mutchler, ARS Agricultural Engineer erosion equation. Infiltration and soil- at the North Central Soil Conservation Field loss measurements will be made on a broad Station, Morris, Minnesota, is using a drop range of soils under identical simulated tower to investigate raindrop splash rainstorms patterns as affected by various degrees of (g) The relative erodibllities of certain soils soil softness, surface irregularity and have been determined, but more data will be surface detention. Single and multiple needed to define the relationships needed drops of controlled sizes strike the for the desired soil-erodibility prediction various targets after a free fall through equation. Studies are continuing. stagnant air from a height of 30 feet. (h) "The Erodibility of Some Indiana Soils," L. D. Meyer, ARS Agricultural Engineer at by T. C. Olson, J. V. Mannering and C. B. Purdue University, is investigating the Johnson, Proceedings, Indiana Academy of mechanics of soil particle movement under Science, 1962. thin films of water. Primary and interaction effects of particle size, slope, and (4278) RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION RELATIONSHIPS.

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(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the produced yields comparable to those es- Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. tablished in small grain and greatly re- (c) Mr. L. C. Johnson, Soil Scientist, 276 duced total rotation soil loss, Davenport Hall, University of Illinois, (h) "Corn Stover Mulch for Control of Runoff Urbana, Illinois. and Erosion on Land Planted to Corn after d) Experimental; field investigation. Corn," by R. E. Taylor and 0. E. Hays, e) The purpose of this study i« (1) to obtain submitted to Soil Science Society of an experimental check on the computed America Proceedings. rainfall Intensity-kinetic energy relationship, and (2) to study the physical phenomena (4281) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN THE MIDWEST and changes associated with the infiltration CLAYPANS. of natural rain into soils. Three replications of fallow and continuous corn (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the are under both hydrological and meteorologi- Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. cal measurements. (c) Mr. J. F. Thornton, ARS, Agricultural Engi- (g) Data is being collected and analysis is in neering Dept., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, progress. Missouri (d) Experimental; field investigation, applied (4279) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN IOWA. research. (e) To evaluate effects of soil treatments, (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the tillage practices and supplemental irrigation Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station. on runoff and erosion from Midwest Claypan (c) Dr. W. C. Moldenhauer, Soil Scientist, soils. Measurements of runoff, soil loss 225 Agronomy Bldg., Iowa State University, and concomitant variables on a series of Ames, Iowa. fractional-acre plots and small watersheds (d) Experimental; field investigations, applied under natural rainfall are continuing. research. (g) Fertilization adequate to produce high crop (e) To evaluate soil and crop management yields and large quantities of plant resi- practices in relation to water management dues greatly reduced the formerly serious and erosion control on the major Iowa soils. soil and water losses from sloping claypan Runoff, soil loss and related data are being soils. Seedbed preparation by subtillage, taken on 65 fractional-acre plots under which left shredded cornstalks on or near natural rainfall. the surface, significantly reduced erosion (g) Consistent good management of abundant crop losses even from very high intensity storms. residues has continued to prove very effective in reducing runoff and erosion, even (4282) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN MINNESOTA. from plots in continuous corn. Several significant treatment changes were introduced (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the on the plots in 1962. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. (h) "Types of Erosion Damage," by W. C. (c) Mr. C. K. Mutchler and Mr. R. A. Young, Moldenhauer, Chapter 3 of FAO Soil Conserva- Agricultural Engineers, North Central Soil tion Booklet, 1962. Conservation Field Station, Morris, Minn. "Soil and Water Losses," by W. C. Moldenhauer, (d) Experimental; field investigations, applied Western Iowa Experimental Farm Annual Pro- research gress Report. (e) Water and soil loss measurements under "Soil Loss, Aggregation, Yields and Organic natural rainfall are obtained from fallow, Matter on Marshall Silt Loam as Affected by continuous corn and rotation corn to Crop Management," by W. C. Moldenhauer, characterize runoff and erosion on Barnes prepared for submission to Soil Science silty clay loam in the North Central Region. Society of America Proceedings, 1962. Simulated rainstorms applied with the Rainulator in each of three cropstage (4280) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES ON THE SLOPING periods are used to evaluate the relation- LANDS OF WISCONSIN. ships of runoff and erosion to percent land slope, shape of slope, row direction, (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Intensive cropping, residue management, Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. tillage practices and other factors. Soil (c) Mr. 0. E. Hays, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box and water losses resulting from thaw and 872, Lacrosse, Wisconsin. snow melt will also be measured and associ- (d) Experimental; field investigations, applied ated with cover and management. research. (h) "Runoff Plot Design and Installation," by (e) The purpose of these studies is to obtain C. K. Mutchler, USDA, ARS 41-79. information on the effects of the basic "Construction and Operation of a 16-Unlt factors (climatic, topographic, soil, cover, Rainulator," by L. F. Hermsmeier, L. D. and management) on runoff and soil loss. Meyer, A. P. Barnett and R. A. Young, USDA, Hydrological and meteorological measurements ARS 41-62. are made on 66 fractional-acre plots and two small watersheds to evaluate the following (4817) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN EASTERN SOUTH with respect to runoff and erosion: (1) DAKOTA chemical treatments and interseeding methods for pasture renovation; (2) (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the practices required to control erosion in South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. corn following corn on steep slopes; (3) (c) Mr. C. R. Umback, Agricultural Engineer, Strip cropping; (4) different types of ARS, South Dakota State College, Brookings, seedbed for corn and small grain; (5) South Dakota. keeping corn clean with the use of weedi- (d) Experimental; field investigations, applied cldes; and (6) effect of degree of land research. slope. A new farm purchased by the State (e) Water and soil loss measurements under near Lancaster will be utilized partially natural rainfall are obtained from fallow, for future investigations of runoff and continuous corn, and continuous oats plots erosion problems on the following Fayette to characterize runoff and erosion on the soils Poinsett soils of Eastern South Dakota. (g) On corn after hay, wheeltrack planting and Simulated rainstorms applied with the seedbed preparation with a field cultivator Rainulator in each of three cropstage each reduced runoff by 50 percent and soil periods are used to evaluate the cropping- loss about 75 percent. Corn stover mulch management factor in the erosion equation in corn following corn gave excellent for flax, sorghum, corn and oats grown in control of runoff and erosion on 16 percent various sequences in this general climatic slope, Fayette soil. Interseeding legumes region. These studies are conducted on an in wide-row corn established meadows which experimental farm near Madison, which is

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operated as a substation of the Morris, vegetal and structural measures in relation Minnesota, field station. to streamflow over a range of streamflow conditions and channel geometry. Principal (4818) INVESTIGATION OF VALIDITY OF DARCY PRO- investigations are conducted on Buffalo PORTIONALITY IN FLOW OF WATER IN UNSATURATED Creek and tributaries in the vicinity of SOILS. East Aurora, New York.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the (4285) CHANNEL HYDRAULICS AND FLOOD ROUTING IN South Dakota and Purdue Agricultural Experi- STEEP MOUNTAIN STREAMS. ment Stations. (c) Mr. T. C. Olson, Soil Scientist, ARS, Dept. (b) Cooperative project with the Vermont of Agronomy, Furdue University, Lafayette, Agricultural Experiment Station and College Indiana. of Technology of the University of Vermont, (d) Experimental; basic research. (Doctoral Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil thesis) Conservation Service. (e) The purpose of this study is to assess the (c) Mr. M. L. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer, validity of Darcy's proportionality in un- Route 2, Danville, Vermont. saturated water flow through soil containing d) Experimental field investigations.

varying amounts of clay. If non-Darcy be- 1 e) Studies on a 1.5-mile reach of the Sleepers havior is found, the validity of a recently River channel involving determination of: proposed modified equation which uses three travel speed of controlled waves of differ- parameters instead of one will be tested. ent volumes; profiles of natural and controlled waves of different volumes; practical field methods of measuring the friction slope of mountain channels; com- U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL parisons between results obtained with flood RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation routing formulas and observed flood wave Research Division. data; and the relationship between channel efficiency, flow duration curves, and NORTHEAST BRANCH, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, watershed morphology. Maryland, Mr. W. W. Pate Branch Chief. (4286) INFLUENCE OF SNOW AND FROZEN SOIL ON RUNOFF. (3867) IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE FACILITIES. (b) Cooperative project with the Vermont (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Agricultural Experiment Station, Vermont Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. Water Conservation Board, and Soil Con- (c) Mr. J. Nick Jones, Agricultural Engineer, servation Service and College of Technology Agricultural Engineering Dept., Virginia of the University of Vermont. Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Virginia. (c) Mr. M. L. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer, d) Field investigations. Route 2, Danville, Vermont. e) The irrigation study seeks to determine the d) Experimental field investigations.

effect of selected irrigation procedures on ! e) This study on the 43-square mile Sleepers quality and yield of tobacco on Cecil soils River watershed is concerned with the of the Piedmont plateau. Landforming to factors influencing the accumulation and permit use of machinery, facilitate melting of snow; the relationship of frozen irrigation, and provide for disposal of soil to runoff; and the development of surface water, are major objectives of the methods for predicting runoff associated witti drainage studies. Both meteorological and snow melt. Data are collected and analyzed hydrological measurements are made. from snow courses, precipitation gages, Landforming studies were conducted on temperature records, heat budgets, soil Coastal Plains soils in eastern Virginia, moisture, frost measurements and snow and on Piedmont Valley soils. melt in conjunction with streamflow records (f) The irrigation studies were initiated in at nine stations in the subdivided watershed. 1961 and first records will be taken in 1962. Landforming studies for disposal of (4287) PRECIPITATION PATTERNS AND CHARACTERISTICS. excess water in the Coastal Plains are essentially completed. (b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and College (4283) A STUDY OF FLOOD FLOWS AND THEIR EFFECTS of Technology of the University of Vermont, ON STREAM CHANNELS. Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conservation Service. (b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation (c) Mr. E. T. Engman, Hydraulic Engineer, Route Service and Cornell University. 2, Danville, Vermont. (c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 d) Experimental field investigations.

South Grove Street, East Aurora, N. Y. i e) The purpose of this study is to develop a (d) Experimental field investigations. method for calculating average precipitation (e) To determine the Important streamflow on the 43-square mile Sleepers River qualities which materially affect the watershed and its subdivisions in relation intensity of attack upon the stream channel to elevation, storm source and direction; periphery material and the variation to study the behavior of summer convective throughout the flow boundary of forces de- storms in the northeast; and to provide structive to the channel periphery material. information 'on rainfall depth-area-duration Investigations are conducted on selected in relation to point rainfall in this part natural reaches of Buffalo Creek and of the northeast. tributaries in the vicinity of East Aurora, New York and on the Pequest River in Warren (4288) INFLUENCE OF SOIL AND LAND USE ON County, New Jersey. STREAMFLOW FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(4284) DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR (b) Cooperative project with the Vermont CHANNEL STABILIZATION. Agricultural Experiment Station and College of Technology of the University of Vermont, (b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Service and Cornell University. Conservation Service. (c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 (c) Mr. G. H. Comer, Hydraulic Engineer, Route South Grove Street, East Aurora, New York. 2, Danville, Vermont. d) Experimental field investigations. d) Experimental field investigations.

I e) To develop economical methods for streambank e) Investigations of the influence of land use, stabilization through observation and climatic factors, and physical character- measurement of the effectiveness of various istics such as soils, geology, and topography

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upon runoff rates and water yields from subsoil upon rainfall-runoff relationships the 43-square mile Sleepers River watershed on small watersheds. Measurements for and its important subdivisions to derive calibration of four 10- acre watersheds have relationships for predicting the hydrologlc been underway since the spring of 1958. performance of ungaged watersheds in the Two of the watersheds will be treated other parts of the physiographic area. following the calibration period.

(4289) SUBSURFACE CONTRIBUTIONS TO STREAMFLOW IN (4293) MECHANICS OF EROSION. SLEEPERS RIVER WATERSHED. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with New (b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. Agricultural Experiment Station and College (c) Mr. R. S. Palmer, Agricultural Engineer, «>f Technology of the University of Vermont, University of New Hampshire, Agricultural Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Engineering Dept., Durham, New Hampshire. Soil Conservation Service. (d) Field and laboratory studies, both basic (c) Mr. G. H. Comer, Hydraulic Engineer, Route and applied, for development and design. 2, Danville, Vermont. (e) The purpose of these Investigations is: d) Experimental field investigations. (1) To determine the impact forces of e) Development of procedures for separating various size water drops in relation to the streamflow into components of surface runoff nature of the soil surface, depth of water and contributions from underlying aquifers layer, and soil type; and, (2) to investi- in the Sleepers River Watershed with con- gate soil and water problems Involved in sideration of the effects of vegetation and gully formation and to develop more evapo-transpiration on water yields. effective control measures. (g) A laboratory apparatus has been designed for (4290) GROUNDWATER ACCRETION AND MOVEMENT IN producing raindrops of varying sizes and RELATION TO WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS. frequencies. Gully development along river terraces in New England is confined to a (b) Cooperative project with the Vermont period of about one week during the spring Agricultural Experiment Station and College thaw. Gully development apparently Is of Technology of the University of Vermont, most serious with a combination of shallow Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil frost penetration and heavy runoff from Conservation Service. snow melt. Installing dikes along the (c) Mr. E. T. Engman, Hydraulic Engineer, Route terrace edge appears to be an effective 2, Danville, Vermont. control measure. , d) Experimental field investigations. (h) "Waterdrop Impactometer " by R. S. Palmer, e) To develop information on ground water Agricultural Engineering, Instrument News accretion and movement as affected by land Section, (in Press) use, soils, geology, and topography; and to "Gullies of New England: Casual Factors, develop methods for predicting ground water Control, and Prevention," by R. S. Palmer, accretion and movement in relation to the presented at Winter Meeting of ASAE, Chicago, physical, hydraulic, and meteorological Illinois, December 1962. characteristics of the 43-square mile "An Apparatus for Forming Water Drops," by Sleepers River Watershed. R. S. Palmer, USDA Production Research Report No. 63, 28 pages, 1962. (4291) INFLUENCE OF LAND USE ON THE HYDROLOGY OF "Gully Control in the Connecticut River AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN VIRGINIA. Valley," by R. S. Palmer, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 17, page 82, (b) Cooperative project with the Virginia 1962. Agricultural Expt. Sta., Virginia Polytechnic "Water Jet Break-up from Stainless Steel Inst., and the Soil Conservation Service. Tubes," by R. S. Palmer, Agricultural Engrg., (c) Mr. J. B. Burford, Hydraulic Engineer, Vol. 43, pp. 456-457, 1962. Agricultural Engineering Department, Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Va. (4294) ERODIBILITY OF SOILS IN THE NORTHEAST. d) Experimental field investigations.

! e) To provide additional knowledge concerning (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Maine the disposition of precipitation in Agricultural Experiment Station. agricultural watersheds, and to develop pro- (c) Mr. Eliot Epstein, Soil Scientist, Univ. of cedures based upon watershed characteristics, Maine, Orono, Maine. climatic factors, and various land use (d) Laboratory and field investigations both practices for the prediction of flood peaks basic and applied for development and design. and seasonal and annual water yields in (e) The purpose of these investigations is to three physiographic areas. Hydrologlc, obtain fundamental information on the geologic, soils, plant cover and cultural erodibility of Northeast soils and to de- data are being obtained on 4 unit source termine the interrelations of climate, cover watersheds varying in size from 3.5 to 19.3 (including rock fragments), runoff, and soil acres in the Appalachian Valleys and Ridges loss and on 10 complex watersheds from 182 to (g) Removal of rocks that Interfere with sorting 3,054 acres in the Appalachian Valleys of potatoes by mechanical harvesters re- and Ridges, Blue Ridge Mountains, and the sulted in increased runoff and soil erosion Piedmont Plateau. and decreased crop yields during the first (g) The instrumentation for the 10 complex year of the study. Installations were watersheds la complete. Hydrologlc data completed on a laboratory rainfall simulator on all watersheds are being tabulated, where basic studies on soil erodibility are summarized, and analyzed as the data are being initiated. being accumulated. (h) "Design, Construction, and Calibration of a Laboratory Rainfall Simulator, " by Eliot (4292) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF CHISELING SHALLOW Epstein, presented at ASAE, North Atlantic SHALE SOIL IN WEST VIRGINIA APPALACHIAN Section Meeting, Morgantown, W. Va., Aug. VALLEYS AND RIDGES. 1962.

(b) Cooperative with West Virginia Agricultural (4295) TILLAGE PRACTICES AND DIVERSION TERRACES Experiment Station and the Soil Conservation FOR WATER AND EROSION CONTROL. Service (c) Mr. V. 0. Shanholtz, Hydraulic Engineer, (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the 409 Grant Avenue, Morgantown, West Virginia. New York Agricultural Experiment Station, d) Experimental field investigations. and the Soil Conservation Service. e) The purpose of this study is to determine (c) Mr. George R. Free, Soil Scientist, Bailey the effect of chiseling shallow shale Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 100 . .

d) Field Investigations. D. L. Brakensiek, ARS 41-56, November 1961. e) The purpose of these investigations is to "Effective Rainfall," by D. M. Hershfield, determine the inter-relation of tillage, Weekly Weather and Crop Bull., Nov. 12, 1962. topography, climate, runoff and soil loss, "Extreme Rainfall Relationships," by D. M. and to evaluate the effectiveness of Hershfield, Jour, of the Hydraulics Div., diversion terraces for controlling surface Proc. of the ASCE, Vol. 8, No. HY-6. and subsurface flow. "A Note on the Variability of Annual Rain- (g) Work is continuing on the effectiveness of fall," by D. M. Hershfield, Journal of conventional, mulch and minimum tillage for Applied Meteorology, December 1962, 3 pp. corn on runoff and erosion from slopes of Closing Discussion of "Estimating the different steepness and length and on the Probable Maximum Frecipitation, " by D. M. effect of diversion terraces on surface soil Hershfield, Journal of the Hydraulics Div., moisture during critical crop growth stages Proc. of the ASCE, July 1962. for several sloping soils having seepage "A Concept for Infiltration Estimates in problems. Watershed Engineering," by H. N. Holtan, ARS 41-51, October 1961. (4819) DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE "Field Manual for Research in Agricultural PRACTICES IN THE NORTHEAST. Hydrology," Committee: H. N. Holtan, N. E. Minshall, L. L. Harrold, ARS, Agriculture (b) laboratory project cooperative with the Handbook No. 224. Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and the Soil Conservation Service. (4821) EFFECTIVENESS OF STREAMBANK STABILIZATION (c) Mr. Joseph Bornstein, Agricultural Engineer, AND PROTECTION MEASURES IN REDUCING University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont. SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOAD. (d) Field investigation both basic and applied research. (b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation (e) The purpose of this study is to develop and Service and Cornell University. evaluate drainage practices for sloping (c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 lands of the Northeast. This involves South Grove Street, East Aurora, New York. development of techniques for determining d) Experimental field investigations directional components of subsurface water e) To develop procedures for estimating flow before and after installation of effectiveness of streambank stabilization drainage treatments. Surface drainage and other measures in reducing the sediment practices are instrumented to measure runoff discharge of a stream. It is postulated from rainfall and snowmelt that the total sediment load of a stream is (f ) Instrumentation of this project has just directly related to the mean concentration been completed. Preliminary piezometric of the suspended sediment for a flood series, data are available. and that changes in time of the mean concentration resulting from installation of (4820) HYDROGRAPH LABORATORY. streambank stabilization measures are indicative of changes in total sediment load. (b) Laboratory project. Cooperative efforts on The streambank stabilization measures are occasion. being installed by Soil Conservation Service (c) Mr. H. N. Holtan, Director, Hydrograph as part of the authorized flood prevention Laboratory, ARS, Beltsville, Md. program in the Buffalo River watershed. (d) Basic and applied research. Measurements of suspended sediment load (e) The purposes of this project are to evolve concentration and of stream discharges are and test new concepts, theories and princi- made for gill floods above a certain magnitude ples for understanding the hydrologic (g) Preliminary analysis indicates that stream processes on agricultural watersheds; to stabilization works installed between 1953 test and adapt information from various and 1961 have reduced the suspended sediment sources for application to water control load of Buffalo Creek by about forty percent. and related problems encountered in water- The suspended sediment load of adjacent shed engineering; to conduct special tributaries to Buffalo River with similar analyses involving ARS data from more than but untreated streambank problems have in- one Station or more than one Branch that creased ten percent during the same period. can be more adequately carried out at a central location which has available a (4822) A STUDY OF THE MOVEMENT OF COARSE-TEXTURED full-time staff of scientists with special- BED MATERIAL OF A NEW" Y013K MOUNTAIN STREAM. ized training in hydraulics, hydrology, meteorology, and mathematics; and to provide (b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation case assistance to field personnel de- Service and Cornell University. tailed to the Laboratory for specific analyses (c) Mr. R. F. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 as requested by the field. South Grove Street, East Aurora, New York. (g) The Hydrograph Laboratory, in cooperation d) Experimental field investigations. with the Central Technical Unit of the Soil e) To relate the quantities of transported bed Conservation Service, is currently pro- materials to flood discharge rates and gramming hydrologic computations for use durations, to determine applicability of with digital computers for design and bed load equations in coarse material trans- analysis of watershed protection programs. port problems and, if appropriate, devise Thus far, sub-programs have been derived new or revised, relationships. A stream for the development of hydrographs from reach and debris basin have been selected on known or assumed rainfall, the routing of the Little Hoosic River near New York for such hydrographs through reservoirs, and for this study. Instrumentation of this site the summation of hydrographs tributary to a was completed in November 1962. reach. Working closely with the Engineering Division of the Soil Conservation Service, (4823) COMPILATION AND PUBLICATION OF SELECTED the Hydrograph Laboratory has made a study HYDROLOGIC DATA. of effective rainfall as influenced by irrigation practice for key stations (b) Cooperative project with various State selected over the nation. Further, a study Experiment Stations and Land Grant Colleges of average annual rainfall over the nation and with the Soil Conservation Service. resulted in a map indicating a measure of (c) Mr. H. W. Hobbs, Hydraulic Engineer, Plant the variation of annual rainfall about the Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. mean for various locations. Studies of (d) Office assembling and processing of current Infiltration, runoff, and water yields are hydrologic data. on a continuing basis. (e) To provide information on monthly precipi- (h) "Estimating Dependable Annual Streamflow in tation and runoff, annual maximum discharges the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau," by and volumes of runoff, and selected runoff 101 .

events with associated data on rainfall, land than 500) over rough boundaries, normal flow use, and antecedent conditions for all depth was proportional to discharge, current ARS research watersheds in the U. S. viscosity and roughness height and Inversely Hydrologic Data for I960 and 1961 are proportional to roughness spacing and currently being assembled and processed for channel slope. For turbulent flows, re- publication. Hydrologic Data for 1962 and sistance was a logarithmic function of subsequent years will be published annually, roughness height and flow depth. The (h) "Monthly Precipitation and Runoff from standard deviation of bed elevation measure- Small Agricultural Watersheds in the United ments was used in both cases to represent States," for years 1923 through 1955 was the effective height of the nonuniform published in a report by Agricultural roughness elements. Effects of roughness Research Service in June 1957. spacing and channel shape on flow resistance "Annual Maximum Flows for Small Agricultural could not be detected for turbulent flows, Watersheds in the United States," for years (h) "The Influence of a Rough Boundary on 1923 through 1957 was published in a report Laminar Flow," by Charles W. Huntley, Un- by Agricultural Research Service in June published Masters Thesis, Colo. State Univ., 1958. 86 p., June, 1961. "Selected Runoff Events for Small Agri- "Effects of Boundary Roughness and Channel cultural Watersheds in the United States," Shape on Resistance to Flow of Water in for years 1933 to 1959 was published in a Very Small Open Channels," E. Gordon Kruse, report by Agricultural Research Service in Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado state Univ., January I960. 198 p., August, 1962. "1S56-195S Hydrologic Data for Experimental "The Hydraulics of Small, Rough Irrigation Agricultural Watersheds in the United Channels," E. Gordon Kruse, Submitted for States," will be published in 1963 as a publication in Proceedings of the Fifth Miscellaneous Publication of the U. S. Congress, International Commission on Irri- Department of Agriculture gation and Drainage.

(4297) COOPERATIVE WATER YIELD PROCEDURES STUDY.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Soil RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation Div. Conservation Service, USDA, and the Bureau of Reclamation, USDI. NORTHERN PLAINS BRANCH , P. 0. Box 758, Fort Collins, (c) Mr. A. L. Sharp, Supervisory Hydraulic Colo., Dr. C. E. Evans, Branch Chief. Engineer, Rm. 505, Rudge and Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. 12th Street, Lincoln 8, Nebraska. (3217) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES OF GROUND WATER IN THE d) Office analyses, applied research. RED RIVER VALLEY OF NORTH DAKOTA. e) To develop and test methods for use by field engineers to evaluate the downstream effects b) Laboratory project, of upstream conservation use and treatment

: c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, of land on water yields of creeks and rivers. P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota. The project is one purely of analytic d) Field Investigation. Applied research. hydrology. The project uses available e) A field investigation covering more than hydrologic and other data wherever it is 200 square miles to determine possible available. It secures no new hydrologic causes for a saline condition on a large data such as streamflow data, climatic data, area of land. Measurements consist of or land-treatment data. The project is water tables, artesian conditions, soil and nearing completion. water physical and chemical data. (g) To date it has been demonstrated that it (g) Salt-affected soils are caused by high water cannot be proved statistically significantly tables, poor drainage conditions and saline that there are downstream effects on artesian waters. High water tables are streamflow of upstream conservation treatment caused by precipitation. The salt source and use of land, although it is axiomatic is the Dakota sandstone artesian aquifer. that in subhumid to arid areas such (h) "Jetting Equipment and Techniques in a effects must exist. A rational method of Drainage and Salinity Study," by R. H. evaluating such effects has been developed MIckelson, L. C. Benz, C. W. Carlson and and tested. The method will be published F. M. Sandoval. Trans. ASAE 4(2): 222-228. in an Agricultural Handbook of the study, 1961 (Reprints available from authors) due late in 1963. (h) "Transmission Losses in Natural Stream (4296) HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOWS IN SMALL, Valleys^' Journal of the Hydraulics Div., ROUGH CHANNELS. ASCE, Vol. 88, No. HY5, Part 1, Sept. 1962.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the (4298) COMPARISONS OF RATES AND AMOUNTS OF RUNOFF Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. FROM SMALL SINGLE-COVER WATERSHEDS. (c) Mr. E. Gordon Kruse, Agricultural Engineer, Hydraulic Laboratory, Colorado State Univ., (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Fort Collins, Colorado. Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. (d) Experimental investigations; basic and (c) Mr. J. A. Allis, Supervisory Hydraulic applied, portions used for masters and Engineer, P. 0. Box 741, Hastings, Nebraska. doctoral theses. d) Field investigations -- applied research. (e) This study Is an experimental investigation e) To evaluate the effect of (1) different land utilizing a tilting flume In which a small use treatment and (2) different crops on the channel 60-feet long is formed by natural runoff from single crop watersheds in the soil which is fixed in position against Central Great Plains, as one of the signi- movement by chemical spray. A variety of ficant factors influencing runoff from roughness forms can be created on the bed. complex watersheds. Replicate 4-acre single The relation of roughness dimensions and crop watersheds in meadow, pasture, culti- channel shape to flow resistance is de- vated and eroded cultivated land seeded to termined for a range of channel slopes and grass are instrumented with recording rain flow depths. gages, flumes and waterstage recorders. Six (f) Discontinued. cultivated watersheds are in a wheat -sorghum- (g) Relationships between resistance coeffi- fallow rotation. Mulch ( subsurface } tillage, cients and measured roughness dimensions on the contour, is practiced. Effects of were developed for both laminar and turbu- different crops and land uses on storm lent flows. The transition between these runoff rates and amounts are determined by flows was found to occur at a Reynolds analyzing hydrographs and histograms. number (RV/v) of 500 for these channels. Seasonal, annual, and long time effects are For low Reynolds number flows (Re less determined by analyzing precipitation and

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runoff data. (4301) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTENSITY OF GRAZING (g) During the 4-year period, 1958-1961, tenta- AND RUNOFF AMOUNTS ON FINE-TEXTURED SOILS. tive figures show that the average runoff from wheat- subtilled is 4.16 inches per (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with South year, sorghum- subtllled 3.91 inches and Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. f allow-subtilled 4.77 inches. The runoff (c) Mr. J. W. Neuberger, Hyd. Engr., Newell Irri- from pasture land averaged 2.24 inches per gation and Dryland Field Sta., Newell, S.Dak. year and from native meadow only 0.70 inches. d) Field investigations — applied research. In the 4-year period the yearly rainfall e) To determine the effects of light, moderate varied from 20 inches to about 29 inches and and heavy grazing and other factors such as averaged about 25 inches which is only about precipitation, antecedent soil moisture, soil 0.5 inches per year higher than the long frost and snow accumulation, on rates and time average amounts of runoff from fine-textured range soils in southwestern South Dakota. (4299) RUNOFF AND HYDROGRAPH CHARACTERISTICS OF Replicated plots of about 2 acres in each LARGE MIXED-USE WATERSHEDS. of the lightly, moderately and heavily grazed pastures are instrumented to observe (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the runoff amounts (stage recorders and H-flumes) Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. rates and amounts of precipitation (recording (c) Mr. J. A. Allis, Supervisory Hydraulic rain gages), soil moisture, soil frost and Engineer, P. 0. Box 741, Hastings, Nebraska. vegetative conditions. The studies are (d) Field investigations — applied research. being made on the South Dakota Range Experi- (e) To determine characteristics of runoff from ment Station near Cotton wood, South Dakota. large mixed-use watersheds as related to, or affected by, precipitation, channel storage, (4302) MEDICINE CREEK WATERSHED INVESTIGATIONS. transmission losses to valley alluvium, time of concentration, stream gradient, and (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil watershed size. Three watersheds, in mixed Conservation Serv., U.S.G.S., Bu. of Recla- use, 481, 2086 and 3490 acres in size, are mation and Neb. Agric. Experiment Station. instrumented with rain gages, weirs, and (c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, Room stage recorders for observing precipitation 505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 South 12th and runoff. Transmission losses to valley Street, Lincoln 8, Nebraska. alluviums are estimated by use of gaged (d) Field investigations; compilation and outflow and estimates of inflow from unit analysis of data. source areas of tributary land. These (e) Data from this southwestern Nebraska project latter estimates are based on gaged rainfall are being analyzed for the following on and runoff from small 4-acre single-use purposes: (1) To estimate the long-time source area watersheds. Hydrographs and runoff and sediment yields from 8 years of histograms are analyzed to obtain watershed observed hydrologic watershed data; (2) to retention (infiltration) rates and determine if acquired runoff, sediment and hydrograph characteristics. channel data will adhere to the existing (h) "Comparison of Storm Runoff Volumes," by channel regime equations for six runoff John A. Allis, Agr. Engr. 43:220-223, April stations; and (3) to compile and prepare a 1962. publication indicating what data have been collected as part of the cooperative investi- (4300) COMPARISON OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELDS gations, and where these data may be found. FROM CONSERVATION AND CONVENTIONALLY (g) The long-time sediment yields for the six FARMED WATERSHEDS. watersheds have been computed by three different approaches. In each of these (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the methods, the observed runoff and sediment Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. data for 8 years were used for the projection (c) Mr. F. J. Dragoun, Hydraulic Engineer, (h) Final report in preparation. P. 0. Box 741, Hastings, Nebraska. (d) Field investigations — applied research. (4303) SEDIMENT YIELD AS RELATED TO GULLY AND (e) To determine the effects of conservation CHANNEL EROSION. farming, land use, climate, and physiography on rates and amounts of runoff and sediment (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the yields. Two 400-odd-acre watersheds, one Soil Conservation Service, and Nebraska and conventionally farmed and the other con- Kansas Agricultural Experiment Stations. servation farmed, are equipped with re- (c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, Rm. cording rain gages, weirs and stage recorders, 505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. 12th St., and sediment samplers, to, measure precipi- Lincoln 8, Nebraska. tation, runoff, and sediment yields. The (d) Field investigations; compilation and two watersheds were operated the same during analysis of data. a calibration period from 1939 to 1947. (e) The objectives of this project are: (1) One was then treated by terracing, contour To determine and relate rates of gully and tillage and seeding eroded cultivated land channel erosion to causal factors; (2) to to grass. provide basic data on rates of land loss (g) An evaluation was made of the relationship and land depreciation due to gully erosion; of the kinetic energy of a rainstorm and and (3) to develop criteria, based upon other factors of rainfall and watershed hydrologic and physical factors, for esti- characteristics as means of estimating mating quantities of sediment derived from sediment yields. The 4-year record, 1957- gully erosion. 1960, on watersheds W-3 and W-5 was used. The analysis shows that on these complex (4504) SABETHA LAKE WATERSHED SEDIMENTATION watersheds there are three important STUDIES. factors to consider: (1) the interaction energy intensity factor, (2) the antecedent (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the moisture condition, and (3) the season of Soil Conservation Service and Kansas the year. The best single predictor of Agricultural Experiment Station. sediment yield, of the factors examined, is (c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, Room the term (Q + qp) that is, the volume of 505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. 12th St., runoff, in inches, plus peak rate of runoff Lincoln 8, Nebraska. in inches per hour. d) Field investigations and office analysis. (h) "Rainfall Energy as Related to Sediment e) The objectives of this study are: (1) To Yield," by Frank J. Dragoun, Journal of determine the amount, rate, and character of Geophysical Research, Volume 67, No. 4, the sediment yields from this 10-square April 1962. mile watershed in northeast Kansas; (2) to

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relate sediment accumulation In the reservoir include a volume measurement and its volume- with sediment yield, precipitation, runoff weight. Extensive studies have been started and other watershed characteristics. to study the volume-weight of sediment In reservoirs. On Sabetha Reservoir In Kansas, (4305) TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RETARDING-TYPE RESERVOIRS it was found that the volume-weight varies depending on the location of sediment in (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the the reservoir, and also on the percent of Soil Conservation Service and the U. S. clay (2 microns or smaller; present In the Geological Survey. sediment (c) Mr. H. G. Helnemann, Hydraulic Engineer, (h) "Volume-weight of Reservoir Sediment," by Rm. 505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. 12th H. G. Helnemann, U3DA, ARS, Soil and Water Street, Lincoln 8, Nebraska. Conservation Research Division, Journal of (d) Theoretical and field Investigations, and the Hydraulics Division Proceedings of the office analyses. American Society of Civil Engineers, Sept. (e) The trap efficiency of a reservoir is a 1962. measure of the effectiveness of the structure "Using the Gamma Probe to Determine the In retaining incoming sediment. Structures Volume-Weight of Reservoir Sediment," by need to be designed and built with different H. G. Helnemann, USDA, ARS, Soli and Water degrees of trap efficiency, and information Conservation Research Division, Publication Is needed so that the influencing parameters No. 59 of the I.A.S.H. Commission of Land can be adjusted to provide the desired trap Erosion, pp 411-423. efficiency. In this study we are endeavoring to (1) collect and study data (4309) ISOLATION AND RELATIVE EVALUATION OF RUNOFF from retarding-type reservoirs In order to PRODUCING POTENTIALS OF RANGE SITES OF determine those factors that influence trap WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA. efficiency, and (2) derive and test methods for predicting the trap efficiency of (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the retarding-type reservoirs. South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. (4306) SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN FLOODWATER (c) Mr. A. R. Kuhlman, Botanist, Newell Irri- RETARDING-TYPE RESERVOIRS. gation and Dryland Field Station, Newell, South Dakota. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the (d) Field and laboratory investigations -- Soil Conservation Service and State applied research. Experiment Stations. (e) To evaluate relative runoff producing po- (c) Mr. H. G. Helnemann, Hydraulic Engineer, tentials of principal range sites of Western Rm. 505 Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. 12th South Dakota including sandy, silty, shallow, Street, Lincoln 8, Nebraska. thin breaks, panspots, overflow, clayey, and (d) Theoretical and field investigations, and dense clay range sites as characteristic of office analyses. D-4, D-10, and D-ll soil conservation (e) This study was undertaken to improve the problem areas in the Dakotas, Montana and design criteria for floodwater retarding-type Wyoming. To evaluate relatively the same reservoirs by: (1) determining those factors range sites by rainfall simulators. To that influence sediment distribution and isolate vegetative factors such as standing evaluating their importance, and (2) deriving vegetation, mulch, root systems and soil and testing methods for predicting the factors that cause differences in runoff from horizontal and/or vertical sediment distri- different range sites. bution in floodwater retarding-type reservoirs. This is important in determining the (4310) WATER YIELD AND SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION FROM minimum elevation of the principal spillway RANGELAND WATERSHEDS. and the required original capacities of various storage pools. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. (4307) RESERVOIR FORMULAS AND THE VOLUME -WEIGHT OF (c) Mr. J. W. Neuberger, Hydraulic Engineer, RESERVOIR SEDIMENT. Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station, Newell, South Dakota. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the d) Field Investigations, applied research. Soil Conservation Service and State e) To determine the frequency of water yields Agricultural Experiment Stations. of various amounts from rangeland watersheds (c) Mr. H. G. Helnemann, Hydraulic Engineer, ranging in size from a few acres to 13,000 Room 505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. acres, and gross sediment yields (volumetric) 12th St., Lincoln 8, Nebraska. from the same watersheds, as representative (d) Field and theoretical investigations, and of the D-4, D-10, and D-ll soil conservation office analyses. problem areas in eastern Montana, Wyoming (e) This project provides criteria for more and the Western Dakotas. Purposes of these accurate determination of the sediment studies are to provide data on water yields yield of watersheds from reservoir survey and information on which to estimate the data. The investigations include: (1) probable useful life of ponds and reservoirs Refinement of survey procedures and methods in the problem areas. The work Is being for determining reservoir capacities and done by gaging precipitation, measuring water sediment volume from reservoir sedimentation yields In stockwater reservoirs, making survey data: (2) explanation of variations reservoir sedimentation surveys, and securing In the volume weight of reservoir sediment; data on watershed physical, topographic, (3) recommendations on determination of the ecologic and grazing use factors. total weight of reservoir sediment; and (4) (g) Early trends Indicate water yields from fine- development of procedures for predicting textured soils of the area are four times the volume -weight of sediment in a pro- those from medium-textured soils, and most posed conservation structure. water yield from the medium-textured soils (g) Considerable progress has been made on a results from snowmelt. Also, sediment yields study of formulas and methods for computing from the fine-textured soils are double reservoir capacities and sediment volumes. those from the medium-textured soils. Reservoirs having very good basic detailed surveys are being used to test various (4824) EVAPORATION AND SEEPAGE FROM RANGELAND methods and formulas. The most consistent STOCKPONDS. and reliable method for obtaining the reservoir capacity is by determining the (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the area between a well-defined stage-area South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. curve and the stage axis. (c) Mr. J. W. Neuberger, Hydraulic Engineer, Sediment yield information should always Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station,

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Newell, South Dakota. Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. d) Field investigations — applied research. (c) Mr. 0. W. Howe, Scott s Bluff Experiment Station, Route Mitchell, s e) To differentiate total stockpond water 2, Nebraska. dissipation into evaporation and seepage (d) Field investigation; applied research, and develop a basis for predicting expected design. stockpond water losses. The purpose of this (e) This is a study of the operational charac- study is to aid in the development of teristics of low-gradient border checks on practical methods to reduce losses of water a medium textured soil. It involves from stockponds to provide dependable water measurement of the efficiency of irrigation, supplied for livestock. uniformity of distribution, effect of uneven (g) No definite results at this time, although grade, kind of crop, stage of crop develop- stockponds on medium-textured soils show ment, etc., upon irrigation efficiency. annual water losses exceeded inflow over 80 Soil moisture samples are taken before and percent of the time, resulting in dry ponds after irrigation at intervals in the length nearly 50 percent of the time. of the run. Continuous measurements are taken of depth of water at these stations (4825) RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION STUDIES. throughout the set. The purpose is to obtain relationships regarding the effect of (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the crop retardance, slope, surface configura- Soil Conservation Service and State Agri- tion, intake rate, on rate of advance of cultural Experiment Stations. irrigation water. Such relationships will (c) Mr. H. G. Heinemann, Hydraulic Engineer, be useful in designing and operating low- Room 505, 134 South 12th Street, Lincoln gradient border check irrigation systems. 8, Nebraska. (g) Slopes of 0 to 0.05 percent gave highest (d) Field and theoretical investigations, and irrigation efficiencies, around 90 percent, office analyses. when crop retardance to the flow of water (e) Numerous small reservoirs form the basis was small. Slopes of 0.10 to 0.15 percent for this study. The objectives of this were needed to offset the high retardance project are: (1) Determine the amounts, caused by fully developed sugar beet rates, and character of sediment yields foliage from agricultural watersheds; and (2) relate (h) "Operational Characteristics of Low Gradient sediment accumulation in the reservoirs Border Checks on a Sandy Soil," by M. E. with sediment yield, precipitation, runoff, Jensen and 0. W. Howe. Proc. of the Inter- watershed characteristics, and cultural national Commission on Irrigation and practices. Sediment yield and related in- Drainage, Annual Bui. 1961. Reprints are formation are important factors in the not available. planning and design of small reservoirs and other conservation installations. (4828) DESIGN DATA FOR LEVEL OR NEARLY LEVEL BENCH IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ON HEAVY CLAY SOILS. (4826) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTIALLY SATURATED POROUS MEDIA. (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with (c) Mr. Niel A. Dimick, Agricultural Engineer, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station, Station. Newell, South Dakota. (c) Mr. R. H. Brooks, Agricultural Engineer, (d) Field investigations. Results will be used Hydraulics Laboratory, Colorado State Univ., for design purposes. Fort Collins, Colorado. (e) This is a study of the operational character- d) Basic research. istics of low-gradient border checks on a e) Certain hydraulic characteristics of porous fine textured soil. It involves measurement media must be known for laboratory modeling of the efficiency of irrigation, uniformity of complicated field problems involving of distribution, and effect of uneven grade, water movement in soils. Problems involving kind of crop, stage of crop development, etc, flow of fluids in partially saturated soils upon irrigation efficiency. Soil moisture often cannot be solved except by inferences samples are taken before and after irrigation derived from the performance of models. The at intervals in the length of the run. Con- purpose of the study is to be able to tinuous measurements are taken of depth of predict from equations how any porous medium water at these stations throughout the set. will behave with respect to the functional The purpose is to obtain relationships re- relationship between permeability, degree garding the effect of crop retardance, slope, of saturation (or fluid pressure) when surface configuration, intake rate, on rate certain media properties are known. A of advance of irrigation water. Such rela- thorough understanding of the way permea- tionships will be useful in designing and bility Is effected by measurable properties operating low-gradient border check irri- of porous media might eliminate the gation systems. necessity of selecting a porous medium by (g) No significant findings have been obtained trial for use in model studies. as yet since this project was just initiated (g) A theory showing how the variables capillary in 1962. pressure, water and air permeability are related to degree of saturation has been (4829) THE INFLUENCE OF RELIEF UPON VEGETATION, SOIL developed. Methods and equipment have been SALTS, AND WATER TABLES IN AN IMPERFECTLY developed for measuring these variables using DRAINED GLACIO-LACUSTRINE SALINE AREA OF steady state experiments. Verification of INTERCONNECTING RIDGES AND DEPRESSIONS IN the theory with experimental results has been NORTH DAKOTA. good. It appears that hydraulic properties of partially saturated media can be described (b) Laboratory project. by three parameters: the bubbling pressure, (c) Mr. F. M. Sandoval, Soli Scientist, U. S. P-^j a measure of the uniformity of the pores Field Station, Mandan, North Dakota or Mr.

in the medium, ti ; and the saturated permea- L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box bility K. 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota. (h) "Hydraulic Characteristics of Porous Media," (&) Field investigation; applied research. by R. H. Brooks and A. T. Corey; Annual (e) A field experiment of dimensions 450 x 800 Research Report 1960, 1961. feet in a ridge-depression micro-relief area where depressions are non- saline but ridges (4827) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW IN BORDER CHECK IRRI- highly saline. Purpose of study is to de- GATION SYSTEMS. termine reasons for the differences in salinity. Evaluated by measurements of (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with ground-water gradients and studies of water

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chemistry and soil physical and chemical data. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL (f) Completed. Data being compiled for publi- RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

cation . Research Division. (g) Generally, greater leaching occurs In the depressions owing to Impounded precipitation. NORTHWEST BRANCH, P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho, Artesian pressures are present but play a Dr. J. S. Robins, Branch Chief. minor role. (3550) THE EFFECT OF SPRINKLER PATTERN VARIATION ON (4830) THE EFFECTIVENESS AND FEASIBILITY OF LOW- IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY. COST SUBSURFACE, PLASTIC DRAINS IN A SALINE, POORLY DRAINED AREA. b) Laboratory project. c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (Irr.), (b) Laboratory project. Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box (c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. 2724, Boise, Idaho. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota. d) Experimental; applied research and design. (d) Field experiment; applied research. e) To determine the effect of sprinkler (e; Experiment consists of nine lines, each pattern on field irrigation efficiency and 300 feet long, of either plastic tile or develop a method for calculation of field mole drains installed in a high water table water application efficiency for a sprinkler and saline area. Purpose of experiment is system from sprinkler pattern, wind velocity, to evaluate effectiveness of shallow, closely- humidity, temperature, irrigation period, spaced, plastic tile in a saline area. and related factors. Another phase of this project is to test typical sprinkler heads (4831) LAND FORMING ON SALT-AFFECTED LACUSTRINE SOILS for reproducibility of water distribution IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY HAVING AN INTERSECTING pattern. MINOR RIDGE-DEPRESSION TYPE OF MICRORELIEF. (g) Tests conducted to date Indicate that 90 percent of the water applied by the (b) Laboratory project. sprinklers to the plots could be accounted (c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. for in the catch cans and correction for Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota. evaporation using the Frost-Schwalen (d) Field experiment; applied research. nomograph. Only 79 percent of the water (e) Consists of four 5-acre plots under culti- could be accounted for by the soil sampling vation in a saline ridge-depression micro- method when corrected for consumptive use relief area. Two plots are leveled -- one of plants and evaporation from the sprinkler having surface drainage, the other having nozzle to the soil surface using the Frost- only Internal (tile) drainage (precipitation Schwalen nomograph. The losses not ac-

is impounded) . One unleveled plot has counted for above are being investigated. Internal drainage, the second one has none. Purpose of work is to determine effects of (3552) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION. land forming and tile drainage on salt- affected land. b) Laboratory project.

i c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engineer (4832) A STUDY OF THE FALLING WATER TABLE, SOIL Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box MOISTURE, AND SOIL SALT TRANSLOCATION DURING 2724, Boise, Idaho. tFHB WINTER MONTHS. (d) Experimental; field investigation, basic research. b) Laboratory project. (e) To investigate the factors that influence c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. the advance and recession of water in an Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota. irrigation border strip. d) Field experiment; basic research.

i e) Experiment consists of two treatments (straw (3553) MECHANIZATION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION. mulch and fallow) each replicated 3 times. Field plots are 60' x 60'. Measurements b) Laboratory project.

obtained are; soil moisture (neutron method), S c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engr., water tables, soil temperatures, freezing Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box depth, water and soil physical and chemical 2724, Boise, Idaho. data. Purpose of the experiment is to d) Experimental; design and development. determine translocation of water table e) To develop completely mechanized control waters which recede during the winter months. systems for surface irrigation. (g) Gates which will check the flow of water in (4833) RELATIONSHIP OF MEASURED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION a head ditch for a controllable period of TO SOLAR RADIATION IN WESTERN U.S.A. time have been developed. These allow a field to be irrigated a portion at a time. (b) Laboratory project, (joint project with Mr. When the flow of water into the head ditch M. E. Jensen, Northwest Branch.) is stopped, these gates automatically reset (c) Dr. H. R. Haise, Agricultural Research themselves and are ready for the next Service, P. 0. Box 758, Fort Collins, Colo. irrigation. Automatic gates for pipeline (d) Analytical and theoretical; basic and systems are also being developed. applied. (h) Patent application #192,609 "Sinking Float- (e) Measurements of evapotranspiration rates Operated Irrigation Gate." for one- to three-week periods made by USDA Patent application #199,546 "Automatic personnel during the past 35 years have been Irrigation Gate . re-evaluated and selected data for field and orchard crops are being related to solar (4311) FLOOD HYDROGRAFHS BY ELECTRONIC ANALOG. radiation and air temperature using an energy balance approach. Solar radiation (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the data for 20 locations in the V/estern U.S.A. University of Idaho. have been summarized and procedures developed (c) Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer, for estimating radiation for specific P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho. periods. The resulting relationships can (d) Analytical, basic and applied. be used for estimating evapotranspiration (e) Further development and adaption of for various crops. electronic analog methods in the solution of (f) Near completion. flood routing problems and the prediction of (h) "Estimating Evapotranspiration for Various flood hydrographs from agricultural and Crops Using Solar Radiation," by Marvin Foothill range watersheds of the northwest. E. Jensen and Howard R. Haise. Proc. 1962 Sprinkler Irrigation Association Open Tech. (4312) WATER YIELD AS INFLUENCED BY CHARACTERISTICS Conference, March 4-6, 1962. OF NORTHWESTERN RANGE WATERSHEDS.

106 . . . .

Laboratory project, cooperative with the the accumulation and melting of snow. The University of Idaho. study of different photoscales on the Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer, precision of estimate is included in the P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho. project Analytical (g) Preliminary results indicate that a photo- Regional analysis of water yield as affected grammetric technique is very promising as a by climatic, topographic, geologic, soil, means for determining snow volume on areas land use and other characteristics and up to a few hundred acres. conditions of rangeland watersheds in the northwest (4835) LEAF AND CROWN AREA OF ARTEMESIA TRIDENTATA.

SNOWMELT HYDROGRAPHS AS INFLUENCED BY Laboratory project. CLIMATIC FACTORS AND WATERSHED CHARACTER- IS) Mr. F. M. Smith, Range Conservationist, ISTICS. P. 0. Box 27 24, Boise, Idaho. Experimental: basic and applied research. Laboratory project, cooperative with the Develop methods of determining total leaf University of Idaho. area for a given size-vigor classification Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer, of A. trldentata. Determine the capacity P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho. of these leaves to store precipitation, Analytical, basic and applied. intercept precipitation and to transpire. To develop Improved methods for estimating Evaluate the effect of immediate vegetation daily hydrographs of streamflow from structure on leaf area of individual plants. mountainous watersheds where the supply is Since vegetation and soils on watersheds from snowmelt and occasional rain and the act as reservoirs which receive, store and evolution of a regional map of snowmelt discharge water, an understanding of their design coefficients reflecting cover, geology individual performance in these capacities and soils, exposure, elevation, latitude, is tantamount to an understanding of

• , etc. watershed hydrology.

PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A NORTHERN (4836) WATER BUDGET OF A UNIT SOURCE AREA. SEMI-DESERT WATERSHED. Laboratory project. Laboratory project. ID Mr. Joel E. Fletcher, Soil Scientist, Joel E. Fletcher, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho. 2724, Boise, Idaho. Experimental; basic and applied research. Experimental, basic and applied. Determine as fully as possible the fate of The 93 square mile Reynolds Creek Experi- water falling on a small representative mental Watershed, Owyhee County Idaho, has watershed throughout the year and estimate recording ralngages to a density in excess evaporation and transpiration from readily of one per square mile. From this network, obtained instrumental and climatological methods for evaluating rainfall amounts and data. Such a general understanding of the intensities for different areas are being disposition of precipitation on an area is developed. Seasonal distribution with basic to an understanding of the effects of respect to amounts, character, and areal soils, geology, vegetation and climate. extent of precipitation are being measured. It appears that such characteristics of the (4837; FACTORS AFFECTING SNOW ACCUMULATION AND MELT thunderstorms as intensity, area, and ON UNIT SOURCE AREAS. duration are similar to those of the convective storms of Arizona and New Mexico. Laboratory project. 81 Mr. Charles F. Cooper, Botanist, P. 0. Box THE DESIGN OF SELF-PROPELLED SPRINKLER 2724, Boise, Idaho. SYSTEMS. Experimental; basic and applied research. l.j Determine physical and meteorological factors Laboratory project. contributing to non-uniformity of snow ac- Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (Irr.) cumulation and melt in a shrub covered unit P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho. source area in the sagebrush zone of Owyhee Experimental, applied research, design. County, Idaho. Determine water application patterns of Any improvement in the quantity or timing of self-propelled sprinkler systems. Determine flow from snow fed streams by manipulation the effect of wind on application patterns of vegetation or other practices requires a of self-propelled sprinkler laterals, and thorough understanding of the behavior of develop method of designing self-propelled snow under these conditions. Such infor- sprinkler laterals from theoretical mation must be derived from research. formulas. (g) Instrumentation just partially installed. Patterns of individual sprinklers making up the self-propelled moving lateral have been (4838) A STUDY OF SURFACE WATER DIVERSIONS AND determined and are to be put together to see RETURN FLOW IN REYNOLDS VALLEY. how the synthetic pattern compares with the field pattern of the moving lateral Laboratory project. IS! Mr. Clifton W.. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer, RELATIONSHIP OF MEASURED EVAPOTRAN SP IRATION P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho. TO SOLAR RADIATION IN WESTERN U.S.A. Experimental; basic and applied research. IS This Investigation is designed to find the Cooperative with Northern Plains Branch. consumptive use of water by an upstream See page 106. irrigated area as it affects downstream water supplies. All of the inflow to INFLUENCE OF PHOTO SCALE, VEGETATION, Reynolds Valley is measured as is the outflow TOPOGRAPHY, AND SNOW CONDITIONS ON PH0T0- and general ground water levels. GRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF SNOW COVER. (4839) GEOLOGIC CONTROL OF SUBSURFACE STORAGE AND Laboratory project. FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF BASALT TERRANE. Mr. Charles F. Cooper, Botanist, P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho. Laboratory project. Experimental; basic and applied. IS! Mr. Gordon R. Stephenson, Geologist, P. 0. This project seeks to determine the feasi- Box 2724, Boise, Idaho. bility of determining the quantity of snow Experimental; basic and applied research. stored in a snowpack on a selected area by 1=1 The purpose of this project is to evaluate photogrammetric techniques and evaluate the the hydrologlc effects of the basalts found Influence of topography and vegetation on on Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed,

107 Owyhee County, Idaho. The objective Is Univ. of Miss, and Miss. State University. approached by studying the water balance (c) Mr. C. R. Miller, Director, Sedimentation on a closed basaltic basin, Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Miss. (g) The basalts on Reynolds Creek are much (d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic less permeable than those on the Snake River and applied research. plains. (e) It is necessary for proper planning and design of agricultural watershed conser- (4840) THE DEVELOPMENT OP A PORTABLE IRRIGATION vation work to have knowledge of the extent SPRINKLER EVALUATION DEVICE. of aggradation or degradation that is likely to occur with placement of structures (b) Laboratory project. See project 4368, page in alluvial channels. Studies of deposition 122. and scour as related to actual structures (c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (Irr.) at various locations in Mississippi, Georgia, Agricultural Research Service, Box 2724, Wisconsin and other selected locations to Boise, Idaho. provide the needed field data are underway d) Experimental; applied research. to develop procedures and criteria useful in e) To design a portable device that can be predicting channel adjustments with used In the design and evaluation of structural installations and accompanying sprinkler Irrigation systems. To determine changes In sediment transport and flow procedures for the use of this device. pattern. (g) This equipment has been used to measure the (g) The degree of channel scour and channel intake rate of soil for sprinkler design. erosion rates are being determined in connection with several structural installations in Mississippi. Case histories of over 70 gully control structures in U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL Wisconsin have been established. RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation (h) "Case Histories of Gully Control Structures Research Division. in Southwestern Wisconsin," by David A. Woolhiser and Carl R. Miller, ARS 41-60, SOUTHERN BRANCH, University of Georgia, Athens, Agricultural Research Service, February, 1963. Georgia, Mr. Russell Woodburn, Branch Chief. "Upland Gully Sediment Production," by C. R. Miller, Russell Woodburn, and H. R. (3669) FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGY. Turner, Proc. of International Symposium on Continental Erosion, IUGG, Bari, Italy, (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the September, 1962. Univ. of Miss, and Mississippi State Univ. (c) Dr. Neil L. Coleman, Geologist, Sedimentation (3871) LABORATORY STUDIES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT. Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Miss. (d) A Joint field and laboratory project - basic (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the and applied research. University of Mississippi and Mississippi (e) Detailed field measurements are made on State University. selected natural water courses and flood (c) Dr. Neil L. Coleman, Geologist, Sedimentation plains in the Yazoo River Basin and other Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Miss. selected locations in Mississippi to d) Experimental; basic and applied research. delineate the variables of stream geometry, ! e) To better explain, by laboratory flume bend and bank roughness factors, dune experiments, the relationships between strean migration, and stream hydraulics in terms hydraulics and sediment transport which of sediment transport characteristics. generally occur in natural channels. Work Laboratory studies in both 100-foot and includes the testing and development of 50-foot long flumes are carried out to sediment transport equations, means and define significance of various factors under methods of total transport determination in controlled conditions. Acquired data are natural channels, and determination of the studied for adherence to existing regime relationship between the measured transport equations, tractive force concepts, re- by use of sediment samplers now in use and sistance coefficients, and bed material the total bed material discharge. transport formulae, and to develop new or (g) Flume studies indicate significant errors improved concepts and relationships. in sand concentration are possible (g) The existence of a discontinuity in the depending upon relative position of sampler stage-discharge relation under certain nozzle to a dune front. Studies of various conditions in sand-bed streams has been type structures installed in a sand bed established. Changes in channel conveyance channel that will permit total load measure- efficiency, occasioned by changes in bed ments with minimum upstream and downstream configuration have resulted in variances In influence suggest the use of a Parshall water discharge of over 100 percent for flume under certain conditions. given water stages. Variations in Manning's (h) "Effect of Sand Dunes on Sand Transport roughness coefficient from 0.015 to 0.035 Determinations by Use of Standard Samplers," during the course of a storm runoff event by Dr. N. L. Coleman, Ole Miss Engineer, have occurred, and for a given water Vol. 2, No. 4, May, 1962. discharge on separate occasions the "n" value has been known to double. Similar (4316) HYDRAULICS OF CHANNELS RELATIVE TO CHANNEL variations in the Darcy-Weisbach coefficient STABILITY. have been noted. Proude numbers for floods over plane beds or antidunes in the field (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the are less than Proude numbers computed from University of Mississippi and Mississippi comparable flow conditions in the laboratory State University. flumes; this difference in Froude numbers (c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Hydraulic Engineer, is believed to be partly a function of depth. Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, (h) "Observations of Resistance Coefficients in Oxford, Mississippi. a Natural Channel," by Neil L. Coleman, (d) Experimental, field investigations, applied Proc. of International Symposium on and basic research. Continental Erosion, IUGG, Bari, Italy, (e) The determination of flood flow qualities in September, 1962. selected reaches of Pigeon Roost Creek "DISCUSSION - Dual Channel Stream Monitor," Mississippi, and other streams in studies of by R. A. Stein, ASCE Proceedings, May, 1962. the resistance to erosion of streambank and bed materials, and streambank vegetation. (3870) AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION AS RELATED TO Measurements of the boundary shear stresses CHANNEL STRUCTURES. in curved channels as affected by bend radius, bed angle, and Proude number. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

108 . .

(4317) PRINCIPLES OP STABLE CHANNELS IN COHESIVE (e) Analyses of hydrologic, hydraulic, land use, MATERIALS. soils, and physiographic characteristics of agricultural watersheds (varying in size (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the from a fraction of an acre to 100 sq. mi.) University of Mississippi and Mississippi are made to establish relationships with State University. sediment transport rates, amounts, and (c) Dr. Earl H. Grissinger, Soil Scientist, delivery ratios. Establishment of method- Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, ology for determining long-time average Oxford, Mississippi. annual sediment yields from fragmental field d) Experimental, applied and basic research. data, correlation of characteristics of the e) Determination of: (l) The reasons for the basic runoff- sediment relation (sediment resisting ability of soil and streambank rating curve) with affecting hydraulic and materials to erosion by flowing water; (2) hydrologic parameters, and evaluation of the the kinds of tests needed to measure the role of large storms as sediment contributors resistance; and (3) the quantitative values are all basic objectives that will lead to of the resistance for natural and synthetic better sediment yield prediction procedures. materials. (g) Data from Pigeon Roost Creek Basin, Miss., (g) A sample of the Grenada silt loam soil was Indicates that sediment yields are highly mixed with various types and amounts of correlated with direct runoff. Variations clays and compacted to varying densities. in unit direct runoff (and therefore unit The molded samples were eroded by a constant sediment) yields between watersheds of the erosive force. The stability of cohesive basin are marked. They have to some extent materials was found to be dependent upon been correlated with basin physiography the type, Amount, and orientation of the and land use. There are significant channel clay minerals; the bulk density and ante- transmission losses in streams of the basin. cedent moisture of the sample; and the (h) "Improved Management Reduces Soil and Water temperature of the eroding water. Losses," by Coy W. Doty and Farris E. Dendy, In general stability increased with in- Mississippi Farm Research, Vol. 25, No. 4, creasing clay mineral content and with in- April, 1962. creasing density. Stability was greater for the 2:1 type clay mixtures than for (4320) SEDIMENT ORIGIN AND ROUTING IN A COMPLEX the 1:1 type. The influences of antecedent WATERSHED. moisture and orientation upon stability were dependent upon the type of clay (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the minerals present. Stability decreased with University of Mississippi and Mississippi increasing temperature of the eroding water. State University. (c) Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist, (4318) METHODS OF CHANNEL STABILIZATION. Sedimentation Lab., P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the d) Experimental, basic research. University of Mississippi and Mississippi e) To develop and apply techniques, including State University. the use of radioisotopes and neutron (c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Hydraulic Engineer, activation, for the identification of Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, sediment minerals. This information plus an Oxford, Mississippi. evaluation of selected physical parameters (d) Experimental, field investigations, applied in study watersheds are to be used to and basic research. develop concepts of soil susceptibility to (e) Includes: (1) Determination of the speeds detachment and transportation. of motion and the requisite conditions for (g) Preliminary results are being evaluated. beginning of motion of solid particles in No significant results are available. fluid flow for various flow, particle quality, and boundary conditions in a (4321) RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION. laboratory study; (2) field investigations on Pigeon Roost Creek, Mississippi, and (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the other streams of the resisting abilities of University of Mississippi and Mississippi bank and bed materials and bank vegetation State University. as determined by measured flood experiences (c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist, (this study is associated with the one on Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, channel hydraulics); and (3) laboratory and Oxford, Mississippi. field study of the behavior of non-cohesive (d) Experimental and field investigation for stands and silts in a stream channel bank basic research and developmental work. for the conditions of lateral seepage flow (e) To relate sediment accumulation In to the stream. reservoirs to sediment yields, runoff, and (g) A sand of narrow size range and median physical parameters of the watersheds. The diameter of 0.13 mm assumed angles of re- nature of the sediment, its origin, miner- pose of 30 degrees and 19 degrees for the alogy, chemistry, and biology are studied in conditions of submergence and non- submergence relation to distribution and deposition respectively, under the simulated condition within the reservoir. Nuclear methods are of a high water table in a ditch bank. used where applicable. This sand was stable for with near-vertical (g) A number of reservoirs have been periodically banks in the field, when found with as surveyed for sediment accumulation. Nuclear little as 5 percent clay. means of determining in situ densities have Small submerged spheres rolling with the been employed. impetus of laminar sheet flow over a (h) "Determination of densities of reservoir smooth bed, traveled at speeds equal to sediments in situ with a gamma probe," by one-half the speeds of the water In their J. Roger McHenry, ARS Research Report vicinity. ARS 41-53, April, 1962. "Determination of Sediment Density of Gamma (4319) SEDIMENT YIELDS AND CORRELATION WITH Attenuation," by J. Roger McHenry, ARS WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS. 41-61, Agricultural Research Service, Oct., 1962. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi (4322) DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR UTILIZING State University. RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVE (c) Mr. R. F. Piest, Hydraulic Engineer, MATERIALS FOR SEDIMENTATION AND HYDROLOGY Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, RESEARCH Oxford, Mississippi. (d) Field investigation project - applied (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the research. University of Mississippi and Mississippi

109 . .

State University, (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the (c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist and University of Mississippi and Mississippi Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist, State University. Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, (c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist, Oxford, Mississippi. Sedimentation Laboratory, F. 0. Box 30, d) Experimental basic research. Oxford, Mississippi. e) To devise, develop, and utilize procedures d) Experimental basic research and development. for "tagging" sediment particles with i e) To devise, develop, test and apply tracer radioisotopes and identifying same in the techniques using tritium and other laboratory and in the field. Results are radioisotopes in support of studies of soil to be used in predicting sediment production, moisture and groundwater movement. transport and deposition. (g) Methods of high efficiency have been (g) A satisfactory method has been developed developed using a liquid scintillation for "tagging" quartz sand particles with counter. Preliminary laboratory studies scandlum-46, an energetic gamma emitter. have shown the precision and accuracy of (h) "The Use of Radioactive Tracers in the methods are adequate. Field testing Sedimentation Research," by J. Roger McHenry will be initiated. and Leslie L. McDowell, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 67, pp. 1465-1471, (4325) RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS. April, 1962. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the (4323) SEDIMENT PRODUCTION AND CONTROL PRACTICES University of Mississippi and Mississippi ON HIGHWAY CUTS AND FILLS. State University. (c) Mr. W. R. Hamon, Research Agricultural (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Engineer, Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Georgia State Highway Dept., Soil Conser- Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi. vation Service USDA, the University of (d) Field investigations; basic and applied Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment research. Stations, and Bartow County, Georgia. (e) To develop procedures for predicting flood (c) Mr. E. G. Diseker, Agricultural Engineer, runoff, water yield and hydrograph P. 0. Box 124, Cartersville, Georgia. characteristics for ungaged upstream (d) Experimental, field; applied. watesheds. Runoff and precipitation are (e) Runoff and soil losses are measured from observed for the 117 square-mile Pigeon three pairs of bare, roadbank plots Roost Creek Watershed in Northern Mississippi (approximately 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) on Cecil Including 11 sub-watersheds, and for four Clay subsoil using six H-flumes and unit-source watersheds under 4 acres in Coshocton vane samplers. Metal hub stakes size. These data, accumulated over the past are used as an adjunct in determining bank four years, are being processed by computer erosion, and for measuring deposition or and analyzed to develop synthetic unit scour from the flow channels. Over 30 hydrographs by incorporating antecedent soil different plants have been tested on 850 moisture and watershed factors. The roadbank plots for erosion control. predicted hydrographs will be used to (g) Bare bank losses have varied from 25 to 400 establish flow-duration curves. tons per year per acre for the past 5 years (h) Hydrologic data releases are prepared yearly depending on the rainfall, frost action, with summaries of monthly precipitation and bank aspect and slope. Bank aspect and runoff, tabulated annual maximum flows, and frost action have been major factors in the detailed data for selected runoff events. erosion process. Banks facing northwest have lost, on an average, 2.2 times as much soil (4326) SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY as those facing southeast. Plants which have proved satisfactory for erosion control (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the are fescue, common Bermudagrass, lovegrass, University of Mississippi and Mississippi broomsedge, Pensacola and Wilmington State University. Bahiagrasses, crownvetch, sericea lespedeza, (c) Mr. F. E. Dendy, Agricultural Engineer, honeysuckle and kudzu. For the establishment Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, of satisfactory cover on slopes 2:1 and Oxford, Mississippi. steeper, mulches were necessary particu- (d) Experimental and field investigations; larly for the slowly developing plants such basic and applied research. as crownvetch and Bahiagrasses. For (e) To study the hydraulic characteristics of maintenance of most plants, especially the geologic strata and develop methods of grasses, a timely application of fertilizer predicting ground water accretion and is necessary. Previously outlined pro- movement; subsurface and ground water cedures to determine fertility requirements contribution to streamflow from a knowledge for maintaining vegetation on roadside of geology, soils, topography, climate, land areas in the Piedmont Uplands of Georgia use and treatment of agricultural watersheds; were put Into practice in the fall of 1962. and to evaluate hydrogeologlc factors Studies to determine rates and amounts of governing transmission gains and losses in sediment delivery for selected storms at stream channels. A portable drilling rig monthly intervals and annual production and is utilized to obtain geologic samples, delivery from bare road banks in relation establish ground water observation wells, and to (1) rainfall intensity (2) antecedent conduct permeability field tests, moisture and temperature conditions and (3) (g) A map of the structural and stratigraphic face slope length with different aspects on characteristics of Pigeon Roost Creek Cecil type soils will begin in the spring of Watershed is in preparation and seasonal 1963. A study will be initiated in the ground water contours are being developed. spring of 1963 to- determine sediment pro- Design and testing of a small well point ductions and delivery rates from fully for field observations of permeability has developed, mature stands of five different been completed. representative plant species. (h) "Mulch Aids in the Establishment of Roadside (4327) MOISTURE REGIMES OF AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS. Cover," by E. C. Richardson and E. G. Diseker, Crops and Soils Magazine, February (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the 1961, Vol. 13, No. 5. University of Mississippi and Mississippi "Erosion Rates and Control Methods on State University. Highway Cuts," by E. G. Diseker and E. C. (c) Mr. John Kozachyn, Soil Scientist, Sedimen- Richardson, ASAE Trans., Vol. 5, No. 2. tation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi (4324) UTILIZATION OF TRITIUM IN WATERSHED d) Field investigation; applied research.

RESEARCH STUDIES. ! e) To provide soil moisture data for the no . .

development of prediction techniques for instantaneous peak rate of 66 c.f.s./sq. runoff and sediment production and to relate mile. The ratio of runoff to rainfall has the moisture regimes of agricultural averaged 0.47 for the artesian-irrigated watersheds to soil, climate and vegetative 78 sq. mile watershed for the past 10 years; parameters. Field observations of soil 0.34 for the 98 sq. mile unimproved water- moisture to depths of 10 and 20 feet are shed; and 0.27 for the 16 square mile sub obtained by the neutron probe method for basin during the past 6 years. Total water different cover, slope, and soil complexes, yield varied inversely with area on the (g) The superiority of the neutron probe unimproved watersheds. For the 98 sq. mile procedure over other available methods was watershed base flow has averaged 72, established from laboratory and field tests. interflow 20, and overland flow 8 percent A method of installing access tubes has of total stream flow. For the 78 sq. mile been perfected. watershed these flow components have averaged 83, 8, and 9 percent respectively. (4328) RELATION OP CLIMATE AND SOIL MOISTURE LEVELS For the 16 sq. mile watershed they averaged TO PLANT GROWTH AND WATER USE. 38, 31, and 31 percent. Potential evapotranspiration losses for (b) Laboratory project, cooperating with the these basins were 78 percent of USWB pan Central and Southern Florida Flood Control rates, and annual ET losses were the most District and the Florida Agricultural Ex- stable element in the hydrologic balance. periment Station. Soil moisture conditions In the vadose zone (c) Mr. E. H. Stewart, Soil Scientist, P. 0. seemed to influence base flow rates as much Box 9087, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. as ground water stages. (d) Laboratory and field investigations, both Observations will continue to ascertain the basic and applied for evaluating measured effects of contemplated Watershed Protection environmental conditions. and Flood Prevention Programs. (e) Laboratory and field procedures are employed to determine moisture intake, retention and (4330 RUNOFF AND EROSION CHARACTERIZATION OF BROWN transmission characteristics of mineral and LOAM SOILS. organic soils. Controlled water table studies in non-weighing lysimeters are (t> Laboratory project. conducted to determine evapotranspiration, (c Mr. Coy W. Doty, North Mississippi Branch crop growth, and soil physical properties as Experiment Station, Holly Springs, Miss. influenced by various water table depths. (d Experimental, field; basic and applied. Field and plot studies in organic soils are (e Rates and amounts of runoff and soil losses conducted to determine soil subsidence. are measured on plots with land of five (g) Root content of the plow layer (0-9") of a percent slope and degrees of ground cover St. Augustinegrass sod was much higher ranging from continuous fallow to 2 years of over a 12-inch water table than over a sod and one year of corn, and with contour 24- or 36-inch water table. Organic versus up- and down-hill tillage. residues of this root material markedly (g Both water and soil losses are excessive on improved early growth of the subsequent bare land, and are reduced as the degree of grain sorghum crop. ground cover is increased. Average daily evapotranspiration of grain sorghum, from November 1960 to June 1961, (4331 HYDRAULICS OF FARM WATER CONTROL IN THE for 12-, 24-, and 36-inch water tables was SOUTHERN PIEDMONT. 0.15, 0.10, and 0.09 of an inch respectively. Evapotranspiration during the spring months (b Laboratory project in cooperation with the was about twice that of the winter months University of Georgia, College of Agricul- (h) "Installation and Operation of Non-weighing ture Experiment Stations. Lysimeters" by W. H. Speir, Florida Agri- ( c Mr. W. Campbell Little, Agricultural cultural Experiment Station, Journal Series Engineer, Southern Piedmont Soil Conser- No. 1629. vation Field Station, Box 33, Watklnsville, "Moisture Characteristics of Some Repre- Georgia. sentative Soils of Florida," by E. H. Stewart, (d Experimental laboratory; basic and applied. D. P. Powell, and L. C. Hammond, USDA, ARS Basic research on the mechanics of erosion 41-63, 1962. and hydraulics of flow In individual crop rows and in terraced channels will be (4329) HYDROLOGIC RESEARCH ON SMALL AGRICULTURAL developed for both terrace systems and Indi- WATERSHEDS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. vidual row systems for the different soils of the Piedmont. (b) Laboratory project, cooperating with the Initial studies are underway. Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District and The Florida Agricultural SURFACE DRAINAGE — ROW LENGTHS AND GRADES Experiment Station. FOR REMOVAL AND APPLICATION OF SURFACE WATER (c) Mr. E. H. Stewart, Soil Scientist, Attention: ON FORMED AGRICULTURAL LAND OF- THE W. H. Speir, Engineering Technician, P. 0. MISSISSIPPI DELTA. Box 9087, Fort Lauderdale, Fla. (d) Experimental, field Investigations ; basic Laboratory project in cooperation with the and applied research. Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station. (e) To collect, analyze, and correlate basic Mr. Irwin L. Saveson, Project Administrator, hydrologic data on agricultural watersheds Agricultural Engineering Building, Louisiana, ranging In size from 4,000 to 63,000 acres P. 0. Drawer 8817, University Station. in the Coastal Plain of Florida. To de- Experimental; basic and applied research. termine the Influence of climate, topography, Approximately 80 acres of land have been soils, geology, and land use on the rate and formed with four different slopes, In two volume of runoff and to evaluate the water replications, of 0.1', 1.15', 0<2', and balance. To devise methods of interpreting 0.25'. For each slope class, row lengths of watershed characteristics as similitudes 500', 700', 900', and 1,100'' will be used related to physiography of other areas. to determine the maximum row length for (g) For an unimproved 98-sq. mile watershed the formed land as related to slope maximum daily discharge (Oct. 1956) was Runoff, time-of -concentration, Infiltration, 2.28 inches-over-area with an instantaneous soli temperature, and soil moisture data peak rate of 70 c.f.s./sq. mile; and for the will be gathered and correlated with 16- sq. mile upper sub-basin the respective rainfall, wind humidity, and sunshine rates were 3.14 inches and 158 c.f.s./sq. radiation. mile. For an Improved 78 square mile water- Future studies are contemplated to evaluate shed the maximum daily discharge (Sept. 1960) flow characteristics of surface water In was 2.37 inches-over-area with an furrows on agricultural land. This

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Information will be used to develop a furrow (4842) SHALLOW WELLS AND IRRIGATION PITS FOR cross-section with the best hydraulic charac- IRRIGATION AND OTHER FARM WATER SUPPLY IN teristics. THE COASTAL PLAINS. (g) Established In full operation in 1962. (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the (4333) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES FOR THE SOUTHERN Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations PIEDMONT. and Soil Conservation Service, USDA, in Georgia. (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the (c) Mr. G. N. Sparrow, Agricultural Engineer, Ga. University of Georgia, College of Agricul- Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga. ture Experiment Stations. (d) Field investigation; applied, for design and (c) Mr. A. P. Barnett or Mr. J. S. Rogers, development Agricultural Engineers, Southern Piedmont (e) The purpose of the studies is to develop Soil Conservation Field Station, Box 33, criteria by which engineers and soil Watkinsville, Georgia. scientists can classify sites for irrigation (d) Experimental field investigations, develop- pits, shallow wells, or other access to ment and applied. shallow ground water aquifers In the coastal (e) The purpose of these studies is to determine plains on the basis of topography and soils. the interrelations of climate, soil, Initial study is concerned with excavated topography, cover, management, row direction, irrigation pits, their adequacy of supply, runoff, soil movement and loss from Southern the relation of recharge to rainfall and Piedmont soils. The work is conducted on soils, and other related influences. fractional acre field plots under both Investigations now involve 3 pits, each natural and simulated rainfall under somewhat different soil and topo- The natural rainfall plot study includes six graphic situations. cover, two row direction and three slope (g) Studies initiated in early 1962; expected steepness treatments on a total of 42 plots. to be fully operative on 3 irrigation pits Total amounts of runoff and soil loss are in 1963. measured for individual rainstorms. Meteor- ological data are also secured. (4843) AN EFFICIENT DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR SUGARCANE The rainfall simulator designed to apply rain LAND. at 4, 2-1/2 and 1-1/4 inches per hour simultaneously to three adjacent plots is (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the used to secure runoff and soil loss data Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station. from specific soil, slope, crop, and manage- (c) Mr. Irwin L. Saveson, Project Administrator, ment complexes through the application of Agricultural Engineering Building, Louisiana designed storms. These data will be used to State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, evaluate their runoff and erosion control P. 0. Drawer 8817, University Station. effectiveness d) Experimental applied research.

(g) Progress is reported each year in Station 1 e) The present conventional system of sugarcane annual reports. land requires considerable land occupied by ditches and is costly to maintain. Experi- (4334) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES FOR SOUTHERN mental work is underway to develop a more COASTAL PLAINS SOILS. efficient drainage system which will consume less land and be more economical to maintain. (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the This Is an adaptation of the cotton drainage Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations. system to sugarcane. (c) Mr. G. N. Sparrow, Agricultural Engineer, (g) This system reduces the amount of land in Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, ditches from 4 to 7 percent with a $5.22 Tifton, Georgia. per acre per annum savings In cost of main- d) Field investigations; applied, for design. tenance.

! e) The purpose of these studies is to de- (h) "An Efficient Drainage System for Sugarcane termine interrelations of climate, soil, land Land" by I. L. Saveson, USDA, ARS 41-72, cover, runoff and soil loss for Southern (In Press) Coastal Plain soils. The work is conducted on 18 field plots, 1/20 acre in size, under natural rainfall. There are four cover treatments. Total amount of runoff and soil U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL loss are measured for individual storms RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation Meteorological data are also secured. Research Division. (g) Grass-based rotations and continuous corn have been evaluated, showing protective SOUTHERN PLAINS BRANCH, 804 Bryan Street, Amarillo, effects of perennial grass sods and of Texas, Dr. J. R. Johnston, Branch Chief. annual crop residues. (3876) SOIL-WATER-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS OF COTTON AS (4841) SURFACE WATER STORAGE AND SUPPLY ON FARMS IN AFFECTED BY SOIL MOISTURE REGIME. THE COASTAL PLAINS. (~b) Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the (c) Mr. L. N. Namken, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations 267, Weslaco, Texas. and Soil Conservation Service, USDA, in (d) Field investigation - applied research. Georgia. (e) This study provides information on the rate, (c) Mr. G. N. Sparrow, Agricultural Engineer, amount and pattern of soil moisture de- Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, pletion by cotton as affected by the stage Tifton, Georgia. of plant growth, the amount of available (d) Field investigation; applied for design and moisture in the profile and the soil type. development (f) Completed. (e) Purpose of the studies Is to determine pond (g) The rate, amount and pattern of soil moisture storage efficiency under various soil and depletion by cotton on two of the major topographic conditions as affected by water- irrigated soils of the Lower Rio Grande shed yield, pond surface evaporation, Valley (Willacy fine sandy loam and seepage Into and out of the impoundment, Harlingen clay), were influenced by (1) farm use of storage, and related factors. stage of plant maturity, (2) amount of Initial study to be on one rather typical available water In the profile, and (3) farm pond in the coastal plain, with anti- plant density. High rates of moisture de- cipation of extending the work to other pletion occurred during periods following ponds. irrigations or appreciable rainfall. (g) Study initiated in early 1962; expected to Maximum depletion rates ranged from .16 in. be fully operative on one pond in 1963. per day on the nonirrigated treatment to

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.45 inches per day on the high moisture temperatures and measuring the flow rate. level treatments. The Arrhenius equation is applied to the On Harlingen clay practically all soil data and an activation energy calculated. moisture depletion occurred from the first The activation energy is then interpreted two feet of the profile except in the dry in terms of energy barriers to molecular treatment where it was evident that plant level flow mechanisms. The soil columns are growth stopped once the available moisture sampled at the end of the runs to determine was depleted from this zone. In all treat- the moisture distribution with respect to ments approximately 98 percent (by weight) the interface of extraction. of the roots were confined to the top two (g) The results to date indicate that the feet of the profile. resulting moisture distribution is a function Frequent additions of water during the peak of peculiarities of the microdynamic flow bloom and boll development stages of plant processes involved and independent of the growth, either in the form of rainfall or method of extraction. supplemental irrigation, gave the most (h) "Drying Patterns of a Sandy Clay Loam in efficient production of cotton on Harlingen Relation to Possible Depths of Seeding," clay. by Craig L. Wiegand, (accepted for publi- In the case of the Willacy fine sandy loam, cation in Agronomy Journal). moisture was depleted from the entire 5 foot profile, and most efficient production (3881) FACTORS AFFECTING THE EVAPORATION OF FREE of cotton occurred when 1 to 2 supplemental WATER. irrigations were applied during the peak bloom and boll development stages of plant b) Laboratory project.

growth ! c) Dr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist, P. 0. (h) "Effect of Irrigation Differentials and Box 267, Weslaco, Texas. Plant Spacings on Yield of Cotton on d) Experimental, basic research.

Harlingen Clay in the Lower Rio Grande I e) The evaporation of free water is being Valley," by C. J. Gerard and L. N. Namken, studied under controlled conditions to: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (1) Obtain quantitative information on the Progress Report 2216, 8 pages, Oct. 26, 1961. rate of evaporation of free water under "Soil Moisture Depletion by Irrigated Cotton controlled atmospheric conditions; (2) as Influenced by Moisture Regime and Stage measure the rate of evaporation of water as of Plant Development," by M. Amemiya, a function of water temperature; and (3) L. N. Namken and C. J. Gerard, Presented at correlate the rate of evaporation with (a) the Soil Science Society of America Annual the saturation deficit of the atmosphere, Meetings, 1961, (in press). and (b) the fugacity of the water molecules. Evaporation is being measured under all (3877) SOIL MOISTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR COTTON. combinations of 10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees C water temperature; 10, 20, 30, and 40 b} Laboratory project. degrees C air temperature; and 30, 50, 70, c) Mr. P. Earl Ross, Agricultural Engineer, and 90$ relative humidity. Water tempera- P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas. ture is controlled to plus or minus .1 d) Field investigation; applied research. degrees C, ambient temperature to plus or

1 e) A study to determine the most effective use minus 1.0 degrees C, and relative humidity of a variable and limited supply of irri- to plus or minus 3$. gation water for cotton production. (g) Rates encountered range from condensation (g) From a four year study on a deep sandy clay at the rate of 1.1 cm. per day to evapo- loam soil underlain with a 6-8 foot saline ration at the rate of 4.4 cm. per day. water table it was concluded that soil The evaporation and condensation rates moisture in the upper two feet may be correlate closely with the vapor pressure reduced to 10-15 percent field capacity difference between the water surface and with no significant reduction in yield. the bulk air. The data indicate that the rate of evaporation is more a function of (3879) CHARACTERIZATION OF THE "HOT SPOT" PROBLEM the capacity of air to take on moisture than IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS. of the escaping tendency of the water molecules. b) Laboratory project. The evaporation rate increases faster with c) Mr. Ronald R. Allen, Agricultural Engineer, increasing water temperature than does the P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas. vapor pressure of water itself. The (d) Experimental and field investigation - implication is that the latent heat of applied research. vaporization, the energy barrier to evapo- (e) The purpose of the study is to determine the ration, does not limit the evaporation rates extent of salinity problems; characterize in this study. and correlate the water table, soil, topographic and related measurable factors (4335) THE HYDRAULICS OF STRUCTURES USED IN SOIL associated with salinity problems in the AND WATER CONSERVATION WORKS. area. (g) Extensive water table observations show a See U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agri- fluctuating seasonally high saline water cultural Research Service, Soil and Water table beneath the area. The water table Conservation Research Division; Corn Belt and ground surfaces slope approximately Branch, Project 1723, and Illinois State one foot per mile to the northeast in the Water Survey Division Project No. 1865. general direction of the Gulf Coast. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the (3880) THE MICRODYNAMICS OF UNSATURATED MOISTURE Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. FLOW. (c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma. b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental and field investigation, applied c) Dr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist, P. 0. research for design. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas. (e) Experiments employ small scale models as d) Experimental, basic research. well as full size structures tested under e) The objectives are to obtain evidence on simulated natural conditions to develop the generality of the parabolic moisture designs for structures needed for soil distribution with respect to the interface and water conservation. Closed conduit of extraction and to Interpret unsaturated spillway entrances including drop Inlets, moisture flow in terms of molecular level hood inlets, and orifice plates are tested. mechanisms of flow. The experimental Debris guards are tested using full size technique is that of inducing moisture flow structures to provide verification of the by various techniques at a series of small models. 113 . . .

(g) Recent work included the testing of full (g) Data from 11 years of measurement are size pipe spillways with hood inlet on hand. entrances. Diameters of pipe tested ranged from 8 inches to 24 inches. (4340) SEDIMENT PRODUCTION, MOVEMENT AND DEPO- SITION IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA. (4336) DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF DEVICES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OP RUNOFF. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the (c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma. (c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Field Investigation, applied research. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma. lei Suspended sediment sampling and total Experimental, applied research. sediment transport determinations are made IS) The measuring devices tested are used in the at selected tributary and main stream hydrology research program of the Agri- locations In the Washita River Basin. These cultural Research Service. Sites for samples are analyzed for size distribution. runoff measuring stations are surveyed and then modeled in the laboratory. Proposed (4341) STREAM CHANNEL STABILIZATION AND SEDIMENT structures are placed in the model and CONTROL WORKS IN CHANNELS OF THE WASHITA tested to develop a satisfactory design. RIVER BASIN. The final design is calibrated by model tests. All current work is on specific (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the sites and no general experiments are done, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. (g) Model calibrations were made during the (c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, past year on a super-critical flow flume for P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma. measuring discharge rates up to 6000 c.f .s. Field investigation, applied research. lei Selected reaches of channels representing (4337) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW IN VEGETATION LINED different geologies, soils, and flow CHANNELS. regimes are being established for detailed studies of stream channel morphology. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Information is being obtained on cross- Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. sections, slopes, thalweg lengths, align- (c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. ments, vegetation, and bed and bank materials Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Any control works are completely identified Experimental, applied research. as to location, orientation, shape, size, and l.i Channels or portions of channels are built materials. Flow history will be recorded, full size on the outdoor hydraulic labora- including both water and sediment. Changes tory grounds. These are planted to the in channel conditions, or lack of change, vegetation being investigated and then will be related to flow history and other tested by flowing water at selected times. controlling factors for the development of Friction factors and permissible velocities criteria for stable channel design. (or tractive force values) are determined. In recent years the establishment phase of (4342) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING vegetal channels has received the greater RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE emphasis. This has included the evaluation WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA. of temporary, fabricated liners of Jute, glass fiber, and asphalt, (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the (g) Friction factor values and permissible Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. velocities for vegetation lined waterways (c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, which were found by this station now appear P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma. in many publications, including the Field investigation, applied research. "Handbook of Channel Design for Soil and I. A network of 170 recording precipitation Water Conservation," SCS-TP-61. gages has been established on a 3-mile grid in an 1100- square mile area in the (4338) HYDRAULICS OF UNSTEADY FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS. central portion of the Washita River Basin. The precipitation characteristics will be (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the analyzed to determine and evaluate precipi- Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. tation parameters useful in estimating (c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. runoff Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Experimental, applied research. (4343) RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN l.i Studies are made of unsteady flow phenomena THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA. occurring in the runoff process. Included are investigations of overland flow, (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the spatially varied unsteady flow In channels, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. and flood wave movement in channels. The (c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, initial phase of the study is an analytical P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma. one utilizing existing knowledge and theory. Field Investigation, applied research. This phase will be followed by a large lei Small watersheds generally not exceeding scale outdoor laboratory study to test 100 acres in size, each representing a single hypotheses and evaluate coefficients, soil-cover combination are being instrumented (f) In construction phase. to measure rainfall, runoff, and soil moisture. Information on the runoff (4339) RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL producing characteristics of the unit source AREAS IN THE RED PRAIRIE OF OKLAHOMA. areas will be useful in the development of equations for predicting runoff from (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the ungaged complex watersheds. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. (4344) RELATION OF INTEGRATED CLIMATIC AND WATER- Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma. SHED FACTORS TO STORM RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD (d) Field investigation, applied research for OF THE WASHITA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES, OKLA design. (e) Three watersheds, 17 acres, 92 acres, and (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the 206 acres in size and covered with native Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. grass, are instrumented to measure rainfall (o) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. and runoff. Annual water yield as well as Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma. peak flood flows are determined. Selected Field investigation, applied research. runoff events provide data for distribution lei A reach of the Washita River extending graphs or unit hydrograph development from Anadarko, Oklahoma, to Alex, Oklahoma,

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has been selected for study. This reach (4349) RELATION OF CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED FACTORS has a length of 80 river miles and a TO STORM RUNOFF AND TO WATER YIELD FROM drainage area along this length of 1120 AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE BLACKLANDS square miles. Gaging stations are being OF TEXAS. established near the mouth of 20 tributaries and at 6 sites along the main stem of the (b) Laboratory project. Washita River in this reach. V.'atershed (c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer, characteristics are being measured and P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas. defined. The watershed land use and (d) Field Investigation, applied research. structures development will be Inventoried (e) Thirty watersheds at the Blacklands Experi- periodically. Flood peaks, total flow and mental Watershed near Riesel, Texas, varying its rate-time distribution will be de- in size from approximately 3 acres to 5860 termined and related to climatic and land acres, have been equipped with precalibrated factors flumes or with current meter rated weirs to measure runoff rates. Precipitation is meas- (4345) EXPLORATORY STUDY OP THE REGIMES OF WASHITA ured by recording rain gages. The land RIVER MAIN STEM FLOWS. factors are determined by periodic inventory of crops, covers, and crop systems on the (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the land. Relationships between climatic and Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. land factors and the runoff produced are ana- (c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, lyzed to develop prediction methods for esti- P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma. mating storm peaks and water yields. dl Analysis of record, applied research, (h) Monthly summaries of rainfall and runoff,

< e) The flow history of the Washita River, maximum volumes of flow for selected periods Oklahoma, for the 10-year period 1941 to of time, and detailed data for selected 1950 is being analyzed to: (1) Determine runoff events are reported annually. Several parameters characterizing the regime flows analytical and interpretive reports have been prior to developm3nt of upstream flood published. abatement measures; and (2) establish a base for reference in defining any future (4350) RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN changes in flow regimes associated with THE BLACKLANDS OF TEXAS. conservation and treatment programs in tributary watersheds. b) Laboratory project. c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer, (4346) APUIFER-STREAMFLOW RELATIONS, GROUND WATER P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas. BUDGET, WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA. d) Field investigation, applied research. e) Twelve watersheds, approximately 3 acres in (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the size each, of single land use, crop or grass, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. are instrumented with H-type flumes to (c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. measure the runoff. The relationships between Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma. the runoff and the associated precipitation (d) Field investigation, applied research. as influenced by the land characteristics (e) The alluvia and underground flow system of are investigated. These relationships will the Washita River Basin are being defined facilitate the prediction of runoff from by use of drilling equipment and existing ungaged watersheds composed of combination well logs. Permeability coefficients will of these single soil-cover, sub-watersheds be determined and ground water observation or unit source areas. wells established. This is one part of a (h) Monthly summaries of rainfall and runoff, comprehensive research study of the total maximum volumes of flow for selected periods water budget in a portion of the Washita of time, and detailed data for selected River Basin. runoff events are reported annually.

(4347) AN INVESTIGATION OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF (4351) SEDIMENT YIELD IN RELATION TO CLIMATIC AND RELATIONSHIPS IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF THE WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY. AREAS IN THE TEXAS BLACKLANDS AND THE EDWARDS PLATEAU. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. bl Laboratory project. (c) Mr. R. R. Allen, Agricultural Engineer, c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas. (d) Field investigation, applied research for d) Field investigation, applied research. design. e) At the Blacklands Experimental Watershed (e) The project will provide data on runoff near Riesel, Texas, sediment yield measure- volumes needed for the design of drainage ments have been or are being made on systems for the flat, coastal areas. A twenty-four plots or watersheds varying 3250-acre, non-leveled, dry land tract is in size from one-quarter to 5860 acres. instrumented to measure rainfall and runoff. These sediment yields are correlated with Data are also obtained on land and soil precipitation, runoff, topography, soils, characteristics as well as the climatic land use, and conservation practices. The variables. data are analyzed to develop techniques and (f) Temporarily suspended. procedures fqr estimating sediment yield and sources from ungaged watersheds. On Lowry (4348) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING Draw in the Edwards Plateau area near RUNOFF FROM SELECTED AREAS IN TEXA.S. Sonora, Texas, sediment range lines have been established, in cooperation with Soil b) Laboratory project. Conservation Service, at two detention

i c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer, reservoir sites with drainage areas of 4.38 P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas. and 16.85 square miles. In addition, ar- d) Field investigation, applied research. rangements have been made for sampling the e) Rain gage networks are established on the flow from the reservoir spillways. Blacklands Experimental Watershed near Riesel, Texas, and on the Edwards Plateau (4352) RELATION OF CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED CHARACTER- near Sonora, Texas. Information is being ISTICS TO STORM RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD IN obtained on amounts, duration, seasonal THE EDWARDS PLATEAU AREA OF WEST CENTRAL distribution, and other characteristics of TEXAS. rainfall to the extent that the characteristics influence runoff from agricultural watersheds. b) Laboratory project. (f) The work at Sonora, Texas, was initiated in c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. 1961. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

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Field investigation, applied research. of decline is a function of the logarithm of (Si Five detention reservoirs in Lowrey Draw are the distance inland. The concentration of equipped with water level recorders. Runoff individual Ions determined, except calcium, volumes are measured by volume change in the follow the logarithmic relationship. reservoir. Rates of inflow can also be determined. The watersheds above the (4356) EFFECTS OF BENCHING AND TERRACING ON MOISTURE reservoirs range in size from 686 to 10787 CONSERVATION ON SLOPING HA ROLANDS OF THE acres. A current meter rated gaging station SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS. will be placed at the outlet of the Lowrey Draw watershed which has a drainage area of Laboratory project. 48 square miles. A rain gage network will 15! Mr. Victor L. Hauser, Agricultural Engineer, determine the precipitation over the area. Southwestern Great Plains Field Station, In addition to the development of the Bushland, Texas. rainfall-runoff relationship for this area, (d) Field investigation, applied and design a study will be made of the disposition of research the water temporarily stored in the (e) 1. To test the feasibility of altering the reservoirs configuration of the land to intercept, spread, and infiltrate surface runoff in (4353) EVALUATION OF OPERATION AND DESIGN CRITERIA contour basins. 2. To determine the extent OF OLD TILE DRAIN SYSTEMS. to which such intercepted runoff will add to available soil moisture supplies and how Laboratory project. such additional soil moisture may best be 15! Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural utilized for crop production. 3. To de- Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas. termine the relative value of the three Field investigation - applied research. types of terrace systems, conservation 15! A study to evaluate the effectiveness of benching, graded,' and level closed end for some old existing tile systems in draining moisture conservation and crop production. and leaching soils; to evaluate the 4. To measure runoff from well managed functioning of tile drains with and without contour farmed hardland soils. filter materials; and, to evaluate the (g) It has been found that graded and level adequacy of tile drain design criteria. terraces are equally effective in conserving (g) Additional tile lines up to 30 years old runoff water under semi-arid conditions have been examined by excavating to the where 10 or 11 months of fallow precade buried lines. Detailed studies of the planting either wheat or grain sorghum. It salinity status of the soil between tile has been found that the conservation bench lines and of drainage provided by tile terrace system is superior to either graded lines shows that most systems are only or level terraces In the conservation of partially effective. A pitot tube air runoff water. meter was fabricated and calibrated to meet (h) "Evaluation of the Zingg Conservation Bench a need for a device to measure flows in Terrace," by V. L. Hauser and M. B. Cox, burled tile lines. Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 462-464. (4354) INFILTRATION RATES AND PROFILE CHARACTER- "A Comparison of Level and Graded Terraces ISTICS IN RELATION TO THE OCCURRENCE OF In the Southern High Plains," by V. L. SALINITY. Hauser, C. E. Van Doren, and J. S. Robins, Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 5, No. 1, Laboratory project. pp. 75-77. 15) Mr. Leon Lyles, Research Agricultural Engineer, or Dr. Craig Wiegand, Research (4357) EFFECT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS AND CLIMATE ON Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, RUNOFF, EROSION, AND CROP YIELDS UNDER Texas BLACKLAND CONDITIONS. Field investigation; applied research. The purpose of the work is to relate Laboratory project. infiltration rates to the occurrence of 15! Mr. D. W. Fryrear, Agricultural Engineer, salt-affected profiles. Infiltration P. 0. Box 748, Temple, Texas. rates are to be determined on about a Experimental - applied research. dozen salt affected and adjacent non-affected 15! Runoff and soil loss are measured from 12 profile pairs which have been chemically field scale (1 1/2 acre) plots representing and physically characterized. The infil- a typical cultivated slope of Blackland tration rates will be related statistically Prairie soils. The plots are in three to the severity of salinization and to the cropping systems with row cropping every chemical and physical properties of the year, in alternate years, and every third profiles. year. By taking soil moisture and crop (S) The infiltration rate during the 15 minute residue measurements, in the future the to 5 hour time interval ranged from 0.35 interactions of varying climatic influences to 3.96 inches per hour. Electrical with crops and management are determined as conductivity of saturation extracts from the a basis for determining runoff and erosion surface 3 inches of soil at these sites on farms and watersheds. were 51 and 0.7 mmhos. per cm., respectively. (g) Soil moisture is the dominant factor influ- The multiple regression analysis relating encing runoff in the Blackland soils. infiltration rate to the chemical and Erosion per unit of runoff is strongly physical properties of the profile is yet to influenced by surface residues as well as be completed. live crop growth. Early stands of grain sorghum are thick and by keeping residues on (4355) CONCENTRATIONS OF SALTS IN RAINWATER ACROSS the surface erosion from grain sorghum has THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY. been about one-half as much as from corn or cotton and only slightly more than oats. Laboratory project. 15! Mr. Leon Lyles, Research Agricultural (4844) TESTING OF MATERIALS FOR IMPROVED SUB- Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas. SURFACE DRAINAGE. Field investigation - basic research. 15! The project was a rain water sampling study Laboratory project. to determine the quantity of salts present 15! Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural in rain water of varying storm types at the Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas. coast line and extending inland approxi- Experimental; applied research. mately 90 miles. 15! Laboratory tank studies will be made to Completed. evaluate drainage materials with particular A decrease in salt concentration of rainfall emphasis on filters and new drain tube was observed with distance inland. The rate materials. One or more field installations

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will be made In which drainage materials will P. 0. Box 748, Temple, Texas. be compared and evaluated. Electric Field investigation; applied research. analogue studies will be made for predicting ft) Eight individual terrace fields on flow rates into tile lines. characterized Blackland Prairie soils are (g) Data are being taken but have not yet been managed by 2 tillage systems in a 2-year summarized. rotation of cotton-wheat with crop growth and yields and soil characteristics (4845) SOIL-WATER-PLANT RELATIONS OP IRRIGATED determined, and with rainfall and runoff COTTON AS INFLUENCED BY DEPTH TO WATER TABLE. gauging on 4 terraces. (g) Nine years of data show no consistent or Laboratory project. significant difference between the runoff IS! Mr. L. N. Namken, Research Soil Scientist, from trash-mulch tillage versus clean, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas. conventional tillage. Field investigation; applied research. IS A set of thirty-six lysimeters, one meter (4848) GRADED FURROWS FOR REDUCING WATER EROSION. square and ten feet deep, are being utilized to study the influence of soil moisture level, Laboratory project. water table depth and water table salt level ft) Mr. D. W. Fryrear, Agricultural Engineer, treatments on evapotranspiration, vegetative P. 0. Box 748, Temple, Texas. growth and yield of cotton. The objectives Field investigation; applied research. of the project are: (1) To determine the ft! Forty-inch furrows are planted on a 1 percent contribution of a water table to the water grade. The amount of runoff and soil loss requirement of cotton; (2) to study soil from the furrows will be measured along moisture use and extraction by cotton as with rainfall intensities, soil moisture, influenced by various water table depths; and surface residues. If the furrows carry and (3) to study the effect of water table all the water that falls In them, the salt concentration on salt movement and recommended terrace spacing could be moisture uptake by the cotton plant. increased. (f) Now being initiated. (4846) CROPPING SYSTEMS AND TILLAGE METHODS FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION IN CONNECTION (4849) EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE METHODS FOR THE WITH WHEAT PRODUCTION NONIRRIGATED AREA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS. Laboratory project. ft) Mr. M. B. Cox, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Laboratory project. Box 128, Cherokee, Oklahoma. ft! Mr. Ronald R. Allen, Agricultural Engineer, Field investigation; applied research. or Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricul- ft) Comparison of clean tillage versus stubble tural Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, mulch tillage on continuous wheat with and Texas. without nitrogen fertilizer, and rotations (d) Experimental and field investigation; of three years wheat with three years applied research. alfalfa. Plowing to 12 inches was done in (e) The purpose of the study is to compare the 1955 to disrupt the plow pan on half of all effectiveness and cost of Installation plots. The purpose of the project is to operation and maintenance of three drainage evaluate stubble mulch tillage and deep methods; open drain ditches, subsurface plowing with different cultural practices drain tile, and drainage wells in reduction for increasing water infiltration, reducing of soil salinity and control of a ground runoff, controlling erosion, and improving water table. crop production. (S) Deep plowing reduced runoff the first year approximately 25$, the second year about ~LS% and the third year about 5%, the U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL following years there was no measurable RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation difference. There was no measurable dif- Research Division. ference in crop production. Spring application of nitrogen has materially reduced SOUTHWEST BRANCH, P. 0. Box 2326, Riverside, Calif., runoff and increased wheat production. Mr. W. W. Donnan, Branch Chief. Runoff is reduced by stubble mulch during the fall season but not in the spring. [151) LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS. Runoff is reduced and wheat production is increased the first and second years of w Laboratory project, in cooperation with the wheat following three years of alfalfa. Utah State University and Bureau of (h) "Stubble Mulch and Other Cultural Practices Reclamation. for Moisture Conservation and Wheat (c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, Utah Production at the Wheatland Conservation State University, Mechanic Arts, 130, Logan, Experiment Station, Cherokee, Okla.," by Utah. Harley A. Daniel, Maurice B. Cox, and Experimental; basic and applied research. Harry M. Elwell, USDA Production Research ft! Linings for irrigation canals and Report No. 6, October 1956. reservoirs are being tested to develop "Rainfall-runoff Relations on Wheatland," more effective and lower cost methods of Maurice B. Cox, Agricultural Engineering, reducing seepage losses in irrigation Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 117-119, February 1956. systems. The investigation included: (1) "Design of Plots Conforming to the Land Evaluation of physical properties of lining for Evaluating Moisture Conservation materials; (2) model testing of linings In Practices," by Harley A. Daniel, Maurice an outdoor laboratory; and (3) field testing B. Cox, Billy B. Tucker, and Frank G. Viets, at selected sites to determine relative Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, durability under varying subgrade and Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 347-350, May-June 1957. climatic conditions. "Effect of Land Treatment on Runoff at (g) After over eight years both 8-mil vinyl and Cherokee, Oklahoma," by W. G. Knisel, M. B. polyethylene films installed as buried Cox, and B. B. Tucker, Oklahoma Agricultural linings are providing almost complete Experiment Station Bulletin B-583. seepage control. Four-mil films are becoming somewhat less effective as seepage (4847) EFFECT OF SURFACE CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT barriers but are still relatively water- ON RUNOFF, EROSION, CROP YIELDS, AND SOIL tight . PROPERTIES. (2117) WATER REQUIREMENTS IN IRRIGATED AREAS OF Laboratory project. SOUTHWEST. ft) Mr. D. W. Fryrear, Agricultural Engineer, (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with State

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and Federal agencies. (2650) EFFECT OF WATER TABLE DEPTH ON IRRIGATION (c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Agricultural Engineer, REQUIREMENTS AND YIELD OF LAHONTAN ALFALFA. P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada. (b) Laboratory project, In cooperation with the (d) Field experiments and office analysis. Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station. Applied research. (c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, (e) To determine the consumptive use of water Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada. by crops, phreatophytes, and other d) Experimental; applied research. vegetation, and net Irrigation supply re- e) To determine surface-irrigation requirements quirements. To develop empirical formula of Lahontan alfalfa grown on three soil from cllmatologlcal and other data for de- textures with constant water tables at termining rates of consumptive use. various depths, and on well-drained soil in (h) "Determining Consumptive Use and Irrigation the absence of a water table; to determine Requirements," by Harry F. Blaney and Wayne the effect of plant growth stage on the rate D. Criddle, U.S.D.A. Tech. Bui. No. 1275. of water use by Lahontan alfalfa; to determine the relation between the use of water (2180) EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS AND by alfalfa under various water table condi- LAKES. tions, evaporation from porous atmometer bulbs, and evaporation from a Weather Bureau (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with State evaporation pan; and to evaluate the effects of California, counties and other agencies. of a fluctuating water table on the yield (c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Agricultural Engineer, and growth rate of alfalfa. P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, (g) The seasonal values Indicate that: (1) The Nevada. consumptive use and yield of alfalfa for the (d) Experimental; compilation and analysis of non-irrigated treatments decreased as the data. Applied research. depth to water table Increased; (2) the (e) To determine evaporation losses from non-irrigated lysimeters show a lower reservoirs and lakes and develop empirical consumptive use and yield than the irrigated formulas from cllmatologlcal data for lysimeters in most Instances; (3) the computing monthly evaporation. Cooperative consumptive use and yield of the drained field measurements are being made of pan irrigated treatments are comparable to the evaporation at stations in California values measured for the eight-foot water ranging from near sea level in Santa Barbara table, non-irrigated treatment; and (4) the County to 9,194 feet elevation at Kaiser differences due to water table depth are Pass in the Sierra-Nevada Mountains. less for the non-irrigated treatments. Alfalfa plants, grown on a sandy loam soil, (2181) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER FOR can stand submergence for three days without IRRIGATION IN CALIFORNIA. a reduction in yield. (h) "Equipment for Controlled Water Table Inves- (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the tigations," Rhys Tovey and W. C. Bianchi, California Department of Water Resources. Transactions American Society of Agricul- (c) Mr. Leonard Schiff, Hydraulic Engineer, tural Engineers, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 126 and 4816 East Shields Avenue, Fresno 3, Calif. 127, 1961. (d) Experimental; laboratory and field investi- "Consumptive Use and Yield of Alfalfa Grown gations, applied research. in the Presence of Static Water Tables," (e) To efficiently store imported water under- Rhys Tovey. Submitted for Division approval;

ground in quantity and of a qualty needed to be published as Nevada Agric . Exp. Sta. in various locations. The objectives are: Tech. Bui. (1) To determine the physical and chemical characteristics of surface soil and sub- (2651) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NORTH SHORE strata on selected recharge sites and to AREA OF CARSON LAKE, NEVADA. relate these characteristics to infiltration and percolation rates, and to lateral (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the aquifer flow; (2) to determine the feasi- Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station. bility of recharge irrigation (deep perco- (c) Mr. Anthony S. Dylla, Agricultural Engineer, lation by heavy irrigation of crops) as a Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada. means of storing water underground; (3) to d) Field and applied research. determine the effect on recharge of the e) To determine the causes for drainage quality of water reaching the groundwater problems in the study area, to develop table under selected site conditions, and equipment and techniques suited to conditions on the quality of the groundwater; in the study area which will permit deter- and (4) to prepare a recharge guide which mining qualitative and, if possible, permits the evaluation of a site for quantitative relationships between causes recharge, suggests methods and systems of for drainage problems in the study area and recharge to be used and indicates the in other similar areas; to develop physical- quality of groundwater that may be expected ly and economically feasible methods of as a result of recharge, correcting or alleviating problems in the (h) "Effect of Filtering on Model Recharge study area and in other similar areas. Wells," by Leonard Schiff, Proc. Amer. Soc. (g) Canal seepage measurements are being ana- Civil Engrs., IR 4, Dec. 1961. lyzed for relationship to high water table "Ground Water Recharge Methods Based on build-up. Results of Investigative borings Site Characteristics and on Sediment in are being compiled for determination of cor- Flood Water," by Leonard Schiff, approved rective drainage measures. Hydraulic con- by SWCRD for 1963 Tokyo meeting International ductivity and specific yield data are being Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. compiled for design of corrective drainage "The Hydraulic Conductivity of Selected measures. Plastic lined mole drains are Uniform, Stratified and Mixed Sands with being studied as a possible economical Emphasis on Ground Water Recharge Problems," drainage problem. Well, piezometer, and by Jerold J. Behnke and Leonard Schiff, in irrigation efficiency data are being com- press for Dec. 1962 AGU meeting. piled for analyzing the cause for drainage "Effects of Prolonged Irrigation on Cotton," problems by E. E. Haskell, Jr. and W. C. Bianchi, (h) 'Experimental Plastic Drains in Nevada," accepted for publication in Agronomy Journal. by A. S. Dylla, Agricultural Engineer, Nev. "Ground VJater Recharge Hydrology, " Leonard Agri. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 228 (2nd Press). Schiff, submitted for Agronomy Monograph, A.S.A. (3212) THE HYDRAULICS OF CYLINDER INFILTROMETERS. "Ground Water Recharge and Storage," by D. C. Muckel and L. Schiff, submitted for (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the Agronomy Monograph, Chapter 8. California Agricultural Experiment Station,

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Davis, California. B. Rollins, Merrill J. Hallam, and Victor I. (c) Mr. D. C. Muckel, Agricultural Engineer, Myers. Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer., Vol. 25, P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, pp. 407-409, September - October 1961. Nevada. (d) Experimental and basic research and develop- (3560) EVAPOTRANSP I RATION OF HUMBOLDT MEADOW

mental . VEGETATION AS MEASURED WITH LYSIMETERS. (e) This is a three dimension model study of the hydraulics of Cylinder-type infiltro- b) Laboratory project.

meter to determine the flow regime of this i c) Mr. Anthony S. Dylla, Agricultural Engineer, device, the necessity for buffer cylinders, P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, the effect of diameter on its function, the Nevada. effect of methods and depths of placement (e) To measure the evapo-transpiration of on results, the effect of location of less meadow vegetation in the Humboldt Basin area permeable soil strata in relation to depth which subsists primarily under shallow water of placement of inf lltrometer, and the table conditions. The data will be used to effect of various operational techniques on determine areal use of ground waters by reliability of results. native vegetation and phreatophytes and to f) Completed, develop methods of more efficient utilization

i h) Report in preparation. of those water supplies. (g) Evapo-transplrational rates are being obtained (3556) FARM CONVEYANCE AND WATER APPLICATIONS. by water use measurements of meadow grasses growing in plastic lysimeters. Vegetative (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the growth, soil moisture, water table, and Utah State University. weather data are being collected to which (c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, Utah evapo-transpiration rates from tanks can be State University, Mechanic Arts, 130, Logan related. Utah. (h) "Plastic Membrane Tanks for Evapotrans- d) Experimental; basic and applied research. piration Determinations," by A. S. Dylla and

! e) New methods and equipment for conveying and Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineering, Vol. applying irrigation water are being 43, No. 10, pp. 585, 1962. developed. The hydraulic properties of lay- flat tubing are being studied and new (3868) MECHANISMS AND MATHEMATICS OF WATER MOVEMENT materials are being evaluated to determine IN UNSATURATED SOIL. their use in conveyance structures. (g) Work continued on the design and testing of b) Laboratory project. a free-flowing hopper section for subgrade- c) Dr. W. R. Gardner, U. S. Salinity Laboratory guided slipforms. The feature of the Post Office Box 67 2, Riverside, California. hopper section which facilitates the flow d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

is a half conical section. This creates a i e) Improved techniques for measuring the water diverging flow pattern that eliminates the transmitting properties of soils are being arching and bridging associated with flow sought. The effect of temperature on these in hoppers of conventional design. properties is being studied. A mathematical A gate valve has been developed and found treatment of evaporation of water from soil to provide an effective watertight diversion is being developed and tested and the re- structure. This gate promises to be low in distribution of water in soil after infil- cost and simple to operate. A report on tration is being studied experimentally. this valve is scheduled to be released in (g) Equations predicting the rate of drying from the near future bare soil as a function of potential evapo- (h) "New Slipform uses Free-Flow Hopper," by ration and soil water content haye been Frank W. Haws and C. W. Lauritzen, Farm & developed and tested for nearly isothermal Home Science, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 63-65, conditions. A relatively rapid method for Sept. 1962, publication of Utah State Univ., measuring unsaturated conductivity in the Agricultural Experiment Station. tensiometer range has been devised. "Standardization of Canal Cross Section," (h) "Unsaturated Conductivity and Dlffusivity by C. W. Lauritzen, Seventh Indian Standards Measurements by a Constant Flux Method," Convention Proceedings, Calcutta, India. W. R. Gradner, and F. J. Miklich. Soil Sci. "Hydraulics and Geometrical Relationships of 93: 271-274, 1962. Lay-Flat Irrigation Tubing," by A. S. "Note on the Separation and Solution of Humphreys and C. W. Lauritzen, USDA Tech. Diffusion Type Equations," by W. R. Gardner. Bulletin, (In Press). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 26: 404, 1962. "The Relation of External Evaporative Condi- (3558) LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF THE SEDIMENT tions to the Drying of Soils," by W. R. SEALING PROCESS. Gardner and D. I. Hillel. J. Geophy. Res. 67: 4319-4325, 1962. (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station. (3872) DYNAMIC SIMILARITY IN PIPE ELBOW FLOW METERS. (c) Mr. Myron B. Rollins, Soil Scientist, Agri- cultural Research Service, P. 0. Box 8014, b) Laboratory project. University Station, Reno, Nevada. c) Mr. Lloyd E. Myers, Director, Water Conser- d) Experimental; applied research. vation Laboratory, Route 2, Box 816-A, Tempe, e) To determine factors influencing sediment Arizona. penetration and retention involved with d) Experimental; applied research.

sealing irrigation canals or reservoirs with 1 e) The objective of the study is the develop- seepage transported bentonite, and to ment of means for obtaining dynamic similari- develop procedures to obtain effective seals. ty in pipe elbow flow meters to permit the Experimentation is being done with sands use of standard rating curves. ASA, class placed in lucite cylinders 3 inches in 125 cast iron 90 degrees flanged, 3 n long and diameter and 2 feet long. Bentonite is short radius elbows made by five different applied by dispersing it in the water, manufacturers have been calibrated under percolation carries the bentonite down into normal flow conditions. Magnitude of errors the sand profile. Numerous aspects con- caused by flow disturbances from various cerning the chemical, physical and miner- fittings and installations were determined. alogical properties of the bentonites, waters, Larger diameter cast iron elbows and dif- and sands will be evaluated. ferent type elbows are being investigated. (g) Investigations, to date, suggest that ef- (g) Comparison of rating curves for the 3-inch fective seals can be obtained within certain cast iron elbows gave results within plus unknown limitations. or minus 3 percent under normal flow condi- (h) "The Apparent Swelling Behavior of Some tions. Moderately Dispersed Bentonites," by Myron 119 ......

(3873) GROUND COVERS AND OTHER STRUCTURES FOR Include a leaching program as part of the COLLECTING AND STORING PRECIPITATION. irrigation practice. The plot studies have, in the first season, indicated the influence (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the of but moderate concentration of salts upon Utah State University. productivity. (c) Dr. C. W. Laurltzen, Soil Scientist, Utah State University, Mechanics Art, 130, Logan, (4358) FLOOD WAVE MOVEMENT AND ROUTING IN ALLUVIAL Utah. CHANNELS. d) Experimental and applied research. e) There are areas in many regions where water (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the for livestock and even culinary uses Is Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment scarce or nonexistent, yet considerable water Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation in the form of precipitation falls each Service year. As an example, the precipitation on (c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer, one acre of land in an 8-lnch rainfall area P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona. amounts to 217,248 gallons. This is enough d) Experimental, field investigation. to supply water to more than 200 head of < e) Water level recorders are located at 2,000- cattle for 100 days. This study includes foot intervals in a 3-mile reach of natural the development and testing of materials for channel. The reach has a gaging flume at ground covers and storage facilities to be the Inlet and at the outlet, and major used for the collection and storage of tributary Inflow Is gaged. Flood waves water in low rainfall areas together with generated by cloudburst type thunderstorms the design and operation of these facilities. are being studied. (g) Tests of ground cover materials have shown (g) Only one moderately high discharge event that butyl sheeting is highly satisfactory has occurred since the channel reach has for this purpose. It has good aging proper- been instrumented (P = 1,000 c.f.s.). Top- ties, is easy to install, and requires riding translatory waves moved through the minimum site preparation, although the ma- reach at velocities up to 25 feet per terial is relatively expensive. Asphalt- second coated Jute fabrics are less expensive but more costly to install and probably have a (4359) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING shorter service life. After several years RUNOFF FROM SEMIARID WATERSHEDS. of test, they are still effective and should not be overlooked. A new high molecular (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the polymer asphalt blend structure, although Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment evaluated for less than a year, looks Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation promising and has the advantage of being low Service In cost. (c) Mr. H. B. Osborn, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Evaporation-free storage of water collected Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona. from ground covers has been provided by (d) Experimental, field and laboratory; basic butyl bags at an ititial cost of less than research 3 cents per gallon. (e) Raingage networks with densities of one (h) "Trapping Water," by C. W. Laurltzen, recording gage per square mile are being Western Livestock Journal, Pacific Slope operated on the 58-square-mile Walnut Gulch Edition, Vol. 40, No. 9, p. 24, January 1962. watershed in southeastern Arizona and the "Graze More Range with New Water-Saving 67-square-mile Alamogordo Creek watershed Idea," by C. W. Laurltzen Ford Farming, in northeastern New Mexico. The walnut p. 22, 1962. Publication of Ford Motor Gulch study is augmented by horizontal- Company, Dearborn, Michigan. search 3-cm. radar. Objectives of the study "Capturing Precipitation," by C. W. Laurltzen, are to determine precipitation parameters Annual Bulletin, International Commission of of importance in predicting runoff and Irrigation and Drainage, (In Press) sediment yield, and to give particular attention to the small area, highly intense, (3874) INFLUENCE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER UPON convective summer thunderstorms typical of IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE IN THE SAN JACINTO the region, BASIN, CALIFORNIA. (g) Return frequencies on the Walnut Gulch watershed, computed from three years of b) Laboratory project. record for 55 ralngages, were identical c) Mr. Luther B. Grass, Soil Chemist, P. 0. with those computed from 61 years of record Box 629, Pomona, California. at a point located near the center of the d) Experimental. watershed. This indicates the convective e) A study of the use of Colorado River Water thunderstorms occur in a random fashion on for irrigation applicable to the intermediate the Walnut Gulch watershed. In consecutive valley and plains areas of southern Calif, years (1960 and 1961), on the Alamogordo is being conducted in two ways. First, in Creek watershed, convective thunderstorms 1954 a group of key soil sampling stations occurred that had intensities for time were selected and sampled annually. The soil intervals through 20 minutes greater than analyses were compared with previous any reported by first order Weather Bureau analyses, annual rainfall patterns and Stations in the United States. Identical cropping practices. The second study, volumes of 3.09 inches were recorded in a initiated in 1960, encompasses a plot 15-minute period for each event. program in which potatoes and grain are grown in a three-year rotation. One-half (4360) RUNOFF FROM COMPLEX WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED of the plots were presalinized. Only suf- BY CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS ficient water to supply evapotransplration is applied to one group of plots, while to (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the the second an excess of 20 percent evapo- Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment transpitation demands is applied. Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation (g) Key salinity trend stations have revealed Service during the past ten years that soil salinity (c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer, has increased gradually in areas irrigated P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona. with Colorado River water. Winter rainfall d) Experimental; applied research. has a very marked influence upon this rate e) On semiarid rangeland watersheds up to of accumulation. A winter of substantially 43,000 acres in size, runoff measurements above normal rainfall will do much to leach are being maintained, and an attempt is the accumulated salts from the soil. being made to relate water yield to However, on an average annual basis rainfall climatic and watershed characteristics, and is not a dependable means of leaching. to evaluate the effects of a range program Consequently, the farm operation must on rates and amounts of flood runoff and on

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net water yields. A new design of critical cover. depth flume with capacities up to 18,500 cfs is being used to gage the flashy, (4363) HYDROLOGIC DATA REDUCTION WITH ANALOG-TO- sediment-laden flows. DIGITAL CONVERTER. (g) On 5 Walnut Gulch watersheds ranging from 560 to 36,900 acres, water yield decreases (b) Laboratory projects, cooperative with the exponentially with the 0.3 power of the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experi- watershed size. All of the water yields to ment Stations. date have occurred from June to September (c) Mr. H. B. Osborn, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. as a result of intense convective thunder- Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona. storms. On the Alamogordo Creek Watershed d) Experimental; laboratory.

(43,000 acres), flow events originating on ! e) Hydrologic records in analog form are being the central portion of the valley floor reduced to digital form by means of an cause a flat-top hydrograph with a sustained automatic analog to digital converter. peak lasting 2 to 3 huurs. It is believed Information lis transferred primarily from that this is caused by unusually large rainfall charts to punched cards for future valley storage located upstream from a computer programs. channel discontinuity. (h) "Use of Chart Readers for Analog to Digital (h) "Field Performance of Large Critical Depth Conversion of Hydrologic Data," by Herbert Plumes for Measuring Runoff from Semiarid B. Osborn, ARS-41-81. In press. Rangelands," by Osborn, H. B., Keppel, R. V., and Renard, K. G., ARS-41-69. In press. (4364) RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT MOVEMENT ON UNIT SOURCE WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED BY MICRO- (4361) THE ROLE OP VALLEY AND CHANNEL MATERIALS CLIMATE, WATER BALANCE, SOIL AND VEGETATION. AND VEGETATION IN THE HYDROLOGY OF SEMI- ARID WATERSHEDS. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experi- (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the ment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conser- Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural vation Service. Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil (c) Mr. H. B. Osborn, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Conservation Service. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona. (c) Mr. K. G. Renard, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. (d) Experimental, field and laboratory. Basic Box 213, Tombstone, Arizona. research d) Experimental, field investigation. (e) Runoff and sediment yields are being

! e) Measurements from tandem gaging stations are measured from several small, single soil- utilized to evaluate the losses that occur cover subwatersheds located within larger as runoff traverses ephemeral stream experimental watersheds having mixed soil- channels. Records from shallow wells show cover situations. Objectives are to eval- depletion patterns of the transmission uate the effects of various, soil-vegetation loss water. complexes, microclimate and water balance (g) Losses up to 25 acre feet per mile of phases on local runoff and sediment pro- channel have been measured on one reach of duction, and to identify and characterize channel in a single flash flood. Prelimi- unit source-areas controlling the net storm nary evidence indicates that most of the runoff and sediment yields of larger, more water is disposed of through evaporation or complex watersheds. transpiration, and that little of it reaches (g) Average annual sediment yield from small the regional water table. predominantly grass-covered watersheds is (h) "Transmission Losses in Ephemeral Stream about 1%, by weight, of their water yield. Beds," by R. V. Keppel, and K. G. Renard, Sediment yield measured from predominantly Journal of the Hydraulics Div. ASCE HY 5 p. brush-covered watersheds ranges from around 60-68. May 1962. 2%, by weight, of water yield upward. "Performance of Local Aquifers as Influ- enced by Stream Transmission Losses and (4365) SEDIMENT MOVEMENT ON COMPLEX WATERSHEDS AS Riprarian Vegetation," by K. G. Renard, INFLUENCED BY CLIMATE AND WATERSHED CHARAC- R. V. Keppel, and J. J. Hickey, Paper No. TERISTICS. 62-705, presented at ASAE Winter Meeting, December 1962. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experi- (4362) THE HYDROLOGY OP SEMI-ARID WATERSHEDS AS ment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conser- INFLUENCED BY CHARACTERISTICS OP SOIL AND vation Service. NATIVE VEGETATION. (c) Mr. K. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona. (b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Ariz, (d) Experimental, field and laboratory. and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment (e) The objectives of this study are: (1) to Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation determine the relationship of sediment Service. production on unit source areas to sediment (c) Dr. J. L. Gardner, Botanist, P. 0. Box 3926, yield from complex watersheds, (2) to Tucson, Arizona. adapt or develop methods for measuring (d) Experimental, field and laboratory. Basic sediment concentrations from the silt-laden research. ephemeral streams of the Southwest, (3) (e) Interrelations of soils and native vege- to determine the rates and influencing tation as they influence water and sediment factors in the sedimentation of stock yield are being evaluated on rangeland watering ponds and, (4) to develop methods watersheds of 100 to 43,000 acres in for reducing sediment yields from complex Arizona and New Mexico. Supplementary to rangeland watersheds. Laboratory investi- studies on entire watersheds, inf lltrometer gations are being conducted using an elec- studies on 6 x 12' plots are in progress. trical capacitance sensing element to A primary objective of the inf lltrometer measure sediment concentrations. studies is determination of parameters of rangeland vegetation most effective in (4366) RAINFALL CONTRIBUTION TO GROUND WATER evaluating its influences on runoff and SUPPLIES AT SELECTED SITES IN SANTA BARBARA sediment production on watersheds. COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. (g) On the inf lltrometer plots, maximum runoff is reached in about half the time on (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Santa areas supporting brush as compared to those Barbara County Water Agency; U. S. Geologi- supporting grass. On small watersheds above cal Survey; California State Department of stock tanks, average annual sediment pro- Water Resources; and U. S. Bureau of duction -- but not runoff — is logarith- Reclamation. mically correlated with basal area of grass (c) Mr. G. P. Lawless, Soil Scientist, P. 0.

121 . .

Box E, Lompoc, California. or Transactions. (Article based on ASAE d) Basic and applied research. paper, published in March issue of Irri- e) Soil moisture measurements (made with gation Engineering and Maintenance magazine). neutron scattering moisture meters to depths of ten to twenty-eight feet) to- (4850) WATERSHED RELATIONS TO RECHARGE OF DIRECTLY gether with measurements of precipitation ASSOCIATED GROUND WATER BASINS. and other climatological factors are being made to determine how much, if any, of the (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Calif. rainfall in certain ground water recharge Dept. of Water Resources, California Agric. areas penetrates beyond the root zone. The Experiment Station, and the U. S. Soil Con- thirteen sites being studied represent servation Service. various cover, soil, and topographic con- (c) Mr. Paul R. Nixon, Agricultural Engineer, ditions. Prom the data collected, evapo- P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, California. transpiration rates are determined. A d) Basic and applied research.

study Is made of movement of water in ! e) Soil moisture measurements (made with various soils to help determine net con- neutron scattering moisture meters to tribution to ground water recharge by depths of ten to twenty-eight feet) together deeply penetrating rainwater. with measurements of precipitation and other f) Completed. climatological factors are being na de on a g) Downward translocation of moisture has been watershed near Lompoc, California, to de- observed to continue during the dry season termine how much, if any, of the rainfall in following winter precipitation. This certain areas penetrates beyond the root zone migration of moisture in unsaturated soil to recharge groundwater. The thirteen sites has been observed in all soils studied but now being studied represent various cover, is most pronounced in sandy soil. soil, and topographic conditions. A study (h) Summarizing report of six years of field is made of movement of water in various observations is near completion. soils to help determlre net contribution to ground water recharge by deeply pene- (4367) CONSUMPTIVE USE OP WATER AS RELATED TO trating rainwater. A technique for pre- PACIFIC COASTAL CLIMATIC INFLUENCE. dicting ground water recharge by deep penetration of rainwater is being developed (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Santa which will provide probability estimates of Barbara County Water Agency; U. S. Geologi- seasonal recharge based site conditions and cal Survey; California State Department of climatological records. Water Resources; and U. S. Bureau of Recla- (f) New project extending from No. 4366 (com-

mation . pleted) . (c) Mr. P. R. Nixon, Agricultural Engineer, (g) Downward translocation of moisture has been P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, California. observed to continue during the dry season d) Basic and applied research. following winter precipitation. The magni- e) Soil moisture and soil suction measurements tude of this migration is predictable and are made on land In native vegetation and amount of downward movement of moisture agricultural crops under central California through the root zone can be estimated coastal and nearby environments. From these fairly accurately without the benefit of and other data, evapotranspiration Is com- periodic moisture determinations; provided puted. Evapotranspiration values are monthly precipitation data are available and compared with observations made at five the range of available moisture in the root climate stations of USWB Class A type. zone is known. Objectives include basic information and refinement of present methods of computing (4851) WATERSHED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION LOSSES IN evapotranspiration, for development of CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA improved management techniques for agricultural watersheds and associated ground (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Calif. water basins along the coast. Dept. of Water Resources, California Agric. fl Completed. Experiment Station, and the U. S. Soil Con- g) Rather marked increase in evapotranspiration servation Service. rates have been observed as distance (c) Mr. G. Paul Lawless, Soil Scientist, P. 0. increases from four to twenty-eight miles Box E, Lompoc, California. from the ocean. These rates are noticeably (d) Experimental and field investigation, basic related to measurable climatic factors, and applied research. (h) Summarizing report of six years of field (e) Measurements of soil moisture content are observations is near completion. being made at 13 neutron scatter metering sites on a watershed near Lompoc, Calif. (4368) DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE IRRIGATION Soil suction is measured at one site by

SPRINKLER EVALUATION DEVICE. tensiometers . Precipitation is measured within a complex of four of the soil moisture (b) U. 3. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural sites. Outside of the watershed, in a plot Research Service, Soil and Water Conser- (approx. one acre) of perennial ryegrass, vation Research Division. soil moisture data are obtained by an elec- (c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, tronically weighing lysimeter, neutron Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada. scatter meter, tensiometers and moisture (d) Experimental; applied research. blocks. Soil temperature, soil heat flux, (e) (1) To develop a portable device that can drainage from the lysimeter, wind velocity be used in the design and evaluation of and direction, solar, total hemispherical, sprinkler irrigation systems and (2) to and net radiation, albedo, air temperature determine procedures for the use of the and humidity are measured in or near the portable irrigation sprinkler evaluation lysimeter. Most of this data is automati- device In measuring soil intake rates, cally recorded. Data is also obtained from sprinkler application rates and other an adjoining USWB class A type climate factors pertinent to the efficient design station, which contains extra Instruments of sprinkler irrigation systems. consisting of a hygrothermograph, spherical (g) A portable irrigation sprinkler evaluation atmometers, and recording rain gage. Purpose device has been designed and constructed. of this work is to determine the relationship Tests show that the device works satis- between evapotranspiration and various cli- factorily. matic, soil, and plant influences as these (h) "A Portable Irrigation Sprinkler Evaluation relationships affect watershed performance Device," Rhys Tovey, paper presented at the with respect to net water yield.

winter meeting of American Society of (f ) New project extending from No. 4367

Agricultural Engineers, Dec. 1961 and ( completed) submitted for publication in ASAE Journal (g) During the long dry season, brush oak trees, . . .

and grassweed ground cover use practically (4855) THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBERGLASS MAT all of the avialable soil moisture In their MATERIALS AS FILTERS FOR SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE root zones. This is to 20 feet or more in SYSTEMS the cases of brush and oak trees, and about 8 feet for grass-weed. Evapotranspiration (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the rates are highest in the spring following U. S. Soil Conservation Service. the winter rains, because much of the avail- (c) Mr. Hollis Shull, Agri. Engr., Southwestern able water is quickly used, decrease by mid- Irrigation Field Station, Brawley, Calif. summer to very low rates. The electronic d) Experimental. lysimeter was only recently installed, and e) A study is being conducted in the laboratory no results are available at this time. to determine the water permeability of fiberglass mat materials and to determine (4852) SEDIMENT SOURCES AND DELIVERY CHARACTER- their filtering characteristics. Sand and ISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN CENTRAL gravel filter materials have been used for & SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. many years as an envelope around agricultural drain tile lines. The purpose is to (.*) Laboratory project in cooperation with the prevent silting of the lines and to provide U. S. SCS, Calif. Water Resources Dept., and stability of tile alignment. In many irri- the Calif. Agric. Experiment Station. gated areas where the drainage is needed, (c) Mr. Fred J. Libby, Geologist, P. 0. Box E, sand and gravel materials are difficult to Lompoc, California. obtain. The use of fiberglass mat materials Basic and applied research. offer an economical substitute. S! To determine sediment producing character- (g) A laboratory device has been developed for istics of agricultural watershed lands as use in testing all types and thicknesse s related to their geology, climate, soils, of fiberglass mat materials. Tests have land use and treatment; their stream been run on a wide variety of materials. sediment movement and depositional character- (h) "An Electric Analog for Computing Agri- istics as related to hydraulic and hydrologic cultural Tube Drain Spacing," by Hollis influences; and to develop therefrom methods Shull. Instrument News Dept. Ag. Engineering for prediction of sediment deposition on Journal - (In press). agricultural flood plain areas and carried "Self-propelled Agricultural Drain Line into streams and reservoirs in central and Camera," by Hollis Shull. Agricultural southern California. Research Magazine, October 1962. "Hydraulic Characteristics of Glass Fiber (4853) SALINITY BALANCE INVESTIGATION OF CITRUS Mat Material," by Hollis Shull. Mimeo- IRRIGATION ON RESIDUAL SOILS, USING COLORADO graphed progress report, November 1962. RIVER WATER. (4856) STUDY OF PLASTIC LINED MOLE DRAINS. w Laboratory project, in cooperation with the U. S. Soil Conservation Service, and River- (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with side County (California) Flood Control Dist. Utah State University, and the U. S. Soil (c) Mr. Sterling Davis, Drainage Engineer, P. 0. Conservation Service. Box 629, Pomona, California. Mr. Lyman Wil lard son, Agri. Engr., ARS, Experimental Utah State University, Logan, Utah. The salinity of the soil and drainage water Experimental and applied field tests. from this watershed is compared with total A study to determine the applicability of Colorado River water irrigation application shallow depth lined and unlined mole drains, plus rainfall to determine the salinity to develop methods of installation and to trends within a 1,000 acre watershed planted determine their durability and efficiency. primarily to citrus orchards. Granodiorite This project is part of a Branch wide study rock underlying these soils minimizes loss of plastic lined mole drains. Field instal- of effluent to deep percolation. Bi-annual lations were completed in 1959 at sites in soil samplings are taken of selected sites Calif., Nev. and Utah. At Logan, Utah, 20 within the watershed. Intensive investi- mole drains using several different types of gations including flow recorders, flumes, plastic liners have been under field obser- and recording rain gages, were activated in vation. An additional 10,000 ft of plastic May 1961. The program was expanded In 1962 has been purchased for installation in 1963. to include sufficiently large flumes to Studies of the bearing strength and allow- measure winter storm runoff. The project able bearing loads have been conducted in was established as a five-year program. the laboratory at Logan, Utah. (g) Preliminary observations have demonstrated (g) Observations of plastic lined mole drains the capabilities of this research technique reveal that they will remain open and in securing information on salinity trends function as drains if installed In fine on a watershed-wide basis. textured soils and if careful management is practical after installation. In coarse 4854) EFFECT ON TILE DRAINS OF MANGANESE AND IRON textured soils, such as sands, fine sands, SOLUBILITY IN SOILS. and silts, the surrounding earth particles migrate into the lines causing clogging or (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the collapse U. S. Soil Conservation Service. (h) "Field and Laboratory Tests of Low Cost (c) Mr. Luther Grass, Soil Chemist, P. 0. Box Plastic Drains," by W. W. Donnan and V. S. 629, Pomona, Calif. Aronovlci. Journal Irrigation and Drainage Experimental. Division, ASCE, January 1963. A study to determine 8! the ability of various "Plastic Lined Mole Drains," by J . L. Fouss soils to yield ferrous or amanganous ions and W. W. Donnan, Ag. Engineering Journal, in drainage effluent under varying condi- ASAE, Vol. 43, No. 9, pp. 512-515, Sept. tions of reduction and pH and to develop 1962. an index for classifying soils as to their reduction potential. Tile line deposits of manganese and ferric oxide now represent a serious threat to irrigated agriculture, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, particularly in the Coachella and Imperial Central States Forest Experiment Station. Valleys of California. SCS and ARS technicians have collected and forwarded soil Inquiries concerning the following projects should samples from 11 locations throughout the be addressed to R. D. Lane, Director, 111 Old United States where this problem has been Federal Bldg., Columbus 15, Ohio. observed in agricultural drain lines. Apparatus has been set up in the laboratory (3563) SUBSURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT ON NORTHERN to subject these reduced conditions. HARDWOOD FOREST AREAS. 123 ;

(g) Preliminary analyses of stormflow measure- in which the hydraulic gradient from the ments on a forested watershed in east 4 to 16- inch depth was zero. Therefore, central Ohio show that 50 to 90 percent of lateral flow probably took place in this the water falling on the surface of a 22 by zone during these two storms. 30 foot plot flowed out from the subsurface layers within 4 to 6 hours after artificial (4 73) USE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION EQUIPMENT FOR sprinkling. Rates and quantities of flow MEASURING FOREST SOIL MOISTURE AND DENSITY. from individual depths and from the entire profile varied with intensity and duration b) Laboratory project. of simulated storms and with antecedent soil- d) Experimental and field investigations; basic moisture tension. Plow was most uniform and applied research, from the 24 to 36-inch zone, ranging from (e) Some newly developed equipment, operating on 0.22 to 0.30 inches per hour. Flow was the principle of nuclear radiation, facili- only slightly less uniform from the some- tates the measurement of soil moisture and what more permeable 16 to 24-inch zone. the soil's closely allied property — bulk However, flow from the highly permeable, density. We now have a five-piece set of upper 16 inches was quite erratic. Since this nuclear radiation equipment. We are soil-moisture tension was zero at the 16-in. investigating principles that will guide us depth, flow from depths lower than this was in the use of this equipment, probably through a saturated medium. (g) Most of the information now available on the Where soil-moisture tension was relatively subject of the sample size that is necessary high before and during sprinklings, the for determining a nuclear soil-moisture greatest quantities of flow were recorded meter's Impulse rate has been devoted from the deeper zones, and little to no almost entirely to a purely theoretical flow occurred from the intermediate depths. development of the sampling error of This Indicates that the lowest zone over- radioactive decay measurements. A rather lying a water-impeding stratum must be strong departure of some of our empirical wetted before flow will occur in the upper results from certain of the assumptions soil zones. It appears that the impeding necessary in such a theoretical treatment layer is a controlling factor and that flow have caused us to reexamine the error from the shallower soil layers depends upon structure associated with our subsurface the degree of wetness in the layers just nuclear moisture meter observations. above the impeding stratum. No flow was The observations treated herein were taken recorded below 36-inches, probably because at one point in a clay- loam soil that con- of a layer of dense clay at that depth. tained about 20 percent moisture by volume. Plow recession from the deepest zone follow- We made 20 observations for each of nine ed somewhat the same exponential type flow different time periods: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, pattern for all storms of 1 to 4-inches per 60, 120, and 300-seconds. The probe was a hour, but the flow from storms of 0.5-inch Model P-19 manufactured by the Nuclear- per hour followed a different exponential Chicago Corporation. The results may or curve. For example, average recession of may not apply to other similar probes made subsurface stormflow from the 36-inch depth by this or any other manufacturer. during eleven storms in the 1 to 4-inch per The length of observation, measured with a hour intensity class was described by the stop watch, introduced a reaction-time error exponential curve 0 = 0.247(e)-0.0205t. For that increased rapidly in magnitude of seven storms in the 0. 5-inch per hour impulses per minute (i.p.m.) as the obser- intensity class the average recession curve vation time dropped below 60-seconds. The from the 36-inch depth was of the form practical use of the standard deviation - Q = 0.155(e)-0.0t. time relation was found to be limited here These preliminary analyses showed that in to the durations between 10 and 300-seconds. most of the storms the antecedent hydraulic With two or more observations the relation head readings were relatively high. There- can be used to determine the minimum length fore, antecedent soil-moisture tensions were of observation required to obtain an relatively low. In those few sprinklings acceptably precise estimate of l.p.m. where hydraulic head readings were low, Suppose: 1. From experience, i.p.m. is ex- outflow was delayed and total outflow was pected to be in the neighborhood of 5,500 less than for those storms having moist for the soil at hand. (The i.p.m. in this antecedent conditions. study averaged about 5,500. Applicability Hydraulic head distribution graphs taken from of the results to much higher or lower

the multiple tensiometer readings during and averages is not yet known) . 2. That an after sprinklings showed a rapid increase allowable error or "half-conf idence" In hydraulic head (with decreasing moisture interval (0.5 c.i.) of 10 percent, or 550 tension) throughout each storm. These i.p.m., is deemed sufficiently precise for patterns of change in hydraulic head with the soil-moisture estimate that is to be change in depth give an indication of the made. 3. That a sample size of two obser- direction of flow during the storm. For vations (n=2) is being considered and that example, a hydraulic gradient larger than measurement probability theory is applicable unity and accompanying a small depth change to impulse - rate observations of large indicates a great suction gradient. In magnitude. (The "t" value for n-l=l degree relatively dry soils this might represent of freedom is 12.706 at the 5 percent level the location of the wetting front. of probability) During the two storms in the 1-inch per Then, expressing the standard deviation (s) hour class where sprinkling lasted 120 to as a function of length of observation in 150 minutes, hydraulic gradients from the seconds (X) we can substitute this function 4 to 16-inch depth dropped to zero. This for (s) in a basic statistical equation In indicates a lack of a vertical driving order to arrive at an estimate of the force in that range of depths because a minimum length of observation period re- zero hydraulic gradient represents hydro- quired. static equilibrium as well as pressure head 0.5 C.I. = t s/ /n = t(35 + 1860/X)/ /nT increasing with depth. Therefore, it is (The expression 35 + 1860 X approximates the less likely that the flow here will be pre- empirical (s) distribution within the dominantly vertical. Since flow will occur crucial range of 10 to 300 seconds. Now, against a pressure gradient if elevation head is present, flow lines in this area may X = 1860 t/ £Vn (0.5 C.I.) - 35 t_J be more or less lateral or somewhat parallel to the plane of the flow- Impeding layer. = 1860 (12.706)/ /yZ (550) - 35 (12.706)_7 The two storms in the 1-inch per hour intensity class, where sprinkling lasted 120 to = 71 seconds. 150 minutes, showed a long drainage period

12* Thus with two successive and Independent as possible after mining disturbance in observations at each depth in the soil, order to minimize erosion and maintain water each observation would have to be 71 seconds quality. The purpose of this project is to long in order to meet the 10 percent error develop practical surface mining me thods for limitation imposed. Considering the cost the rugged, forested watersheds of the of each observation, it may be more effi- Appalachian coal field that will result in cient to take three or four shorter obser- a minimum of damage to soil, water, and vations at each depth rather than two other resources and that will leave the longer ones. Using appropriate (n) and (t) mined areas in the best possible condition values in the above equations we obtain: for restoration of these resources, (g) Field work on the first phase of cur initial n 2 3 4 study, the determination of fluff (expansion) x 71 10 6 factor of overburden, overlying coal seams in the Harlan (Kentucky) area is approxi- Then, three observations of 10 seconds each mately 75 percent complete but the results would total about one-fifth of the time are not yet available. required for two of 71 seconds each, and A second study, strip mining effects upon yet would meet the precision goal of 10 chemical characteristics of water in percent. The advantage of 4 over 3 is less. Forester's Creek Watershed, Harlan County, It is also outside the usable range of the Kentucky, was initiated in June 1962. The function, s = 35 + 1860/x. Therefore, objectives of this exploratory study are: an (n) of 3 instead of 1 should be used (1) determine the chemical characteristics even though it increases the recording and of water in the stream of non-flood stage computation time. for a one year period; and (2) show possible Note that X turns negative under certain changes in water quality for a period of combinations of formula input, indicating time after strip mining. Processing pre- that the precision goal cannot be met under liminary water samples for selected anions the circumstances imposed. Independence of and cations revealed some substances not sequential observations at one point is previously reported. NaHC03, for example, assumed here although it is probably vio- made up nearly 80 percent of the total dis- lated to a limited extent. solved solids. A third study, evaluation of some plant (4752) THE CHARACTERISTICS OP A CONIFEROUS PLANTA- species for late summer and fall seeding to TION THAT ARE MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO TREE give a quick cover on strip mine spoil banks, GROWTH AND TO WATER AVAILABLE FOR STREAMFIOW. was initiated in Aug. 1962. Kentucky 31 Fescue, Balbo Rye, Italian Ryegrass, and b) Laboratory project. Hairy Winter Vetch were selected for sowing d) Experimental and field investigationsj basic at two-week intervals through August, Sept., and applied research, and October on spoil banks from the Harlan (e) This is an intensive soil-moisture study coal seam near Cawood, Kentucky. initiated to discover some basic tree stand characteristics that are closely related to tree growth and to water available for stream flow and to develop guides for field U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, use in managing forest plantations to obtain Intermountaln Forest and Range Experiment Station, optimum production of wood and water, Ogden, Utah. (g) In an attempt to bracket the minimum soil- moisture value occurring in a pine planta- Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed tion in late autumn, seven sets of nuclear to Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director, Intermountaln soil-moisture meter readings were made Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. between September 12 and November 22, 1961 on 14 plots located in a pine plantation (4754) FACTORS AFFECTING MAXIMUM SNOWPACK WATER approximately 17 years old and located in CONTENT IN A WESTERN WHITE PINE FOREST. east central Ohio. Preliminary analyses showed no meaningful difference between the b) Laboratory project.

totals of the seven sets of readings. Dif- i d) Experimental and field investigations; basic ferences between sets separated by only 2 or and applied research, 3 days were extremely small. Readings made (e) A study of 4-years' data on snow accumulation near October 1 and 30 were lowest, those to determine effects of elevation, aspect, near September 15 were intermediate, and and forest canopy density on the maximum those on November 21-22 were highest. This snowpack water content. suggests that soil-moisture depletion was f) Completed. still in progress when sampling started, i g) Maximum snowpack water content in a small that depletion continued until at least white pine-forested watershed in northern October 1, and that soil-moisture recharge Idaho during four winters was related to began before November 20. elevation, aspect, and density of forest Cursory observations of the individual canopy. Distribution of maximum snow water measurements indicate that the bottoms of content can be accurately described by an the 9-foot 7-lnch deep nuclear meter access equation containing the first three power tubes are 3 to 4-feet below maximum root functions of elevation, the first three depth. Complete verification of this, power functions of aspect, a linear function however, must await analyses that reveal of forest canopy density, a linear inter- which depths show relatively little moisture action between magnitude of snowfall from fluctuation. year to year and elevation, and a linear interaction between aspect and elevation. (4753) FOREST RESTORATION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT These' nine variables account for 91.6 % ON STRIP MINED LANDS. of the variance in snow water content with a standard error of estimate of 2.8 inches. b) Laboratory project. Throughout its range from 2,700 to 5,500 d) Experimental and field investigationsj basic feet, elevation accounted for an Increase of and applied research, 30.1 inches of water content in the average (e) Surface runoff on spoil banks, freshly snowfall year. The effects of aspect formed during strip mining in the Appalachian varied with elevation. The aspects on which coal fields, has a high soil erosion and minimum and maximum water contents occurred sediment transport potential. This serious- were, respectively, 165 and 11 degrees, ly affects water quality and has other measured as azimuths from the north. At deleterious effects on watersheds in which 2,700 feet, a change of aspect from 165 to coal is harvested. It is highly desirable 11 degrees resulted in an increase in snow to establish a vegetative cover as quickly water content of 4.3 inches, but at 5,500

125 . . .

feet the same shift in aspect effected an (d) Age of roads. 18. 8-inch increase in snowpack water. Prom these relations, a series of graphs and Snow water content was affected uniformly tables from which cross-drain spaclngs and by changes in the forest canopy regardless protective strip requirements can be ob- of elevation, aspect, or magnitude of tained are being developed . These criteria snowfall. It Increased 4.2 inches with a are applicable to locating logging roads change in canopy density from a completely prior to construction to prevent sediment closed canopy (100-percent density) to a production, and to the control of sediment completely open condition (zero canopy) such from previously constructed roads. as would occur by clear cutting the timber. The forest effect on snowpack water content was related to known cumulative diameter and basal area characteristics of white pine U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, stands. These relations showed that the Lake States Forest Experiment Station. largest increases in snow water content occurred with diameter and basal area Inquiries concerning the following projects should reductions in the densest forest stands and be addressed to the Director, Lake States Forest became smaller with comparable diameter and Experiment Station, St. Paul Campus, University of basal area reductions in more open stands, Minnesota, St. Paul 1, Minn., unless Indicated other- (h) "Elevation, Aspect, and Cover Effects on wise for a specific project. Maximum Snowpack Water Content in a Western White Pine Forest," Paul E. Packer, Forest (3887) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN NORTHERN Sci. 8(3): 225-235, 1962. Copies available MINNESOTA upon request to Station Director. b) Laboratory project. (4755) CRITERIA FOR LOCATING AND CONSTRUCTING ROADS d) Experimental and field investigations; basic ON FOREST WATERSHEDS TO CONTROL EROSION AND and applied research, PREVENT SEDIMENTATION. (e) Tests the influence of forested bogs on streamflow and groundwater behavior. Three b) Laboratory project. major projects have been undertaken to date:

1 d) Experimental and field investigations; basic 1) Studies of the effect of forest cover and applied research, conditions on individual hydrologlc pro- (e) Objectives of this study are: To develop cesses. This has Included the Impact of mathematical functional expressions of site soil-cover types on snow accumulation and factors which represent or describe forces melt, soil freezing, and moisture regime. that influence erosive cutting and sediment 2) Studies of forest bog hydrology on five movement which can be determined in the small forested swamp watersheds. Present field; determine which factors or forces Instrumentation includes a recording well significantly Influence erosive cutting and and a series of 9 to 12 nonrecordlng wells sediment movement; establish quantitative In each of 5 bogs, plus several upland wells relations for site variables Influencing in adjacent mineral soil. Four swamp water- erosion and based upon these relations, de- sheds have been equipped with stream-gaging termine road location and design standards stations, involving two 120 degree V-notch necessary to prevent sediment from reaching weirs and three type "H" flumes. (3) Lab- streams, adjacent roads, or other areas oratory and field studies to evaluate the critical for producing high-quality water, hydrologlc and physical characteristics of (g) Field work has been completed on 720 plots peat soils. Moisture characteristics of located on six major soil groups, important undisturbed peat cores have been determined because of their instability or wide areal with specially built pressure cells. The extent, to determine which natural watershed hydraulic conductivity of several peat characteristics and which logging road materials is being tested using field piezo- characteristics influence erosion and sedi- meter and laboratory techniques. ment movement. The soil groups include (g) An analysis of the water content of the soils derived from basalt, hard sediments snowpack in various types of forest and (slates and shales), andesite, granite, logging practices Indicates that there is glacial silt, and loess. prospect of a modest gain in early spring Distances that water flows down road surfaces water yield through forest cover manipu- before causing erosion were found to depend lation, including cutting, thinning, and upon: (a) Two controllable road character- type conversion. istics: (1) Proportion of road surface A wide range of moisture contents has been material consisting of waterstable soil observed in different peat types. These aggregates larger than 2 mm. in diameter; ranged from 332 to 3,529 percent on an 2) steepness of road surface gradient, ovendry basis, and from 83 to 99 percent by

1 b) Three unalterable watershed character- volume. Bulk density of the peats studied istics: (1) Topographic position - whether to date range from 0.028 to 0.249 grams per a road is on the upper, middle, or lower c .c portion of a sidehill slope; (2) aspect; Preliminary studies of ground-water charac- (3) steepness of slope above the road cut. teristics in northern bogs shows two distinct Distances that sediment moves down slopes conditions. Some bogs have two distinct below the outlets of road cross-drains were water tables: (1) The water table in the used as a basis for defining the widths of bog is perched on the surface, and (2) The protective strips that are needed below true water table is at a greater depth. In logging roads to prevent sediment from other bogs the bog water table and the true reaching stream channels and other lower- water table are the same. The shallow bog lying developments that require protection. water table continues into the mineral These distances and hence the protective upland soils. strip widths required for sediment control (h) "Where and How Will There be Water?" Sidney depend upon: (a) Four manageable watershed Weitzman. Minnesota Conservation Volunteer characteristics: (1) Kind of obstruction 25 (145): 1-7, illus. 1962. to sediment movement; (2) spacing between obstructions; (3) distance from cross-drain (3889) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE DRIFT- outlet to the first obstruction, and (4) fill LESS AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN. slope ground cover density. (b) One unalterable watershed characteristic: (b) Laboratory project, with some aspects in a proportion of water-stable aggregates cooperation with Wisconsin Conservation Dept larger than 2 mm. in diameter on slopes (d) Field investigations; basic and applied below roads. research (c) One controllable road characteristic: (e) Major emphasis is given to methods of con- cross-drain spacing. trolling runoff and erosion, including

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gully stabilization through reforestation, inches of soil depth during spring 1961, and other land-use treatments. Studies of while on unstabillzed claybanks it was 1 infiltration, soil-moisture movement and inch of soil depth in the same period. storage on loessal soils under the impact of A comparison of sediment catch using the grazing and other uses are planned. The automatic single-stage sampler and the inte- effect of land use and land treatments on grated depth sampler was made at 20 sampling springflow is also being investigated. In stations on small streams. There was con- connection with this, ground-water divides siderable variation between individual pairs are being mapped by subsurface exploration. of observations. But on the average both the A total of 28 water-measuring devices have automatic sample and the integrated depth been installed on watersheds ranging from sample were close to the mean sediment con- about 2 to 55 acres in area. The devices centration. For the single depth inte- include 90 V-notch weirs, modified 2-foot grated samples, the mean was 8 p. p.m. higher San Dimas flumes, and several sizes of than the mean sediment concentrations. For H-flumes. All are equipped with recording the single-stage samples, it was 9 p. p.m. instruments. Of the above devices, six are below mean sediment concentrations. A chi- at springs with permanent flow. A total of square test shows that single depth- 30 wells up to 100 feet deep have been integrated samples and single-stage auto- drilled above one spring in an attempt to matic samples are satisfactory measures of locate the water table divide. stream-sediment concentration for the (g) A study of springs on the Coulee Experi- stream's sample, if the allowable error is mental Forest near La Crosse, Wis., shows set at 45 p. p.m. and 50 p. p.m. respectively. these exist in two distinct elevation levels. The upper level springs (approximate elevation 1,030 feet) appear at a contact zone of sandstone and an impermeable silt stone U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, and their hydrographs show rather uniform Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. flow throughout the year. The lower level springs (approximate elevation 900 feet) Inquiries concerning the following projects should appear on sides of hills or points of ridges be addressed to Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director, with no apparent relationship of water-table Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors divide to topographic features. These Avenue, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania. springs show much more fluctuation in their hydrographs and have marked changes related (1188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FERNOW to precipitation, and inversely to atmos- EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA. pheric pressure and with seasonal variations quite pronounced. Currently an attempt is Laboratory project. being made to delineate drainage areas 51 Field investigation; basic and applied feeding springs by a series of wells drilled research above a spring. In essence, it involves (e) Studies were started in 1951 on the Fernow finding the high points of water tables and Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va., which do not conform very well with surface to determine the effect of different levels topography. of cutting practices, different logging (h) "Field Transport for the Neutron Soil- methods, and different forest uses upon Moisture Meter," Richard S. Sartz, Jour. water quantity and quality. Nine water- Soil and Water Conserv. 17(1) :27, illus. sheds have been equipped with streamgaging 1962. stations and rain-gages, "The Coulee Experimental Forest -- a New (g) Following six years of record taking, and Field Laboratory for Southwestern Wisconsin," analysis for calibration, treatment of one Richard S. Sartz. Wis. Academy Review. group of five watersheds was started in Vol. 9. No. 1, Winter 1962. May 1957 and completed In 1958. Analysis of records of the first three after treatment (3890) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN LOWER showed increases in annual flow — as much MICHIGAN. as 5 inches in the Clearcut watershed the year after treatment — and increases were (b) Cooperative project with Fish Division, in relation to the amount of material cut. Michigan Dept. of Conservation, Lansing, Most of the increases came in the growing Mich. season From May to October 1959 they were (d) Field investigation; basic and applied as follows: research Material (e) Two major projects have been undertaken to removed date: 1) A major study is designed to Mbd.-ft Increase in flow determine the hydrology of ground-water Type of cutting per acre (inches) (percentage) recharge and consumption in deep sandy soils of the Udell Hills area in Michigan. Commercial clearcut 8.5 3.0 111 Installations to date include a series of Diameter limit 4.2 1.8 53 108 ground-water wells in deep morainal Extensive selection 3.7 1.4 33 areas and adjoining outwash plains; of these, Intensive selection 1.7 .3 9 8 have automatic recorders. There are also soil-moisture measurement stations with five Peak flow changes were small except on the to seven levels of sampling. After the cali- clearcut watershed where, on the average, bration period, the effect of cover manipu- instantaneous peaks during the growing sea- lation — especially plantation establishment son were increased by 21 percent. The and harvesting methods — on ground-water average dormant-season peak flow was not recharge and use will be established. (2) affected. Increases in low flow were marked A second major study is concerned with and were related to the amount of timber streambank stabilization and the sediment cut. Care in the logging operation was problem in streams flowing through these clearly reflected in water quality: maximum sandy areas. Major objectives of this study turbidities ranged from 56,000 ppm on the are (a) to determine the influence of land clearcut watershed, with unplanned skidroads use upon sediment production, and (b) to and without provisions for drainage, to 25 evaluate the effect of streambank stabili- ppm on the intensive selection watershed zation measures upon suspended sediment with carefully planned skidroads. loads. A total of 20 sampling stations have (h) "Effect on Streamflow of Four Different been established on 11 streams, Forest Practices in the Allegheny Mountains," (g) Early results from (1) were previously K. G. Reinhart, and A. R. Eschner. Jour. reported. Additional analyses are underway. Geophys. Res. 67: 2433-2445. 1962. Results from (2) indicate the loss from un- stabilized sandy streambanks averaged 12 (2419) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HUBBARD BROOK

12-7 .. .

EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, NEW HAMPSHIRE. Plateau, and a study of long-time trends in water yield from an Adirondack watershed to Laboratory project. forest conditions. Field investigation; basic and applied research (e) The objective Is to determine the effect of forest type, condition, and treatment on U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, quantity and quality of streamflow. Studies Northern Forest Experiment Station. are conducted In plots and experimental watersheds on the 7500-acre experimental Inquiries concerning the following projects should forest in the White Mountains at West be addressed to Mr. Richard M. Hurd, Director, Thornton, New Hampshire. Northern Forest Experiment Station, Box 740, Juneau, (g) Six weirs have been built and climatic Alaska. stations established. (h) "Leaf Fall, Humus depth, and Soil Frost In (2654) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON PHYSICAL CHARACTER- a Northern Hardwood Forest," by George Hart, ISTICS OF SALMON STREAMS IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA. Raymond E. Leonard, and Robert S. Pierce. Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta. Research Laboratory. Note 131, 3 pp. 1962. Field investigation, applied. This work is concerned with the relationships (2910) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LEADING between salmon spawning streams and timber RIDGE WATERSHED, PENNSYLVANIA. harvesting in Southeast Alaska. Work is concentrated on 3 streams lying 40 miles (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the west of Ketchikan. Two of the watersheds School of Forestry, Pa. State Univ. and the have been logged. The third watershed will Pennsylvania Dept. of Forests and Waters. ramain unlogged. (d) Field investigation; basic and applied Study is concentrated on factors which can research exert a major Influence on pink and chum (e) A cooperative study was started in 1957 to salmon development and survival in a determine the effect of forest cover and logged stream. During 1962 measurements or treatment on quantity and quality of stream- samples were taken of: 1) stream discharges; flow in the oak-hickory type in Penn- 2) stream temperatures; 3) stream channel sylvania, and to study associated and basic shift; 4) stream debris occurrence and soil-water relationships. movement; 5) suspended sediment levels in (g) Six experimental watersheds have been select- streams ed weirs have been constructed, and Items 3) and 4) above were rephotographed climatic stations established. from the air during 1962. (g) Low elevation (1,000 ft.), vertical photo- (3567) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, BALTIMORE graphs taken from a helicopter prove to be WATERSHEDS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. useful tools in examining the stream bed for structural changes. The two years of com- w Laboratory project In cooperation with the parative photos (1961 vs. 1962) showed Baltimore Bureau of Water Supply. numerous gross changes in the stream bed. (d) Field investigation; basic and applied Many areas of major change contained con- research. centrations of debris or log Jams. Seasons (e) A cooperative study started in 1958 to of especially high stream flow (such as fall determine effect of growth of loblolly and 1961) probably Introduce the major stream white pine in plantations on streamflow, bed changes, making them periodic rather and to compare streamflow from watersheds than continuous. in conifer plantations with streamflow from a hardwood- forest watershed. (437?; HISTORY OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN A SALMON (g) Streamflow of three experimental watersheds STREAM IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA AND EFFECT ON is being measured and a climatic station SALMON REPRODUCING ENVIRONMENT IN RIFFLE has been established. GRAVELS.

(3568) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NEWARK Laboratory project. WATERSHEDS, NEWFOUNDLAND, N.J. Experimental, basic and applied aspects. This is a study of some features of sus- (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the pended sediment behavior in salmon streams. Division of Water Supply of the City of Areas of chief concern are sediment dropout Newark, N. J.., Newfoundland, N. J. from the stream and possible subsequent (d) Field investigation; basic and applied flush-out from the stream bed. Four stream research. riffles, each considered a potential chum (e) A cooperative study to determine the salmon spawning area, were selected for influence of selected treatments of forested study. One area is above a sector suitable municipal watersheds on water supply. for hydraulic mining sediment into the (g) Weirs on 3 experimental watersheds were stream; the other 3 areas are downstream built in the fall of 1958 and stream gaging from the sediment source. The latter were and climatic measurements were started in the treatment areas while the upstream area spring of 1959. served as a control. The sediment entering the stream was sampled immediately upstream (4756) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, SYRACUSE from the first treated riffle. UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK. Stream bed gravels for each riffle were sampled for composition and for dissolved (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the 0 in the intra-gravel water. This was State University College of Forestry at done immediately before artificial siltation Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York. (July 1961) and immediately after the (d) Field investigation; basic and applied siltation was stopped (August 1961). research. Gravel composition was re-samples in July (e) This cooperative project was started in 1962 to determine if previous fall-winter 1961 to determine quantitative relationships freshets flushed the gravels, returning of forest types and stand conditions to the them to the pre-sedimentation condition. amount, timing, and quality of streamflow in (f) Completed. the Adirondacks, the glaciated Appalachian Plateau, and the Catskills. (4378) EFFECTS OF LOG JAMS ON A STREAMBED. (g) A problem analysis has been completed and 2 studies initiated: a study of snow Laboratory project. deposition and melt under different forest Experimental, with both basic and applied types and densities in the Appalachian aspects.

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(e) Study in cooperation with the Fisheries growth of native vegetation on depleted Research Institute of the University of Swauk sandstone sites. Six years after Washington to determine the effects of log establishment, plots fertilized in spring jams on pink and chum salmon spawning beds. 1957 still show a 155-percent increase in Log jams were installed at two locations on production of air-dry vegetative material. a study stream. In addition to being mapped A study of the characteristics of soils from in planimetric and topographic detail, the basalts, granodiorite and Swauk sandstone stream bed areas were sampled to determine shows a pattern of increasing erosion gravel composition and dissolved oxygen hazard with increasing depth for soils level before jam construction. Perforated from all three parent materials. Increasing ping-pong balls were also buried at 4 depths erosion hazard is inversely related to at a number of points in each area to organic matter content. Land treatment determine the depth of bedload scouring. appears to have a greater influence on the In May 1962 all features of study were re- stability of all three soils than inherent measured or resampled. characteristics derived from their parent f) Completed. materials

! g) Pall high flows of 1961 reworked the stream Measurements of streamflow from three bed regions of the two log jams. Unusually experimental watersheds in the Entiat River high stream flows of October 1961 washed drainage indicate that small tributary river both jams out, leaving the stream beds in a systems on the east side of the Cascade reworked condition. The jams have acted to Range may provide a greater part of total clean the stream bed gravels in their annual yield than at first thought. Flow vicinity. This may be due to increased local of all three watersheds is well sustained velocities which stimulate stream bed move- during dry summer periods ment in the area. Clean gravels indicate (h) "Lodgepole Pine Rooting Habits in the Blue a better salmon producing environment. Mountains of Northeastern Oregon," by However,, the advantage of gravel cleanness Daniel M. Bishop, Ecology Vol. 43(1): to salmon eggs, larvae, or fry is thought 140-142. to be outweighed by the danger of salmon mortality due to stream bed instability (4758) WATERSHED LOGGING METHODS AND STREAMFLOW. associated with log jams. (b) Laboratory project with some phases in cooperation with City of Portland, Bureau of Water Works and Oregon State University. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, (d) Field investigations; basic and applied Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Expt. Station. research (e) Research is conducted at three field Inquiries concerning the following projects should locations in the Cascade Range of western be addressed to Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director, Pacific Oregon: Bull Run watershed (domestic supply Northwest Forest and Range Expt. Sta., P. 0. Box area for Portland), H. J. Andrews Experi- 3141, Portland 8, Oregon. mental Forest, and South Umpqua Experimental Forest. Studies are confined to two forest (4757) WATER YIELD AND EROSION, WENATCHEE, WASH, types representing major segments of the remaining old-growth forests of the Pacific b) Laboratory project. Northwest: (1) Douglas-fir, western d) Field investigations; basic and applied hemlock, western redcedar, and (2) Douglas- research. fir, sugar pine. Investigations represent (e) Field studies in ponderosa pine and mixed- an initial effort to study precipitation conifer forests and forest-ranges on the runoff, erosion, and soil moisture in east slopes of the Cascade Range in Oregon undisturbed stands, and to follow changes and Washington: Erosion in forests and caused by several methods of logging. ranges: (1) Sediment production from Swauk Included are studies in four categories: sandstone-ponderosa pine; (2) sediment pro- (1) Soil movement on logged land and an duction from grazed pine-fir-larch ranges, evaluation of effectiveness of grass seeding Blue Mountains; (3) stimulation of seeded on roadbanks; (2) changes in water quality and natural grass cover by fertilization - resulting from roadbuildlng, two methods of Swauk sandstone soils; (4) relation of cable logging, two degrees of forest removal parent material and vegetative cover to — 25 percent and 100 percent -- and slash organic matter, aggregation, pH, and bulk burning; (3) changes in streamflow caused density of forest-range soils - eastern by clear cutting and partial cutting in Washington; (5) effect of climate on groups of varying size on matched watersheds development of soils from identical parent in old-growth Douglas-fir and sugar pine-fir. rock. Evapotranspitation: Includes Pretreatment measurements are still being studies with the overall objective of measur- made to provide statistical basis for ing factors which affect distribution and treatment evaluation; (4) soil moisture use of water in forests and related ranges: movement and disposition and the role of (1) Measurement of solar energy in a pine vegetation in evapotranspiration, including forest; (2) seasonal changes in soil measure of seasonal changes in soil moisture moisture under a lodgepole pine forest; under a Douglas-fir stand, vertical movement 3) measurements of moisture use by plants; of water in Douglas-fir soils, rainfall 4) effect of removing brush and tree interception by crowns of old-growth Douglas- growth in three experimental watersheds on fir soils, rainfall interception by crowns water yield (Entiat watershed study, in of old-growth Douglas-fir, and changes in calibration stage — no treatment yet ap- plant succession following logging and plied); (5) water-holding capacity and slash burning, drying rates for humus types characteristic (g) Roads constructed in 1959 in one of the of ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests - east experimental watersheds (250 acres) at H. J. side of the Cascade Range. Andrews Experimental Forest continue to (g) In Mission Creek near Wenatchee, Wash., affect streamflow and runoff. For three measurements on three small drainages have consecutive years since construction, late- shown that Swauk sandstone soils have eroded summer flows have been increased in measur- at the rate of 1.5 to 2.0 tons per acre per able amounts. Analytical methods used so year over a 4-year period. Stimulating the far have failed to indicate changes in peak development of an adequate cover of vege- flows. Sediment movement caused by road tation on bare areas seems to be one of the construction still exceeds that of adjacent most promising means of controlling such control watersheds, although the roads are rapid soil movement. Broadcast application not being used. A study of the effect of of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous grass seeding on road cuts shows that this has resulted in significant increases in measure will curtail erosion from bank

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surfaces. Soil washed from the test plot after the fire a major emergency research decreased from a rate of 12.7 tons per acre program was started to test the effectlvene to 2.3 tons per acre annually after a stand of various measures used to reduce flood of grass covered the soli. Surface runoff, runoff and erosion on the denuded watersheds. however, showed an increase, evidently These rehabilitation measures Include caused by the thatched-roof effect of the seeding grasses and mustard singly and in matted grass cover. Water contained in the combination with physical treatments such as top 4 feet of soil under mature Douglas-fir wattling, channel barriers and contour forests varies considerably with season of terraces. The tests are being made on 38 the year. During the first 45 days of the watersheds of 2 to 90 acres each, equipped growing season of 1961, water was removed to measure rainfall intensity, peak discharge from the top 4 feet of soil at an average and suspended sediment. Twenty-five have rate of 0.10 inch per day. This rate basins to measure bedload. Studies of dropped to 0.02 inch per day as the reser- hydrologlc processes and tests of applied voir of available water dwindled. Samples management methods to increase water yield taken below 4 feet suggest that a con- through vegetative type conversion in siderable part of the water used by vege- progress before the fire are being continued. tation during the late summer comes from (g) A study of the interception losses of depths below 4 feet. Samples also show the rainfall on annual grasses was conducted soil to be exceptionally porous. Mean bulk during the hydrologlc years '60, '61, and densities from 0.66 to 0.71 gms/cc indicate •62. Twenty-five storms totaling 9.80 that approximately 75 percent of the total inches of precipitation were measured. We volume is pore space. Under dense stands found that, In nature, a good proportion of of old-growth Douglas-fir and associated the annual precipitation falls on grass in species, throughfall averages 76 percent of its lower stages of development. For a gross summer precipitation. A relationship year with an average distribution of of throughfall (T) to storm size (P), ex- storms the interception loss on a grass pressed by the formula cover would be 6.5 percent while 11.1 percent would be lost from a chaparral T = 0.8318 - 0.0466 cover. Data were collected from four major storms accounts for 95 percent of the variation in in the study of methods aimed at reducing throughfall. In application, this relation- post-fire erosion and flood peaks. The ship indicates that more throughfall results regression analysis used explained about 80 from one large storm than from an equal percent of the variation in the data. amount of precipitation received from Highest flood peaks were observed in water- several small storms. Throughfall In winter sheds which had no physical treatment. months increases to an average of 86 percent, Peaks from the watersheds with channel compared with 76 percent in summer months. barriers were almost as high as the Stemflow does not result in significant untreated watersheds. Peaks from the water- increases in the net precipitation received sheds with contour trenches and side slope on the forest floor in a mature Douglas-fir stabilization with barley wattling were forest about half as high as those mentioned above. (h) "First Year Effects of Timber Removal on Watersheds seeded to a low density of Soil Moisture," by Nedavla Bethlahmy. perennial grasses had consistently higher Internatl. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Vol. VII (2), flood peaks than watersheds with other pp. 34-39, illus. June 1962. vegetative treatments or unseeded. "Logging Methods in Relation to Streamflow Debris yields from watersheds without and Erosion," by E. G. Dunford. Fifth physical erosion control measures averaged World Forestry Congress Proc. Vol. 3, pp. 36 cubic yards per acre. The side slope 1703-1708. (August 29-Sept. 10, 1960) 1962. stabilized watersheds yielded about 29 "Grass Seeding as a Control for Roadbank percent of this amount, the contour

Erosion," by A. G. Wollum II. Pac . NW. trenched watersheds - 36 percent and the Forest & Range Expt. Sta. Res. Note 218, channel stabilized watersheds - 67 percent. 5 pp., illus. June 1962. The high level annual grass seeding watersheds also showed substantially lower yields than the watersheds with other vegetative treatments. The contour trenches U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, which were necessarily under-designed be- Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment cause of the steepness of our watersheds Station. were overtopped in two storms. This resulted in considerable erosion and in- (261) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, SOUTHERN creased the height of flood peaks. CALIFORNIA (h) "What's Happening at San Dimas?" R. P. Crouse and L. W. Hill, Pacific Southwest bl Laboratory project. Forest and Range Experiment Station. Misc. c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director, Pacific Paper No. 68, 4 pp., illus. 1962. Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, Calif- (2415) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NORTHERN ornia. CALIFORNIA. (d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied research. b) Laboratory project.

(e) purposes are 1) to determine how watersheds i c) Dr. Keith Arnold, Director, Pacific Southwest function: what happens to the precipitation, Forest and Range Experiment Station, P. 0. and how water and soil movement are Box 245, Berkeley 1, California. influenced by conditions of vegetation, soil (d) Experimental; field investigations; basic geology, and topography; and 2) to develop and applied research. methods of watershed management, including (e) The aim Is to develop a hydrologlc base for treatment of areas denuded by fire, to land management decisions. The hydrologlc insure maximum yield of usable water and effects of wild fires, attempts of conversion satisfactory flood runoff and soil erosion of brush lands to grass, and logging and control other land uses are to be evaluated. Principal work center is the 17,000-acre Regional analyses of sources of water yield, San Dimas Experimental Forest situated in floods, and sedimentation for California the San Gabriel Mountains. A fire started wildlands are being studied. Present studies by lightning in July 1960 consumed the emphasize development of methods for manage- vegetation, mostly brush, on 90 percent of ment of high elevation snow packs for yield the area and destroyed or damaged many of and control of water, and methods for water- the research Installations. Immediately shed management in California's Lower

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2 Conifer Zone. 2.2 + 12.3 Cn - 1.00 Cn + 2.9 (Cna - Cn)+ Major works are centered in Berkeley with 11.2 (Cnb - Cn). Standard error of esti- 25 studies being conducted throughout mates were 3.6 and 2.2 percent. Counts in northern California in the headwaters of the water for these probes, with aluminum access Kings, American, Yuba, Truckee, and Feather tubes were 15,900 and 44,400 CPM for the Rivers, and in Casper Creek Basin near Ft. neutron and gamma probes, respectively. In Bragg. At the Teakettle watersheds in the measuring surface snow density with the headwaters of the Kings River Basin, five gamma probe we found it essential to extend small watersheds have been under calibration the aluminum access tube at least 12 for six years; road construction as a water- inches above the snow. Ice lenses in the shed treatment is being installed. In the snow were readily detectable by shifts In Onion Creek watersheds in the headwaters of the neutron probe counts; neutron counts the American River Basin, five streams are would increase markedly at the occurrence being gaged and sediment is being measured. of ice; gamma counts were only slightly In the headwaters of the Yuba River, Castle affected. In a study of changes in the Creek Itself and two small tributaries are thermal quality of snow pack throughout the being gaged and sediment measurements taken. day and from day to day, neutron counts In the Donner Ridge burn in the Truckee were directly related to the percentage of Basin, 21 small tributaries are being Ice In the snow, as contrasted with free studied -- maximum discharges measured and water. The ratio of gamma to neutron counts sediment and water quality sampled. In the reflects differences in thermal quality for Miller Creek watershed In the headwaters two successive days with Identical average of the Feather River a practical sized test snow density (56 percent) but with thermal of logging for water production has been qualities of 82 and 95 percent. applied. At most of the above, concomitant Summer soil moisture losses and winter measures of snow accumulation and melt and surface evaporation from snow pack at high soil moisture depletion are being taken. elevation sites were reduced by the addi-

In the area of the Central Sierra Snow tion of the suppressant hexadecanol . Hexa- Laboratory studies include the tests of the decanol was applied to the soil surface of applicability of gamma and neutron probes in 1/15 acre plots of bare soil, brush, and measuring the hydrologic characteristics of red fir forest. The hexadecanol was snow, the use of suppressants in retarding applied to 17 natural sites, the appli- evaporation from snow and soil, and evapo- cations being at rates of 35, 130, and 680 transpiration from brush and tree sites. pounds per acre. In fully vegetated sites Basic studies include those of microclimate of red fir and natural brush, indicated and heat budget of forest stands, reductions in the loss were small, ranging (g) In forest openings created by logging, soil from 0.2 to 0.3 Inches for the total summer. moisture savings are likely to continue for At sites where vegetation had been removed 16 years. This Is the main conclusion from by bulldozing or In which natural bare the study in the sub-alpine forest near the ground occurred, reductions in evaporation Central Sierra Snow Laboratory. Soil of treated sites was 0.3 to 1.0 inch. moisture depletion in openings created by Application of hexadecanol to the snow logging in 1946, 1950, 1955, and 1959 were surface decreased evaporation by as much measured, together with moisture losses in as 50 percent. Without the hexadecanol, the the surrounding forest. At the period of evaporation rates ranged from 0.012 to 0.039 maximum soil moisture depletion, 1-year-old inch per day; with 20 to 30 pounds per acre openings had 7 inches more soil moisture per of hexadecanol, the rates were 0.006 to 4-foot soil depth than did the surrounding 0.016 per day. forest. These 7 Inches of water represent Measurements of evaporation from snow under the moisture saving for stream flow as a various topographic and forest conditions result of logging. In openings five years for the years 1958-1960, were summarized old, the savings had dropped to 2.9 inches; and evaporation for the Castle Creek after ten years, to 1.2 Inches and after watershed, elevation 7,500 feet, was com- 12 years to 0.7 inches. The projection of puted. Evaporation ranged from 0.5 inch the regression indicates that summer soil under dense forest on the valley floor to moisture savings will reach zero, 16 years 3.1 inches in large openings on exposed after logging. ridges. Average evaporation for the four Rapid measurement of hydrologic character- square mile Castle Creek Basin was computed istics of snow pack which may permit more as 2.0 inches depth. Average annual pre- accurate appraisal and prediction of de- cipitation for Castle Creek is 74 inches livery of snow-melt water may be possible per year, so snow evaporation is about 2.7 using gamma and neutron probes. Commer- percent of total precipitation, cially available probes with gamma and (h) "Progress Report, 1961-62, Cooperative neutron sources (Nuclear-Chicago, P-20 and Watershed Management Research in the Lower P-19 probes) were tested for the ability to Conifer Zone of California," by Walt Hopkins measure snow density, ice lenses, and the and K. R. Bowden. Pac. SW For. and Range thermal quality (free water) of the indi- Expt. Sta. 10 pp. 1962. vidual layers in the snow pack. Usable "Snow Evaporation from a Forested Water- regressions of snow density (D) at each shed in the Central Sierra, Nevada," by depth, measured gravimetrlcally and with Allan J. West, Jour. For. 60 ( 7 ): 481-484, neutron counts (Cn) and gamma counts (Cg) 1962. in CPM in the snow pack were obtained. "Inter-disciplinary Aspects of Forest Snow density ranged from 12 to 60 percent. Microclimatology, " by D. H. Miller, Improvement in regressions were obtained by Symposium papers, 10th Pac. Sci. Congress, using the counts 6 inches above (Cna or Cga) Honolulu, Hawaii, pp. 324, (Abstract), and the counts 6 Inches below (Cnb or Cgb) 1961 as well as the counts at the points. The "Variation of Soil Erodiblllty with Geology, relationship of snow density (D) in percent Geographic Zone, Elevation, and Vegetation to gamma and neutron counts are given by Type in Northern California Wildlands," by these equations. For gamma probe at depths Johnnie E. Andre', and Henry W. Anderson. - 18 Inches, D = 11.8 + 0.022 Cg2 - 0.722 Jour. Geophys. Res. 66(10) :3351-58, 1961. (Cga - Cg) - 1.03 (Cgb - Cg); for depth of "Larger Meltwater Flows Come Later," by A. 12 inches, D = - 2.7 + 1.25 Cg + 0.50 Court. Pac. Sw For. and Range Expt. Sta. (Cgb - Cg); and for depth of 6 Inches, Res Note 189, 8 pp. Sept. 1961. D = - 2.6 + 1.33 Cg + 1.39 (Cgb - Cg) "Tests of Models for Soil Moisture Depletion Standard errors of estimates were 3.4, 2.3, at Forest Sites in the Sierra Nevada," by and 3.4 percent. For the neutron probe at Kenneth R. Knoerr. Pac. Sw For. and Range depth > 12 inches, D=9.1 + 6.25 Cn - Expt. Sta. File Rpt. 2 0.052 Cn ; and for depth of 6 inches, D = "Counting Times Required with Soil Moisture

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Probes," by R. A. Merrlam and K. R. Knoerr. plratlon by soil moisture measurements. Soil Scl. 92(6) :394-95, 1961. However, studies at six sites in the dryer "A Model for Evaluating Wlldland Management part of Oahu have shown differences in soil for Flood Prevention," by Henry W. Anderson. moisture deficit associated with various Pac. Sw For. and Range Expt. Sta. Tech. tree, grass and brush species. In a five paper 69, 19 pp. 1962. month period mid-April to mid-September, "How a Logging Operation can Affect Stream- 1962, soil moisture deficits from 6 1/2 to flow," by R. M. Rice and J. R. Wallis. For. 8 1/2 inches developed under tree species Industries 89 (ll):38-40, 1962. despite the occurrence of 7 1/2 to 10 Inches "Current Research on Sedimentation and of rain in the period. Deficits under Erosion in California Wlldlands," by Henry brush were greater than under grass; soil W. Anderson. Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol moisture loss for the three month period Publ. No. 59:173-182, 1962. mid-July to mid-September, 1962, was from 2 "Fourth Progress Report, 1960-1961, Coopera- to 5 Inches greater under brush than grass. tive Snow Management Research," by Henry W. Runoff measured as streamflow from experi- Anderson and L. G. Richards. Pac. SW For. mental watersheds on Oahu was rather small and Range Expt. Sta. pp. 141-204, 1961. and variable. Average runoff for the "Measures of Streamflow Timing," by Arnold period 1951 to 1955 for tree covered water- Court, Jour. Geophy. Res. 67 ( 11 ): 4335-4340, shed was only on inch per year. Year to 1962. year variation in runoff was found to be "Measurement of Snow Pack Profiles with high. For an Uluhl fern-covered watershed, Radioactive Sources," by LLoyd W. Gay. for example, yearly runoff ranged from as 30th Annual West. Snow Conf. Proc . pp. 14- little as 0.3 inch to as much as 3.0 Inches 19, 1962. per year, in the short period 1951 to 1955. "Snow in Trees -- Where does it go?" by (h) "Watershed Management Research in Hawaii's David H. Miller, 30th Annual West. Snow Wildlands," by Henry W. Anderson, Walt Conf. Proc. pp. 21-27, 1962. Hopkins, and Robert E. Nelson, Pac. SW For. and Range Expt. Sta., Tech. Paper No. 75, (4759) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HAWAII. 15 pp., illustrated, 1962. "Soil Moisture and Soil Strength Character- bl Laboratory project. istics of Five Hawaiian Soils," Pac. SW For. Pacific Southwest i c) Dr. Keith Arnold, Director, and Range Expt. Sta. Res. Note No. 184, Forest and Range Experiment Station, P. 0. 8 pp. illus. Box 245, Berkeley 1, California. (d) Experimental field investigations; basic and applied research. (e) The aim is to develop a hydrologlc and U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, meteorological base for making land manage- Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. ment decisions in Hawaii which may effect water yield, water quality and floods. Inquiries concerning the following projects should Hydrologlc effects of conversion of native be addressed to Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky vegetation to urban areas, to grass land, to Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room commercial timber stands, and to cultivated 221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colorado. lands are to be evaluated. Present studies emphasize appraisal of the hydrologlc (377) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FRASER characteristics of the island soils, in- HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY. cluding soil erodibility and soil moisture storage and losses. (b) Laboratory project. Major work center is in Honolulu with three (d) Field investigations; applied research. studies actively underway. Field measure- (e) To determine influence of lodgepole pine ments of soil moisture, and physical ana- and spruce-fir forests and of the management lysis of soil to determine soil moisture of these forests for wood products on constants, have been made for soils repre- factors associated with the yield of water, senting 10 great soil groups in the state of largely from stored snow. The purpose Is Hawaii. Samples were obtained from the to solve problems In the management of surface 12 inches of soil at 34 sites distri- forested watersheds of the high altitude buted in the islands of Hawaii, Kauai, and zone of the Rocky Mountains for maximum Oahu. Periodic sampling of soil moisture yields of usable water, under stands of various tree, brush, and (g) The following table summarizes water yields grass species has been made at two sites from the Fool Creek watershed since timber near Honolulu and at one site in the harvesting: Waianae range, all on Oahu. Rainfall runoff relations in two small water- Predicted Actual sheds are being studied using data collected Year Period of Record Yield Yield Increase by the State Division of Forestry in the acre feet years 1951 to 1955. Differences involving watershed covers of niuhl fern, planted 1956 5/3 - 10/12 666 922 254 trees, and burned-over fern are being 1957 5/23 - 9/30 1158 1358 200 evaluated. 1958 5/6 - 9/30 673 798 125 (g) Difference in soil properties among great 1959 5/8 - 9/30 620 806 186 soil groups were found to be associated with 1960 4/23 - 8/24 656 882 226 forest cover, cultivation, pasture, and idle 1961 5/6 - 9/30 520 640 120 grass land. Soils In Hawaii were found to be 1962 4/19 - 9/5 1020 1130 110 fine textured and composed mostly of colloidal clay and organic particles. Forest (h) "Watershed Management in the Rocky Mountain soils, as contrasted to the soils in Alpine and Subalpine Zones," M. Martinelll, cultivated and in idle lands, had soil Jr., Arid Land Symposium, AAAS Proc. Dec. structure which favored infiltration and 1962. (In preparation). percolation of water. Forest soils were found to have highest average total pore (657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, TEMPE, ARIZONA. volume, available water capacity, and volume of large pores. Pasture and forest soils (b) Laboratory project. have the highest average organic matter (d) Experimental; basic and applied research. content. Sampling of erodibility of soils (e) To study the disposition of rainfall as of Hawaii shows wide variation in the influenced by waterhed vegetation; to erodibility of soils developed under a single determine the influence of various types of geologic rock type (basalt). forest and grassland vegetation as well as Frequent rainfall in Hawaii minimizes the vegetation modified by cultural treatment opportunity for determining evapotrans- such as grazing and timber harvest, on 132 . .

streamflow, water use, water loss, and table well at 9300-foot elevation showed a erosion and sediment yield; and to determine good rise and diurnal fluctuations were for phreatophytlc vegetation (water-loving similar to the temperature curve, highest in plants) the amount of water used, methods the afternoon and lowest near midnight. The for reducing water use by phreatophytes or effect of clipping treatments on Tamarlx for replacing them with more useful plants; pentandra was tested during the 1962 growing and for mixed conifer and chaparral types season. Sprouts from previously cut plants of vegetation to determine the hydrologic clipped every 2-, 4-, and 8-week Intervals characteristics of natural watersheds and and control plants clipped only in Sept. the effect of cover modification upon water resulted in survivals of 14, 44, 42, and 92$, yields, soil stability and other resource respectively, at the end of the growing sea- values. At Sierra Ancha Experimental son. Increase in unit water yield of a Watersheds in central Arizona, rainfall, burned and sprayed over a burned but un- runoff, and erosion are measured on three sprayed chaparral watershed about 5 months watersheds in the pine-fir vegetation type after the second annual chemical treatment. at high elevation, on two watersheds in the By the first full water year following the ponderosa-chaparral type, and from four second treatment, a significant increase watersheds In the grassland-chaparral type (4.30 inches) in runoff occurred compared to at intermediate elevations, and on nine the unsprayed control watershed. A con- small watersheds in the semidesert-chaparral trolled fall chaparral burn following type at low elevations. Water use by chemical dessication of foliage resulted in different types of plants in various soils 92.6$ reduction in crown canopy cover but Is studied on eleven large lysimeters. only a 28.7$ reduction in litter. Post-fire Three watersheds have been established litter was 4.85 tons per acre air dry basis, on the ponderosa pine type, three in the (h) "A Simple Device for Measuring Fluctuations mixed-conifer type, and two watersheds in in Shallow Ground-Water Wells," by Howard the high (9300-foot elevation) grassland L. Gary, Research Note 68, 2 pp., (Processed) type (measuring weirs currently under con- "Measuring transpiration of undisturbed struction) . Effect of frost on water yields tamarisk shrubs," John P. Decker, William G. (surface runoff and soil moisture accretion) Gaylor and Frank D. Cole, Plant Physiology is studied on small grass, aspen and mixed 37: 393-397, May 1962. conifer plots. Soils from grass, aspen and "Water Relations of Plant Communities as a mixed conifer plots are being laboratory Management Factor in Western Watersheds," tested for hydrologic characteristics. John P. Decker, Science 138, (3539): 532-533. Soil moisture is followed with a neutron October 26, 1962. probe. Gaging stations for four watersheds "Taxonomlc notes on Tamarlx pentandra in in the pure chaparral type are also avail- Arizona," Jerome S. Horton and John E. Flood, able to evaluate watershed-game interrela- Southwestern Naturalist 7(1): 23-28, June tions. One cluster of two watersheds and 1962. and another cluster of three watersheds are "Preliminary Results of Effect of Forest Tree available for testing the effect of mani- Removal on Water Yields and Sedimentation — pulating chaparral cover. Supplemental Workman Creek Experimental Watersheds,

1 studies are determining the proper use of In Watershed and Related Management Problems,' chemicals, fire, and mechanical treatment Lowell R. Rich, Ariz. Watershed Symposium for manipulating shrub in the type. Proc. 4: 13-16, illus. (Processed.) Interception, moisture use, and factors "Surface Runoff and Erosion in the Lower affecting water yield are being tested in Chaparral Zone - Arizona," Station Paper 66, Utah and alligator juniper forests on the 35 pp., illus. (Processed.) Beaver Creek Project, south of Flagstaff, "The Workman Creek Experimental Watershed," Arizona. Ecology of Tamarlx pentandra and H. G. Reynolds and J. A. West, Station Paper other phreatophytes is under investigation. 65, 18 pp. illus. Germination, seedling survival, sprouting "Preliminary Hydrologic effects of Wildfire ability, and rate of spread studies were in Chaparral," G. E. Glendening, C. P. Pase continued. A field apparatus employing and P. Ingebo, Fifth Ann. Ariz. Watershed plastic tents, a ventilating system, and a Symp. Proc. September 1961. wet-dry bulb hygrometer has been developed

and used for detailed measurements of ( 969) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, evapotranspiration of phreatophytes. NEW MEXICO. In pine-fir watersheds at Workman Creek, elevations 6590 to 7724 feet, two timber- (b) Laboratory project. Some work in cooperation harvest treatments have been completed. with Bureau of Land Management and Geological Test of individual tree selection resulted Survey in no significant change in water yield, d) Applied research. but clear cutting of one-third of a water- e) Evaluation of range-watershed conditions on shed and planting to grass resulted in a small watersheds in the San Luis drainage significant increase in water yields the of the Rio Puerco. Three contiguous water- second year after treatment during an above sheds, ranging from 338 to 555 acres located average water yield year. The third year's about 8 miles north of the San Luis community data almost exactly duplicated the first and west of the Rio Puerco main channel pro- year's data. Both these years were dry and vide the study area. Water and sediment streamflow of 1.4 inches compared to an inflow are measured in small reservoirs formed estimated streamflow of .9 inches were not by earthen dams. Precipitation rates and large enough for statistical significance amounts of vegetation changes are periodically for individual events. Preliminary data for measured over the watersheds. Ten years of the fourth year indicates near average water data have been collected under cattle yield, and increases due to treatment con- grazing during a 5 1/2-6 month overwinter sistent with previous years. period (November 1 to April 30) During February 1962, temperatures were Evaluation of soil ripping (Jayhawker) on higher than average and runoff from snow surface runoff, erosion, and vegetation. melt occurred on experimental watersheds Surface runoff plots (64), 10' x 31', are below about 8500-foot elevation. In spite Installed on a north and south aspect and of significant runoff, 1009& snow cover on upper and lower slopes representing north slopes was maintained throughout different soil conditions in the Rio Jemez February. On south slopes, however, snow drainage. Precipitation, runoff, and cover decreased to about 30$ on grass-covered sediment are measured. areas and 50$ on timbered areas which seems To obtain information on factors effecting to indicate that south slopes were important rates of snowpack ablation and correlation contributors to water yields. During this to relative water yields from several February runoff, a recorder equipped water- vegetation zones in high altitude watersheds

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In New Mexico. Plastic membrane watershed the spring runoff in 1962 deposited lysimeters 50 square feet In size and In only 638 pounds of sediment in the Impound- batteries of three were Installed In open ment; most of the outflow carried less than areas and In spruce-fir forests on north 100 p. p.m. of suspended sediment. Sediment and south slopes, in the impoundment was B0% organic (pine (g) Grazing use by cattle has averaged 54% on needles, leaves, etc.) and 20% mineral the key species alkali sacaton and only 34# (14% sand, 47^silt, 3'J% clay). on the less preferred galleta species. Fencing and variation in class of cattle have (3569) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE, had a pronounced effect on the grazing WYOMING. pattern Soil ripping with the Jayhawker resulted in lb) Laboratory project. about 96-97% reduction In surface runoff (d) Field Investigation; applied research. during the first rainy season. By the end (e) The objectives of the study are to determine of the third year of study this reduction the effects of big sagebrush on total runoff had declined to 81-87#. from snowmelt, snow accumulation and storage pattern. Three high elevation sagebrush (2658) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, RAPID CITY, watersheds, 60 to 106 acres, in western SOUTH DAKOTA. Wyoming provide the study area. V-notch we gage the runoff, and suspended sediment (b| Laboratory project. samples are taken periodically. Snowpack Is (d) Experimental; basic and applied research. sampled along permanent transects and at (e) (1) Soil moisture effects of thinning dense random points. Precipitation is sampled by ponderosa pine. (2) Control of runoff and a network of recording and non-recording soil erosion by seeded and native vege- gages. tation of the 1959 Deadwood Burn. (3) The objective of this study Is to determine Development of a diversion type sampler the soil moisture withdrawal pattern under for continuous measurement of sediment and natural stands of big sagebrush, and the runoff in small streams. (4) Runoff from effect of sagebrush eradication on moisture grazed and protected Kentucky bluegrass withdrawal. Four 0.1 acre plots on an east range In relation to soil compaction. (5) and a west exposure have been established Water yield and sediment production in within high elevation sagebrush type in relation to standard forest management western Wyoming. Sagebrush on two of the practices. plots on each exposure has been eradicated (f) Items 1, 2, 3, and 5 active; item 4 spraying. Soil moisture samples are taken temporarily suspended. periodically to trace moisture withdrawal (g) Due to soil moisture carryover from a wet under each condition. Study to evaluate year, thinned pine (post-pole size) on a the comparative efficiencies, in terms of deep soil, used more water In each of three water stored in accumulated snow, of tandem successively drier years than did dense 4-foot slatted snow fences erected at unthinned pine. Difference in total use, different spacing intervals on open wind- about 2 Inches the first year, had dropped swept slopes In southeast Wyoming. Study tc about 0.2 inch in the third due to to evaluate the effects of inducing snow reduction in year-to-year carryover. The accumulation on a watershed through use of trend reversed in the wet year Just passed. artificial barriers. Three experimental The thinned pine has used less moisture grassland-type drainages, 88 to 144 acres, than the unthinned and there is substan- have been selected for the study area In tially greater amount of stored moisture southeastern Wyoming where snow transport for carryover into next year under the by wind commonly occurs. V-notch weirs are thinned than the unthinned pine. installed to measure water yield. Snowpack Increasing density of seeded and native vege- is sampled in areas of natural accumulation tation on the 1959 Deadwood Burn is ef- along permanent transects. Summer pre- fectively controlling runoff and soil cipitation is sampled by a network of erosion. Plots continue to produce more recording and nonrecordlng gages, runoff from snowmelt on frozen ground than (g) Peak snowpack In the spring of 1962 was 150 summer storm runoff. Amounts of summer percent greater than the 1961 snowpack. storm runoff and sediment are much more Snowmelt was rapid with peak flows being closely related to total amount of precipi- reached approximately 10 days after melt tation per storm in excess of 0.03 inch per began. Maximum observed suspended sediment five minutes than total precipitation depth. load, near peak flow, was 109 p. p.m. Coarse sediment data indicate bed load move- (2913) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT. ment at a rate of 0.0021 ac. ft./sq. mi. of experimental drainage area. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with 1962 was the first year following spraying Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, Ariz. on the treated plots. On six sampling dates d) Field investigation; basic research. no significant differences were found in the e) Calibration of watersheds prior to treatment. moisture levels of the 0-6 foot soil layer Additional small watersheds have been gaged, on treated and untreated plots. On the making a total of 12 in the ponderosa pine eastern exposure treated plots withdrew 2.74 type, 3 in the alligator Juniper type, and inches of moisture compared to 3.78 inches 3 in the Utah Juniper type — all under on the untreated plots. While no signi- 2,000 acres. Two large pine watersheds ficant difference in total herbage pro- (about 10,000 acres) are also being cali- duction was found, grass production on the brated. One of the Utah Juniper watersheds treated plots Increased 48$ while forb pro- will be treated in 1963; treatment will duction decreased markedly. During the consist of Juniper eradication followed by winter 1961-62, eight slatted snow fences seeding to grass. Calibration units are placed on upland areas In tandem at intervals "flow periods" which are flows from indi- of 325 feet saturated. Resultant snowdrifts vidual storms. were 4.5 feet high, extended an average of (g) Intensive sediment measurements have been 106 feet downwind from the fence, and con- started on one small pine watershed and one tained about 110 cubic feet of water, snow- small Utah Juniper watershed. Total pack equivalent, per lineal foot of fence. sediment yield will be estimated for flow Trials for efficient snow fence spacings in periods, seasons and years. Large sediment small natural drainages are continuing. sizes will be caught in an artificial Im- Installations necessary to the study were poundment and small sizes will be caught in completed during the summer of 1962 and a series of splitters which sample outflow calibration began. Peak snowpack data through the impoundment spillway. In a collected in the spring of 1962 show that test installation on a 1.100 acre pine an average of only 1.1 inches of water,

134 snowpack equivalent, accumulates naturally RESEARCH. on the experimental drainages. (b) Laboratory project. For general public use (3895) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALPINE and information. HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY. (c) Dr. Thomas F. McLintock, Director, South- eastern Forest Experiment Station, U. S. (b) Laboratory project. Forest Service, P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, (d) Field Investigations; basic research. North Carolina. (e) The purpose is: 1) To correlate snowdrift (d) General investigations of forest influences Intensity with meteorological and terrain in the southeastern United States, with features; 2) to measure the amount and primary emphasis on fundamental hydrologic vertical distribution of snow carried by the research on watershed processes and related wind in an area of moderately rough terrain; application in watershed management. 3) To determine important features associated (e) Basic research into forest hydrologic pro- with the deposition of snow; 4) to determine cesses from the precipitation of water over the effect of slat and wire fencing on the an area until it leaves the watershed as accumulation of snow in selected natural streamflow or evapotranspiration. Demon- catchments in the alpine portion of Loveland strations of several cover types and land Basin, Colorado, and to test the relative management practices and their effect upon

effectiveness of this type of fence at two water yield, quality and flow characteristics . locations in the same general area; and Development of watershed management methods 5) to test several types of wind barriers pertinent to the region and cooperative in alpine conditions, trials and demonstrations of these methods. (g) Data have been taken on the effect of slat Most of the experimental and hydrologic and wire snow fencing on the accumulation data are collected on the 5600-acre Coweeta of snow in six selected natural alpine Hydrologic Laboratory, located in the zone catchments. One catchment along the main of maximum precipitation for the eastern ridge showed a very large increase in snow United States (Nantahala Range of the south-

due to the fence. At the other catchments, ern Applachians) . The basic hydrologic one showed an increase, two showed little gaging network at the Coweeta Hydrologic net change, and two were used as control Laboratory, near Franklin, N. C, Includes areas. 1 multiple and 11 unit watersheds currently active and 19 standby watersheds on which (3896) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, PORT COLLINS, up to 27 years of continuous streamflow COLORADO. records and a cumulative total of more than 670 years are available on drainages (b) Laboratory project. ranging from 4 acres to 8 square miles, 12 Id) Field investigations; applied research. recording and 23 standard rain gages, 1 (e) Field plot to observe the adaptability and recording hygrothermograph, 1 metering growth characteristics of twenty-three tree anemometer, 2 recording anemometers and shrub and twenty-six grass and forb species wind vanes, 1 evaporation pan, and 2 for further testing on critical erosion recording pyrheliometers . An additional 44 sites. rain gages of various types are currently Research to find the influences of mechani- being used for special studies. Occasional cal watershed rehabilitation measures on water samples are collected from selected the microclimate and other site factors in watersheds for quality analysis on a storm the southern Rocky Mountains. To determine period basis. Soil moisture is measured in the effect of range conditions and related the field with tenslometers and 2 neutron factors on sediment production and runoff scattering devices servicing a network of on three mountain grassland watersheds in some 60 access tubes. A small laboratory western Colorado. Range condition is being equipped for soil and plant physical anal- measured by means of 20 or more 3-step ysis and instrument repair is on the area. transects on each watershed. Ninety degree Most recording devices are of the chart- V-notch weirs are used to gage the water- trace type with exception of one analog- sheds which vary in size from 86 to 272 to-digital streamflow recorder. Much of acres. Water samples are taken several the data is being reduced from chart traces times daily during snowmelt and periods of to punch cards by an Oscar-K chart reader storm runoff for determination of suspended with subsequent computation and analysis by sediment; bedload is measured in the weir computers at the National Weather Records ponds. Center In Asheville, N. C. Supplementing (g) This year, as in 1961, moisture was favor- the plant-soil-water studies at Coweeta Is able for plant growth at the plot. This a research unit located in the piedmont at resulted in only minor increases in mortality Union, S. C. Current soil moisture studies over 1961. The outstanding shrub was include development of field measurement Sambucus neomexicana which grew to heights techniques for moisture investigations by of 7 feet and diameters of 6 feet from basal the neutron method, comparative water use shoots and produced by far the greatest requirements of cover types, moisture weight of litter. Annual forbs did poorly recharge and depletion investigations, and this second season while the biennial depth of moisture withdrawal by representa- Melilotus clovers were the superior species tive cover types. Research facilities are at the grass and forb plot. Agropyron largely Inactive at the present time but trachycaulum was observed to be one of the Include 4 unit watersheds, a rain gage best perennial grasses in regard to growth network, and a standard Weather Bureau and litter produced. weather station plus a neutron scattering Ground cover index shows a strong corre- device and numerous plots for soli moisture lation with both peak suspended sediment study (now active). All projects are to be concentration (parts per million) and peak carried to completion through analysis of discharge (cubic feet per second per data, preparation of reports, and publica-

square mile) . Suspended sediment concen- tion of technical articles. Research trations have been as high as 6820 p. p.m., studies (Coweeta and Union) include: 1) and peak discharge has been as high as 96 evapotranspiration from forest land, hydro- c . s.m. logic effects of reducing basal area; 2) evapotranspiration and water yield from different types of forest cover; 3) soil- water balance as related to recharge, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, drainage, and evapotranspiration; 4) source, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. volume, and timing of stormflows from small mountain watersheds; 5) energy balance, (380) WATER RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT precipitation, and evapotranspiration on

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slopes and how modified by cover and John D. Hewlett and Alden R. Hlbbert, to be physiography; 6) soil moisture depletion published in Journal of Geophysical Research by drainage and transpiration from deep February 1963. forest plots covered with plastic film; 7) "Instrumental and Soli Moisture Variance Internal water balance of' forest trees using the Neutron Scattering Method," by under natural and Induced drought condi- John D. Hewlett, James E. Douglass, and tions; e) Interception by forest litter Jerome L. Clutter, to be published in Soil cover; 9) soil moisture storage and move- Science ment on steep slopes; and 10) a pilot study "The Measurement of water Deficits In testing multiple uses such as water, timber Broadleaf Plants," by John D. Hewlett and recreation, and wildlife on a 360-acre water- Paul J. Kramer, to be published in shed. Wetland research, recently Frotoplasma Inaugurated at Charleston, South Carolina, Involves studies of the effects of drainage and other management practices on the water regime and timber growth and survival. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Planned work will attempt to classify Southern Forest Experiment Station. wetland forest sites as regards hydrologic characteristics and management potential, Inquiries concerning the following projects should Identify the factors affecting coastal plain be addressed to Mr. P. A. Briegleb, Director, South- hydrology, and evaluate changes in wildlife ern Forest Experiment Station, T-10210 Federal Bldg., habitat resulting from modification of water 701 Loyola Avenue, New Orleans 12, Louisiana. regimes. (g) Past cutting experiments at Coweeta have (2914) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, OXFORD resulted in 6 to 16 inches of increased RESEARCH CENTER, OXFORD, MISSISSIPPI. water yield the first year following 100$ reduction in basal area of the hardwood (b) Laboratory project, In cooperation with Soil forest cover. As the forest vegetation Conservation Service, Agricultural Research recovered after cutting, these Increases in Service, and University of Mississippi. yield dropped off at a rate approximately (d) Field Investigation of runoff and erosion linear with the logarithm of time, indi- from small experimental watersheds on forest cating that as the coppice forest matured and potential forest lands; basic and evapotranspiration returned to precutting applied research. levels. A 23-acre watershed was recently (e) Twelve small natural headwater catchments, converted from forest to grass in an attempt two to four acres each, were installed in to compare evapotranspiration from these two batteries of three to determine runoff and cover types. After 3 growing seasons no erosion from old fields, depleted upland significant differences in water use have hardwoods, pine plantations, and mature

been detected. The study continues to de- upland plne-hardwoods . Treatments are termine if grass is actually using as much deferred until after a suitable calibration water as forest or if some watershed factor period. Related studies Include restoration Is complicating results. Mature forest of depleted watersheds and plant-soil-water trees on two 50-foot square plastic covered relationships. plots were defoliated late In June. At (g) Data collection on all watersheds was con- that time drainage from the covered soil tinued. Indications of continuing improve- had virtually ceased and trees were fully ment in effectiveness of some watershed leaved out. No further loss of soil covers have necessitated further deferment moisture occurred on the defoliated plots, of planned watershed treatments. Runoff but on an adjacent control plot losses con- and sediment production continues to be tinued until leaf fall in September. related to cover type. Methods for measuring leaf -water deficits and leaf -water potential in the forest were (3225) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HARRISON improved. Forest vegetation In the RESEARCH CENTER, HARRISON, ARKANSAS. southern Appalachian highlands was shown to exhibit as a rule only minor deficits in b) Laboratory project. the internal water balance. Average noon- d) Field investigations on effects of forest time diffusion pressure deficits of forest type and condition on timing of flows in leaves during the summer of 1961 was only streams of the Ozark-Ouachita uplands; basic about 5 atmospheres. Interception of and applied research, rainfall by litter under a hardwood forest (e) Runoff and sediment from three small accounted for about 2 to 4 Inches of water mountain watersheds are measured currently. per year. Litter interception appears Cover conditions will be changed after an greater during the leafless dormant season adequate calibration period. Related than during the growing season. A 3 x 3 x studies of soil moisture and erosion are 45-foot column of soil inclined at 40 continuing. percent in concrete box drained after (g) A guage was devised for detailed measurement soaking for 145 days before outflow became of erosion from watershed lands. so low that it could no longer be measured. (h) "Soli Erosion Gauge," C. Mesavage and J. L. After, the first 5 days, outflow was entire- Smith. Jour. Soil and Water Conserv. 17(2): ly from unsaturated soil. These results 71, 1962. strongly support the theory that baseflow at Coweeta is largely from unsaturated soil moisture draining slowly from slopes above stream channels. U. S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Beach Erosion Board. (h) "The Annual Range of Soil Moisture under High Rainfall in the Southern Appalachians," Inquiries concerning the following projects should by J. D. Helvey and John D. Hewlett, J. of be addressed to the President, Beach Erosion Board, Forestry 60(7): 485-486, July 1962. 5201 Little Falls Road, N.W., Wash. 16, D. C. "Variance of Nuclear Moisture Measurements," by James E. Douglass, Station Paper No. (181) EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES AND STUDY OP 143, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, MODEL SCALE EFFECTS. Asheville, N. C. "A Method for Determining the Slope of (b) Laboratory project. Neutron Moisture Meter Calibration Curves," (d) Experimental; basic research. by James E. Douglass, Station Paper No. 154 (e) Equilibrium beach profiles will be determined Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, experimentally for waves up to 6 feet in Asheville, N. C. height in a prototype tank; the waves will "Moisture and Energy Conditions within a be modeled at a 1 to 10 scale In small Sloping Soil Mass During Drainage," by laboratory tanks (to determine scale effects) 136 . .

for various median diameter and specific continuing phase of this general study gravity sediments, involves the measurement of a natural beach (g) Additional tests were made using crushed coal slope and attempts to determine Its response of average specific gravity 1.5 (modeled by to the forces normally Incident upon the the settling velocity relationship to give shore such as wave height and period, angle corresponding characteristics of material of wave approach, tide, and direction and

tested in the large tank) . Observed material magnitude of littoral current. By statisti- movement and profile changes corresponded cal methods the relative Importance of the basically to the large scale results in the forces or combinations of forces may be prototype tank, although the coal slope evaluated. deteriorated somewhat faster. A partial (g) Computing machine techniques have been explanation for differences is the wide applied to the statistical evaluation of the range of specific gravities of individual importance of the forces and of the parame- coal particles. Tests for a few selected ters. Preliminary results indicate that storm waves were made in the large tank wave height and wave period are more with waves from 2 to 5.5 feet in height Important although, in general, the data using a sand of 0.4-mm. median diameter. used in the analyses were too sparse and too The profiles obtained in these tests may statistically noisy to achieve definite be compared with those obtained earlier results. with 0.2-mm. sand to indicate differences in rates of scour and degree of protection (977) DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DIRECTION with different sized material. GAGES.

(660) OBSERVED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS. (bl Laboratory project. id) Experimental; development. (b) Laboratory and field project. (e) To develop wave height and wave direction (d) Field investigation; basic research. gages for use In securing accurate records (e) To secure a more thorough knowledge of the of wave characteristics. (See also Project characteristics of ocean waves, a number of 660) electrical recording wave gages have been (g) Two relay type wave gages were fabricated for installed in coastal waters and these records use by the Walla Walla District, Corps of are analyzed for significant height and Engineers. These gages are unique in that period, and wave spectra. they Include an automatic wave height con- (g) The new relay type wave gage has proved trolled programmer. This programmer acti- to be superior to the parallel and series vates the wave recording apparatus only when types of step resistance wave gages. This waves of two previously selected heights type gage has been installed for the Beach are present, thus precluding the recording Erosion Board at Virginia Beach, Va., of waves with low or negligible heights. Buzzards Bay, Mass. (Coast Guard Tower), The height selectors are adjustable In and Atlantic City, N. J. Plans are in height and also in length of recording period progress for replacing the wave gages at for each height. A long period wave re- Naples, Fla., and Huntington Beach, Calif, cording station (100-seconds thru 15-mlnute with relay type gages. Reinstallation of wave periods) was fabricated for use in the wave recording station at Palm Beach, Hilo, Hawaii. This gage was designed to Fla. is also planned for 1963. Additional obtain wave data on waves and surges causing gages on other Coast Guard light towers are ship and port damage in Hilo Harbor. Four planned for installation in 1963. Magnetic wave gages and magnetic tape recorders were tape recorders for recording ocean waves furnished the Los Angeles District, Corps of have been installed on all Beach Erosion Engineers, for use in the Playa Del Rey Boat Board wave gages. These records are being Basin. The gages are needed to obtain in- analyzed on a wave spectrum analyzer In the formation relative to boats and dock in- Board's laboratory. Certain improvements stallation damage caused by waves entering were made in interpreting the record for the basin from the Pacific Ocean. A wave average height, energy, and peak height. gage was furnished (loaned to) the City of Detroit, Michigan, for measurement of waves (975) METHODS OF BY-PASSING SAND PAST INLETS, in small boat harbors caused by large ocean vessels underway in adjacent channel areas. (b) Laboratory project. Three staff type wave gages were installed id) Field investigation; applied research. at Port Hueneme, Calif., replacing pressure (e) To study methods and requirements for pumping type gages. Magnetic tape recorders are sand past inlets and to determine the used with these wave gages. applicability of the methods in stabilization of beaches adjacent to inlets. Data are (2190) STUDY OF EFFECT OF A GROIN ON THE RATE OF being procured on the effect to the shoreline LITTORAL MOVEMENT. of sand by-passing operations at Port Hueneme, California and Lake Worth Inlet, Fla. (b) Laboratory project. and on the effect to the shoreline of a (dj Experimental; basic research. new harbor constructed at Ventura, (e) To study the effect of groins on the rate of California. This latter harbor involves an littoral drift passing a groin system. offshore detached breakwater along with Initial tests consist of waves generated at entrance Jetties to the new harbor. Data at a 30-degree angle to the sand beach with the three locations include periodic hydro- measurement of material movement being made graphic surveys south and north of the inlet, at the downdrift end. The tests planned for wave data, sand samples, detailed records of the immediate future, as have the current pumping operations, and detailed records of season tests, will continue to emphasize entrance channel maintenance. A general study the task of collecting and establishing is being made of the possibility of adapting reliable calibration data on the relationship commercial instruments utilizing a radioactive between the littoral transport rate and the source to the discharge line to measure wave characteristics. These generalized quantity of material pumped in by-passing (not to specific model scale) studies are operations. being made in the Shore Processes Test Basin of the Beach Erosion Board. They will (976) ESTABLISHMENT OF CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION Include tests of waves up to about 1 foot OF ARTIFICIAL BEACHES. in height and wave periods of 1.25 to 4.00 seconds (b| Laboratory project. (g) A total of seven littoral transport tests (d) Theoretical; applied research. have been completed this year. These tests (e) To develop criteria for construction of may be conveniently grouped into the follow- beaches by artificial means. The present ing four categories: (1) sand feeder

137 .

calibration tests - Intended to determine the and techniques are developed for use in the optimum position (vertical and horizontal) solution of coastal engineering problems, of the sand feeder; (2) transverse or para- (g) This report was reprinted in October 1961. site wave tests designed to eliminate transverse waves which possibly have adverse (2195) RE-EXAMINATION OF ARTIFICA LLY NOURISHED AND effects on the littoral transport test re- CONSTRUCTED BEACHES. sults; (3) radioactive feasibility, tests to determine the feasibility of measuring the (bl Laboratory project. littoral transport by monitoring the progress (di Field investigation; applied research. of an Initial injection of radioactive sand (e) To study the behavior of beach fills placed as it is displaced from the injection area to restore or nourish a beach sector and by the action of waves, and (4) miscellaneous the effect of the fill on adjacent shores. or liaison data collection and testing, A selected number of beach fills are being using SPTB facility and equipment. re-examined Results from the sand feeder calibration (g) Study is underway of data collected at tests shows that the magnitude of the Seaside Park, Sherwood Island State Park, vertical spacing between the still water and Hammonasset, Conn.; Key West, Fla.; and level and the sand feeder mouth affects the Presque Isle, Pa. amount of sand fed in the presence of waves. Sand feeding curves, in general, showed (2659) LARGE SCALE TESTS OF WAVE FORCES ON PILING, that the higher the feeder was placed above the still water level, the greater was the (b) Laboratory project. amount of sand fed. This test result does (d) Experimental; applied research, design. not of itself select a specific or optimum (e) To determine nature and magnitude of forces feeder elevation for a given wave condition, on piles. but it does provide useful data which may f) Suspended.

aid a particular selection of feeder ele- i h) A report on some of the data was presented vation. The variability of wave heights at the ASCE meeting at Houston in February measured along the toe of the beach slope 1962. confirm the presence of a transverse wave, or basin oscillation. Installation of a (2660) WAVE TANK STUDY OF QUANTITY OF SEDIMENT IN splitter wall 1/4 basin width upbeach of SUSPENSION IN THE SURF ZONE (INCLUDING the down-beach training wall reduced the TEMPERATURE EFFECTS). magnitude and increased the frequency of wave height variability as measured along (b) Laboratory project. the wave crest. Results from the tracer (d) Experimental; basic research. feasibility tests were confined mainly to (e) To determine the relationship between wave, the development of methods, techniques, and water, and sand characteristics, and the procedures. The information gained will amount of material maintained in suspension guide the design of a more sophisticated and, hence, available for longshore trans- test having the specific purpose and a port by currents. definite plan for measuring (estimating) by (g) A vacuum pump-type suspended sediment use of radioactive or fluorescent tracers sampler has been used to collect suspended the magnitude of the littoral transport sand samples under various laboratory condi- rate. Additional work Included the measure- tions of waves, water temperature, and sand. ment and tabulation of wave height, wave A pump type sampler has been used to collect period, and eccentric setting for use in suspended sediment samples in the Beach preparing calibration curves for the Shore Erosion Board large wave tank In conjunction Processes Testing Basin wave machines, with other tests (Items 181 and 4764 - last

(h) "Laboratory Determination of Littoral item) . Some of these samples have been Transport Rates" by R. P. Savage, Proceed- analyzed and compiled. Tests using an ings Separate No. 3128, Journal Waterways eductor to collect suspended sediment and Harbors Division, American Society of samples were also carried out and showed that Civil Engineers, WW2, May 1962. the eductor could be used in place of a pump to make suspended sediment collections in (2192) REGIONAL STUDIES OP THE ATLANTIC COAST OF the large wave tank. The advantage of the NEW JERSEY; AND THE DELAWARE-MARYLAND- eductor is that only the intake nozzle and VIRGINIA SHORE LINE PROM CAPE HENLOPEN TO piping need be placed in the water. All CAPE CHARLES. other equipment (filter, case, meter etc.) can be positioned above and completely out lt>) Laboratory project. of the water. Modifications to the vacuum (di Field investigations; basic research. pump suspended sampling apparatus for use (e) To compile all existing data pertinent to In laboratory wave tanks are continuing. shore processes on a regional scale. Reports Fabrication of six cylindrical receptacles to consist of three chapters: geomorphology (3 bronze, 3 plexiglass) for use In sus- and shoreline histories, littoral forces, pended sediment collection have been com- and littoral materials. Subject matter to pleted. These receptacles replace a square Include physiography, geological development cross-section receptacle formerly used. The of the shore region, sources of littoral new receptacle provides greater efficiency material, waves, tides or water level in sample collection and extraction, and a fluctuations, current physical character- saving in replacement costs. istics of the littoral materials, inter- relation of sedimentary properties, relation (2661) WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES. of properties of littoral materials to position in the littoral zone, and changes (b) Laboratory project. in shoreline configuration. (d) Experimental; design. (g) The Delaware-Maryland-Virginia shoreline (e) Wave run-up is determined experimentally from Cape Henlopen to Cape Charles is for various waves for different types of currently under study. Data compilation shore structures. Effect of both structure for this reach is essentially completed and roughness and permeability is being investi- the report is under preparation. gated. (g) Relatively large scale data (wave heights (2193) SHORE PROTECTION PLANNING AND DESIGN. about 3 feet) have been taken on a 1 on 1 1/2 slope rubble mound structure, with a (b) Laboratory project, cover layer of (75-lb.) quadripods. Some (dj Design. data using waves 2 to 5.5 feet high have (e) To supplement and revise the Beach Erosion also been obtained on smooth 1 on 15 beach Board's Technical Report No. 4, "Shore slopes, the beach material having a median Protection Planning and Design" as new data diameter of 0.4 millmeters. Curves

133 . . .

presenting run-up data for use in deep inland the sediments moved alongshore and also reservoirs have been prepared, embodying toward deeper water. The transport may have within them an average scale correction been pulsating in character. A possible factor, and published by ASCE. The Joint onshore-offshore oscillatory motion was also distribution of wave height and wave period, noted. for a fully developed sea, as developed by (h) "Laboratory Applications of Radioisotopic Bretschneider, has been used to obtain the Tracers to Follow Beach Sediments," by distribution of relative wave run-ups in a Norman E. Taney, Proceedings of the Eighth sea condition, and also the distribution of International Conference on Coastal Engrg., actual run-up. This latter distribution Council on Wave Research- Engineering Foun- turns out to be essentially identical with dation (in press). the wave height distribution as developed by Putts, Longuet-Higglns, and others (at (3898) SCOUR CAUSED BY WAVES STRIKING SEAWALLS OR least for conditions examined) . As such, BULKHEADS. it appears that about 15% of the run-ups exceed the run-up of the significant wave, (bl Laboratory project. about \% of run-ups will be 1.5 times R1/3 (d) Experimental; basic research. and that about 1 in 1,000 will be 2 times (e) To study the effect of waves acting against R1/3. This analysis has been made only for a vertical bulkhead on a sand beach in the case of relatively deep water fronting eroding or building up a beach. a structure (i.e., d/Ho greater than 3) and (g) Work has been continued on analysis of the for a fully developed sea, though it has data obtained last year. been extended to include normal generating areas. A graphical method was developed (4760) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DUNE BUILDING WITH for checking the design height of protective SAND FENCES. dunes or beach fills which are to be constructed along an existing shoreline. The (b) Laboratory project. method involves computing a "critical profile" (d) Experimental; design. which, when plotted on transparent paper, (e) The experimental study consists of the con- can be overlaid on field profile plots to struction of various types and arrangements determine if run-up from expected waves will of sand fences to determine the fence type exceed the structure height, and arrangement most effective in building (h) "Freeboard Allowances for Waves in Inland a dune by trapping and holding wind-blown Reservoirs" by Thorndike Saville, Jr., E. sand. Slat-type snow fencing and locally W. McClendon, and A. L. Cochran; Proc. of constructed brush fencing have been used in the American Society of Civil Engineers, straight, straight-with-side spurs, and Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Div., zigzag configurations. The study is being WW2, Separate No. 3138, May 1962. conducted on the Outer Banks of North "An Approximation of the Wave Run-up Fre- Carolina between Cape Hatteras and Cape quency Distribution" by Thorndike Saville, Lookout Jr.; Proc. of the Eighth International (g) The study indicates that brush fencing of Conference on Coastal Engineering, Council sufficient density traps about 5% more sand on Wave Research, Engineering Foundation than slat-type fencing, and that the straignt (in press) fencing configuration traps and holds as A Graphical Method for Checking the Design much, or more, sand than either the straight- Height of Structures Subjected to Wave with-side spurs or zigzag configuration. Run-up" by R. P. Savage, Bulletin of the (h) "Experimental Dune Building on the Outer Beach Erosion Board, Vol. 16, 1962. Banks of North Carolina" by Rudolph P. Savage, Shore and Beach, Vol. 30, No. 2, (3226) MODEL TESTS OF WAVE SETUP ON BEACHES. October 1962. "Experimental Study of Dune Building with (b| Laboratory project. Sand Fences," by Rudolph P. Savage, Proc. (d) Experimental; basic research. of the Eighth Conference on Coastal Engrg., (e) To relate increase in water level at the Mexico City, 1962 (in press). shore due to wave action alone, to the incident wave characteristics and shore hydro- (4761) EVALUATION OF A STREAM OUTLET STRUCTURE graphy. (SAND PLUG OPENING DEVICE). (g) Additional tests have been made on a 1 on 10 slope and a 1 on 6 slope. Tests in (b) Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Dept. of general indicate a wave set-up at the shore- Agriculture line of about 10$ to 20$ of the wave height d) Experimental; applied research. for profiles. The earlier indication of e) A laboratory study was made on the effec- reduced set-up for slopes 1 on 6 or steeper tiveness of a sand plug opening device. may be in error and may have resulted from The device was designed to aid stream insufficient measurements near the still floods in breaking through ocean formed water line. sand plugs in the seaward exits of streams before the stream floods reach an elevation (3897) RADIOACTIVE TRACERS FOR BEACH STUDIES. high enough to cause flooding damage inland of the sand plug. In general, the stream (b) Laboratory project. flood cannot be allowed to ride high enough (d) Experimental; research. to overtop the plug. (e) A natural or simulated sediment on or in f) Completed.

which a radioisotope has been incorporated i g) A 1 to 20 scale model of the proposed was placed in a strip across a sandy beach structure was made and tested. The structure in the Shore Processes Test Basin. Waves worked as predicted; however, the study left and wave induced currents transported the some doubt as to whether the structure would labelled particles, and periodically the cause the sand plug to erode quickly enough beach and offshore zone was monitored with to prevent flooding when the stream flood appropriate detection instruments. In this rose from plus 2 ft. MSL to plus 6 ft. MSL manner a time-space of the labelled particles in 13 minutes. Flooding was assumed to was determined. From this history and occur at stream elevations greater than plus other data it is hoped to develop further 6 ft. MSL. information concerning the mechanics of (h) Report submitted to the Soil Conservation particles and littoral movement. Experience Service. gained from the laboratory testing program will be utilized when field testing is (4762) CORRELATION OF STORM WAVE ATTACK AND BEACH undertaken. EROSION. (g) Two laboratory tests were completed during the late summer of 1962. It was found that (b) Corps of Engineers. 139 . .

(d) Field and office investigation to develop in the model. quantitative correlation between storm Tests have been completed. violence and shore erosion. Suitable designs were developed for all (e) Repetitive profiles are taken at selected elements of the spillway and stilling basin. beach areas. The storm wave action between (h) "Spillway and Stilling Basin for Lookout surveys is analyzed and correlations between Point Dam, Middle Fork Wllllamette River, the wave action and observed profile changes Oregon," U. S. Army Engineer Bonneville are established. Hydraulic Laboratory Tech. Report No. 42-1, Repetitive profile lines were established in December 1962. (Available on loan.) Final November 1962 at nine locations between report covering tests on the gravity Delaware Bay and Cape Cod. These profiles spillway and regulating outlets. are re surveyed at weekly or bi-weekly intervals. Storm wave action is measured (2662) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF JOHN DAY LOCK AND DAM, by the Beach Erosion Board Ocean Wave gages, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON. and storm surges by U.S.C. & O.S. tide gages. 00 U. S. Army Engineering District, Walla Walla, (4763) OFFSHORE SAND SOURCES. Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. Experimental; for design. Laboratory project. Si A fixed-bed model constructed to an undis- Field investigation; applied research. torted scale of 1:80 reproduces the Columbia To develop data on offshore deposits of River bed from Mile 213.7 to 216.8. The dam material along the U. S. coasts that could axis is at Mile 215.6. The original be used In beach fill or nourishment structures layout consists of a straight, projects. 20-bay, gravity-type spillway controlled by (g) Map study has been made to locate possible 50- by 58.5-ft. tainter gates, a powerhouse source areas. A pilot operation utilizing for 20 Kaplan turbines (initial Installation a "sparker" type sounder to indicate depth 10 units), an 86- by 675-ft. navigation lock of deposit was carried out off the Florida having a maximum lift of 113 ft., a concrete coast. Plans for a dredging operation nonoverflow section, rock-fill abutments, using a dredge with pump-out capability are and facilities for passing anadromous fish underway to study feasibility and costs. over the dam. Cofferdams having steel cells in the river legs and earth-and-rock shore (4764) MODEL TESTS - PROPOSED LOS ANGELES - SANTA connections are designed to withstand river MONICA CAUSEWAY. flows to 700,000 cfs during first- and second-stage construction periods and 300,000 00 Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers, cfs during third-stage diversion. Purposes U. S. Army (for State of California). of the model study are to check the structures Experimental; basic research. alinement and flow conditions affecting power An offshore sand barrier has been proposed generation, cofferdam placement, and fish for a causeway across a portion of Santa passage Monica Bay. One proposal involves a rock Tests have been completed. barrier, submerged perhaps 15 feet (to pre- 13 Satisfactory designs were developed for vent damage to swimmers and small craft) to both the first- and second- step cofferdams hold the seaward end of the sand barrier. as a result of tests made in the model. It thus eliminates the large quantity of Although flow patterns adjacent to the main sand otherwise necessary to form the toe of structures were fairly satisfactory, re- the sand barrier. A few large scale (waves alignment of the downstream approach channel 3-6 feet in height) tests have been made to improved conditions for navigation, and give an indication of possible quantity of extension of a training wall between the scour shoreward of the rock barrier induced spillway and powerhouse reduced a possible by it, and the relative proportion of this hazard for fish migrating upstream. De- scour material which might be moved seaward tailed studies of powerhouse tailrace across the rock barrier crest and become alignments, south fishway entrance, and a unavailable for further nourishment and pumphouse to provide auxiliary attraction protection of the sand barrier. water for the powerhouse fish collection Essentially completed. system were made. Additional tests with IS! Final report to the Los Angeles District is a revised second-step cofferdam, right bank underway. fills adjacent to and upstream from the navigation lock, highway detour fill, and extended river side downstream lock guard wall indicated that flow conditions U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, adjacent to these elements would be satis- PORTLAND, Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory. factory. Alternative methods for effecting the transition between the first and Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2662, 3577, 3578, second-step cofferdams, and various pro- 3899, 4379, 4503, 4504, and 4505 should be addressed posals for constructing portions of the to the District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., second-step cofferdam in successive low- Walla Walla, Building 602, City-County Airport, water seasons were investigated during 1962. Walla Walla, Washington. (h) Final report is in preparation.

(403) MODEL STUDY OF LOOKOUT POINT SPILLWAY, MIDDLE (3577) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LOWER MONUMENTAL DAM, FORK WILLAMETTE RIVER, OREGON. SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(< 00 U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Corps 00 U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, of Engineers, 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. Oregon Experimental; for design. (c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer An undistorted, fixed-bed, 1:100- scale model District, Portland, 628 Pittock Block, reproduced approximately 2.4 miles of Snake Portland 5, Oregon. River bed and overbank topography at the dam Experimental; for design. site. The dam axis is 41.5 river miles \i) Approximately 2000 ft. of forebay area upstream from the confluence of the Snake and upstream from the dam, a 2200-ft. section of Columbia Rivers and about 60 miles from the 250-ft.-high earth embankment, the 1900-ft.- city of Pasco, Washington, Studies were made long, uncontrolled side-channel spillway to determine flow conditions during various with 725-ft.-long ogee and 150-ft.-wide construction stages and after completion of stilling basin, and 2400 ft. of downstream the project. river bed were reproduced in a l:72-scale (g) After verification of the model, studies of model. Later a gravity spillway 149 ft. wide successive construction stages were made. having 5 talnter-type crest gates was tested It was found that proposed limits for 140 cavation along the right bank were inade- (tainter), and a 22-ft.-diam. outlet tunnel. quate, revisions in alignment and height of Hydraulic downpull forces are computed from first-step cofferdam cells were needed, and pressures at 21 critical locations on the problems concerning fish passage would arise emergency gate. during each phase of construction. Numerous Tests have been completed. conferences and demonstrations held on the 12 Downpull forces were measured on a tractor- model helped solve problems regarding fish type emergency closure gate with bottom beam migrations. Pinal designs for all features sloped 30, 37.5, and 45 degrees and with lip of the project were developed. Operational extensions of 0, 3.5, 8, and 12 in. under tests of the final design are in progress. heads between 50 and 300 ft. Downpull forces were highest with the 30-degree bottom and (3578) MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDERS FOR JOHN DAY DAM, lowest with the 45-degree bottom. Although COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON. lip extensions reduced the downpull, their effectiveness decreased as the bottom slope 00 U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, was Increased. Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. (h) Final report is scheduled for publication in Experimental; for design. 1963. it] An existing l:10-scale fish ladder model is being used for tests of the 24-ft-wide, 1-on- (4379) MODEL STUDY OF LOWER MONUMENTAL NAVIGATION 10 sloped fish ladders for John Day Dam. LOCK, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON. (g) Velocities, flow patterns, and surge characteristics were determined for typical fixed 00 U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, weirs of several alternative designs. A Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. design was developed for a l-on-10 flshway Experimental; for design. in which flow conditions will be comparable It] A l:25-scale model reproduces a typical 86- to those in a 24-ft-wide fish ladder sloped by 675-ft. lock chamber, split lateral fill- 1 on 16. Then the model was revised to ing and emptying system, river outlet for include the north fishway exit, orifice emptying system, and portions of the upstream control section, fish counting station, and and downstream approach channels. The model

eight typical weirs. , Orifice sizes for non- forebay includes the short nonoverflow overflow bulkheads in the orifice control section between spillway and navigation lock, section (two orifices per bulkhead) were and two adjacent spillway bays to permit adjusted to provide a uniform drop between investigation of vortex action over the successive pools for an 11-ft variation in staggered Intake manifolds when filling the forebay level. Flow conditions with a third lock with or without spillway flow. orifice on the center line of each typical Tests have been completed. weir (adopted design) were investigated. Studies indicated that vortex action occurred Tests of the counting station for the south over the right intake of original design shore fish ladder are In progress. (Plan A) during a portion of the filling operation, whereas eddy currents along the (3899) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LOWER MONUMENTAL left guard wall were dissipated before they DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON. could Join into a vortex. Additional tests led to the development of a satisfactory 00 U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, intake design (Plan I). No vortices formed Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. under any method of operation with steady Experimental; for design. flow into the lock chamber. No dimples The 1 :42.47-scale model includes a 3-bay which indicated incipient vortex formation section of the 8-bay spillway and stilling in the model were apparent during filling basin. Tests were made to evaluate hy- operation at an initial head of 117 ft draulic performance of the proposed spill- (maximum lock Inflow increased 10 percent) way and to develop revisions in design that when the spillway was closed, when both would increase performance or reduce con- intakes were open, or when the river wall struction and maintenance costs. intake was closed. Intermittent dimples Tests have been completed. formed when the spillway flow averaged Satisfactory designs for spillway crest, 10,000 cfs per bay and when the land wall piers, abutments, and stilling basin were intake was closed. derived; pressure data and discharge rating 00 Final report is in preparation. curves for free and gated flows were determined with and without a simulated power- (4380) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR GREEN PETER DAM, house structure in place. With a maximum MIDDLE SANTIAM RIVER, OREGON. head of approximately 65 ft, an abutment coefficient of 0.0335 was indicated for a 00 U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Corps half pier adjacent to the powerhouse, of Engineers, 628 Plttock Block, Portland 5, whereas a value of 0.0365 was derived for Oregon. the opposite abutment. (c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer 00 Final report is in preparation. District, Portland, 628 Plttock Block, Port- land 5, Oregon. (3900) MODEL STUDY OF D0WNPULL FORCES ON EMERGENCY Experimental; for design. CLOSURE GATES. A l:50-scale model includes 1540 ft. of the forebay area, the 2-bay spillway and flanking 00 Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department abutments, outlet conduits, stilling basin, of the Army, Washington, D. C. powerhouse tailrace, and approximately 1620 (c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer ft. of river channel downstream from the District, Portland, 628 Plttock Block, project. The spillway model will be used to Portland 5, Oregon. determine the adequacy of the stilling basin Experimental; applied research. design, the spillway crest, pier, and abutment it! This is a general study of various sluice details, the location of tainter gate coaster gate bottom and lip shapes, and trunnions and outlet eyebrows, and will pro- includes downpull and discharge measurements vide data needed for design of a training as affected by angle of gate bottom, length wall between the powerhouse tailrace and the of gate lip extension, control valve opening, stilling basin. number of control valves operated, and (g) Improved designs for the abutments, training condition of air vents (open or closed). A walls, and stilling basin were developed. l:25-scale model reproduces a level approach Model tests of the fish ladder auxiliary to an intake tower with vertical headwall water pump intake locations, fish ladder normal to intake center line, two three-sided entrance, and flow conditions in the power- bellmouth intakes, a 20-ft.-wide by 22-ft.- house tailrace were made with minimum and high emergency gate (tractor type), two maximum powerhouse discharges of 950 and lO-ft.-wide by 15-ft.-high control valves 4200 cfs, respectively. Studies to determine 141 the best method for coordinated operation of Tests have been completed. the project (spillway, powerhouse, and fish fa There was no visual or measurable surge facilities) will be completed In 1963. action in the fish ladder for simulated heads of from 3.2 to 18.0 in. Flow was (4381) TESTS OF RUBBER MITER GATE BOTTOM SEALS FOR stable and no unsatisfactory condition was PANAMA CANAL. noted except through the transition from plunging to full shooting flow (83.0 to (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle, Corps 95.5 cfs). Flow patterns within the typ- of Engineers, Seattle Washington. ical pools were satisfactory and reasonably (c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., symmetrical from pool to pool. Seattle, 1519 South Alaskan Way, Seattle 4, (h) Final report is in preparation. Washington. Experimental; for design. (4504) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LITTLE GOOSE LOCK The Panama Canal miter gates vary in height AND DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON. from 47.3 to 62.0 ft., and the head on closed gates ranges from 0 to 60.0 ft. The miter U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla, Corps gate sills were originally built of timber of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. beams supported continuously on iron angles Experimental; for design. in the concrete. The gate leaves carried a 13 A fixed-bed model constructed to an un- timber bumper that fitted closely against the dlstorted scale ratio of 1:100 reproduces the timber sill to form a bottom seal. It Is Snake River bed and pertinent overbank topo- proposed that the timber bumpers will be graphy between river miles 68.3 and 71.6. replaced by butting-type rubber seals attached The dam axis Is at mile 70.3. The original along a bottom girder on the downstream side layout consists of a straight, 8-bay, of each miter gate. The proposed rubber seal gravity-type spillway controlled by 50- "floats" between a continuous upper seal by 59-ft talnter gates, a powerhouse for six plate and l-ft.-long lower angle brackets Kaplan turbines (initial installation three spaced 2 ft. apart. The rubber seal is units), an 86- by 675-ft navigation lock retained by 1-in. bolts through 4-in.-dlam having a maximum lift of 101 ft, concrete holes spaced on 4-ft. centers in the seal web. nonoverflow sections, rockflll abutments, Five-ft-long sections of three types of and facilities for passing migratory fish proposed rubber seals were tested in a over the dam. The Initial power installation pressure tank to determine: (a) the head will produce 405,000 kilowatts. Purposes of differential required to seat the seal the model are to check the structures layout against the sill plate; (b) leakage of seal and flow conditions affecting cofferdam at various heads from just seating to a placement, power generation, navigation, and maximum of 80 ft; (c) effect of changing fish passage. 1/4-in. clearance between the proposed (g) The model was constructed and verification angle-bracket seal supports; (d) effect of studies were completed during 1962. irregularities in straightness of rubber seal and sill plate, and of simulated debris (4505) MODEL STUDY OF FISHWAY DIFFUSERS FOR LOWER between seal and sill; (e) head required to MONUMENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON. cause "blow by" between gate leaf and sill; and (f) effect of increasing rubber seal (*) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, flotation by adding polyvinyl chloride Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash. unicellular foam to the rubber seal core Experimental; for design. holes. IS! An existing l:8-scale fishway dlffuser model Tests have been completed. was revised so that two diffusion chambers 12 The head required to move an unrestrained were supplied by a single riser from the seal into seating position against the upper conduit. Included In the model were dif- seal plate and downstream miter gate sill fusers 3 and 4 and the common distribution varied from 0.2 to 0.5 ft. All the seal well, the supply conduit, and a portion of specimens tested were satisfactory when free the 16-ft-wide south shore fish ladder that of surface irregularities along the sealing carried all flow which passed through the surfaces. For a differential head of 5 ft, diffusion chambers. In the original design, leakage varied from 0.003 cfs per lineal ft a 7-in.-wide control orifice was located of straight seal to 0.030 cfs when the 3.5 ft above the diffuser well floor, and center of an unstressed seal was warped 1.5-ft-high ports admitted flow into the 3/8 in. from a taut line between opposite respective diffusion chambers. The infor- ends of the 5-ft-long test section. Although mation desired from this model include: leakage past all seals in a seated position the orifice size required to provide 48 cfs was negligible when the head exceeded 25 ft, through each diffuser with a head of 2 ft surface Imperfections increased leakage ap- (supply conduit grade line minus tailwater proximately eight times at the higher heads, elevation), a submergence of 4 ft (supply (h) "Miter Gate Seals, Panama Canal Locks," conduit grade line minus elevation of U. S. Army Engineer Bonneville Hydraulic downstream weir adjacent to diffuser 3), Laboratory Technical Report No. 111-1, and a conduit flow of 500 cfs; a family of December 1962, (Available on loan.) rating curves for heads of from 0.5 ft to 6.0 ft and various submergences; and the (4503) MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDERS FOR LOWER effect on diffuser discharge of varying the MONUMENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON. conduit flow from about 50 cfs (only one diffuser) to 750 cfs while a constant head (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, is maintained on the test diffuser. Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. (g) Two diffuser floor plans and 12 orifice (d) Experimental; for design. arrangements have been tested in an effort (e; Data were obtained on a l:10-scale model to obtain uniform distribution of diffuser of the 16-ft-wide, l-on-10 sloped south flow into the fish ladder. fish ladder for Lower Monumental Dam. The model included a 55-pool tangent with 10-ft- (4506) MODEL STUDY OF FINGERLING COLLECTOR FOR long pools, 6-ft-high weirs with two 18- GREEN PETER DAM, MIDDLE SANTIAM RIVER, ORE. by 18-in. orifices spaced 3 ft from the walls, and John Day-type weir crests. A (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, 6-ft-long nonoverflow baffle with fins pro- Corps of Engineers Portland, Oregon. jecting 1.5 ft upstream from each end was (c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist. centered In the ladder on top of each weir. Portland, 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, The general purposes of the study were to Oregon. determine surge characteristics, to estab- Experimental; for design. lish a discharge rating curve, and to Two undistorted hydraulic models are being measure velocities in the typical pools. used for studies of facilities for downstream

142 . "

migrant flngerling salmon and steel- mouth; the Ohio River from Louisville, Ken- head trout at Green Peter Dam. The proposed tucky, to the mouth; the Tennessee River facility is composed of an entrance horn, from Pickwick Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth; vertical adjustable-height riser, separator, the Cumberland River from Old Hickory Dam, flow distribution control device, trough, Tennessee, to the mouth; and the Arkansas flexible hose, transverse pipe system, and River from Blackburn Dam Site, Oklahoma, to outlet pipe followed by a flume into the the mouth. Water- surface elevations are tailwater. The collector will be located on measured by electrically operated stage the upstream face of the dam at the focal devices with the recorders located In central point of reservoir- discharge. Its 20-ft- control buildings. Streamflow is introduced high horn will collect fish near the water and controlled by automatic instruments surface with a minimum submergence over its called inflow controllers. The model was top of 5 ft and a maximum submergence at its designed to aid in the development of bottom of 40 ft. About 200 cfs will enter coordinated basinwide plan : for flood control the horn and carry migrating fish inward, and operation of flood-control structures.

upward, and across a separator screen ( a (g) The extent of model operation each year Is 10- by 20-ft perforated plate) covering determined by the testing programs directed the compartmented flow distribution device by the Mississippi Basin Model Board and through which from 190 to 194 cfs will pass Chief of Engineers and requested by Divisions vertically into a collector well and then be and Districts that have operable sections on pumped back to the reservoir. Pish in the the model . The model was operated as an remaining 6 to 10 cfs will be carried from integrated unit for comprehensive (basinwide) the separator screen through a flexible hose tests: tests were conducted of the 1937, attached to laterals through the dam and 1943, 1945, and 1950 floods using the thence by open channel flow to the tailrace. actual floods with present-day conditions and A trash boom at the upstream face of the the same floods without reservoir modification dam will prevent small floating and suspended and with modification by the existing reser- debris from entering the flngerling collec- voirs and those scheduled for completion in tor. Two-ft-wide sections of prototype and the near future (approximately 1970), and model separator plates were tested in a with ultimate reservoir modification. Tests flume model as the first step in deter- were conducted to verify the Memphis, Term., mining model-prototype similitude relation- to Vlcksburg, Mississippi, reach to the 1945 ships. The model perforated plate that and 1950 floods. Tests were completed for reproduced flow conditions over the proto- the U. S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River, type plate in the most satisfactory manner to assist in determining the roughness condi- was used in a l:4-scale model of the entire tions that will exist in the Barkley and flngerling collector. Tests of different Cheatham Reservoirs after completion of distributor bar spacings, trough floor Barkley Dam. Tests of the 1937 and Standard designs, deflector locations, and separator Project Floods with and without reservoir slopes are progressing in the l:4-scale modification and the 1962 flood were con- model ducted on the Cumberland River for the Nashville District of the Ohio River Division. (h) "The Ohio River Hypothetical Flood OR-1, Mississippi Basin Model Report 43-1, Feb. U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OP ENGINEERS, 1962. St. Paul. "Verification of Sioux CIty-to-Mouth Reach, Missouri River and Tributaries, 1952 and 1951 (194) A STUDY OP METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND Floods," Mississippi Basin Model Report 12-2, ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS. June 1962. "Mississippi River Hypothetical Flood 52A," U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul and Mississippi Basin Model Report 31-4, Sept. U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with 1962, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment St. Anthony Palls Hydraulic Laboratory. See Station. (Available on loan.) St. Anthony Palls Hydraulic Laboratory, page 70. (993) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C. U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, d) Experimental; applied research.

CORPS OF ENGINEERS. ! e) The cavitation characteristics of such eleme as baffle piers, steps in stilling basins, Inquiries concerning the following projects should spillway and conduit gate slots, and offset be addressed to the Director, U. S. Army Engineer Joints are studied in either a vacuum tank Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, or a variable-pressure, closed-jet water P. 0. Box 631, Vlcksburg, Miss. tunnel. The investigation includes a review of literature to evaluate the many variables (236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL. that affect cavitation results. A high- velocity water facility is being used to (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department study resistance of concrete and protective of the Army, Washington, D. C. coatings to cavitation. dl Experimental; for design, (g) The degree of cavitation damage to concrete e) The project provides for construction and specimens is related directly to the com- operation of a model of the Mississippi pressive strength of the concrete. River watershed including the Missouri, Ohio, Variables investigated include water- Tennessee, Cumberland, and Arkansas Rivers cement ratio and type of aggregate. and their principal tributaries. The model area comprises 200 acres and reproduces (994) EFFECTS OF MODEL DISTORTION. 1,250,000 square miles of the Mississippi Basin. The topography of the streams and (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department flood plains is being reproduced to a hori- of the Army, Washington, D.C. zontal scale of 1:2,000 and vertical scale d) Experimental; applied research. of 1:100. All existing and proposed flood- e) This is a general study to determine the control reservoirs, dikes, floodwalls, and hydraulic effects of various types and degrees other pertinent works will be reproduced in of model scale distortion on velocity distri- the portion constructed of concrete. The bution and other hydraulic conditions, with completed construction in concrete consists the ultimate aim of establishing limits of of the Upper Mississippi River from Hannibal, permissible distortion for the various types Missouri, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana; the of models. Tests are in progress of a Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa, to the rectangular flume having a 90-degree bend

143 with provisions for changing the vertical in determining optimum superelevation. scale to provide a distortion of 0 to 10. (h) "Flood-Control Project, Hoosic River, North Adams, Massachusetts; Hydraulic Model Investi- (999) STABILITY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS. gation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-338, (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department Report 2, June 1962. (Available on loan.) of the Army, Washington, D.C. Experimental; applied research. (1467) DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA. Rubble-mound structures are studied in a 5- by 4- by 119-foot and 12.5- by 4- by 119- (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of foot wave flumes to develop formulas, sup- the Army, Washington, D. C. ported by experimental data, from which the Analytical (model and prototype); for design. design of safe and economical breakwaters A general study to develop, analyze, and can be determined. In addition to quarry- disseminate to Army Corps of Engineers stone, tetrapods, tetrahedrons, tribars, and establishments hydraulic design criteria to other specially molded armor units are being ensure adequate capacity, economy of design studied. and construction, and safe and satisfactory operation of large hydraulic structures. (1002) EFFECTS OF SCALE AND OPERATING TECHNIQUES ON Criteria are developed from model and proto- HARBOR WAVE ACTION MODELS. type tests relating to the design of spillways, outlet works, gates and valves, 0>) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department channels, and navigation structures. of the Army, Washington, D.C. (g) An analytical study of flow In open channels Experimental; applied research. resulted in a graphical solution for sub- Tests are conducted in flumes and harbor critical, supercritical, and pulsating flow. model basins to obtain Information that will A single chart permits determination of allow more accurate determination of optimum channel capacity and identifies the type of scales for wave models, and the effects of flow. Studies of river diversion methods, different scales and operating techniques on outlet tunnel gate transitions, and spillway the accuracy of model results. The efficiency energy losses resulted in design data perti- of flexible-element wave filters Is being nent to the development of Hydraulic Design investigated to facilitate continuous oper- Criteria charts. ation of wave flumes. Resonant chambers (h) "Types of Flow in Open Channels," U. S. Army for harbor entrances and attenuation of waves Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Misc. in a three-dimensional model are being Paper No. 2-498, June 1962, In cooperation studied. with the U. S. Army Engineer District, Mobile, Alabama. (Available on loan). (1004) INSTRUMENTATION. (1474) OPERATING FORCES OF MITER-TYPE LOCK GATES. Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C. 00 Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department Experimental; development. of the Army, Washington, D.C. Various types of measurement and control Experimental; applied research. equipment for use In hydraulic studies are (S) A general study to collect basic data on being developed. These include equipment for operating forces of miter-type lock gates measuring subsurface currents, for operation and to determine the effect of various of a model boat by remote control and for elements upon these forces was conducted in measuring model lock tow hawser forces. The a 1:20 model. A lock chamber 110 feet wide development of miscellaneous model and field was reproduced with provisions for varying measuring instruments was continued as the the length up to 600 feet on each side of need arose. the gate. Forces required for operation of miter gates were measured for variations of (1211) MODEL STUDY OF H00SIC RIVER, NORTH ADAMS, the following elements: gate leaves, speeds MASSACHUSETTS. and accelerations of operation, submerged depths, recess shapes, bottom clearances, DO District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., chamber lengths, and non synchronous operation New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, N.Y. of gate leaves. Variations in the type Experimental; for design. linkage driving the gate were also investi- A 1:30 model was used to verify the hydraulic gated. design for improvement of certain sections (h) Final report in preparation. of the North and South Branches of Hoosic River in North Adams, Massachusetts, and to (1475) SIPHON ACTION AT PUMPING PLANTS. determine whether changes should be made for safety, increased efficiency, or economy. Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department The flow In the major portion of these of the Army, Washington, D.C. channels will be below critical depth. The Experimental; applied research. model was used to check such design features This study was conducted to aid in developing as channel allnement, transitions, super- design criteria for pumping plants that depend elevation In bends, characteristics of weirs, on development of siphonic action in the stilling basins, drop structures, the treat- discharge side of the pumps in order to ment of intakes and outlets, wall heights, yield the required discharge. Full-size and elevations of bridges. models of a 6-Inch and 12-inch plastic dis- Completed. charge line were tested. Variables investi- Improvements in flow conditions were effected gated during the tests were: rates of flow, by several changes in the design of the water levels in the discharge side of the overall project. A serious problem occurred pumps, slope and length of the riverward leg, at the Junction of the North and South and venting conditions at the crown. Branches because of unequal distribution of (g) The tests indicated that for each plan tested energy in the flow entering the stilling there was a minimum flow below which siphonic basin below the junction. A dividing wall action would not fully develop. This minimum was installed in the stilling basin to form flow appeared to be dependent upon the diam- two basins, each designed for the flow that eter, length, and slope of the riverward leg. would pass through it. Various alterations The priming time was divided into two Intervals were made to permit the capacity discharge to based on pressures at the crown. The positive pass under several bridges. Of particular phase (during which crown pressures were interest was verification of the procedure above atmospheric) depended upon the discharge, used for determining superelevation in bends. tailwater, crown venting condition, length of The maximum velocity of the flow entering a line and diameter as well as the character- bend was found to be the controlling factor istics of the pump. The negative phase (period 144 during which crown pressures were less than Experimental; for design. atmospheric) depended on the velocity of flow The investigation was conducted in a model during the priming period, head, length, slope which reproduced the following: 1) that and diameter of the riverward leg. Only the portion of the Atlantic Ocean, adjacent to sloping portion of the riverward leg was ef- the harbor entrance, from Calibogue Sound on fective in determining the minimum Initial the north to Wassaw Sound on the south; priming velocity and length of the negative 2) the Savannah River and its flood plain to phase; vertical extensions had no effect. The the head of tide at Ebenezer Landing; and equation developed from the model data to 3) that portion of the Intracoastal Waterway determine the minimum initial velocity re- which crosses the area included in the model. quired to achieve a full prime is: The model was of fixed-bed construction with 0.161 scale ratios, model to prototype, of 1:800 > L/D vmin 0.362 horizontally and 1:80 vertically. Automatic 'sin 9 tide generators were used to reproduce tides and tidal currents throughout the harbor, Field data obtained on discharge lines for 21 and salt water was used in the model ocean pumping plants with diamteres ranging from 12 to reproduce the effects of density difference to 72 inches indicate satisfactory verification on current velocities and distributions. of the minimum initial velocities computed by Shoaling studies were made by injecting this formula, finely ground gllsonite into the model to (h) Pinal in report preparation. reproduce the patterns of shoaling as observed in the prototype, following which the effects (1986) SALT WATER INTRUSION AND RELATED PHENOMENA. of proposed improvement plans on shoaling patterns were observed and evaluated. Studies (b) Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of were also made of the effects of proposed Engineers (correspondence should be addressed improvement plans on dispersion and dilution to Mr. J.B. Tiffany, Chairman, Committee on of contaminants discharged into the harbor. Tidal Hydraulics, U. S. Army Engineer Water- Refinements of plans for reducing and local- ways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.). izing shoaling were tested. The results of Experimental; 4 applied research. recently completed tests are being analyzed. !. To determine the effects of salinity and i (f) Tests resumed; preparation of Section 3 of related phenomena on the vertical distribution final report in progress. of currents and shoaling characteristics in estuaries, tests are being made in a lucite (2673) MODEL STUDIES OF BARKLEY LOCK AND DAM, flume 327 feet long, 1.5 feet deep, and 0.75 CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENNESSEE. foot wide. One end of the flume is connected to 25-f a oot-square tidal basin in which any (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer desired tide can be produced and in which the District, Nashville, Corps of Engineers, salinity can be controlled. The opposite Nashville, Tennessee. end is connected to a fresh-water source. Experimental; for design. Combinations of flume roughness, tidal range, A 1:120 model, reproducing the Cumberland tidal period, source salinity, mean depth, River from mile 29.4 to 32.2, the lock, dam, and fresh-water inflow are studied. Addi- and powerhouse, was used to investigate flow tional tests to define diffusion character- characteristics in the approaches to the istics were completed and the results are lock. A 1:36 model, reproducing the river- being analyzed. ward downstream lock wall Including the culvert manifold which discharges into the (1987) RIPRAP PROTECTION AT HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES. spillway stilling basin, five spillway bays, 324 feet of approach channel, and 596 feet (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of exit channel, was used to Investigate of the Army, Washington, D.C. flow characteristics in the stilling basin (d} Experimental; applied research. and exit channel . The emergency lock gate (e) The study of erosion characteristics of was studied in a 1:25 model which reproduced various sizes of riprap and gravel material the gate, gate sill, and portions of the is being performed with a view to securing upstream lock approach and the lock chamber adequate protection at minimum cost . Measure- downstream from the gate. This model was ments of velocity and depth at which move- used to determine: 1) hydraulic forces on ment of material begins will be made. At and stability of the emergency gate under present, tests are being conducted on various various flows including free flow over' the sizes of riprap below a high structure, a lock miter sill; hydrostatic forces on low navigation-type structure, and the crown 2) the gate in various positions; 3) gate wheel of a rock embankment to determine the flow reactions and sill roller reactions at characteristics at which movement occurs. given positions; and 4) head loss through (g) Test results Indicate that relations between the bridge decking. pool elevation, upper gate opening, tallwater (h) Final report in preparation. elevation, and unit discharge may be used in relating the conditions where the various / 2678) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, McALPINE sizes of riprap fail. Data are being analyzed LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER. in an effort to generalize the test results. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer (1988) WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BED FORMS AND District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers, ROUGHNESS. Louisville, Kentucky. Experimental; for design. (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department A fixed-bed, 1:120 model reproduced a six- of the Army, Washington, D.C. mile reach of the Ohio River including Experimental; applied research. adjacent overbank areas, the locks and dam 12) A laboratory flume, in which water temperatures structures, and all bridges and other can be varied to simulate normally experienced structures that might affect flow conditions. summer and winter temperatures, is being Purposes of the model study were to: determine used to investigate the effects of water the effects of location, size, and allnement temperature on streambed forms and roughness of the dam on stages and currents In the of various types of bed materials. Prelimi- upper pool; determine the effects of location, nary tests with fine sand have been com- size, and alinement of a new approach pleted and tests with crushed coal undertaken. channel on navigation and surge conditions; determine the best location for a new navi- (2428) MODEL STUDY OF SAVANNAH HARBOR, GEORGIA. gable span on the Pennsylvania Railroad bridge; determine a method of operating the (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer dam for optimum navigation conditions; study District, Savannah, Corps of Engineers, navigation conditions in the lower approach Savannah, Georgia. as affected by flow through dam, powerhouse, 145 and lock-Emptying system; and provide a means DULUTH -SUPERIOR HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR. for navigation Interests to satisfy themselves as to the acceptability of the proposed plan (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer by observing the model in operation. District, St. Paul, Corps of Engineers, St. (h) Pinal report in preparation. Paul Minnesota. Experimental; for design. (2660) MODEL STUDY OF HURRICANE TIDES IN NARRAGANSETT A 1:150 fixed-bed model was used that repro- BAY, RHODE ISLAND. duced all the navigation approach channel and harbor breakwater structures as well as (b) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer the Inner-harbor dock area serving Superior, Division, New England, Corps of Engineers, Wisconsin, and also included sufficient Boston, Massachusetts. adjacent lake and shoreline areas to permit Experimental; for design. reproduction of storm waves from all A fixed-bed model, 1:1,000 horizontally and critical directions. Investigations were 1:100 vertically, reproduces all of Narragan- made: to evaluate the wind-wave problems sett Bay and an adjacent portion of the that cause ship damage in the vicinity of Atlantic Ocean. An automatic tide generator Superior Entry, and to develop the most ef- reproduces normal tides throughout the model, fective remedy for navigation and docking and a separate, manually operated generator hazards now experienced. reproduces hurricane tides of the desired Completed. characteristics at the bay entrance. Numerous !2 Final analysis of test results indicates that barrier plans for prevention of hurricane- a detached breakwater 900 feet long, the out tide damage have been proposed. The relative limit of which is 300 feet southeast of the and absolute effectiveness of these plans in center line of the navigation approach channe reducing hurricane-tide elevations throughout 2,100 feet lakeward of the navigation entranc the bay system were determined and the effects will provide adequate protection to the inner of the best plan on such important factors harbor against wave action. as tidal circulation, pollution, salinity, (h) "Wave Action and Breakwater Location, Duluth- and shoaling for normal conditions were Superior Harbor," U. S. Army Engineer Water- investigated. Fresh water only is used in ways Experiment Station Technical Report, the model during tests of the proposed In publication. (Available on loan.) barrier plans, but both salt and fresh water are used in tests to determine the effects (2925) ULTRASONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT. of barrier plans on all significant factors for normal conditions. Model appurtenances (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department consist of automatic tide gages to record of the Army, Washington, D.C. both hurricane -tide and normal-tide ele- Experimental; development. vations at critical points, recording i) Various types of acoustic flowmeter equipment salinity meters, recording dye meters for for discharge measurement in closed rectangu- observing pollution and/or flushing lar and circular conduits are being investi- characteristics, current velocity meters, gated for proposed field application in and equipment for simulating shoaling of the large conduits and tunnels. Both line and channels and other navigation facilities. point transducers are being evaluated. (g) The results of supplemental tests Indicate that a lower bay barrier plan can be dslgned (2931) MODEL STUDY OF SOUTHWEST PASS, MISSISSIPPI which is acceptable to the Navy and which RIVER. will afford most of the desired protection from hurricane surges. However the results (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer of the study to date indicate that some District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, further modification to the structure may New Orleans, Loulsana. be necessary in the interest of safe navi- Experimental; for design. gation by small boats. To determine the effectiveness of proposed improvement works (Jetty extensions, channel (2681) SCALE-EFFECT TESTS OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAK- reallnements, and contraction works) in elimi- WATERS. nating or reducing the periodic maintenance now required in order for deep-draft vessels (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department to navigate the Jetty and bar channels of of the Army, Washington, D.C. Southwest Pass, the lower 12 miles of the Experimental; applied research. Pass and the adjacent area of the Gulf of in Tests are being conducted by the Beach Mexico were reproduced in a fixed-bed model Erosion Board, under the supervision of the to scale ratios of 1:500 horizontally and Waterways Experiment Station, to investigate 1:100 vertically. Tides, tidal currents, the effects of model scale on the results of littoral currents, and wave action in the experimentally determined criteria for the Gulf of Mexico, and saltwater and freshwater design of rubble-mound breakwaters. Stability flows in Southwest Pass and the bar channel tests are being made of a breakwater slope were reproduced In the model. Shoaling of 1 on 1-1/2 using wave periods of 2.61, studies were made by introducing various 3.75, 7.87, and 11.33 seconds. Tests in the mixtures of plastic materials into the model Beach Erosion Board wave flume (15 feet by 20 to simulate prototype shoaling materials and feet by 635 feet) are being conducted using thus reproduce in the model the patterns and a linear scale of 7.5 to 1 based on the distribution of shoaling that occur in the tests conducted in the Waterways Experiment prototype. Station 5- by 4- by 119-foot wave flume. (h) Final report in preparation. Stability tests have also been conducted in the Waterways Experiment Station small wave (3236) MODEL STUDY OF MAXWELL LOCKS AND DAM, flume (1 foot by 1.5 feet by 94 feet) using MONONGAHELA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA. i a scale of 0.5 to 1 based on tests conducted in the 5- by 4- by 119-foot wave flume. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., Therefore, data on the stability of rubble- Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh, mound breakwaters will be available for Pennsylvania. three different linear scales, 0.5 to 1, Experimental; for deslgh. 1 to 1, and 7.5 to 1. Test data from the A 1:120 fixed-bed type, comprehensive model, Beach Erosion Board wave flume will be reproducing about 2.5 miles of the correlated with data from the Waterways Monongahela River and the locks and dam Experiment Station flumes. Tests are being structures, was used to study approach condi- conducted using rough quarrystone and tions under various river flows and methods concrete quadripods. of operation of control gates; to determine effects of design modifications; to develop (2685) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, SUPERIOR ENTRY, modifications required to overcome any

146 ) .

undesirable conditions; and to demonstrate to in publication. (Available on loan.) navigation Interests the acceptability of the proposed design from a navigation (3243) MODEL STUDY OP LOCKS AND DAM NO. 4, standpoint M0N0NGAHELA RIVER. (h) Final report in preparation. (D) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer (3241) STUDY OP SEICHE ACTION, DULUTH-SUPERIOR District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Experimental; for design. (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer is A 1:120 fixed-bed, comprehensive model, District, St. Paul, Corps of Engineers, reproducing about 2.5 miles of the Mononga- St. Paul, Minnesota. hela River and the locks and dam structures Analytical; for design, was used to determine the effects of modi- id) e) Water-stage and current-velocity records fications to the existing locks and dam on obtained from gages in Duluth-Superior Harbor navigation conditions, and to develop were analyzed to determine whether seiches modifications required to overcome any are the cause of strong, unpredictable undesirable conditions. currents in the entrances to the harbor which (f) Additional tests completed; final report in have caused hazardous navigation conditions preparation. in the area, and to provide information (g) The last series of tests showed that additions needed to design a hydraulic model if use of of concrete cells at the end of the upper a model to study the problem is indicated. guard wall would tend to Improve naviga- Completed. tion conditions with the existing locks and 12 It was concluded that: (1) Hazardous currents reconstructed dam. in the entrance channels are caused by Lake Superior seiches with periods greater than (3581) MODEL STUDY OP LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN, LOUISIANA. the fundamental resonant period of a free oscillation in the harbor. (2) No independent (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer seiche oscillations occurred in the harbor District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, during the period of record. (3) The current- New Orleans, Louisiana. velocity indicators in use during the period Experimental; for design. of record did not reflect reliably the mean, ID The investigation was conducted in a fixed- midchannel velocity. (4) It was impossible bed model that reproduced to scales of to determine whether a correlation exists 1:2,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, between current magnitude and direction in Mississippi Sound west of Grand Island, and the entrance channels and ship-maneuvering Lakes Borgne, Pontchartraln, and Maurepas, difficulties because of lack of data. together with significant tributaries. The (h) "Seiches and Currents in Duluth-Superior model reproduced the tides, tidal currents, Harbor, June-November 1958; Analytical salinities, and freshwater discharges of the Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Water- prototype. The purpose of the study was to ways Experiment Station, Miscellaneous determine the effect of proposed hurricane- Paper No. 2-502, June 1962. (Available on surge control structures across the con- loan. nections between Lake Borgne and Lake Pontchartraln upon the hydraulic and salinity (3242) MODEL STUDY OP CONNEAUT HARBOR, LAKE ERIE, regimens of the area landward from the OHIO. structures. Tests completed; final report in preparation. (D) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer fa Test results Indicate that the proposed District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, gated control structures in the Rigolets and Buffalo, New York. Chef Menteur Passes, which would reduce the Experimental; for design. existing cross-sectional area of the passes 13 Conneaut Harbor consists of a triangular- by about 75 percent, would have no signifi- shaped outer harbor protected by east and cant effects on the present salinity regimen west breakwaters which converge to form a of the lakes or on the passage of floods 600-foot-wide navigation opening, and a when the Bonnet Carre Spillway is in opera- rectangular-shaped inner harbor with a 200- tion. foot-wide entrance formed by east and west piers. A 1:125 model was used to determine (3582) ARKANSAS RIVER CHANNEL MODEL. the optimum length of east breakwater extension and optimum alignment and length 0>) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer of the east pier required to provide better District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, navigation conditions at the inner-harbor Little Rock, Arkansas. entrance without increasing wave action In Experimental; for design. the inner harbor, and optimum length of The Arkansas River project has as one of its detached breakwater needed to protect the major aims the development of river navi- outer-harbor entrance and satisfy anchorage gation from the Mississippi River to the requirements at the inner-harbor docks. The general area of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The model was equipped with a wave generator Arkansas River channel model was of the that produced storm waves from all critical movable-bed type with a horizontal scale of directions, and a circulating system that 1:150 and a vertical scale of 1:36, and permitted simulation of currents through and reproduced a typical reach of the Arkansas past the harbor caused by seiches. River between miles 140.0 and 151.1. The !f ) Completed, model study constituted an idealized experi- g) Results of the investigation show that (1) mental approach to the solution of sedi- the east breakwater should be extended to mentation problems involved in the canaliza- shore to reduce currents at the entrance to tion of the Arkansas River and was designed the inner harbor to an acceptable level, (2) to investigate problems typical of, and to the east pier should either be removed or provide results generally applicable to the shortened and realigned parallel to the west development and maintenance of a navigable pier to provide a satisfactory width of channel on the river. navigation entrance without permitting in- Completed. creased wave action in the inner harbor, IS Principal conclusions derived from the study (3) a detached breakwater 900 feet long is were: (1) A dredged cut without an appreci- necessary if the wave criterion for good able reduction in the river's sediment load anchorage at the docks is to be met. or the addition of regulatory works would (h) "Improvement of Navigation Conditions, only temporarily affect channel conditions. Conneaut Harbor, Ohio; Hydraulic Model (2) Regulating structures to increase the Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Water- radius of curvature of bends would tend to ways Experiment Station Technical Report, provide a more uniform channel cross section

147 and Improve channel alignment over crossings. Oklahoma. (3) Controlling depths and the alignment of (d) Experimental; for design. the channel over a crossing could be im- (e) A 1:100 model that reproduced 2,900 feet of proved by the proper design of the lower the approach channel above the spillway, the reach of the upstream bend. (4) Longitudinal spillway, stilling basin, and 2,450 feet of groins would be effective In fixing the the outlet channel, and a 1:36 model that location and alignment of the channel over reproduced one full bay and two half bays of crossings, and would produce some deepening the spillway and the stilling basin were of the channel over the crossings, used to study flow conditions In the shallow, (h) "Development and Maintenance of Navigation curved spillway approach channel; to verify Channel, Arkansas River, Arkansas and capacity of the structure and adequacy of Oklahoma; Hydraulic Model Investigation." the stilling basin and exit channel; and to U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment determine minimum requirements for training Station Technical Report No. 2-608, August walls. 1962. (Available on loan.) (f} Completed. (g) The model study showed that the desired (3584) MODEL STUDIES OP RED ROCK DAM, DES MOINES spillway capacity could be obtained by RIVER, IOWA. deepening the approach channel 15 feet for 200 feet upstream of the weir, revising the (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer weir profile, and Installing a stub dike at Disrict, Rock Island, Corps of Engineers, the right abutment. A satisfactory stilling Rock Island, Illinois, basin was developed at the desired elevation, d} Experimental; for design. consisting of a horizontal apron with two e) A 1:50 model that reproduced 900 feet of the rows of baffle piers and an end sill. At approach channel above the spillway, an the design discharge, natural tailwater pro- 825-foot-wide section along the dam, the vided 87 percent of the optimum depth for a spillway, conduits, stilling basin, and 575 hydraulic Jump. Exit channel excavation was feet of the outlet channel, and a 1:16 model reduced by contracting the channel width that reproduced one conduit and a 16-foot- beginning 250 feet below the end sill. The wide portion of the spillway and stilling tops of the stilling basin training walls basin were used to study flow conditions in were lower than required to contain the de- the approach, particularly at the abutments, sign discharge; however, the only harmful to verify stilling basin and training wall effect from flow overtopping the training design, to evaluate reduction in conduit walls was eddy action along the left spillway flow during combined operation, to embankment toe. A 250-f oot-long stub dike determine the need for armor plate at the out- set back from the left training wall satis- let portal, and to study the effects of factorily reduced velocities along the deflectors above the conduit outlet portals. embankment and would be less costly than (g) The general model provided information on higher training walls. spillway capacity as affected by abutment (h) "Spillway for John Redmond Dam, Grand (Neosho) changes; velocities in the approach, partic- River, Kansas; Hydraulic Model Investigation." ularly against the dam; optimum basin ele- U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment vation consistent with safety and economy; Station Technical Report No. 2-611, Nov. 1962. basin elements of minimum size; and bottom (Available on loan.) velocities in the exit channel. (h) Final report in preparation. (3588) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, BIG BEND RESERVOIR, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA. (3586) MODEL STUDY OF HOPPER DRAGHEAD. (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers, Nebraska. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, d) Experimental; for design. dl Experimental; for design, e) A 1:60 model, reproducing 2,400 feet of the curved approach channel, the spillway and i e) To develop improved dragheads designed to attain a greater rate of intake of solids stilling basin, and 1,000 feet of the exit when dredging mud and silt mixtures (soft channel, was used to determine: (1) velocity materials) and dredging densely packed, fine and flow characteristics in the approach sand (hard material), an investigation is channel and chute on weir discharges; and being conducted in a 60- by 10-foot flume (3) stilling basin behavior with tailwater containing various types of bed material. depths insuff icient for ideal performance of The draghead and suction line, constructed to a hydraulic Jump-type basin, and exit channel a scale of 1:6, are connected to a suction velocity and scour data. pump mounted on a double carriage that pro- f) Completed. vides travel, both longitudinally and trans- s g) In the spillway approach, realignment of a versely, along the top of the flume, spur dike and installation of elliptical (g) For dredging In sand, it was concluded that: abutment walls corrected turbulent flow condi- (1) no correlation can be made between the tions in the spillway bays adjacent to the performance of a draghead pumping water and right abutment. Also minimum excavation in dredging a sand-water mixture; (2) the the approach area was determined. The spill- length and shape of the grate perimeter are way weir and chute were satisfactory. A of prime importance since the primary stilling basin was developed in which 12-foot- "digging" capability results from the rela- high baffle piers eliminated spray action and tively high-velocity flow entering around resulted in satisfactory flow in the basin. the perimeter; (3) the grate area, formerly Return walls of two different designs were considered important, is relatively unim- developed that improved flow conditions below portant since it was found to be larger the stilling basin. than required on all dragheads in use as (h) "Spillway for Big Bend Dam, Missouri River, well as on those of a practicable type South Dakota; Hydraulic Model Investigation." tested; and (4) dragheads should be rectan- U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment gular In plan, as wide as possible and only Station Technical Report No. 2-605, June 1962. about 3 feet long, with a relatively thin (Available on loan.) grate perimeter held 1 to 3 inches off the sand bed. (3590) EFFECTS OF HURRICANE BARRIER ON NAVIGATION CONDITIONS IN EAST PASSAGE, NARRAGANSETT (3587) MODEL STUDIES OF JOHN REDMOND DAM, GRAND BAY, RHODE ISLAND. RIVER, KANSAS. (b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Division, New England, Corps of Engineers, District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Waltham, Massachusetts. 148 d) Experimental; for design. height of the well above the pipe Invert for e) A 1:150 model is being used to determine the each given set of conditions. In regard to effects of tidal and hurricane surge currents, energy dissipation, test results show that waves, and winds on the operation of an the smaller the ratio of the diameter of the aircraft carrier in East Passage. A barrier incoming pipe to that of the stilling well across East Passage has been proposed to and the flatter the slope of the incoming limit the quantity of water entering pipe, the greater the value of the energy Narragansett Bay from hurricane surge, and loss coefficient. The energy loss coefficient the model study will examine ship navigation is less for full pipe flow than for partial conditions with respect to barrier location pipe flow. and its navigation opening. A self-propelled, (h) Final report in preparation. radio-controlled, model aircraft carrier, dynamically similar to its prototype, is (3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY. being used in the tests. (g) Plume tests are being conducted to de- (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department termine the design of a barrier opening of the Army, and Bureau of Public Roads, which would have the desired flow charac- Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. teristics. Tests are being conducted to (d) Experimental; applied research. establish the current patterns and magni- (e) This is a general investigation to determine tudes which would affect navigation. Tests a resistance coefficient and the law of showed that an aircraft carrier can satis- velocity distribution for flow In structural- factorily maneuver in all storm conditions plate corrugated pipe. A fiber-glass test up to and including the 1938 hurricane, section reproducing a 5-f oot-diameter with hurricane tide currents up to 12 knots, standard corrugated pipe at a scale of 1:4 if the barrier is constructed. The was tested in order to obtain additional data currents resulting from astronomical tides on the resistance coefficient and velocity are being studied. distribution and to correlate model work with full-scale tests. Fiber-glass test sections (3592) MODEL STUDY OF TYPICAL NAVIGATION DAM, reproducing a 5-foot-, 10-foot-, and 20-f oot- ARKANSAS RIVER. diameter structural-plate pipe at scales of 1:2.2, 1:8, and 1:16, respectively, were (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer tested to determine the effect of relative District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, roughness upon the resistance coefficient Little Rock, Arkansas, and velocity distribution. The hydraulic d} Experimental; for design, gradient and the energy loss through 20- to e) The Arkansas River multipurpose project 80-dlameter lengths of test section were includes the development of river navigation established by piezometers located at 5-foot from the Mississippi River to the general Intervals. These piezometers were 1/8 area of Tulsa. Present plans for navigation inch in diameter, on center of the crests of include construction of several navigation the corrugations, and four in number around locks and dams. The purposes of the model the periphery of the pipe. Velocity traverses study were to investigate various problems were made by means of calibrated pitot that occur in the vicinity of the structures. tubes at several locations along the test The Investigation was conducted on a movable- section for determination of the velocity bed model constructed to linear scales of distribution. 1:120 horizontally and 1:40 vertically, (f) Tests completed. reproducing a 5-mile reach of a typical (g) Tests conducted on the model reproducing stream having characteristics generally simi- standard corrugations at a scale of 1:4 lar to reaches of the Arkansas River, includ- have been completed and the results of ing a typical Arkansas River lock and dam tests for a range of Reynolds numbers structure. from 4 x lO^ to 2 x 10 6 agree favorably (h) Preparation of final report in progress. with results of full-scale studies made at Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory. Re- (3596) HYDRAULIC STUDIES FOR IMPACT ENERGY sults of tests on the models simulating DISSIPATOR DESIGN. 5-foot-, 10-foot-, and 20-f oot-diameter structural-plate pipes indicate maximum (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department Manning's "n" of 0.033, 0.032, and 0.030, of the Army, Washington, D.C. respectively. Velocity distribution data dl Experimental; applied research. in an overlapping range of wall Reynolds e) A general Investigation to determine the numbers in the models of a 5-foot- and energy loss coefficient of an impact energy 10-foot-diameter pipe yielded a mean flow dissipator of variable height and depth for equation or law of velocity distribution varying slopes, diameters, and energy of from which the roughness factor for any flows of the Incoming pipe was conducted on size structural plate pipe can be computed. a 1 .0-f oot-diameter impact energy dissipator. (h) Final report in preparation. The dissipator consisted of a vertical section of circular pipe affixed to the outlet end (3598) MODEL STUDIES OF CONTAMINATION DISPERSION IN of a storm drainage outfall, termed a ESTUARIES. stilling well. The energy of the influx was determined from measurements of the discharge (b) Nuclear Projects Office, Maritime Adminis- and the hydraulic gradient, and the energy of tration, U.S. Department of Commerce. the efflux from measurements of the water (d) Experimental: applied research. surface above the top of the well. The slope (e) The increasing use of nuclear reactors in the and size of the incoming pipe were varied to production of automotive power, both on land determine the effect of each upon the energy and sea, presents new problems pertaining to dissipated. For a particular slope and the dispersal of radioactive waste released diameter of the incoming pipe and a particu- either accidentally or purposely into rivers, lar height and depth of the dissipator above estuaries, and harbors. The Maritime the Invert of the incoming pipe, the relative Administration is concerned with the probable energy content of the efflux to the influx dispersion patterns of radioactive matter was determined for a range of Reynolds that might be released in accidents involving numbers to ascertain the effect of Reynolds nuclear-powered ships. A series of tests number upon the energy loss In the dissipator. was made on several existing models of f) Tests completed. important estuaries, including the Delaware g) Test results Indicate that there Is an opti- River, Narragansett Bay, New YorkHarbor, mum depth of the stilling well below the and San Francisco Bay, in order to obtain invert of the incoming pipe, dependent on the data, from which dispersion effects could be slope of the Incoming pipe. Limited tests computed. Tides, tidal currents, salinities, indicated that there is also an optimum and fresh-water flow were reproduced for all

149 )

tests. Methylene blue chloride dye was used of the harbor entrance by use of refraction to simulate contamination, and the dye diagrams. The resulting data were used to releases were generally made at the most determine the optimum allnement of the adverse time of tide in relation to the navigation opening, and the need for, and potential upstream spread of the contaminant. approximate length of a protecting breakwater: Water samples were obtained periodically (f) Final report in preparation. throughout contaminated area for spectro- photometer analysis, and in addition, meters (3906) POWER PLANT TRANSIENTS TESTS, GARRISON AND which automatically measured and recorded OAHE DAMS, MISSOURI RIVER, NORTH DAKOTA. dye concentrations were in continuous operation at strategic locations. Results (b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer obtained are expressed as percentages of the Division, Missouri River, and District initial concentration, Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha, f) Completed. Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska. h) "Contamination Dispersion in Estuaries, (d) Field investigations; applied research and San Francisco Bay; Hydraulic Model Investi- design. gation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Ex- (e) Hydraulic prototype measurements of power periment Station Miscellaneous Paper No. plant transients at Garrison Dam have been 2-332. Report 4, August 1962. (Available on made to evaluate results of a comprehensive loan. digital computer study made by the sponsoring offices, and to determine extent to which (3902) RADIOACTIVE TRACER TESTS OP SEDIMENT, operation corresponds to design in order to GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS. develop a solution of the entire problem of power plant transients, with primary emphasis (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer on governing stability. For different plant District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers, loadings, instantaneous pressure values at a Galveston, Texas. number of locations in the power tunnel, the d) Experimental; field investigation. surge tank system, turbine scroll case, and e) The movement of sediment in the vicinity of draft tube were obtained simultaneously with the Galveston Bay jetty was investigated by instantaneous values of tunnel velocity, use of radioactive gold-impregnated glass. reservoir and tallwater elevations, turbine The glass was ground to the particle size of speed and gate opening, power output and the natural sediment. In the first series other elements (including governor system). of tests, the activated, gold-impregnated Pressure and water level were measured with glass was deposited at three locations on the electrical pressure transducers, velocities north side of the jetty, and the paths of the with pressure transducers mounted in probes particles were traced by Instruments from a projecting into the flow, and mechanical and

small boat . Readings were procured over a electrical values with appropriate trans- period of about one week. It was expected ducers. Measurements were recorded on about that the tidal action, littoral current, and 90 channels of oscillograph and magnetic tape wind waves would move the material around the recorders. Tests at Oahe Dam will be made end of the Jetty and/or through the jetty. in the spring of 1963. In a second series of tests, the tracer (g) Approximately 150,000 data points have been material was deposited at five additional digitized from about 10 miles of multichannel locations north of the north jetty. These oscillograph charts. These data are being locations extended the area under study beyond analyzed by the sponsoring offices. the end of the jetty. (g) In the first series of tests, some of the (3907) SHOALING PROCESSES. radioactive material passed through a small boat opening in the jetty, and further tests (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department were needed to determine whether any material of the Army, Washington, D.C. passes around the end of the Jetty. In the d) Experimental; for design.

second series of tests, the bulk of material i e) The annual cost to the Federal Government of deposited near the end of the jetty swept maintaining navigable channels in tidal around the end into the ship channel and was waterways is estimated to be of the order of randomly distributed over the area between the $60,000,000. The Corps of Engineers Com- jetties. mittee on Tidal Hydraulics has concluded that a thorough study of shoaling processes (3903) MODEL STUDY OP TSUNAMIS AT HILO HARBOR, in tidal waterways would lead to improvements HAWAII. in channel design, dredging, and spoiling practices, and other maintenance techniques (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer which would reduce this large expenditure. District, Honolulu, Corps of Engineers, The Committee concludes that the following Honolulu, Hawaii. program of research is essential in arriving d) Experimental; for design. at the objective of reducing maintenance

! e) A fixed-bed hydraulic model is proposed to cost: (1) Flume studies to determine the determine the optimum plan of protection for basic laws involved in the movement and Hilo Harbor from attack by tsunamis. This deposition of muddy sediments; (2) flume model will be used to investigate the effects studies to determine effects of repetitive of different plans of construction on the scour and deposition on sedimentation; (3) reduction of damage to the city of Hilo from the development of techniques for using tsunamis, and to determine the stability of radioactive tracers for observing the move- the proposed breakwater under tsunami attack. ment and deposition of sediments In nature; The model will also be used to investigate (4) the development of a simple and accurate surge action and damaging ship motion in the instrument for ln-place measurement of tur- vicinity of the piers. bidity; (5) a study of the physical, chemical, (g) Design of model is in progress. A pilot and hydraulic factors involved in the stabili- model study to Investigate model distortion zation of deposits in navigable channels; and scale effects is being conducted. (6) determination of the effects of flobu- lation on shoaling; (7) prototype studies (3905) KELLEYS ISLAND HARBOR STUDY, LAKE ERIE, OHIO. aimed at correlation of sedimentation phenomena in tidal waterways with physical, chemi- (b) State of Ohio. cal, hydraulic, salinity, and other signifi- (d) Analytical; for design. cant factors; and (8) classification of the (e) An analytical study was conducted to determine sediments which constitute all major repeti- the characteristics of short-period wind tive shoals in tidal waterways. Item (1) was waves which occur at the site of the pro- completed under terms of a contract between posed Kelleys Island harbor of refuge. Deep- the University of California and the U. S. water waves were charted into the position Army Engineer District, San Francisco, and 150 all pertinent reports have been published; Experimental; for design. item (2) is presently inactive; item (3) (SI A movable-bed model, with scale ratios of is in active status by the U. S. Army 1:500 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, Engineer Waterways Experiment Station and reproduces about 174.5 square miles of proto- U. S. Army Engineer Districts, Galveston and type area, Including a small portion of Wilmington; item (4) is presently inactive; Galveston Bay and a portion of the Gulf of item (5) is being investigated under terms Mexico extending 8 miles north of the north of a contract between the University of Calif, Jetty, 6-1/2 miles south of the south Jetty, and the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Ex- and offshore to about the 50-foot contour of periment Station; item (6) is under study depth. Tides, tidal currents, littoral by the Committee on Tidal Hydraulics and currents, and wave action in the Gulf of the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Mexico are reproduced. Studies are being Station; and items (7) and (8) are in made to determine: (1) Plans for relocation progress by the U. S. Army Engineer Water- and stabilization of the Jetty channel on an ways Experiment Station. No definite con- allnement and depth suitable for navigation clusions have yet been reached as a result of supertankers; (2) means of protecting the of these studies. north Jetty from undermining action of tidal currents; (3) shoaling characteristics of the (3908) ARKANSAS RIVER NAVIGATION MODEL. relocated and deepened Jetty (Inner bar) channel and plans for minimizing shoaling; (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer and (4) shoaling characteristics of the District, Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers, deepened outer bar channel. Verification Vicksburg, Mississippi. of bed movement and deposition has been Experimental; for design. accomplished, and the model is ready for ft) A fixed-bed model reproducing to scales of testing proposed improvement plans. 1:600 horizontally and 1:100 vertically about 33 miles of the Mississippi River near (3913) MODEL STUDY OF GULF OUTLET CHANNEL, the mouths of the White and Arkansas Rivers, LOUISIANA. 57 miles of the lower Arkansas River, 12 miles of the lower White River, and the major District Egineer, U.S. Army Engineer portion of the White-Arkansas River backwater District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, area was used for the investigation. The New Orleans, Louisiana. model was used to demonstrate alternate Experimental; for design. routes for the entrance to the Arkansas River 13 The Investigation is being conducted in a navigation project, flow patterns, nature of fixed-bed extension of the Lake Pontchartrain overbank flow, effect of Arkansas-White model and In conjunction with that model Cutoff, and problems related to the location study. Reproduced is that area eastward and alignment of the navigation entrance to of New Orleans to Breton Sound and south of the Arkansas River from the Mississippi Lakes Pontchartrain and Borgne to include River. the connecting waterways between those (h) Final report in preparation. lakes and the Gulf Outlet Channel, now under construction. Scales are 1:2,000 hori- (3911) MODEL STUDY OF MATAGORDA SHIP CHANNEL, TEXAS. zontal and 1:100 vertical. Tides, tidal currents, salinities, and water exchange (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer through the connecting waterways are simu- District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers, lated. Purpose of the study was to determine Galveston, Texas. the effect of the channel on the salinity Experimental; for design. regimens of Lakes Pontchartrain and Borgne, The fixed-bed model, constructed to scale which will be connected to the channel by ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100 existing waterways. vertically, reproduces about 800 square miles (h) Final report in preparation. of prototype area, including all of Matagorda Bay, part of the connecting bay system, and (3914) MODEL STUDY FOR MODERNIZATION OF EXISTING a portion of the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to LOCK, McALPINE LOCKS, OHIO RIVER. Pass Cavallo. Tides and tidal currents are reproduced by one primary tide generator and (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer one secondary tide generator, and fresh-water District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers, discharges of tributaries, together with the Louisville, Kentucky. rainfall over the area, are introduced by Experimental; for design. means of weirs and flowmeters. Salt water Is A 1:25 model which reproduced the filling and used in the model gulf to reproduce the emptying system was used to develop feasible prototype salinity regimen, and provisions modifications which will improve prototype have been made for the injection of silt in performance. the model for measurements of deposits on (h) Final report in preparation. the bed of the model. Studies will be made to determine: (1) The best location for the (3915) MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, GERING VALLEY entrance channel; (2) the best route for the PROJECT, GERING VALLEY, NEBRASKA. channel from the entrance to Point Comfort; (3) such protective works as may be required (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer in the interests of navigation and mainte- District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, nance of the channel; and (4) the effects of Nebraska. the deep-draft navigation channel on the Experimental;- for design. salinity regimen of the bay system. A 1:12 model reproducing successively three (s) Test results Indicate that proposed channel typical drop structures, adjacent overbank route C Is superior to any of the other areas, and 300 feet of the approach and exit channel routes tested. Tests to determine areas was used to examine the hydraulic the optimum Jetty arrangement at the channel performance of the drop structures, which entrance have been completed; the optimum will vary in width from 6 to 33 feet and have arrangement of spoil disposal areas inside drop heights of 5 and 10 feet. the bay has been developed on the basis of Tests completed. model tests, and the effects of the project Families of curves were developed to on the hydraulic and salinity regimens of the permit selection of drop structure design bay have been determined. based on drop and discharge conditions. A satisfactory plan for the placement of riprap (3912) MODEL STUDY OF GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS. material in the vicinity of the structure was developed. District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer (h) Final report in preparation. District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers, Galveston, Texas. (3916) MODEL STUDY OF OAHE RESERVOIR SPILLWAY,

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MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA. f) Completed. g) Tests Indicated that the maximum expected (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer discharge (140,000 cfs) would be satis- District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha factorily passed by the spillway and six low- Nebraska level sluices at a head of 29 feet. The d) Experimental; for design. high-level sluices (to be used to draw warm

e) A 1 : 50 model reproduced the remote, gated water off top of reservoir in summer), dis- control structure which will serve as the charging through the spillway spray walls spillway, along with approximately 3,000 feet with their major axes parallel to the spill- of approach and exit channel. The model way slope, effectively spread flow across the study was intended to: (1) Indicate head spillway weir. A horizontal low-level sluice losses through structure and In channel, and with flared exit and tetrahedral deflector provide data on flow patterns and velocities; provided good flow distribution in the basin. (2) verify discharge data for gate bays; and The stilling basin effected satisfactory (3) develop design of stilling basin, and of energy dissipation with the apron raised 3 transition from stilling basin to sloped feet and the height of the baffle piers de- sides of exit channel. creased 3 feet. (h) Final report in preparation. (h) "Spillway and Sluices, Allegheny Dam, Allegheny River, Pennsylvania and New York; (3917) GENERAL SPILLWAY MODEL TESTS. Hydraulic Model Investigation," U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Tech- (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department nical Report, in publication. (Available on of the Army, Washington, D.C. loan . d) Experimental; for design. e) Tests are made on various elements of spill- (4382) HYDRAULIC PROTOTYPE TESTS. ways to develop improved designs and to better define values of coefficients used (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department in design formulas. A series of tests Is of the Army, Washington, D. C. being conducted on low weirs to determine (d) Field investigations for applied research optimum shape from a consideration of dis- and design. charge coefficients and pressures. (e) The hydraulic prototype testing program of (g) The desirability of a weir crest shape the Corps of Engineers is coordinated for tangent to the upstream face of the weir complete coverage of needed testing, pre- was established. This applies to weirs with vention of unnecessary duplication of testing sloping or vertical upstream faces. A de- facilities and tests, recommendations of sign procedure for developing the shape for installations at projects where physical and the upstream quadrant of the crest of a weir hydraulic conditions will be suitable for with a vertical upstream face was developed. obtaining data, and Investigation of proto- This procedure results In an elliptical type hydraulic performance. Personnel and shape with axes depending on height of weir equipment are made available to Corps of and expected head. Engineers Districts conducting hydraulic field tests. Assistance also Is given in (3918) MODEL TESTS FOR TYPICAL FLOOD- AND WATER- planning test facilities, analyzing data, CONTROL STRUCTURE. and preparing reports. (g) Surface profiles and vertical velocity (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer profiles were measured in the chute spill- District, Jacksonville, Corps of Engineers, way at Fort Randall Dam for discharges Jacksonville, Florida. giving uniform flow depths of 2.2 to 3.4 (d) Experimental; for design. feet and velocities of 35 to 45 feet per (e) A 1:16 model, reproducing 384 feet of the second, piezometric pressures were obtained approach channel, an 81.33-foot-wide along a tunnel approximately 19 feet In 3-bay structure, the spillway, stilling diameter at Oahe Dam for average velocities basin, and 192 feet of the outlet channel, between 10 and 60 feet per second, and lock was used to determine the discharge coeffi- hawser stresses for a 9,300-ton tow were cient and flow conditions of similar pro- measured during filling and emptying opera- ject structures having various approach tions at Jackson Lock. (See also item 4397 and exit channel elevations for both con- on McAlpine Lock emergency gate, Item 3906 trolled and uncontrolled flows. on power plant transients tests, and Item (T) Final report in preparation. 2925 on ultrasonic flow measurement.) (g) As expected, results Indicated that the (h) "Flow Characteristics in Flood-Control Tunnel greater the depth of approach and/or differ- 10, Fort Randall Dam, Missouri River, South ence In elevation between weir crest and Dakota; Hydraulic Prototype Tests," U. S. exit channel, the greater the discharge Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station coefficient for all flow conditions. The Technical Report, in publication. (Available effects of both on the discharge coefficients on loan.) are shown by means of graphical plots. Ex- pressions describing free and submerged (4383) MODEL STUDY OF TURTLE CREEK CHANNEL controlled and uncontrolled flow conditions IMPROVEMENT, PENNSYLVANIA. and parameters that will define the limits of each of the four possible flow conditions (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer were determined. District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (3919) MODEL STUDY OF ALLEGHENY DAM, ALLEGHENY d) Experimental; for design.

RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA. ! e) To evaluate proposed channel improvements and determine the necessity for raising (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer bridges and modifying piers and abutments, District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, a 1:50 model reproducing the lower 7,700 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. feet of Turtle Creek channel was used. The (d) Experimental; for design. model included provisions for testing plans (e) A 1:36 model reproduced a 375-f oot-wide with the existing and improved channels In section of the approach, the entire spill- the lower, 1,500-foot reach of the channel. way and portions of each abutment, the six (h) Final report In preparation. low-level sluices and two high-level sluices, the stilling basin, and a 425-foot-wlde (4384) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, PROCTOR RESERVOIR, section of the exit channel. The model LEON RIVER, TEXAS. provided a means for determining sluice design, spray wall heights, and stilling (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer basin design. Weir calibration data and District, Fort Worth, Corps of Engineers, pressures were determined. Fort Worth, Texas. 152 . .

Experimental j for design. between the 12 ports. The bottom middle- A 1:40 model reproducing a center bay and third lateral system was found to be adjacent half bays of the spillway and feasible. Increasing the spacing between stilling basin, and 400 feet of approach the laterals in this system improved its and exit areas, was used to verify the weir performance. The final design middle-third coefficients by means of head-discharge system consisted of 12 laterals spaced on relations and pressure measurements on the 17-foot centers with the first lateral 237 spillway, and to determine the effect of feet below the upstream miter gate pintle. varying the depth of approach and the weir A satisfactory split lateral filling system shape on these conditions. Results will be was also developed, consisting of 12 used for other projects with similar weir laterals divided into two groups of six shapes. each at 17-foot centers. The land-wall (g) Decreasing depth of approach increased weir group began 177 feet from the upstream miter coefficients slightly; however, pier con- gate pintle and river-wall group began 401 traction coefficients were also increased. feet from the upper miter gate pintle. A Making crest shape tangent to upstream face vertically framed culvert valve was de- of weir increased weir coefficients. Cover veloped in 1:15 valve model. plates were used over the bulkhead slots to (h) Pinal report in preparation. reduce negative pressures in this area. (h) Pinal report in preparation. (4387) MODEL STUDY OF WILLOW SPRINGS AND SAG JUNCTION DIVERSIONS, CHICAGO SANITARY AND (4385) MODEL STUDY OP BELLEVILLE LOCKS AND DAM, SHIP CANAL, ILLINOIS. OHIO RIVER, OHIO AND WEST VIRGINIA. Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers, Experimental; for design. Huntington, west Virginia. Tests were conducted on two 1:60 models, Experimental j for design. reproducing the diversion channels and a The project Involves construction of a portion of the Sanitary and Ship Canal nonnavigable-type dam with parallel locks; at each location, to determine the effect the main lock will be 1,200 feet by 110 of crosscurrents on navigation and to feet' and the auxiliary lock 600 feet by 110 verify or further develop the hydraulic feet. A 1:120 fixed-bed model reproducing design of the diversion channels and ap- about 3 miles of the river was used to study purtenant hydraulic structures. A 1:16 navigation conditions in the lock approaches section model was used for study of control and the effects of the structures on flood structures. stages. Tests completed. Suspended. Strong crosscurrents In the canal adjacent With the original design, currents hazardous to the Willow Springs diversion were im- to navigation formed in the upper approach proved by adjusting the heights of the to the locks. Shifting of the locks land- curtain walls in the bridge bays to obtain ward and Increasing the number of gate bays equal distribution of flow through the in the dam tended to improve navigation bridge. Design capacity of the Willow conditions in the upper approach. No serious Springs diversion can be met with only navigation difficulties were indicated in seven gate bays while ten are provided. the lower approach to the locks. Design capacity of the Sag Junction diversion can be met with the seven gate (4386) MODEL STUDY OP HOLT LOCK AND DAM, WARRIOR bays provided in the original design. Satis- RIVER, ALABAMA. factory flow distribution obtained through the diversion bridge and control structure District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer at Sag Junction as well as satisfactory District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, navigation conditions in the Sanitary Alabama. Canal . Operation data were obtained for Experimental; for design. a full range of hydraulic conditions on A 1:80 model, reproducing the structures, both diversion studies. Single gate hy- 4,800 feet of the approach channel and draulic conditions and stilling basin action 4,800 feet of the exit channel, was used to below the control gates were studied in the study flow conditions in the lock approaches section model and in the approach and exit channels for all (h) Final report in preparation. arrangements of the structures. A 1:36 section model reproducing one full bay and (4388) SECTION MODEL STUDY OF LOCK AND DAM NO. 6, two adjacent half bays of the spillway and ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS. stilling basin was utilized for studies of the adequacy of the weir and stilling (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer basin design. A 1:25 model reproducing 800 District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, feet of the lock approach channel, intake Little Rock, Arkansas. manifolds, the 670-foot lock chamber, Experimental; for design. culverts, bottom laterals, outlet stilling A 1:25 section model, reproducing a 5-foot basin, and 730 feet of the downstream exit depth of approach channel, one 60-foot gate channel was used to study various types of bay and two adjacent half bays, the spillway filling and emptying systems to determine stilling basin, and outlet channel, is being the most advantageous system from the used to determine the optimum parabolic shape standpoints of rate of operations, degree of of the downstream face of the gate sill, the turbulence, and economy. A 1:15 model of dimensions and elevation of the stilling a culvert valve was used to study proposed basin, the shape of the gate piers, the spill- valve designs. way rating curves with full and partially Tests completed. opened gates, and the minimum riprap require- 13 The 1:80 general model indicated the ments for various elevations of the exit overall arrangement and location of the channel structures to be generally satisfactory; Tests completed; final report in preparation. installation of a 300-foot-long dike in Tests regarding shape of the gate piers indi- the downstream river channel afforded some cated that either the semicircular or ogival Improvement in flow conditions in the lower pier nose was satisfactory; however, the lock approach. Tests on the 1:36 section ogival pier nose yielded a slightly greater model Indicated that the 80-foot-long value of the discharge coefficient. Tests on the apron-type basin can be replaced with a the parabolic gate sill shape based on small 20-foot-radlus bucket. In the 1:25 trajectory of a free jet showed that a lock model the original design laterals parabola based on a 10-foot head rather result were revised for better flow distribution than the original 24-foot head would

153 .

In desirable basin action under all expected alignment of currents in the approach. conditions. This allows a 13.5-foot re- Plans were developed which would reduce ve- duction in length of gate sill without seri- locities In the upper approach and minimize ous negative pressures. Tests indicated the tendency for tows to be moved rlverward that the apron elevation, within the limits of the guard wall. A submerglble-type gate investigated, had no effect on the discharge placed next to the locks would tend to pass characteristics of the structure. Expressions little drift and ice since most of the flow describing free and submerged controlled and through the ports tends to move over the uncontrolled flow conditions were determined. gate. Lock emptying outlets without Tests of stilling basin performance were stilling basins would tend to produce a strong conducted for a wide range of pool and tall- eddy In the lower lock approach which would be water elevations. The optimum slope of scour objectionable to navigation during low flows. below the stilling basin was indicated to be Initial tests in the 1:25 model indicate 1 on 6. In tests to determine the stability that a feasible sidewall port arrangement of 18-, 24-, and 36-lnch maximum size rip- can be developed. rap, the relations between tailwater elevation and gate opening at which each of the (4391) MODEL STUDY OF LOCK AND DAM NO. 3, ARKANSAS protective stone sizes failed for heads of RIVER, ARKANSAS. 15 and 30 feet were determined, (h) Final report in preparation. (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, (4389) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, LORAIN HARBOR, Little Rock, Arkansas, OHIO. d) Experimental; for design, ej A movable-bed model reproducing about 13 (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer miles of the Arkansas River and adjacent District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, overbank area, constructed to a scale of Buffalo, New York. 1 to 120 horizontally and 1 to 80 vertically, d) Experimental; for design. Is being used to determine the suitability of

i e) A 1:125 fixed-bed model was used to deter- the proposed site for the lock and dam mine the Influence of storm wave action and structure, the effects of proposed regulating attendant currents in causing navigation works in the vicinity including a cutoff, hazards at Lorain Harbor which is located at and modifications which might be required to the mouth of Black River on the south shore provide adequate channel depths in the lock of Lake Erie. The model reproduced about approaches and safe navigation conditions 8.3 square miles including all the area with minimum maintenance, within the harbor and sufficient adjacent (g) Results Indicate that the regulating lake area to permit reproduction of waves structures as originally designed with the from all critical directions. Waves are cutoff downstream would not eliminate the generated in the model by a 60-foot-long tendency for the channel to meander at the plunger-type wave machine and wave heights proposed lock and dam site. Installation were measured electrically by an oscillograph. of the lock and dam in a long straight reach f) Completed. would produce considerable shoaling upstream

i g) Five of the ten improvement plans tested met and tend to develop a wide shallow channel. the wave-height and current-velocity criteria The channel in the lower lock approach would selected for the navigation entrance and tend to shoal rapidly and might require mooring area of the harbor. The recommended continuous maintenance; this tendency would plan, selected from these five on the basis be reduced appreciably with a wing dike at of economy, provides for a 2,250-f oot-long the end of the lower guard wall. detached breakwater and the removal of 300 feet of the existing east breakwater. (4392) EXTENSION OF LA GUARDIA FIELD RUNWAY, NEW (h) "Detached Breakwater and Improved Navigation YORK. Entrance, Lorain Harbor, Lorain, Ohio," U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (b) Port of New York Authority. Technical Report, in publication. (Available (d) Experimental; for design. on loan.) (e) The existing New York Harbor model is being used for tests to determine the effects of (4390) MODEL STUDY OF CANNELTON LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO certain proposed fills in East River, for the RIVER, INDIANA AND KENTUCKY. purpose of extending the North-South runway at La Guardia Airport, on the hydraulic and (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer flushing characteristics of the surrounding District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers, areas Louisville, Kentucky. (g) Preliminary tests indicate that a solution d) Experimental; for design. satisfactory to all interests has not been

1 e) The project involves the construction of a found; supplemental tests have been planned nonnavigable dam with parallel locks, the and will be undertaken in the near future. main lock to have clear dimensions of 1270 by 110 feet and an auxiliary lock, 600 by (4393) MODEL STUDY OF STABILITY OF SOUTH JETTY, 110 feet. A 1:120 model reproducing about SIUSLAW RIVER, OREGON. 9 miles of the river is used for investigation of navigation conditions In (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer the lock approaches, effects of the structures District, Portland, Corps of Engineers, on flood stages, to obtain data for develop- Portland, Oregon. ment of rating curves, and to determine the d) Experimental; for design.

effect of powerhouse installation on flow i e) Stability tests were conducted In two wave and navigation conditions. A 1:25 model, flumes 119 feet long, 5 feet deep, and 4 reproducing 500 feet of the lock approach feet wide on section models of the Jetty channel, intake manifolds, the 1270-foot constructed to a linear scale of 1:50 to

lock chamber, culvert, sidewall port determine experimental coefficients (K & ) manifolds, outlets, and 200 feet of the in the Waterways Experiment Station breakwater downstream exit channel is being used to stability equation for design of repairs of determine the suitability of a sidewall the south Jetty at the river mouth. Design port filling system under heads and sub- criteria were also desired for both the head mergences which will obtain at the Cannelton and trunk of the structure for the conditions and Belleville Locks, Ohio River. of (1) waves breaking directly on the (g) Tests on the 1:120 general model indicated structure, (2) special placement by crane of that velocities in the upper lock approach selected long-axis stones above low tide, would tend to be high and downbound tows (3) angles of wave attack of 0 and 90 degrees, would experience difficulty In approaching and (4) pell-mell placement by crane of the locks because of the velocity and cover-layer stones from toe of jetty to

154 crest. and the flow conditions in the power tail- (h) Final report In preparation. race . (g) Test results verify the adequacy of the (4395) DISPERSION STUDIES IN NEW YORK HARBOR MODEL. spillway to pass the design flood of 1,550,000 cubic feet per second. Interstate Sanitation Committee. Spillway rating curves have been compiled Experimental; for design. and lateral pressures on the gate piers The existing New York model Is being used for subjected to unbalanced flows determined. a comprehensive study of the diffusion Hydrostatic pressures on the spillway crest patterns from most of the major sewer out- have been determined and indicate that no falls in New York Harbor. Model tests are serious cavitation damage should occur. conducted using conservative fluorescent dyes Satisfactory designs for both a conventional, as tracers, and the results will be used for horizontal apron and a double- stage-type planning the construction of additional stilling basin have been determined. A de- sewage treatment facilities. Results are sign incorporating intakes in several gate being analyzed by the Interstate Sanitation piers, penstocks and power generating Commission. facilities in the structure, and conduits discharging onto the downstream portion of (4396) MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND the spillway is being considered. WASHINGTON. (4399) MODEL STUDY OF STABILITY OF BREAKWATER, District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer TSOYING HARBOR, TAIWAN. District, Portland, Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon. (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Experimental; for design. District, Okinawa, Corps of Engineers, San The model reproduces the lower 52 miles Francisco, California. of the Columbia River and pertinent offshore Experimental; for design. areas to linear scales of 1:500 horizontally Stability tests were conducted in a and 1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal concrete wave flume 119 feet long, 12.5 feet currents, density currents, waves, and other wide, and 4 feet deep on section models of phenomena significant to the movement and the breakwater constructed to linear deposition of sediments are reproduced scales of 1:47.6 and 1:58.6 and to obtain and studied. Some portions of the model data from which alternate designs could be are of the fixed-bed type, while other developed for construction of the proposed portions are of the movable-bed type. breakwater. Design criteria for both the Hydraulic adjustment of the model has been head and trunk of the breakwater were de- accomplished and preliminary tests have just sired. Cover layers of both quarrystones been undertaken. and quadrlpod armor units were tested. Tests were also conducted to show the (4397) McALPINE LOCKS EMERGENCY GATE PROTOTYPE TESTS. effects of roughness of quarrystones, and the effects on stability of placing the District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., quarrystones by hand as compared to placing Louisville, Corps of Engrs., Louisville, Ky. them pell-mell. Experimental; for design. Tests completed. Prototype measurements of the forces acting 13 Test results indicated that the stability on the downstream leaf of a two-leaf, verti- of breakwater sections constructed of quarry- cal-lift emergency gate (531 kips dry weight) stone cover layers is more dependent upon were made to determine acceptability of the the roughness and shape of the stone used gate under flowing water conditions. Measure- than upon the method of placing the stones ments included tension in the dead end of in the cover layers. Breakwater head and the hoist fall lines, gate-end elevations, trunk sections constructed of 25- to 35-ton and gate vibration. The prototype downpull quarrystones would be stable for the 27-foot and gate vibration were compared with the design wave height. For these conditions the results of a model study. slopes of the head and trunk sections were Data analysis completed. 1:4.5 and 1:3.5, respectively. Breakwater 13 A maximum hydraulic downpull force of 310 head and trunk sections, constructed of 32- kips was measured in the prototype as ton quadrlpods, would be stable for the de- compared with 225 kips in the model study of sign wave height of 27 feet. For these a similar installation. Structural differ- conditions, variable width berms were used ences between the model and prototype may in the design, and the effective side slope account for the difference in downpull. of the trunk and the head section was 1:6. Maximum prototype vibration was about O.lg (h) Final report in preparation. with about 0. 1-inch displacement. (h) Final report in preparation. (4593) MODEL STUDIES OF MILLERS FERRY LOCK AND DAM, ALABAMA RIVER, ALABAMA. (4398) MODEL STUDY OF AMISTAD DAM SPILLWAY, RIO GRANDE. 00 District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Ala. (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Experimental; for design. District, Fort Worth, Corps of Engineers, iii The project will include a nonnavigable dam Fort Worth, Texas. with a gated and an overflow section, a Experimental; for design. lock on the left bank having clear dimensions A 1:70 model reproducing one-half of the of 600 by 84 feet, and a powerhouse. A river for a distance of 1,500 feet upstream 1:100 model, reproducing about 3.1 miles and 2,500 feet downstream, one powerhouse, of river, will be used to investigate navi- and one-half of the 975-f oot-wide, 16-bay gation conditions through an existing structure including the spillway and stilling bridge and in the lock approaches, the ef- basin is being used to determine spillway fects of the structures on flood stages, and rating curves, flow conditions at the abut- the effects of powerhouse operations on ments and training walls, pressures on weir navigation conditions. A 1:50 model of a crest, lateral pressures on pier subjected section of the gated portion of the dam, to unbalanced flow, and stilling basin reproducing 600 feet of the approach action. A 1:20 section model reproducing channel, a 50-foot -wide gate bay with piers two of the irrigation conduits and the and 28.5 feet of each adjacent gate bay, a portion of the stilling basin into which 125-f oot-wide section of the stilling basin, they discharge, one powerhouse and tailrace, and 700 feet of the exit area, is being used and about 500 feet of exit channel is being to determine flow characteristics over the used to investigate the adequacy of the spillway and verify the adequacy of the stilling basin for releases from the conduits stilling basin design.

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(4594) MODEL STUDY OP SPILLWAY, SHELBYVILLE DAM, Kentucky. KASKASKIA RIVER, ILLINOIS. d) Experimental; for design. ! e) Tests were conducted on a 1:24 model, re- (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dlst., producing 125 feet of the downstream end of St. Louis, Corps of Engineers, St. Louis, the 16-f oot-dlameter outlet conduit, the Ml ssourl outlet portal, energy disslpator, and 250 d) Experimental; for design. feet of the exit channel, to study the ade- e) A 1:40 model that reproduces the spillway quacy of the proposed Impact device In dis- and allied structures, a portion of the sipating the energy of flows ranging from 500 earth embankment on each side of the spill- to 9,000 cfs. An Impact device was selected way, 1,550 feet of the approach channel, for study because it would require minimum and 1,150 feet of the exit channel is being rock excavation and sldewall protection for used to study flow conditions at the spill- the conduit and downstream slope of dam. way, to study the overall hydraulic per- f) Completed. formance of the spillway and outlets to the g) Tests were conducted of the original and six sluices, and to verify chute and stilling other basin designs; the letter Involved the basin designs. use of impact sills, baffle piers, and an (g) The high unit discharge combined with lateral end sill. The original impact device could flow at the abutments caused severe surging not be made to perform satisfactorily. A at the abutments and reduction in capacity. two-stage hydraulic Jump-type basin which The surging at the abutments was eliminated provided adequate energy dissipation was and capacity increased by revising the developed. This basin is recommended for abutment nose shape, and Installing spur use only if economic studies clearly Indicate dikes on the upstream embankment near the it to be preferable to a single-stage con- abutments. ventional hydraulic Jump-type basin. (h) "Energy Disslpator, Mlsslssinewa Dam Outlet (4595) MODEL STUDY OP COLUMBIA LOCK AND DAM, Conduit, Mlsslssinewa River, Indiana; OUACHITA RIVER, LOUISIANA. Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-536, October 1962. Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, (Available on loan.) Mississippi (d) Experimental; for design. (4598) MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, CAYUGA INLET, (e) The project involves construction of a ITHACA, NEW YORK. cutoff channel about 5,600 feet long with a bottom width of 582 feet, a gated structure (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., (consisting of five talnter gates each 50 Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. feet wide and 26 feet high) located about d) Experimental; for design. midway of the cutoff, a 150-foot-wlde e) A 1:20 model, reproducing 300 feet of the navigable pass on the right of the dam, and approach channel, the drop structure, and a 600- by 84-foot lock on the left. A about 400 feet of the exit channel, is being 1:100 model, reproducing about 2.6 miles of used to confirm the suitability of the drop the river, was used to investigate navigation structure, and if indicated, to develop conditions in the approaches to the lock and advantageous modifications thereto. Of navigable pass, and the effects of the particular concern is the magnitude of structures on flood stages. channel velocities below the structure. (f) Suspended. (g) Tests indicate that the length of the (g) Tests indicated that the width of the navi- structure can be reduced and baffle piers gable pass should be increased to eliminate will not be required in the basin. A 3-foot the danger of tows hitting the abutment pier sill was added to the weir crest to prevent of the gated structure, and that the number critical head loss in the upstream channel. of dam gates could be reduced to four without affecting navigation conditions or producing (4599) MODEL STUDY OF CONTROL STRUCTURES, LITTLE excessive backwater effect. SIOUX RIVER, LITTLE SIOUX, IOWA.

(4596) MODEL STUDY OF OVERFLOW EMBANKMENTS FOR LOW (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., HEAD DAM ON ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS. Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska. (d) Experimental; for design. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., (e) A 1:30 model, reproducing about 600 feet of Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, the approach channel, the control structure, Arkansas. and 1,000 feet of the exit channel, is being (d) Experimental; for design. used to study the placement of riprap (e) A 1:4 model reproducing a 40-foot-wide materials in the vicinity of the structure. section including 90 feet of approach channel, Tests are also concerned with the discharge an embankment with upstream and downstream capacity of the proposed structure. slopes of 1 on 3 and 1 on 4, respectively, (g) Tests indicate that stone sizes in the and crown widths of 20 and 35 feet, and 100 original riprap plan were larger than neces- feet of exit channel was used to verify the sary and smaller sizes could be used with a adequacy of proposed designs utilizing four resulting saving in construction costs. The gradations of riprap on the downstream slope capacity of the control structure was found of both an access and nonaccess type overflow to be adequate. embankment for unit discharges ranging from 10 to 60 cubic feet per second per foot width. (4600) RADIOACTIVE TRACER TESTS OF SEDIMENT, CAPE (T) Tests completed. FEAR RIVER, NORTH CAROLINA. (g) Relations between headwater and tailwater elevations, with respect to the crown, where (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., each of the four types of protective stone Wilmington, Corps of Engineers, Wilmington, failed for the range of unit discharges in- North Carolina. vestigated were determined. Data are being d) Experimental; field investigation. analyzed in an effort to generalize the test e) The movement of material from dredge spoil results areas was investigated using labeled sediment (h) Final report in preparation. to determine if spoil material moves Into the wharf areas at Sunny Point Army Terminal. (4597) MODEL STUDY OF ENERGY DISSIPATOR FOR OUTLET The sediment was labeled using auric chloride CONDUIT, MISSISSINEWA DAM, MISSISSINEWA RIVER, (Gold-198) solution adsorbed on existing INDIANA sediment. Material was placed at four locations under two extreme tide conditions. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dlst., Movement of sediments was observed for two Louisville, Corps of Engineers, Louisville, weeks using instruments on a small boat.

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Tests completed. installed at 24-, 26-, 28-, and 32-foot cent : Evidences of labeled sediments were found in the lock chamber walls indicated that with in the problem area after each of the four 28-foot spacing turbulence appears to be well placements, Indicating the need for remedial distributed across the lock chamber. A loca- measures tion at least 70 feet below the filling valves (h) Pinal report in preparation. was selected for positioning the first port of the culvert manifold due to pressure condi- (4601) MODEL STUDY OF POLLUTION, CONEY ISLAND tions and low tailwater accompanying head CREEK, NEW YORK. conditions

0>) New York City Department of Health, New (4604) MODEL STUDY OF INTAKE AND FLOOD-CONTROL York, New York. OUTLET, DEGRAY DAM, CADDO RIVER, ARKANSAS. Experimental ; for design. l.'l An existing model of New York Harbor is (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer being used to investigate diffusion patterns Dist., Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers, from sewage treatment plant outfalls and Vicksburg, Mississippi. combination sewer and storm outfalls with Experimental; for design. special attention to contamination of ft! A 1:23 model that will reproduce the intake bathing beaches and other recreational tower and a portion of the reservoir, the facilities. Plans for diverting pollution diversion tunnel, stilling basin, and 240 away from certain critical areas are also feet of the exit channel will be used to being investigated. develop a conventional hydraulic jump-type stilling basin. At the conclusion of the (4602) LOCK FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM. diversion tests, the flood-control and power tunnels will be installed and flow through Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the intake tower, elbow, tunnels, junction, the Army, Washington, D. C. and at the flow-control device at the end Experimental; applied research. of the flood-control tunnel will be studied. A 1:15 valve model used to develop the vertically framed Holt Lock valve was (4605) MODEL STUDY OF BREAKWATER, KAHULUI HARBOR, utilized to compare the performance of this HAWAII. valve with that of the McNary type valve. The Holt valve was 12.5 by 12.5 feet and the District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., McNary valve was 11 feet wide by 12 feet Honolulu, Corps of Engineers, Honolulu, high. Therefore, for tests of the McNary Hawaii valve the valve was expanded to 12.5 by Experimental; for design. 12.5 feet by additions of 1.5 feet In width [Si Stability tests were conducted in a concrete and 0.5 foot in height to the center portions wave flume 119 feet long, 12.5 feet wide, of the valve. and 4 feet deep, on section models of both The Holt valve, which allows free circulation the east and west breakwater heads, and along the upstream side of the skin plate, sections of the trunk of the east breakwater performed best. The range of total hoist constructed to a linear scale of 1:68.5 to loads for the Holt valve was about half develop designs for repair of the damaged those of the McNary valve. Hoist loads for breakwater heads and trunks. Tests con- the McNary valves were less that the dry ducted were concerned with the stability of weight of the valve throughout the entire 35- and 50-ton tribars. range of valve openings; thus, the hydraulic Tests completed. forces acting on the valve tended to open Stability tests indicated that a repair it. These uplift forces are considered high. section consisting of a cover layer of Loading the interior of the McNary valve with 30-ton tribars placed pell-mell over the water (between the double skin plates) existing slopes of the trunk of the east indicated that the hydraulic forces are inde- breakwater would be adequate to withstand pendent of the valve being filled with water. the attack of waves 34 feet in height. It Variations in total hoist load for the McNary was found that a repair section consisting and Holt valves were not more than 6 kips of a cover layer of 50-ton tribars from plus throughout the range of opening. Maximum 20 feet mllw down to -20 feet mllw, and 35- variations in the total hoist load for the ton tribars from -20 feet mllw down to the McNary valve were improved at valve openings toe of the slope, would be adequate to with- between 7 and 12 feet by filling the interior stand the attack of the 34-foot-high waves of the valve and trunnion arms with water. on the heads of both the east and west breakwaters. For these conditions the slope 4603) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM of the repaired head sections was about 1:3. FOR LOW-LIFT LOCKS, ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS. (h) Final report In preparation.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas, and other interested Corps of U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. Engineers offices. Experimental; for design. (856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN A 1:25 model, reproducing 700 feet of lock URBAN AREAS. approach channel, intake manifolds, a 670- foot-long lock chamber, culvert, sldewall Cooperative with Johns Hopkins University. port manifolds, outlet manifold, and 700 feet See page 42. of downstream channel is being used to determine an optimum port arrangement for the (1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS. filling and emptying system for low-lift locks. An intake is to be developed for use Cooperative with University of Illinois. in all tests. Then optimum shape, size, See page 35. number, spacing, and location of the ports in the lock chamber as related to culvert size (2435) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS. will be determined for a full range of heads and submergences. The Little Rock District Cooperative with National Bureau of Standards. is sponsoring the first phase of the tests in See page 158. which a 12- by 12-foot culvert will be used. Tests of other size culverts will be spon- (2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES. sored by interested Corps of Engineers offices for the purpose of standardizing lock design Cooperative with Purdue University. See for 600- by 110-foot locks. page 63. (g) Tests with a satisfactory port design

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(3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. (c) Dr. G. Kulln, Hydraulic Engineer. Cooperative with U. S. Army Engineer Water- (d) Experimental; basic research. ways Experiment Station. See page 149. (e) Investigation of effect of compliancy of boundaries on a turbulent flow with a view (3805) INVESTIGATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLOW CHANNEL toward possible damping of turbulence and JUNCTIONS. potential reduction In wall shear stress.

Cooperative with Oregon State College. See page 59. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU. (4101) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOW IN A LARGE STORM DRAIN. Inquiries concerning the following projects, except as Indicated, should be addressed to Mr. William E. Cooperative with Colorado State University. Hiatt, Chief, Hydrologlc Services Division, Weather See page 19. Bureau, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C.

(4617) MECHANICS OF LOCAL SCOUR. (1015) MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION.

Cooperative with Colorado State University. b) Laboratory project. See page 22. d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research. (e) Studies are directed toward the derivation of reliable procedures for estimating evaporation U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF from reservoirs (existing and proposed) and STANDARDS, Fluid Mechanics Section. land surfaces, utilizing readily available meteorological data and pan evaporation obser- (1478) WIND WAVES. vations. (g) Major emphasis during Fiscal Year 1963 b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy, will be devoted to the evapotransplratlon d) Experimental and theoretical; basic study to develop a basic accounting method research. for estimating soil moisture deficiency. (e) Includes mathematical and experimental It is proposed to compute potential evapo- studies of (1) wind tides (setup), (2) transplratlon from meteorological factors growth of wind waves, and (3) surface for a number of first-order Weather Bureau traction of wind on wavy surfaces. stations to facilitate field testing of (h) Report in preparation. the technique to river forecasting. The computations of potential evapotransplratlon (2435) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS. and the accounting are accomplished by IBM -1620 computer. (b) Bureau of Public Roads. The Commission for Instruments and Methods (d) Experimental; applied research. of Observations of the World Meteorological (e) To determine hydraulic characteristics of Organization has recommended that compari- various types of culvert entrances and to sons between several types of evaporation develop inlets of Improved design. pans be conducted by Member Nations to assist in selection of an internationally standard (2436) FLOW OVER HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS. evaporation instrument. It is planned to conduct tests of .several pans (including (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. Russian GGI-3000) AT at 3 or 4 climatologlcaj- (di Experimental; applied research. different locations in the United States. (e) To determine augmented dissipation of The Installation of the fourteen Class A hydrophobic disks and plates oscillated in pan evaporation stations at various ele- various fluids, vations (4800 to 8900 feet) on the windward (h) "Friction at Menisci on Hydrophobic Surfaces," and lee side of the Wasatch Range near by G. H. Keulegan and M. R. Brockman, (In Farmington, Utah was completed in June of press) 1962. Radiation and humidity observations will be made at several of the pan sites. (3250) INERTIAL FORCES IN UNSTEADY FLOW. The purpose of the project is to study the effect of elevation, aspect and exposure on (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. evaporation. Analysis will be initiated (d) Experimental; basic research. when 1963 data become available. (e) Determination of inertia and drag coefficients of cylinders and plates when (1744) DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS. subjected to a varying monotonically varying flow. (b) River Forecast Centers for: Lower Ohio River (h) Report in preparation. Basin, Cincinnati, Ohio, Upper Ohio River Basin, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Susquehanna and (4400) MOTION AROUND A BODY IN A STRATIFIED FLUID. Delaware River Basins, Harrisburg, Pa.; Missouri River Basin, Kansas City, Mo.; b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy, Columbia River Basin, Portland, Oreg.; Middle

1 d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and and Upper Mississippi River Basin, St. Louis, applied research, Mo.; Arkansas and Red River Basins, Tulsa, (e) A study is made of the internal waves pro- Okla.; New England and Hudson River Basins, duced by the horizontal motion of three- Hartford, Conn.; South Atlantic and East dimensional objects of revolution through Gulf River Basins, Augusta, Ga.; West Gulf a stably stratified liquid. Drainage Basins, Ft. Worth, Tex.; and Middle Atlantic River Basins, Washington, D.C. (4891) WAVE PROPAGATION IN A TURBULENT LIQUID. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; operation and applied research. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the (e) The purpose of these Investigations is to Navy. develop modern river forecast procedures for (c) Dr. G. Kulln, Hydraulic Engineer. all ranges of flow for various streams of (d) Experimental; basic research. each basin. Procedures include: (1) Rainfall- (e) A study is being made of additional gravity runoff relations Involving consideration of wave damping due to turbulence. the physics of soli moisture, vegetative reception, transpiration, evaporation and (4892) TURBULENT SHEAR FLOW THROUGH COMPLIANT geological features of the basins; (2) snow- WALLED TUBES. melt forecasting relations involving consideration of the physics of snow and heat

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transfer j (3) unit hydrographs; and (4) "An Empirical Comparison of the Predictive streamflow routing procedures, based upon Value of Three Extreme Value Procedures," adaptations of basic hydraulic principles, by D. M. Hershfield, Journal of Geophysical using electronic or mechanical analogues. Research, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 1535-1542, Studies have been initiated at several of the April 1962. Centers to develop procedures for forecasting "Rainfall-Frequency Atlas of the Hawiian the formation and breakup of ice on rivers. Islands for Areas to 200 Square Miles, (g) Forecasting procedures have been developed Durations to 24 Hours, and Return Periods for key points. Refinement and modification from 1 to 100 years," Technical Paper No. of procedures due to reservoir construction 43, U. S. Weather Bureau (in press). and channel improvements are a continuing project. Results of the first year's opera- 2438) STORM TIDE PREDICTIONS. tion of the Port Worth River Forecast Center have been most encouraging for the appli- Laboratory projects. cation of high speed electronic computer 13 Mr. D. Lee Harris, Office of Meteorological (IBM 1610) for river forecast procedure Research, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington development and in forecasting operations. 25, D. C. It is planned to equip the new River Forecast (d) Theoretical and field Investigation; Center at Sacramento, Calif, with an IBM- basic and applied research. 1620 computer. (e) The differences between the observed and (h) "Weather and Water Resources," by M. A. predicted tides during storms are being Kohler, presented at Water Resources studied with the goal of improving the Symposium, University of Alabama, October accuracy of storm tide forecasting. 1962. (g) Empirical methods of forecasting these inundations are being developed and used In (1745) WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS FOR WESTERN UNITED the Weather Bureau's hurricane and storm STATES. warning service. Continued improvement in these forecasts is expected to result (b) Work being conducted in following field offices from this research. River Forecast Center - Portland, Oreg., (h) "The Equivalence between Certain Statistical Water Supply Forecast Unit - Salt Lake City, Prediction Methods and Linearized Dynamical Utah, River Forecast Center - Kansas City, Methods," by D. Lee Harris, Monthly Weather Mo., River Forecast Center - Sacramento, Review, vol. 90, No. 8, pn. 331-340, Aug. Calif., River Forecast Center - Windsor 1962. Locks, Connecticut. "Wave Patterns in Tropical Cyclones," by (d) Theoretical and field investigation; operation D. Lee Harris, Mariners Weather Log, vol. and applied research. 6, No. 5, pp. 156-160, Sept. 1962. (e) The purpose of these investigations is the "A Regression Model for the Prediction of development of precipitation-runoff relations Storm Surges on Lake Erie," by D. Lee Harris for water supply forecasting utilizing and Aldo Angelo, Proceedings of the Fifth statistical methods to correlate precipita- Conference on Great Lakes Research, Great tion during the winter with runoff during Lakes Research Division University of the melting season. Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich, (in press). (g) Water Supply Forecasts are prepared for "Characteristics of the Hurricane Storm nearly 400 points in the United States. Surge," by D. Lee Harris, Weather Bureau These forecasts of water-year and residual Technical Paper, (in preparation, 1962). flow are released in Monthly Water Supply Forecast Bulletins, January through May. (2943) METEOROLOGICAL RADAR TRANSPONDER (MRT) FOR This research program is of a continuing REPORTING RAINFALL. nature designed to improve and extend the present forecasting service. Laboratory project 81 Field investigation; development and opera- (1751) MAXIMUM STATION PRECIPITATION. tion. (e) A compact device, consisting of a tipping (b} Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army. bucket rain gage and transponder, that can (d) Analysis of data. be installed In relatively remote areas (e) Tabulations of maximum recorded 1-, 2-, 3-, at an average distance of 70 miles from the 6-, 12-, and 24-hour precipitation, for radar and up to 140 miles with a mountain- automatic recording rain-gage stations, by top installation. Activated by a signal from states. the radar, the MRT transmits a pulsed signal (f) Discontinued. which appears in Binary code on the radar (h) Twenty-seven states completed and published scope Indicating the accrued amounts of as parts of Weather Bureau Technical Paper precipitation. Investigations are con- No. 15. tinuing for application to reporting of river and tide stage, and snow water-equivalent (2437) UNITED STATES STORM CHARACTERISTICS PROJECT. data. (g) MRT-1 now operational, 30 MRT-2's being (b) Soil Conservation Service, Department of installed within range of Weather Bureau Agriculture. weather search radars. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research and design. (3251) PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION AS DETERMINED (e) Studies to provide rainfall data for design BY WSR-57 RADAR. criteria in estimating required capacities of hydraulic structures. Work includes: (b) Laboratory project at Weather Bureau Office (1) Development of a generalized relation- in Sacramento, Calif. ship between depth, area, duration and (d) Theoretical and field investigation, frequency for areas up to 400 square miles, operation and applied research. durations of 20 minutes to 24 hours, and (e) Studies are being made to relate, within return periods from 1 to 100 years; (2) 100 N.M. of the radar, the intensity and development of a generalized portrayal of the duration of weather echoes with observed probable maximum precipitation for areas up rainfall. Estimates of rainfall can be to 400 square miles, and durations up to 24 determined by use of the calibrated atten- hours in the United States; and (3) combi- uators on the radar and converting these nation of (1) and (2) for Hawaiian Islands db values to theoretical rainfall rates by and Alaska. means of a rainfall rate-echo intensity (h) "A General Relation between Frequency and graph. This use of radar has application Duration of Precipitation," by L. L. Weiss, to flood forecasting, water supply fore- Monthly Weather Review, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. casting and will also be used to determine 87-88, U. S. Weather Bureau, March 1962. a radar range correction value.

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(g) Data being collected. testing to begin early 1963.

(3601) STUDY OP TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING RAINFALL (4401) BINARY-DECIMAL TRANSMITTER FOR USE WITH BY REFERENCE TO RADAR ATTENUATION. ANA LOG -DIGITAL RECORDER.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Fischer & Porter Co. Calif. d) Experimental; design development. (d) Experimental; development and applied e) Black-box attachment for Analog-Digital research. Recorder (ADR) permitting interrogation by (e) By measuring the attenuation of short wave telephone or radio of river stage data. length radar signals over a fixed course and (g) Initial installations undergoing field test. relating it to the measured precipitation along the path of the radar beam, a (4402) RADAR PRECIPITATION INTEGRATOR. relationship can be established enabling an instrument (specifications being written) (b) Laboratory project In cooperation with to monitor areas above damsites and small Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, headwaters for the purpose of averting Calif. downstream interests to heavy rainfall. (d) Experimental and field Investigation, (g) Over a path of 3.25 KM radar attenuation applied research and development. has been successfully correlated with (e) A system for reporting accrued precipitation, observed rainfall. Incremental measurements using six levels of Intensity of the log of .10 inch/hour were made the radar at- receiver of the weather search radar, by tenuation determinations of rainfall varying quantizing and recording the received signal an average of plus or minus .10 with ex- from a preselected grid to provide a pulsed tremes of plus .25 in 10 minute periods. digital readout. The presentation is made (h) "Study of Techniques for Measuring Rainfall on a series of electro-mechanical counters, by Reference to Radar Attenuation," by set in a map corresponding to the 140 grid Ronald T. H. Collis, under Weather Bureau locations, in units of depth. Because of the Contract 10271, Stanford Research Inst. pulsed digital nature of the readout, It is (Project 3367), Menlo Park, Calif., June possible to transmit it by narrow bandwidth 1962. links. An evaluation of the system is scheduled for 1963 over a dense network of (3602) EXTENSION OF RATING CURVES. recording rain gages operated by the Agri- cultural Research Service near Norman, Okla. bl Laboratory project, The operational capability of the system will d) Field Investigation; operation and also be tested at the Weather Bureau's applied research, recently established Radar Research Lab., (e) The flood forecasting procedures used by University of Oklahoma Research Park, Norman, the Weather Bureau are primarily based on Oklahoma. discharge. However, the flood warnings to (h) "Monthly Status Reports 1-6, Construction be of any value must be in terms of stage of Prototype," by Ronald T. H. Collis, under (or elevation). This is accomplished by Weather Bureau contract 10282, Stanford use of U. S. Geological Survey rating Research Inst., August 1962. curves relating discharge to stage. Rating curves are defined only to the maximum (4403) PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION AND SNOWMELT observed stage of record. Therefore, it CRITERIA FOR SELECTED WATER SHEDS IN ALASKA. is imperative to devise a reliable method of extending rating curves in order to (b) Corps of Engineers, Department of Army. issue accurate stage predictions for the (di Applied research and design. record breaking flood, (e) Estimates of probable maximum precipitation, (g) Progress is slow due to the difficulty in maximum snowpack, and maximum snowmelt obtaining the required stream cross- section factors including temperature, dew point, data. wind and solar radiation, (h) Completed preliminary estimates for Yukon (3920) FLOAT-TYPE RESISTANCE RIVER GAGE. River above Rampart dam site and two smaller basins. Reports unpublished. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; development. (4765) THE ANARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT. (e) A device employing a Helipot (multi-turn potentiometer) operated by a float or (b) Laboratory project (supported by National connected to an existing river gage and Science Foundation). linked by wire or radio to an observation (c) Mr. F. Ostapoff, Polar Meteorological Re- point (up to 3 miles by wire and 50 miles search Project, U. S. Weather Bureau, Wash. by radio). A reading is obtained by 25, D. C. balancing the resistance in the system with (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic a similar unit at the observation point. and applied. May be operated on AC or DC power. (e) Attempts have been made to assess quanti- (g) Initial field installations of units linked tatively the meridional and vertical velocity by land lines now operational; radio link components of the Antarctic Circumpolar still under development. Current, an important problem in the study of oceanic circulation around Antartica (3921) PUNCHED-TAPE RECORDING, WEIGHING-TYPE and its interaction with the atmosphere. PRECIPITATION GAGE WITH TELEMETERING (g) Transverse and vertical velocity components CAPABILITY. were computed from hydrographic data along meridional cross-sections through the (t) Laboratory project. Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Results (d) Experimental; development. indicate the existence of a well-defined (e) A twenty-inch capacity, weighing-type convergence zone lying north of the primary battery-operated precipitation gage pro- polar front viding a punched tape record which can (h) "On Frictionally Induced Transverse Velocity be machine processed, capable of over one Components in the Antarctic Circumpolar month's unattended operation. Gage so Current," by F. Ostapoff, unpublished designated that data can be telemetered manuscript, U. S. Weather Bureau, 1962. through use of a "black box" attached to recording mechanism, (4766) OCEAN -ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION. (g) Initial gage built and undergoing laboratory tests. Additional gages for testing b) Laboratory Project. being procured. Installation and field c) Dr. Kirk Bryan, General Circulation Research

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Laboratory, U. S. Weather Bureau, Wash. 25, Laboratory project. D. C. (c Mr. J.F. Poland, U.S. Geological Survey, Experimental, theoretical; basic. Sacramento, California. As part of the fundamental investigation of Field investigation; basic and applied reseaib atmospheric processes by the General SI To determine the principles and factors Circulation Research Laboratory, work has Involved in the strain, deformation, and com- been initiated to study the large-scale paction of water-bearing rocks resulting chiefly aspects of the interaction of the ocean from changes in hydrologic environment. with the atmosphere. The problem of the (h) "X-ray Diffractometer Method for Measuring response of a simplified ocean model to Preferred Orientation in Clays," by R. H. wind stress was chosen as a starting point. Meade, in Geological Survey Research 1961: Numerical solutions for this problem in- U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, pp. corporate a much more detailed treatment of 273-276. the non-linear terms than has been possible "Compaction of Montorillonite-rich Sediments In previous studies. Model and boundary in Western Fresno County, California," by refinements will be made to check whether R. H. Meade, in Geological Survey Research the results could be explained by aspects 1961: U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper other than the pattern of wind stress. 424-D, pp. 89-92. (g) Preliminary conclusions drawn from calcu- "Compaction of an Aquifer System Computed lations indicate that details of the ob- from Consolidation Tests and Decline in served pattern of wind stress are very im- Artesian Head," by R. E. Miller, in Geol. portant for explaining many features of the Survey Research 1961: U. S. Geol. Survey Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Systems. Prof. Paper 424-B, pp. 54-58. (h) "Measurements of Meridional Heat Transport "The Coefficient of Storage in a Region of by Ocean Currents," by K. Bryan, Journal of Major Subsidence Caused by Compaction of an Geophysical Research, vol. 67, No. 9, pp. Aquifer System," by J. F. Poland, in Geol. 3403-3414, Aug. 1962. Survey Research 1961: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, pp. 52-54. 4767] PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION IN THE "Relation of Volumetric Shrinkage to Clay HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Content of Sediments from the San Joaquin Valley, California;" by A. I. Johnson and Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army. D. A. Morris: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Applied research and design. Paper 450-B, p. B43-B44. Estimates of probable maximum precipitation "Hydrologic and Physical Properties of for durations up to 24 hours for the Water-Bearing Deposits from Core Holes in the Hawaiian Islands. Tulare Wasco Area, Calfornia," by A. I. Completed. Johnson and R. P. Moston, (in final review). 18 "Probable Maximum Precipitation in the "Hydrologic and Physical Properties of Water- Hawaiian Islands," U. S. Weather Bureau, Bearing Deposits from Core Holes in the Hydrometeorological Report No. 39, in Santa Clara Valley, California," by R. P. preparation Moston and A. I. Johnson, (in review).

4768) STORM WINDPLOW OVER CALIFORNIA. (2689) DIFFUSIONAL PROCESSES AND HYDRODYNAMICS OF SALT- FRESH WATER INTERFACE IN AQUIFERS. Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army. Applied research. Laboratory project. Determine windflow in precipitation storms ft! Mr. H. H. Cooper, Jr., U.S. Geol. Surv., for purposes of estimating design storms Tallahassee, Florida. and forecasting precipitation. (d) Field and laboratory investigation; basic and Completed. applied research. ft! "Airflow on the Windward Side of a Large (e) To determine the factors affecting the distri- Ridge," Vance A. Myers, Journal of Geo- bution of salt water in coastal aquifers physical Research, Vol. 67:11, pp. 4267-4291, subject to salt water encroachment. October 1962. (h) "Transitory Movements of the Salt-water Front "Three-Dimensional Windflow and Resulting in an Extensive Artesian Aquifer," by H. R. Precipitation in a Northern California Storm," Henry, in Geological Survey Research 1962: Vance A. Myers and George A. Lott, in pre- U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, pp. paration. 87-89.

(2694) FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS.

. S. DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Laboratory project ft Prof. C.E. Kindsvater, Georgia Institute of 1221) STEADY STATE ELECTRIC FLOW NET MODELS. Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. (d) Library search, re-analysis and correlation of Laboratory project. published data, and original research. (e) A comprehensive study of the discharge charac- ftj Mr. R. R. Bennett, U. S. Geol . Surv., Wash. 25, D.C. teristics of practical forms of weirs and Applied research. spillways. Objectives include the publication, 121 Preparation of electric flow net models in generalized form, of available experimental using graphite paper, conductive paints, data resistor grids, etc. (h) "Discharge Characteristics of Round Crested Weirs," by D. B. Jones, U. S. Geological 2444) REDESIGN OF PRICE CURRENT METER. Survey Water-Supply Paper (in preparation).

Laboratory project. (2695) CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE RECORDS IN TIDAL STREAMS. ft! Mr. E.G. Barron, U.S. Geol. Surv., Columbus 12, Ohio. Laboratory project. Experimental; development. Dr. Chintu Lai, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. ft! Purpose is to design a vane-type rotor that Purpose is to develop a mathematical system Is little affected by vertical velocity com- that describes the flow pattern and related ponents or proximity to the water surface. channel characteristics for a tidal stream, Completed. and to develop methods for determining the IS Rotors made from different metals were discharge in the reach. tested in calibration flume. Berylium-copper (g) Basic partial differential equations for selected as best. Several meters prepared tidal flow were derived. These equations for field use. were transformed into characteristics equations and then organized into difference 2688) MECHANICS OF AQUIFERS. equations suitable for electronic digital 161 ) . .

computer. Trial runs have Indicated satis- (2948) ANALOG MODEL ANALYZER FOR STEADY-STATE factory results. GROUND-WATER PLOW PROBLEMS.

(2699) UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS. Laboratory project. IS! Mr. R. W. Stallman, U.S. Geol. Surv., Denver, (b) Laboratory project. Colo.

(c Mr. H.J. Tracy, U.S. Geol . Surv., Atlanta 8,Ga. Theoretical study and Instrument development. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. Use of a variable-resistance gird analyzer in (e) A comprehensive laboratory study of uniform analyzing steady-state ground-water flow flow In open channels. problems in which the transmlssiblllty varies Completed. in space. 19 "Resistance Coefficients and Velocity (h) "An Electric Analog of Three-Dlmenslonal Distribution - Smooth Prismatic Channels," Flow to Wells and its Application to Un- by C. M. Lester and W. W. Emmett, U. S. confined Aquifers," by R. W. Stallman, U. S. Geological Survey Water-supply Paper Geol. Survey Water- Supply Paper 1536-H (In preparation). ( in press) "Calculation of Resistance and Error In an (2702) ROUGHNESS AND WATER SEDIMENT MOVEMENT IN Electric Analog of Steady Flow hrough ALLUVIAL CHANNELS. Non-homogeneous Aquifers," by R. W. Stallman, U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1544-G Laboratory project. (In press) IS) Dr. D. B. Simons, Geological Survey, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. (2949) ULTRASONIC FLOW METER. Basic and applied research. IS! A study of mechanics of flow In alluvial Laboratory project. channels using a large recirculating laboratory IS! Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey,

flume . Based upon a laboratory study and Columbus 12, Ohio. field studies, relationships which describe Experimental; instrument development. flow In alluvial channels are being developed. The objective is to measure the average veloc- The study has been completed for six (6) bed ity in a natural channel by acoustic means, materials. Regimes of flow, forms of bed (g) Further testing of instruments in the field roughness, resistance to flow relations, and being done. sediment transport relations have been developed for the six sizes of sand investi- (2950) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND CHANNEL ROUGHNESS gated. IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS. (g) The grain roughness of sands investigated was found to equal d86» A uniform bed ma- Laboratory project terial having a given median diameter will IS) Mr. Thomas Maddock, Jr., U. S. Geological develop a rougher boundary and will be less Survey, Washington 25, D.C. susceptible to transport than a nonuniform Basic research. bed material having the same median diameter.- IS! Field and laboratory studies, original and + The gradation coefficient ( a = 1/2 / d85/d50 other investigations will be analyzed in ternB d 50/di5-7) of bed material in sand channel of sediment movement, channel roughness, shea* streams has an average value of 1.60. This distribution in channel prism and other ef- value is approached in flumes also. The fects on shape of natural channels. presence of fine-grained material in pipes (g) Sand channel reach with controlled flow on or channels affects sediment transport and the Rio Grande below El Paso selected for resistance to flow by a factor not entirely concentrated study. explained by consideration of conventional viscosity effects. (3253) CHANNEL STABILITY IN AN EPHEMERAL STREAM. (h) "The Effect of Bed Roughness on Depth-Dis- charge Relations in Alluvial Channels," by Laboratory project. D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson, U. S. IS! Dr. Luna B. Leopold, U. S. Geological Geological Survey Water-supply Paper 1498- Survey, Washington 25, D. C. E, 1962. Field investigation; basic research. "The Variable Depth Discharge Relation in IS! In an ephemeral stream (arroya), measurements Alluvial Channels," by D. B. Simons, E. V. are being made on the following: Stress on Richardson, and W. L. Haushild, U. S. Geol. rocks during a flow; movement and location of Survey Professional Paper 424-C, pp. 45-47, rocks after flow; extent of scour and fill; 1961. movement of bars; changes in cross sections "The Significance of the Fall Velocity and at certain locations; erosion on slopes; the Effective Fall Diameter of Bed Materials," mass movement of soils; and soil wash, by W. L. Haushild, D. B. Simons, and E. V. (g) Report In preparation. Paper on downstream Richardson, U. S. Geological Survey Prof. scour and fill to be presented at Second Paper 424-D, pp. 17-20, 1961. National Conference on Sedimentation in Jan. "Qualitative Effects of Temperature on Flow 1963. Phenomena in Alluvial Channels," by D. W. Hubbell and Khalid Al-Shaikh All, U. S. (3254) DISPERSION IN NATURAL STREAMS. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, pp. 21-23, 1961. (b) Atomic Energy Commission. "Boundary Form and Resistance to Flow in (c) Dr. N. Yotsukura, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. Alluvial Channels," by E. V. Richardson, (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic D. B. Simons, and W. L. Haushild, Bulletin research. of th$ International Association of Scien- (e) To measure dispersion and relate dispersal tific Hydrology. VII Annee, No. 1, pp. patterns to stream- channel geometry, fluid 48-52, 1962. properties, and flow characteristics. (g) Numerical solution for turbulent dispersion (2703) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION. equations obtained for short distances downstream from injection point. Analog simu- AO Cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation and lation was investigated. Background study Texas A. and M. College. of dispersion in a steady non-uniform flow (c) Mr. G. E. Koberg, U. S. Geol. Surv., Denver, yielded a one -dimensional dispersion equation Colorado. which can be solved numerically. (d) Field investigation continued during the (h) "Turbulent Dispersion In a Steady Uniform year. Flow - Allenspark Flume," by N. Yotsukura, (h) "Relationships for Computing Long-Wave is in review. Radiation from a Water Surface," by G. E. Koberg, U. S. Geological Survey Water- Supply (3255) ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER. Paper (in preparation).

162 . . .

Laboratory project. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D25-D28. Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey, Columbus 12, Ohio. (3263) PERMEABILITY. Experimental; instrument design. To redesign, adapt, and repackage the electro- (b) Cooperative with the State of California. magnetic flow meter now used by the U. S. Navy (c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic to measure velocity in open channels. Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Discontinued. Colo, or Mr. Fred Kunkel, District Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, Calif. EFFECT OF ROUGHNESS CONCENTRATION ON OPEN (d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic CHANNEL FLOW. and applied research. (e) Theoretical, laboratory and field study of Laboratory project. permeability and related properties such as Mr. J. Davidian, U. S. Geological Survey, transmlsslbility, capillary conductivity, Washington 25, D. C. relative permeability, unsaturated flow and Experimental; applied research. flow-drainage relationships, as related to To determine the effect of bed roughness on soil moisture and ground-water movement. open channel flow by increasing the concen- Evaluation of existing, and possible de- trations of 3/16-inch cubes cemented to the velopment of new methods for determining flume floors. these properties. Completed. (g) Library research in progress. "Roughness Concentration Effects on Flow over Hydrodynamical Rough Surfaces," by H. (3264) SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION EQUIPMENT AND J. Koloseus and J. Davidian, U. S. Geol TECHNIQUES. Survey Water-supply Paper (in preparation). "Free Surface Instability Correlations," by Laboratory project. H. J. Koloseus and J. Davidian, U. S. Geol. ft! Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Survey Water-Supply Paper (in Preparation) Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL SEDIMENT DISCHARGE OF (d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied COARSE SEDIMENTS. research. (e) Evaluate and adapt subsurface exploration Laboratory project. equipment and techniques, such as gamma D. W. Hubbell, U. S. Geological Survey, ray and electric loggers, fluid velocity and Colorado State University, Fort Collins, conductivity loggers, temperature loggers, Colorado. power augers and core samplers, for solving Analytical; applied research. ground water occurrence problems A review of the types of equipment currently (g) Portable temperature logger nearly com- used to measure sediment moving as bed load pleted; core samplers designed and commercial and the preparation of a report covering models procured and compared under field criteria for sampler design and use. conditions; power augering equipment and Completed. techniques evaluated; evaluation in progress "Apparatus and Techniques for Measuring of gamma-ray conductivity and temperature Bed-Load," by D. W. Hubbell, U. S. Geol. logging equipment for salt-water encroach- Survey, Water-Supply Paper 1748 (to be ment and waste disposal problems. Library released in 1963). research in progress. (h) "Selected References on Laboratory and Field SOIL-MOISTURE EQUIPMENT. Methods in Ground -Water Hydrology," by A. I. Johnson, (in review). Laboratory project. "Use of Inflatable Packers in Multiple-Zone Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Testing of Water Wells," by F. C. Koopman, Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, J. H. Irwin, and E. D. Jenkins: U. S. Geol. Colo. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B108-B109. Laboratory and field Investigation; applied research. (3265) INVESTIGATION OF VADOSE FLOW THROUGH HOMO- Laboratory model and field comparative study GENEOUS ISOTROPIC MEDIA. of techniques and of various commercially available instruments for measuring soil Laboratory project. moisture. New equipment may also be designed 13 Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic as result of study. Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Field and laboratory calibrations of neutron Colo. meter, tenslometers, moisture blocks and Experimental; basic and applied research. sampling equipment . Evaluation of neutron ft] Laboratory model study of infiltration of meter. Design of small-diameter fast-response fluids from surface pits into a thick un- tensiometer. Library research. saturated zone above the water table. "Measurement of Soil Moisture Under Field Completed. Conditions," by A. I. Johnson, U.S. Geol. li) Model tank designed and constructed; several Survey Water-Supply Paper 1619-U. test runs with beads of different particle size completed; library research; test runs MODEL STUDY FOR SALT WATER DIFFUSION. photographed by slide and movie. (h) Silent, color, lapse-time movie on second, Laboratory study. third and fourth phase of model study com- Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Laboratory, pleted. U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo., or "Model study of Infiltration into layer Mr. H. H. Cooper, Jr., Research Engineer, U.S. Materials," by W. N. Palmquist, Jr., and A. Geological Survey, Tallahassee, Floria. I. Johnson: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file Experimental; applied research. report (1960). Model study is being used to study diffusion "Vadose Flow In Layered and Nonlayered Ma- at the interface between fresh and salt water. terials," by W. N. Palmquist, Jr., and A. I. Variable movement of interface simulates Johnson; U. S. Geol. Survey Prof, i-aper effects of various amplitudes and periods of 450-C p. C142-C143. tidal action. "Model Study of Vadose Flow Through Porous Completed. Media," by W. K. Kulp and others: U. S. Design and construct plastic model and con- Geol. Survey (in review). ductivity - recording equipment; one test run with f lne-sand-size glass beads and two (3603) SURFACE FOLLOWER. test runs on medium sand completed. "Dispersion with Oscillating Flow in a Laboratory project. Granular Material" by W. K. Kulp; U. S. Geol. ft! Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey, 163 ) . . .

Columbus 12, Ohio. ships between basin characteristics and low Experimental; design. stream flow for areal studies; and establish (Ji The surface follower Is designed to operate criteria for depicting streams on topographic a recorder while following the level of the maps to meet needs in hydrologic Investi- water In a 2-inch vertical pipe. A switch gations, in a "float" closes either the up or down (f) Completed. circuit which rotates a drum raising or lower- (h) "Portrayal of Drainage and Vegetation on ing the float. A shaft input recorder is Topographic Maps" by W. J. Schneider and coupled to the drum. J. C. Goodlett, U. S. Geological Survey Open- Completed. File Report, June 1962. IS Units produced for field operation. (3930) FLOODS FROM SMALL AREAS. (3604) TRANSPORT OF RADIONUCLIDES BY PLUVIAL SEDIMENT. !b) Laboratory project, c) Mr. W. D. Mitchell, USGS, Champaign, 111. Atomic Energy Commission. d) Field investigation; applied research, (51 Mr. D. W. Hubbell, U. S. Geological Survey, e) Purpose is to provide information and develop Colorado State University, Fort Collins, methods to solve small basin drainage Colorado. structure design problems. Field investigation; basic research. \i] Study of dispersion, transportation, and con- (3931) SOURCE OF BASE FLOW OF STREAMS. centration of radionuclides by stream sediments for representative hydrologic and Laboratory project. geologic environments. ioj Mr. A. N. Cameron, U. S. Geological Survey, (g) Statistical theory of homogeneous turbulence Atlanta, Ga. appears to have useful application in the Field investigation; applied research. study of lateral turbulent diffusion in (II Purpose Is to define the source, amount and alluvial channels. The scale and intensity distribution of base flow of streams. of lateral turbulence components at the (g) Geologic and hydrologic data collected in surface of an alluvial channel can be esti- Yellow River Basin in Georgia is being mated using small polyethylene particles analyzed and a report Is in preparation. floating on the surface. Usability of radioactive tracer techniques for the study of the (3933) EVALUATION OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES IN dispersion and transport of contaminated HYDROLOGY. bed-material particles was studied further and appears entirely feasible. Laboratory project. (h) "Uptake and Transport of Radionuclides by Dr. N. C. Matalas, USGS, Wash. 25, D.C. Stream Sediments," by W. w. Sayre, H. P. Experimental; basic and applied research. Guy, and A. R. Chamberlain, U. S. Geol. (1) To define the spectral properties between Survey Professional Paper 433-A (to be re- tree ring series from Western North America, leased early 1963). and (2) to define the relations among the moments of transformed and untransformed (3605) MINERALOGY OF FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS. random variables in the case of fractional power and logarithmic transforms. Atomic Energy Commission. Completed. Mr. V. C. Kennedy, U. S. Geological Surv., (1) Power spectra analyses showed that the Denver, Colo. generating process of tree ring series can be Laboratory and field investigations. approximated by a second order autoregressive Study of the mineralogy and cation-exchange process. Cross-power spectra analyses showed capacity of fluvial sediments for typical that the coherence between the series was hydrologic and geologic environments. uniform over all frequencies. The cross- Completed. correlation between tree ring series decreases 13 Project report in preparation. exponentially with distance. This decrease also occurs with temperature and precipita- (3923) DISTRIBUTION OF BOUNDARY SHEAR IN OPEN tion series. The precipitation and tree CHANNEL FLOW. ring correlations decrease at approximately the same rate with an increase in distance; Laboratory project however, the temperature correlation decreases in Mr. R. W. Carter, U. S. Geol. Survey, Wash. at a slower rate. 25, D.C. (2) By means of Taylor series expansions, the Experimental; applied research. moments of transformed random variables IS Shear plates will be used in a flume to (fractional power and logarithmic transforms) measure boundary shear in open-channel were related to the moments of the untrans- flow. If an accurate measure is obtained, formed random variables. The moments of each the indirect methods of shear determination order for the transformed random variables will be evaluated. were shown to be functions of the sum of the (g) Series of runs in flume have been made at moments of all orders of the untransformed various Froude number and depths of flow. random variables. Data being analyzed and report in preparation. (h) "Probability Distribution of Low-Flows," by N. C. Matalas, 1962, U. S. Geological Survey (3924) GAGING FLOW THROUGH TURBINES. Professional Paper 434-A (in press). "Autocorrelation of Rainfall and Streamflow Atomic Energy Commission. Minlmums," by N. C. Matalas, 1962, U. S. (II Mr. R. W. Carter, U. S. Geol. Survey, Geological Survey Professional Paper 434-B Washington 25, D. C. (in press) Experimental; applied research. "Statistics of a Runoff -Precipitation Rela- To develop a method of rating turbines with tion," by N. C. Matalas, 1963, U. S. Geol. use of radioisotopes as a tracer similar to Survey Professional Paper 434-D. "salt dilution" method. "Information Content of the Mean," by N. C. Completed. Matalas and W. B. Langbein, 1962, Journal of Final report in preparation. Geophysical Research, Vol. 67, No. 9, Aug. (3 1962. (3929) USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS IN "Statistical Properties of Tree Ring Data," HYDROLOGIC STUDIES. by N. C. Matalas, 1962, International Assoc. of Scientific Hydrology, No. 2, June 1962. Laboratory project. "Spectra Analyses of Tree Ring Series from [cj Mr. W. J. Schneider, USGS, Wash. 25, D.C. Western North America," 1962, by N. C. Matalas d Field investigations; applied research. (In preparation) ) Relation Between Moments of Transformed I e Objective Is to determine possible relation- 164 Random Variables, for both the Fractional variable geologic conditions and with Power and the Logarithmic Transform," 1962, variable head changes in the plezometric by N. C. Matalas (in preparation). surface are considered for the composite frame work. (3935) FLOOD PLAIN ZONING IN SUBURBAN AREAS. (h) "Perspective on Problems of Hydrogeology," by H. E. LeGrand, Geological Society of Laboratory project. America Bulletin, V. 73, pp. 1147-1152, Pi Mr. D. G. Anderson, USGS, 300 South Payne Sept. 1962. St., Fairfax, Virginia. Field Investigation; applied research. (3948) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PARAMETERS IN SAND BED It] To determine magnitude and frequency of STREAMS. flood discharges from records of short duration and develop a method to describe Laboratory project. the water- surface profile for a flood of a Mr. Carl F. Nordin, Jr., U. S. Geological given frequency at all points along the Survey, Albuquerque, New Mexico. stream channel. Field and office research. (g) Field data being evaluated; report in Field and theoretical investigation of preparation. sediment transportation in sand bed streams. Specifically included are hydraulic and (3939) STUDY OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES, CLINCH RIVER, sediment data for the Rio Grande. TENNESSEE. (h) "Particle-Size Distribution of Stream-Bed Material in the Middle Rio Grande Basin, Atomic Energy Commission. New Mexico," by C. F. Nordin, Jr. and J. K. 13 Mr. P.H. Carrigan, U. S. Geological Survey, Culbertson, U. S. Geological Survey Pro- Oak Ridge, Tennessee. fessional Paper 424-C, pp. 323-326, 1961. Field investigation; applied research. if) Purpose is to undertake a comprehensive (3949) FACTORS AFFECTING BED-MATERIAL DISCHARGE OF study of the entry, movement, location and SAND BED STREAMS. fate of radioactive wastes discharged into the Clinch River by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory project. Laboratory. Mr. B. R. Colby, USGS, Lincoln, Nebr. (g) Laboratory flume study conducted in addition Field and office research. to field investigations. Field and theoretical investigation of bed-material discharge of sand bed streams (3943) USE OF PRECIPITATION RECORDS IN EXTENDING utilizing available sediment-load data for STREAMFLOW DATA. a range of width/depth ratios. (g) Concentration differences calculated by a Laboratory project. velocity-weighted method and by a method Mr. R. 0. R. Martin, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C. involving the ratio of the weight of sediment Field Investigation; applied research. in motion above a unit area of the bed to the Objective is to develop a practicable method weight of the water- sediment mixture above of using the precipitation records to augment the same unit area, are usually large. The short-term streamflow records and to test depth of sand deposited instantaneously on a the extent of the improvement in reliability. stream bed, even from high flows, is usually Completed. very small. Scour and fill in reaches or at Open-file report being processed. cross sections of sand-bed streams are basically related to continuity of discharge (3944) AUTOMATIC COMPUTATION OF DAILY DISCHARGE of sediment of particle sizes in the stream- RECORDS. bed.

Laboratory project. (3952) STUDY OF MECHANICS OF HILLSLOPE EROSION. Mr. W. L. Isherwood, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C. Experimental; operation systems. (b) Laboratory project. To develop a practical system of collecting (cj Dr. S. A. Schumm, USGS, Denver, Colo, records of river stages in a form suitable id) Field Investigation. for automatic computation through a high (e) The purpose of this project is to study the speed computer with print out acceptable mechanics of the erosion of hillslopes under for offset reproduction. various physical conditions, and to appraise (g) Digital recorder program operational for 260 the relative influence of each factor in- gaging sites; records processed routinely volved in hillslope erosion in semiarid and on magnetic tape, suitable for offset repro- arid environments. Studies Include quanti- duction. tative measurements of hillslope erosion, and to the extent possible, measurements of (3946) MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF GROUND-WATER the contributing or related factors. Such DISCHARGE AREAS. information is needed to determine the amount of sediment derived from hillslopes Laboratory project. and to provide guidance in planning erosion Mr. H. B. LeGrand, U. S. Geological Survey, control measures. Studies are in progress Washington 25, D. C. in several areas in eastern and western Basic research. Colorado and western Utah. Through geologic and hydrologlc observa- (g) The study has been expanded to cover areas of tions and Inferences hypothetical piezo- different geology and topography. metric maps are to be prepared in the (h) "Erosion on Miniature Pediments in Badlands environs of stream valleys. Various types National Monument, South Dakota," by S. A. of hydrogeology settings are being studied Schumm, Geological Society of America Bulletin so that a specific stream can be compared v. 73, pp. 719-724, June 1962. with its prototype. "Disparity Between Modern Rates of Denudation and Orogeny," by S. A. Schumm, U. S. Geol. (3947) PROBLEMS OF CONTRASTING GROUND-WATER MEDIA Survey Professional Paper 454-H, in process IN CONSOLIDATED ROCKS. of publication.

Laboratory project. (3953) BASIC RESEARCH IN VEGETATION AND HYDROLOGY. Mr. H. E. LeGrand, USGS Survey, Wash. 25, D.C. Basic research. (i>) Laboratory project. Porous granular material overlies Jointed (c) Dr. R. S. Sigafoos, USGS, Arlington, Va. consolidated rock in many parts of the earth, (d) Field investigation. resulting in two contrasting types of media (e) The purpose of this project is to study the through which water moves. Description of interrelationship between vegetation and media and hydrologlc ramifications with geomorphic processes by comparing qualitative

165 differences In distribution and form of climatic environments. Primary study area: plants with selected geologic and hydrologlc South Cascade Glacier, Washington. variables. This comparison is prerequisite Several reports In preparation. to establishment of methods to measure "Glaciological Investigations on South botanical parameters quantitatively. The Cascade Glacier," by W. V. Tangborn, The immediate objectives will be to identify and Mountaineer, Vol. 55, No. 4, 1962. map species limited to flood plains, to "Recent Variations in Mass Net Budgets of adjoining uplands, to alluvial fans, Glaciers in Western North America," by M. F. terraces, coves and ridges; to study relation Meier and A. S. Post, In Commission of Snow ship between forest development and flood and Ice, International Association of frequency, and to determine the effect of Scientific Hydrology Publication No. 58, land use upon changes in vegetation. pp. 63-77, 1962. g) Four reports in preparation or scheduled. h) "Vegetation in Relation to Flood Frequency (3957) THE HYDROLOGY OF A PORTION OF THE HUMBOLDT near Washington, D. C," by R. S. Sigafoos, RIVER VALLEY. In Geological Survey Research, 1961, U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424-C, State of Nevada and U. 3. Bureau of Recla- pp. 248-250. mation. "Influence of Strip Mining on the Hydrologlc Mr. T.W. Robinson, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif. Environment of Parts of Beaver Creek Basin, Field investigation. Kentucky 1955-59," by R. S. Sigafoos, In The purpose of this project is to determine Forest and Forest Development, by C. R. how the available water in Humboldt River Collier and others, U. S. Geological Survey valley might better be utilized. The Professional Paper 427-B, in process of following hydrologlc data will be collected publication. and studied: (1) Runoff characteristics and magnitude of use of surface waters; (3954) CHARACTERISTICS OF GLACIER-FED STREAMS. (2) the specific yield of sediments in the flood plain and the magnitude and extent (b) Laboratory project. of water-level fluctuations in the ground- (c) Dr. R. K. Fahnestock, USGS, Fort Collins, Colo. water reservoir; (3) the use of water by (d) Field investigation. greasewood and willows; (4) variations in (e) The purpose of this project is to study the chemical quality of the water in the flood channel characteristics of streams below plain; (5) amount of underflow at Comus and active glaciers, especially those carrying Rose Creek to be determined by means of substantial amounts of debris which is sorted pumping tests of exploratory holes; and and transported by meltwater. It should (6) amount of ground water from tributary assist developing an understanding of glacial valleys, to be determined on the basis of outwash deposits, both present and past, in chemical analyses and low-flow measurements. other areas. This study should also add to The General Hydrology Branch has furnished both the knowledge of the Influence of the project leader and will determine the diurnal fluctuations in flow on the character- amount of water used by greasewood and istics of alluvial channels and to the willows by use of tanks (lysimeters) simi- knowledge of long term response of stream lar to those used in the Buckeye project. channels to glacier fluctuations. The project Site is near Wlnnemucca, Nevada, in the is carried on at White River below Emmons Humboldt River Valley.

Glacier, Mt . Rainier, Wash., flume studies (g) Eight evapotranspirometers were Installed are carried out at Colorado State University. during the 1961 season. These will be used for measuring water use as follows: two for (3955) DOWNSTREAM EFFECT OF DAMS, DIVERSIONS AND greasewood, three for willow, and three for IRRIGATION DRAINS ON ALLUVIAL CHANNELS. rabbltbrush.

b) Laboratory project. (3958) THE EFFECT OF EXPOSURE ON SLOPE MORPHOLOGY. c) Dr. M.G. Wolman, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. (b) Laboratory project. d) Field investigation. (c) Mr. R. F. Hadley, USGS, Denver, Colo. e) The purpose of the project is to determine d Field investigation. the downstream effect the above types of (e)> < The purpose of this project is to determine structures exert on alluvial channels. All the morphologic and hydrologlc differences available data are to be gathered and existing among slopes of various exposures summarized on channel surveys before and and to measure the resulting effects on after construction. This will be accomplish erosion, soil moisture, and vegetational ed insofar as possible by correspondence cover. Also, the effect of differential with State, Federal, and local agencies. exposure on drainage-basin evolution will (g) Report in preparation. be investigated. Sites for study are several selected small areas in Wyoming, (3956) LONG-TERM HYDR0LOGIC TRENDS AS INDICATED Colorado, and New Mexico. BY GLACIERS. (g) A report on certain phases of project in preparation. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Dr. M.F. Meier, USGS, Tacoma, Washington. (3959) LONG-TERM CHRONOLOGIES ON HYDROLOGIC EVENTS. (d) Field investigation. (e) The purpose of this project Is to learn (b) Laboratory project. more of the mechanics of glaciers and to (c) Mr. W. D. Simons, USGS, Tacoma, Washington. relate Ice thickness, velocity, slope, (e) The purpose of this project is to provide surface water flow, streamline inclination, information on flood and drought frequencies and ablation. The hydrology of alpine and other critical hydrologlc events from basins, including snow fields and Ice- the history of major river basins. Data covered areas, is important because of the will be sought to evaluate long-term relation of climate, precipitation, snow fluctuation in water supply to determine melt and storage effects on the water whether or not there has been either an resources of northern and high-elevation upward or downward trend during the last areas. The project consists of a basic 2 or 3 centuries. Such data will include research study in fundamental problems of crop records, news items, historical glacier regime, studies of long-term fluctu- records, tree-ring data and lake levels. ations in hydrologlc factors, and relations Efforts will be made to obtain useful data between climatic and hydrologlc factors. from anthropological research studies in Comparisons will be made between the regime the Pacific Northwest. This study would nourishment factors and activity of two provide additional knowlege on probable similar valley glaciers located in different frequency and duration of critical hydrologlc

166 . .

events especially droughts for each major (3965) HYDROLOGIC EFFECT OF VEGETATION MODIFICATION. river basin. The first investigation would be in the Columbia River basin. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. R. M. Myriek, USGS, Tuscon, Arizona. (3961) USE OP WATER BY SALTCEDAR. (d) Field investigation. (e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate b) Bureau of Reclamation. the change in water yield produced by the c) Dr. T. E. A. vanHylckama, USGS, Phoenix, vegetation modification and to develop a Arizona. more comprehensible understanding of the (e) The purpose of this project is to measure function of vegetation, within the hydrologic the use of ground water by saltcedar in regime, under semlarid conditions. Sub- evapotranspirometers and to evaluate these stitution of short-rooted grass for deep- data against those obtained by energy rooted trees is the basis for this study. budget and mass transfer methods. Esti- The study has been divided into two parts; mates can then be made of the quantity of (1) The determination of the changes in water salvageable by control or eradi- water yield produced by a pinon- juniper cation of saltcedar. Large evapotran- eradication program on a drainage area of spirometers have been constructed in an 200 square miles; and (2) the intensive study environment of saltcedar and planted at of 2 pairs of small watersheds to evaluate the same density as in the surrounding the hydrologic processes involved and area. The use of water from these tanks alterations that occur as a result of will be measured and the effect of main- vegetation modification. Correlations of taining ground water at different levels runoff, using precipitation will be used studied. for (1). In part (2) an attempt will be (g) Preliminary data on water use were presented made to evaluate the major portions of the at the Pacific S. W. regional meeting of the hydrologic cycle and" to define the inter- American Geophysical Union in Tucson, Arizona, relationships. Study site is Carrizo and in January 1962. It is expected that pre- Corduroy Creek basins in the Fort Apache liminary data on mass transfer and energy Indian Reservation, Arizona. budget methodology can be published at the (g) Soil moisture, soil tension, precipitation, end of the calendar year 1962. A report on and surface-water data have been collected. growth arid development of saltcedar as Data being analyzed and reports in prepara- affected by access to soil moisture is in tion. preparation. (3966) EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTIC OF (3962) RESEARCH IN PHREATOPHYTES. FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGY AND HYDRAULICS.

fb) Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. T. W. Robinson, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif. (c) Dr. S. A. Schumm, USGS, Denver, Colo. (d) Field Investigation. (d) Field investigation. (e) The purpose of this project is to estimate (e) The purpose of this project is to collect with reasonable accuracy the quantity data on the physical properties of sediments and quality of the ground water consumptively forming the perimeter of alluvial channels, wasted and to evaluate the quantity and and to determine the effect of sediment quality of the water that can be salvaged type on fluvial morphology and hydraulics. by control or eradication of the phreatophyte The physical and chemical properties of The fields of study involved in attaining alluvial materials and their relations to these objectives are: (1) A knowledge of and effects upon fluvial morphology are not the habitats and life-cycle characteristics well enough understood and require consider- of problem phreatophyte sj (2) the factors able research. Basic data are collected at that control their growth, development, and about 200 cross-sectional sites on as many occurrence; (3) the factors that affect as possible of the following: channel shape, their use of ground water; and (4) ecomonlc dimensions, gradient, pattern, and roughness; methods for effecting salvage of the water channel and bank vegetation; stream discharge; consumptively wasted by phreatophyte s velocity of flow; suspended and bed sediment Among others, data are needed on occurrence, loads; and the types of sediment forming which requires mapping of areas and density the cross-sectional perimeter of the channels. of growth; relations of occurrence to the (h) "Recent Flood-Plain Formation along the quality of the ground water; depth of root Cimarron River in Kansas," by S. A. Schumm, penetration; effects of phreatophytes on U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper flood-plain erosion and sedimentary pro- 424-B, pp. 112-114, 1961. cesses; and the annual water consumption "The Sinuosity of Alluvial Rivers on the for different depths to the water table Great Plains," by S. A. Schumm, to be under different climatic conditions, by published in the Geological Society of species. America Bulletin. (h) "Introduction, Spread and Areal Extent of Saltcedar in Western United States," by T. W. (3968) STUDY OF CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOOD- Robinson, to be published as U. S. Geol. PLAIN AGGRADATION, TUSAYAN WASHES, ARIZONA. Survey Hydrologic Atlas. !b) Laboratory project, (3963) EVAPOTRANSPI RATION THEORY AND MEASUREMENT. c) Mr. R.F. Hadley, USGS, Denver, Colo, dl Field investigation, (b) Laboratory project. e) The purpose of this project is to determine (c) Mr. 0. E. Leppanen, USGS, Phoenix, Arizona. the physical and hydraulic factors that (d) Field Investigation. control channel characteristics in aggrading (e) The purpose of this project is to study the and degrading alluvial channels in the physical processes involved in evapotran- semlarid and arid Southwest. An under- spiration and to develop techniques and standing of these processes is needed In equipment for measuring evapotranspiration. order to plan conservation practices in a The studies encompass an analysis of the logical and economic fashion. The project physical forces and differential equations includes study of aggradation occurring describing the transport of momentum, latent naturally as well as aggradation induced heat of evaporation, energy, water vapor, by channel structures. Studies are in the and possibly carbon dioxide in the earth's drainage basins of Polacca, Oralbi, Jeddito, surface in order to develop practical Dinnebito Washes, all tributary to Little techniques and instruments for the measure- Colorado River near Winslow In northeastern ment of evapotranspiration. Arizona, (g) Final report in preparation. (g) Report in preparation.

167 . . .

(3969) GENERAL STUDIES OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION. when water was applied to the spreader. Analyses are being made of the differences b) Laboratory project. in storage and use on the three major soil-

: c) Mr. R. F. Hadley and Mr. N. J. King, USGS, vegetation types Included In the spreader, Denver, Colo. (h) Report in preparation. d) Field Investigation.

! e) The purpose of this project is to Investi- (3975) STUDY OF EFFECTS OF GRAZING IN BADGER WASH gate the basic processes of erosion in a AREA, COLORADO. semiarld and arid environment. Studies fall into three general groups: (1) Quanti- (b) U. S. Bureau of Land Management, Reclamation, tative measurements of gully growth, channel Forest Service, and Fish and Wildlife widening, and channel erosion; (2) measure- Service ments of rates of upland erosion; and (3) (c) Mr. G. C. Lusby, USGS, Denver, Colo. detailed studies of a particular erosion (d) Field investigation. process in a selected area. The quantitative (e) The purpose of this project is to determine measurements will be utilized to aid in the effects of grazing exclusion in regard design of soil and water conservation to improving vegetation, and reducing measures. Studies are being made in several damaging floods, upstream erosion and down- areas In Montana, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico, stream sedimentation. This study was plan- and Arizona. ned and started in 1953 as a cooperative undertaking between the Bureau of Land (3970) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION. Management, Forest Service, Bureau of Recla- mation, and the Survey. Studies by the Fish (b) Laboratory project. and Wildlife Service started a year later. (c) Mr. A. 0. Waananen, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif, The study by agreement is to run for 20 id) Field investigation. years. Twenty reservoirs were constructed (e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate and records of runoff and sediment are the hydrologic effects of changes in land collected on each. The study area is use associated with development of suburban, divided into four pairs of areas each with industrial and urban communities; also a dam and reservoir. One of each pair is Included Is a study of hydrologic problems fenced to exclude grazing and the other is in storm drainage in urban areas. Changes left open. Study area is about 8 miles in land use associated with urban development northwest of Mack, Mesa County, Colorado, affect local hydrologic factors such as (h) "Hydrologic and Biotic Characteristics of runoff, flood frequency, recharge, channel Grazed and Ungrazed Watersheds of the Badger stability, sediment production and the inter- Wash Basin in Western Colorado, 1953-58," by relationship between surface and ground G. C. Lusby, G. T. Turner, J. R. Tompson and water. Data on stream flow, precipitation, V. H. Reid, U. S. Geological Survey Water- soil moisture and related hydrologic and supply Paper 1532-B, in process of publi- climatologic data, topographic effects, and cation. geologic, soils, and ecologlc information, together with documentation of changes in (3976) EVALUATION OF SEDIMENT BARRIER ON SHEEP land use as they occur, are needed for CREEK, NEAR TROPIC, UTAH. proper evaluation. The study area, San Francisqulto Basin at Stanford University, (b) Laboratory project. Palo Alto, California. (c) Mr. G. C. Lusby, USGS, Denver, Colo. (d) Field investigation. (3971) THE HYDROLOGY OF PRAIRIE POTHOLES, NORTH (e) The purpose of this study is to test the DAKOTA. effectiveness of treatment methods to reduce the high sediment contribution of the Paria (b) Research Section of Bureau of Sport Fisheries River and similar streams. In addition to and Wildlife. land-treatment practices, which will be (c) Mr. Wm. S. Eisenlohr, Jr., U.S.G.S., Denver, carried out by the Forest Service, National Colo. Park Service, Bureau of Land Management and (g) Collection of data continued on the original Soil Conservation Service, the Bureau of group of potholes and several others were Reclamation has constructed a small barrier selected and instrumented. on Sheep Creek. The Survey is to measure (h) "A Description of the Hydrologic Investi- the effect of this barrier on runoff and gations of Prairie Potholes," by J. B. sediment at a site about 7 miles southwest Shjeflo, U. S. Geological Survey Circular of Tropic, Utah. 472, in process of publication. (g) A dam was constructed on Sheep Creek in 1960 and sediment samplers were Installed in the (3972) STUDY OF WATER APPLICATION AND USE ON A channel upstream from the dam and in the RANGE WATERSPREADER IN NORTHEASTERN spillway. Runoff during the 1960 water year MONTANA was very low, but in 1961 runoff occurred several times in relatively large amounts. b) Laboratory project. Sediment deposition in the reservoir and c) Dr. F. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McOueen, and channel upstream in 1961 was appreciable. Mr. R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo. (h) Report In preparation. d) Field investigation. e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate (397 7) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF SMALL RESERVOIRS. the use of a waterspreader on forage yields. Little information is available on amounts (b) Laboratory project. of water applied to and used by water- (c) Mr. F. W. Kennon and Mr. R. W. Stallman, spreaders or on the amounts of water needed USGS, Oklahoma City 2, Oklahoma.

for successful waterspreaders . As water (d) Field investigation. becomes more in demand, information on the (e) During recent years there has been a great efficiency of water used by waterspreaders increase in the number of small reservoirs becomes increasingly important. Water being constructed for stock water supply, applied to the spreader is measured by means irrigation, flood control, recreation, and of a water-stage recorder which determines other uses. The purpose of this project is the duration of flow through a pipe into the to evaluate this type of construction in spreader and by means of a rain gage. Plant terms of its effect on the hydrology of the measurements are being made by the Montana area. Similar work has been done in other Agricultural Experiment Station. Study site parts of the West. is the Willow Creek area near Fort Peck, Mont (3978) EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL TREATMENTS ON ARID (g) Data on soil moisture storage and use have LANDS IN WESTERN UNITED STATES. been obtained for three years (1959-61)

168 . .

b) Laboratory project. (3982) INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ION DISTRIBUTION c) Mr. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen, and Mr. AND WATER MOVEMENT IN SOILS AND THE ASSOCI- R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo. ATED VEGETATION. dl Field investigation.

I e) The purpose of this project is to determine (b) Laboratory project. the effects of different mechanical treat- (c) Mr. R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo. ments on arid lands. Several small basins (d) Field investigation. on land administered by the Bureau of Land (e) The purpose of this study Is to obtain infor- Management in central Montana, eastern New mation basic to Improvement of water use and Mexico, and western Colorado, are the study vegetation yields on arid lands. These data sites. Some reservoirs have been, and are needed to evaluate the potential of others are to be constructed in each of these treatment practices proposed on an extensive basins, and runoff and sediment yield is scale on the public domain. This study being and has been determined before treat- emphasizes the investigation of soil chemistry ments are applied. Among the treatments as it affects the swelling or shrinkage of applied after precalibration are the follow- soils and may have as great an effect of ing: spike-tooth pitting, eccentric-disc hydrologic characteristics as texture. Study pitting, and contour furrowing (with furrow areas are in several locations on public intervals determined on the basis of computed lands in several western states. furrow water-storage capacity). Other f) Completed.

measurements made would include: vegetation ! g) Field work on this project largely completed; kinds and quantities before and after treat- laboratory work partially completed; data ment, soil-moisture storage and seasonal and evaluation and preparation of reports in annual change s progress. (g) Reports have been submitted for publication in the Journal of Range Management (3983) DEVELOPMENT OF FIELD CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING SITES FOR FLOOD WATER SPREADING. (397 9) GENERAL EVALUATION OF SOIL AND MOISTURE TREATMENT PRACTICES. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo. (b) Laboratory Investigation. (d) Field investigation. (c) Mr. K. R. Melin, U. S. Geological Survey, (e) The purpose of this project is to determine Denver, Colorado. field criteria with which to evaluate po- (dl Field investigation. tential sites before making relatively large (e) The purpose of this project is to appraise expenditures for further developments. the structures and treatment practices used Examinations made to date on spreaders in in soil moisture conservation to determine several localities suggest that in addition their effectiveness in accomplishing the to adequacy of water available the infil- purposes for which they were designed. The tration characteristics and moisture-holding field studies include maintenance of capacity of the soils are important factors. records on runoff, erosion and sedimentation The kinds and quantities of vegetation grow- to determine the effects of the structures ing where water collects naturally on simi- or practices at several areas in Colorado, lar soils on or near proposed sites may be Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Montana, and New a useful indicator of the potentiality of the Mexico. site after water is applied. f) Completed.

(3980) HYDROLOGY OF DEATH VALLEY. ! g) Report in preparation.

b) Laboratory project. (3984) WATER AND SOIL RELATIONSHIPS AS INDICATED BY

i c) Mr. T. W. Robinson and Mr. C. B. Hunt, U. PLANT SPECIES OR PLANT COMMUNITIES. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado. d) Field investigation. b) Laboratory project.

e) The purpose of this report is to study the ; c) Dr. F. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen and Mr. various phases of the hydrology of Death R. F. Miller, U; S. Geological Survey, Valley. Data on evaporation, wind movement, Denver, Colorado. humidity and temperature are being obtained d) Field Investigation. under informal agreement with the National e) The purpose of this project is to determine Park Service. Relations of plants to whether or not phonological development of salinity and effects of salinity on evapo- vegetation differs for communities having transpiration also are being investigated. the same macroclimate but different soils. (g) Report on the hydrology of Death Valley Plants have been used as Indicators of con- in preparation. ditions, processes and uses for many years. Where plants can be used as indicators of (3981) PLEISTOCENE LAKES OF THE GREAT BASIN. soil conditions, expensive measurements of physical and chemical properties can be re- (b) Nevada State Engineers. duced. Plant species or communities may be (c) Mr. C. T. Snyder, U. S. Geological Survey, used as indicators of potential production Menlo Park, California. to be expected from land management and (d} Field investigation. treatment practices. Research sites are (e) The purpose of this project is to prepare near Golden, Colorado. Other sites will be a map based on data gathered during Soil and selected. Moisture Conservation investigations showing (g) Preliminary work and some mapping has been the Pleistocene Lakes in the Great Basin accomplished. area. Further refinements can now be made to (h) "Soil Moisture Under Juniper and Pinyon Com- Lakes Lahounta and Bonneville and the associ- pared with Moisture under Grasslands in ated smaller lakes that existed concurrently. Arizona," by R. F. Miller, F. A. Branson, An additional large Pleistocene lake recently I. S. McQueen, and R. C. Culler, U. S. Geol. discovered Is included. Survey Professional Paper 424-B, pp. 233-235, (g) Map and report In preparation. 1961. (h) "The Pleistocene Lake in Spring Valley, Nevada, and Its Climatic Implications," by (4404) EROSION, SEDIMENTATION, AND LAND-FORM C. T. Synder and W. B. Langbein, Journal of DEVELOPMENT IN ARID AND SEMIARID RE- Geophysical Research, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. GIONS. 2385 - 2394, June 1962. "A Hydrologic Classification of Valleys In bl Laboratory project. Reuben Miller, the Great Basin Western United States," 1 c) Messrs, Garald G. Parker, C. by C. T. Snyder, Bulletin of the International and Irel S. McQueen, U. S. Geological Survey, Association of Scientific Hydrology VII Denver, Colo, Annee, No. 3, pp. 53-59, 1962. (d) Field investigation; both basic and applied 169 .

research. lng the flow field; observe effects of (e) Purpose Is to ascertain the causes and boundary roughness, channel geometry, and forces that separate soil and/or rock flow conditions on turbulent field; and de- particles from their sources, and to study fine the relations of the turbulence the resultant land forms for geomorphlc spectrum and diffusion patterns. analyses. Field study areas have been (g) Laboratory evaluation of instrumentation selected In several western States, and a underway. primary field research station ha3 been established at the Warbonnet Ranch, 13 miles (4410) BANK SEEPAGE DURING FLOOD FLOWS. north of Harrison, Nebr., where all factors relating to erosion and sedimentation are (b) Laboratory project. being measured both automatically by (c) Mr. M. E. C. Pogge, U. S. Geological Survey, specialized recording instruments and manu- Iowa City, Iowa. ally. The Warbonnet research station has (d) Field investigation; applied research for been established for a minimum 10-year doctoral thesis. project life. (e) Purpose is to understand the mechanics of seepage flow Into and from bank storage (4405) PIPING, AN EROSIONAL PHENOMENON IN CERTAIN along a channel in response to movement of SILTY SOILS OF ARID AND SEMIARID REGIONS. flood waves through a channel reach. (g) Program expanded to Include study of origin Laboratory project. of base flow. Objective now to determine Messrs. Garald G. Parker, Reuben C. Miller, interrelationships between ground and surface and Irel S. McQueen, USGS, Denver, Colo. water for understanding hydrologlc character- (d) Field investigation; both basic and applied istics of streams. Observation well and research. stream gaging stations Installed In small (e) Purpose is to ascertain the causes of piping study basin in Central Iowa. Additional and thus enable field engineers and geolo- wells installed in Missouri Valley for pump- gists to control this form of destructive test determination of hydraulic character- erosion. Soils chemistry and physiology istics of outwash aquifer. will be thoroughly investigated, the atmospheric and other environmental factors (4411) LIQUID MOVEMENT IN CLAYS. related to piping will be determined, and long-term (10 years, at least) observational Laboratory project. records will be kept on several areas where Dr. H. W. Olsen, USGS, Washington 25, D.C. piping is a prominent form of erosion. Experimental and theoretical study; basic Primary study areas are near Chinle and research Cameron in Arizona; Cuba, New Mexico; and To study the nature of liquid movement Panqultch, Utah. through clays in response to gradients of electrical potential, Ionic concentration, (4406) TECHNIQUES FOR UTILIZATION OF SEDIMENT and temperature; and to relate the movement RECONNAISSANCE DATA. to such factors as the mineraloglcal and chemical composition of the clay and pore (b Laboratory project. liquid. c Mr. H. P. Guy, USGS, Washington 25, D.C. ( ) d Theoretical analyses; applied research. (4769) INSTRUMENTATION FOR EVAPORATION STUDIES. (e) Examination of quantitative relationships between sediment yield and environment for Laboratory project. basin and regions in eastern United States Mr. C. R. Daum, USGS, Denver, Colorado. and development of techniques for translating Experimental; instrument design. minimum, pertinent sediment observations Primary purpose is to develop instrumentation into an adequate quantitative description of for measuring components of the energy sediment behavior in selected basins. budget. Suspended. (g) Heat-flow and radiation equipment have been (3 Water discharge is the most important inde- developed and are being tested in the field pendent variable for explaining storm-to- in conjunction with evaporation and evapo- storm variation in sediment concentration. ration suppression studies. (h) "Sediment in Small Reservoirs Due to Urbanization," by H. P. Guy and G. E. Ferguson, (4770) EROSION CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAY. Jour, of Hydr. Div., Proc. ASCE, HY2, pp. 27-37, 1962. Laboratory project. Mr. A. V. Jopling, Harvard University, (4408) ANALOG MODELS OF HYDROLOGIC PHENOMENA. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Basic and applied research. Laboratory project, 1:1 Purpose is to study erodiblllty character- c) Mr. John Shen, USGS, Phoenix, Arizona, istics of cohesive materials under a fluid ib) d) Basic and applied research, shearing stress and correlate them with e) Investigation of applicability of analog physio-chemical properties of the material. computer technique to solve problems (g) Literature research undertaken and labora- involving either hydrologlc data in general tory facilities established. or surface-water flow in particular. (g) Results to date indicate concept and (4771) FLOW THROUGH SPUR DIKES. approach are valid. Additional methods and instrumentation being investigated. (b) Laboratory project. (h) "A Method of Determining the Storage -Outflow (c) Mr. R. R. Wright, USGS, Atlanta, Georgia. Characteristics for Nonlinear Reservoirs," (d) Model study; applied research. by John Shen; U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. (e) Purpose is to study discharge coefficients Paper 450-E, article 232, 1962. and velocity distribution for flow through "An Analog Solution to Turbulent Diffusion man-made constrictions with spur dikes. Equation in Open Channel," by John Shen; U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-E, article (4772) MODEL T RECORDER. 233, 1962. Laboratory project. (4409) TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN OPEN CHANNELS. Mr. E. G. Barron, USGS, Columbus, Ohio. Experimental instrument development. (b) Laboratory project. Purpose was to develop an instrument easy (c) Mr. R. W. Carter, USGS, Washington 25, D.C. and quick to install that would provide id) Experimental, theoretical; basic research, picture of stream recession. (e) Develop necessary Instrumentation; compare Completed. Eulerlan and Lagraugian methods of express- Self contained unit designed that fits on a

170 ) .

3 inch pipe. Number produced for field use. streams on a frequency basis. Regional curves applicable to short term or inter- (4773) TYPE "A" RECORDER (CREST STAGE GAGE). mittent records will be developed. (g) Techniques have been developed and curves Laboratory project. are being applied to test data. Mr. E. G. Barron, USGS, Columbus, Ohio. Experimental; instrument development. (4779) LARGE-SCALE ROUGHNESS. Purpose was to design an inexpensive recorder to provide a supplementary record Laboratory project. during peak stages. Mr. J. Davldlan, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. Completed. Field investigation; applied research. ft Self contained unit designed for instal- Purpose is to study energy losses produced lation on 3 inch pipe. Has a disk that com- by large-scale roughness resulting from pletes one revolution per day and has 2 channel alignment and configuration. ranges (10' or 20'). It is accurate to (g) Available data compiled and background within plus or minus 0.05'. Number fabri- literature searched. cated for field use. (4780) SNOWMELT HYDROLOGY OF A SIERRA NEVADA (4174) ADAPTATION OP DIGITAL RECORDER FOR STREAM. MEASURING HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS. Laboratory project. (b Laboratory project. [5! Mr. S. E. Rantz, U. S. Geological Survey, (c) Mr. E. G. Barron, USGS, Columbus, Ohio. Menlo Park, Calif. Id] Experimental; instrument design. Field investigation; applied research. (e) The purpose is to obtain hydrologic data 1.1 To use physical laws of heat transfer and in a form suitable for automatic computation. hydrologic routing procedures to predict (g) Recorder has been adapted for use on a rain daily snowmelt runoff from a mountain water- gage. Several rain collectors have been shed. Daily amounts of radiation melt, con- produced and completed. Set-ups are being vection melt, condensation melt, rain melt, tested in the field. and ground melt are first computed from hydrometeorologlcal observations. These (4775) LVDT - MANOMETERS. melt components are then totalled and routed to the gaging station. Laboratory project. Completed. o) Mr. E. G. Barron, USGS, Columbus, Ohio. Method was tested successfully by recon- ib) dj Experimental; instrument development. structing the daily discharge hydrographs e) This instrument was designed to measure for the North Yuba River during 3 snowmelt very low velocity heads. seasons. Final report in preparation. Completed. (2 LVDT (linear variable differential trans- (4781) THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKES. formers) was adapted for use with the differential manometer to measure small Laboratory project, changes in pressure. Several prepared for c) Mr. M. D. Hale, USGS, Indianapolis, Ind. field evaluation. ib)d) Field investigation; applied research, e) Purpose is to study (1) lake temperatures (4776) OPTICAL CURRENT METER. and their relations with hydrometeorologic conditions, (2) energy required to maintain Laboratory project. isothermal conditions, (3) methods of R! Mr. Winchell Smith, U. S. Geological Survey, eliminating temperature stratification, Menlo Park, Calif. (4) changes in water quality (BOD), biota, Field investigation; Instrument development. and evaporation as a result of elimination To measure surface velocities in swift or of thermocline. debris-laden streams without immersing (g) Small lake in Northeastern Indiana selected equipment. The meter works on the strobo- for study. Instrumentation of study now scopic principle whereby the rotation of a underway. series of mirrors may be varied to apparently stop the surface motion of a stream. (4782) WATER MANAGEMENT. (f Completed. g Meter has been field tested successfully. Laboratory project. h "Optical current meter," by Winchell Mr. C. W. Reck, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. Smith, U. S. Geological Survey and G. F. Experimental; applied research. Bailey, Agricultural Research Service, J. Purpose is to develop hydrologic principles of the Hydraulics Division, American Society and methods of water-resources appraisal of Civil Engineers, Volume 88, no HY 5, that can be used for water management. pages 13-22, September 1962. (g) Initial concepts and controlling factors have been evolved. Field sites are being (4777) NATURAL WATER LOSS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. investigated for testing of concepts.

Laboratory project. (4783) APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF MULTIPHASE Mr. J. R. Crlppen, U. S. Geological Survey, FLOW. Los Angeles, Calif. Field investigation; applied research. Laboratory project. To relate average annual natural water loss 13 Mr. R. W. Stallman, U. S. Geological Survey, to climatological and geological factors. Denver, Colo. The parameters used are potential evapo- (d) Applied research in the measurement of transpiration (as determined from evapo- moisture movement in unsaturated materials. ration pan data), annual precipitation, and (e) Includes study of methods for measuring, In surficial rock types. the field significant parameters related to Completed. flow in unsaturated material; and deter- Final report in preparation. mining the nature of flow by laboratory ma- dels. (4778) LOW-FLOW FREQUENCY OF ILLINOIS STREAMS. (h) "Multiphase Fluids in Porous Media - A Review and Discussion of Selected Literature Laboratory project. Pertinent to Hydrologic Studies," by R. W. 8! Mr. William D. Mitchell, District Engineer, Stallman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper SW, 605 Nell St., Champaign, 111. 411-E (in press) (d) Field investigation; development, and "Relation Between Storage Changes at the applied research. Water Table and Observed Water-level Changes," (e) An analysis of streamflow data to determine by R. W. Stallman, in Geological Survey low-flow characteristics of Illinois Research 1961: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 171 .

Paper 424-B, p. 39-40. by Aklo Ogata, and R. B. Banks, 1961, U.S. "Preliminary Design of an Electric Analog Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 411-A, 7 p. of Liquid Flow In the Unsaturated Zone," by R. W. Stallman, In Geological Survey Research (4788) FLOW PHENOMENA AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN 1961: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, STREAMS WITH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF FINE p 60-63. MATERIAL. "New Equipment for Measurements In the Unsaturated Zone," by R. W. Stallman, and (b) Graduate project in cooperation with U. S. R. P. Moston, In Geological Survey Research Geol. Survey. 1961: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, (cj Mr. Carl F. Nordln, Jr., University of New p. 363-365. Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Field investigation; applied research. (4784) FLOW LOSSES IN EPHEMERAL STREAM CHANNELS. SI Study of transport parameters in ephemeral streams transporting high concentrations of (b) Cooperating Agent - Bureau of Land Management. fine sediment. (c) Mr. R. F. Hadley, U.S.G.S., Denver, Colo. (g) Velocity varies logarithmically with (d) Field investigation, basic research. distance from the stream bed. Concentration (e) Measurement of surface flow losses In an distribution for several size classes of ephemeral stream channel and determination of sand can be described by a conventional dis- whether or not the absorbed water reaches a tribution equation if the fall velocity of ground-water reservor will be evaluated the sand is corrected for the influence of on the San Ysldro Wash in Sandoval County, the fine sediment. "Armoring" of the stream New Mexico. Secondly, these studies will bed with clay affects the availability of furnish an opportunity to determine changes sand. in channel and hydraulic geometry in a (h) "Formation and Deposition of Clay Balls, "losing" reach of channel, Rio Puerco, New Mexico," by C. F. Nordln, (g) Construction is now in progress on two Jr., and W. F. Curtis, U. S. Geological gaging stations and channel controls. Survey Professional Paper 450-B, pp. 37-40. Report on sediment transport parameters in (4785) THE VIGIL NETWORK. review.

Laboratory project. (4789) THE EFFECT OF PHREATOPHYTE CLEARING, MIDDLE Dr. L. B. Leopold, U.S.G.S., Washington 25, GILA RIVER VALLEY, SAN CARLOS INDIAN RESER- D. C. VATION, ARIZONA. Field investigation; basic research. To determine the changes with time on a Laboratory. number of small watersheds (from 1 to 10 B! Mr. R. C. Culler, U.S. Geological Survey, square miles) in the vegetation, the channels, Tucson, Arizona. the biota, and the overall landscape. Field investigation, basic research. (g) Progress has been made on choosslng a series of To evaluate the change in evapotransplratlon small watersheds along a line or transect produced by the eradication of phreatophytes stretching in an east-west direction between and the substitution of a beneficial vege- the major mountain masses on the North tation. A water budget evaluation will be American continent. Later it is hoped to made of 16 miles of the flood plain of the have a similar series of watersheds in a Gila River, within the San Carlos Indian north- south line through the central part Reservation, Arizona. The water budget will of the United States where the topography be kept with the phreatophytes undisturbed is relatively flat. The north-south transect, for the calendar years 1963 to 1966. In then would give a representation of the 1967 the phreatophytes will be removed and a effect of latitude uninfluenced by major suitable replacement vegetation will be differences in Topography. established. From 1967 to 1970 the water budget will be evaluated for the replacement '4786) EVALUATION OF HYDR0L0GIC FEATURES CONCERN- vegetation. ING GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION. (g) Four gaging stations were installed on the Gila River in 1962. Installation of obser- Laboratory project. vation wells and soil moisture meter access It] Mr. H. E. LeGrand, U.S.G.S., Washington 25, pipes was started. D. C. Field investigation; basic research. [Si To put into hydrologlc perspective the various problems of ground-water contamina- U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF MINES, tion. To identify and classify both the Morgantown Coal Research Center. contamination problems and their major geologic settings. (4436) FLOW PROPERTIES OF COAL-WATER SLURRIES. (g) Progress is being made on classifying the hydrogeologic framework in which contamina- Laboratory project — information for general tion occurs. public use. (h) "Graphic Evaluation of Hydrogeologic Factors (c) Dr. L. L. Hirst, Research Director, Morgan- in the Management of Radioactive Waste," town Coal Research Center, Morgantown, West Proceeding Second A.E.C. Working Meeting - Virginia. Ground Disposal of Radioactive Wastes - Chalk Experimental; applied research. River, Canada, U.S. Dept. Commerce TZD 7628, Si The object of the project Is to establish pp. 67-76, 1962. friction factor-Reynolds number relationships for coal-water slurries of various concen- (4787) MECHANICS OF FLUID FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA. trations with coals of different ranks and size analyses. Work is being done with 1/2 Laboratory project. inch, 3/4 inch, and 1 inch pipes. Data are 81 Dr. Aklo Ogata, U. S. Geological Survey, processed on an IBM-1620 computer. Honolulu, Hawaii. (g) Preliminary results show a change in Theo- (4) Experimental and theoretical study; basic logical classification at or above 45 per- research. cent coal concentrations. (e) Theoretical and laboratory study of micro- (h) "Aqueous Slurries of Coal and Granular Ma- scopic and macroscopic aspects of flow terials; A Bibliography," by L. F. Wllmot, through porous media. W. R. Huff and W. E. Crockett, Bureau of (h) "Transverse Diffusion in Saturated Isotropic Mines Inf. Circ. (in process of publication, Granular Media," by Akio Ogata, 1961, U. S. 1963) Geological Survey Prof. Paper 411-B, 8 p. "A Solution of the Differential Equation of (4790) DIELECTRIC SEPARATION OF PARTICLES FROM Longitudinal Dispersion in Porous Media," SUSPENSIONS OF FINE COAL IN OIL. 172 . . .

Laboratory project. (e) A 1:20 movable bed hydraulic model was used ill Dr. L. L. Hirst, Research Director, Morgantown, to determine a satisfactory method for re- Coal Research Center, Morgantown, w. Va. ducing the quantity of coarse sediments (d) Experimental; applied research for a M.S. entering a canal headworks. A partial thesis at West Virginia University. verification with the prototype was obtained, (e) The purpose of the project is to explore the then various discharges were tested. feasibility of separating solid particles in Tests completed. nonpolar liquids by the application on a 12 Three systems were found which resulted in nonuniform electric field to a flowing stream satisfactory conditions. The three methods of the suspension and in particular the found included guide vanes, an inverted separation in an oil vehicle of fine coal from siphon, and a flume containing a sluicing its ash constituents. arrangement. The model indicated that at (g) Capacitance cells have been constructed for certain discharges approximately 90 percent determining the dielectric constants of the of the coarse sediments could be prevented solids fractions and the oils in the from entering the canal suspensions. (h) "Hydraulic Model Study to Determine a Sediment Control Arrangement for Socorro Main Canal Headworks, San Acacia Diversion Dam—Middle Rio Grande Project, New Mexico," U. S. DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OP by P. "F." Enger, Hydraulics Branch Report RECLAMATION. No. Hyd-479, March 1962.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should (3271) CHANNELIZATION IN ALLUVIAL RIVERS USING be addressed to Assistant Commissioner and Chief STEEL JACKS AND JETTIES. Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center, Denver 25, Colorado. (f) Laboratory tests completed, field data to be analyzed progressively as obtained. (2457) EROSION AND TRACTIVE FORCE STUDY OF UNLINED (h) "Control of Alluvial Rivers by Steel Jetties," AND EARTH -LINED CANALS. by E. J. Carlson and R. A. Dodge, Jr., proceedings of the ASCE, Journal of the Water- (e) Three field test reaches have been selected ways and Harbors Division, Volume 88, No. for study and for verification of laboratory WW4, November 1962. studies in order to establish critical tractive force criteria for design of canals. (3274) CONSTANT HEAD ORIFICE TURNOUT. A laboratory flume is being calibrated for determining tractive forces that erode soil f) Tests completed, in terms of standard soil properties. h) Report in preparation. (h) "Tractive Force Studies of Cohesive Soils for Design of Earth Canals," by E. J. (3275) FRICTION FACTOR TESTS IN LARGE PRESSURE Carlson and P. "F." Enger — Paper presented CONDUITS—EKLUTNA TUNNEL, ALASKA. at Eleventh Hydraulics Division Conference of the ASCE, Davis, California, August 15-17, f) Tests and data analyses completed,

1962. 1 h) Results to be presented in revised editions of Bureau of Reclamation Engineering Mono- (2719) GLEN CANYON DAM SPILLWAY. graph No. 7, "Friction Factors for Large Conduits Flowing Full," by J. N. Bradley and f) Tests completed, L. R. Thompson (report In preparation)

i h) Report in preparation. (3278) CAVITATION OF CONCRETE SURFACE IRREGULARITIES. (2953) STUDIES OF WIND WAVES ON CANALS. (h) Additional reports to be prepared. (e) A soil classified as a fine silt having practically no cohesive qualities was (3609) TWIN BUTTES OUTLET WORKS INTAKE STRUCTURES. subjected to surface water waves generated in a laboratory flume to determine its resis- (?) Completed. tance to erosion. (h) "Aerodynamic Model Studies of the Outlet f) Tests completed. Works Intake Structures for Twin Buttes Dam — San Angelo Project, Texas," i g) The relationship of bank erosion to wave by D. length, wave period, wave height, and time of Colgate, Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd- exposure to waves was determined. 470, August 1962. (h) Report in preparation. (3611) ADJUSTABLE WEIR. (2959) STILLING BASINS FOR SLIDE GATE CONTROLLED OUTLET WORKS. f) Single weir investigation completed, h) Report in preparation. f) Tests in progress. (3612) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR RADIAL GATES. I h) Report to be prepared.

(2960) FLAMING GORGE DAM SPILLWAY. (b| Laboratory project. (d) Experimental, laboratory and field investi- f) Tests completed, gations; applied research. (e) Radial gates are extensively in irri- i h) Report in preparation. used gation systems for discharge and water sur- (3267) CANAL INLET AND OUTLET TRANSITION STUDIES. face level control. Intelligent operation of the systems requires that the rate of f) Present phase completed. flow passing the gated structure be known. gj Losses for a variety of conventional, open, Literature research resulted in an analyti- broken-back transitions were found to be cal approach and adjusted equation for the 0.6 to 0.7 for outlet service and 0.4 gate capacity with unsubmerged flow. for Inlet service. Scour was slightly (g) Extensive model and prototype radial gate reduced with the closed conduit transitions, data were obtained from the TVA Hydraulic (h) "Progress Report 1 -- Research Studies on Laboratory. The data are being analyzed to Inlet and Outlet Transitions for Small verify the proposed discharge formula and Canals," by W. P. Simmons, Hydraulics Branch to extend the scope of presently available Report No. Hyd-492, July 1962. information

(3270) SAN ACACIA DIVERSION- -HEADWORKS AND SLUICEWAY. (3613) COMPOUND WEIR STUDIES,

(d) Experimental; for design. (f) Tests completed.

173 . - . .

(g) Head-discharge relationships are presented between rows of piers for aprons on flatter for compound weirs. All compound weirs had slopes. a common 1-foot-deep 90 degree V-notch with (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Baffled Apron following combinations; Sides vertical from Drops, Willard Canal Pumping Plant No. 1, top of notch, 1-foot and 2-foot horizontal Weber Basin Project, Utah," by T. J. Rhone, extensions from top of notch to vertical Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-490, July sides, and 1-foot and 2-foot 15 degree 1962. upward sloping extensions from top of notch to vertical sides. Certain generalizations (3991) SEDIMENT TESTS ON PROTOTYPE DIVERSION DAMS- were drawn from the analysis of the test data KANSAS RIVER BA SIN - -NEBRA SKA -KAN SA S but these should be confirmed by further testing before weirs other than those Investi- m Data obtained in the field have been partial! gated are used in critical situations. analyzed. (h) "Compound Weir Study," by J. M. Bergmann, (h) Report in preparation. Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-505, March 1962. (3994) HYDRAULIC JUMP CHUTE BLOCK AND BAFFLE BLOCK PRESSURES. (3614) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OP SUBCRITICAL FLOW IN CURVED CHANNELS. Laboratory project. Tests in progress. Laboratory project. The minimum subatmospheric pressures on a Experimental; applied research and design. square-edge chute block, whose height and A fixed-bed, hydraulic model has been width are equal to the depth of the approach- constructed to determl ne the possibility ing flow, are related to tailwater depth for of reduction in scour and deposition in a range of approach velocities. Also, unlined channels due t o secondary currents, minimum pressures on a baffle pier will be A Preston Tube has been constructed and is related to tailwater depth for a range of being used to measure boundary shear along approach velocities. the curved portion of the trapezoidal model (h) Progress report in preparation. channel Tests in progress. (3995) LABORATORY STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EQUILIBRIUM BEACH PROFILE FOR FIGARDEN RESERVOIR SITE- (3985) DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF LARGE CONCRETE-LINED CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT, CALIFORNIA. CANALS. A sloping beach composed of sand (mean Laboratory project. diameter 0.57 mm, similar to Figarden 81 Experimental, laboratory and field investi- Reservoir material) was placed in the wave gations; applied research and design. channel. This test section was subjected (e) This study is for the purpose of exploring to wave action and the equilibrium beach the effects on the hydraulic gradient of the slope determined. The purpose of this relationship of boundary surface resistance study was to obtain information helpful In to the cumulative resistance of crossings, determining the amount of right-of-way inlets, turnouts, checks, and other local required for Figarden Reservoir. items in concrete-lined canals of different Completed. sizes, shapes, and grades. This study is 13 The equilibrium beach slope was approximately part of a program to explain why design 1:10. Interrelationship of dimensionless procedures used successfully for small and parameters was determined for this soil and medium sizes of canals may not be adequate is useful in predicting beach encroachment for large concrete-lined canals on flat by waves. slopes. (h) "Laboratory Study to Determine the (h) Report on field Investigations in prepara- Equilibrium Beach Profile for Figarden tion. Reservoir— Central Valley Project, Calif.," by R. A. Dodge, Jr., Hydraulics Branch (3988) YELLOWTAIL DAM OUTLET WORKS. Report No. Hyd-475, July 1962.

Completed. (3996) HIGH HEAD ORIFICE STUDIES. !3 A satisfactory structure was developed that provided good operation over the full range (f) Tests in progress, of extreme tailwater variations. (h) Progress report in preparation. (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Yellowtail Dam Outlet Works," (Final Studies) by T. J. (4412) OROVILLE DAM DIVERSION TUNNELS AND TAILRACE. Rhone, Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-482, February 1962. California Department of Water Resources. Experimental; for design. (3989) YELLOWTAIL DAM SPILLWAY. A 1:54.63 scale hydraulic model was used to study complex, high-velocity diversion flows Completed. in the two 36-f oot-diameter, 4,500-foot-long 13 The following were developed during the study: tunnels and to study surge characteristics width and alinement of the approach channel; of the underground power house whose draft length and shape of the pier at the gate tubes connect to the downstream portion of section; discharge calibration; curvature of the tunnels to form the tailrace. A 1:46.6 the tunnel trajectory approaching the combi- scale air model was used to evaluate various nation flip bucket stilling basin; length, passage configurations for connecting the depth, and shape of the flip bucket basin; draft tubes to the tunnels to obtain minimum and riprap requirements downstream from basin. losses (h) Report in preparation. Completed. 13 Flow and pressure conditions were satis- (3990) BAFFLED APRON FOR GRAVITY FLOW BYPASS- factory in the bellmouth inlets, tunnels, WILLARD CANAL PUMPING PLANT NO. 1. and outlet portals for diversion flows. Better river channel flow conditions were Completed. obtained with a higher guide wall on the Previous tests have shown that for satis- right side of Outlet Portal 1, and with the factory operation of an apron on a 2:1 slope channel upstream from the portals filled to with baffle piers 3 feet high, the spacing of the downstream face of the dam. Other the rows should be 6 feet measured along the improvements in the river, such as guide slopes. Tests conducted on drops with slopes walls and the removal of rock outcrops, were of 3:1 and 4-1/2:1 showed that the vertical not necessary or economically feasible. The fall distance between rows of baffle piers design of the complex tail-race system for is constant, thus allowing greater spacing the underground powerhouse satisfactorily 174 ..

controlled surging for all possible load (4417) FONTENELLE DAM OUTLET WORKS. acceptance or load rejection cycles, (h) Reports in preparation. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; for design. (4413) OROVILLE DAM TUNNEL PLUG OUTLET WORKS. (e) A 1:24.7 scale model was used to investigate the flow from three 11-foot- (b) California Department of Water Resources, diameter circular conduits discharging id) Experimental; for design, through top- seal radial gates into three (e) A 1:18 scale model of the tunnel plug 14-f oot-dlameter horseshoe conduits leading outlet works was used to determine the to a common stilling basin. Eventually, a appurtenant structures necessary in the 10-foot-dlameter power penstock will be 35-foot-dlameter tunnel to adequately installed in the right horseshoe conduit dissipate the high energy flow from two with a bifurcation and slide-gate controlled 54-inch Howell-Bunger valves discharging bypass located at the start of the stilling under a 670-foot head. basin chute. Studies were made to develop f) Completed. the bypass structure so that the stilling g) A design was developed which adequately basin derived for the original structure dissipates the high energy flows from two would be equally satisfactory for the 54-inch Howell-Bunger valves, each dis- modified structure. charging 2,700 cfs under a head of 670 feet. f) Completed.

The valves are placed 3 feet above the ! g) Satisfactory flow conditions were obtained tunnel centerline, and the appurtenances in the original structure and the most consist of a deflector ring around the favorable alinement for the bypass structure inside of the tunnel and two rows of baffle was determined. Pressure distribution and piers on the Invert downstream. head loss measurements were also obtained (h) Report in preparation. in the bifurcation structure. (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Fontanelle (4414) WANSHIP DAM VERTICAL STILLING WELLS, Dam Outlet Works, Seedskadee Project, Wyoming," by T. J. Rhone, Hydraulics Branch (b) Laboratory project. Report No. Hyd-487, August 1962. (d) Experimental; applied research and design. (e) Laboratory tests were made to determine the (4418) SANFORD DAM SPILLWAY AND FLOOD CONTROL required depth of two vertical stilling OUTLET WORKS. wells having corner fillets and a sleeve- type valve which seats on a pedestal in the (b) Laboratory project. center of the well floor. (d) Experimental; for design. f) Completed. (e) A 1:46.42 scale model was used to study

! g) A water depth of 9.3 feet is sufficient to hydraulic characteristics for two features, produce a smooth water surface in a well the morning-glory spillway and flood control 6 by 6 feet, operating at a maximum design outlet works. Hydraulic characteristics of discharge of 16.7 cubic feet per second under the entrances, chutes, and stilling basins total design heads up to 118 feet. A water were studied. Also, the influence one depth of 11.8 feet is required in the same feature has upon the other during simultaneous size well without corner fillets. Water operation was investigated for various flow depths and heads are measured from the top conditions. of the pedestal. f) Completed. (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Wanship g) Tapered dividing piers, at the outlet portal Dam Vertical Stilling Wells, Weber Basin of the flood control, outlet works, were Project, Utah," byH. T. Falvey, Hydraulics modified to eliminate overtopping of the Branch Report No. Hyd-481, January 1962. side walls and improve poor flow distribution on the chute during asymmetrical gate (4415) PISH PROTECTIVE FACILITIES- -TRACY PUMPING operation. Combination crest piers and PLANT. guide vanes were developed for the morning- glory spillway entrance to reduce the size (b) Laboratory project. of the vortex and improve the tunnel flow (d) Experimental; for design. conditions. No changes or additions were (e) A 1:6.3 scale model was used to determine necessary for the remaining features of the modifications for the existing secondary design fish screen structure to eliminate the large- (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Sanford Dam scale turbulences and eddies which produced Spillway and Flood Control Outlet Works," unnecessary fish mortalities. by D. L. King, Hydraulics Branch Report No. f) Completed. Hyd-491, December 1962. g) An effective closed-conduit type expanding section was created in the structure by (4419) WHISKEYTOWN DAM SPILLWAY. divider walls and a top cover so that smooth eddyless flow occurred without regions where (b) Laboratory project. fish could be entrapped. (d) Experimental; for design. (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Secondary (e) A 1:32.78 scale model was constructed to study Louver Structure — Fish Protective the morning-glory intake, the vertical tunnel Facilities -- Tracy Pumping Plant — Central bend, the straight tunnel, the flip bucket, Valley Project, California," by W. P. and the downstream river channel for flows up Simmons, Hydraulics Branch Report No Hyd-480, to 28,450 cfs discharging with a maximum September 1961. velocity of 96 feet per second at the outlet portal (4416) BLUE MESA DAM SPILLWAY. f) Completed. g) The following were developed during the study: d) Experimental; for design. Guide vanes for the crest, a deflector and air

! e) A 1:32.78 scale model was used to study the vent for the vertical bend, shape of the flip radial gate controlled 'ntake, inclined bucket, discharge channel alinement, and head tunnel, and the flip bucKet for flows up to discharge relationships for the spillway. 33,650 cfs discharging at a velocity of (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Whiskeytown Dam 113 feet per second at the outlet portal. Spillway," by G. L. Beichley, Hydraulics f) Tests completed. Branch Report No. Hyd-498, January 1963.

! g) The approach channel shape, tunnel transition section at the intake, inclined tunnel, ver- (4420) FONTANELLE DAM SPILLWAY. tical bend in tunnel, and flip bucket were developed. b) Laboratory project,

(h) Report in preparation. ! d) Experimental; for design.

175 .

(e) A 1:30 scale model was used to Investigate The towers and aqueduct are to be so de- the design of a double side-channel spillway signed that the tops of each tower are discharging into a sloping chute and slightly below the hydraulic gradient. Pre- hysraullc Jump stilling basin. liminary studies are with a 90 degree vertl-. r) Completed. cal bend from the conduit alinement, a g) Minor modifications were made to the sloping rising leg, a 180 degree return bend, a chute between the spillway and stilling descending leg, and a 90 degree vertical berd basin, otherwise the design was found to be to return the conduit to the main conduit satisfactory, alinement. The inside diameter of the check (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Pontanelle Dam tower is the same as the conduit, Spillway, Seedskadee Project, Wyoming," by (f) Tests in progress. T. J. Rhone, Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-486, February 1962. (4793) ROTATING DISK- -PA INT TEST APPARATUS.

(4421) SEDIMENT CONTROL AT DIVERSIONS. (b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Experimental; development. (b) Laboratory project. (e) A test apparatus consisting of four disks, Id) Experimental; for design. each rotating in a separate chamber, was (e) Various devices are being studied to develop constructed and tested. Protective coatings ways of reducing the amount of bed sediment will be applied to the disks and to the walls entering canals. of each chamber, to evaluate the coating's f) Continuing. resistance to flowing water.

! g) Several arrangements of bottom and surface f) Completed. guide vanes were tested, and their 1 g) Water velocity and path charts have been effectiveness in reducing sediment intake prepared for both the rotating disks and the into a canal diverted from a large rive" was chamber walls. compared. (h) Report in preparation. (h) "Hydraulic Model Tests of Bottom and Surface Guide Vanes to Control Sediment Inflow Into (4794) VERTICAL STILLING WELL. a Canal Headworks," by P. "PL' Enger, Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-499, (b) Laboratory project. August 1962. (d) Applied research. (e) The purpose is to obtain the optimum size, (4423) RELATION OF SEDIMENT SUSPENSION AND SCOUR depth, and internal configuration of vertical TO CHANNEL HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS. stilling wells for high-head discharges. The test installation is a model with a 4- (f) Suspended. by 4-foot-square well 6 feet deep, followed by a canal with a 4-foot bottom width and (4424) EQUILIBRIUM BEACH PROFILES. 1:1.5 side slopes. One-quarter of the symmetrical floor is equipped with piezo- (b) Laboratory project. meters to measure changes in pressure distri- (d) Experimental; for design. bution with changes in internal well con- (e) To determine equilibrium beach profile in figuration or with downspout length to well terms of soil properties and in terms of depth ratios. waves expected at a reservoir site. (f) Initial testing presently underway. (f) Model has been constructed. (4795) SUCTION ELBOWS FOR LARGE PUMPING PLANTS. (4425) WATER-COLUMN SEPARATION. (b) Laboratory project. b) Division of Design Project. « Id) Experimental; research and design.

i d) Theoretical and field Investigation; (e) The purpose is to make a comparative analysis applied research, of two suction elbows involving 135 degrees (e) Field tests are being UBed to check theo- of turn rather than the usual 90 degrees. retical developments designed to predict Tests are being made with 1:9.187 scale completely the hydraulic transient con- model elbows having 8-Inch outlet diameters. ditions occurring during separation and One .elbow is based on the concept of RV being rejoining of water columns occurring during constant, and the other is based on the con- separation and rejoining of water columns cept of a constant radius centerline. The in pump discharge lines. cross sectional areas of both elbows decrease (g) Peak pressures higher than predicted were in the downstream direction. Use of elbows measured in the field. with 135 degrees of turning results in a (h) Report in preparation. shallower forebay with cost saving due to decreased excavation. The shallower forebay (4791) HIGH -VELOCITY JET ON PROTECTIVE COATINGS, prevents "pooling" of water in the forebay and provides a more efficient design because (b) Laboratory study. the kinetic energy of the canal flow Is Id) Experimental; for operation and maintenance, maintained. Sediment deposits which often (e) A 100-fps, 1-inch-diameter Jet was impinged occur in the forebay will also be decreased. at 45 degrees on protective coverings pro- (g) Both elbows show a high degree of efficiency; posed for application on concrete surfaces however, design simplicity dictates the use to be subjected to high-velocity flow with of the elbow based on a constant radius sediment laden water. centerline. The velocity distribution at f) Completed. the location of the pump impeller is excel- to I g) All protective coatings tested, in which lent and the energy loss from forebay the surface was unbroken, withstood the jet impeller station is 0.01 h^ . for 4 hours. All coatings tested in which a (h) Report in preparation. broken or cut surface extended to the cen- crete were ripped from the concrete test (47 96) CULVERT HYDRAULICS. blocks in less than 5 minutes. (h) Report In preparation. (b) Library research project, (dj Re searchj for design. (4792) CANADIAN RIVER AQUEDUCT CHECK TOWERS. (e) A library study was conducted to determine present knowledge of culvert hydraulics, to (b) Laboratory project. compile an annotated bibliography of publi- (d) Experimental; for design. cations on the subject, and to prepare a (e) Laboratory tests are being made to determine summary of research still needed In specific the hydraulic losses and air-entrainment areas potential of check towers to be installed f) Completed. in the 125-mlle-long Canadian River Aqueduct. ! g) Considerable data are presently available, 176 ) . .

but many areas still need further study. On section were obtained by modifying the the basis of present information, a compre- approach walls and spillway piers. Counter- hensive design manual could be prepared. weight arms of the radial gates were modi- During this preparation, areas where addi- fied to prevent flow from impinging on the tional study is needed would become clearly counterweights. Sidewalls of the spillway delineated. chute were slightly modified to prevent (h) "Culvert Hydraulics —A Library Study," by overtopping during unsymmetrical gate opera- H. T. Palvey, Hydraulics Branch Report No. tions. Performance of the stilling basin Hyd-489, April 1962. was found to be satisfactory for all operating conditions. (4797] HYDRAULIC STUDIES OP A 3-INCH QUICK-OPENING (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies on Norton Dam SLOW-CLOSING AIR VALVE. Spillway, Missouri River Basin Project, Kansas," by W. P. Meyer and T. J. Rhone, b) Laboratory project. Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-493, Nov. Id) Experimental; for design. 1962. A 3-inch prototype valve was tested to determine its hydraulic characteristics and (4802) STUDIES ON ORIFICES FOR AUTOMATIC RADIAL the effects of design modifications on its GATE CONTROLS. speed of closure under low-line pressures. Completed b Laboratory project. The speed of closure under very low-line Experimental; for design.

pressure was increased e ) by adding a I A study to determine flow characteristics standpipe to the valve waste line. The and coefficient of discharge of 1-inch and speed of closure under normal operating heads 3-inch orifices in floatwell intakes of remained unchanged. Counterweights of more automatic radial-gate controls. Studies appropriate size would help in adjusting the will be made with orifices in horizontal and opening and closing characteristics of the vertical planes, in nonstandard settings, with valves. different approach and exit conditions at (h) "Hydraulic Studies of a 3-inch Quick-opening heads from 1 to 100 feet.

Slow-closing Air Valve," by H . T. Falvey, (f) Tests in progress. Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-488, June 1962. [4803) BULLY CREEK DAM- -BULLY CREEK OUTLET WORKS.

(4796) DOWNPULL STUDIES OP FIXED-WHEEL GATE FOR Laboratory project. RED BLUFF DIVERSION DAM. Experimental; for design. A 1:6.75 scale model was used to determine Laboratory project. the energy-dissipating efficiency of the Experimental; for design. hydraulic jump stilling basin and to observe 1:18.6 model studies were conducted to the flow conditions, on the chute downstream determine downpull forces on 18- by 60-foot, from the high-pressure slide gate, in the upstream seal, fixed-wheel gates for free stilling basin, and in the channel downstream. and submerged flow conditions. Completed. Tests completed. All features of the design were found to be To reduce downpull during submerged operation acceptable. Hydraulic jump data for other the conventional solid-web beams on the than design head and discharge were recorded downstream face of the gate were replaced for use in future designs. with open bow trusses. A combination of (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Bully Creek Dam- weighing and pressure techniques was used Bully Creek Outlet Works," by D. L. King, to measure total downpull and to separate Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-494, Jan. it into the forces acting on certain 1963. parts of the gate. (h) Report in preparation. (4804) BULLY CREEK DAM -- CANAL OUTLET WORKS.

(4799) SAN LUIS DAM SPILLWAY. Laboratory project. Experimental; for design. Laboratory project. A 1:9.75 scale model was used to study the Experimental; for design. hydraulic operating characteristics of the A 1:14.83 scale model was used to study slide gate controlled canal outlet works the morning-glory spillway intake, vertical including the chute, hydraulic Jump stilling shaft, and vertical bend for flows up to basin, and a portion of the canal. 3,000 cfs, dropping approximately 100 feet Completed. through the inlet and vertical shaft. i£) All features of the design were found to be Tests completed. acceptable. Hydraulic jump research data A deflector, with air vent and guide vanes, were recorded for use in future designs. was developed for the vertical bend. (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Bully Creek Dam (h) Report in preparation. Canal Outlet Works," by D. L. King, Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-495, January 1963. (4800) SAN LUIS DAM FOREBAY. (4805) CAUSEY DAM OUTLET WORKS. (b) Laboratory project. (dl Experimental; for design. Laboratory project. (e) A 1:21.91 scale model is being constructed Experimental; for design. to study the morning-glory inlet, vertical A 1:11 scale model was used to observe bend, and stilling basin for flows up to hydraulic performance of the slide gate 3,600 cfs flowing at approximately 50 feet controlled outlet works. The features per second at the tunnel exit portal. included: Symmetrical wye branch upstream from gates, chute, hydraulic Jump stilling (4801) NORTON DAM SPILLWAY. basin, and a portion of the downstream river channel b) Laboratory project. Completed.

( d Experimental; for design. All features of the design were found to be ( e A 1:42 scale model was used to investigate acceptable. Pressures and head losses in the hydraulic features of the spillway structure. wye branch were determined and hydraulic This included size and shape of spillway jump data were taken for use in future de- piers and approach walls, placement of radial signs. gates, flow distribution on the chute, and (h) Report in preparation. stilling basin performance. Tests completed. (4806) NORTON DAM OUTLET WORKS. HI Satisfactory flow conditions in the crest (b) Laboratory project. 177 . . .

(d) Experimental; for design. underwater noise associated with various (e) A 1:8.75 scale model Is being constructed hydrodynamic phenomena such as cavitation, to study the hydraulic characteristics of bubble oscillation, turbulence and splashing. the chute and stilling basin for the slide Particular attention is now being given to gate controlled outlet works. measurement of spectra and space-time correlations of pressure fluctuations on walls (4807) MORROW POINT DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS. adjacent to turbulent flows, such as flat plate boundary layer flows and fully turbu- (b) Laboratory project. lent pipe flows. Id) Experimental; for design. (g) Experimental and theoretical studies have (e) A 1:24 scale model was constructed to aid been made of noise produced by cavitation, in the development of the unusual design of splashing, oscillating air bubbles, and the spillway and outlet works for the thin- turbulence arch concrete dam. The original design, consisting of a free overfall spillway and [1783) MATHEMATICAL SHIP LINES. an outlet works located near the bottom of the dam, was abandoned because of un- b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. desirable flow conditions in the artifi- d) Theoretical research. cially formed stilling pool at the base of e) Development of a suitable method for the the dam. The present design includes four mathematical determination of ship lines fixed-wheel gate controlled conduits near the which can be applied to a wide variety of top of the dam which pass the combined ship forms especially to those of modern spillway and outlet works discharge of design. 38,100 cfs, allowing it to fall approxi- (g) A method has been developed for the mathe- mately 400 feet to the stilling pool. matical fairing of graphical lines. This (f) Tests in progress. Is a first step toward the development of a flexible system of mathematical ship (4808) JOES VALLEY DAM SPILLWAY. lines. Future work is directed toward the development of a system of mathematical b) Laboratory project. lines which will permit the derivation of d Experimental; for design. a hull form for a given set of parameters.

e ) A 1:20.29 scale model is being constructed to study hydraulic features of the morning- (1786) STUDIES OF THE SLAMMING OF SHIPS. glory spillway. The model will include the spillway entrance, a portion of the Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. reservoir topography surrounding the Experimental and theoretical basic research. entrance, vertical bends, and a portion of Computations and measurements of the pressure the horizontal tunnel. distribution and impact forces on the bottoms of slamming ships for the purpose of developing design criteria to effect their reduction. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL (g) A theory which is applicable to almost any BASIN. practical ship forebody section has been developed for determining impact force and Inquiries concerning the following projects should pressures on a ship's bottom during slamming. be addressed to the Commanding Officer and Director, The theory was applied to three different David Taylor Model Basin, Washington 7, D.C. ship forms ranging from extreme U to extreme V and pressures, forces and impulse (710) RESEARCH ON MAIN INJECTION SCOOPS AND OVER- were compared. A comparison of the theory BOARD DISCHARGES. with two dimensional drop tests using the V-form was also included. Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (h) "Hydrodynamic Impact With Application to fS) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- Ship Slamming," by K. M. Ochl and M. D. search. Bledsoe, presented at the Fourth Symposium (e) Investigations to determine the character- on Naval Hydrodynamics, August 1962. istics of injection scoops and discharges to provide design data for use in design of (2019) SERIES 60 - PROPELLER EXCITED VIBRATION. future ships in both high and low speed range s (b) David Taylor Model Basin and Society of (f) Discontinued. Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. Experimental basic research. (711) CAVITATION RESEARCH. li] Measurement of propeller induced vibratory forces on a series of models with variations Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. in stern shape. IS Theoretical and experimental; applied (g) The instrumentation and test techniques research. for measuring the propeller induced vibra- (e) Research is being conducted on the mechanism tory forces on a single screw ship model and effects of cavitation phenomena in real has been developed sufficiently to obtain and ideal fluids. (1) Linearized theory is repetitive results. Although there is in- being applied to determine cavity shapes and sufficient information available to permit forces in steady flows. (2) Experimental extrapolation to full scale forces, com- studies of the growth of cavities on hydro- parison of test results of models of similar foils are to be made in both steady and type and dimensions appears valid. During unsteady flows (see project #3284). the past year tests were conducted of a on the 0.70 (g) A better correlation between theoretically series of 3 models, based Cb and experimentally determined cavity shape series 60 parent form, with variations in has been achieved by modifying linearized stern section shape from U to V. cavitation theory to include surface tension Measurement of instantaneous pressure has effects. been made on the hull of the USS TIMMERMAN (h) "Surface Tension and Free Surface Effects in and on the hull of a 30-foot model of that Steady Two-Dimensional Cavity Flow About vessel. Preliminary data indicates that Slender Bodies," by S. H. Schot, TMB Report the model measurements when similarly 1566 (January 1962) extrapolated also produce higher values than were measured on board ship. (17 78) HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE. (2229) NEAR SURFACE EFFECTS. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Hydrodynamic research. jbj Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (e) Investigations of the characteristics of Hydrodynamic research. 178 .

(e) A mathematical study of the forces and Motion," by W. E. Cummins, Schiff stechnik, moments acting on bodies due to the prox- 9 Band, 47 Heft, June 1962. imity of a free surface. The studies in- "Polynomial Representation and Damping of clude both the case in which the surface Series 60 Hull Forms," by J. Gerritsma, is initially undisturbed and the case in J. E. Kerwin, J. N. Newman, International which there are disturbances originating at Shipbuilding Progress, July 1962. a distance. Experiments are being conducted to verify the theoretical develop- (2231) HYDRODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS STUDIES. ments. (g) Methods were developed for computing the b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin, forces and moments acting on bodies of d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and revolution, both due to waves generated applied research, by the body itself and to regular trains (e) Research on methods for analyzing and pre- of waves. Experiments with a spheroid dicting the frictional resistance of arbi- moving under waves largely confirmed the trarily rough surfaces such as the painted theory except in following seas. The surfaces of ship hulls. The geometrical damping forces on a submerged translating characteristics are to be correlated with the ellipsoid which is oscillating in any of hydrodynamic characteristics. its six degrees of freedom have been (g) A new roughness profilometer has been built developed theoretically. The effect of for use in curved surfaces and which is inte- tank walls has been evaluated theoretically grated into a magnetic tape recording system. as well. A theoretical method has been devised for (h) "Wave Resistance of a Moving Pressure Distri- predicting the full scale resistance of bution in a Canal", by J. N. Newman and F. A. arbitrarily rough surfaces from tests if Poole, Schif f stechnik Band 9, Heft 45, Jan. model plates with the actual roughness. A 1962, Reprinted as TMB Report 1619. high speed towing rig is under design and "The Coupled Damping Coefficients of a construction for these tests. Symmetric Ship," by R. Tinman and J. N. (h) "The Frictional Resistance and Turbulent Newman, Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 5, Boundary Layer of Rough Surfaces," by P. S. No. 4, March 1962. Granville, Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 2, No. 3, December 1958. (2230) THEORY OF SEAWORTHINESS. (2235) LIBERTY SHIP SEAWORTHINESS. (b| Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Hydrodynamic research. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (e) A theoretical and experimental study of (d) Experimental. factors affecting the seaworthiness of ships, (e) Thorough seaworthiness investigations of a for the purpose of developing procedures Liberty Ship and a modified Liberty Ship for predicting their motion. The work is hull. Full scale trials were conducted oriented in four directions: (1) Finding during several crossings of the North the equations of motion of a ship in a sea- Atlantic. Speed reduction, ship motion way, with the forces obtained from solutions stresses and slamming pressures were investi- of the boundary value potential problem. gated. This approach will provide equations which f) Completed. are valid for transient as well as steady- g) The motion and stress data obtained for state oscillatory conditions. (2) Validifi- special maneuvers conducted on each of the cation of the more common technique of ships in approximately a State 5 sea have assuming that the longitudinal plane motions been analyzed and a comparative evaluation can be described by a system of linear second made for this particular oceanographic order differential equations with constant condition. Data obtained in all sea condi- frequency dependent coefficients. The tions have been analyzed and a final report coefficients in the equations of motion are comparing the two ships has been completed determined experimentally, as well as the and is in review. forces on restrained models in regular waves. The motions of a free model can then be com- (2237) LIFTING SURFACE THEORY OF PROPELLERS. puted and compared with experiments to determine the validity of the theory. (3) (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. Analytical and experimental studies of the (d) Theoretical; applied research. damping of ship motions by free surface (e) Studies of the corrections on lifting line effects. (4) Determination of the form of a theory which arise from the finite extent set of equations for the motions of a ship of the blades. which are more reasonable physically than (g) The available results are being applied to the second order constant-coefficient propeller design methods. equations. Such equations will be derived in a heuristic manner, and certain parameters (2462) PITCH REDUCTION STUDIES will be determined experimentally. The resulting equations should be valid for (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. transient and steady- state sinisoidal motions. (d) Experimental and theoretical. (g) A restrained ship model has been towed in (e) To determine the mechanism of occurrence regular waves and the force and moment and basic properties of horizontal hull induced by the waves has been measured. Com- vibrations induced by anti-pitching fins. parison of these data with calculations f) Completed. based on the Froude-Krylov hypothesis shows g) To clarify the mechanism whereby the trans- only qualitative agreement. Calculation of verse vibrations are induced, a fiberglass damping coefficients has been completed for model of the Mariner was tested and the fin Series 60 model, yielding generally excel- loading, model motions and hull vibrations lent agreement with forced oscillation recorded. The effect of position of the experiments. A mathematically defined model fin along the hull on the vibration was has been oscillated in pitch and in heave studied. It was found that the vibrations over a range of frequencies and forward are the result of an impact on the fin speeds, to determine the coefficients for the and/or bow due to collapse of a cavity assumed second order equations of motion. and/or slamming. A 22 foot model was also Equations of motion for the oscillating ship tested on which the pressure distribution have been obtained which remove the necessity on the bow was measured along with the for frequency dependent coefficients. These other variables mentioned above. equations include convolution integrals over (h) "Model Experiments with Bow Anti-Pitching the past history of the motion, and are com- Fins," by G. P. Stefun, TMB Report 1118. pletely general. (h) "The Impulse Response Function and Ship (2463) STUDIES OF LOW ASPECT-RATIO CONTROL SURFACES.

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David Taylor Model Basin; laboratory project. on Propellers," and on "Self-Propulsion Experimental investigation; basic research. Factors," as part of the international Determine the aerodynamic characteristics cooperative test program in ship basins. of a family of low aspect-ratio control sur- The International Committee will compare faces which can be used by the designer of the results from the various basins and pre- submarines and surface ships. Phase I Is an sent a report to the coming International investigation of a family of all movable Conference. The tests will be carried out control surfaces. Phase II is an investi- with a wax model of scale 1:23 equipped gation of the same family with plain flaps with different kinds of stimulators. The of different chord length. friction corrections will be calculated by Phase I, Completed: phase II, Completed. the various basins according to their 12 The results of Phase I indicate that many of methods the aerodynamic characteristics of low (g) The specified program of model testing has aspect ratio surfaces can be accurately pre- been completed. The required calculation dicted from lifting surface theory. The for the power predictions have to be done aerodynamic characteristics for an NACA 0015, before the evaluation work can proceed. aspect-ratio 2, movable control surface with (h) Results have been reported to the Interna- 30, 40 and 50 percent flaps were obtained tional Towing Conference. A TMB Report is at the University of Maryland Wind Tunnel. being prepared comparing TMB results with The tests were conducted for the David Taylor those of other basins. Model Basin under U. S. Navy contract. Forces and moments for the complete control (27 29) HULL FORM RESEARCH WITH A FLEXIBLE MODEL. surfaces were obtained in the first part of the test. Forces and moments for the flap (b) David Taylor Model Basin. portion of the control surfaces were obtain- id) Development and experimental work. ed in the second part of the test. (e) A flexible model which can be quickly (h) The results of Phase I and comparisons with changed to have any fullness and any shape lifting surface theory are presented in of section area curve is to be developed TMB Report 933. first. The effect of section area curve The results of the Phase II tests are pre- parameters, such as tp, t^, Cpp, Cp^, Lg, sented in University of Maryland Wind Lxj Xp, X/y, etc., upon resistance will be Tunnel Report No. 268, December 1959. systematically investigated by using this flexible model. (2470) CAVITY RESONANCE. Inactive The flexible model has been built and ex- Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. perimental test work begun. Thirty resist- Experimental and theoretical investigation ance tests have been conducted during the of the excitations of cavity resonance by past fiscal year. Preliminary work with fluid flow. this flexible model indicates its adapta- (e) Studies to determine the mechanism of bility for this work is satisfactory. An excitation of the cavity resonance by fluid analysis of the test results has not been flow past orifice will be undertaken. The completed. experimental Investigation will employ the low turbulence wind tunnel and circulating (2730) MOLECULAR - PHYSICAL SKIN EFFECT. water channel. The amplitude of pressure fluctuations in the cavity will be investi- David Taylor Model Basin. gated as function of the size, shape and Experimental; applied research. number of orifices, as well as the turbu- The frictional resistance of a "new" plate lence characteristics in the boundary layer consisting of a special molecular coating flow. will be compared with the frictional re- Discontinued. sistance of a hydraullcally smooth brass "Flow-Induced Cavity Resonance In Viscous plate and of a mirror smooth glass plate. Compressible and Incompressible Fluids," by The test equipment will be designed and W. H. Dunham, presented at the Fourth constructed to study wave and spray for- Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Ship mation for the determination of the true Propulsion and Hydroelasticity, Washington, wetted surface. The plate will be tested D. C. August 1962. Published in ONR with maximum speed of 15.0 knots and with Preprint ARC- 73, Vol. 3. various stimulation devices. (g) The Nikuradsi coated plates have been tested. (2471) THEORY OF CONTRAROTATING PROPELLERS. Significant resistance differences between coated and non-coated plates have been Cooperative with the Bureau of Ships. measured on a coated brass plate and an un- Experimental and theoretical; applied re- coated aluminum plate. Since the contours search. of the leading and trailing edges of the (e) Studies of the theory of contrarotating two plates vary considerably doubt is propellers without assumptions regarding raised at whether the coating or the differ- the orientation of the resultant induced ence in the contours caused the resistance velocity. Open water and water tunnel tests differences. A stainless steel plate having to determine, experimentally, the effect the same contours and the coated brass of various propeller parameters. plate has been constructed and tested. Inactive $ Application to open water and wake adapted (2970) STUDIES OF HYDRODYNAMIC LOADING ON BARE AND propellers. Latest experiments have shown FAIRED CABLES. the performance to be insensitive to spacing between propellers so long as they David Taylor Model Basin. are operated at their design spacing. Experimental investigation; basic research. (h) "The Design of Contrarotating Propellers Measure the tangential and normal hydrody- Using Lerbs 1 Theory," by W. B. Morgan, namic forces acting on a long cylinder SNAME Trans., Vol. 68-1966. towed at various angles to the stream over a range of Reynolds numbers. Tests will be (2472) COOPERATIVE TESTS ON A VICTORY SHIP DE- made with various degrees of roughness SIGN. simulating stranded cable, and various trailing-type fairing designs. (to) David Taylor Model Basin: Skin Friction (f) Discontinued Committee of the International Towing Tank Conference (2971) FULL SCALE TRIALS AND MODEL PREDICTION Experimental testing; basic research. CORRELATION a The investigation was authorized by the International Committee on "Scale Effect (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

180 .

(d) Experimental testing and re-evaluation of (h) "Hydroelastic Instability of a Control existing test data. Surface," by D. A. Jewell and M. E. McCormick; (e) The accuracy of full scale power predictions TMB Report 1442, December 1961. from model test results depends upon the "A Simplified Analysis of the Hydroelastic selection of the proper correlation allowance Instability of a Three-Dimensional Hydro-

( A Cp) to be used in model calculations. foil," by M. E. McCormick, TMB Report Model tests have "been conducted and past 1555 (in review) correlations have been re-analyzed such that a total of 54 correlations have been com- (3286) SUPERCAVTTATING PROPELLER DEVELOPMENT. pleted. An analysis of this data has begun. (g) Analysis of the completed correlations on Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. the basis of SHP has been done. Further k Theoretical and experimental; applied re- analysis on the basis of other parameters search. is progressing. (e) Studies and design of propellers designed (h) A paper entitled, "Ship Standardization to operate at high speeds including improved Trial Performance and Correlation with Model section shapes for good operating character- Predictions," by J. B. Hadler, C. J. Wilson istics and better strength capability. and A. L. Beal was presented to the Chesapeake (g) Theoretical series for preliminary design Section of the Society of Naval Architects purposes have been computed and published. and Marine Engineers on 7 December 1961. Crashback and windmilling performance has This paper was selected for publication in been experimentally obtained. Experiments the Transactions of the Society in Volume with a controllable pitch supercavltating 70, 1962. A classified report supplementing propeller have confirmed the feasibility of the data in this paper will be prepared. this type of propulsion device, (h) "Backing Characteristics of Supercavltating (3284) UNSTEADY HYDROFOILS. Propellers," by R. Hecker, and N. McDonald, TMB Report 1604. Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. "Windmilling and Locked Shaft Performance of 15! Experimental and theoretical applied re- Supercavltating Propellers," by R. Hecker, search. TMB Report 1625. (e) The purpose of this work is to provide "Steady-State Tests for the Determination hydrofoil design criteria to the Bureau of of the Crashback and Crashahead Performance Ships to be used in designing high speed, of Supercavltating Propellers," by N. seagoing hydrofoil craft. The objective is McDonald and R. Hecker, TMB Report 1629. to determine the steady and unsteady forces "Supercavltating Propeller Performance," by on hydrofoils due to heaving and pitching E. Venning, Jr., LCDR USN and W. L. Haberman, oscillations of the foil and due to Paper to annual meeting of SNAME, November encounters with regular head and following 1962. waves on the foil when operated in proximity "TMB 2, 3 and 4-Bladed Supercavltating to the free water surface. Both fully Propeller Series," by E. Caster, TMB Report wetted and cavitatlng foil conditions are 1637, December 1962. being studied. This work is related to Hydroelasticity (Reference No. 3285) and (3287) EFFECT OF STERN MODIFICATION TO A SERIES Cavitation (Reference No. 711) studies. 60 VESSEL, RESISTANCE, POWERING, WAKE (g) Two large hydrofoil models with internal DISTRIBUTION AND PROPELLER INDUCED dynamometers in midspan stations, a large VIBRATION. pitch-heave oscillator to drive the foils and a digital data recording system are (b) David Taylor Model Basin; Maritime being assembled to experimentally measure Administration. the unsteady loads on the oscillating foils. (d) Experimental testing and evaluation of data An IBM 7090 program was written to compute for basic research. the unsteady lift and pitching moment on an (e) Models representing specific variations in oscillating, fully-wetted hydrofoil based stern shapes and designed for special on the classical aerodynamic theory. Dimen- instrumentation installation will be built. sional loads on the model foil were calcu- The basic design will be the Series 60, 0.70 lated as well as the dlmensionless loads Block Coefficient Parent. Six other forms for a wide range of reduced frequency, will be derived having systematic changes amplitude and pitch axis location. Another in section shapes (from V to extreme U) and IBM 7090 program has been written to predict for variation in waterline endings (from unsteady loads on supercavltating foils fine to blunt). An attempt will be made to based on the theory of I. C. Woods. develop formulation to mathematically express (h) "The Unsteady Lift Force on a Restrained the stern variations from the parent. Hydrofoil in Regular Waves," by J. M. Steele, (g) The basic model has been constructed and Jr., and D. A. Jewell, TMB Report 1408 powering data has been obtained. (in preparation) (h) "Effect of Hull Modifications on Resistance Calculated Hydrodynamlc Loads on an and Propulsion Characteristics of a Series Oscillating Hydrofoil," by T. J Langan and 60 Stern, D. Coder, TMB Report 1695 (in review). (3292) EXPLORATORY STUDIES AND PLANS AT DTMB FOR (3285) HYDROELASTICITY PROBLEMS. MODEL TESTS IN 3-DIMENSIONS.

Bureau of Ships j David Taylor Model Basin. (bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. 8! Experimental and Theoretical Applied Id) Experimental; basic research. Research. (e) A new seakeeping test facility is now in (e) Investigations to determine the conditions operation. Techniques for generating irregu- which produce hydroelastic instability of lar short-crested seas and measuring the oscillatory hydrofoil systems. The effects response of ship models at oblique headings of speed, frequencies, mass distribution, is under development. cavitation, free surface and waves on the (g) Segmented wave generators provide the system stability will be studied. This work ability to produce oblique waves. Pro- is reAated to Unsteady Hydrofoils (Reference gramming to individual wavemakers results No. 3284 and Cavitation Studies, Reference in generation of confused seas of almost No. 711). any nature. The rectangular basin offers (g) Critical flutter speeds and frequencies of opportunity to test in any relative heading a two-dimensional, two-degree-of-freedom to the waves and even in cross seas. hydrofoil with cavitation and near the water Problems in analysis involve determination surface will be found experimentally by use of the seaway (in the tank) as a function of a flutter dynamometer, which is under of frequency and direction. Ship motions construction. in confused seas will be random in nature 181 .

and will be analyzed by spectrum methods, Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (h) "SPLASHNIK The David Taylor Model Basin 13 Theoretical and experimental; basic and Disposable Wave Buoy," by W. Marks and R. applied research. G. Tuckerman, TMB Report 1423. (e) Investigations Into feasibility of achieving drag reduction by boundary layer control in (3617) VENTILATED PROPELLER DEVELOPMENT. applications to naval hydrodynamics. Tests are to be made on flat plates with flexible David Taylor Model Basin. coatings which delay transition to turbulent 13 Theoretical and experimental; applied flow. Other methods are also being studied. research Towing rig under design and construction. (e) Studies and design of ventilated propellers is! "The Boundary Layer and Prlctional Resistance for operation at intermediate speeds. of Flat Plates In Non-Newtonian Fluids," by (g) Experiments on the use of tripping wedge and P. S. Granville, Journal of Ship Research, tripping wire have been performed. The wedge Vol. 6, No. 2, October 1962. appears to be no better than the wire and causes a loss in performance. Work on (4426) DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW WAVE DRAG HULL FORM - measurements of ventilated cavities is SERIES 64. progressing. (h) "Performance of a Ventilated Propeller," by Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. W. B. Morgan, Paper presented at American Basic research. Towing Tank Conference, Berkeley, Calif., To establish a series of basic hull forms August 1959. which can be used as a guide to evaluate the merit of future high speed ship designs. (3619) VERTICAL AXIS PROPELLER. The basic test work has been completed. Thirty three models were tested for re- Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. sistance including 4 defining the parent S3 Experimental and theoretical; applied form and 2 catamarans. The basic series research. covers the following range of coefficients (e) Theoretical and experimental studies of Cg from 0.35 to 0.55 at constant Cp of 0.63, performance characteristics of various B/H from 2 to 4, A /(l/100) 3 from 15 to 55. types of vertical axis propellers. Analysis of data has begun. (g) Experimental work has been completed for (g) Basic models have been constructed and tested cycloidal blade motion over a range of for resistance. It is planned to expand this pitch ratios with 2, 3, and 6 blades and series to obtain data as to the effect of with blades of various types, for ahead LCB position and Cp variation. thrust. Future work will deal with measure- (h) A paper to be presented to the Society of ment of steering forces, determination of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Is cavitation performance and performance with contemplated. An unclassified report will pitch ratios greater than pi. also be published. (h) "Performance of Vertical Axis (Cycloidal) Propellers Calculated by Taniguchi's (4427) A METHOD OF CALCULATING SPINDLE TORQUE OF Method," by W. Haberman and E. E. Harley, CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLERS. TMB Report 1564, November 1961. (b) David Taylor Model Basin. (3621) STUDY OF BENDING MOMENTS OF A SHIP MODEL (d) Theoretical; applied research. MOVING IN WAVES. (e) A method of calculating the spindle torque cf a controllable pitch propeller over the com- Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. plete range of operating conditions and a Theoretical and experimental; basic research. theoretical investigation of the effect of To provide ship designers with more exact various design parameters upon spindle torquj information concerning the magnitude of In order to calculate spindle torque at off bending moment and shear forces in a ship design conditions, the off design performance moving in waves. of the controllable pitch propeller must firt Completed. be determined. Bending moment about the transverse axis and (g) A method of calculating the spindle torque vertical shear forces were measured experi- at design conditions has been completed. The mentally in regular head seas and results geometric problem of determing the effective compared with analytical calculations of distortion of blade sections at off design motions bending moments and shear forces. pitch settings has been solved. The solution The above work was supplemented by addition- has been programmed for the 7090 Computer. al tests in regular following waves. (h) "Experimental Determination of Bending (4428) COMPUTER SOLUTIONS OF FREE SURFACE FORCES. Moments and Shear Forces in a Multi-Segmented Ship Model Moving in Waves," by Z. George (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin, Wachnik and Frank M. Schwartz. (dj Hydrodynamic research. (e) The potential problem of a translating body (3622) FLUCTUATING FLOWS. oscillating on the free surface will be solved directly on a digital computer by (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. distributing pulsating sources over the (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. surface of the body and calculating the (e) Investigations are being made of the fluctu- required source density. The individual ating hydrodynamic forces on a body in a source potentials are chosen to satisfy the moving stream. The nature of the vortex free surface boundary condition. shedding will be studied by obtaining a (g) The integral equations for source density frequency spectrum of the transverse forces. have been formulated for the case of two- (f) Suspended. dimensional bodies with no forward speed. The numerical analysis and programming have (3999) SHIP WAKE CHARACTERISTICS. been largely completed for this case.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (4429) LATERAL FORCES. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) Development of instrumentation for fb) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin, measuring turbulent velocities and thermal id) Hydrodynamic research. microstructure in ship wakes. Measurements (e) The lateral force on a translating body which will be made to determine the rate of decay vertically cuts the free surface is being and dispersion of wakes. formulated theoretically. Two special cases (f) Discontinued. are included: (a) If the draft is large compared to the length, the body is a strut (4000) DRAG REDUCTION BY BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL. with angle of attack. (b) If the draft is

182 .

very small, the body corresponds to a yawed bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin, thin ship. d) Theoretical and experimental; applied (g) An integral equation has been derived for the research. density of a surface distribution of dipoles, (e) To develop a design method for ducted such that the boundary conditons are satisfied. propellers and to conduct a parametric study of ducted propeller performance. (4609) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS IN PRESSURE (g) A theory of the ducted propeller with finite GRADIENTS ON ROUGH SURFACES. number of blades has been developed. From this theory a design method will be devel- bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin, oped and then a parametric study of ducted d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and propeller performance will be conducted. applied research, (h) "Theory of the Annular Airfoil and Ducted (e) Research in behavior of turbulent boundary Propellers," by W. B. Morgan, Fourth layers in pressure gradients leading to Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Office of separation. Initial roughnesses will be Naval Research, 1962. screens of various gages fastened to wall of wind tunnel. Velocity surveys and (4814) POWERING IN WAVES. turbulence measurements will be performed, (g) Equipment and apparatus being assembled and (bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin, readied. (dl Experimental. (e) To determine the powering characteristics (4810) SHIP WAKE SIMULATION STUDIES. and speed loss of ships in waves by conducting model tests in regular and irregu- bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin, lar waves. Limitations of present pro-

! d) Experimental and theoretical; applied cedures for predicting power and speed loss research. in a seaway from tests in regular waves (e) To produce ship wake distributions in a will be determined and new techniques will variable pressure water tunnel in order to be developed where necessary. determine the performance of propellers in non-uniform wake flows. (4815) PARAMETRIC STUDIES. (g) A theoretical method has been obtained for determining the wire grid geometry necessary (bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. to produce arbitrary, steady, three-dimen- (d) Experimental. sional flows. Simple experimental confir- (e) To provide basic information from which the mation of the method has been obtained. most suitable destroyer form for high (h) "Steady, Moderately Sheared, Three-Dimen- sustained sea speeds in a seaway can be sional Plow Past Nonuniform Wire Grids in established. Model tests will be conducted a Duct," by J. H. McCarthy to be published in regular and Irregular seas using a series in 1963. of models for which the significant geometric parameters are systematically varied. (4811) STEADY-STATE FORCES ON SUPERCAVITATING AND Motions and powering increase in waves will VENTILATED HYDROFOILS. be studied.

bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin, (4816) FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SHIP ROLLING. d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research. (bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (e) To study the steady-state lift and drag (d) Experimental and theoretical. characteristics of supercaaltating hydrofoil (e) Though extensive studies of rolling have configurations for application to hydrofoil "been made in recent years, a great deal craft and supercavitatlng propeller design. remains to be learned concerning the funda- (g) Experimental determination of the lift and mental properties of rolling for both drag of various three-dimensional super- surface ships and submarines. Areas which cavitatlng hydrofoils is in progress. These require additional research are (1) applica- include foils with 2-term, 5-term and flat- bility of superposition principle for faced sections. The effects of aspect-ratio rolling motion especially in short crested and taper are being investigated. Venti- waves, (2) unstable rolling motion in o- lation by blowing air through holes in the blique regular and in irregular waves, (3) suction surface of the foil is used to nonlinear roll behavior in rough seas, etc. extend the range of cavitation number. In order to clarify the fundamental nature Future research Includes the determination of rolling, model tests will be conducted in of two-dimensional lift and drag, studies regular and irregular waves at various of flap configurations and measurement of the heading angles. Parameters significant for interaction of tandem and cascade foils. roll will be investigated. (h) "Experimental Determination of the Forces on Supercavitatlng Hydrofoils with Internal For sponsored projects see the following: Ventilation," by N. L. Ficken, Jr. and G. F. Dobay, Proc. of National Meeting of IAS on (3026) Ship Resistance in Uniform Waves as a

Hydrofoils and Aerospace Sciences, Sept. Function Wave Steepness . 12 1962. 36861 Nonlinear Coupled Ship Motions. 13

i 4570) Pressure Distribution on Semi-Submerged (4812) PROPELLER AND BODY INTERACTION. Oscillating Bodies . 13 (4099) Wake Characteristics for Bodies of (bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. Revolution. 18 id) Theoretical and experimental; applied research. (81) Mathematical Analysis of Pressure (e) Study and development of design criteria for Distribution. 37 determining propulsion characteristics of 20911 Research on Ship Theory 38 submerged bodies and hydrofoil- supported 4677) The Investigation of Two-Dimensional craft Unsteady Cavity Flows About Fixed (g) Axial clearance between a submerged body of Symmetric Bluff Bodies . 60 revolution and a stern propeller has been 26031 Water Tunnel Air Content Studies. 67 optimized on the basis of propulsive coef- 3499) Studies of Hydrofoil Configurations ficient. A method has been developed for in Regular Waves. 68 computing thrust deduction for submerged (4199) Geometry of Air Cavities in a Bounda- hydrofoil-propeller arrangements. ry Layer. 68 (h) "Thrust Deduction Due to a Propeller Behind 42021 Micro Bubble Studies. 69 a Hydrofoil," by John L. Beveridge, TMB 4691) A Study of Drag Reduction by the Use Report 1603, October 1962. of Non-Newtonian Boundary Layer Addi- tives. 69 (4813) INVESTIGATION OF DUCTED PROPELLERS. (2802) Experimental Study of Wake Mechanics. 46 183 .

(4696) Theoretical Investigation of Two- type meter is attractive since the use of Dlmenslonal Unsteady, Supercavitated an existing olbow would not require any Hydrofoil Flows with Free-Surface changes to the piping and would impose no Boundary Conditions. 70 additional pressure drop on the system. In (4699) Force Characteristics of a Cavltatlng addition, the elbow can meter reverse flow. Body in a Compressible Liquid Mixture. 70 The chief drawbacks are large variation in '4219) Supercavitating Hydrofoil Theory. 73 elbows and the lack of an exact relationship (2155) Seakeeplng Qualities of Ships at all between flow and differential pressure. Headings to Waves. 74 Testing was limited to the long turn 90 (2390) Controlled Fins for Reducing Ship degree, type A elbows of Specification Pitching. 74 MIL-F-1183 to establish criteria for th^ir (2616) The Blade-Frequency Force Generated by Installation and use. a Propeller on a Body of Revolution. 74 (g) When certain standards are imposed on the (3830) Radiation of a Marine Propeller Pressure fabrication and measurement of the elbows Wave From Elastic Plate and Cylinder. 75 and a specified means of computing flow Is (3832) Formulation of Equations for Submarine used, a measurement tolerance of 4 percent Trajectories with Six Degrees of Freedom. 75 can be expected. In control applications the. (3833) Experimental and Analytical Study of elbow meter was found to have a square root Submerged Hydrofoils. 75 transfer function and a repeatability of 0.^1 (4220) Analytical Investigation of Course Stability and Steering Qualities (4001) HIGH PRESSURE STEAM AND WATER FLOW TESTS. of Ships. 75 (4222) Application of Lifting Surface Theory American Society of Mechanical Engineers. to Marine Propellers. 76 Research Committee on Fluid Meters, American (4224) Influence of Afterbody Shape on Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East Angular Harmonic Contrast of the Wake Forty-Seventh Street, New York 17, New York. of Single Screw Ships. 76 Experimental; applied research. (4225) Investigation of Surface Piercing Although the ASME Research Committee on Struts. 76 Fluid Meters has sponsored many fundamental (4228) Flutter of Hydrofoils on Flexible research programs dealing with the develop- Structures. 77 ment of basic constants used with primary (4709) Surface Piercing Hydrofoil Flutter. 78 elements, hardly any of this work has been (4711) Study of the Propeller Singing done on steam flow at high pressures and Phenomena. 78 temperatures. Neither has research been dore (4713) Experimental Study of Propeller- on high temperature water flow. Analysis Induced Vibratory Pressures on of many tests Indicate that the basic Simple Ship Surfaces. 78 calibrations obtained with low temperature (air be (4716) Drag Forces in Velocity Gradient water and gas) could extrapolated Fields. 80 with high accuracy to the measurement of (4863) Dimensional Effects on Hydrophone high pressure and temperature steam and Output in the Near Field. 93 water flow provided suitable corrections were made for the change in the shape and size of the primary element, the pipe and the fluid. This procedure has been experimentally verified for steam up to 2000 psi and 1050 F U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY. and for water to 2500 psi and 600 F. Completed. Nozzles and orifices were calibrated with (3623) HIGH PRESSURE -TEMPERATURE WATER FLOW METER CALIBRATION. water at 240 F, 2200 psia, and with steam at 1050 F, 2000 psia. Pipe Reynolds numbers averaged 600,000 for the water and 4,000,000. (i>5 Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia Naval Shipyard (Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory) for the steam. Coefficients were generally in agreement with predicted coefficients (c) Mr. J. W. Murdock, Associate Technical ASME Director for Applied Physics Division, Naval Two and a quarter percent (2 1/4$) chrome- Boiler and Turbine Laboratory, Phila. Naval molybdenum steel proved unsatisfactory for Shipyard, Phila. 12, Pennsylvania. the steam nozzles showing rusting and Experimental; applied research. pitting after less than 10 hours. Type 430 steel was substituted and was A facility is available for calibrating with stainless water at pressures and temperatures up to satisfactory. 2500 psl and 600 F respectively. Capacity (h) Test results reported to ASME as: "Flow is 100 gpm at maximum pressure and temper- Meter Calibrations for the American Society ature and greater at lower pressures and of Mechanical Engineers Research Committee temperatures. After flowing through the on Fluid Meters," by C. Gregory, 31 Oct. metering section the water is cooled and 1962. ASME has not published results. weighed. The facility is also used to investigate and verify orifice meter coefficients at pressures and temperatures above those at which the coefficients in use were U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY. established. A number of flow meters which measure the flow in nuclear reactor loops (4867) THE HYDROBALLISTICS OF WATER ENTRY. have been calibrated. (b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the (g) A limited amount of test data indicate good agreement between orifice flow rates obtained Navy. Laboratory by calibration at high pressures and temper- (c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance atures and those obtained by extrapolating White Oak, Silver Spring, Maryland. from cold water calibrations. Other meter (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic and tests show the need to include suitable applied research. velocity water corrections for change in shape, size, (e) The purpose is to study high related directly or indirectly to density, etc. entry as the behavior of missiles. The study includes the stability and forces during (3624) INVESTIGATION OF ELBOW FLOW METERS. the entry, cavity development and pressure, and the missile trajectory. A wide range Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia Naval Shipyard; developmental and research configurations (Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory) of and of esperimental conditions are investi- Mr. W. Murdock, Kead, Applied Physics (c) J. used to launch models into Division, Naval Boiler and Turbine Lab., gated. Guns are tank equipped for operation at various Phila. Naval Shipyard, Phila. 12, Pa. a Experimental, applied research. pressures. The 90 degree elbow has been proposed for metering flew in shipboard systems. This 184 . . ! . .

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION. the effect on the hydrodynamic forces of a rotating cylinder placed at the leading or (3295) FORCED VENTILATION OF HYDROFOILS. trailing edge of a hydrofoil. A model was constructed and tested in a water tunnel. 0>) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the Completed. Navy. It was found that lift equivalent to about (c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordance Test Station, 1/2 degree angle of attack was obtained with Attn: T. G. Lang or A. G. Fabula, Code the cylinder in the forward position, and P5006, 3202 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena lift equivalent to 9 degrees angle of attack 8, California. with the cylinder in the rear position. Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (h) "The Effect of a Rotating Cylinder at the Si The hydrodynamic lift, drag, pitching Leading and Trailing edges of a Hydrofoil," moment and pressure distribution are studied by J. D. Brooks, NAVWEPS 8042, ( in publi-

on hydrofoils of various cross- sections cation) . from which gas is exhausted through ports of varying shape and location. The results [4434 DUCTED PROPELLER DESIGN. are applicable to torpedoes as a simple means of varying control forces on stabiliz- Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department. ing fins and a new type of propeller blade (!) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta., cross-section. Attn: Mr. J. F. Reynolds, Code P8074, (g) To minimize tunnel blockage effect which 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif. restricts the cavity number to higher values Theoretical; applied research. than can be obtained in unbounded flow, tests An improved ducted propeller design method have been made in the Free-Surface Water includes an application of Lerb's method, Tunnel at Caltech. Theory has been devel- used in propeller design, to account for oped to consider the blockage effects in the non-uniformity of flow due to the boundary closed test section of the High-Speed Water layer. The influence of a tapered afterbody Tunnel, and a previous disagreement of on the ring wing boundary condition is also theory and experiment has been found to be being investigated. mainly due to the manner of determining the A propeller program using Lerb's method is experimental cavity number. available on an IBM 7090 computer which will (h) "Water Tunnel Tests of Three Vented account for the non-uniformity of flow in a Hydrofoils in Two-Dimensional Flow," by ducted propeller system. By means of an T. G. Lang and D. A. Daybell, J. Ship Res. iterative process the program gives the 5, 3, pp 1-15 (1961) ducted propeller Inflow velocities corres- "Thin Airfoil Theory Applied to Hydrofoils ponding to the boundary layer and pitch angle with a Single Finite Cavity and Arbitrary variations across the propeller- shed vortex Free-Streamline Detachment," by A. G. Fabula sheet J. Fluid Mech. 12, 2, pp 227-240 (1962). Future efforts will concern the various "Free-Surface Water Tunnel Tests of an aspects of ducted propeller programming for Uncambered Base-Vented Parabolic Hydrofoil an IBM 7090 computer. It is hoped that this of Aspect Ratio One," by T. G. Lang and will ultimately lead to the availability of D. A. Daybell, NAVWEPS Report 7920, Sept. a complete computer program for a specific 1962. ducted propeller design method. "Comparison of Theory and Experiment for Vented Hydrofoils, Part 1: Analysis; Part [4868) NON -NEWTON IAN FLUIDS. 2, Tablesi' by A. G. Fabula, NAVWEPS Report 7941 (in two parts separately bound), in Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the press. Navy. "Choked Flow About Vented or Cavitating (c) Commander, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Hydrofoils," by A. G. Fabula, submitted to Attn: A. G. Fabula, P5006, 3202 E. Foothill the Annual Meeting of the ASME, November Boulevard, Pasadena 8, California. 1963. Experimental; basic research. The turbulent flow characteristics of (4002) MISSILE BEHAVIOR DURING WATER EXIT. dilute solutions of various high polymers are being studied to understand why they Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department. often display anomalous flow behavior, ap- Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test parently related to turbulence suppression Station, Attn: Dr. John G. Waugh, Code by long molecules. P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, (g) The anomalous behavior has been found to California. occur also at very low concentrations, if Experimental; basic research. mechanical degradation is avoided. Tests of The purpose of this study is to evaluate homologous polymers of different molecular qualitatively the inherent value of slender weight at high Reynolds numbers suggest a body theory in predicting the underwater and; dependence .of the turbulence suppression upon water exit behavior of an underwater launched molecular dimensions in a manner similar to missile in the presence of various sea the dependence upon molecular weight of states intrinsic viscosity and critical concentra- (g) The experimental fully-wetted flight and tion, which are measured at low Reynolds water-exit behavior of a blunt-based axi- numbers symmetric missile traveling in a standing (h) "Turbulent Flow Properties of Dilute wave are simulated on an analogue computer Solutions of Linear Polymers," by A. G. using motion equations derived from slender Fabula, Research Note submitted to the body theory. The analytical approach is Physics of Fluids. supplemented by introducing experimental hydrodynamic coefficients and transverse (4869) FLUID AMPLIFIERS. drag terms. The results of the simulation are compared graphically with the experi- Laboratory project. mental behavior to illustrate an upper limit Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,, of the accuracy to be expected of slender Attn: J. D. Brooks, Code P8040, 3202 E. body theory. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, California. Experimental, applied research. (4430) ROTATING CYLINDER CONTROL. I!! Studies are being conducted of the performance of a model fluid amplifier, which Laboratory project. is so constructed that the physical di- III Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test mensions, orifice sizes, etc., can be Station, Attn: John D. Brooks, Code P8040, varied over a wide range. The amplification 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif. and efficiency are being optimized as a Experimental; applied research. function of these physical parameters for The purpose of the study was to investigate this particular amplifier design..

18S .

(4870) DETERMINATION OK POTENTIAL STREAM FUNCTION welsslnger. Application of Welssinger's VALUES. basic techniques in addition to a development of the moment due to axial forces re- Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department. sulting from an arbitrary symmetric ring wlr? i Commander, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, camber line, in contrast to Welssinger's Attn: Mr. William A. Mlddleton, Code P8074, circular arc, gave significant results for 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif. the effective wing moment and position of Theoretical; applied research. the aerodynamic center. 13 The perturbation stream function value is For a ring wing used as a control surface it found for an arbitrary point In space due is useful to know the effective position of to an arbitrary body In axlsymmetrlc flow. the aerodynamic center. A specific three- This Is accomplished by utilizing a ring- dimensional ring wing shape with a half cone source distribution to describe the body. angle of 6 degrees and a central body wing The perturbation values are found by solving radius ratio of 0.58 locates the effective a line Integral numerically which has an aerodynamic center one tenth of a chord integrand involving complete elliptic length from the leading edge as compared to integrals of the first and third kinds. an aerodynamic center one quarter of chord (g) The results of the theoretical analysis is length from the leading edge for two- being compared with the exact solution of the dimensional thin airfoils. prolate spheroid. A current area of investigation Involves the Influence of a tapered afterbody, with a (4871) BASE-VENTED PROPELLER. doublet representation, on wing loadings for non-axisymmetric flow. A tapered afterbody, Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department. with a line source representation, is also Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, being studied to determine its possible in- Attn: Mr. Gerald G. Mosteller, Code P8074, fluence on the axial suction force. If the 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif. change in the value of the suction force temi Experimental; applied research. appears to have significance, there may be It] The purpose of this project is to develop a significant change in the wing's effective wake adapted propeller to operate silently moment and aerodynamic center. and efficiently at rpm's and forward velocities where conventional propellers would cavitate. To avoid cavitation noise under these condi- U. S. DEPT. OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH tions and at inherent off design angles of attack caused by circumferential velocity For sponsored projects see the following: variations, the local cavitation number along the blade sections had to be low and the Project Page leading edge radius large. The basic blade section which filled these requirements was (15481 Special Problems in Hydrodynamics. 6 a semi-ellipse for 2/3 of the chord followed (27 53) Hydraulic Breakwater. 9 by a parallel section cut-off perpendicular (3677) Annular Nozzle Ground Effect Machine. 11 to the mean chord. Lift was developed by (3687) Pressure Distributions, Added-Mass, camber. The form drag of the blade was mini- and Damping Coefficients for Cylinders mized by ejecting air into the base cavity. Oscillating in a Free Surface. 13 The propeller was tested in the ORL water (4083) Dynamic Interaction Between Ships. 13 tunnel at Pennsylvania State Univ. Its maxi- (4084) Ships of Minimum Resistance. 13 mum efficiency was 86% when operating at an (4085) Effect upon Wave Resistance of the advance ratio of 1.18. The cavitation number Initial Acceleration of Ship Models. 13 based on free stream velocity was 1.05 and (4093) Vibratory Motions of Floating Bodies. 14 the base gas flow ratio (volume flow/volume (4112) The Discharge of Major Western Rivers swept out by trailing edge) was 0.066. in Relation to the General Circulation (h) A NAVWEPS Report is in preparation. of the Atmosphere. 20 (4616) Water Cycle (General Hydraulic Char- (4872) A METHOD FOR COMPUTING TURBULENT BOUNDARY acteristics of Western North America) . 22 LAYERS BASED ON THE LAW OF THE WALL AND THE (73) Measurement of Turbulence in Flowing LAW OF THE WAKE. Water. 37 (79) Cavitation. 37 Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department. (81) Mathematical Analyses of Pressure Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Distribution. 37 Station Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code (1875) Characteristics of Stable Eddies. 38 P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena (2091) Research on Ship Theory. 38 8, California. (2541) Development of Instruments for use Theoretical; applied research. in Analyzing Aperiodic Signals. 38 A method for computing turbulent boundary (27 92) The Decay of Turbulence in a Zero- layers based on the law of the wall and Momentum Wake . 38 Coles' law of wake Is under development. (3074) Wake of Zero Momentum Flux. 39 This method is applicable to two dimensional (3429) Jet with Transverse Pressure Gradient. 39 bodies and to bodies of revolution in axial- (4149) Drag of Supercavitating Bodies of symmetric flow where the boundary layer Revolution. 40 thickness is not necessarily small compared (2801) Interaction of Waves with Submerged to the body radius. A simultaneous solution and Floating Bodies. 46 of the momentum integral equation and the (2802) Experimental Study of Wake Mechanics. 46 energy integral equation is carried out (3444) Effects of Basin Geometry and Viscous assuming the mean velocity profiles are Damping on the Amplitude of Resonant given by a universal, two-parameter repre- Oscillations in Harbors. 46 sentation as suggested by Coles. The (4158) Experimental and Analytical Study of computational procedure will be programmed the Formation of Longshore Currents. 47 for an IBM 7090 computer. (4160) Motion of Submerged Bodies Below a Free Surface. 47 (4873) RING WING LOADINGS. (4655) Entrainment of Cohesive Sediments. 49 (2807) The Hydraulic Analogy Applied to Com- Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department. pressible Flow in the Partial Ad- I! Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test mission Turbine. 49 Station, Attn: J. F. Reynolds, Code P8074, (4494) Two-Phase Flow Regime Boundaries. 51 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif. (2144) Experimental and Analytical Studies Theoretical; applied research. of Hydrofoils. 67 $ A survey of loadings on ring wings at an (3153) Flow About Bodies at Small Cavitation angle of attack with cross flow central body Numbers. 67 effeefcs- revealed significant work by J. (3822) Flow over Vibrating Plates. 68 186 . .

Project Page ness of the withdrawal layer when water is withdrawn from a deep, thermally stratified (4200 Investigation of the Forces and Inter- reservoir at an intermediate elevation. ference Effect of Tandem Plat Hydrofoils. 68 Study completed. (4700 Oscillatory Lift and Drag Forces on II A plausible curve was developed, based on a Ventilated Hydrofoils in Regular Waves. 70 theoretical analysis and established from (4502 Long Range Oceanography. 71 the field data. (2154 Investigation of Ship Motions and High (h) "Internal Density Currents Created by With- Speed Ship Forms. 74 drawal From a Stratified Reservoir," TVA (4221 Unsteady Forces and Motions on a Hydro- Engineering Laboratory, 1962, Norris, Tenn. foil Moving Under an Irregular Sea. 75 (3833 Experimental and Analytical Study of (4441) MEASUREMENT OF KAPLAN TURBINE DISCHARGES US3N Flutter of Submerged Hydrofoils. 75 OTT COMPONENT CURRENT METERS. (4226 Investigation of Surface-Piercing Fully Ventilated Dihedral Hydrofoils. 76 (d) Equipment development and field measurement (4227 Smooth Water Behavior of Surface - operation. Piercing Hydrofoil Vessel. 77 (e) A measuring technique is being developed with (4229 The Boundary Layer Under Progressive which the flows through Kaplan type turbines and Standing Waves. 77 can be accurately measured by use of Ott (4712 Interference Effects of a Submerged component type current meters which can Hydrofoil on a Surface-Piercing Strut. 78 vertically traverse the flow at the turbine (4737 Experimental Hydrodynamics of Rotating intake gate slots. These measurements, made System. 88 at several fixed discharges, will be used to (4738 Synoptic Oceanography -- Surface Effects. 88 calibrate Winter-Kennedy scroll case pressure (3120 Office of Naval Research Atmosphere taps. The Winter-Kennedy taps will then be Interaction and Wave Project. 93 used, with suitable measuring equipment, to (1478) Wind Waves. 158 determine the discharge for any turbine load- (2436 Flow Over Hydrophobic Materials. 158 ing. (3250) Inertial Forces in Unsteady Flow. 158 (s) The carriage framework upon which the Ott (4400) Motion Around a Body in a Stratified component type current meters will be mounted Fluid. 158 along with their associated lifting devices, (4891) Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Liquid. 158 and the necessary recording instrumentation (4892) Turbulent Shear Flow Through Compliant has been designed, constructed and field Walled Tubes. 158 tested. Development of the actual measuring techniques is now in progress.

(4442) NEW WHEELER LOCK CULVERT ENTRANCE MODEL. TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Engineering Laboratory. Experimental; for design. Inquiries concerning the following projects should 1:25 scale model studies are being conducted be addressed to Mr. Rex A. Elder, Director, TVA to develop acceptable flow conditions in the Engineering Laboratory, P. 0. Box 37, Norrls, Tenn. area of the new Wheeler lock culvert entranc A prior study has been outmoded by the (3629) LOW POWER VHF RADIO GAGES FOR REPORTING failure of the Wheeler auxiliary lock and RAINFALL AND STREAM LEVEL DATA. subsequent design revisions. Laboratory study completed. Development Internal reports Issued. lil Transistorized radio components operating from nickel cadmium batteries charged by (4874) WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT UNIT 8, AIR DUCT solar cells will be used. Data in binary STUDIES. coded decimal form will be transmitted by audio tone pulses. Long-term, unattended Experimental; for design. operation is a primary consideration in 121 Velocity distribution and pressure loss design. studies were conducted on a 1:16 scale model (g) Design work continued with emphasis being of the air ducts from the air inlet to the placed on rain and stream gage digital trans- forced draft fans. ducers and associated electronics. Two Model testing completed. types of transducers are being considered: Tests on the original duct design disclosed (1) a direct pressure to digital unit, and that without bend vaning there was very poor (2) a shaft position to digital encoder. velocity distribution with attendant poor operation of the air flow meter and pulsa- :(4439) DENSITY UNDERFLOW WITHDRAWAL STRUCTURES. tions in the intakes to the two forced draft fans. Vaning of the original duct design (d) Experimental; applied research. resulted in elimination of the adverse ef- (e) A three-dimensional model was used to develop fects but increased the draft losses to the basic relationship Involved in the nearly double those used in determining the design of skimmer wall structures used to fan capacity. The undesirable flow con- insure the withdrawal of the bottom layer ditions and excessive draft losses were in a two-layered, density stratified eliminated by the removal of the 90 degree reservoir inlet bend, the replacement of the 90 degree (f) Laboratory study completed. elbow immediately upstream from the fan (g) Design curves were developed which will per- distribution section with two 45 degree meter mit design of structures which will insure bends, and development of proper vaning for withdrawal of only the bottom layer or of each bend. withdrawal of the bottom layer plus 1 per- (h) Report in preparation. cent, 2 percent or 5 percent of the flow from the top layer. (4875) WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT UNIT 8, GAS DUCT (h) Report in preparation. STUDIES.

(4440) INTERNAL DENSITY CURRENTS CREATED BY WITH- Experimental; for design. DRAWAL FROM A STRATIFIED RESERVOIR. Model studies were conducted on a 1;:16 scale model of the section of the gas duct running (b) This was a cooperative study with the U.S. from the air pre-heater through the electro- Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army District, static precipitator. Walla Walla, Engineering Division, Planning Model testing completed. and Reports Branch, Walla Walla, Washington. A base test with no vaning in the duct indi- (d) Theoretical evaluation of field data. cated excessive head-loss and poor velocity (e) A study of several years of temperature distribution throughout the test reach. The soundings taken in TVA 1 s Fontana Reservoir studies disclosed that the poor operation was made in an attempt to determine the thick- stemed directly from the geometric 187 . .

configuration of the duct work upstream and Study completed. downstream from the precipitator. Conditions III The results show the limitations within were Improved by development of proper vanlng which the recirculation through a stream and Installing a perforated plate upstream plant located on a river can be satisfactorily from the precipitator, controlled by properly designed skimmer wall (h) Internal reports Issued. and underwater dam control structures. (h) "The Effect of Intake Design on Cooling (4876) BULL RUN STEAM PLANT, SMOKE STACK CONFIGU- Water Recirculation for Steam Plants," by RATION. Jack M. Garrison, S.M. Thesis, 1962, Mass. Inst, of Technology Library, Cambridge, Mass. Experimental; for design. A study was made to determine the effects (4880) VIBRATION STUDIES OF STEAM PLANT AIR AND GAS on the effective stack discharge height of DUCTS. two proposed designs for the top of an 800 foot stack. Two different configurations Experimental; for basic and applied research. were studied; a straight cylindrical exit Studies are being made to extend our section and a quasi- venturl exit section. knowledge relating to flow Induced duct Both configurations represented the top vibrations and to apply the findings to 140 feet of the stack. Model studies were present and future installations. Duct conducted utilizing a 1:8 scale model. The vibrations which are believed to stem from results were obtained by comparison of the the highly turbulent flows created by the diffusion characteristics of the two outlet forced draft fans and by the various duct configurations. Related studies to determine configurations have been experienced in the the effect of reducing the stack exit dia- duct work of some plants. These turbulent meter from 28 feet to 22.5 feet while conditions create pressure fluctuations maintaining the same stack discharge and to which could lead to wall vibrations. develop a computational procedure for computing the internal pressure at the base of (4881) DIFFUSION AND EXCHANGE OF HEAT DISCHARGED the stack were also carried out. INTO RIVERS AND LAKES. Laboratory work completed. is Results of the tests showed the cylindrical Experimental; for basic and applied research. exit section as compared to the quasl- HI Studies are now underway to establish the venturi exit section was considerably more laws governing heat diffusion and heat effective in carrying the gases to a energy exchange with the surroundings in higher altitude. The reduced diameter stack river reaches downstream from steam plant was only slightly more effective in delivering outlets. The study will consist of field the effluent stack gases to a higher elevation and laboratory tests and analytical analyses above the stack top. using the heat energy budget method to (h) Internal reports in preparation. correlate the pertinent hydraulic and heat parameters with the field and laboratory (4877) JOHNSONVILLE STEAM PLANT, AIR DUCT TESTS. data.

Experimental; for design. (4882) GUNTERSVILLE MAIN LOCK INTAKE DESIGN. Studies were made on a 1:14 scale model to determine the cause of excessive head losses Experimental; for design. which were occurring in the air ducts for 151 The Intake facilities for the 100 foot the 1,100,000 lb/hr boilers and to develop wide x 600 foot long, 45 foot lift, new the modifications required to minimize the lock are of the multiple opening type head losses in the system. An improvement in located in an extension of the two lock the velocity distribution of air through the walls. The design is being studied by pre-heater was also required. means of a 1:24 scale model to determine (1) Laboratory model studies completed. if each entrance Opening carries its share III Head loss was reduced by the use of vanes and of the discharge, and (2) that no objection- by internal modifications to the duct shapes. able vortices occur. A loss equal to the reduction attainable by vaning was caused by internal struts. The (4883) GUNTERSVILLE MAIN LOCK DISCHARGE STRUCTURES. velocity distribution in the air pre-heater was greatly Improved by internal duct Experimental; for design. modifications to the duct immediately The discharge structures for the 110 foot upstream from the pre-heater. wide x 600 foot long, 45 foot lift, new (h) Internal report issued. lock are to be located immediately below the downstream miter gate and will consist |(4878) PARADISE STEAM PLANT, AIR DUCT STUDIES. of multiple horizontal openings across the width of the approach channel at river bed Experimental; for design. level. Each culvert will have its own 13 Model studies were conducted on a 1:8 scale discharge system. The 1:24 scale model tests model of the forced draft blower and the are to determine the actual outlet configu- appurtenent duct work beginning with the fan ration required to furnish satisfactory silencers and extending through the first navigation conditions near the outlet area. pass of a four pass tubular pre-heater to: (1) obtain uniform velocity distribution into the pre-heater, and (2) reduce head loss in the duct system. TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Hydraulic Data Branch.

K4879) EFFECT OF INTAKE DESIGN ON CONDENSING WATER Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed to RECIRCULATION Mr. James Smallshaw, Chief, Hydraulic Data Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee. (d) Experimental; applied research for master's thesis. (765) EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN. (e) Laboratory tests were conducted to establish the relationships which control recirculation Field investigation; applied research. in an industrial cooling water system in HI To provide data for estimating reservoir which water is withdrawn from a river or losses and derive a general rule, applica- canal, heated and then returned to the river. ble to the Basin, permitting computation of The studies presupposed the exi stance of a evaporation from pans at six locations in skimmer wall structure across the intake Basin, together with standard meteorological canal and an underwater dam immediately readings downstream from the intake canal. The intake (h) Results published in monthly and annual and discharge canals were at right angles to bulletins, "Precipitation in Tennessee the river. River Basin" (Project 768). 188 (768) FRECIFITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN. of Soil and Water Conservation, Volume 17, No. 1, pp. 11-12, January-February 1962. d) Field investigation; basic research. "Evapotranspiratlon Research in Western e) A comprehensive study of rainfall and other North Carolina," by C. B. England and E. H. weather phenomena for purposes of water Lesesne, Agricultural Engineering, pp. 526- dispatching and improvements in water con- 528, September 1962. trol; storm studies as related to maximum precipitation, rainfall-runoff, spillway (3307) PARKER BRANCH PILOT WATERSHED RESEARCH design and operation, etc. PROJECT. (h) Monthly and annual bulletins, "Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin." (b) Project conducted in cooperation with North Carolina State College of Agriculture and (769) RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES. Engineering. (d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology d) Field investigation; basic research. of the watershed of an intensive farm de- e) Study of water utilization and water move- velopment program designed to give the ment as concerns industrial plant locations optimum economic well-being of the people and stream pollution. Variations in temper- using the land. Rainfall, runoff, suspended ature from surface to bottom in reservoirs and deposited sediment are observed, periodic throughout the year are determined by soils-land-use and inventories are made and soundings, and by continuous recording gages records of income summaries and public and in natural streams. private investments are maintained. (e) Project activities are divided into cali- (771) GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS. bration, action, and evaluation phases. (f) Agricultural economics portion of project d) Field investigations; design. terminated June 30, 1962; hydrologic portion

i e) Weirs are placed In main galleries and terminated September 30, 1962. drainage measured as check on tightness and (g) Results are summarized in annual reports on stability. the project. A final comprehensive report is 1 In preparation. (779) MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE VALLEY. (3308) WHITE HOLLOW WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau. (d) To study the effect of changes in the (d) Theoretical; applied research. vegetal cover on a watershed taken out of (e) Hydrometeorological analysis of large storms cultivation on the hydrologic factors of with upward adjustments of controlling runoff and soil erosion. factors to maximum limits as applied to the (e) Continuous record from 1935 of rainfall, Tennessee Valley and subdivisions. runoff, and suspended sediment, and period- (g) Results to be published as one of current ic determination of vegetal cover Indexes. series of hydrometeorological reports by (f) Trees have been marked for selective cutting the U.S.W.B. and cooperating agencies. which will be accomplished in 1963. (g) During the 24-year period 1935-1958, the (780) PERIODIC EVALUATION OF GROUND-WATER STORAGE. forest cover Improvement in the watershed resulted in greater watershed protection with, d) Theoretical; operation. no measurable change in water yield, no e) By analysis of current records of stream change in volume of either surface runoff discharge, the volumes of runoff in ground- or ground-water runoff, marked reduction in water and channel storage are determined for summer peak rates of discharge with lesser use in operation of multi-purpose reservoirs, reduction in winter rates, a prolongation of (g) Results reported monthly and weekly within the period of draining of surface runoff the orgainzation. from the channel system, and a 96 percent reduction in the sediment load. (785) SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS. (3309) PINE TREE BRANCH WATERSHED. (d) Field investigation; basic research. (e) Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed and (d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology sounded, volumetric samples are collected and of the watershed by reforestation and ero- analyzed, quantity and distribution of sedi- sion control measures. ment are computed to determine deposition by (e) Continuous record from 1941 of rainfall, stream, probable life of reservoir, effect runoff, ground water, and sediment loads. of sediment storage on navigation channels (f) Trees have been marked for selective cutting and sedimentation of down-stream reservoirs, which will be accomplished in 1963. and probable sedimentation in future reser- (g) During the 20-year period 1941-1960, the voirs . cover improvement and erosion control in the watershed resulted in a decrease in surface 3306) COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT IN WESTERN runoff volumes and an increase in ground- NORTH CAROLINA. water discharges, marked reductions in summer and winter peak flood discharges, a (b) Project conducted in cooperation with North reduction in overland surface velocities, a Carolina State College of Agriculture and prolongation of the period of draining of Engineering. surface runoff from the channel system, an (d) To determine water-land relationships for appreciable decrease in water yield, and a some of the principal soils used for agri- 96 percent reduction in sediment load. cultural purposes in western North Carolina (h) "Reforestation and Erosion Control Influences! under important vegetative covers. Obser- upon the Hydrology of the Pine Tree Branch vations include rainfall, runoff, soli- Watershed, 1941-1960," TVA Report. moisture, potential evapotranspiratlon, and actual evapotranspiratlon. (4011) NORTH FORK CITICO CREEK RESEARCH WATERSHED. (e) A statistically designed rotation of four covers on four small watersheds and a sepa- (b) Project conducted in cooperation with U.S. rate evaluation of deep-rooted crop on a Forest Service. fifth watershed. (d) Field investigation; basic research. (f) Field studies of the deep-rooted crop, (e) To determine the effects of normal, high- alfalfa, have been discontinued. standard National Forest Multiple-use (g) Results to date are summarized in annual management upon the hydrology of the area. reports on the project. Observations include rainfall, runoff, air (h) "Effects of Single Crop Covers on Runoff," and water temperature, and humidity. by C. B. England and E. H. Lesesne, Journal Timber inventories, soil surveys, wildlife

169 .

Inventories, and evaluations of soil dis- watersheds progressing to large watersheds. turbances will be made. Project activities Development of procedures to make data are divided Into calibration, development, usable In projecting effects from small and evaluation phases. watersheds to larger drainage areas and to (g) Results will be published in annual reports. transfer results of the study to ungaged A report covering the period June 1960 areas through September 1961 was published in (e) Four general types of land cover and use will April 1962 for distribution to cooperating be considered In the study of the watersheds agencies. that progress downstream from areas of several hundred acres through intermediate- (4884) UPPER BEAR CREEK EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT. sized watersheds to a drainage area of 143 square miles. (b) TVA Tributary Area Development project (f) Approximately half of the stream gaging cooperative with U. S. Forest Service and stations, sediment samplers, and ralngages Auburn University. were Installed by November 1962. The re- (d) Quantitative determination of the effect of maining installations will be completed over soil type, slope, and vegetative cover upon a period of several years. runoff, peak discharge, and erosion on small (g) Results will be published in annual reports.

190 .

H. G. ACRES & COMPANY LIMITED, Hydraulic Laboratory. optimum energy dissipation, (g) The results to date Indicate the feasibility Inquiries concerning the following projects should of a submersible sector gate with upstream be addressed to Mr. P. H. Jonker, Head, Hydraulic hinges. The maximum pressure fluctuation on Department, H. G. Acres and Company Limited, Con- the downstream skin plate was found to be sulting Engineers, Niagara Falls, Canada. approximately eight feet. This fluctuation can be decreased substantially by rounding (4446) DIVERSION TUNNEL MODEL TESTS FOR MANICOUAGAN the top section of the gate. This rounding NO. 2, HYDRO ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT. however resulted in large negative pressures which were found to be low enough to cause Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission. both cavitation and lifting of the gate. Experimental; design. Tests were continued on the 1:110 scale model (4555) MODEL TESTS OF A SUBMERSIBLE CONTROL GATE. of the diversion tunnels, to determine the most suitable shape and alignment of the Dominion Bridge Company Limited. conduits to ensure free flowing tunnels for Experimental; design. a wide range of discharges. The two tunnels Model tests were carried out on a 1:24 scale are required to pass 500,000 cords of logs model of a submersible, fish belly type, in a three-month period. Extensive tests control gate to determine: (1) The torque were carried out to study both the formation for various operating conditions; (2) the and the removal of log jams in these tunnels. nappe form; (3) the effectiveness of nappe Tests completed. aerations; (4) the magnitude and frequency 12 The test results indicated that log jams are of pressure fluctuations; and (5) the dis- likely to occur during low flows in locations charge rating curve of the final design. where the velocity is extremely low or where Completed. the velocity is reversed. It was found that 0 Report submitted to client. the intake and the bends in the alignment of the tunnel were potentially dangerous and that logs should be passed only when the flow exceeds a certain critical value. UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, Hydraulics Laboratory. (h) Reports in process of preparation. (4885) PIPE LINE TRANSPORT OF FLUIDIZED SOLIDS. (4552) FEASIBILITY STUDY OF DIVERSION TUNNEL CLOSURE BY BLASTING A ROCK PLUG INSIDE THE TUNNEL. University of Alberta. II) Mr. R. W. Ansley, Department of Civil Engrg., Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission. University of Alberta. Experimental; design. (d) Laboratory experiments In 1" and 2" diameter The feasibility of diversion tunnel closure pipes carrying solids water slurries. by blasting a section of the tunnel roof was (e) Study the effect of particle. size on the investigated in a 1:50 scale model. pipe line transport of fluidized solids. Completed. Laboratory experiments continuing. 13 The model tests indicated that the erosion on 12 Homogeneous slurries of fine mineral matter the downstream slope prevented the formation and water effectively decrease the critical of a stable rockfill section. This erosion velocity (the velocity at which solids was caused by both the seepage through settle on the pipe walls) for sand transport. rockfill and by the back surge of the flowing (h) "The Effect of Fines on the Pipeline Flow water in the tunnel. of Sand-Water Mixtures," C. D. D. Howard. (h) Report in preparation. M.Sc. Thesis, 1962.

(4553) MODEL TESTS OF A TWO-STAGE STILLING BASIN. (4886) ACTIVE BED-LOAD PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND REGIME SLOPE ANALYSIS IN A GRAVEL RIVER. (b) Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. (b) Alberta Government Dept. of Water Resources Experimental; design. and University of Alberta. The outflow from a flood control dam is (c) Mr. R. E. Bailey, Chief Engineer, Dept. of discharged by means of pipes or culverts. Water Resources, Government of Alberta. The energy of the high-velocity jets must be (d) Field experiments; basic and applied reseaich dissipated to prevent scour of the river master's thesis. Minor supplementary lab. valley downstream. Tests were performed on experiments. a 1:57.6 scale model to determine the (e) Study stone size distribution in active dimensions of a two-stage stilling basin. portion of river bed gravel. Verify Completed. practical applicability of regime slope The model test indicated the importance of formula analysis to steep reaches of gravel providing suitable piers between the indi- river during low flow. Test utility of such vidual culverts discharging into the primary analysis for future geomorphic surveys. stilling basin. The dimensions of both the Regime analyses to be extended as routine to primary and the secondary stilling basins were other rivers. determined experimentally In the model. The (g) Active gravel bed found to have logarithmic model test indicated that all major dimensions normal grain size distribution. Tentative of the stilling basin were determined by the rule suggested for determining median size asymmetrical flow conditions which occur when of active portion of total gravel. Approxi- only one or two of the culverts were opera- mate relation obtained between bed factor ting. at vanishingly small bed-load charge and (h) Report submitted to client. median size of active gravel portion. Regime slope analysis at low discharge (4554) MODEL TESTS OF A SUBMERSIBLE SECTOR GATE. found satisfactory under certain limitations of slope and discharge and size of gravel (h) Manitoba Department of Agriculture and Con- relative to depth. servation. (h) "Regime Relations in a Gravel Reach of the Experimental; design. Red Deer River, Alberta," by M. A. Qureshi, A submersible sector gate with a diameter of M.Sc. thesis 1962. Copies obtainable from 42 feet was tested in a 1:50 scale model to item (c) determine the relative merits of submersible gates of this size using upstream or downstream hinges. The test program included the determination of the discharge characteristics, UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Hydraulics Lab. the location of zones of low pressure, the magnitude and frequency of pressure fluctua- (4451) HEAD LOSS IN SPHERICAL WYES, tions on the downstream skin plate and the design of the downstream bucket to give (b) Laboratory project. 191 (c) Dr. E. Ruus, Dept. of Civil Engineering, system may be suggested. University of British Columbia. f) Temporarily suspended. d) Applied research. g) The mechanism of air entralnment has been

i e) The spherical wye due to its small di- studied and tests have revealed the best mensions is particularly suitable as a wye- position for some of the vents. branch in large penstocks under high head. (h) Interim report to be submitted in February A Luclte model was constructed to measure the 1963. head losses in the spherical wye. The inside diameters of the main pipe, the sphere and the branch pipes were 5 1/4, 5.85 and 3 3/4 inch respectively. The angle between THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO, branches was 90 degrees. Several modifi- Hydraulic Model Laboratory. cations of the wye, such as tapered outlets and rounded corners were tested. Inquiries concerning the following projects should (g) Report in preparation. be addressed to Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer, Hydraulic Generation Department, 620 University (4507) NEW HIGHWAY BRIDGE OVER THE COLUMBIA RIVER Avenue, Toronto 2, Ontario, Canada. AT KINNAIRD, BRITISH COLUMBIA. (3324) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - OGDENSBURG TO (b) Hydraulic laboratory studies cooperative IRISHMAN'S POINT. with Choukalos, Woodbum and Mckenzie, Ltd., Consulting Engineers, Vancouver, B.C., for (b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of the the Department of Highways, Province of State of New York. British Columbia. (d) Experimental; for design, development and (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engrg., operation. Univ. of British Columbia, Canada. (e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of St. Lawrence (d) Experimental project to aid in the design of River between Ogdensburg and Lelshman's the pier foundations and the rock protection Point, a distance of 16.1 miles, was con- for the river bed around the piers. structed to determine the design of channel (e) A model of one of the piers was investigated. enlargements, the location of the Iroquois It was proposed to support the pier pedestals Control Dam and a plan of river control on a pile grillage driven into the river bed. during construction of the St. Lawrence Special features in the geometry of the Power Project. The locations and conditions proposed piers, combined with their skewness for a series of six ice booms for ice con- with the flow, made it necessary to investi- trol were determined. gate flow patterns along with potential river- (f) Work is essentially completed but model Is bed scour. The model pier (scale 1:100) was still active. installed in the large concrete flume In the (g) Channel enlargements were developed which hydraulic laboratory, and rested on a bed of met the criteria stipulated by the Inter- sand of suitable grade. Various flows, and national Joint Commission with respect to corresponding water depths, including a flood navigation and ice-forming velocities and having a probable recurrence interval of the seaway navigation channel was located. 1,000 years, were Imposed. The optimum arrangements and location for f) Completed. the Iroquois Control Dam was determined. A g) The study provided the consulting engineers plan of river control during construction with the information they required. was developed. Log booms for ice control (h) A report was submitted to the Consulting have been successful since their installa- Engineers, and copies were forwarded to the tion in the prototype. Bridge Engineer's Office, Department of Highways, Province of British Columbia. (3325) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - OGDEN ISLAND REACH.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of the fcCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE, Department of Civil Engineering. State of New York. (d) Experimental; for design, development and {4043) STUDY OF THE RELIABILITY AND OPERATION OF operation. BACK-WATER VALVES ON PLUMBING SYSTEMS (e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. AGAINST FLOODING BY PUBLIC SEWERS. Lawrence River reproducing 7.9 miles of the river between the towns of Iroquois and (b) City of Montreal, City Planning Department, Morrisburg, was constructed to determine the Inspection Division. design of channel enlargements and a plan of (c) Professor Raymond Boucher, Director, Hydro- river control during construction of the St. dynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, Lawrence Power Project. 2500 Marle-Guyard Avenue, Montreal 26, fl Work is completed and model removed, Quebec, Canada. ! g) Channel enlargements were developed which d) Experimental; applied research. met the Ice-forming criteria stipulated by

f e) A full scale three-story plumbing system International Joint Commission and a satis- has been erected In the Hydrodynamics factory Seaway Navigation channel was Laboratory of Ecole Polytechnique. The located. A plan of river control during diameter of the pluvial column, the soil construction was developed. stack and the drain is 4 inches. The drain has many sections of pyrex glass to permit (3326) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - DEWATERING AND observations at critical points. A system CLOSURE AREA. of valves and of cross-connections on the vents lends to various combinations of tests. (b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of the The back-water valves have a transparent State of New York. lucite cover to enable visual observations. (d) Experimental; for design, development, and As air entralnment seems to have a great operation. importance on the venting capacity, the rate (e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. of air entrained in the vertical columns is Lawrence River reproducing 13.8 miles from measured at the inlet by means of a hot- Cat Island to below the powerhouses was con- wire air-meter. Various flooding conditions structed to develop plans for dewaterlng the of the public sewers are simulated by a tank Long Sault Dam and the powerhouse and to in which the water level can be controlled investigate conditions during the various by gate valves. This research is aimed at stages of their construction. determining whether back-water valves can f) Work is completed and model removed. offer home dwellers a reliable protection g) Dewaterlng diversion channels were designed against flooding due to any overload of in detail and a plan of construction develop- combined sewers. If this method is not ed to preserve the necessary water levels —satisfactory^ an improved design of plumbing for existing navigation and ensure adequate 192 discharge capacity in the various stages of intakes along the Canadian shore of the construction. Velocities in the Seaway river above the Palls. The sequence of con- Channel were also investigated. The Power struction of these works and the conditions Pool filling operation was investigated in during their construction were determined detail. in the model. Rating of the structure under cofferdammed conditions was obtained. An (3333) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - TAILRACE AREA. echo- sounding survey with electronic fixing was made in the field in 1962 and portions Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of the of the model re-contoured. Certain river State of New York. improvements were designed and executed to Experimental; for design. assist in the passage of ice floes. Si A 1:160 x 1:80 scale model reproducing 2.5 miles of the St. Lawrence River from above (4453) LITTLE LONG GENERATING STATION INTAKE MODEL. the powerhouses to below Polly's Gut, has been constructed to develop the design of an (b) Ontario Hydro. economic tailrace improvement and a suitable (d) Experimental; for design. dewatering scheme. (e) A 1:36 scale model of a bell-mouthed water Work is completed and model removed. passage from the dam to the circular pen- 0 An economic tailrace enlargement was develop- stock and scroll case was built. The con- ed in the model . A cof f erdammlng plan to figuration of the bell mouth was determined dewater much of the enlargement area was and the design of the bay-window type trash devised and the velocities at various stages racks upstream of the dam face. Piezometer observed. A plan for disposal of dredged tap locations were investigated for future material behind a dyke adjacent to the work prototype Gibson test efficiency tests. area was developed. (f) Work is completed and model removed.

(3643) HEADGATE MODEL. (4454) ONTARIO POWER GENERATING STATION INTAKE AND WEIR MODEL. Ontario Hydro. Experimental; as applied research. (b) Ontario Hydro. A 1:24 scale model of the St. Lawrence (d) Experimental; for design and operation. powerhouse headgate and inlet water passage (e) A 1:50 scale model was built of the Ontario was built to investigate the hydraulic forces Power outer forebay intake wall and a on gates with upstream and downstream skin portion of the downstream training wall and plates under conditions of horizontal and overflow weir, which are a part of the sloping floors and submerged and free extension to the Niagara River additional discharge conditions. remedial works. The design of the weir and Work is completed and model removed. wall as developed In the distorted Niagara 12 A series of curves was developed from which Model was checked in this natural scale model hydraulic downpull forces may be determined (f) Work is completed but model is still active. for several types of gates and gate Installations for use in preliminary designs. (4455) ARROW LAKES DAM - COLUMBIA RIVER.

(3644) OTTER RAPIDS GENERATING STATION MODEL. b) British Columbia Power Commission, dj Experimental; for design and operation, Ontario Hydro. e) An 1:80 scale model of the Arrow Lakes and Experimental; for design. dam and environs was built to determine the A 1:72 scale comprehensive model of the detailed location and adequacy of the water sluiceways, powerhouse and upstream and passages in a concrete structure and the downstream river channels has been con- energy-dissipating works necessary to ensure structed to determine the dewatering the protection of an associated earth dam. arrangement for construction, velocities at A 1:50 scale model was tested in a flume to and along cofferdams, height location and determine the hydraulic design of the tunnel slope of high water channel sluiceway train- ports in the concrete structure and to de- ing walls, the rating of the diversion ports velop the associated energy-dissipating work., and the sluiceways and the tailrace channel Rating of these ports was obtained as well as! enlargement. the hydraulic loadings on the port gates. A Work is completed and model removed. 1:60 scale model of one of the four sluice- 13 The dewatering plans were developed and ways is being tested in the flume to determi tested in the model. The calibration and the rating of the sluice and the hydraulic performance of the four tunnel diversion loadings on the sluice gate. Piezometers ara ports for use during construction were being used to determine under varying condi- determined. The design and operational use tions of flow, the rollway pressures as well of the sluiceways in the high water channel as the pressures at selected locations in tha were tested. energy-dissipating bucket and associated tooth-like projections of the dissipator. (4026) NIAGARA RIVER MODEL. (4508) LITTLE LONG MAIN DAM MODEL. (b) Ontario Hydro. id) Experimental; for design and operation, Ontario Hydro. (e) An existing 1:250 x 1:50 scale model Experimental; for design and operation. reproducing five miles of the Niagara River A 1:80 natural scale model was constructed from Buckhorn Island to below the Cataracts of the main dam containing two submerged is being used to determine the operational tunnel ports and five sluiceways with characteristics of the Niagara River Control staggered sill elevations. Discharge capa- Structure under developed conditions. This cities of these components were determined model was previously used to investigate as well as several schemes of closure in the remedial works necessary for the Preser- raising the head pond. Conditions down- vation and Enhancement of Niagara Falls and stream of the structure at several access for the location of the intakes and neces- bridge piers were studied. sary river improvements of both Ontario (f) Work is essentially completed, but model is Hydro and the Power Authority of the State still active. of New York. To fully realize the terms of the 1950 Niagara Treaty, additional remedial (4509) HARMON GENERATING STATION MODEL. works have been designed. These include a five-gate extension to the existing 13-gate Ontario Hydro. control structure as well as a system con- Experimental; for design and operation. taining an upstream accelerating wall, a A 1:80 natural scale model was constructed downstream training wall and overflow weir of the main dam, two submerged ports and two for the safe passage of ice past the various sluiceways. A diversion channel was 193 . . .

designed with associated cofferdams for use (4459) DUNCAN LAKE PROJECT. during construction. Capacities of ports and sluices were determined. Location of (b) Montreal Engineering and B.C.P.C. downstream access bridge piers was deter- (dj Experimental; design. mined. A ski-Jump type energy dlsslpator (e) A 1/48 scale model used to study the best for the sluiceways was also designed, design of the outlet works for the diversion (f) Model Is still active. tunnels and of the downstream discharge channel in order to minimize erosion, ensure (4510) DOUGLAS POINT CIRCULATION MODEL. stability of the structures and prevent deposition of material near the tallrace of (b) Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. the powerhouse, (dj Experimental; for operation. fj Completed. (e) A 1:100 vertically and 1:500 horizontally h) Report submitted to sponsor. scale model was constructed of an area one- and-a-half miles by three miles of Lake (4513) MEILLEUR - ATLANTIOUE. SEWAGE REGULATOR. Huron in the vicinity of the Douglas Point nuclear plant intake and outfall. The cir- (bj City of Montreal, culation of the cooling water from the (dj Theoretical; design. outfall with respect to the intake was (e) Study of a flow meter for domestic and flood investigated with littoral drifts of differ- waters combined with an automatic sewage ent velocities and opposite directions, as regulator. well as no drift. The regulator Includes upstream and downstream water level controls, (4511) CLAIREVILLE DAM MODEL. fj Completed.

i h) Report submitted to sponsor. (b) Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. (4514) DRAINAGE OF THE SOUTH WATERSHED OF THE CITY (d) Experimental j for design OF MONTREAL. (e) A 1:40 natural scale model of the dam and its environs was built and the capacity and (b) City of Montreal, rating of the five sluiceways determined. (dj Theoretical; design. Schemes of various energy dissipators were (e) Hydraulic study of a new sewer network investigated and a design recommended. draining the domestic and flood waters of (f) Work is complete, but model is still active. the southern watershed of the Town of (g) Sluiceway capacity was determined and a Montreal scheme of energy dissipation -developed. Provision has been made for the future purification of domestic water,

(4512) WESTERLY WATER PURIFICATION PLANT MODEL. f ) Completed.

; h) Report submitted to sponsor. (bj The municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, (dj Experimental; for design. (4515) ANTHES - IMPERIAL PIPE. (e) A 1:8 plastic model of one of the bays of a water purification plant is being constructed. (bj Anthes Imperial, It contains the main manifold with its assoc- (dj Experimental. iated laterals and the filter and backwash (ej Full scale measurements of the friction coef- cycles will be checked to ensure as uniform ficient of a 6-inch pipe coated with special a distribution of flow as possible through paint intended to protect the pipe the lateral beds. This will be accomplished Results were extrapolated to include larger by experimenting with the size of the and smaller pipe sizes. openings in the main manifold. f) Completed. (f) Model is under construction. h; Report submitted to sponsor.

(4516) GROS CACOUNA HARBOUR. iLASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY LTD. (b) Public Works Department. (dj Theoretical and experimental: design. (4456) VELOCITY AND DIRECTION OF CURRENT RECORDER, (e) A study of the arrival of waves In the harbour was carried out by using wave dia- bj Laboratory Project. grams. Then a 1/100 scale model was built

i d) Experimental - development of instrument for to study the protection of the harbour hydrographic and oceanographic research for against penetration of swell, acquisition of datum in computable form f Completed. j (punched tape) h) Report submitted to sponsor. (e) Recording of velocity by impulse counter for propeller type current-meter. Recording of (4517) MONTREAL - SOREL SHIP CHANNEL. direction by reading an encoder monitorized by a marine compass. Instrument must be: (bl Department of Transport. 1) rugged, 2) simple and easy to maintain, (dj Theoretical and experimental: design. 3) very low power drain for long periods, (e) Two models representing a section of the (recording up to 6 months under ice), St. Lawrence River from Laprairie Basin (g) Prototype routine tests equivalent to 2 years including Montreal Harbour to Sorel Islands without failure have been carried out. Tests were built at a scale 1/150 vertically and at sea expected to be carried out in 1963. 1/600 horizontally. Depth up to 2000 feet. Patent pending. The purpose of the model was to study the improvement of navigation in this section of (4458) PEACE RIVER - PORTAGE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT. the St. Lawrence River.

(b) British Columbia Electric and I.P.E.C. (4518) BAY OF FUNDY. (dj Theoretical and experimental; design, (e) A 1/100 scale model was constructed to de- (b) New Brunswick Government, termine the practicability of the hydraulic (dj Theoretical: design. design of the three diversion tunnels pro- (e) Study carried out in collaboration with posed. H. G. Acres and The Foundation Engineering of Studies include: approach channel, intake Canada. tunnels, discharge capacity, energy dissi- The aim of this study was to appraise the pating works with movable bed and coffer- possibilities of tidal power in the Bay of damming of the river, Fundy.

f ) Completed. f ) Completed.

h) Reports submitted to sponsor. ! g) Report submitted to sponsor.

194 ... (4519) SWIFT RAPIDS LOCK. (g) It was found from the model study that the originally proposed excavation could be (b) Department of Transport. reduced by 55,000 cubic yards, without re- (d) Theoretical and experimental; design. ducing the hydraulic effectiveness of the e A 1/20 scale model of this lock, which forms channel improvements. part of the Trent River navigation facilities, (h) "Fairford River Channel Improvements" Report was used to determine filling and emptying No. 1, Hydraulics Laboratory, University of conditions, intake and outlet flow charac- Manitoba. teristics as well as the hydraulic flow conditions along the whole water conducting (4546) SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION. circuit 00 Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration, (4520) MANICOUAGAN POWER PLANT SITE 5 BOTTOM Regina. OUTLETS. (d) Experimental project to determine nature of deposition of sediment. Quebec Hydroelectric Commission. (e) The upper 80 miles of the South Saskatchewan Theoretical; design. Reservoir were reproduced as a length ratio Hydraulic design of the bottom outlet intended of 1:15,000; a width ratio of 1:1500; and a to work under a maximum head of 500 feet. The depth ratio of 1:40; resulting in a model major design criterion was to avoid cavitation. that was 30 feet long, 4 feet wide and 3 feet deep. The model was operated in accordance (4521) MANICOUAGAN POWER PLANT SITE 5 BOTTOM with the prototype fluctuations in discharge, OUTLETS sediment transport and reservoir level. The purpose of the tests was to study the pattern Quebec Hydroelectric Commission. of deposition in longitudinal direction. Experimental; design. Testing is completed on deposition of sand. A 1/60 scale model was built to study the The model is now being used for tests in the best design of the bottom outlet with regard deposition pattern of sand and silt, which to the erosion downstream of the structures. are simulated in the model by sand and grains This model is also used for pressure measure- of plastic. ments on the structures. (g) It was found that the slope of the delta surface between the upper and lower reservoir (4522) BRAZEAU OUTLET WORKS. levels approximates the slope of the river bed. The slope below is substantially steeper. (b) Dominion Bridge. The slope above follows the backwater curve (d) Experimental; design. towards normal depth. (e) Study on a 1/36 scale model of the hydraulic "South Saskatchewan River Reservoir Sedi- forces and possibility of vibration of the mentation," by R. W. Newbury. Part require- gate during the starting operations of the ment for degree of M.Sc. from University of turbine - pump. Manitoba. Forces and vibrations are directly measured by force transducers. (4549) RED RIVER FLOODWAY OUTLET MODEL. (4523) PERFORATED BREAKWATERS. w Water Control Branch, Province of Manitoba and H. G. Acres and Company, Niagara Falls. Laboratory project. (d) Experimental project to aid in the design of Basic research. the outlet structure of the Red River Flood- Theoretical and model study of swell re- way. flexion against vertical perforated break- (e) The lower end of the Floodway, the fixed-crest waters. Comparison with Clapotis and Rubble drop structure and the junction with the Red Mound breakwaters reflective action. River channel were reproduced at a horizontal scale of 1:100 and a vertical scale of 1:100, (4524) CARILLON POWER PLANT SCOURS DOWNSTREAM OF resulting in a model of 30 x 60 feet. Dif- THE SPILLWAY. ferent designs of the drop structure and different plans of excavation were investigated ft)) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission. for different discharges In order to find the Id) Experimental; operation. most economical design that would keep ve-

I e 1 Tests on the 1/110 scale general model have locities below erosive capacity. The bed been carried out to reproduce scours found material was uniform sand with a diameter of downstream of the prototype spillway and approximately 1 mm. which seemed to be due to a geological fault Test completed. in the rock. Test indicated that the drop structure could An operating programme has to be recommended be designed much simpler than was originally in order to avoid further scours. proposed. The tail race channel between the drop- structure and the Red River will be of approximately the same dimensions as the Floodway, while the side slopes will be UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA, Hydraulics Laboratory. protected by rip rap. (h) Report under preparation. Inquiries concerning the following projects should be addressed to Professor E. Kuiper, Department of (4550) RED RIVER FLOODWAY INLET MODEL. Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Fort Carry, Manitoba, Canada. Water Control Branch, Province of Manitoba. Experimental project to aid in the design of (4547) FAIRFORD RIVER CHANNEL IMPROVEMENTS. the Inlet works of the Red River Floodway. (e) The upper end of the Floodway, the control (b) Water Control Branch, Province of Manitoba. dam with drum gates, and two miles of Red (d) Experimental project to aid in the design of River Channel were reproduced at a horizontal the most economical channel improvements. scale of 1:120 and a vertical scale of 1:60, (e) The channel excavation at the Fairford River, resulting in a model of 40 x 160 feet. Dif- where it drains Lake Manitoba, is part of an ferent designs of the floodway inlet and dif- engineering project to control the levels of ferent plans of rip rap protection were investi- Lake Manitoba. The purpose of the model gated for different discharges. Tests were study was to determine how the hydraulic also conducted with surface ice (cakes of wai) effectiveness of the channel design could be to determine the likelihood of an ice Jam at improved. The model had a horizontal scale the point of intake. of 1:1200 and a vertical scale of 1:36 and Tests completed. included approximately 5000 feet of river 13 Tests indicated the most satisfactory ele- channel vation and width of the floodway entrance; and (~f) Completed. the extent of rip rap required downstream- of 195 . .

the control dam. (4465) SPILLWAY. (h) Report under preparation. Shawinlgan Engineering Co., Ltd., Montreal. (4551) MEANDERING OF ALLUVIAL RIVERS. Experimental; for design data. A 1/60 scale model of a side channel spill- University of Manitoba. way, designed to pass flood water about a IS! Basic research In the hydraulics laboratory proposed power plant, was used to verify the towards a masters degree. spillway capacity and study flow conditions (e) Collecting pertinent Information from the downstream of the powerhouse. A number of literature and foreign hydraulic laboratories. modifications were made to reduce turbulence. Verifying some of this Information under the Completed. presently available laboratory conditions. Ill A report has been Issued to the sponsor. Pursuing the investigation into areas that are ill understood such as the helicoidal (4466) AIR BUBBLERS. movement of water and sediment in riverbends. (f) Recently started. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; field investigations. (e) Laboratory experiments have been performed to determine the circulation Induced by air MCGILL UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering bubblers in homogeneous and stratified water. and Applied Mechanics. Field measurements have been made in two Arctic inlets in which air bubblers were (4545) BREAKUP OF SOLITARY WAVE. operating. (g) Additional field measurements with Improved Laboratory project. equipment will be taken during the freeze- Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engineering up period in the Fall of 1962 to obtain a and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, better understanding of the dynamics and Montreal 2, P.Q., Canada. energy budget in an Artie inlet. Experimental; basic research. (h) "Winter Regime of a Tidal Inlet in the Artie H) Examination of disintegration of a solitary and the Use of Air Bubbler for the Protection wave in shallow water on encountering deep of Dock Structures", by S. Ince. Paper was water. presented to the Eighth Conference on Coastal Engineering in Mexico City, November 5-9, (4546) CAVITATION AT HIGH -HEAD SLUICE GATES. 1962.

Laboratory project. (4525) FORMATION OF ICE IN RIVERS. 8) Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of' Civil Engrg. and Applied Mechanics, McGill Univ., Montreal 2, (b) Laboratory project. P. Q., Canada. (dj Experimental; field Investigations. (d) Experimental; applied research, for Master's (e) Temperature measurements were taken at a degree number of locations in the St. Lawrence River (e) Study of pressure fluctuations on wall behind below Kingston, during the Winter and early an obstruction which produces cavitation. Spring of 1961-62, to obtain information on the heat losses. (g) Improved temperature measuring equipment has been installed at 15 locations in the St. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical Lawrence River between Kingston and Sorel, Engineering. and water temperatures will be obtained at approximately bi-weekly intervals during the Inquiries concerning the following projects should winter of 1962-63. be addressed to Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director, (h) "A Preliminary Temperature Survey of the St. Division of Mechanical Engineering, National Researcn Lawrence River from Kingston to Beauharnois, Council, Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. February 22-24, 1961" Internal Memoranda HY-8 and HY-42 "A Note on the Density Structure cf (4047) BAIE COMEAU, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. the St. Lawrence River at Kingston," by S. Ince, have been prepared. (b) Department of Public Works, Canada, id) Experimental; for design. (4526) CHANDLER HARBOUR WHARF. (e) This harbour is located on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence where it is ex- (b) Department of Public Works, Canada. posed to strong wave action. A new design (d) Experimental; for design data. of perforated vertical -wall breakwater, de- (e) A scale model of a wharf, protected by a veloped in the laboratory, is being con- rock-filled breakwater, was tested in a wave structed as a 1000-ft. extension to an ex- flume to determine the stability in waves. isting wharf. Field data on waves and The tests showed that some modifications to stresses in the perforated wall are being the original design were desirable. obtained in co-operation with the Division Completed. of Building Research. fa A new control was made for a flap-type wave- (g) The breakwater extension is nearing comple- maker so that waves of constant height but tion and wave recording equipment is being random frequency could be generated. The ef- installed. fect of random frequency waves on the break- (h) A report will be prepared when wave and stress water was different from groups of waves of data are available. constant frequency. (h) Design data have been issued to the sponsor. (4464) RUSTICO HARBOUR, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. (4527) TIDE PROPAGATION IN AN ESTUARY. (b) Department of Public Works, Canada. (d) Experimental for design. Laboratory project. (e) This harbour is located in an area of strong Theoretical and experimental littoral drift and, as a result, the entrance A study of the tide range in the lower Fraser is subject to shoaling. The main problem is River indicated that it was greatly Influenced to stabilize the width and increase the depth by a number of restrictions, many of which had of the approach channel. A 1:150 by 1:30 been constructed to increase local depths. .It tidal wave model, using crushed bakelite as has been proposed that it would be preferable a bed material, has been constructed to study to remove a number of these restrictions and remedial measures, rely on the increased flushing action of the (g) A preliminary design of control structure has tides to maintain the channels. A 1:1440 by been made and tests are continuing to study 1:144 fixed-bed model of the entire tidal the final details. area is being constructed to study the effect

196' 4

of removing certain restrictions and making the geological conditions found In southern other improvements. Ontario. (s) The model is nearing completion. (g) The resistivity method was successfully used in investigation of a pre-glacial valley as (4528) EFFECT OF EARTH'S ROTATION ON RIVER FLOW, a possible source of ground water. (h) "Resistivity Survey of the Twelve and Laboratory project. Sixteen Mile Creek Watersheds" by G. Wessels. Theoretical and experimental. M.S. A. thesis on file In Massey Library, Considerations of gravity and Coriolis forces Ontario Agricultural College. acting in fast-flowing, straight rivers of small slope indicate that considerable (3660) RAINFALL-DEPTH -AREA-INTENSITY RELATIONSHIPS spiral flow is possible. Measurements with IN CENTRAL ONTARIO. directional current meters in a section of the St. Lawrence River confirmed this. A Laboratory project. small rotating table is being constructed to i Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural study flow in channels in a rotating system. College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Field investigation; applied research. A dense network of standard and recording rain gages has been established in the Guelph ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. area with the cooperation of the Meteorololcg ical Branch, Department of Transport. The (2492) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS. network is over an area of approximately 12 square miles with an average gage density of Laboratory project. 1 per square mile. The purpose of this study Prof. D. F. Wither spoon, Ontario Agricultural is to obtain detailed information on summer College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. precipitation characteristics for use in the Experimental; applied research. hydrologic design for small drainage basins. The relationship of precipitation and snow- Analysis of data shows that for 8 years melt to runoff characteristics on four water- intensity-frequency relationships are diffeib sheds of 20 acres each, under various land from nearby stations with longer record. use practices, is being evaluated. (g) Winter surface runoff from watersheds with (3662 POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND CONSUMPTIVE good grass-legume cover is greater than from USE OF WATER BY CROPS. watersheds plowed during the winter season. Negligible surface runoff from watershed in Laboratory project. trees and pasture. Dr. K. M. King, Department of Soils, Ontario (h) Discussion by D. F. Witherspoon "Hydrologic Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Can. Design of Culverts" by Ven T. Chow. Journ. Field investigations; basic research. of Hydraulics Paper No. 3071, March 1962, The purpose of this investigation is to evali published in Proc. ASCE Vol. 88 HY5, Sept. ate the factors influencing evapotranspiratin 1962. by the use of a specially designed floating lysimeter. Study is being conducted on the (2740) MAIN TILE DRAIN SIZES FOR COMPOSITE DRAINAGE effect of soil moisture on the heat budget OF BR00KST0N CLAY SOIL. and evapotranspiration for crops. (g Data analysis is continuing. Laboratory project. 81 Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural (4052 COVER MATERIALS FOR TILE DRAINS. College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Field investigation; applied research. Laboratory project. HI Discharge measurements from lateral tile B Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural Colleg drains in Brookston clay soil are being made Guelph, Ontario, Canada. to determine the proper drainage coefficient (.* Experimental and field investigation; applied to use in the design of main tile drains and research. to determine the effect of lateral tile (e This study is being made to determine the drain spacing on the drainage rate. Two effect of several cover materials on soil additional lateral drains were installed in movement and water discharged into a tile the fall of 1960. drain. Laboratory studies of some relatively (g) Preliminary frequency analyses have been made new glass fiber materials have been completed on runoff data collected over a 5-year period. and a field experiment based on those results was installed in the fall of 1960. (3363) HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC SOIL. (g Yearly sampling of sediment from drains at th field experimental site are being continued Laboratory project. but no conclusions can be drawn as yet. • 13 Prof. R. W. Irwin, Ontario Agricultural (h "Cover Materials for Tile Drains," by F. R. College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Hore and H. C. Tiwari. Can. Agric. Eng. Vol Field investigation; applied research. No. 1, Jan. 1962. IS! The study is being carried out to establish criteria to be used in the development and (4053 THE WATER YIELD OF SWAMP AREAS. operation of a water control program for organic soils. In the investigation, an Laboratory project. attempt will be made to establish a hydro- B Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural logic water balance for the field area by College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. measuring, recording, and analyzing so far Field investigation; Master's thesis. as possible the evaporation, seepage, tran- A watershed of approximately 900 acres con- spiration, precipitation, water table ele- taining a swamp area Is being studied to vation and ground water discharge through determine the relationship between watershed tile drains. characteristics and water yield. Data collection continuing. Discontinued. is! Thesis in preparation. Analysis of three years data of rainfall runoff and water levels In the study water sha (3658) THE RESISTIVITY METHOD OF GROUND WATER shows the swamp to be a result of a ground PROSPECTING. water outcrop. (h "Relationship of Ground Water Levels to Laboratory project. StreamfloM from a Swamp" by R. K. Rai. K.SA ft) Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural thesis on file In Massey Library. Ontario College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Agricultural College. Field investigation; applied research. The objective is to Investigate the appli- (4054 RUNOFF FROM FLA1 LAND. cation of the resistivity method to subsurface exploration for ground water under 4u Laooratory ^project in ^cooperation with Water 1*7 . .. ..

Resources Division, Department of Northern (c) Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ., Affairs and National Resources. Kingston, Ont., Canada. (c) Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural (d) Laboratory investigation but to almost full- College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. size scale. Field investigation; applied research. (e) The head losses associated with two-phase 81 Several 2 to 10 square mile flat watersheds flow of wood-chips and water. of fine-textured soils are to be studied to (g) Wood-chips pumped through 400 ft. of 4" line determine the relationship between precipi- with good success. tation, snowmelt, watershed characterisltcs (h) "An Introduction to Aqueous Hydraulic and runoff. Hydrologic data on this type of Conveyance of Solids in Pipe-lines," by Dr. watershed is being sought for the establish- A. Brebner, Queen's Civil Engineering Report ment of criteria for the design of hydraulic No. 21. (Available from (c).) structures. The Installation of gaging stations and the survey of watershed bounda- (4468) CRITERIA FOR THE INCIDENCE OF TURBULENCE. ries is continuing. National Research Council. (4055) EVAPORATION FROM A SNOW SURFACE. Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Queen's Univ., Kinston, Ont., Canada. Laboratory project. Basic research. 81 Prof. D. F. Wltherspoon, Ontario Agricultural It] An apparatus to produce plane Couette flow College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. is used. Both shear Intensity and distance Field investigation; applied research. between boundaries are independently variable 8i Snow evaporation will be measured from a floating lysimeter and basic equations for (4529) THE STABILITY OF RUBBLE MOUND FOUNDATIONS the heat budget over a snow surface will FOR VERTICAL BREAKWATERS. be developed for estimating snow evaporation and snowmelt. These data will be used in a National Research Council of Canada. water balance for experimental watersheds in 81 Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ., the Guelph area. Ontario, Canada. (g) Equipment has been designed and constructed. Applied research to model scales.

Data will be collected during 1962-63. I To establish criteria for the stability of rubble mound foundation subjected to wave (4467) DRAIN FLOW STUDIES. action Discontinued. Laboratory project. 8! 8th International Congress on Coastal Engrg., 8! Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural Mexico City, November 1962, or Queen's Civil College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Engineering Report No. 23. (Available from Experimental; basic research and development. (c).) 81 The object of this research is to study the fundamental nature of flow through multiple (4530) THE VERTICAL PUMPING OF MINE PRODUCTS. openings in an underdrain with the view towards development of satisfactory design Ontario Mining Association. criteria for the openings. 8) Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ., Inactive Kingston, Ontario, Canada. A review of literature has been made and a Applied research In laboratory. few preliminary investigations have been made 8! To establish co-relation between head losses in the laboratory. in vertical pumping and particle size, specific gravity, concentration, etc. (g) Work commencing. QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY AT KINGSTON, Hydraulic Laboratories UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Department of Mechanical (3364) LITTORAL DRIFT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE Engineering. HARBOURS ON THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE ONTARIO. (1298) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEIR-TYPE The National Research Council of Canada. SPILLWAYS. 81 Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory project. Experimental and field; basic and applied. 8! Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, 8! Field and laboratory: 3-dimensional model Toronto 5, Canada. of Cobourg Harbour. (d) Experimental; applied research for master's (h) "A Model Investigation of Cobourg Harbour," theses by B. Le Mehaute and J. I. Collins, Queen's (e) A long-term research carried out with a view Civil Engineering Report No. 17. to systematizing discharge characteristics "Wind and Waves at Cobourg, Lake Ontario," for spillways having various pier spacings by A. Brebner and B. Le Mehaute, Cueen's and proportions. Civil Engineering Report No. 19 (Available (f) A computer project is being undertaken to from (c).) review all numerical work and to utilize "On the Accuracy of Various Methods of Pre- appropriate statistical procedures in the dicting Wave Climates for Limited Fetches," function-fitting. by Dr. A. Brebner, Queen's Civil Engineering (g) Significant correlations obtained via special Report No. 22. (Available from (c).) plotting techniques. (h) Report in preparation. (3666) CRITICAL MASS-TRANSPORT VELOCITIES FOR PARTICLES OF VARIOUS SIZES. (3003) ROUGHNESS PHENOMENA IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW. The National Research Council of Canada. Laboratory project. 81 Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ., 8i Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Toronto 5, Canada. (d) Experimental laboratory investigation for (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research doctoral thesis by J. I. Collins. for doctoral thesis. (e) Work extended in an attempt to uncover (e) Critical analysis of the hydraulic radius relationships for superposed currents on concept and the effect of cross-section mass transport characteristics. geometry on the resistance to flow in con- If) Inactive duits. Detailed evaluation of mean flow parameters such as friction coefficients, (4057) THE TRANSPORT OF LOGS OR SUSPENDED SOLIDS static pressures, velocities, and wall shear THROUGH PIPELINES. stresses. The channel under study was 70 feet long and had a variable rectangular (b) The National Research Council of Canada. cross-section of 3 x 1, 3, 9 inches, 198 respectively, and used air as the fluid medium. (h) "Pressure Distribution on a Cube Immersed in f) First project completed. a Boundary Layer," by G. H. Robertson, g) Friction coefficients plotted as function of M.A.Sc. thesis, University of Toronto, May bulk Reynolds number exhibit a trend similar 1962. to but not identical with the circular pipe "Effect of Velocity Distribution on Wind Load resistance law. The local velocities on a Tall Building," by W. D. Baines, Dept. correlate well in the form of the inner law of Mechanical Engineering Technical Publi- provided the local shear velocity is used. cation, TP6203, June 1962. The appropriate velocity scale for the outer "Measurements of Pressure Fluctuation on a law correlation is the average shear Cube in Constant and Boundary- Layer Velocity velocity, but this correlation is not Fields," by J. F. Keffer and W. D. Baines,

established for Reynolds numbers below 10 . Department of Mechanical Engineering Static pressures increase toward the center Technical Publication, TP6204, October 1962. of the ducts. "Effect of Velocity Distribution on Wind (h) "The Effect of Cross-Section Geometry upon Loads on Walls and Low Buildings," by G. F. the Resistance to Flow in Conduits," by Hamilton, Department of Mechanical Engrg. H. J. Leutheusser, Ph.D. thesis, University Technical Publication, TP6205, November 1962. of Toronto, October 1961. "Turbulent Flow in Rectangular Ducts," by (4469) DIFFUSION OF MOMENTUM AND ENERGY IN NON- H. J. Leutheusser, Journal of Hyd. Div., CIRCULAR DUCTS. May, 1963. b) Laboratory project. (3368) DIFFUSION OF GASEOUS PLUMES. c) Prof. W. D. Baines, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

S cj Prof. W. D. Baines, University of Toronto, for doctoral thesis. Toronto 5, Canada, (e) The origin of secondary currents in turbu- (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research lent flow In square, rectangular and ellip- for Master's thesis. tical ducts have been studied by experimental (e)) A jet of air is injected at various angles determination of the local rates of pro- into a uniform cross-flow. From photographs duction, diffusion and convection of longi- of the jet containing smoke, and velocities tudinal vorticity. The role of the currents determined with a hot-wire anemometer the In the convection of mean flow momentum and shape of the jet and the pattern of dispersion heat are being studied. are being studied. (g) The secondary flows are the result of steep (g) Momentum equations yield parametric relation- Reynolds stress gradients near the bisectors ships for the shape of the jet which have of the corners In angular ducts and lines of been used to define the path of a jet minimum radius of curvature in an elliptical injected at 90 degrees to the cross-flow. duct. The circulation is limited by the Experiments are in progress with Jets Viscous stresses close to the wall surfaces. entering at other angles. (h) "The Production and Diffusion of Vorticity (h) "The Round Turbulent Jet in a Cross-wind," in Channel Plow," by E. Brundrett, Ph.D. by J. F. Keffer, Ph. D. thesis, University thesis, University of Toronto, April 1963. of Toronto, April, 1962. (4470) CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENT WALL JETS. (4064) EFFECT OF GROINS ON LITTORAL TRANSPORT. b) Laboratory project.

b} Laboratory project. I c) Prof. W, D. Baines, University of Toronto, c) Prof. G . Ross Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Toronto 5, Canada. (d) Experimental; applied research for master's (d) Experimental and analytical; applied research thesis. for master's thesis. (e) The flow in a two-dimensional wall jet is (e) The motions of individual sediment particles being Studied to determine the conditions of various sizes and densities were studied under twhich flow similarity is maintained on a solid plane beach of 1:10 slope at 45 at successive stations- degrees to the wave direction. Direction and (g) A jet impinging on a wall at inclination up magnitude of the particle velocities and to 15 degrees from tangency has been found the effect of groins upon particle motion to hare similar characteristics to the were studied. simple jet. Only the position of the (g) Wave induced currents have been analyzed virtual origin changes. A jet moving along and compared with experimental results. After a parous wall has markedly different char- minimizing the effects of nearshore circu- acteristics. lation, equations are derived for littoral (h) "The Two-Dimensional Turbulent Wall Jet on transport velocities of spherical particles an Inclined Plane," toy K. Mcllroy, M.A.Sc. for the given beach and wave configuration. thesis, University of Toronto, October 1962. Modification of existing refraction theories is proposed. '{4471) WIND- INDUCED CURRENTS IN SHALLOW WATER. (h) Report in preparation. (b) Laboratory project. ((4065) EFFECTS OF VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION ON -WIND ((n frontal surfaces reflects the distribution ©if stagnation pressure but the wake pressure' (4472) SURGES IN AIR VENTS. Is uniform. On low buildings an upstream separation zone is foamed and as a result b) Laboratory project. the pressure on all surfaces is relatively i c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, uniform. Toronto 5, Canada. 199 . .

d) Experimental; applied research for M.S. thesis (4868) HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS IN AN AIR VENT - SURGE e) Investigation of mixed regime conditions due TANK ASSEMBLY. to sudden discharge changes in a horizontal conduit equipped with air vent and surge tank. b) Laboratory project.

(g) Experimental, photographic and computer data I c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of have been assembled in the mixed-regime Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. analysis for head-gate closure and for (d) Experimental, basic research for master's conduit refilling. Significant data have thesis been established on the surge front profile (e) Using an existing small-scale replica of a and the phenomenon of air-entrapment. schematic penstock-inlet, air entralnment (h) "Transient Hydraulic Phenomena In a Hori- and pressure conditions due to various zontal Conduit — Air Vent -- Surge Tank modes of gate and valve closure are being Supply System," by R. Abel, M.A.Sc. thesis, investigated. University of Toronto, September 1962. (4889) UNSTEADY LAMINAR FLOW IN SHORT, CLOSED (4473) OUTLET STRUCTURE OF PROPOSED WILDWOOD DAM CONDUITS. NEAR ST. MARYS, ONTARIO. b) Laboratory project. (b) M. M. Dillon and Co., London, Ontario, for c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of Upper Thames River Conservation Authority. Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. (c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of (d) Experimental and analytical, basic research Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. for master's thesis. (d) Experimental; applied research for design. (e) Various cases of unsteady (oscillating) (e) Model investigation of optimum discharge laminar flow as encountered in typical capacity and energy dissipation. Evaluation viscous damping devices are being investi- of scouring tendencies at toe of dam. gated. (f) Completed. (4890) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW OF FLUID-SEDIMENT (4887) WOODBRIDGE CHANNEL IMPROVEMENTS. MIXTURES

(b) J. F. MacLaren Associates, Toronto, Ontario, b) Laboratory project. for Metropolitan Toronto and Region Con- c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of servation Authority. Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. (c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of d) Experimental, basic research. Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.. ! e) Evaluation of mean flow parameters such as (d) Experimental, applied research for design. friction coefficients, static pressures, (e) Model investigation of two drop structures. velocities and wall shear stresses In (f) Completed. closed conduits.

200 .

SUBJECT INDEX

Accelerated motion Cavitation cylinders (2265) 9 concrete surface irregularities (3278) 173 spheres (3432) 39 dynamics of on sphere (4749) 89 Air duct studies formation and collapse (4082) 12 Widows Creek Steam Plant Unit 8 (4874) 187 gate slots (993) 143 Air entrainment noise (1778) 178 pipes (1303) 7 noise spectrum (4207) 69 Apparatus offset joints (993) 143 portable irrigation sprinkler (4368).. 122 offsets (3278) 173 rainfall similator (2596) 60 pipe bends (993) 143 sediment sampler (194) 70 sluice gates (79) 37 spray formation (2730) 180 sluice gates (4546) 196 surface follower (3603) 163 stilling basin steps (993) 143 turbulence incidence (4468) 198 turbines water tunnel (79) 37 models (1133) 55 wave formation (2730) 180 water tunnel (79) 37 wave gages (977) 137 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 143 Backwater studies (4661) 53 Cavity resonance (2470) 180 Baffle piers Channel improvement basic research (993) 143 Pairford River (4547) 195 cavitation (993) 143 flood control Beach fills (2195) 138 Hoosic River, Mass. (1211) 144 Beachfills (4763) 140 Middle Miss. River (236) 143 Beaches Montreal-Sorel (4517) 194 artificial (976) 137 Ogden Island Reach, St. Lawrence River(3325) 192 artificial (3995) 174 St. Lawrence River (3324) 192 by-passing sand, inlets (975) 137 shoaling processes (3907) 150 equilibrium profile (181) 136 Turtle Creek (4383) 152 erosion (4126) 24 Willow Springs (4387) 153 erosion (4762) 139 Woodbridge (4887) 200 erosion, So. Lake Worth (4474) 25 Channel stabilization (4284) 99 littoral movement (3897) 139 Channel stabilization particle movement (3897) 139 Washita River Basin (4341) 114 profiles (3724) 24 Channels profiles (4424) l IT'S alluvial (2505) 9 wave action (181) 136 cohesive materials (4317) 109 wave action (529) 8 conservation linings (1723) 95 wave action (660) 137 conservation linings (3804J 59 wave action (1609) 46 critical flow (4542) 36 wave action (16311 7 effect flood flows (4283) 99 J; wave run-up (4155) ephemeral stream flow losses (4784) 172 Bibliography fluctuations (3792) 57 river hydrology (4179) seepage flow (4410) 170 Boundary layer stability (4316) 108 along interfaces (3674) stabilization (4318) 109 shear (3674) subcritical flows (3400) 17 stability (3674) Mr subcritical flows (4296) 102 10 turbulence (3674) thalweg profiles (4263) 86 development Boundary layer thalweg profile studies (4251) 87 effect vibrations (3822) r° Channels Boundary layer research (3788) l?° trapezoidal (4560) 40 15 Boundary shear stress (2770) vegetation lined (4337) 114 Breakwaters water- sediment movement (2707) 162 floating (3022) ^ Channels, alluvial hydraulic (27 53).^. aggradation (3870) 108 Kahului Harbor, Hawaii (4605) _f .L aggradation (3968) 167 movable (2801) ™ bed roughness (2514) 16 rockfilled (4526) 9 ° | degradation (3870) 108 rubble-mound (999) degradation (3968) 167 ( 268 1 ) . . rubbl e -mound 1*° dunes and antidunes (4161) 43 rubble-mound' (4529) 198 effect dams (3955) 166 vertical perforated 19 (4523) ? effect diversion (3955) 166 45 vertical wall (4153) effect irrigation drains (3955) 166 Bubbles flood waves (4358) 120 bed b fluidlzed (4496) hydraulics of (3034) 15 vapor ^ (1548) meandering (4551) 196 Bubble studies byJ? (4202) roughness (2702) 162 Canals Channels, curved gravity flow bypass (3990) * mean flow characteristics 40 Irrigation, (4148) Bentonite sealing (3704).. 10 subcritical flow 174 irrigation (3614) turbulence characteristics (4148) 40 linings (151) 7 rr.1 Channels, steep linings (151) -4q surface characteristic (3824) 68 linings (1859) Cllmatological data linings Colorado (4610) 21 seepage ( 1859) Coefficients sediment control 1 (4421) hydrophobic disks and plates 158 Canals, concrete-lined (2436) . _ . Conduits discharge capacity (3985) * circular, exit transitions (2543) 44 Cavitation (3153) ° Conduits, closed Cavitation .._ laminar flow (4889).., 200 basic research (993) l 45 mean flow parameters (4890) 200 basic research Conduits Calif. Inst, of Tech. (1548) 6 exit pressure distributions (2543) 44 David Taylor Model Basin (711)...., 178 pressure surges (3203) 14 Iowa State Univ. (79) 37 two-phase flow (4235) 79 Waterways Experiment Station (993), 143 Conduits, noncircular, friction loss (3849) 84

201

. J Conduits, noncircular Drainage secondary currents (4531) 23 surface (4273) 96 Conduits, pressure Drainage, surface friction factors (3275) 173 Mississippi Delta (4332) ill Contamination dispersion Drainage basin studies (3421) 33 rivers, harbors, and estuaries (3598) 49 Drainage Improvement, surface (2333) 41 Convection, forced Drainage methods film boiling (3758) 50 nonlrrigated areas of Lower Rio Coriolls Grande Valley (4849) U7 effect river flow (4528) 197 Drainage practices Corrosion development of techniques (4819) 101 plumbing (49) 14 Drainage systems Culvert entrances design (2504) 7 Wheeler Lock (4442) 187 design (4271) 36 Culverts design criteria (4353) 116 design criteria (4796) 176 efficiency (4843) 112 discharge characteristics (2435) 158 Montreal (4514) 1S4 drop inlet (111) 66 operation criteria (4353) 116 Culverts, box Drains energy dlssipators (4537) 36 plastic lined (4681) 62 Currents plastic lined (4856) 123 Anarctlc Circumpolar (4765) 160 Drains, filter effect bridge alinement (4476) 25 operational characteristics (3060) 35 longshore, formation (4158) 47 Drains, subsurface wind-induced (4471) 199 plastic (4830) 106 Cylinders Ducts accelerated motion (2265) 9 head losses (4877) (4878) 188 oscillating (3687) 13 Ducts, noncircular Dams diffusion momentum and energy (4469) 199 gallery drainage (771) 189 Dunes (4760) 139 Dams, rockfill Eddies, effect of boundary geometry (1875).... 37 flow (4663) 53 Embankments (291) 25 Density current studies (4657) 52 Energy losses, bends (3441) 44 Density currents Erosion sedimentation (307) 45 arid regions (4404) 169 shallow water bay systems (4233) 94 forest U757) 129 tidal estuaries (1986) 145 ranges (4757) 129 Diffusion semiarld regions (4404) 169 atmospheric (3398) 17 sea level fluctuations (4129) 25 atmospheric (3708) 18 Erosion control (4755) 126 jet (3081) 42 Erosion research (4293) 100 particles in fluid (1331) 26 Erosion research salt water (3261) 163 arid regions (3969) 168 Diffusion studies (4094) 14 beaches, Florida (4479) 25 Disks, rotating canals, earth lined (2457) 173 resistance of (3749) 47 canals, unlined (2457) 173 Dlssipators clay (4770) 170 design (3596) 149 control of (4276) 97 design (4074) 7 eastern South Dakota (4282) (4817) 98 design (4245) 84 effects tillage (2597) 61 Distillation, sea water (1554) 8 effect vegetation (261) 130 Distribution systems Florida inlets ('3413) 24 arterial (4143) 37 Florida shores (4130) 25 Drag forest influences (380) 135 skin friction (3143) 59 forest influences (657) 132 supercavltating bodies (4149) 40 hillslopes (3952) 165 Drag coefficient, cylinders (2265) 9 hillslopes (4323) 110 Drag forces Iowa (4279) 98 velocity gradient fields (4716) 80 Lake Michigan (1863) 34 Drag reduction (4000) ie2 midwest claypans (4281) 98 Drag reduction (4199) 68 Minnesota (4282) 98 Drag reduction (4556) 24 mountain watersheds (261) 130 Drag reduction Mullet Key (4126) 24 high velocity pipe flow (4691) 69 Northeast soils (4294) 100 Drag resistance piping phenomenon (4405) 170 piers (4147) 40 profile characteristics (4277) 97 Drain flow openings rainfall (4182) 61 design criteria (4467) 198 rainfall (4275) 97 Drain tile range management (27) 7 depth and spacing (2330) 40 runoff (4275) (4276) 97 discharge measurements (2740) 197 sediment yield (4303) 103 flow characteristics (3490) 61 semiarid regions (3969) 168 gravel filters (4114) 20 semidesert vegetation (657) 132 junction losses (1929) 67 sheet runoff (4182) 61 sediment deposition (3490) 61 soil (3424) 34 sediment movement (3490) 61 soil properties (4277) 97 cover material (4052) 197 southern Piedmont (4333) 112 Drainage, by pumping (2350) 92 water (4848) 117 Drainage water control (4295) 100 galleries, dams (771) 189 Wisconsin (4280) 98 irrigated lands (1819) 90 Evaporation (4632) 3 salt affected soils (483l) 106 Evaporation subsurface (4183) 61 evapotranspiration (3662) 197 subsurface (4273)....,.. 96 Illinois (555) 31 subsurface (4844) 116 measurement (1015) 158

surface (3475) a 56 measurement (3881) 113 surface (3745) 43 measurement ?4636) 4 surface 13867) 99 measurement (4638) 5 surface (4067) 5 porous media (4115) 21

202 Evaporation Flow development, secondary (4586) 28 rangeland stookponds (4824) 104 Flow diffuser (4744) 89 reduction (2828) (3508) 75 Flow distribution patterns (4577) 27 reduction (4634) 4 Flow fields, visualization (4498) 51 reservoirs (765) 188 Flow junctions (3742) 44 reservoirs (2180) 118 Flow measurement (2925) 146 suppression, reservoirs (2703) 162 Flow measurement techniques (4485) 6 watersheds, Tennessee Basin (765) 188 Flow problems Evaporation studies vascular system (4643) 43 instrumentation (4769) 170 Flow separation Evapo transpiration geometric characteristics (4151) 43 measurement (3963) 167 Flow stability measurement (4138) 33 branched tubes (4559) 37 measurement (4636) 4 two rotating cylinders (4641) 43 measurement (4833) 106 Flow studies partially saturated (4627) 2 mechanics of (4239) 82 Flow studies, Washita River (4345) 115 Pacific coast (4367) 122 Fluidization, sand beds (3669) 6 theory (3963) 167 Fluid flow watersheds, Central and So. Calif. (4851)... 122 hydraulics of (4081) 11 Filtering mechanics of (4123) 23 sand (3844) 81 Fluid mechanics Filters (25351 32 educational films (3739) 39 Filters (2837) 61 Flumes, metering, calibration (3848) 84 Filters Forces fiberglass (4855) 123 free surface (4428) 182 Fish ladders lateral (4429) 182 dams submerged bodies (3799) 57 John Day (3578) 144 wind-tunnel measurement (2832) 59 Fishway model study Gates Three-mile ditch, Umatilla, Oregon (4727) 85 cavitation (993) 143 Fi shways downpull forces (4798) 177 minimum velocity (4729) 86 lock (1474) 144 velocity barrier (4726) 85 pressure distribution (4146) 40 Flashboards miter, Panama Canal (4381) 142 dynamic forces (3068) 38 Ground water Flood control accretion (4326) 110 electric flood model (3385) 10 accretion and movement (4290) 100 rivers aquifers (4268) 96 Mississippi Basin (236) 143 aquifers, evaluation (3733) 33 structure design (3930) 164 aquifers, mechanics of (2688) 161 Flood forecasting acquifer productivity (3731) 33 rating curves (3602) 160 aquifers, salt water encroachment (2689)... 161 Flood plane zoning aquifer-streamf low relation (4346) 115 suburban areas (3935) 165 Arkansas (2255) 5 Flood routing (3476) 57 artificial recharge (559) 31 Flood routing (4565) 12 artificial recharge (2255) 1 Flood wave studies (4101) 19 artificial recharge (3676) n Flow Chicago area (1335) 31 accelerated (3740) 39 contamination (4786) 172 accelerated (3782) 54 contrasting media (3947) 165 cavity (467 7) 61 development of theory (4684) 64 fluctuating (3622) 182 drawdown condition (3492) . . . 63 free surface (4719) 83 East St. Louis area (561) 31 free surface, disturbed (3414) 26 electric flow net (1221) 161 free surface shearing (4647) 48 electronic analog model (4544) 36 free surface sink (4646) 48 exploration (3658) 197 free surface source (4646) 48 flow in sediments (3524) 79 granular media (4695) 70 flow problems (2948) 162 laminar (4588) 29 fluctuations (821) 15 multiphase (4763) 171 inventory (4622) 1 non-Newtonian (3390) 14 movement (4326) no pulsating (3689) 14 movement by tracer (4628) 2 pulsating (4859) 92 movement, model studies (4630) 3 river under arch bridges (2839) 63 occurrence problems (3264) 163 rotating cylinders (4734) 88 Peoria Area, 111. (560) 31 single and two-phase in tube (2374) 65 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 37 solid-liquid mixtures (3692) 14 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 37 solid-liquid mixtures (4096) 15 recharge (4635) 4 thin-film liquid (4706) 74 recharge basins (4850) 122 two-phase (4165) 52 Red River Valley, No. Dak. (3217) 102 turbulent boundary- layer (4142) 36 reservoir characteristics (4106) 19 unsteady free surface (4667) 56 resource evaluation (4536) 34 Flow, annular, two-phase (4486) 54 Santa Barbara County (4366) 121 Flow, divided studies of western desert, U.A.R. (4631)... 3 mechanics of (3743) 43 Tennessee Valley (780) 189 Flow, laminar unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (4268) 96 tubes (4591) 29 water table control (2835) 61 Flow, nonlsothermal wells, evaluation (3733) 33 vertical tubes (4589) 29 Ground-water basin Flow, overland hydrologic characteristics (4624) 2 hydraulics of (4676) 59 Ground-water storage (3263) 163 Flow, pulsating Harbor improvement tubes (4690) 66 Bale Comeau, Que. (4047) 196 Flow, turbulent, shear (4892) 158 Rustico Harbour (4464) 196 Flow, turbulent, vorticity (4568) 12 Savannah, Ga. (2428) 145 Flow, two-phase Harbor models capillary (4493) 51 scale effects (1002) 144 horizontal pipe (4590) 29 wave protection (4516) 194

1 regime boundaries (4494) 51 Harbor study, Kelly s Island, Lake Erie (3905) . 150 Flow, unsteady, inertial forces (3250) 158 Head loss, spherical wyes (4451) 191

203 .

Heat exchange (4881) 188 Instruments Heat transfer (4587) 28 current meter (3802) 58 Heat transfer LVDT-manometer (4475) 171 fluldlzed beds (3474) 55 nuclear radiation equipment (4373) 124 packed beds (3474) 55 pltot-tube calibration (3784) 55 Highway drainage precipitation gage, weighing-type (3921)... 160 culverts (111) 66 pressure cells (1004) 144 culverts (1591) 35 pressure fluctuation (2541) 38 embankments (291) 25 radar precipitation integrator (4402) 160 Hydraulic control systems radar raingage (2943) 159 valves (2335) 41 radio gages, rainfall (3629) 187 valves (4499) 65 radio gages, stream (3629) 187 Hydraulic cyclone (47A3) 89 recorder (4772) 170 Hydraulic jump (2161) 78 river gage, float-type (3920) 160 Hydraulic Jump (3994) 174 soil moisture (3260) 163 Hydraulic Jump (4540) 36 velocity meter (1004) 144 Hydraulic prototype tests (4382) 152 water level recorder (3527) 81 Hydrodynamlc forces, cylinders (3853) 85 wave gage (660) 137 Hydrodynamlc forces wave gage (977) 137

oscillating bodies (4570) 13 wave gage ( 1004 ) 144 vibrating body (4573) 15 Intakes Hydrodynamics (4642) 43 Little Long Generating Station (4453) 193 Hydrodynamics Ontario Power Generating Station (4454).... 193 rotating systems (4737) 88 Twin Buttes (3609) 173 Hydrofoil structures Interfacial effects vibration of (4704) 73 density stratification (4145) 40 Hydrofoils Irrigation cavitating flow (3803) 58 application rates (4664) 53 design criteria (3284) 181 canals, bentonite sealing (3558) 119 flutter (4228) 77 canals, linings (3121) 56 flutter on flexible structures (4710) 78 control systems, mechanized (3553) 106 forced ventilation (3295) 185 design sprinkler systems (4315) 107 forces on (4200) 68 drainage studies (1723) 95 interference effects (4200) 68 drainage studies (1819) 90 interference effects (4712) 78 drainage studies (2651) 118 longitudinal stability (3499) 68 effect techniques (4237) 62 measured flutter speed (4709) 78 efficiencies (2786) 30 predicted flutter speed (4709) 78 efficiencies (3550) 106 rotating cylinder control (4430) 185 farm structures (3556) 119 study (2144) 67 flow characteristics (4270) 96 supercavitatlng (4219) . 75 furrow (4157) 45 supercavitatlng (4693) (4696) 70 hydraulics of (4066) 5 supercavitatlng (4811) 183 intake rates (4175) 57 surface-piercing (4227) 77 radial gates (3612) 173 three-dimensional (4226) 76 sprinklers (3470) 93 unsteady forces and motions (4221) 75 sprinkler (4620) 1 ventilated (4700) 70 sprinkler (4621) 1 ventilated (4811) 183 sprinkler, portable (4840) 108 Hydrofoils, models, testing (3828) 72 sprinkling systems (21) 90 Hydrofoils, submerged surface (3185) 80 flutter studies (3833) 75 surface (3867) 99 Hydrograph laboratory (4820) 101 surface, hydraulics of (3552) 106 Hydrologic characteristics underground perforated tubes (4489) 45 organic soil (3363) 197 water control (3418) 30 Hydrologic data (4774) 171 water measurements (2650) 118 Hydrologic data water supply (23) (27) 90 compilation and publication of (4823) 101 water supply(4842) 112 reduction (4363) 121 Irrigation systems telemetering (3056) 30 design data (4828) 105 Hydrologic studies (3929) 164- efficiency (4827) 105 Jlydrologic studies Irrigation systems Colorado (3958) 166 surface (3866) 90 Death Valley (3980) 169 Jets (3854) 87 effects urbanization (3970) 168 Jets flood frequency (3953) 165 axi symmetrical flow (3395) 17 forest development (3953) 165 high-velocity (4791) 176 Humboldt River Valley (3957) 166 mixing (3429) 39 Missouri watersheds (4662) 53 submerged (4071) 6 New Mexico (3958) 166 turbulent (4152) 43 Pacific Northwest (3959) 166 wall, turbulent (4470) 199 semi-arid watersheds (4361) 121 Jetties Waller Creek Watershed (2162) 78 current patterns (4483) 25 water yield (3965) 167 effect littoral drift (2190) 137 Wyoming (3958) 166 effect wave action (529) 7 fydrology, analytical (4297) 102 effectiveness (3271) 173 ydrology Sluslaw River, Oregon (4393) 154 research (4322) 109 Laminar flow statistical procedures(3933) 164 liquids (4095) 15 hydromechanics problems Locks numerical solution (3491) 64 discharge structures (4883) 188 Infiltration emergency gates soil (1058) 7 McAlpine Locks (4397) 155 soil (3265) 163 filling, emptying systems Infiltration studies (3507) 75 Arkansas River Dam No. 6 (4388) 153 jEnlets Arkansas River Dam No. 3 (4391) 154 canal (3267) 173 Barkley Dam (2673) 145 culverts (111) 66 Belleville, Ohio (4385) 153 navigation Improvement (4475) 25 Cannelton, Ohio River (4390) 154 Instruments low lift (4603) 157 -; Lower Monumental, cro ot o tago gage- ( 4775) ... — 171 Snake River (4379).... 141 204 LOGK.S Model studies filling and emptying systems overflow embankments (4596) 156 Maxwell Dam (3236) 146 Peace River (4458) 194 McAlpine, Ohio River (2678) 145 Pend Oreille River (4722) 85 McAlpine Locks Ohio River (3914) 151 pollution, Coney Island Creek (4601) 157 Monogahela River (3243) 147 Red River floodway inlet (4550) 195 Swift Rapids (4519) 195 Red River floodway outlet (4549) 195 valve studies (4602) 157 Rio Las Damas Hydroelectric Project (4742). 89 intake design (4882) 188 Round Butte (4246) 84 John Day (2662) 140 St. Lawrence River dewatering and miter gates (4474) 144 closure area (3326) 192 Magnetohydrodynamics (4497) 51 Sarasota Bay (3722) 24 Measurement settling basins (4484) 6 piezometric (4578) 27 sluicegates, downpull forces (3900) 141 Meteorological observations (2760) 16 spillways Meters Oahe Reservoir Mo. River, So. Dak. (3916) 151 calibration (124) 54 tailrace Improvement calibration (1963) 88 St. Lawrence River (3333) 193 calibration (3859) 89 Umpqua River Estuary (4243) 84

calibration (4255) . (4256) 89 watershed, arid (3845) 81 calibration, differential (4675) 59 wave action current Lorain Harbor, Ohio (4389) 154 development (4629) 3 Model tests direction recording (4456) 194 gas duct, Widows Creek Steam Plant optical (4776) 171 Unit 8 (4875) 187 redesign Price. (2444) 161 gates, control (4555) 191 velocity recording (4456) 194 hydraulic turbines (4666) 55 elbow (3624) 184 scour (4764) 140 elbow, dynamic similarity (3872) 119 sector gate (4554) 191 flow (1963) 88 spillways, general tests (3917) 152 flow stilling basin, two-stage (4553) 190 domestic and flood waters (4513) 194 Wells Hydrocombine (4724) 85 electromagnetic (3255) 162 Model verification thermistor (4751) 90 prototype confirmation (1467) 144 ultrasonic (2949) 162 Rocky Reach Site, Columbia River (2631).... 83 flow nozzles (4745) (4746) 89 Southwest Pass, Miss. River (2931) 146 fluid, Moisture flow effect upstream nonuniformities (4674)... 59 dynamics of (4185) 62 high pressure-temperature (3623) 184 Moisture regimes (4327) 110 low velocity (4750) 89 Noise, hydrodynamic (1778) 166 Model distortion (994) 143 Nozzles, annular (3677) 11 Model laws, inlets (4481) 25 Open channels Model laws, scale effects, harbors (1002) 144 boundary shear distribution (3923) 164 Model studies control cross waves (4715) 79 Arkansas River effect roughness (3256) 163 navigation dam (3592) 149 flow problems (4076) 7 Arkansas River Channel (3582) 147 free surface effect (3737) 35 Arkansas River navigation entrance (3908)... 151 hydraulics of (4705) 73 barrage at Muscoda (4735) 88 influence of roughnesses (4581) 28 Chong Pyong Hydroelectric project (4740).... 89 junctions (3805) 59 Chong Pyong Spillway (4739) 89 roughness (3003 198 Columbia Lock and Dam (4595) 156 roughness (3183) 80 Columbia River (4396) 155 secondary motion (3725) 26 Conneaut Harbor, Ohio (3242) 147 stability (3253) 162 control structures, Little Sioux River(4599) 156 turbulent diffusion (4409) 170 Cornwall Reservoir (4741) 89 uniform flow (2529) 26 dams uniform flow (2699) 162 Allegheny River, Pa. (3919) 152 unsteady flow (4338) 114 DeGray (4604) 157 velocity distribution (2083) 36 Little (4508) 193 velocity profile (4718) 83 Millers Perry Lock (4593) 155 Orifice meters (4673) 59 Oroville (4412) 174 Orifice studies Snake River (357 7) 140 high head (3996) 174 Warrior River, Ala. (4386) 153 Orifices diversion tunnel basic research (149) 86 Manicouagan 2 (4446) 191 calibration (4745) (4746) 89 Douglas Point, Lake Huron (4510) 194 constant head turnout (3274) 173 drop structure (4720) 85 control valve (3448) 50 drop structure, Cayuga Inlet (4598) 156 design criteria (2470) 180 Duluth - Superior Harbor (3241) 147 discharge measurements (2285) 23 energy dissipator discharge measurements (4731) 88 Misslssinewa Dam (4597) 157 radial gate controls (4802) 177 fingerling collector (4506) 142 segmental (4623) 2 fish ladders Monumental Dam (4503) 142 two-dimensional (4576) 27 fishway diffusers (4505) 142 vortex flow (1181) 87 Galveston Bay (3912) 151 Outlet works generating station, Otter Rapids (3644) 193 dams Grui Hydroelectric Project (4201) 68 Bully Creek (4803) 177 Gulf Outlet Channel, La. (3913) 151 Bully Creek (4804) 177 Harman Generating Station (4509) 193 Causey (4805) 177 head gates (3643) 193 Pontenelle (4417) 175 head losses in bends (3441) 44 Mangla (4698) 70 hurricane structures, Lake Pontchartrain, Morrow Point (4807) 178 Louisiana (3581) 147 Norton (4806) 177 inlet structures, Uttarbhag Pumping Oroville (4413) 175 Station (3540) 87 Sanford (4418) 175 Little Goose Lock and Dam (4504) 142 Yellowtail (3988) 174 Matagorda Bay (3911) 151 Wildwood (4473) 200 meander-flood plain (4191) 64 Duncan Lake Project (4459) 194 Niagara River control structure (4026) 193 gate vibrations (4522)...-.- 195 205 Outlet works Pumps hydraulic forces (4522) 195 centrifugal (3746) 44 Manlcouagan Power Plant (4520) 195 dredge (3084) 44 Outlets dredge, design (4154) 44 canal (3267) 173 Impeller design (3442) 44 pipe, cantllevered (1168) 67 Jet, for sediment (3673) 10 Particle entrainment (3670) 6 tests (1132) 55 Particle transport (4612) 22 tests (3111) 55 Percolation studies, California (2181) 118 water-column separation (4425) 176 Pipe fittings dredging, hopper draghead (3586) 148 cavitation (993) 143 Rainfall pressure drop (4167) 52 angle of attack (4240) 83 Pipe flow (4725) 85 collection and storage (3873) 120 Pipes depth-area-intensity (3660) 197 cavitation (993) 143 drop size (4240) 83 corrosion, prevention (4135) 33 intensity (3058) 32 flow, fluidized solids (4885) 191 intensity (3424) 34 flow measurement (3525) 80 intensity (4240) 83 flow of mixtures, liquid-solid (2275) 14 intensity-kinetic energy relationshlp(4278) 97 flow stralghteners (3786) 55 maximum (779) 189 friction coefficient (4515) 194 maximum (1751) 158 friction maximum (2788) 32 high pressure (956) 86 rainfall -runoff (68) 37 roughness (2619) 94 rainfall-runoff (768) 189 steady and unsteady states (2614) 73 rainfall-runoff (856) 42 friction losses (3747) 44 rainfall-runoff (2162) 78 networks (1689) 63 rainfall -runoff (2561) 51 sand-water mixtures (4564) 12 rainfall-runoff (3808) 61

surges ( 1303) 7 rainfall-runoff (4054) 197 turbulent flow (4640) 22 rainfall-runoff (4108) 19 turbulent flow (4865) 94 rainfall-runoff (4348) 115 vapor-cavity formation (4575) 27 rainfall-runoff (4352) 115 Pipes, corrugated rainfal 1 -runoff , lower Rio roughness study (3597) 149 Grande Valley (4347) 115 Pipes, plastic rainfall-runoff relations (2397) 79 frictional loss (4748) 89 records (2534) 32 plumbing records (4567) 12 backflow prevention (49) 14 salt concentrations (4355) 116 backflow prevention (4043) 192 Tennessee River Basin (768) 189 corrosion (49) 14 Tennessee River Basin (779) 189 cross-connections (49) 14 Rainfall measurements fixtures (49) 14 radar (3601) 160 Porous media (3030) 91 Rainfall Porous media (4203) 69 research Porous media (4611) 21 intensity (3251) 159 Porous media Intensity (3419) 32 clay suspension (4563) 12 North Central Wisconsin (4733) 88 dispersion, mechanics of (3748) 46 Southern California (261) 130 flow (3212) 118 uniform supply (4539) 36 flow (3386) 10 United States (2437) 159 flow (4080) 11 terminal velocity (4240) 83 flow (4787) 172 Range management practices (27) 7 fluid collector systems (3146) 64 Reservoirs fluid displacements (4086) 90 evaporation (765) 188 hydraulic characteristics (4826) 105 evaporation (2180) ne turbulent flow (4068) 5 evaporation (4234) 79 unsteady flow (4736) 88 evaporation, retardation (2532) 32 unsteady gravity flow (4168) 92 hydrologic effects (3977) 168 porous medium internal density currents (4440) 187 two-fluid flow (4717) 80 retarding-type (4305) 104 precipitation retardlng-type (4306) 104 disposition, small watersheds (4836) 107 sediment distribution (4306) 104 maximum, Hawaiian Islands (4767) 161 sedimentation (4307) 104 maximum, Yukon Basin (4403) 160 sedimentation, measurements (2334) 41 Precipitation distribution sedimentation studies (4825) 105 Illinois Basins (4537) 34_ silting Pressure distribution, basic research (79) 37 Illinois (552) 31 Propellers temperature gaging (769) 189 based vented (4871) 187 Tennessee River (785) 189 blade loading (4222) 76 skimmer wall structures (4439) 187 blade thickness (4223) 76 Resistance coefficient ducted (4813) 183 friction factor (3843) 81 flow distortion (3487) 60 River regime characteristics (3031) 91 nonuniform wake flows (4810) 183 Roughness singing phenomenon (4711) 78 artificial channels (2950) 162 sound level generation (3830) 75 artificial surfaces (2328) 38 spindle torque (4427) 182 effect of water temperature (1988) 145 supercavltating (3286) 181 large scale (4779) 171 transient forces (2616) 74 Runoff ventilated (3617) 182 amounts (4330) m Propellers, ducted complex watersheds (4360) 120 research (4434) 185 conservation farmed watersheds (4300) 103 Propellers, theory control (4323) no lifting (2237) 179 conventionally farmed watersheds (4300).... 103 Propellers, vertical axis, denudation effects (23) 90 performance characteristics (3619) 182 denudation effects (27) 7 Prototype check tests Eastern South Dakota (4282) 98 Garrison Dam (3906) 150 effect of forest (377) 132 Oahe Dam (3906) 150 effect snow melt (4286) 99 Pump systems, dredge (4156) 45 effects tillage (2597) 61 206 Runoff Sediment transport (3675) 10 floods (2795) 38 Sediment transport (3871) 108 infiltration determinations (2795).... 38 Sediment transport loss measurement (4357) 116 artificial channels (2950) 162 measuring devices (4336) 114 ephemeral streams (4788) 172 midwest claypans (4281) 98 natural channels (2950) 162 Minnesota (4282) 98 natural streams (3671) 6 mixed-use watersheds (4299) 103 permeable bed (4574) 26 precipitation characteristics (4342).. 114 research (4654) 49 prediction (4325) 110 Rio Grande River, El Paso (4614) 22 rainfall -runoff (856) 42 Sediment transportation (2748) 6 rainfall-runoff (1744) 158 Sediment transportation (4076) 7 rainfall-runoff (1745) 159 Sediment transportation rainfall-runoff (2162) 78 beaches (529) 8 rainfall-runoff (2331) 41 bed load, wave action, effect (1823) 9 rainfall -runoff (2334) 41 coarse material (4822) 101 rainfall-runoff (2795) 38 density currents (307) 45 rainfall-runoff (4325) 110 low rates (4075) 7 rainfall-runoff relations (2397) 79 measurement (194) 70 rangeland (4301) 103 sand bed streams (3948) 165 rates (4298) 102 suspended load behavior (4377) 128 rates (4330) 111 suspended load, measurement (194) 70 semi-arid watersheds (4359) 120 Sedimentation (307) 45 small areas (1946) 75 Sedimentation (3604) (3605) 164 small areas (2316) 34 Sedimentation (4190) 63 small watersheds (2492) 197 Sedimentation small watersheds (2841) 64 arid regions (4404) 169 streams (3522) 79 control of (4755) 126 urban areas (856) 42 research (4322) 109 Washita River Basin (4343) (4344) 114 reservoirs (552) 31 water management, Iowa (4279) 98 reservoirs (785) 189 watersheds (4344) 114 reservoirs (4321) 109 watersheds semiarid regions (4404) 169 Idaho (1862) 29 So. Saskatchewan Reservoir (4548) 195 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 37 velocity of particles (2583) 55 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 37 waves (2660) 138 Tennessee River Valley (780) 189 Sedimentation basins (3541) 87 Wisconsin (4280) 98 Sedimentation basins Runoff hydrograph flow stability (4669) 56 influence of channel hydraulics (4532) 23 Sedimentation studies Runoff measurement Sabetha Lake watershed (4304) 103 Blacklands of Texas (4350) 115 Sediments, beach watersheds (4350) 115 sorting of (4652) 49 Runoff studies Sediments, cohesive coastal plains soils (4334) 112 entrainment (4655) 49 Eastern South Dakota (4817) 98 Seepage southern Piedmont (4333) 112 canal linings (1859) 29 Salt Infiltration channels (4708) 74 soil profiles (4354) 116 development of theory (4684) 64 Sand traps rangeland stockponds (4824) 104 design (3384) 10 reservoirs (4708) 74 Scour soil sediments (1859) 29 bridge piers (3164) 67 streams (3428) 39 bridge piers (4507) 192 Servomechanisms (3207) 41 bridges (4626) 2 Servomechanisms (3435) (3436) 41 bulkheads (3898) 139 Sewer outfalls downstream of spillway (4524) 195 ocean (3678) 11 mechanics of (4617) 22 Sewerage systems seawalls (3898) 139 design criteria (3438) 42 Sediment Ships bed load, measurement (3257) 163 bending moment (2393) 74 data, utilization of (4406) 170 bending moments (3516) 75 delivery and sources (4852) 123 bending moments (3621) 182 fluorescent tracing (4127) 24 control surfaces (2463) 179 radioactive tracer tests (3902) 150 controllability research (4714) 78 radioactive tracer tests (4600) 156 design (2472).. 180 reduction sediment load (4821) 101 forces (2091) 38 routing (4320) 109 forces, on bodies (2229) 178 Sediment barrier hull form design (4426) 182 Sheep Creek, Utah (3976) 168 hull form research (2729) 180 Sediment, cohesive hull form research (4659) 52 scour resistance (2874) 79 hulls (3685) 13 Sediment control hydrofoil supported (4812) 183 canals (4421) 176 injection scoops (710) 178 Sediment diffusion (3738) 39 mathematical lines (1783) 178 Sediment measurement model testing facility (3292) 181 rangeland watersheds (4310) 104 motion (2091) 38 Sediment movement motion (2154) (2155) 74 nearshore (4077) 11 motion (2462) 179 Sediment, particle-size motion (3686) 13 distribution (3431) 39 motion (4083) 13 Sediment particles motion (4816) 183 movement (4625) 2 pitching (2390) 74 velocities (4064) 199 propellers Sediment research contra-rotating (2471) 180 diversion dams resistance (3026) 12 Kansas River Basin (3991) 174 resistance Sediment ripples frictional (2231) 179 wave-generated (4653) 49 models (901) 54 Sediment, suspended seaworthiness (2230) (2235) 179 Washita River Basin, Okla. (4340) 114 slamming (1786) 178 207 Ships Spillways slamming (3685) 13 free surface flow (4707) 74 slamming, hydrodynamics of (3826) 72 gated, discharge characteristics (4131).... 26 stability (1907) 72 Green Peter Dam (4380) 141 stability (4220) 75 Kamafuli (4697) 70 vibration (2019) 178 Lookout Point (403) 140 vibratory pressures (4713) 78 Proctor Reservoir (4384) 152 wake characteristics (3999) 182 reservoirs, Eagle Creek (4192) 64 wave resistance (4084) (4085) 13 side channel (4465) 196 wave tests (1907) 72 South Saskatchewan River Project (3819).... 68 Shore processes (2192) 138 vertical, internal (4169) 53 Shore protection weir type (1298) 198 methods, techniques (2193) 138 Sprinkling systems structures (529) 8 Jets, distribution (21) 90 structures (4477) 25 Spur dikes Silting design criteria (3086) 44 harbors north shore of Lake Ontario (3364).. 198 design criteria (4645) 45 reservoirs, Tennessee Valley (785) 189 discharge coefficients (477l) 170 reservoirs, Illinois (552) 31 velocity distribution (4771) 170 Siphons Stilling basins pumping plants (1475) 144 Big Bend Reservoir (3588) 148 Sluice gates dams cavitation (79) 37 John Redmond (3587) 148 Lockport (3425) 35 San Luis (4800) 177 Sluiceways dimensions (2959) 173 dams effects water Jet (3775) 53 San Acacia (3270) 173 erosion below (1987) 145 Claireville (4511) 194 Stilling wells design (4723) 85 Wanship Dam (4414) 175 Slurries Stratified flow (4561) 7 coal -water (4436) 172 Stratified flow Snow surveys (3895) 135 mechanics of (307) 45 Snow surveys (4834) 107 Stratified fluids, flow (4252) 87 Snow surveys Stream gaging accumulation (4837) 107 Tennessee Valley (769) 189 Colorado (55) 15 Stream morphology (4615) 22 melt (4837) 107 Streamf low melt runoff (4780) 171 data analysis (4778) 171 runoff forecasting (55) 15 Streamflow forecasts (1744) (1745) 159 Snowmelt, maximum Streamflow forecasts, improvement (4241) 83 Yukon Basin (4403) 160 Streamflow, low flows Soil moisture duration (3420) 32 conservation (3979) 169 frequency (3420) 32 effect denudation (23) 90 Streamflow predictions (4313) 107 effect timber cutting (377) 132 Streams forest influences (380) 135 channel hydraulics (4285) 99 forest Influences (657) 132 discharge patterns (3949) 165 measurement ( 261 ) 130 discharge records (2695) 161 movement (1058 ) 7 dispersal patterns (3254) 162 movement (3079) 40 effects logging (3535) 66 movement (4619) 1 flood routing (4285) 99 semi-desert vegetation (657) 132 glacier-fed (3954) 166 Southern California (261) 130 stage discharge Soil moisture level Iowa (67) 37 effect on evapotranspiration (4845) 117 Structures Soil moisture regimes conservation (1723) 95 unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (4269) 96 conservation (2789) 34 Soil moisture study (4752) 125 conservation (4335) 113 Spheres drainage (2789) 34 accelerated motion (3432) 39 fish screens (4415) 175 Spillways flood control (3918) 152 basic research (1584) 26 stream outlet (4761) 139 Big Bend Reservoir (3588) 148 water control (3918) 144 calibration, Rock Island Dam (4721) 85 Structures, drop dams Gering Valley, Nebr (3915) 151 Amistad (4398) 155 Surface water Angat (4694) 70 storage, farms (4841) 112 Blue Mesa (4416) 175 supply, farms (4841) 112 Chief Joseph (3085) 44 Surges (4472) 199 Flaming Gorge (2960) 173 Surges Pontenelle (4420) 175 pipes (1303) 7 Glen Canyon (2719) 173 Tidal flow Joes Valley (4808) 178 bays (4701) 72 John Redmond (3587) 148 estuaries (4701) 72 Lower Monumental (3899) 141 harbors (4701) 72 Mangla, Pakistan (3502) 68 Tidal power Morrow Point (4807) 178 Bay of Pundy (4518) 194 Norton (4801) 177 Tides Peters (2151) 75 atmospheric (4501) 71 Red Rock, Des Moines River (3584) 148 estuary (4527) 196 Sanford (4418) 175 oceanic (4501) 71 San Luis (4799) 177 Narragansett Bay (2680) 146 Shelbyville (4594) 156 storm and hurricane (3412) 23 Sultan No. 1 (4244) 84 storm prediction (2438) 159 Wells (3534) 84 Transition, supercritical velocities (2386)... 67 Whiskeytown (4419) 175 Transpiration retardation (3732) 33 Yellowtall (3989) 174 Tubes (3689) 14 discharge characteristics (2694) 161 Tunnel boundaries drop design (1865) 31 effect on measured forces (4181) 60

208 Tunnels, diversion Water control facilities, design (1723) 55 closure (4552) 19} Water cycle (4616) 22 Tunnels Water distribution systems (4538) 36 dam diversion (4412) 174 Water entry water air content (2603) 67 high velocity (4867) 184 Turbines Water exit cavitation (1133) 55 ellipsoidal bodies (4002) 185 cavitation (3783) ; 55 Water flow tests discharge measurements (4441) 187 high pressure (4001) 184 flow gaging (3924) 164 Water hammer (4860) 92 model tests (123) 54 Water hammer (4861) 92 model tests (2582) 55 Water hammer (4862) (4858) 92 performance (123) 54 Water loss tests (3111) 55 natural (4777) 171 tests (3787) 55 Water management unsteady two-dimensional flow (2807) 49 hydrologic principles (4782) 171 velocity profile (3785) 55 subsoil (3563) 123 Turbulence Water measurement decay (2792) 38 irrigation (23) 90 high level (4098) 18 northwestern range watersheds (4312) 106 measurement, apparatus (73) 37 rangeland watersheds (4310) 104 mechanism (2536) 36 stream flow (67) 31 mechanism of (2840) 63 technique development (3124) 58 mechanism of (4582) 28 Water movement rough surfaces (3427) 36 flow laws (4679) 62 structure (4582) 28 recharge installations (4592) 40 structure of (4606) 21 unsaturated soils (3868) 119 water measurements (3486) 59 Water resources system (4543) 36 Turbulence entrainment (3670) 6 Water resources engineering (4572) 15 Turbulence, generation Water pulsating viscous flow (3780) 54 surface Turbulence intensity, characteristics (3059) 32 measurement of (4656) 52 diversions (4838) 107 Turbulence levels return flow (4838) 107 measurement of (3539) 87 Water table Turbulence measurements falling (4832) 106 computer techniques (4533) 30 Water tunnel wave analyzer (4534) 30 isotropic-turbulence (4580) 27 Turbulent boundary layers Water use computation method (4872) 186 arid regions (3982) 169 rough surfaces (4809) 183 industrial (3734) 33 Turbulent flow Water utilization (769) 189 annular tubes (4686) 65 Watersheds liquids (4095) 15 precipitation characteristics (4265) 95 rectangular channels (4687) 65 Watershed management Turbulent transfer mechanics (4649) 48 Arizona (657) 132 Unsteady Plow (4180) 60 Arkansas (3225) 136 Valves Baltimore, Md. (3567) 128 air (4797) 176 Beaver Creek (2913) 134 jet-pipe (3092) 50 Continental Divide (377) 132 stability of (4162) 50 Hawaii (4759) 132 Velocities Laramie, Wyo. (3569) 134 mass-transport (3666) 198 Michigan (3890) 127 Velocity distribution Newark, N. J. (3568) 128 effect roughness (3539) 87 New Mexico (1969) 133 decaying vortex (4206) 69 Northern California (2415) 130 Velocity measurement (3074) 39 Northern Minn. (3887) 126 Velocity measurement Oregon (4758) 129 electro-magnetic (73) 37 Pennsylvania (2910) 128 hot-wire (73) 37 research (2658) 134 Velocity profiles research (4680) 62 horizontal (4583) 28 Southeastern United States (380) 135 microscopic studies (4557) 23 Southeastern Wisconsin (3889) 126 vertical (4583) 28 Southern California (261) 130 Virtual mass (3782) 54 strip mined lands. (4753) 125 Virtual mass Syracuse University (4756) 128 partly submerged bodies (4170) 54 Tallahatchee Research Center (2914) 136 Vortex formation (3776) 53 Watershed management research Vortex motion (4579) 27 Fort Collins, Colo. (3896) 135 Vortex motion Watershed studies wake flows (4668) 56 Blacklands of Texas (4349) 115 Vortex shedding (2802) 46 Blacklands of Texas (4351) 115 Vortex stretching (4579) 27 central Florida (4329) Ill Vortices, standing (3766) 52 effects logging (2654) 128 Water forest influences (377) 132 structure of (4569) 12 forest influences (380) 135 Water conservation (3057) 30 forest influences (1188) 127 Water conservation facilities hydrologic cycle (2162) 78 designs (4356) 116 Illinois (552) 31 Water conservation practices (4274) 96 Illinois (657) 132 Water conservation practices (4846) 117 Illinois (2316) 34

Water consumption management ( 261 ) 130 residential (3437) 42 management (4319) 109 Water, consumptive use mean annual water yields, Utah (4236) 82 Idaho (4535) 30 Medicine Creek (4302) 103 irrigated crops (2177)... 117 North Fork Citico Creek (4011) 189 vegetation (3560) 119 Oklahoma (2365) 58 Water content Parker Branch (3307) 189 snowpack (4754) 125 Pine Tree (3309) 189 Water control, southern Piedmont (4331) 113 prediction method (4287) 99 Watershed studies Wave studies (3120) 93 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 37 Waves Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 37 forces, submerged structures (2659) 138 Red Prairie of Okla. (4339) 114 forces, submerged structures (4728; 85 Reynolds Creek (4314) 107 gravity (4866) ji runoff yields (4364) 121 Internal (4400) >. 158 sediment movement (4365) 121 measuring techniques (2261) sediment yields (4364) 12) progressive (4566) 12 semi-arid reflected (4639) 22 Arizona (4362) 121 refraction (3769) 92 New Mexico (4362) 121 reproduction of (3029) 12 Sleepers river (4286) 99 roll (3770) 92 Sleepers river (4289) 100 run-up, shore structures (2661) 138 southern Florida (4329) Ill short crested (4128) 24 swamp area (4053) 197 tsunami (4651) 48 Tennessee River Valley (768) (780) 189 ultrasonic (3528) eo tracer techniques (4324) 110 gravity, reflections (4644) 45 turbulence structure (4110) 20 gravity, wind generated (4738) 86 unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (4266) (4267). 95 ocean, Internal (4500) 71 Upper Bear Creek (4884) 190 shallow water, energy losses (4229) Virginia (4291) 100 solitary, breakup (4545) 196 W.Va. Appalachian Valleys and Ridges (4292). 100 surface, characteristics, observed (660)... 137 White Hollow (3308) 189 surface, gages (977) 137 White Mountains. N. H. (2419) 127 surface, generation (4) 71 Wisconsin (4264) 95 surface, generation (1478) 158 Yazoo River, Miss. (3869) 108 Weirs (3613) 173 Wave action Weirs beaches (181) 136 basic research (149) 86 beaches (529) 8 basic research (319) 53 beaches (660) 137 basic research (1584) 26 beaches (1609) 46 discharge characteristics (2694) 161 beaches (1631) 72 sharp crested (2324) 38 breakwaters Weirs, adjustable harbors, Duluth-Superlor (2685) 146 discharge capacity (3611) 173 rubble-mound (999) 144 Weirs, sharp-crested East Passage, Narragansett Bay (3590) 148 flow (4088) 91 erosion, beaches (4762) 139 Wells Hilo Harbor, Hawaii (3903) 150 construction (2576) 92 inlet (4124) 24 shallow (4842) 112 San Nicolas Harbor (4125) 24 stilling (4794) 176 shore protection works (529) 8 unsteady flow (4857) 91 tave barriers (4650) 48 Wind patterns (4609) 21 ave forces Wind velocity (4102) 19 harbors (3444) 46 Wind and water behavior (3051) 24 inlets (3444) 46 Wind waves moored objects (3750) 47 canals (2953) 173 Wave propagation generation (4607) 21 turbulent liquid (4891) 158 research (4607) 21 Wave setup Windflow, storm beaches (3228) 139 California (4768) 161

210 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Luther H. Hodges, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of. Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover.

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements. Dielectrics. High Voltage. Absolute Electrical Measurements. Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering Metrology. Mass and Volume. Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics- Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment. Nueleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics. Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard Refer- ence Materials. Applied Analytical Research. Crystal Chemistry. Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology. Combustion Controls. Polymers. Macromolecules: Synthesis and Structure. Polymer Chemistry. Polymer Physics. Polymer Charac- terization. Polymer Evaluation and Testing. Applied Polymer Standards and Research. Dental Research. Metallurgy. Engineering Metallurgy. Metal Reactions. Metal Physics. Electrolysis and Metal Deposition. Inorganic Solids. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Solid State Chemistry. Crystal Growth. Physical Properties. Crystallography. Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Metallic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics. Op- erations Research. Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Computer Technology. Measurements Automation. Engineering Applications. Systems Analysis. Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Far Ultraviolet Physics. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Plasma Spectroscopy. Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru- ments. Basic Instrumentation. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Ele- mentary Processes. Mass Spectrometry. Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry. OflBce of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO. CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Cryogenic Processes. Cryogenic Properties of Solids. Cryogenic Technical Services. Properties of Cryogenic Fluids. CENTRAL RADIO PROPAGATION LABORATORY

Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere Research- Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Vertical Soundings Research. Troposphere and Space Telecommunications. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Spectrum Utilization Research. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics. Radio Systems. Applied Electromagnetic Theory. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Fre- quency Utilization. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Radiodetermination. Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. High Latitude Ionosphere Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy. RADIO STANDARDS LABORATORY

Radio Standards Physics. Frequency and Time Disseminations. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Fre- quency and Time-Interval Standards. Radio Plasma. Microwave Physics. Radio Standards Engineering. High Frequency Electrical Standards. High Frequency Calibration Services. High Frequency Impedance Standards. Microwave Calibration Services. Microwave Circuit Standards. Low Fre- quency Calibration Services. Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics-NBS Group (Univ. of Colo.). :

Hydraulic Research in the United States

Guides to projects conducted by various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and Canada during 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1958, 1959, and 1962. Project reports cover work done at 80 private or State laboratories in the United States, 28 Federal laboratories, and 12 Canadian laboratories. These publications outline individual projects on nearly 200 subjects in the field.

Order NBS Miscellaneous Publication 201, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1951,

190 pages. Price : $1.25. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 205, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1952, 200 pages. Price $1.00. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 208, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1953, 215 pages. Price $1.25. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 210, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1954, 207 pages. Price '$1.25. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 218, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1956, 216 pages. Price $1.50. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 224, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1958, 168 pages. Price $1.25. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 227, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1959, 188 pages. Price $1.25. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 245, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1962, 196 pages. Price: $1.00.