Hydraulic Research in the United States 1961

Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1961

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 238 THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consul- tation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections, presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Mono- graphs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes. A complete listing of the Bureau's publications can be found in National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25), and the Supplement to National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 ($1.50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240, July 1957 to June 1960 (Includes Titles of Papers Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) ($2.25); available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1961

(Including Contributions from Canadian Laboratories)

Edited by Helen K. Middleton

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 238

Issued August 15, 1961

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price $1.25

FOREWORD

The information contained in this publication was compiled from reports by the various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and Canada. The cooperation of these agencies is greatly appreciated. The National Bureau of Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness of this publication. We must depend upon reporting laboratories for the completeness of the coverage of their own programs, as well as upon new laboratories engaged in hydraulics to bring their activities to our attention.

Projects are numbered chronologically, and the number once assigned is repeated for identification purposes until a project is completed. Numbers commencing with 3667 refer to projects which are reported for the first time. All projects are in active state, unless otherwise noted under (f )

The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of reports or detailed information regarding the research projects reported by other organizations. Such information may be obtained from the correspondent listed under (c) or immediately following the title of the organization reporting the work. It is of course understood that any laboratory submitting reports on its work will be willing to supply information to properly qualified inquirers.

A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research, " compiled and published by the International Association for Hydraulic Research, contains information on hydraulic research being conducted in foreign countries. This bu ll etin is edited by Professor H. J. Schoemaker, Director of the Hydraulic Laboratory at the Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International Association for Hydraulic Research. Copies may be obtained from the Secretary at $6.00 each (postage included).

A. V. Astin, Director

iii CONTENTS

Page Foreword iii List of contributing laboratories v Project reports 1 Subject index 209

Key to Projects

a) Number and title of project (e) Description b) Project conducted for (f) Present status c) Correspondent (g) Results d) Nature of project (h) Publications >

LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

ACCURATE PRODUCTS COMPANY 102 COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF 25 1*00 Hillside Ave., Hillside, N. J. Hydraulic Lab., Dept. of Civil Engrg. Dr. Peter G. Buehning, Vice Pres. Boulder, Colo. Prof. R. C. Rautenstraus, Dept. Chairman ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF Agricultural Experiment Sta., Fayetteville, Ark. CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF 27 Prof. Kyle Engler, Head Mechanical Engrg. Dept., Box U-37, Storrs, Conn. Agricultural Engineering Dept. Prof. Ronald S. Brand

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF 1 CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF 27 Civil Engineering Dept., Fayetteville, Ark. Civil Engineering Dept., Box U-37, Storrs, Conn. Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head Prof. Victor Scott ron, Civil Engineering

BEACH EROSION BOARD (see U. S. Government) CORNELL UNIVERSITY 27 School of Civil Engineering BONNEVILLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY (see U. S. Govt., Applied Hydraulic Laboratory, Ithaca, N. Y. U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland) Prof. Marvin Bogema, in Charge

BROOKLYN, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF 1 DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government) 333 Jay Street, Brooklyn 1, New York Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Civil Engineering DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY OF 28 Dept. of Civil Engrg., Fluids Lab., Newark, Del. CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1 Dr. Kurt Frey, Directing Head Engineering Division, Pasadena k, Calif. Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Applied Mechanics DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT COMPANY 28 El Segundo Div., 827 Lapham St., El Segundo, Calif. CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Mr. L. J. Devlin, Chief Engineer Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Pasadena k, Calif.

FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF _ 29 CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY The Engineering and Industrial Experiment Sta. W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Coastal Engineering Laboratory, Gainesville, Fla. Resources, Pasadena k, California Dr. Per Bruun Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Professor of Hydraulics GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 29 CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 102 Hydraulics Laboratory, School of Civil Engrg. College of Agriculture, Davis, California Atlanta, Georgia Mr. Robert M. Hagan, Chairman, Dept. of Irrigation Prof. C. E. Kindsvater

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF k HOUSTON, UNIVERSITY OF 31 College of Agriculture, Los Angeles 2k, Calif. Chemical and Petroleum Engrg. Dept., Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman Houston, Texas Department of Irrigation and Soil Science Prof. C. V. Kirkpatrick, Director

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 5 HYDRONAUTICS, INCORPORATED 31 College of Engineering, Berkeley k, Calif. 200 Monroe Street, Rockville, Md. Prof. J. W. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineering Mr. Phillip Eisenberg, Pres.

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 12 IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF 31 Dept. of Engineering, Los Angeles 2k, Calif. Engineering Experiment Sta., Moscow, Idaho Prof. J. Morley English, Vice Chairman - Research Dean Allen S. Janssen, Director

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 11 ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION 32 Dept. of Naval Architecture, Berkeley k, Calif. Box 232, Urbana, Illinois Prof. H. A. Schade, Chairman Mr. William C. Ackermann, Chief

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN 13 ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION 36 "esearch Foundation for Cross-Connection Control Dept. of Public Works and Buildings Los Angeles 7, California 201 West Monroe St., Springfield, 111. Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Supervisor Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engr.

:arnegie institute of technology 13 ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 36 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Pittsburgh 13, Penna. Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Urbana 111. Dr. T. E. Stelson, Head Dr. Frank B. Lanham, Head

:0LORADO STATE UNIVERSITY Ik ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 37 "iydraulics Laboratory Department of Civil Engineering "ivil Engineering Section, Fort Collins, Colo. Urbana, Illinois Dr. A. R. Chamberlin, Chief Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof. Hydraulic Engineering

v ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 39 MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF 59 Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Dept. of Agricultural Engineering 2lh Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois St. Paul 1, Minnesota Prof. T. J. Dolan, Head Prof. A. J. Schwantes, Head

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH hO MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY 59 State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Missouri Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director Dr. C. L. Wilson, Dean

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY kk MONTANA STATE COLLEGE 60 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ames, Iowa Agricultural Experiment Sta., Bozeman, Mont. Prof. Hobart Beresford, Head Mr. 0. W. Monson, Head Agricultural Engineering Department IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY U5 Department of Agronomy, Ames, Iowa NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF 6l Prof. William H. .Pierre, Head of Dept. Hydrodynamics Lab., Dept. of Engineering Mechanics IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Lincoln 8, Nebraska

Iowa City, Iowa ( see Iowa Institute of Dr . T . Sarpkaya Hydraulic Research) NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK CO. 62 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE Hydraulic Laboratory, Newport News, Virginia Applied Physics Laboratory, Silver Spring, Md. Mr. C. H. Hancock, Director Mr. R. E. Gibson, Director NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 63 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE k6 Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Bronx 53> N. Y. School of Engineering, Baltimore 18, Maryland Prof. John Happel, Chairman Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman Dept. of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 6k College of Engineering, Dept. of Meteorology KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF and Oceanography Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, Lawrence, Kansas University Heights, New York 53, New York Dr. Kenneth C. Deemer, Chairman NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 65 LEHIGH UNIVERSITY kd AND ENGINEERING Dept. of Civil Engineering University of North Carolina, Dept. of Engrg. Fritz Engineering Lab., Bethlehem, Penna. Research, Raleigh, North Carolina Prof. W. J. Eney, Director and Head of Dept. Prof. N. W. Connor, Director, Engrg. Research

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE 1+9 NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 65 Agricultural Engineering Research, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Fargo, No. Dak. Baton Rouge 3> La. Mr. W. J. Promersberger, Chairman Mr. Harold T. Barr, Head NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 65 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY U9 The Technological Institute, Evanston, Illinois Dept. of Civil and Sanitary Engineering Dean Harold B. Gotaas Cambridge 39> Massachusetts Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head, Hydrodynamics Lab. NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF 68 School of Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 53 Dr. H. C. Saxe, Acting Dean

Dept. of Mechanical Engrg., Cambridge 39 > Mass. Prof. Ascher H. Shapiro, in Charge OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 68 Fluid Mechanics Division Dept. of Civil Engineering, Columbus 10, Ohio Dr. Hamilton Gray, Head MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF 57 School of Engineering, Amherst, Mass. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY 69 Dean George A. Marston, Director Agricultural Engineering Dept., Stillwater, Okla. Prof. E. W. Schroeder, Head MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY 57 Dept. of Civil Engineering, East Lansing, Mich. OREGON STATE COLLEGE 69 Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Associate Professor Hydraulics Lab., Dept. of Civil Engineering Corvallis, Oregon MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF 58 Dr. Charles E. Behlke Department of Civil Engineering 320 West Engineering Building PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 70 Ann Arbor, Michigan Ordnance Research Lab., University Park, Penna. Prof. E. F. Brater Dr. John C. Johnson, Director

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF PURDUE UNIVERSITY 70 Minneapolis, Minn, (see St. Anthony Falls Agricultural Experiment Sta., Lafayette, Ind. Hydraulic Laboratory) Mr. N. J. Wolk, Director

vi PURDUE UNIVERSITY 72 UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY 92 School of Chemical Engineering, Lafayette, Ind. Engineering Experiment Station, Logan, Utah Dr. Edward M. Coinings, Head Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 72 WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY 96 Civil Engineering Dept., Lafayette, Indiana The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Lab., Pullman, Wash. Prof. K. B. Woods, Head Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 73 WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF 98 School of Electrical Engineering, Lafayette, Ind. Fisheries Research Institute, Seattle 5, Wash. Dr. T. F. Jones, Head Dr. William F. Royce, Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 74 WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF Jet Propulsion Center, Lafayette, Indiana Dept. of Civil Engineering, Seattle 5, Wash. Dr. Maurice J. Zucrow, Director Prof. R. B. van Horn, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 74 WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION (see U. S. Govt.) School of Mechanical Engrg., Lafayette, Ind. Dr. P. F. Chenea, Head WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF 99 Hydraulic Lab., Dept. of Civil Engineering PURDUE UNIVERSITY .74 Madison, Wisconsin School of Mech. Engrg., Automatic Control Lab., Dr. Arno T. Lenz W. Lafayette, Indiana Dr. Rufus Oldenburger, Head WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION 101 Woods Hole, Mass. REED RESEARCH, INCORPORATED 75 Dr. Paul M. Fye, Director 1048 Potomac St., N. W., Washington 7, D. C. Mr. Stanley F. Reed, Pres. WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 101 Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester 9, Mass. ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 75 Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director Allenspark, Colo., Prof. C. J. Posey, Director (Winter address: State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa) U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 75 Miss. River at Third Ave., S. E., Minneapolis, Minn. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Dr. Lorenz Straub, Director AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE 105 SCRLPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY 80 Soil and Water Conservation Research Division University of California, La Jolla, Calif. Beltsville, Maryland The Director Dr. C. H. Wadleigh, Chief

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 80 FOREST SERVICE Dept. of Applied Mechanics, San Antonio 6, Texas Dr. H. Norman Abramson, Director ALASKA FOREST RESEARCH CENTER 117 Box 740, Juneau, Alaska STANFORD UNIVERSITY 80 Mr. R. F. Taylor Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford, Calif. Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Executive Head Hydraulic Lab. CENTRAL STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 117 111 Old Federal Bldg., Columbus 15, Ohio STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 8l Mr. R. D. Lane, Director Davidson Laboratory 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXP. STATION 119 Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director Forest Service Building, Ogden, Utah Mr. Reed W. Bailey, Director ROBERT TAGGART INCORPORATED 88 400 Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, Va. LAKE STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 120 Mr. Robert Taggart Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1, Minn. Dr. Murlyn B. Dickerman, Director TENNESSEE, UNIVERSITY OF 88 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Khoxville l6, Term. NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 123 Dr. Harry H. Ambrose, Prof, of Hydraulics 102 Motors Ave., Upper Darby, Penna. Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE 89

Dept . of Oceanography and Meteorology PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXP. STA. 124 College Station, Texas P. 0. Box 4059, Portland 8, Oregon Dr. Dale F. Leipper, Head Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF 90 PACIFIC SOUTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXP. STA. 125 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Austin 12, Texas P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, California Dr. Walter L. Moore, Directing Head Mr. R. Keith Arnold, Director

vii ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXP. STA. 127 U. S. NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY 188

221 Forestry Bldg., Fort Collins , Colorado Naval Base, Philadelphia 12, Penna. Mr. Raymond Price, Director The Commanding Officer and Director

SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 132 U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION 189 P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, North Carolina 3202 E. Foothill Blvd. Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director Pasadena 8, California The Commander SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 133 2026 St. Charles Ave., New Orleans 13, La. OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH 190 Mr. Philip A. Briegleb, Director Fluid Dynamics Branch Washington 25, D. C. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS Mr. Ralph D. Cooper, Head

BEACH EROSION BOARD 13^ TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY 190 5201 Little Falls Road, N. W., Wash. l6, D. C. Hydraulic Data Branch, Khoxville, Term. The President Mr. Albert S. Fry, Chief

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND 137 CANADIAN LABORATORIES Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY, LTD. 197 The District Engineer Niagara Falls, Canada Mr. I. W. McCaig, Hydraulic Engineer U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL lUO 1217 U. S. Postoffice and Customhouse ALBERTA, UNIVERSITY OF 197 St. Paul 1, Minnesota Department of Civil Engineering The District Engineer Edmonton, Canada Prof. T. Blench, Head U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STA. ikO P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF 198 The Director Hydraulics Lab., Vancouver 8, Canada Prof. H. C. Gunning, Dean, Faculty of DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Applied Science

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS 158 ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE 203 Hydraulics Branch, Washington 25, D. C. 2500 Guyard Ave., Montreal 26, Canada Mr. Carl F. Izzard, Chief Prof. Raymond Boucher, Head Division of Hydraulic Engineering NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 159 National Hydraulics Laboratory THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO 199 * Washington 25, D. C. 620 University Ave., Toronto 2, Canada Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer WEATHER BUREAU l60 Hydrologic Services, Div., Washington 25, D. C. LaSALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 201 Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief 0250 St. Patrick St., LaSalle, P.Q., Canada Mr. E. Pariset, Director DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 20*+ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 162 Div. of Mechanical Engineering Water Resources, Div., Washington 25, D. C. Montreal Road, Ottawa 2, Canada Dr. Luna B. Leopold, Chief Hydraulic Engineer Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION 175 ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 205 Division of Engineering Laboratories Dept. of Engineering Science, Guelph, Canada Denver Federal Center, Denver 2, Colorado Prof. C. E. G. Downing, Head Mr. Grant Bloodgood Asst. Commissioner and Chief Engineer QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY 206 Hydraulics Lab., Kingston, Ontario, Canada DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Directing Head

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN 180 TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OF 207 Washington 7, D. C. Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Toronto 5, Canada The Commanding Officer and Director Prof. G. Ross Lord, Head

viii . . .

HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Agricultural Experiment evidence that long range filtering action Station. continues in cycles of loading and unload- ing of the filter bed before complete (2255) GROUND WATER, RESOURCES AND RECHARGE, IN failure results, THE RICE GROWING AREA OF ARKANSAS. (h) "Effectiveness of Coarse -Grained Media for Filtration" by Loren R. Heiple, Jour. Amer. (b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Water Works Assn., Vol. 51, No. 6, June 1959- cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey Reprints may be obtained by addressing L. and U. S. Corps of Engineers. R. Heiple, Head, Civil Engrg. Dept., Univ. (c) Prof. Kyle Engler, Head of Agricultural of Ark., Fayetteville. Other articles are Engineering Dept., University of Arkansas, in the process of preparation but publi- Fayetteville, Arkansas. cation data has not yet been determined. (d) Basic and applied research. (e) The straight 26-inch sand-packed recharge well has been tested for one year and results have not proved completely satis- POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN. factory. Main difficulties encountered arise in duplicating test condition under Inquiries concerning the following projects should

field situatl ons . The sand packed well be addressed to Prof. Matthew Stewart, Assoc. Prof, seemed to filter out plugging material but of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of redevelopment proved more difficult than in Brooklyn, 333 Jay St., Brooklyn 1, New York. the gravel packed well. Separan AP-30 was tried but proved unsatisfactory for con- (3376) FLOW THROUGH CULVERTS. ditions as encountered in this test. A slow gravel filter has been constructed (b) Laboratory project. and will be tested as a means of clarifying (d) Experimental; for masters thesis. recharge water during the winter and spring (e) Experimental study to determine the nature of I96O-61. of flow through culverts. (g) The project is not developed to a point for (g) Apparatus under construction. satisfactory reporting.

( 3667 ) DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF A 90-DEGREE TRIANGULAR WEIR.

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Civil Engineering Dept. (b) Laboratory project. (a) Experimental; for bachelor's thesis. (27^1) ROCKEFELLER FILTRATION PROJECT. (e) Design, construction and calibration of triangular weir. (b) Laboratory project (f) Completed. (c) Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head, Civil Engineering (g) Thesis available for loan. Dept., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. (d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research and development (e) This project involves a study of the re- CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Engineering moval of turbidity and bacteria from sur- Division. face water supplies using coarse grained media {l/h to 1 inch). Laboratory model (15^8) SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS. investigations and pilot field studies have been completed with the variables investi- (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. gated including; (l) Depth of bed; (2) size (c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of of media; (3) shape and nature of media; Tech., Pasadena, Calif. (k) effect of head of water on filter bed; (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and (5) rate of filtration. A full-size research. field installation is now under construction (e) Studies of cavitating and noncavitating and further statistical investigation is flow; dynamic behavior of cavitation bubbles; under way concerning the variable action of theoretical and experimental studies of filtration. c avitat i on damage (f) Suspended and scheduled to be reactivated. (h) "The Theory of Rectified Diffusion of Mass (g) Field studies have disclosed that turbidi- into Gas Bubbles," by D. Y. Hsieh and ty from normal surface waters may be sub- M. S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of Tech., stantially reduced by filtration, without Engrg. Div., Report No. 85-I5, Aug. i960. prior treatment, through a coarse grained "Theory of Gas Bubble Dynamics in Oscil- material such as pea gravel. Such a filter lating Pressure Fields," by M. S. Plesset has a capacity for effective long range and D. Y. Hsieh, Calif. Inst, of Tech., operation without development of appreci- Engrg. Div., Report No. 85-16, Aug. i960. able head loss or the need for cleaning "On the Propagation of Sound in a Liquid and with minimum attention. Filtration Containing Gas Bubbles, " by D. Y. Hsieh efficiency is most effective in low tur- and M. S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of Tech., bidity waters where particle size is pre- Engrg. Div., Report No. 85-17, September dominately colloidal. There is substantial I960.

1 " .

(I8l6) FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBMERGED relate this with field results. The col- HYDROFOILS UNDER CAVITATING CONDITIONS. lapse of a cavitation bubble of arbitrary shape close to, or in contact with a solid (b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy. boundary is being considered. Mechanical (c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, California Inst, damage from bubbles not in contact with of Technology, Pasadena, California. the boundary can result only from shock (d) Theoretical and experimental; hasic waves in the liquid. Preliminary work research. showed that these shock waves existed, but (e) Studies of hydrofoils. that they were too weak to be considered (f) Completed. as a damaging mechanism. Bubbles in con- (h) "Cavity Flow Past a Slender Pointed Hydro- tact with the boundary were next consid- foil, " by E. Cumberbatch and T. Y. Wu, ered. Experiments showed that for all but California Institute of Technology, Engi- the hemispherical cavities perfect fluid 1+7-11 March theory with constant cavity pressure neering Division Report No. .> i960. would yield good results concerning the "Cavitating Flow Past a Large Aspect-Ratio change of shape of the bubble during col- Hydrofoil," by E. Cumberbatch, California lapse and the pressure at collapse. The Institute of Technology, Engineering high pressure is in this case generated Division, Report No. Vf-12, May i960. by water hammer. It is anticipated that "Accelerating, Supercavitating Flow Past the infinite collapse velocities which are a Thin Two -Dimensional Wedge, " by E. encountered in theoretical treatment of Cumberbatch, California Institute of Tech., hemispherical cavities can be eliminated Engineering Division, Report No. V7-I3, by taking into account the compression of June i960. permanent gas, and the partial compression "Experimental Investigations of Three- of vapor at very high compression rates. Dimensional Effects on Cavitating Hydro- Very little is known about this last sub- foils, " by R. W. Kermeen, California ject, and it is anticipated that an at- Institute of Technology, Engineering Div., tempt will be made to obtain some data in Report No. kl-lh, September i960. this field. (g) The perfect fluid theory for collapse of (3377) THEORETICAL STUDIES IN HYDRODYNAMICS. non-hemispherical cavity in contact with a solid boundary has been worked out and (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the checked experimentally. Navy. (h) "On the Mechanism of Cavitation Damage by (c) Prof. T. Y. Wu, California Institute of Non-Hemispherical Cavities Collapsing in Technology, Pasadena, California. Contact with a Solid Boundary, " by Charl (d) Theoretical; basic research. F. Naude and Albert T. Ellis, Calif. Inst, (e) Studies of hydrodynamic flows with free of Technology, Pasadena, California, Hydro- surface phenomena; steady and unsteady dynamics Laboratory, July i960. cavity flows; principle of fish propulsion. (h) "Swimming of a Waving Plate," by T. Y. Wu, (27U6) HYDRODYNAMICS OF UNDERWATER BODIES. California Institute of Technology, Engrg. Division, Report No. 97-1, August i960. (b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy. "Some Features of Unsteady Cavity Flows, (c) Professor A. J. Acosta and T. Kiceniuk, by T. Y. Wu and D. P. Wang, California Hydrodynamics Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Engineering Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. Division, Report No. 97-2, in press. (d) Experimental and theoretical investigations. "A Modified Wake Hodograph for Free- (e) Investigations of the mechanics of Streamline Flows," by T. Y. Wu, California hydrodynamic phenomena involved in the Institute of Technology, Engineering motion of underwater bodies, including (l) Division, report in preparation. studies of forces on such bodies in cavitating and non-cavitating conditions; (2) investigations of the detailed mechanics of the fluid motions giving rise to the CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydrodynamics above forces Laboratory. (g) Force measurements on supercavitating delta wings are now being made to check the the- (2502) MECHANICS OF CAVITATION DAMAGE. oretical results of Prof. T. Y. Wu. Meas- urements of apparent mass coefficients in (b) National Science Foundation. cavity flows are also being made. (c) Dr. A. T. Ellis, Assoc. Prof, of Applied Mechanics, California Institute of Tech., (3009) CAVITATION SIMILITUDE. Pasadena, California. (d) Project is both experimental and theoret- (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the ical. It is primarily basic research, but Navy. it is anticipated that it will also have (c) Professor A. J. Acosta, California applications. The work has been the basis Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. of two Doctoral Theses. (d) Experimental program of basic unclassified (e) The purpose of the project is to determine work. the detailed mechanism of mechanical dam- (e) To determine the effect of the various age by cavitation, and to attempt to cor- thermal properties on cavitation in a

2 ......

venturi tube . It is known that cavitation by Ieuan R. Jones, Report No. E-88, similitude parameters based upon the vapor Hydrodynamics Laboratory, California Inst, pressure of the liquid at the bulk temper- of Technology, Pasadena, California, July ature are misleading since the pressure in I960. the cavity may be less or may exceed this value depending on air content, speed, size, thermal conductivity, etc. To investigate this question, a simple test loop with a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, W. M. Keck venturi-section made with glass windows Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources. has been constructed and run with water and Freon 113- In the future, other fluids (2258) THE RESUSPENSI0N OF FL0CCULENT SOLIDS IN will be used. Measurements of cavity pres- SEDIMENTATION BASINS. sure, air content, temperature, are being made (b) U. S. Public Health Service. (g) Results in water and Freon ranging in tem- (c) Dr. J. E. McKee, California Institute of perature from 70° to 200° show that the Technology, Pasadena, California. cavity pressure can depart appreciably (h) "The Resuspension of Flocculent Solids in from the value at the bulk temperature Sedimentation Basins," by Alfred C. The results are still incomplete. Ingersoll, Ronald T. McLaughlin, Final (h) "Observations on the Form of Cavitation in Report May 1960s Different Fluids," by L. R. Sarosdy, A. J. Acosta. A.S.M.E. Annual Meeting (27I+8) RELATION BETWEEN TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT Paper No. 6O-WA-83. AND THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAMS. (3378) CAVITATION IN CASCADES (b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. Department of Agriculture. (c) Prof. A. J. Acosta, California Institute of (c) Prof. V. A. Vanoni, Prof. N. H. Brooks, or Technology, Pasadena, California. Dr. John F. Kennedy, California Institute (d) Theoretical basic unclassified research. of Technology, Pasadena, California. (e) Study of flow through a cascade of cari- (d) Experimental and analytical basic research, tating circular arc hydrofoils. Linearized including doctoral dissertation. theory is used to get lift and drag coeffi- (e) Laboratory experiments were performed in cients, cavitation numbers and burning for two tilting flumes, with sand beds of the case of infinitely long cavities 0.23 mm or 0.55 mm mean diameter. The program has been devoted primarily to the (3379) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CAVITY study of roughness and sediment transport COLLAPSE PRESSURES in flows with antidunes and associated stationary surface waves, usually asso'^1 (b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.' ciated with Froude numbers near one or (c) Dr. Albert T. Ellis, Hydrodynamics Lab,, slightly larger. California Institute of Technology, ff) Completed December i960. Pasadena, California. (g) It was found that there are several types (d) Experimental program of basic research. of antidune behavior in a sand-bed stream (e) The purpose of the project is to experi- depending on Froude number, sand size, mentally investigate the pressure developed depth, width and external disturbances. at the site of collapse of a transient For example, surface waves may be two or cavity. Single, hemispherical spark cavi- three-dimensional and may break under ties are created in water at the pressure some conditions, but not others. end of a composite dural-flint glass-lead The wave length of the surface and hed pressure bar. At the collapse of such a waves is very closely given by the re- cavity, a transient stress pulse is propa- lation X = 2jtV^/g where V is mean gated along the bar which is detected by stream velocity and g is acceleration of an x-cut circular disc of quartz of the gravity. This equation has been derived same diameter as the bar and which is re- theoretically, and verified by both labo- corded photographically from an oscillo- ratory and field data. graph. These photographic records yield (h) "Stationary Waves and Antidunes in Alluvial information regarding the total lifetime Channels," John F. Kennedy, Ph.D. Thesis, of the cavity and the maximum amplitude California Institute of Technology, I960; and time variation of the force developed also to be issued as a project report during its collapse. An ultra-high speed (Pub. KHWR-6), approximately January I96I. photographic technique permits an estimate "Study of Relations Between Transport of of the peak pressure developed at the site Sediment and Hydraulic Characteristics of of collapse of the cavity to be made Streams," John F. Kennedy, Publication (g) Cavities having maximum diameters up to KHWR-7, California Institute of Tech., -§ inch have been studied during the course Pasadena, Calif. of these experiments and collapse pres- "On the Fall Velocity of Spheres and Sand sures of at least 10,000 atmospheres have Grains," John F. Kennedy and Robert C. Y. been observed. Koh, unpublished manuscript, i960. (A (h) "An Experimental Investigation of the Col- study of frequency distribution of fall lapse of Transient Cavities in Liquids," velocity)

3 .

(3668) FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS WITH VARYING (g) Preliminary results have been reported in ROUGHNESS. (h). (h) "Lecture Notes on Sediment Transportation (b) U. S. Geological Survey. and Channel Stability," Vito A. Vanoni, (c) Prof. N. H. Brooks, Mr. R. Hugh Taylor, Jr. Norman H. Brooks, and John F. Kennedy, (USGS), Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Publication KHWR-1, Sept. i960. California. (d) Thesis project, partly experimental. (e) In natural streams, the roughness pattern (dunes, ripples, flat, etc.) is often not UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Division of Agricultural uniform across the ted at a given cross Sciences, Department of Irrigation and Soil Science. section. To study this problem flume experiments are being conducted with "beds Inquiries concerning the following projects should which are rough gravel on one side of the be addressed to Professor A. F. Pillsbury, Depart- centerline, and smooth wood on the other ment of Irrigation and Soil Science, University of the side. The purpose is to analyze ve- California, Los Angeles 2k } California. locity distribution, transverse momentum exchange,' and overall fluid resistance of (26) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATION IN COACHELLA VALLEY. such a composite "bed. (b) Cooperative between the Coachella Valley (3669) FLUIDIZATION OF SAND BEDS BY UPWARD FLOW. County Water District, Coachella, Calif., U. S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, (b) U. S. Public Health Service (Research Calif., U. S. Bureau of Reclamation,

Grant ) Boulder City, Nevada, and this laboratory. (c) Prof. N. H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech., (d) Field investigations; applied research Pasadena, California. and design. (d) Experimental thesis project. (e) Work now concentrated on studies of (e) When a bed of sand is lifted and expanded drainage adequacy and of drainage yield. by an upward flow (the "quick" condition), Change in salinity status of soil is index it is really not an expanded porous medium, of drainage adequacy. Information being as previously described and analyzed by obtained on fluctuations of water table other investigations, but actually it following irrigation, and on effect becomes a thick suspension. The particles thereon of mechanically affecting soil move freely, sometimes generating large stratification. Where drainage yield is overturning eddies in the fluid. These being metered will seek to establish phenomena are being investigated in a relationship to factors such as surface one-foot square vertical lucite channel, soil, crop, irrigation slope, etc.

6-feet high. Studies of greater expan- (f ) Inactive in i960. sions in larger columns will lead continuously to the phenomenon known as hundred (27) HYDROLOGY OF WATER SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA. settling in dilute suspensions. (b) Laboratory project cooperative with Pacific (3670) TURBULENCE AND PARTICLE ENTRAINMENT IN Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Sta., SETTLING TANKS. USFS, and with College of Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles 2k; coordinated with (b) U. S. Public Health Service. work of Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of (c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni or John F. Kennedy, Calif., Davis, Calif. Ph.D., California Institute of Technology, (d) Experimental; applied research. Pasadena, California (e) Work now concerned with (l) subsurface (d) Experimental research. movement of moisture; (2) surface treat- (e) The work is carried out in flumes designed ments affecting infiltration of precipita- for such studies. Instrumentation for tion; and (3) detention of precipitation measuring very low velocities is being by surface litter and effect upon infil- adapted and developed for use in making tration. detailed investigations of velocity fields (g) Information being accumulated in labora- in the proposed experiments. tory on effect of ground litter in length- ening periods of infiltration opportunity-

( 3671 ) EVALUATION OF FORMULAS FOR THE TRANSPORT following periods of intense rainfall. RATE OF SEDIMENT BY ALLUVIAL STREAMS. (1058) SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO (b) Laboratory Project. IRRIGATION. (c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Prof, of Hydraulics, California Institute of Technology, (b) Laboratory project, coordinated with work Pasadena, California. of Dept. of Soils and Plant Nutrition, (d) Analytical research using published data. Univ. of Calif. Riverside. (e) The sediment discharge calculated by (d) Continuing laboratory and field studies. several well-known formulas is compared (e) Present work involves (l) evaluation of with actual measured sediment discharges use of neutron moisture probe in following in four natural streams. The results are the downward movement of the wetting front presented as graphs of sediment discharge and use of rate of that movement to eval- against water discharge. uate changes in soil texture and structure

k with depth; (2) effects of surface tension section and local heat transfer coefficient and fluid viscosity on hydraulic conduc- have been measured for a series of air flow tivity of soil; and (3) effects of salt rates in which the solids to air ratio is crystals, per se, on water movement into varied from 0 to 7 pounds of solids per soil. pound of air. The solids are introduced Neutron probe found to hegin to detect into the flow system through a mixing wetting fronts when about 7 inches below nozzle fed by a slide valve controlled such fronts in a variety of soil types. weighing tank, and two different sizes of solids, 30 microns and 200 microns, have (1303: HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRIGATION been used. Analytical studies have been DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. made for predicting the friction factor and heat transfer coefficient.

Laboratory project , cooperative with (g) Experimental results show that the Nusselt College of Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Los number remains constant for solids to air Angeles 2k, California. ratios less than 0.5 and 1.5 and then in- (d) Basic and applied research. creases. Qualitative agreement with the (e] Graduate student now working with model analytical prediction is obtained. low pressure pipe system to study hydrau- (h) "Heat Transfer to a Turbulently Flowing lic transients occurring with automatic Fluid-Solids Mixture in a Pipe," by C. L. operation. Tien, ASME Paper No. 60-HT-23, to appear in (f) Work being summarized. Journal of Heat Transfer. "Heat Transfer to Flowing Gas-Solids Mixtures in a Vertical Circular Duct," by (250U) DYNAMICS OF SOIL WATER FLOW TOWARDS AND C. A. Depew, Ph.D. Thesis, i960, Univ. of INTO SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE FACILITIES. California Library, Berkeley, California.

Laboratory project, cooperative with (529) LITTORAL SEDIMENT FLOW UPON A BEACH. College of Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles 2k, California. (b) Beach Erosion Board, Department of Army, (d) Experimental; applied research. Washington, D. C. (e! Work now concentrated on solutions for (c) Field laboratory and theoretical research. layered soils and for wide spacing of (d) The object of this project is to determine tile. pattern of sediment transport on beaches "Wetting Expansion of Draintile and Its near San Francisco. The work of the Effects on Water Entry," A. F. Pillsbury, fiscal year 1959-1960 has been the develop-

R. E. Pelishek and Nathan Buras . Trans. ment of techniques for using a Frantz ASAE, Vol. 3, No. 1, 88-89, I960. electrodynamic mineral separator to divide "Water Table Control in Arid and Semi-Arid beach sands into size groups of essentially Regions," A. F. Pillsbury, kth Congress, the same mineral composition. The object International Commission on Irrigation and is to then measure the percentage of Drainage 11. 65 -11. 8k. minerals in different size groups of "Lateral Movement of Water Along a Glass samples collected along the beaches to see Fiber Sheet Utilized as a Filter for Drain- if these differences will yield informa- tile," Nathan Buras and A. F. Pillsbury, tion as to the source and manner of trans- (prepared for publication). port of beach sands in the San Francisco area.

(155k) SEA WATER CONVERSION RESEARCH. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Engineering, Hydraulic Laboratory. (b) State of California. (c) Prof. Everett D. Howe, Director, Sea Water Inquiries concerning the following projects, except Conversion Laboratory, University of Calif., when otherwise indicated, should be addressed to 1301 South U6th Street, Richmond, Calif. Prof. J. W. Johnson, Dept. of Engineering, Hydrau- (d) Experimental, theoretical, field investi- lic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of California, gation, and pilot plant; basic research, Berkeley k, California. applied research, design, and operation. (e) The purpose of this investigation is to {k0) FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF discover whether there is available any GAS -SOLIDS MIXTURES. method for the large-scale, low-cost demineralization of sea water. The project (b) Laboratory project. includes a number of investigations, of (c) Prof. C. L. Tien, Asst. Prof, of Mech. which the following have been active during

Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley, 1959-60 : (l) multiple effect rotating California. evaporator; (2) evaporation by immiscible (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and fluid heat transfer; (3) vacuum flash applied research. distillation (low temperature difference (e) The flow and heat transfer characteristics method); {k) solar distillation; (5) vapor of a gas-solids mixture (glass beads and compression tests; (6) electrodialysis air) have been Investigated in a 0.710 inch tests; (7) freeze-separation; (8) ion ex- I.D. stainless steel tube with uniform wall change; (9) nuclear reactor studies; heat flux. Pressure drops across test (10) tests on magnetic scale control unit;

5 " " "

(ll) "biological studies; (12) underground tics," by V. A. KLachko, Translation from nuclear explosions as a possible source of the Russian by A. Kusubov, IER Series 75> heat energy for the distillation of sea Issue 22, 34 pp., August i960. water; (13) capillary control of vapor "Berkeley Progress Report for the Year transfer gaps; (l4) reverse osmosis pilot Ending June 30, i960," IER Series 75, plant; (15) thermodynamic and economic Issue 23, 29 pp., August i960. analysis; (l6) experimental heat transfer ^Requests for copies should be directed to: studies; (17) properties of sea water; Institute of Industrial Cooperation, De- (l8) fundamental studies of corrosion partment of Engineering, University of processes; (19) applications of- theory of California, Los Angeles, California. the hydrois. Investigations are "being **Requests for copies should be directed to carried on "both at Berkeley and at Los Sea Water Conversion Laboratory, University Angeles. of California, 1301 South 46th Street, (g) Detailed results may he ohtained from the Richmond, California. progress reports and publications listed under (h) below. This project has been (1823) THE MECHANICS OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT MOVEMENT active since 1951-52 and previous summa- WITH OSCILLATORY WAVES. ries have listed all reports prior to September 1959. (t>) Beach Erosion Board. (h) The following reports and publications (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. have been issued during the period since of California, Berkeley, California. July 1959 and summarize the work to date: (d) Experimental; basic research. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES : * (e) To obtain experimental information on the "A Thermodynamic Analysis of a Low-temper- criterion for initial and general move- ature-difference Flash-Distillation Method ment of bottom sediment by wave action. of Producing Fresh Water from Sea Water, Prototype conditions of the relative by Eldon L. Khuth, Report No. 60-11, 27 pp., motion of water and bed were simulated by February i960. use of an oscillating plate in still water. "Sea Water Demineralization Reverse Osmosis (g) A theoretical solution has been found for Pilot Plant," by J. W. McCutchan, Report the turbulent boundary layer flow along an No. 60-19, 60 pp., March i960. oscillating surface and was empirically "Sea Water Research Quarterly Progress checked for the smooth bottom. A solution Report October 1959-December 1959, has been found for the rough wall, but must Report No. 60-26, 70 pp., May i960. be checked for various different types of "Sea Water Research Progress Summary, roughness. The theoretical solution does

Report No. 60-70, 103 pp- , June i960. not permit the determination of the bottom "Heat Transfer in a Single Vertical Tube shear and may be unsatisfactory for this Falling Film Evaporator with Dropwise reason. Condensation," by Bruce Broker and J. W. McCutchan, Report No. 6O-58, 56 pp., July (2062) STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS FOR SHEAR IN i960. SAND- CLAY-WATER MIXTURES. "Thermodynamic and Economic Considerations in the Preparation of Fresh Water from the (b) Laboratory and field project. Sea," by Myron Tribus et al, Report No. (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. 59-34, September i960. of California, Berkeley, California. (a) Experimental; basic research. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY:** (e) Stress-strain measurements are procured by "Progress in Saline Water Conversion, means of plungers of given diameters, which by Everett D. Howe, Journal American Water are pressed into the sediment mixtures at Works Association, Vol. 51, No. 10, pp. a constant strain rate during which the 1191-1201, October 1959. stress is recorded by a system of strain "Solar Distillation at the University of gauges attached to a proving ring that is California," by Everett D. Howe, Solar deformed as the plunger enters the sediment Energy, Vol. Ill, No. 3, PP- 31-32, The stress-strain relations are computed in October 1959- terms of M. G. Bekker's coefficients. "Performance Characteristics of Sea Water (f) Experimental work to be concluded Dec. 3±, Distillation Equipment," by John T. i960. Chambers, IER Series 75, Issue 19, 31 pp., (g) The results show that for given water November 1959. content strength of sediments becomes "Series Staging of Vapor Compression Dis- greater, (l) as base exchange capacity tillation, " by John T. Chambers and Poul of clay increases, (2) as grain size de- S. Larsen, IER Series 75, Issue 20, 39 pp., creases (i.e.) as total surface area of May i960. constituent particles increases, (3) as "Current and Potential Methods for De- clay-sand ratio increases. mineralizing Water, " by Everett D. Howe, IER Series 75, Issue 21, 13 pp., May i960. (2063) METHODS OF DETECTING AND TRACING THE MOVE- "An Engineering Evaluation of Some current- MENT OF GROUND WATER. ly Proposed Methods for Biological Conver- sion of Saline Waters," by William J. (b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. Oswald et al, 42 pp., February i960. (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. "Ionite Membranes and Their Characteristics of California, Berkeley, California.

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(d) Experimental; applied research. University of California, Berkeley h, (e) This study has as its objectives study of California. velocity variations observed in tracing (d) Experimental; basic research. the flow of liquids through porous media, (e) Measurement of drag coefficients and flow development of methods and tracers for configurations about cylinders during ac- field determination of water movement under- celerated motion in fluids as related to ground, and application of these methods to wave forces as cylinders. location and measurement of seepage from (g) "Water Forces on Accelerated Cylinders," canals A. D. K. Laird, C. A. Johnson, and R. W. (g) A field study of the use of tritium for Walker, Journal Waterways and Harbors Div., tracing and evaluating seepage losses from Proc. Amer. Soc. of Civil Engr., Vol. 85, a canal has been conducted. A report is No. WW1, Mar. 1959. in preparation. "Water Eddy Forces on Oscillating Cylinders, (h) "Dispersion of a Water Tracer in Radial A. D. K. Laird, C. A. Johnson, and R. W. Laminar Flow Through Homogeneous Porous Walker, Journal Waterways and Harbcrs Div., Media," by L. K. Lau, W. J. Kaufman, and (in press) D. K. Todd, Inst, of Engrg. Research Rept.

93-5, 78 pp., 1959- ( 2505 ) EFFECT OF SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN STREAM CHANNELS. (2261) WAVE REFRACTION RESEARCH. (b) University project. (b) Beach Erosion Board, Department of Army, (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. Washington, D. C. of California, Berkeley, California. (c) Experimental; basic research. (d) Experimental; basic research.

( e ) Laboratory studies are being made of the (e) Alluvial flows in channels with artificial- refraction and some (diffraction and re- ly secured banks are studied systematical- flection) phenomena of water waves. Spe- ly for their tendency to meander as ex- cial attention is being given to the "Ma.ch pressed by the development of alternate stem" phenomenon. bars. It is the aim of this study to de-

( g ) In shallow water the velocity of a water velop criteria for stability. gravity wave depends upon the depth of (f) Experimental work concluded. water as well as upon the length of the (g) The important parameters seem to be the wave. When it travels in shoaling water Froude's number, the depth-width ratio it bends. This refraction changes the and the size and uniformity of the bed wave height and direction. Powerful sediment. The uneven distribution of graphical and analytical tools are avail- friction between banks and bed is of prime able for use by the engineers; however, importance. there is an almost complete lack of evi- (h) Ph.D. Thesis in preparation. dence as to their accuracy. The purpose of this contract has been to perform lab- (2753) HYDRAULIC BREAKWATER. oratory experiments to check the validity of the techniques used in practice. The (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the first series of tests were performed in a Navy. ripple tank; these showed that the tech- (d) Experimental; applied research. niques were fairly reliable from a prac- (e) Determination by model tests of the mech- tical standpoint. A series of tests were anisms by which hydraulic breakwaters

made in a model basin 150 ft . by 6k ft . by dampen water gravity waves 2 1/2 ft. deep. The results of these tests (g) Three dimensional tests in a model basin have been published. Tests have been con- show that the effect of wave refraction ducted on the formation of secondary wave due to the currents generated by the hy- crests as periodic waves pass into shoal draulic breakwater is of primary impor- water, and the results have been found to tance. For certain conditions the area in compare favorably with theory. Studies the lee of the breakwater can be made to be have been made of the non-reflecting cha- almost free of waves, while for other con- racteristics of waves incident to a steep ditions the waves behind the breakwater slope, large plane angle shore, and the will be higher than if there were no hy- results presented in a report. Studies draulic breakwater in operation. A series are being made of the refraction and short of model sizes have been used and a defi- crested wind generated waves in the labo- nite scale effect observed. Tests have ratory. been completed in connection with the (h) "Experimental Study on the Solitary Wave measurement of the currents generated by Reflection Along a Straight Sloped Wall at the jets and then the effect of the cur- Oblique Angle of Incidence" by T. C. Chen, rents on the waves, the purpose being to Univ. of Calif., IER, Tech. Rept. 89-5, find out in which portion of the mechanism 29 pp., August i960. the scale effect occurs. It was found that the scale effect occurred in the orifice. (2265) FORCES ON ACCELERATED CYLINDERS. The results have been published. Tests are under way at present on the effect of hy- (b) Engineering Foundation and laboratory draulic breakwaters on wind generated waves project as it is believed that the short period (c) Prof. A. D. K. Laird, 109 Mechanics Bldg., components of such a wave system will be

7 . . . . .

damped, allowing the long period wave (g) Observations of four large groups of dol- components to get past the breakwater, phins suggest that they are able to swim (h) "Wave Dissipation by Compressed Mr at a sustained speed of Ik to 18 knots. (Pneumatic Breakwater)" by S. I. Radionov, The black fish are able to maintain about translated by Hildegaard Arnesen, Univ. of 22 knots and one killer whale seemed able

Calif., IER, Tech. Rept . 10k-9 , kf pp., to swim somewhat faster. This implies that April i960. the apparent coefficient of surface fric- "Verification of the Froude Modeling Law tion remains approximately constant for for Hydraulic Breakwater" by John A. dolphins from 6 to 22 feet long, as is the Williams, Univ. of Calif., IER, Tech. Rept. case for rigid bodies; but on the basis lOU-11, 1+3 pp., August i960. of probable muscle power, it is only 1/8 the value for rigid bodies. (2755) DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS TO TRACE SEDIMENTS (h) "Sustained Swimming Speed of Dolphins" USING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS. will appear in Science during Nov. or Dec, I960. (b) U. S. Corps of Engineers. (c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Univ. of Calif., (3022) FLOATING BREAKWATER Berkeley h, California. (d) Experimental; theoretical, and field. (b) U. S. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory. (e) Radioactive materials are sought which (d) Analytical and experimental-applied re- can be permanently attached to sediment search. grains from the sand to the clay sizes (e) Analytical and experimental studies of new The instrumentation is to be developed by concepts of floating breakwaters which these tagged sediments can be ob- (g) Several new concepts have been investi- served in prototype water courses, partic- gated. One of these systems consisted of

ularly in the San Francisco Bay. a series of long plastic tubes ( slightly (g) Scandium-46 and gold-198 have been found buoyant) connected side by side and filled to be the best suited materials. The with water. The effectiveness of the sys- instrumentation for field detection of tem was remarkable for wave lengths of radioactivity has been developed. Four the order of one-half the tube length, or field tests in San Francisco Bay have been less. Additional work has been done with completed and analyzed. These tests have large plastic bags filled with water with shown that clayey sediments are transported the same results. Small scale laboratory in salt water in general suspension only studies have been completed, including the and are deposited in stable form from water measurement of forces in the mooring lines. flowing at less than two feet per second Medium scale tests are being made in San average velocities. Francisco Bay. (h) "First Annual Progress Report on the Silt (h) "Transmission of Waves Past a Rigid Vertical Transport Studies Utilizing Radioisotopes," Thin Barrier" by R. L. Wiegel, Jour. Water- R. B. Krone, 117 PP-, Dec. 1957- Obtain ways and Harbors Division, ASCE, Vol. 86, from author at U.C.E.F.S. 1301 South 46th No. WW1, pp. 1-12, March i960. Street, Richmond, California. "Floating Breakwater Survey to 15 August "Second Annual Program Report on the Silt 1959" by R. L. Wiegel, Univ. of Calif., 1 Transport Studies Utilizing Radioisotopes," IER, Tech. Rept. 1+0-2, 53 PP- , August 122 pp. Final Reports in preparation. 1959- "Floating Breakwater Survey, 15 August (3019) ANALOG MODELS FOR HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS. 1959 to 30 June i960" by R. L. Wiegel, H. W. Shen, and 0. C. Wright, Univ. of (b) Laboratory project. Calif., IER, Tech. Rept. lk0-3, 1+6 pp., (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. June I960. of Calif., Berkeley, California. (d) Experimental and theoretical; design and (3023) PRESSURE GENERATED WATER WAVES. development (e) Electric analog elements to represent all (b) National Science Foundation. major hydraulic features of a flood control (d) Experimental; basic research. project are being designed and constructed (e) This is a study of the coupled waves with the purpose of devising a tool en- generated by a pressure area moving over abling hydraulic engineers to optimize the the water surface, both two dimensional design and operation of flood control sys- and three dimensional; in addition, ana-

tems . lytical studies are being made of long (f) Completed. waves (f) Completed. (3020) BOUNDARY LAYER FRICTION IN THE DOLPHIN. (g) The conoidal wave theory has been reduced to the form that rapid calculations can (b) Laboratory project. be made with it, using curves and tables. (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. Laboratory tests in three dimensions have of California, Berkeley, California. been made to determine the limit of the (d) Experimental; basic research. effect of surface tension. Tests well (e) Purpose is to elicit whether there is an within the gravity wave regime have been anomaly in skin friction of dolphins. completed. (f) Completed. (h) "Presentation of Conoidal Wave Theory for

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Practical Application, " by R. L. Wiegel, (338*0 SAND MOVEMENT BY WIND. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 7> Part 2, pp. 273-286, i960. (b) Beach Erosion Board. "Hurricane Storm Surge Considered as a (d) Experimental. Resonance Phenomenon," by G. Abraham, Proc. (e) To develop a trap and auxiliary equipment Seventh Conf. on Coastal Engrg., Council for field measurements of the rate of sand on Wave Research, The Engrg. Foundation, movement by wind action. Tests on various 196l. types of traps were made in a wind tunnel "Some Aspects of Surface Water Wave Scale to determine the trap efficiency as a func- Effects" by G. Abraham, accepted for pub- tion of the wind characteristics. Some lication, Jour. Hydraulics Division, ASCE. field experiments also have been conducted. (h) "Sand Movement by Wind Action on the Char- (3380) SANTA ROSA CREEK STRUCTURES. acteristics of Sand Traps," by K. Horikawa and H. W. Shen, Beach Erosion Board Tech. (b) U. S. Soil Conservation Service. Memo. No. 119, Aug. i960. (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, California. (3385) ELECTRIC FLOOD MODEL. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Model tests of structures designed to reg- (b) U. S. Corps of Engineers, Kansas City Dis-

ulate the flood flows and sediment loads trict . in Santa Rosa Creek-. (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of (f) Concluded. California, Berkeley, California. (g) The combination of a flow regulating ori- (d) Experimental; design and development. fice with a diversion dam and a sediment (e) Using analog model techniques a simulator carrying tube provides a satisfactory so- for the Kansas River and its tributaries is lution. being developed. Purpose is to provide a (h) "Model Study of Santa Rosa Creek Hydrau- rapid and convenient means of estimating lic Structures," by G. Kalkanis, IER se- the effects of reservoir operation and rain- ries No. IkQ, Issue 1. fall distribution on flood stages. All pertinent hydraulic variables will be under (3382) FLUME STUDY ON THE TRANSPORT OF ESTUARIAL operator's control, and a flood routing pro- SEDIMENT. cedure completed each l/60 second.

(b) Corps of Engineers. (3386) SUBSURFACE SALINITY. (c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Univ. of California, Berkeley, California. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental. (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of (e) The motion in saline water of estuarial California, Berkeley, California. sediments is studied under controlled lab- (d) Analytical and experimental; basic research. oratory conditions. Both flumes and set- (e) This investigation is concerned with the tling vessels are used. The viscosity set- dynamics of the fresh-salt water interface tling and composition of sediment -water mix- in flow through porous media. Effects of tures are also studied to understand the re- non-steady flows and dispersion will be lationships between the flow and the deposit. considered. (h) Final report in preparation. (g) Experimental measurements of dispersion at a fluctuating interface have been completed. (3383) EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON THE FLOW Other boundary conditions are being studied. OF WATER OVER ROCK SILLS. (h) "Singularity Distributions for the Analysis of Multiple Fluid Flow Through Porous Media," (b) Thesis study. by G. de Josselin de Jong, Jour. Geophysical (c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Univ. of California, 'Research, November i960. Berkeley, California. "The Transition Zone Between Fresh and Salt

( d ) Experimental Waters in Coastal Aquifers," by J. Bear and (e) Smooth and rough rock sills are compared D. K. Todd, Water Resources Center Contri- in a 1-foot wide flume. The discharge bution No. 29, Univ. of California, Berkeley, coefficient is determined for free and 156 pp., i960. submerged flows (f) Completed. (3672) WALNUT CREEK STABILIZATION. (g) Discharge coefficient is determined for a

sill with 6" crest width, 6" high and 1: it- (b) North Walnut Creek Emergency Flood Control slopes upstream and downstream. This dis- District charge coefficient is somewhat lower than (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of that for a smooth dam of the same geometry. California, Berkeley, California. The downstream velocity distribution with (d) Experimental; for design. 0.1 foot rock is very different from that (e) Model tests of structures to distribute on a smooth structure. The scour pattern evenly the flow through a compound bend downstream is much more favorable than for with strong curvatures. the smooth structure (g) A combination of low sills and lined sec- (h) M. S. Thesis by Walter M. Linder, Univ. of tions will increase or decrease the California, Civil Engineering i960. Pro- roughness locally so that an even distri- ject report in preparation. bution of the flow will result.

9 .

(3673) JET PUMP FOR SEDIMENT. "Second Status Report on Model Studies of an Annular Nozzle Type GEM," by R. L. Wiegel, (b) Pacific Coast Engineering Co. D. 0. Horning, J. Cumming, and M. Price, (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of Univ. of Calif., IER, Field Rept. No. 56, California, Berkeley, California. 52 pp., 15 Nov. i960. (d) Experimental. (e) The use of a jet pump as a "booster pump at (3678) OCEAN SEWER OUTFALLS. the end of the ladder of a suction dredge is studied. (b) U. S. Public Health Service. (c) Prof. J. W. Johnson, Prof, of Hydraulic (367J+) SHEAR INTERFACE. Engineering, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California. ("b) National Science Foundation. (d) Basic research. (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of (e) This study is concerned with the various California, Berkeley, California. phenomena involved in the diffusion of (d) Experimental and theoretical. sewage at the discharge end of an ocean (e) The frictional boundary layer along an sewer outfall. interface is to be studied systematically (g) Phases investigated to date have involved with respect to shear, turbulence, stabil- mixing resulting from jet action and sur- ity of the interface and mixing of the face wind waves fluids. (h) "Jet Diffusion in Liquid of Greater Density" (f) Literature survey started. by G. Abraham, Jour. Hyd. Div., ASCE, June I960, pp. 1-13. (3675) CLAY TRANSPORT. "The Effect of Wind and Wave Action on the Mixing and Dispersion of Wastes" by J. W. (b) National Science Foundation. Johnson, Proc. First Int. Conf. on Waste (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, and Engrg. Disposal in the Marine Environment, i960. Field Station, University of California, "Wind Waves and Swell" by R. L. Wiegel, Berkeley, California. Proc. Seventh Conf. on Coastal Engin., (d) Experimental. Council on Wave Research, Berkeley, Calif., (e) A continuation and generalization of (3382) 1961. to various types of clays. The effect of flocculation and concentration of clay on (3679) EFFECT OF THE STORM AND THE WATERSHED flows, and the deposition and scour of these GEOMETRIES ON THE OUTFLOW HYDROGRAPH. sediments are studied systematically. (b) Water Resources Center, University of (3676) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER. California, Berkeley, California. (c) Prof. J. Amorocho, Acting Asst. Prof, of (b) Laboratory project. Civil Engineering, 110 Engineering Bldg.; (c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of G. T. Orlob, Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engrg., California, Berkeley, California. kl2 F Hesse Hall, University of California, (d) Analytical and experimental; basic research Berkeley, California. (e) This investigation is concerned with the (d) Theoretical and experimental investigation unsteady flow of water from recharge areas of the outflow history from a catchment as into homogeneous and nonhomogeneous aquifers. a response function of the inflow and the (g) A solution of the general infiltration e- catchment geometry. quation is being attempted by a digital (e) The objectives of the investigation include: computer. Results will be compared with (l) A critical evaluation of the "unit experimental measurements. hydrograph" method with regard to its basic assumptions and to the results of its ap- (3677) ANNULAR NOZZLE GROUND EFFECT MACHINE. plication. The criteria for this evaluation are: (a) Studies of the solutions (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. of the fundamental equations of spacially (c) Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Department of Civil varied unsteady flow with emphasis on Engineering, University of California, their sensitivity to changes in the para- Berkeley, California. meters that define the inflow pattern and (d) Experimental; applied research. the catchment characteristics, (b) Com- (e) Airborne vehicles supported by annular jets parison between the outflow values that have a lift considerably in excess of that result from the application of the unit due to the jet momentum when operating in a hydrograph method and actual measurements region close to the ground. The dynamic of outflow in fully controlled laboratory- lift, bending moment, wave resistance, base scale catchments. (2) Development of a pressures, and intake pressures are being procedure to derive inflow-outflow rela- measured for such a vehicle operating over tionships for catchments that may be char- both calm water and water with surface grav- acterized by simple geometric parameters ity waves present. when the inflow pattern is defined by iso-

(h ) "Progress Report on Model Studies of an hyetals and by known frontal advance rates. Annular Nozzle Type GEM" by R. L. Wiegel, (g) Experiments completed to date in model D. 0. Horning, W. M. Linder and G. Reichert, catchments with and without artificial res-

Univ. of Calif., IER, Field Rept . No. 55, ervoir simulation indicate that the assump- 23 pp., 15 June i960. tion of uniqueness of the basin response to

10 . . .

inflow as represented by the "unit hydro- (c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Room 22k, Bldg. T-3, Univ. graph" is not valid. The outflow rates of California, Berkeley, California. do not vary linearly with the inflow rates (d) Basic research; applied research; design. during the unsteady state and the shape of (e) The work undertaken under this program was the storm has a very important bearing on the design and construction of a power and the shape of the hydrograph even when the control system for the existing wave gener- average value of inflow is the same over ator, such that a recorded ocean wave in a the catchment. Evaluations of inflow desired scale could be reproduced in the gradient effects and droplet impact on the towing tank. The system utilizes a magnet- flow are being conducted. ic tape input to servomechanism which makes the wave-generator follow a prescribed time distance curve.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Department of Naval (368IO PROPAGATION OF WAVES OVER AN OBSTACLE IN Architecture WATER OF FINITE DEPTH.

(302*0 STABILITY OF VESSELS IN A SEAWAY. (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy. (b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine (c) Professor J. V. Wehausen, Room 22^, Bldg. Engineers T-3, University of California, Berkeley, (c) Prof. John R. Paulllng, Jr., Room 22h, Bldg. California. T-3, University of California, Berkeley, (d) Theoretical basic research, thesis for a California. doctoral degree. (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- (e) The surface waves are investigated in a search. channel of infinite horizontal extent with (e) A study of the effect of the seaway on the a uniform fluid depth except in a finite transverse stability and capsizing of ships. region, where the contour of the bottom is (f) Completed. specified by some function, y = b(x). Fi- (g) It is shown that the transverse stability nally, a specific problem is worked out for of a ship in head or following seas may a case of a bottom which is completely flat differ appreciably from that of the same interrupted only by a vertical barrier of ship in calm water. Model experiments vanishing thickness. Curves are given for yield results which agree quite well with the reflection coefficient as a function of theoretical predictions. Charts have been wave number, with the ratio of barrier devised which enable the designer to pre- height to water depth as a parameter. dict the loss of stability in waves. (f) Completed. (h) "Transverse Stability of Tuna Clippers" by (h) "Propagation of Waves Over an Obstacle in J. R. Paulling. Fishing Boats of the World, Water of Finite Depth" by T. Francis II, Fishing News Ltd., London, i960, pp h89- Ogilvie, University of California, IER Series 82, Issue lh, May i960. "The Transverse Stability of a Ship in a Longitudinal Seaway" by J. R. Paulling, (3685) SHIP SLAMMING LOADS AND HULL RESPONSES.

( in preparation ) (b) National Academy of Sciences - National (3026) SHIP RESISTANCE IN UNIFORM WAVES AS A Research Council, Committee on Ship FUNCTION OF BLOCK COEFFICIENT AND WAVE Structural Design. STEEPNESS. (c) Professor H. A. Schade, Room 22h, Bldg. T-3, University of California, Berkeley, (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the California. Navy. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and (c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Room 22h, Bldg. T-3, Univ. applied research. of California, Berkeley, California. (e) The project involves structural as well as (d) Experimental. hydrodynamic problems. Only the latter are (e) A series of experiments were performed to described here. (l) It will be attempted study the effect of width (beam) and the to determine the virtual mass distribution block coefficient of the ship on the added along the length of a vibrating beam in resistance in uniform waves. The following water (forced vibration as well as impact block coefficients were used for Series loading). (2) A model of an element of 60 5-foot models: 0.60; 0.70; 0.80 and a ship bottom structure will be dropped on a model of DE 1006 with a block coefficient free water surface. Strains, accelerations of O.U9. For block 0.60 model two addi- and pressures will be measured. tional models were built, one with 0.75 and the other with 1.25 times the beam of (3686) N0N- LINEAR COUPLED SHIP MOTIONS. the parent form. All of the models were towed in waves 5 feet long at seven dif- (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the ferent wave steepnesses between 0.01^6 and Navy. 0.0681k (c) Professor John R. Paulling, Jr., Room 22h, Bldg. T-3, University of California, (3029) REPRODUCTION OF RECORDED OCEAN WAVES IN A Berkeley, California. SHIP MODEL TOWING TANK. (d) Theoretical with some experimental verification. (b) Natl. Sci. Foundation and Univ. of Calif.

11 .

(e) It has "been shown that at certain frequen- "Optimum Irrigation Practice Under Condi- cies of heave or pitch motion of a ship, a tions of Short Supply", W. A. Hall and N. rolling motion of large amplitude may arise. Buras, submitted for publication, Agricul- This is explained in terms of instabilities tural Engineering, i960. of solutions of the equations of motion "The Dynamic Programming Approach to Water which include certain non-linear coupling Resources Development," W. A. Hall and N. terms Buras, submitted for publication, Journal (g) The relationships "between natural frequen- of Geophysical Research, i960. cies in pitch and roll or heave and roll "Aqueduct Capacity Determination Under an which lead to unstable rolling motion have Optimum Benefit Policy," W. A. Hall, sub- "been obtained theoretically and verified mitted for publication, Journal A.S.C.E., experimentally. Analog computational tech- I960. niques have been used in investigating the "A Method for Allocating Costs of a Water effect of damping. Supply Canal, " W. A. Hall, submitted for publication, Journal A.S.C.E., i960.

(3687) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS , ADDED- MASS, AND DAMPING COEFFICIENTS FOR CYLINDERS OSCIL- (3681) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION. LATING IN A FREE SURFACE. (b) Agricultural Experiment Station, Univ. of (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the California, Davis, California. Navy. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and de- (c) Professor J. V. Wehausen, Room 22k, Bldg. sign. T-3, University of California, Berkeley, (e) An investigation in the hydraulic charac- California. teristics of surface irrigation with par- (d) Theoretical and experimental basic research, ticular reference to design of surface thesis for a doctoral degree. irrigation systems. (e) A linearized theory is developed for the (g) The unsuitability of Manning's equation for pressure distributions, added-mass and shallow very rough flows has been demon- damping coefficients for horizontal cyl- strated. The general time-distance rela- inders oscillating vertically with small tionships for border flows have been de- amplitude while semi -immersed in the free rived for an advancing stream (unsteady). surface of a fluid of uniform depth. Calcu- Application of these results to system lated values are compared with values meas- design has been made. ured in experiments. (h) "Estimating Irrigation Border Flow," W. A.

(f) Completed. Hall, Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 37 } (g) The measured values and values based on the No. k, 1956. sample calculations show similar distinctive "Design of Irrigation Border Checks," W. A. behavior. Hall, Agricultural Engineering, Vol. kl, (h) "Pressure Distributions, Added-Mass, and No. 7, I960. Damping Coefficients for Cylinders Oscil- lating in a Free Surface" by William R. (3682) A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF DECISION THEORY Porter, University of California, IER IN CIVIL AND HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE. Series 82, Issue 16, July i960. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Theoretical; basic. (e) The influence of uncertainty must be con- UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Institute of Industrial sidered when designs are prepared for a Cooperation, Department of Engineering. water resources development. An optimum design for a particular reservoir structure Inquiries concerning the following projects should must consider not only the expected, or be addressed to Prof. J. Morley English, Vice- average, value of benefits but also some Chairman, Research, Department of Engineering, Univ. measure of the aversion to (or, conversely, of California, Los Angeles 2k, California. the propensity for) the risk inherent in an uncertain future of inflows. The effect (3680) OPTIMIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT. of serial correlation in the data, and the subsequent design requirements it imposes, (b) Water Resources Center, University of are considered. The study is being done, California. in the main, by simulation techniques. (d) Theoretical; basic. (g) A new design method is envisioned. (e) Mathematical techniques are being devel- (h) "Report of the Harvard Water Resources oped for optimization of water resource Program," (Harvard University press, development, including rational cost allo- Cambridge, 1961) in press, to which the cation using dynamic programming. author has contributed two chapters. (g) An overall model has been developed. Opti- mum design of aqueducts and corresponding (3683) FOUNDATIONS AND EARTH STRUCTURES IN EARTH- cost allocation for planning and design QUAKES. purposes has been analyzed. (h) "Optimization of the Utilization of a (b) Laboratory project. Water Resource," W. A. Hall, Department of (d) Field investigation; applied research. Engineering Report 58-I5, 1958, University (e) A rather detailed summary is included of of California. the response of earth dams to earthquakes, 12 . , . .

based on a study of the earthquake litera- CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of ture. Approximately fourteen earth dams Civil Engineering. are treated and the structural features and damage details are given. Also treated are Inquiries concerning the following projects except

building foundations , bridge foundations when otherwise indicated should be addressed to tunnels and landslides. Dr. T. E. Stelson, Dept. of Civil Engineering, (f) Completed. Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh 13, (g) Summarizing statements are included for Pennsylvania. each type of foundation and earth structure treated, indicating what is known from field (183U) AIR-WATER FLOW. experience about their behavior in earthquakes, with emphasis on failures. The (b) Laboratory project. earth dams and a number of the tunnels are (d) Analytical and experimental. hydraulic structures. (e) Study of air-binding in pipelines. Partic- (h) "Foundations and Earth Structures in Earth- ular attention is given to the mechanism quakes," C. Martin Duke, Proceedings Second and relationships causing separation of air World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, into pockets, re-entrainment of air at a Tokyo, Japan, i960. turbulent interface and energy losses associated with the phenomenon. (g) Experimental studies of 2-and 6- inch diameter pipes have been completed for a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Research Foun- variety of flow conditions. dation for Cross-Connection Control. (206k) VIRTUAL MASS. Inquiries concerning the following projects should be addressed to Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Supervisor, (b) Laboratory project. Research Foundation for Cross-Connection Control, (d) Analytical and experimental. University of Southern California, Los Angeles 7, (e) Determination of the inertia drag on bodies California. moving in fluids in rotational motion and under varying conditions of translati onal (1+9) RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR CROSS-CONNECTION motion. CONTROL. (2275) FLOW OF LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES. (b) Laboratory project (d) Experimental research and field investiga- (b) Laboratory project. tions; basic reaearch. (d) Analytical and experimental. (e) To determine by proper research the relative (e) Study of the movement of granular material value and protection afforded by various carried in a fluid through closed conduits. backflow prevention devices. Measurements of velocities, energy losses, (g) Establishment of standardized laboratory concentrations and segregated conditions and field test procedures and minimum spec- are made ification requirements for backflow prevention equipment and continuous evaluation (2759) FLOW INTO VERTICAL SHAFTS. and improvement of such procedures and spec-

ifications . (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental and analytical. (3688) MANUAL OF CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL RECOM- (e) Evaluation of flow into vertical shafts MENDED PRACTICE. for different conditions of geometry, gradeline, head and surface condition. (b) Foundation Director was member of committee (f) Inactive. of Southern California Water Utilities Association which approved the entire manual (3203) PRESSURE SURGES IN CLOSED CONDUITS. after a draft had been prepared by a subcommittee of four. (b) Laboratory project - National Science Foun- (d) Field investigations and applied research. dation Fellowship. (e) Manual was in preparation for six years and (d) Analytical and experimental. includes some reports of the Foundation. (e) Determination of pipe geometry on the re- This is a handbook for the purveyor of a flection and transmission of pressure public water supply. surges in closed conduits. (f) Manual completed. (g) The 125-page, 12-section manual provides a (3205) FLOW OF LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES IN INCLINED compendium on cross-connection control PIPES practices. A few of the section headings are: definitions, typical facilities, (b) Laboratory project. cross-connection control practices, spec- (d) Analytical and experimental. ifications of devices. (e) Study of the special problems that develop (h) "Manual of Cross-Connection Control Recom- when liquid-solid mixtures are carried in mended Practice" was edited and published inclined pipes. by Research Foundation for Cross-Connection Control, University of Southern California. (3390) MECHANICS OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLOWS. Price $3-90 per copy.

13 . . .

Laboratory project. (e) Study of the celerity and intensity of (c Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg., pressure waves in solid-liquid mixtures of Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh different characteristics flowing in pipes. 13, Pennsylvania. (d Analytical and experimental. (3692) SEPARATION FLOW OF SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES. (e Study of energy relationships, velocities and flow structure in non-newtonian flows 00 Allegheny County Sanitary Authority. (d) Experimental and analytical. (3391 VORTEX FORMATION. (e) In the separation or divergence of flowing liquid-solid mixtures unbalanced concen- (b Laboratory project. trations frequently occur in the different (c Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg., channels. Methods are being developed to Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh predict and control the unbalance. 13, Pennsylvania. (d Analytical and experimental. (e Study of onset, development, stability and decay of vortex motion in free surface COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory, flows Civil Engineering Section.

(3392 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN NATURAL STREAMS. (55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS. Laboratory project. (c Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg., (b) Soil Conservation Service, Colorado Agri- Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh cultural Experiment Station. 13, Pennsylvania. (c) Mr. Jack N. Washichek, Snow Survey Super- (d Experimental and analytical. visor, Colo. State Univ; Civil Engrg. Sect., (e Studies of stream geometry, sediment load Fort Collins, Colorado.

characteristics and velocities for typical (d) Field investigations ; applied research. natural stream conditions. (e) Systematic measurements of depth and water content of snow at high elevations in (3393 EVAPORATION FROM MOVING SURFACES. Colorado and New Mexico mountain areas for the purpose of forecasting the runoff of (> Laboratory project-. the principal rivers of the state in the (c Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg., interest of irrigation, power, domestic Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh supplies, and other uses. The use of elec- 13, Pennsylvania. trical resistance soil moisture units is (d Analytical. being tested to determine a factor of soil (e Study of the influence of kinematic condi- moisture deficiency for water supply fore- tions at the liquid-solid interface on the cast purposes. Most of the major basins evaporation process. now have 2 or more soil moisture stations (f Inactive installed. A period of record must follow before any degree of correlation can be (3689 PHASE SEPARATION EFFECTS IN THE FLOW OF accomplished. BLOOD. (g) Forecasts are now being issued at forty gaging stations in Colorado and New Mexico. 0> National Institutes of Health. As forecast procedures improve, more and (c Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg., more vital streams will be forecasted. Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh (h) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station 13, Pennsylvania. General Series Papers - Monthly Snow Sur- (d Experimental and analytical. vey Reports for the Rio Grande, Colorado (e Study of the magnitude of the phase sep- and Platte-Arkansas Drainage Basin. aration effect in the flow of blood for Three small basin reports and one two-state vessels of different sizes and configurations, bulletin, covering the Rio Grande, Colorado, both under steady and pulsating flow condi- and Platte -Arkansas drainages are issued

tions . monthly, February through May. Supplemental reports are issued January 1, May 15, and (3690) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF FOAMS. June 1.

(b) National Institutes of Health. (821) GROUND-WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELATION (d) Experimental and analytical. TO PUMPING. (e) Study of the flow characteristics of foams in closed conductors and open channels of (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. varying geometry. (c) Mr. M. M. Skinner, Assistant Civil Engi- neer, Civil Engineering Section, Colo. (3691) WAVE PROPAGATION IN SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. (d) Field investigation. 00 Laboratory project. (e) The work consists of semiannual measure- (c) Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg., ments of the depth to the water table in Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh about 300 observation wells in the Arkansas 13, Pennsylvania. and South Platte Valleys in Colorado.. The (d) Experimental and analytical. observation wells, a few with continuous

Ih . , ) . .

recorders, are strategically located in Quantitative tests were limited to rec- pumping areas. Data on power consumption tangular channels with rigid vertical sides are also gathered for comparison with but of varying width. A qualitative in- water-table elevations. The work is co- vestigation was scour and scour control in ordinated with the Ground Water Branch, an alluvial channel of trapezoidal cross- U.S.G.S. section but of one width only. Outflow (g) Water tables continue to generally decline from the pipe was steady, uniform flow. in areas which depend entirely upon ground (f) Laboratory tests have been completed. A water for irrigation and have a small nat- report covering work to date is being com- ural recharge in comparison to withdrawals. pleted. Water tables in the main stem aquifers and e (g) Generalized design criteria for an armor- areas under canals have recovered quite plated, pre-shaped stilling basin have well following the dry period of the early been developed. The design criteria are 1950's. limited to certain flow and sediment "Water Table Fluctuations in Eastern Colo." characteristics in a rectangular channel by W. E. Code, Colorado State University with rigid, vertical sides and of a given Agr. Expt. Sta. Bulletin 500-S, 3^ pp. width. In alluvial channels, armorplat- August 1958. ing of channel banks is essential to chan- "The Manifold Stilling Basin," by G. R. nel stability. In addition, decreasing Fiala and M. L. Albertson, Colorado State the slope of the channel banks increases University, Civil Engineering Dept. Report the effectiveness in scour control brought No. CER58MLA35. about by the armor plated, pre-shaped basin and banks (1837) SEALING OF IRRIGATION CANALS BY BENTONITE (h) "Scour and Scour Control Below Cantilevered SEDIMENTING. Culvert Outlets," by G. L. Smith, Colorado State University, Civil Engineering Dept. Colorado State University Experiment Report is now in preparation. Station, USDA - Agricultural Research Serv- "Sediment Sealing of Irrigation Canals," ice and Irrigation Districts and Companies. by R. D. Dirmeyer, and R. T. Shen, (Report Leader, (c) Mr. R. D. Dlrmeyer, Jr., Project of three-year period of 1957 through 1959) 3 Engineering Research, Colorado State Univ., Colorado. Report No. CER0ORDD33, July Fort Collins, Colorado. i960. U) Applied research and development at field

sites, supported by laboratory research ( 2066 STUDY OF OPEN CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS IN A where needed. SLOPING FLUME. (e) Development work with Wyoming high- swell bentonite as a sedimenting agent in seal- (b U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. ing irrigation canals is essentially com- (c Dr. H. K. Liu, Associate Civil Engineer, plete. The research and development work Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State is now being concentrated on the use of University, Fort Collins, Colorado. the low-swell varieties of bentonite as a (d Experimental; applied. sedimenting agent for sealing irrigation (e Scour at bridge abutments of various shapes canals and reservoirs. and dimensions have been investigated in (f) Completed. the laboratory. Natural sediment having (g) The main advantages of the low-swell mean sizes of approximately 0.^5 mm were bentonite over the high-swell varities are used in the tests. Sediment supply of listed as follows: (l) The low-swell va- mainly bed load varied from zero to less rieties are relatively common in many parts than 1000 ppm. of the Western United States and in other (f Laboratory tests have been completed. Data areas of the world, whereas the high-swell are being analyzed and compiled. bentonites are mainly found in Wyoming, and Criteria for estimating the maximum depth (2) the chemical character of the low-swell of scour at abutments have been established. bentonites make them compatible with salty The maximum depth of scour, for given sed- soils and hard waters whereas the high- iment size, is found to depend upon the swell bentonites can undergo objectional flow depth, velocity, and abutment length physical changes when subjected to such and geometry. conditions (h Report in preparation.

(107^) HYDRAULICS OF STILLING BASINS. (2277 STUDY OF EVAPORATION FROM SOIL SURFACES IN TERMS OF SOIL AND MICR0METE0R0L0GICAL (b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. FACTORS. (c) Mr. G. L. Smith, Assistant Civil Engineer, Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State (b Contributing project to Western Regional University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Project W-32 "Basic Hydrological Factors (a) Experimental; applied and fundamental. Relating to Water Conservation". (e) Experimental investigation was made of (c Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Assistant scour and scour control in an alluvial Research Engineer, Civil Engineering Section, bed involving outflow from a cantilevered Colorado State University, Fort Collins, pipe. Scour control was accomplished by Colorado means of a pre-shaped basin in the alluvial (d Experimental; basic research. bed armorplated with graded aggregate. (e The project is a study of evaporation from

15 . : .

soil surfaces. During the past year exper- Engineering Section, Fort Collins, Colo., iments have "been conducted to determine the Report No. CER59ARR1. effect of cyclic variation of ambient condi- "Model Study of a Trapezoidal Flume for tions of temperature, humidity and radiation Measurement of Stream Discharge," by A. R. on an inverse relation that sometimes exists Robinson, Colo. State Univ. Research Foun- between the rate of evaporation from a free dation, Civil Engineering Section, Fort water surface and the rate of evaporation Collins, Colorado, Report No. CER59ARR57. from a soil in contact with a water table A study is beginning to determine the ef- (2514) STUDY OF RESISTANCE TO FLOW AND SEDIMENT fect of gradation, thickness, and soil type TRANSPORT IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS. on the effectiveness of a gravel mulch for reduction of evaporation. (b) U. S. Geological Survey. (g) Under cyclic ambient conditions, the inverse (c) Mr. D. B. Simons, Project Chief, U. S. relation between the rate of evaporation Geological Survey, Colorado State Univ., from a soil in contact with a water table Fort Collins, Colorado. and that from a free water surface can oc- (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research cur if the ambient conditions are such that (staff, doctoral and Masters). the evaporation rate from a free water sur- (e) A detailed study of resistance to flow and face reaches a minimum value that depends sediment transport in alluvial channels is on soil type, depth to water table, and may underway. Bed materials with median dia- depend on the length of time these ambient meters of 0.19 mm, 0.28 mm, 0.^4-5 mm and conditions exist. The phenomenon does not 0.93 mh are being studied. appear to depend on order of time in which In addition, the following related investi- the ambient conditions occur. Preliminary gations are active: (l) A study of the studies on the characteristics of gravel effect of fine sediments (clay size) on mulches indicate that as much as 50 to 90 flow in alluvial channels, (2) A study of percent of the moisture lost by evaporation the effect of temperature on flow in from a soil surface initially saturated alluvial channels, and (3) A study of the can be conserved during the first 3 "to 5 effect of gradation size of bed material days of drying by application of a layer of on flow in alluvial channels. gravel to the surface (g) Forms of bed roughness in alluvial channels (h) "Modification of Bridge Control to Simulate have been classified. The relation of re- Diurnal Variation of Temperatures, Humidity, sistance to flow to forms of bed roughness

and Radiation. " Agric. Eng. kl( 7 ) h^O-k^l, has been discussed. The effect of change July i960, CER60RAS25. in form of bed roughness on depth-discharge relations for alluvial streams has been (2279) LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDY OF THE VORTEX described. It has been verified that TUBE SAND TRAP. whether or not ripples form is a function of the size of bed material and that dunes Cooperative project: Colorado Agricultural will form irrespective of size of bed ma- Experiment Station and Agricultural Research terial, provided sufficient shear can be Service. See U. S. Department of Agri- exerted on the bed material by the water- culture, Agricultural Research Service, sediment complex to cause general motion page 110. without having the Froude number equal or exceed unity. The effect of fine sediment (2513) WATER AND SEDIMENT MEASURING EQUIPMENT FOR (large concentrations of clay) on the ap- EPHEMERAL STREAMS. parent viscosity of the water- sediment complex, the fall velocity of the sediment (b) Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment and the effective size of the bed material Station, Agricultural Research Service and have been studied. In general, the addi- Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. tion of fine sediment reduces the fall ve- (c) Mr. A. R. Robinson and Dr. A. R. Chamberlin, locity and effective size of the bed ma- Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. terial and can cause significant changes (d) Experimental; applied research. in form of bed roughness, resistance to (e) The present phases of the project are to flow, and bed material transport. A pre- further develop measuring flumes of trap- liminary study of effect of temperature ezoidal shapes for measurement of flows change- shows that a decrease in tempera- with steep gradients and for a large range ture will decrease the fall velocity and of flows. the effective size of the bed material (g) Tests of a large 1:2 model have been com- sufficiently to change form of bed rough- pleted. These tests were made by corre- ness under certain poised conditions. In lating the results with field measurements a sense, the effect of reducing tempera- and conditions. Upstream approach condi- ture is similar to the effects of adding tions and flume geometry were made to cor- fine sediment to the water only they are respond to the field situation. A number not as significant. of structures have been constructed and (h) "A Study of Flow in Alluvial Channels, are being observed in the field. Water Supply Paper No. ll+98a - Flume (h) "Trapezoidal Measuring Flumes for Deter- Studies Using Medium Sand (0.^5 mm) - in mining Discharges in Steep Ephemeral branch of texts, "by D. B. Simons and E. Streams," by A. R. Robinson, Colorado State V. Richardson. University Research Foundation, Civil "A Study of Flow in Alluvial Channels,

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Water Supply Paper No. 1^98b - A Prelimi- (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station nary Investigation of the Effect of Fine and United States Department of Agriculture Sediment," by D. B. Simons, E. V. Regional Project W-42. (Revised) Richardson, and W. L. Haushild. Submitted (c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Assistant Civil for publication. Engineer, Civil Engineering Section, "A Study of Flow in Alluvial Channels, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Water Supply Paper No. IU98C - Depth Dis- Colorado charge Relations," By D. B. Simons and (d) Field investigation applied research. E. V. Richardson, submitted for publi- (e) The engineering phase of this study has as cation. its purpose the determination of the inter- "Forms of Bed Roughness in Alluvial relationships of ground water and surface Channels," by D. B. Simons and E. V. water in an area where both are used for Richardson. Submitted to ASCE for possi- irrigation. An area in the South Platte ble publication. Valley has been chosen for this study. "A Study of Flow in Alluvial Channels, The economic phase will be concerned with Water Supply Paper No. 1^98d - The Effects the implications of various types of of Fine Sediment on Fluid Particles, Fall legislative controls which may be applied Velocity and Flow Phenomenon," by W. L. to the situation. Haushild, D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson. (g) Inflow, outflow data for a reach along the Submitted for publication. main stem of the South Platte River have "Total Sediment Transport in Alluvial been obtained. Partial analysis of this Channels," by R. J. Garde, Ph. D. Thesis, data has been completed indicating where Colorado State University, 1959- the principal sources of water entering "Total Sediment Transport in Alluvial the river occur and under what circum- Channels - Effect of Fine Sediment on the stances and amounts they occur. The Mechanics of Flow in Alluvial Channels," amount of pumping of ground water in the by W. L. Haushild, M. S. Thesis, Colorado valley near the river has been determined State University, 1959- and its effect upon the flow estimated. "Sediment Transport in Alluvial Channels - Analytical methods have been developed to Examination of Bagnold's 1956 Hypothesis," compare with field measurements. by E. V. Richardson, M. S. Thesis, (h) "Colorado Ground Water Problems - Water Colorado State University, i960. and the Law," by E. J. Farmer, Colorado "Resistance to Flow in Alluvial Channels, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin by D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson, 505 -S, January i960. ASCE Publication, HY5, May i960. "Colorado Ground Water Problems - The Eco- nomic Picture," by I. F. Davis, Jr., (2760) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 506-S, June i960. (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and U. S. Weather Bureau. (2769) EVALUATION OF FLOWMETERS FOR THE MARTIN (c) Mr. Maxwell Parshall, Civil Engineering COMPANY, DENVER DIVISION. Section, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. (b) The Martin Company, Denver, Colorado. (d) Field investigation. (c) Mr. Susumu S. Karaki, Assistant Civil (e) The work is being done to obtain a pre- Engineer, Civil Engineering Section, cise long-time record of climatological Colorado State University, Fort Collins, elements. The elements observed are: Colorado maximum, minimum, and current air temper- (d) Experimental; applied research. ature, wet and dry-bulb temperatures for (e) The purpose of the project was to carry dew point temperature and relative hu- out tests on the dynamic, kinematic and midity, soil temperatures at 3, 6, 12, 2k general performance characteristics of 36, and 72 inches, wind direction and various types of flow meters used in con- velocity at 65 feet and 15 inches above junction with the Titan Missile program. surface, barometric pressure, evaporation The flowmeters considered were the Gulton, from a free water surface, water tempera- Gentile, Tube, and Maxson Ultrasonic, im- ture at surface (maximum, minimum and pact strain gage, turbine and rotameters. current), precipitation, cloud cover, The fluids under consideration were water, dew and frost liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, JP-4, fuel, (g) New extreme values of temperature have RP-1 fuel and MIL-O-5606 hydraulic fluid. been recorded recently. The long time (f) Completed. mean temperature is increasing. Precipi- (g) Accuracy and reliability of certain types tation varies widely with no long time of flowmeters were found to be dependent trend apparent upon fluid, flow and geometric character- (h) Summary of 70 years' record of Meteorologi- istics. Changes in certain properties were cal data in process of publication. found to have their effects on the meter calibrations (2761) A STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC EFFECT OF CON- (h) "Influence of Elbow Location and Dynamic TROLLING WATER USE IN AN AREA WHERE SUR- Viscosity on Turbine Flowmeter Calibrations," FACE AND GROUND-WATER RIGHTS APPLY TO A by Fred Videon and A. R. Chamberlain, SINGLE SUPPLY. Colorado State University Report No.

17 . •. - . .

CER58ARC19 based on both field and laboratory experi- "Evaluation of the Performance Character- ments; applied and basic research. " istics of Turbine-Type Flowmeters , "by ( e ) Natural streams provide a convenient and S. S. Karaki, F. Videon and F. Trelease, effective medium for the disposal of low- Colorado State University Report No. level radioactive wastes. When radio- CER60SSKl4. nuclides are introduced in streams they "Evaluation of the Effects of Viscosity on become fixed on sediment particles. As a Performance of Turbine-Type Flowmeters," result, waste disposal depends, in part,

by S. S. Karaki, F. Videon and F. - Trelease, on the transport and dispersion of the Colorado State University Report No. sediment. Project activity Includes field CER60SSKL9 and laboratory studies on the application "The Effects of Bearing Wear and Induced and development of transport and dispersion Fluid Rotation on Several Flowmeters," by theory for bed and suspended load. In F. Videon and S. S. Karaki, Colorado State addition, some phases of the dispersion University Report No. CER60SSK20. of liquid contaminants are being studied. "Evaluation of the Performance of Turbine (g) Preliminary studies of polyethylene parti- Type Flowmeters - A Summary Report," by cles released from a point source indicate S. S. Karaki and F. Videon, Colorado State that for dispersion at the water surface University Report No. CER60SSK21. of an 8-foot wide alluvial channel having small dunes, transverse distribution of (2770) A STUDY OF SHEAR STRESS FLUCTUATIONS AT A particles follows a normal distribution, LIQUID-SOLID INTERFACE BY MEASUREMENT OF and the coefficient of transverse dif- THE ELECTROKINETIC POTENTIAL FLUCTUATIONS. fusion, K, in the Fickian theory increases with time and approaches a constant value (b) National Science Foundation. asymptotically. (c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor of Engineering Mechanics and Civil Engineering, Head, (3035) CONSEQUENCES OF RESTRAINT ON MOTIONS OF A Aerodynamics Laboratory, Colorado State MODEL SHIP. University, Fort Collins, Colorado. (d) Experimental and theoretical. (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

( e ) Electrokinetic-potential-fluctuation the Navy. spectra are being measured for a range of (c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Associate Civil Engineer, electrode spacings and flow regimes in a Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State glass pipe. University, Fort Collins, Colorado. These data together with auto-correlation (d) Experimental; applied research. data for the elect rokinetic potentials (e) The purpose of this project is to obtain will be used to determine the character experimental data on the influence of of shear stress fluctuations at the pipe restraint on the model motions resulting wall. from wave trains acting on a model ship. (g) Preliminary electrokinetic-potential- Initially the model motions will be fluctuation spectra show similar energy- restrained and the forces and moments on frequency distributions as do turbulent the model caused by the waves will be velocity fluctuations measured in a turbu- measured. lent flow near a solid wall. (f) Completed. (h) "Electrokinetic-Potential Fluctuations (g) A six component balance was used to measure Produced by Turbulence at a Solid-Liquid the forces and moments on the restrained Interface," by Gilbert Binder, Ph. D. model while being towed at various speeds Dissertation, Colorado State University, on different headings. Report is now being September i960, 121 pp. prepared

(2902) DEVELOPMENT IMPROVEMENT OF WATER MEASURING (3036) THE LONGITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES DEVICES AND MOMENTS ON A RESTRAINED MODEL IN WAVES. Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and Agricultural Re- (b) S-3 Panel of Hull Structure Committee, search Service. See U. S. Department of Society of Naval Architects and Marine Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Engineers page 111. (c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Civil Engineering Sec, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. (303^) DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF RADIO- (d) Experimental; applied research. ACTIVE WASTES IN STREAMS BY FLUVIAL (e) The primary objective of this project is SEDIMENTS. to impose pitching and heaving displacements (separately) varying sinusoidally in (b) U. S. Geological Survey for the Reactor time upon a model ship and to measure the Development Branch of the Atomic Energy forces and moments as a function of time.. Commission. The models are segmented and attached to (c) Mr. D. W. Hubbell, Hydraulic Engineer, an oscillating strongback by means of a U. S. Geological Survey, c/o Civil stiff spring. The force on each end of Engineering Department, Colorado State the segment is sensed by means of an SRU University, Fort Collins, Colo. strain gage. The simultaneous records of (d) Experimental and theoretical research the forces on the seven segments may be

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used to construct a longitudinal shear for estimates of peak rates of runoff in curve. The longitudinal bending moment the Rocky Mountain foothills. Design is found by graphical integration. charts and procedures are presented for (f) Completed. determining peak rates of runoff from un- (g) The pitching and heaving experiments on a gaged watersheds using the appropriate five-foot model of a T2-SE-A1 tanker have parameters been completed. The model was oscillated (h) "Study of Peak Rates of Runoff in Eastern at seven frequencies at rest and at three Colorado and Adjacent Areas," by Richard speeds of advance. The results have been A. Schleusener, George L. Smith and Lewis analyzed and were compared with the ana- 0. Grant. Colorado State University lytical findings of Haskind. Report No. CER6ORAS3I. (h) "Longitudinal Distribution of Vertical "Procedures for Estimating Peak Rates of Mass, Vertical Moment of Inertia, Damping Runoff in Eastern Colorado and Adjacent Force and Damping Moment on a Pitching Areas," by Richard A. Schleusener, George and Heaving Ship," by M. R. Bottaccinni L. Smith, and Lewis 0. Grant. Colorado and E. F. Schulz, Colorado State University State University Report No. CER6ORAS3O. Report No. CER60EFS32. (339*0 RESEARCH ON ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL RE- (3037) STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER PHE- CHARGE OF GROUND WATER IN COLORADO. NOMENA IN A WIND TUNNEL. (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Assistant Civil (c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor Engineering Engineer, Civil Engineering Section, Mechanics and Civil Engineering and Head Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Aerodynamics Laboratory, Colorado State Colorado University, Fort Collins, Colorado. (d) Experimental and applied research. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- (e) The research under this project is being search. carried out in three major parts. Part I (e) Measurements of mean velocities and mean consists of an over-all analysis of the temperatures together with turbulence in- artificial recharge needs and possibilities tensities and correlations have been made in seven major ground-water basins in over a smooth, plane, heated or unheated Colorado. This analysis will be based surface. The objective of the program is principally upon available information of to relate the turbulent boundary layer water supply, water quality, geology, structure to the thermal stratification water use and other physical factors. obtained by heating. Part II consists of the selection and (g) Heating of the turbulent boundary layer establishment of field experiments on at low Reynolds number has been found to representative areas within the various produce the following effects: (l) In- ground-water basins. Part III consists crease the coefficient of drag, (2) in- of theoretical and laboratory studies to crease the eddy viscosity, (3) increase extend the information obtained under the correlation between vertical and hori- Part II. zontal velocity fluctuations. (g) Field studies have been established at (h) "Mean Velocity Profiles for Flow over a three sites in the South Platte Basin of Plane, Smooth, Heated Boundary," by E. N. Colorado. Studies have been completed at Earle, M. S. Thesis, Colorado State one of these sites, Prospect Valley. Ana- University, June i960. lytical developments have been made to compare with field measurements. (301+1) MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS FROM (h) "The Development and Dissipation of a SMALL WATERSHEDS IN ARID AND SEMI -ARID Ground Water Mound Beneath a Spreading AREAS. Basin," by M. W. Bittinger and F. J. Trelease, presented at the i960 winter (b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. meeting of the American Society of Agri- (c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Civil Engi- cultural Engineers, Memphis, Tennessee, neering Department, Colorado State Uni- December 5-7, i960, Colorado State versity, Fort Collins, Colorado. University Report No. CER60MWB50. (d) Applied research. (e) A study was made of factors affecting (3395) FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF A SUBMERGED THREE- peak rates of runoff in the semi -arid DIMENSIONAL JET IMPINGING UPON A NORMAL region of eastern Colorado and adjacent PLANE. areas for watersheds less than 1000 square miles (b) National Science Foundation. (f) Completed. (c) Mr. George L. Smith, Assistant Civil (g) It was determined from gaged watersheds Engineer, and J. E. Cermak Head of Aero- that peak rates of runoff can be estimated dynamics Laboratory, Colorado State from parameters of watershed area, channel University, Fort Collins, Colorado. slope, and a soil infiltration index in (d) Analytical and experimental; basic re- the region east of the Rocky Mountain foot- search and graduate thesis.

hills . Watershed area, elevation, and geo- (e) An analytical and experimental study is graphical location parameters can be used being made of the axi symmetrical flow

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resulting from an air jet impinging normal- density stratification. Sampling of the ly on a smooth flat boundary. Measurements concentration field is accomplished by of velocity profiles and turbulent inten- drawing measured volumes of gas through sities are being made in the region of the water. The solution is then analyzed radial fully developed boundary layer. A colorimetrically to determine the methyl shear meter is being designed to measure amine concentration. The concentration directly the wall shear stress in order to fields are being studied in an attempt to check the results obtained by means of the determine the effects of non-isotropic momentum integral equation. Experimental boundary layer turbulence on diffusion. data will be used to describe the phenomena An attempt will be made to correlate wind- of the boundary layer flow, tunnel -diffusion phenomena to diffusion (g) Preliminary pressure measurements in the phenomena in the atmospheric surface layer. stagnation zone follow closely the pressure (g) Considerable concentration field data have distribution as given by irrotational flow been obtained for the neutral boundary analysis. In the radial fully developed layer case. Systematic variations of the boundary layer flow, data for five runs point -source elevation relative to the have been obtained in which the height of local boundary layer thickness is yielding the jet orifice was kept constant but the information regarding the relative diffusion jet diameter and discharge was varied. rates as a function of position within the These data indicate that the mean velocity boundary layer. in the outer region follows a similarity (h) "Wind Tunnel Modeling of Atmospheric Dif- law and that in the inner region the shape fusion," by J. E. Cermak. Paper presented of velocity profiles varies slightly with at the Third Air Pollution Research Seminar a characteristic Reynolds number. New Orleans, La. March i960. Colorado State University Report No. CER6OJEC5. (3397) BHUMIPHOL DAM TUNNEL JUNCTION. Ph.D. Dissertation in preparation.

(b) Engineering Consultants, Inc., Denver, (3399) CLIMATOLOGY OF THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER Colorado BASIN. (c) Mr. Susumu S. Karaki, Assistant Civil Engr., Civil Engineering Section, Colo. State (b) State of Colorado - Colorado Water Con- University, Fort Collins, Colorado. servation Board. (d) Experimental; applied research. (c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Assistant Re- (e) The purpose of this model study was to search Engineer, Civil Engineering Section, devise a protective structure within an Colorado State University, Fort Collins, unlined outlet works tunnel to protect the Colorado walls from erosion due to large velocities. (d) Applied research. (f) Completed. (e) The research conducted at Colorado State (g) A hydraulic jump stilling basin was devel- University involves a study of the varia- oped in the model as a device to reduce bility of certain meteorological parameters the velocities at the tunnel bend. The in the Upper Colorado River Basin, and basin was located immediately downstream their relation to stream flow. from the outlet valves within the circu- The Study at Colorado State University is lar tunnel. Concrete lining was provided in cooperation with two other phases being within the basin section to protect against conducted by the University of Colorado, erosion. At maximum discharge the jump Bureau of Economic Research, and the High completely filled the tunnel and positive Altitude Observatory, respectively. In pressures were created in the zone upstream the other phases of the study, the varia- from the stilling basin sill. bility of stream flow in the Upper Colo. (h) "Hydraulic Model Study of the Outlet Works River Basin, and the relation of these for Bhumiphol Dam," by Susumu Karaki. Pre- variations to various upper atmosphere pared for Engineering Consultants, Inc., parameters is being investigated, Denver, Colorado. Colorado State Univer- (g) Original weather records from 30 stations sity Report No. CER60SSK5 in the Upper Colorado River Basin for 1283 station-years of record have been trans- (3398) WIND TUNNEL MODELING OF ATMOSPHERIC DIF- ferred to IBM cards. The data are being FUSION. reduced to storm totals, from which frequency distributions will be derived. (b) National Institutes of Health. (c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor Engineering (3k00) HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOWS IN SMALL, Mechanics and Civil Engineering, and Head ROUGH CHANNELS. Aerodynamics Laboratory, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station; (d) Experimental and theoretical. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricul- (e) A point source of gas (ammonia) located ture Research Service. within a turbulent boundary layer formed (c) Mr. Norman A. Evans, Head, Department of by the flow of air over a flat plate is Agricultural Engineering, Colorado State used to create a concentration field down- University, Fort Collins, Colorado. stream of the source. Provisions are also (d) Experimental and field investigations; made to heat the boundary from below to basic and applied, portions will be used produce a boundary layer with unstable for master's and doctoral theses.

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(e) This study is an experimental investigation S . Karaki utilizing a tilting flume in which a small channel 60-feet long is formed by natural (3^03) A STUDY OF TWO-PHASE, SINGLE COMPONENT FLOW soil which is fixed in position against IN A VENTURI. movement by chemical spray. A variety of roughness forms can be created on the bed. (b) National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, A range of channel slope and flow depth Colorado are used. Channel shape is a variable. (c) Mr. R. V. Smith, Associate Prof, of Mech. J (g) An equation was developed relating Chezy's Engineering, Colo. P :.-vte Univ., Fort Collins, resistance coefficient to the standard de- Colorado viation of the bed roughness in the longi- (d) Experimental and applied. tudinal direction and the Reynold's number. (e) Controlled mass flows and vapor-to-liquid Although there is a clear relationship, ratios of steam and water are run in an the standard deviation is inadequate to instrumented Venturi tube. Pressure and fully characterize the bed roughness, and temperatures are recorded at stations a- some additional geometrical characteri- long the tube. These data are used in zation is still needed. Turbulence has correlations and in preliminary analytical been shown to develop in the shallow flows studies

at very low Reynold ' s numbers and on the (f) Suspended. other hand, complete turbulence was not (g) Some correlations have been successful. developed in the channel at Reynold's num- Preliminary analytical calculations indi- ber in excess of 7>000. cate the flow regime is changing through

• the venturi tube (3^01) DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR IRRIGATED (h) "A Preliminary Study of Steam and Water LANDS. Flow in Venturi Tubes," by R. B. Smith, P. C. Wergin, J. H. Ferguson and R. B.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. Jacobs . Submitted to ASME Transactions (c) Mr. Norman A. Evans, Head Agricultural for publication. Colorado State University Engineering Department, Colorado State Report No. CER60RVS^7. University, Fort Collins, Colorado. (d) Applied. (3693) THEORY OF CONSOLIDATED COMBINING PRIMARY (e) A sand tank has been used to study the AND SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION. hydraulics of flow near the drain tile as well as the design criteria for gravel (b) National Science Foundation. filters for tile drains. Hydraulic char- (c) Mr. I. S. Dunn, Associate Professor, acteristics of flow through a gravel- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, filled mole drain will be studied later Colorado as an extension of these studies. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (3U02) DEVELOPMENT OF AN ULTRASONIC STREAM BED (e) The study consists of a mathematical anal- ANALYZER. ysis of the effect of viscoplastic resis- ance on the rate of pore pressure decrease (b) Agricultural Research Service. and of an experimental program to verify (c) Mr. S. S. Karaki, Assistant Civil Engineer the mathematical results and to investi- and Earl Gray, Instructor, Electrical gate the effect of varied load increments Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort on the time-consolidation relationship. Collins, Colorado. The mathematical analysis will be carried (d) Applied. out by adding visco-plastic resistance (e) The research was undertaken to develop an terms to the basic differential equation electronic instrument to simultaneous- of consolidation developed by Terzaghi ly measure the water surface and stream and solving the resulting equation either bed profiles in alluvial streams. This by standard methods or by analysis of a instrument is to be used for research into theoretical model. The solution of this the mechanics of water and sediment flows system along with the laboratory consoli- in alluvial streams at the Agricultural dation curves will be used to produce the Research Service Laboratory in Oxford, relationships between plastic resistance and Mississippi related variables such as speed of defor- (f) Completed. mation and percent of deformation. (g) The Dual Channel Stream Monitor, as this instrument has been named, has been suc- (369I+) EVALUATION OF HAIL SUPRESSION. cessfully developed and tested in the laboratory. Water surface and bed pro- (b) National Science Foundation. files can be mapped accurately under flume (c) Dr. Richard A Schleusener, Assistant conditions Research Engineer, Colorado State Univ., (h) "Dual Channel Stream Monitor, Final Report Fort Collins, Colorado. to Agricultural Research Service Beltsville, (d) Field investigation; applied research. Maryland," by Earl E. Gray and S. S. (e) Observations were made of the occurrence

Karaki . Colorado State University Report and intensity of hail in and near a com- No. CER6OSSKU6. mercial cloud-seeding operation conducted in "Operational Manual for the Dual Channel northeastern Colorado during the summer Stream Monitor," by Earl F. Gray, and S. of 1959 for the purpose of attempting to

21 . .

reduce hail damage. The distribution of Colorado State University Report No. precipitation in the same region was also CER60RASltl. studied. "The Occurrence and Variability of Ice- (f) Completed. Forming Nuclei During the Hail Season in (g) Simple instrumentation was developed to Northeastern Colorado as Measured at estimate the intensity of hail fall in 11,300 ft msl at an Upwind Mountain terms of impact energy (foot-pounds per Station, " by R. A. Schleusener and L. 0. square foot). Comparison of impact ener- Grant. Submitted for publication in gies from "both seeded and non-seeded cases NUBILA. Colorado State University Report does not give a clear-cut distinction to No. CER60L0G1+2. evaluate the seeding operation, hut does appear to indicate a favorable effect (3696) EFFECTS OF CLOUD SEEDING ON SNOWFALL. (reduction of hail intensity) in some cases (b) Research Grant from Climax Molybdenum Analysis of precipitation anomalies, Company and observational assistance by based on a target -control analysis, shows the High Altitude Observatory of the that nine out of ten storms gave positive University of Colorado. anomalies for the "target" stations. (c) Mr. Lewis 0. Grant, Assistant Research (h) "An Energy Method for Relative Estimates Engineer, Colorado State University, Fort of Hail Intensity," R. A. Schleusener, Collins, Colorado. and P. C. Jennings. Bull. Amer. Meteor. (d) Basic and applied. Soc. ^1(7): 372-376, I960. Colorado (e) This research involves a study of cloud State University Report No. CER59RAS25 and precipitation characteristics over "A Review of Research on Hail," by R. A. the Colorado Rockies under different Schleusener. Colorado Farm and Home weather situations during winter with and Research 10(2) :l-3, May- June i960, Colo. without the supply of artificial nuclei. State University Report No. CER60RAS26. (g) Field equipment and procedures for use at "Hailstorm Damage to Crops in North- high elevations in the Colorado Rockies eastern Colorado, and an Analysis of Pre- have been developed. Observations of the cipitation Anomalies Associated with a daily accumulation of snowfall and snow Cloud-Seeding Program in 1959," by R. A. water content have been made over a large Schleusener. Submitted for publication area for seeded and unseeded days. Addi- to the Journal of American Society of tional observations have included daily Sugar Beet Technologists. Colorado State observations of ice nuclei concentrations; University Report No. CER60RAS1. the freezing point depression of snow water samples; and photographic obser- (3695) CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION OF HAIL. vations of snow water samples.

(b) National Science Foundation. (3697) MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE WITH THE (c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Assistant D0BS0N SPECTROPHOTOMETER. Research Engineer, Civil Engineering Department, Colorado State University, (b) Air Force Cambridge Research Center. Fort Collins, Colorado. (c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Civil Engi- (d) Field and laboratory investigation; basic neering Department, Colorado State Uni- research. versitv, Fort Collins, Colorado. (e) The characteristics and formation of hail (d) Basic research. will be studied through the following (e) Measurements of the total amount and the steps: (l) Development of suitable in- vertical distribution of ozone with strumentation to determine the character- height are being made with the Dobson spec-

istics of the hail reaching the ground; trophotometer . (2) establishing a suitable network of (g) Observations of total ozone and the ver- observing stations at the ground to de- tical distribution with height have been termine these characteristics; (3) exami- made on a regular basis for days when nation of the clouds from which the hail sky conditions have been clear. falls, using visual, photographic, and radar observations; and (k) determining (3698) C00PERATIVF! RESEARCH ON PEAK RATES OF the effects of cloud modification by RUNOFF. artificial means. The synoptic environment in which hailstorms occur will be (b) Department of Highways of the State of examined. Colorado. (g) Instrumentation is being developed for (c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Civil Engi- the first phase of the study. A limited neering Department, Colorado State Uni- ground network of observing stations was versity, Fort Collins, Colorado. established in the summer of i960. The (d) Applied research. work will be continued and expanded in (e) The effect of soil types and slopes were 1961. investigated to determine their impor- (h) "The 1959 Hail Suppression Program in tance in estimating the frequency and Colorado and Evidence of its Effective- magnitude of peak rates of runoff from ness," by Richard A. Schleusener. Sub- small watersheds in the State of Colorado mitted for publication in NUBILA. east of the Continental Divide.

22 . .. -

(f) Completed. State University, Civil Engineering Depart- (g) Relationships between soil types and slope ment, Report No. CER6OGLS9. characteristics to peak rates of runoff "Analytical Study of the Mechanics of Scour were established and incorporated into de- For Two-Dimensional Jet," by L. Duckstein, sign charts and procedures for determining Y. Iwagaki, G. L. Smith, and M. L. Albert peak rates of runoff from ungaged watersheds. son, Colorado State University, Civil Engrg. (h) "Procedures for Estimating Peak Rates of Department, Report No. CER60GLS12. Runoff in Eastern Colorado and Adjacent Areas," by Richard A. Schleusener, George (3700) UNSTEADY FLOW IN A STORM DRAIN. L. Smith, and Lewis 0. Grant. Colorado State University Report No. CER6ORAS3O. (b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Division of "Study of Peak Rates of Runoff in Eastern Hydraulic Research. Colorado and Adjacent Areas, " by Richard (c) Dr. Vujica M. Yevdjevich, Research Hydrau- A. Schleusener, George L. Smith, and Lewis lic Engineer, Colorado State Univ., Fort 0. Grant. Colorado State University Report Collins, Colorado. No. CER60RAS31. (d) Theoretical; basic research. (e) The problem is to study the hydrodynamics (3699) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE MECHANICS OF SCOUR. of unsteady flow in storm drains with the objective of developing a procedure a- (b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. dapted to a digital computer, verifying the (c) Mr. G. L. Smith, Assistant Civil Engineer, procedure by hydraulic model tests and Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. f^eld measurements as may seem necessary. (d) Theoretical. The ultimate purpose is to provide a work- (e) An analytical study was made of the mechan- ing design method applicable to any situa- ics of scour by both a two-dimensional and tion where storm drains are used for re- three-dimensional jet. Using the rectilin- moval of stormwater. With the initial and ear and cylindrical coordinate system for boundary conditions clearly defined for the two cases, an equation of continuity storm drains, the first phase of the re- of mass sediment transport is derived and search project is concerned with the analyt- used in describing mathematically the phe- ical aspects of the problem. nomenon of scour for various boundary condi- (g) The analysis of varieties of initial and tions. Expressions for distribution of boundary conditions in storm drains has sediment transport along the bed are then resulted in adoption of a generalized storm derived for each condition. Jet flow im- drain, with water inlet points contributing pinging on a normal boundary is then ana- to discharge changes, and junction points lyzed by making the assumption that the contributing to discharge and water level Bernoulli Equation is valid in the neighbor- interrelationships of the system of storm hood of the stagnation point. Plane, po- drains tential flow is considered first, followed by flow of a fluid with viscosity. For (3701) DEPRESSED CURB OPENING INLET. flow with viscosity from submerged and non- submerged outlets, expressions for the (b) Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, D. C. horizontal velocity and shear distribution (c) Mr. S. S. Karaki, Assistant Civil Engineer, along the normal boundary are developed Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State

using Bernoulli ' s theorem and the boundary University, Fort Collins, Colorado. layer theory of Schlichting and (d) Experimental; applied research. Truckenbrodt (e) Design criteria for spacing and sizing of (f) Completed. curb inlets on highways varies considerably (g) Generalized equations for the depth of throughout the country. Under-design as scour are presented for two conditions of well as over-design is undesirable and un- outlets based on a law of open channel economical. Through a full scale model, flow for sediment transport of the form criteria for efficient hydraulic design will given by Shields, and on the developed be developed for the depressed curb opening shear distribution along continuity equa- inlets tion. In particular, the variation of scour depth with respect to time and the (3702) MECHANICS OF FLOW OF SEDIMENT IN PIPES. final depth of scour are described theoretically in terms of dimensionless parameters. (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. It is then shown that the development of (c) Mr. N. Yotsukura and S. S. Karaki, Colorado the scour hole with respect to time follows State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. the power law and the logarithmic law for (d) Experimental; basic research. the submerged and non- submerged outlets (e) Studies in open channel flow on the trans- respectively before the final state is port characteristics with bentonite in reached. The influence of the angle of suspension have indicated that the total the jet is analyzed also, in which ex- transport increases as the bentonite con- pressions for the variation of the depth centration in the flow increases. The of scour with respect to time and the final mechanics of this transport phenomenon is depth of scour are also developed. being investigated in a closed recirculating (h) "Analytical Study of the Mechanics of Scour pipe system. For Three-Dimensional Jet," by Y. Iwagaki, G. L. Smith, and M. L. Albertson, Colorado (3703) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW WEIR STRUCTURES

23 . . . .

IK ALLUVIAL CHANNELS. 1, I960.

00 National Science Foundation. (3705) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF LOCAL SCOUR. (c) Mr. D. B. Simons, Civil Engineering Depart- ment, Colorado State University, Fort (b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. Collins, Colorado. (c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Research Hydraulic (d) Experimental investigation. Engineer, Colorado State University, Fort

(e) The flow characteristics associated with Collins , Colorado low weir structures, with sloping upstream (d) Basic; applied. and downstream faces, "built across alluvial (e) The study includes an analysis of existing streams have "been investigated in a two experimental model data on scour around foot wide, variable -slope, reciruclating bridge piers and abutments and at culvert laboratory flume. outlets with respect to time. The theoret- Two sediments have "been used in an attempt ical analysis of the mechanics of scour to approach the problem of sediment selec- will serve as a framework for relating tion for a model to simulate a prototype model and prototype results. situation. The effectiveness of three different sizes (3706) FLOW CONTROL AND MEASUREMENT. of triangular block energy dissipators attached to the downstream slope of the struc- (b) International Boundary and Water Commission, ture has been studied qualitatively. United States Section. Laboratory work has been completed:. (c) Mr. S. S. Karaki, Assistant Civil Engineer, The surface roughness of the model structure Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State affects the discharge coefficient. Water University, Fort Collins, Colorado. surface level fluctuations, associated with (d) Experimental; applied research.

dune movement at an upstream gaging station ( e ) Stream flow in the Rio Grande River and indicates the desirability of continuous certain of its tributaries between Fort recording of the elevations of the water Quitman, Texas, and Gulf of Mexico has surface. Upstream dune and ripple patterns been difficult to measure because of the are unaffected by the presence of the struc- changing characteristics of the rivers. ture. Velocity of approach must be consid- Through this study a structure is sought ered in discharge coefficient determination which will stabilize the stage-discharge due to the changing upstream alluvial bed relationship, specifically at the Del Rio level. Two simulated hydrographs showed gaging station site. The information ob- that bed configurations at any time is a tained from this study should be useful function of the magnitude, slope and dura- also in designing structures at other sta-

tion of the flood and whether considered tions . on the rising or falling stage. (g) A braod-crested weir has been found to give 00 Report being prepared. varying coefficients of discharge with unit discharge and aggradation of the bed up- (370U) DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF COLORADO BENTONITE IN stream from the structure. Slight altera- SEALING IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS. tions from the normal broad crest has been found to be beneficial in establishing a (b) State of Colorado. stable stage discharge relationship. (c) Mr. R. D. Dirmeyer, Jr., Project Leader, (h) "Field Investigation Report - Locating and Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Designing Structures to Improve Stream Colorado Gaging Accuracy in the Rio Grande River (d) Field investigations; applied research and Basin, " by the Field Investigation Team - development S. S. Karaki, A. R. Chamberlin, D. B. (e) Work consists of three stages: (l) Inven- Simons, A. R. Robinson, and M. L. Albert son. tory of clay deposits in Colorado, with Submitted to the International Boundary emphasis on those potentially useable in and Water Commission, El Paso, Texas. sealing canals and reservoirs; (2) labora- Colorado State University Report No. tory evaluations of clays from (l) above; CER6OSSK3U. "Interim Report - Hydraulic (3) field trials in canals and reservoirs Model Studies Del Rio Site Stream Gaging with best clays found in (l) and (2) above, Control Structure (Two Dimensional Studies), and evaluation of sealing results, (initial by S. S. Karaki for International Boundary

and with time ) and Water Commission, United States Section. (g) The results are discussed by stages as men- Colorado State Univ. Report No. CER60SSK62. tioned in (e) above: (l) Inventory. About 70 favorably appearing deposits have been (3707) LOW SPEED PRECISION WIND TEST FACILITY. sampled to date. (2) Laboratory evaluation. Satisfactory laboratory test procedures (b) White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. have been developed. Of the 70± samples (c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor Mechanics and from (l) above, about ko seem worthy of Civil Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort field trial testing. (3) Field trials. Collins, Colorado. Preliminary results from about k-0 field (d) Developmental; design. trials have been obtained. Sealing re- (e) A low-speed wind tunnel is being designed sults range from excellent to poor. Devel- for use in calibrating and standardizing opment work is being continued. wind measuring instruments. The test sec- (h) Quarterly Reports available beginning May tion will be i+xi+xU ft in size and will have

2k . . . .

an air speed range from l/2 to 70 mph. patterns of annual runoff at some stations The variation in air speed for a given in the Colorado River Basin and in adjacent setting will not vary by more then ± 1 river basins; (3) regional patterns in the percent in space or time excepting within sequence of annual runoff, based on the the boundary layers formed on the walls analysis of serial correlation coefficients; Turbulence levels will not exceed 0.2 per- (h) analysis of fluctuations by using the cent at any air speed, range (difference of previous maximum and (h) "A Study of Design and Operation of a Low minimum of accumulated departures from Speed Precision Wind Instrument Test Facil- average annual runoff); and (5) physical ity, " by E. J. Plate and J. E. Cermak. and other explanations of patterns in Interim Report. Colorado State University fluctuations of annual runoff and effective Report No. CER6OEJP58 annual precipitation. (Effective annual precipitation is defined as annual precip- (3708) INVESTIGATIONS TO DEVELOP WIND TUNNEL itation minus annual evapotranspiration for TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING ATMOSPHERIC individual water years). GASEOUS DIFFUSION IN MODEL VEGETATIVE REGIONS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. De- UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, Department of Civil Engi- partment of Agriculture. neering, Hydraulics Laboratory. (c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor Mechanics and Civil Engineering, Colorado State Univ., (3^05) AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ME- Fort Collins, Colorado. CHANICS OF AIR ENTRAINMENT. (d) Experimental; basic. (e) Diffusion of a gas (ammonia) into and out (b) National Science Foundation. of a model vegetated plane area contrib- (c) Prof. J. Ernest Flack, Department of Civil uting part of a wind tunnel test section Engrg., Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. floor is to be studied. Using a test sec- (a) Basic research, master's thesis. tion 80 ft long and 6x6 ft in cross-section (e) Experimental investigation of air en- the turbulent boundary layer in which dif- trainment in a liquid by agitation of the fusion occurs will be several time.s thicker liquid in a plastic cylindrical container. than the vegetation height A condition necessary for air entrainment Using the basic equations of fluid mechanis that the transverse kinetic energy due ics, an attempt will be made to establish to turbulence near the surface be suf- criterion for application of the model ficient to overcome the stabilizing ef- data to prototype conditions. The crite- fect of surface tension. After the air rion developed will be checked using field is entrained in the form of bubbles, cer- data being obtained at Cornell University tain liquid properties such as viscosity, by the Agricultural Research Service. surface tension, and density influence the air concentration and distribution. A (3709) MICR0METE0R0L0GICAL WIND TUNNEL. relationship between the air content and the fluid properties and turbulence inten- (b) U. S. Army Electronic Proving Ground, Fort sity has been developed by dimensional Huachuca, Arizona. analysis. The functional relationship of (c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor of Mechanics the air content with a dimensionless geo- and Civil Engineering, Colo. State Univ., metry parameter and forms of the Reynolds Fort Collins, Colorado. number, Froude number, and Weber number (d) Developmental; design. are presently being evaluated for air en- (e) A wind tunnel is being designed and con- trainment in water and ethyl alcohol. structed which will permit control of air (h) "Investigation of the Effects of Viscosity speed (1-150), air temperature (32-200°F) and Surface Tension on the Air Concentra- and relative humidity (5-95 percent). The tion of Turbulent Fluid," by John H. Hath, 6x6 ft square by 80 ft long test section M. S. Thesis, University of Colorado, June will have provisions for heating and/or I960. cooling about 30 ft of the floor. The facility is being designed to permit de- (3711) FLOW INDUCED BY A SPHERE ROTATING IN AN tailed study of turbulence and turbulent INFINITE ENVIRONMENT. diffusion under various thermal conditions. (b) National Science Foundation. (3710) SOME ASPECTS OF FLUCTUATIONS IN ANNUAL (c) Professor F. Kreith, Department of Me- RUNOFF IN AND NEAR THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER chanical Engineering, University of Colo.. BASIN. Boulder, Colorado. (d) Basic research for thesis; experimental (b) Colorado Water Conservation Board. and theoretical. (c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Research Hydraulic (e) The flow induced by a rotating sphere is Engineer, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins being studied experimentally and theoret- Colorado ically. (d) Basic; applied research. (g) Hotwire measurements in the three dimen- (e) This study will cover: (l) Effect of sional boundary layer subjected to cen- overyear storage in the basin on fluctu- trifugal and coriolis forces have been ations of annual runoff; (2) fluctuation taken and compared with velocity profiles

25 .

predicted theoretically. Transition and Reynolds number of 5 10 . separation have been investigated and (h) "Analysis of Critical Flow Meter for meas- movie pictures with smoke injection to uring Mass Flow Rates of Compressible visualize the flow are available, Fluids," by B. T. Arnberg, Univ. of Colo., (h) "Laminar Flow about a Rotating Sphere in Engr. Exp. Sta. report, zerox, 70 p., i960. an Infinite Environment," by J. Sullivan, Thesis, i960, University of Colorddo. (37lU) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF BROKEN-BACK TRANSITIONS (Outlets). (3712) DECAY OF A TURBULENT SWIRL IN A PIPE. (b) Bureau of Reclamation. (b) National Science Foundation.- (c) Prof. J. Ernest Flack, Department of Civil (c) Professor F. Kreith, Department of Mechan- Eng., Univ. of Colorado William A. Lidster, ical Engineering, University of Colorado, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Cen- Boulder, Colorado. ter, Denver, Colorado. (d) Basic research for thesis; experimental. (d) Applied research; design, master's thesis. (e) The flow characteristics of a turbulent (e) Laboratory studies were made on broken-back swirl in a pipe are being studied. transitions to evaluate the characteristics (g) Pressure drop and velocity profiles in and performance of this type of structure. turbulent swirls have been measured. The It was found that the flow characteristics decay characteristics are now being studied and coefficient of energy loss were influ- in a transparent test section. enced by the angle of divergence of the boundary with the centerline of the struc- (3713) ANALYSIS OF THE CRITICAL FLOW METER FOR ture, by the upstream submergence of the MEASURING MASS FLOW RATES OF COMPRESSIBLE inflow conduit, and by the slope of the FLUIDS. inflow conduit

( f ) Completed. (b) The Martin Company, Denver, Colorado. (g) Values of the coefficient of energy loss (c) Mr. B. T. Arnberg, Mechanical Engineering were determined for variations in the flow Department, University of Colorado, characteristics and geometry listed above. Boulder, Colorado. The results of this study provide designers (d) Experimental; applied research. with more realistic values for energy loss (e) The advantages and limitations of the through broken-back transitions. critical flow meter for measuring and (h) "Flow Characteristics and Performance of controlling compressible flow rates were Broken-Back Transitions," by William A. reviewed. Operating parameters for meas- Lidster, M. S. thesis, University of Colo., uring and correlating flow data were es- June i960. tablished. Design parameters and meter performance data were studied. A compar- (3715) TRACTIVE FORCE DISTRIBUTION AROUND THE ison was obtained between water, subsonic PERIMETER OF AN OPEN CHANNEL. air, and critical air flow discharge coefficients. (b) Bureau of Reclamation.

(f) First phase of experimental work completed. ( c ) Prof. J. Ernest Flack, Department of Civil Continuation of the research is contingent Engineering, University of Colorado, Philip on sponsorship. F. Enger, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver (g) The inlet stagnation pressure and tempera- Federal Center, Denver, Colorado. ture are preferred to static properties, (d) Applied research, master's thesis. and the throat Reynolds number is prefer- (e) This study was made to investigate the red to the inlet Reynolds number for the possibility of using point velocities correlation of critical flow data. The occurring in an open channel to determine elimination of the pressure differential the tractive force distribution on the measurement required in variable head perimeter of the channel. Velocity distri- meters simplifies the instrumentation butions were obtained in a straight trap- required for measuring and controlling ezoidal channel constructed with a well compressible flow rates, and also greatly graded, sand-gravel boundary. Assuming increases the flow range attainable. The Von Karman's constant of O.h, the boundary large pressure drop required to maintain shear distribution was calculated from sonic velocity at the throat is the other the velocity distribution. The average main limitation. Dissipative and vena of this boundary shear was determined contracta effects control the discharge and compared with the average obtained coefficient versus Reynolds number char- from the du Boys formula. acteristic for nozzles of varying designs. (f) This study Is part of a continuing study The divergent section downstream of the of tractive force distribution in open nozzle throat, and the throat boundary channels being conducted by the Bureau layer thickness seem to control the ef- of Reclamation. fect of back pressure on the critical dis- (g) General agreement of the averages obtained charge coefficient, and the unchoking char- by use of point velocity measurements and acteristics of the nozzle. The method was by use of the du Boys formula was found, shown to be reproducible to better than indicating that tractive force distribu- 0.1 percent. Critical discharge coeffi- tions can be obtained with reasonable ac-

cients were within 0.3 percent of subsonic curacy by use of point velocities . Con- and water discharge coefficients at a siderable fluctuation of boundary shear

26 .

values was indicated, phases of the project see entry under (h) "Tractive Force Distribution Around the Colorado State University, Perimeter of an Open Channel by Point Ve- (h) "A Probability Model for Integration of locity Measurements" by Phillip F. Enger, Glen Canyon Dam into the Colorado River M.S. thesis, University of Colorado, June System," by M. R. Brittan, Bureau of Eco- I960. nomic Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, priced at $3.00.

( 3716 ) A TWO-YEAR RESEARCH PROGRAM ON PAST AND "A Synthetic Hydrology for the Colorado PROBABLE FUTURE VARIATIONS IN STREAM FLOW River," L. Fishman and P. Julian, Proceed- IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER. ings of the i960 Western Resources Con- ference, Boulder, Colorado, August i960. (b) State of Colorado, Office of the Governor. Publication probably in March I96I, priced (c) Dr. Morris Garnsey, Bureau of Economic Re- at $h.00. search and High Altitude Observatory, De- partment of Economics, University of Colo., Boulder, Colorado. (d) Project is theoretical and is classified UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Hydraulic Research Lab. as basic and applied research. Civil Engineering Department (e) The project is an investigation of the optimum form of information regarding the (1078) HYDR0L0GIC FACTORS INFLUENCING RAINFALL- seasonal and year-to-year availability of RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS ON SMALL WATERSHEDS water in a specific watershed, the upper IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT. Colorado basin. The program involves three aspects: (l) A thorough statistical analy- (b) Laboratory project, State Highway Dept. sis, utilizing the latest statistical tech- (c) Prof. K. C. Tippy, Box U-37, University of niques, of the historical records of 'stream Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. flow and precipitation. A result would be (d) Field investigation; applied research. an accurate as possible expression of the (e) Rainfall and runoff measurements are being probability of occurrence of various levels taken on small watersheds varying in size of precipitation and runoff, together with from k to hOO acres. statistical methods of forecasting, if possible, future runoff amounts. A study (2073) A STUDY OF SIDE FLOW INTO GUTTERS AND of the usefulness of this form of statisti- CHANNELS. cal information in optimal basin operation procedures is also planned. (2) A broader (b) Laboratory project. study embracing correlations between stream (c) Prof. V. Scottron, Box U-37, University of flow and meteorological elements in an ef- Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. fort to learn more about hydrometeorological (d) Experimental and analytical. phenomena, and to determine to what extent (e) Studies are being conducted on the influ- better hydrometeorological knowledge can ence of friction on the hydraulics of be relied upon to predict stream flow. rectangular channels with sloping bottoms (3) A basic research effort into specific and uniform entering side flow.

aspects of the general circulation of the (f ) Some analysis still to be completed on upper atmosphere, including the finding of first phase, but expect to complete a possible relations between hemispheric paper on this part during the coming year. atmospheric circulation patterns and specific meteorological and climatological phenomena in the basin, (g) Fmphasis to this date has been on 1 and 2 UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, School of Engineering. above. Statistical tests have been utilized to investigate the serial dependence (3717) PRESSURE WAVES RADIATED BY A COLLAPoING of yearly stream flow and precipitation CAVITY. time-series. The results indicate that precipitation amounts by season or water (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of year are indistinguisable from randon the Navy. numbers, but that stream flow amounts for (c) Professor R. S. Brand, Box U-37, Univ. of the larger tributaries exhibit a small Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. but significant amount of serial inter- (d) Theoretical; basic research. dependence. Investigations have indi- (e) The velocity and pressure fields sur- cated that the production of synthetic rounding a collapsing spherical cavity hydrologies incorporating such serial de- are being computed numerically, with par- pendence enable better estimates of im- ticular attention being given to the spher- portant statistical parameters to be made. ical shock wave which originates at the Also the application of such statistical point of collapse and moves outward. techniques to the problem of integrating the Glen Canyon Dam into the Colorado River complex has been attempted with CORNELL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering. promising results. Other results bearing on hydrometeorological relationships and (2285) QUADRANT EDGE ORIFICE STUDIES, long-period climatic changes in the Basin have been produced. For results on other (b) Laboratory project.

27 .. .. . , . . .

Prof. Marvin Bogema, School of Civil Engrg., (h) Laboratory Applied Hydraulic Lab., Cornell University, (c) Prof. M. Bogema, School of Engineering,

Ithaca , New York. Applied Hydraulic Lab., Cornell University, (d) Experiment al Ithaca, New York. (e) Study of the quadrant edge orifice for dis- (d) Experimental; M.S. Thesis. charge measurements at low Reynolds numbers. (e) Study of sharp-edge orifice in 2-inch pipe Reproducibility. Effect of size and diame- with Beta ratios 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and ter ratio. Influence of pipe roughness 0.7 in the range of Reynolds number from tap location and velocity profile. Both 400 to 8000. oil and water used. » "Effect of Velocity Profiles on the Coef- ficient of Discharge of the Quadrant Edge Orifice Meter/' M. V. Ramamoorthy, M.S. UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, Fluids laboratory, Dept. of

Thesis , Cornell University, Feb. i960. Civil Engineering.

( 3406 ) CALIBRATION OF LARGE MEIERS. (3720) PROBLEMS OF FREE SURFACE FLOW.

00 Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Prof. Marvin Bogema, School of Civil Engrg., (c) Dr. Kurt P. H. Frey, Professor, Engineer- Applied Hydraulic Lab., Cornell Univ., ing Mechanics, Department of Civil Engrg., Ithaca, New York. University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. (d) Experimental (d) Experimental, development, senior students (e) Facilities are available in the Cornell project Applied Hydraulic Laboratory for calibration (e) Study on a recently constructed free sur- of large primary flow elements using water face facility. Up to 4000 gpm water is as the calibrating medium. Calibrations circulated through a test cross section of made during the past year include Ik and 2k largely variable sizes. The redistribution inch turbine meters, and several h to 12 of flow for cross sectional areas up to 65 inch valves. by 16 inches of the test section is of Calibration reports have been submitted to interest at the higher velocity range de- sponsors pending on various means of intake distribution for given geometry; a 12 inch di- (3^07 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN RIGHT ANGLE BEND. ameter pipe is connected with tank by means of two short 90 0 elbow diffusers (discharge

(*> Laboratory. cross section 65 x 17 inches); redistribu- (c Prof. S. Davis, School of Civil Engineering, tion cone, transition to test section by Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. nozzle; effects of guide vanes and screens (d Experimental; M. S. Thesis. under study; model for the elbow-diffuser (e Study of flow conditions in right angle arrangement bends in open channels (h) Facility discussed on Symposium of Flow (f Inactive Visualization, November 30, i960. Winter (h "Flow Round Sharp Bends," M.H.I. Salem, Annual Meeting ASME, New York City, Fluid M.S. Thesis, Cornell University, June i960. Mechanic Subcommittee of the Hydraulic Division of ASME for topic Wall Trace (3^09 EROSION ABOUT PILES DUE TO WAVE ACTION. Techniques by Kurt Frey. No detailed description published. (* Laboratory. (c Prof. M. Bogema, School of Civil Engrg. Applied Hydraulics Lab., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York. DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT COMPANY. (d Experimental (e Study of erosion of sand about piles in (3721) CALCULATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL POTENTIAL deep water due to wave action. FLOWS. (f Inactive (h "The Behavior Around an Obstacle of a Flat (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Horizontal Beach Under the Action of Pro- Navy. gressive Gravity Waves," R. A. Stein, M.S. (c) Mr. John L. Hess, Douglass Aircraft Co. Thesis, Cornell University, Sept. i960. El Segundo Division, El Segundo, California. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (3718 CRITICAL DEPTH FLUMES. (e) A machine program is being written to calculate the potential flow about arbitrary (h Laboratory. three-dimensional bodies without lift. (c Prof. S. Davis, School of Civil Engineering, The method used consists of replacing the Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York. surface of the body by a source distri- (d Experimental and theoretical applied re- bution and solving for the distribution search. required to give zero normal velocity on (e Correlation of published data on various the body. No small-disturbance approxi- types of critical depth flumes. mations are made. Provision is being made to utilize any symmetry the body may possess. (3719 SHARP EDGE ORIFICE STUDIES. The immediate application is the

28 . .

calculation of pressure distributions on (e) Study of the stability of coastal inlets. ships hulls, but the program can handle (g) Analysis is based on the so-called "sta- a variety of flow problems, bility shear stress" which is defined as (f) Completion expected in June 1961. the average shear stress in a cross-section under stable conditions. The value of this parameter is considered a function of various physical characteristics of the inlet. UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, The Engineering and Indus- Suggestions are given for the design of trial Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering inlets Laboratory. (h) "Natural By-Passing of Sand at Coastal Inlets," by P. Bruun and F. Gerritsen. Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 2298, 3051., 3^12, Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Divi- and 3U13 should be addressed to Dr. Per Bruun, sion, Proc. of the American Society of Head, Coastal Engineering Laboratory, University Civil Engineers, paper 2301, WW k, Dec. of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. 1959. "Stability of Coastal Inlets," by P. Bruun (2298) MODEL STUDY OF DESTRUCTION OF WAVE ENERGY and F. Gerritsen. North Holland Publish- BY VERTICAL WALLS. ing Co., Amsterdam-C, i960.

(b) National Science Foundation. (3722) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF SARASOTA BAY. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (b) City of Sarasota and Arvida Realty Corp. (e) Destruction of wave energy by vertical (c) City of Sarasota, Sarosota, Florida. walls studied in Laboratory's wave tank. (d) Experimental; applied research. (f) Completed. ( e ) To study effect of fills in Sarasota Bay on the stability of New Pass and Big (3051) BASIC STUDY ON THE RELATION BETWEEN WIND Sarasota Pass. AND WATER BEHAVIOR IN COASTAL WATERS. (3723) EMERALD BEACH PROJECT, PASCO COUNTY. (b) National Science Foundation. (d) Field and laboratory study; basic research. (b) Trustees of Emerald Beach Project. (e) A combined field and laboratory research (c) Mr. C. G. Edwards, P. 0. Box 308, Port program analyzing the transfer of energy Richey, Florida. from wind to water and the effect of sloping (d) Field invsstigation; applied research. offshore profiles as compared with bodies (e) Coastal engineering recommendations for of water with constant depth; study of the planning of fill project. combined setup by waves and wind for different standard profiles. Observations (372U) ANALYSIS OF BEACH PROFILES AT JUPITER will be made on two platforms in the Gulf ISLAND. of Mexico and laboratory experiments will be carried out in the wave tank of the (b) Mr. Alton A. Register. Coastal Engineering Laboratory. (c) Mr. Alton A. Register. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (3^10) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF BOCA RATON (e) Recommendations for the establishment of INLET. a sea wall line.

(b) City of Boca Raton, Florida. (c) City of Boca Raton, Florida. (d) Field investigation and hydraulic-model GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydraulics Labo- study ratory. (e) Investigation of the possibilities of improving navigation conditions at Boca Inquiries concerning the following projects should Raton Inlet which, because of high current be addressed to Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, Hydraulics velocities, are dangerous to navigation; Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia and evaluation of the situation in regard Institute of Technology, Atlanta Georgia, except to the inlet's condition to the erosion of as otherwise indicated. the seashore on both sides of the inlet. (f) Completed. (291) FLOW OF WATER OVER HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS.

(3*kL2) FLOOD TIDE STUDIES, (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; partly sponsored by U. S. (b) Laboratory project. Geological Survey.

(d) Field invsstigation; applied research. ( e ) Experimental data were obtained on the (e) Topography of coastal areas in Florida discharge characteristics of an embank- in relation to potential flooding and ment-shaped weir. Emphasis has been statistical analysis of extreme high tides. placed on free discharge over smooth-sur- faced embankments. Data have been obtained (3^13) INLET STUDIES. on the influence of embankment height and tailwater submergence. Detailed velocity (b) Laboratory project. surveys have been made to define the bound- (d) Field investigation; applied research. ary layer between the upstream edge of the

29 . . .

upstream shoulder and the crown. Tests were ence in diffusion of the foreign particles made on a l:9-scale model in a 3-foot wide and the fluid. The diffusion mechanism flume. is created by a pattern of pulsing jets. (f) Completed. The amplitude and frequency of the pulse (g) It has been established that the discharge of the jets is controlled. The foreign characteristics of an embankment can be particles are ion-exchange resin beads to related to the theoretical equation of dis- which are attached radioactive cesium charge for a broad-crested weir by means of molecules. Particle concentration within the discharge -displacement boundary-layer the column is determined by gamma-ray thickness. Data and procedures for com- radiation count puting the thickness of the boundary- layer (g) The diffusion measurements with the foreign at the control section have been determined particles is complete. Dissertation in pre- as a means of generalizing the discharge e- paration. quation for various shapes, sizes and roughness of embankments. (3052) DEZ RIVER DAM SPILLWAYS. (h) Master's theses, "Dishcarge Characteristics (b) Resources and Development Corporation. of an Embankment -Shaped Weir," Gunnar (c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering, Sigurdsson (1956), Sherwood P. Prawel (1959) Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta "Influence of the Boundary Layer on Embank- 13, Georgia. ment-Shaped Weirs," J. Davidian (1959); (d) Experimental; design. available on loan from Price Gilbert Li- ( ) Two circular shaft spillways are being brary, Georgia Institute of Technology. e investigated. The effects of short radius Summary report completed for publication and long radius bends are studied. The in 1961. hydraulic performance of an inclined shaft spillway is compared with a vertical shaft. (158I+) FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS. The study represents a continuation of previous work. (b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. (3^1*0 INFLUENCE OF FREE-SURFACE DISTURBANCES ON (d) Library search, re-analysis and correlation PIEZOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS. of published data, plus original research as required. (b) Laboratory project. (e) A comprehensive study of the discharge (c) Dr. Paul G. Mayer, School of Civil Engrg., characteristics of practical forms of weirs Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, and spill ways, including the preparation Georgia. of bibliography and the collection and (d) Experimental and theoretical; research for analysis of experimental data from all master's thesis; partly supported by U. S. known sources. Objectives include the Geological Survey. publication, in generalized form, of avail- (e) Observations on laboratory flume (see Proj- able experimental data. ect 2529) revealed a discrepancy between depth measurements and piezometric-head (2529) UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS. measurements for flow conditions involving disturbed free surface. The phenomenon ap- (b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water pears to be analogous to pressure or density Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. variations in unsteady, compressible -fluid (d) Re-analysis and correlation of existing flows data; original experimental research and Laboratory work completed. Thesis in pre- analysis; theoretical study of turbulence (g) paration. energy transfer and diffusion mechanisms. (e) A fundamental investigation of the mechanics SECONDARY MOTION IN ENCLOSED CONDUITS AND of uniform flow in open channels, with par- (3725) OPEN CHANNELS. ticular emphasis on the influence of channel shape on velocity distributions and (b) Laboratory project. wall shear-stress distributions. Experi- (c) Dr. Paul G. Mayer, School of Civil Engrg., mental work is being conducted on simple Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, and compound cross sections in a variable Georgia. slope 90-foot long flume. (d) Theoretical and experimental; research for Ph. D. thesis. (1331) THE DIFFUSION OF FOREIGN PARTICLES IN A (e) A fundamental study of secondary motion in FLUID. turbulent flows. Secondary motions are often superimposed upon flows in enclosed (b) Laboratory project; sponsored by the Na- conduits and open channels . The mode of tional Science Foundation. origin, development and decay is being (c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg., studied to delineate the influence on the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, general motion pattern in straight, non- Georgia. circular conduits and channels . The pre- (d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral sent phase of the study is concerned with dissertation. secondary motion in turbulent, open-chan- (e) The diffusion of macroscopic foreign par- nel flow ticles is being studied in a diffusion column in order to determine the differ-

9 .

HOUSTON UNIVERSITY, Chemical Engineering Dept. neering Progress Symposium Series. No. 30, 56, 1, I960. Inquiries concerning the following projects should be addressed to Prof. A. E. Dukler, Chemical Engrg. (3729) EFFECT OF INTERFACIAL CHARACTER ON GAS Dept., Univ. of Houston, Houston, Texas. PHASE TURBULENCE IN TWO-PHASE FLOW.

( 3726 ) ENTRAINMENT AND PRESSURE DROP IN TWO-PHASE (b) Laboratory project. GAS-LIQUID FLOW. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for doctoral thesis. (b) Laboratory project, National Science Foun- (e) Studies are to be made to evaluate turbu- dation Grant. lence character of the gas phase in a two- (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- phase system. Studies of gas moving over search for doctoral thesis. wavy liquid surface, a simulated rough (e) A study of factors dictating the disper- liquid surface, which is not moving and a sion of liquid in a gas phase when both simulated liquid wavy surface will be flow together in a conduit. The en- undertaken. trainment magnitude, its spacial distributions, size distribution and dependence on flow rates, fluid properties and conduit geometry are being explored, along with HYDRONAUTICS, INCORPORATED. momentum and frictional effects. (h) "Entrainment and Pressure Drop in Horizon- (3730) DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF GROUND EFFECT VEHICLES. tal Two-Phase Flow of Air and Water, " by M. Wicks III. M.S. Thesis, University of (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, Houston, 1958. Department of the Navy. "Entrainment and Pressure Drop in Horizon- (c) Mr. Marshall P. Tulin, HYDRONAUTICS, Incor- tal Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow," by P. porated, 200 Monroe Street, Rockville, Md. Magiros, M.S. Thesis, University of Houston, (d) Theoretical; basic and applied research. 1958. (e) Research on the dynamic characteristics of "Entrainment and Pressure Drop in Concur- ground effect vehicles with particular rent Gas-Liquid Flow: I. Air-Water in emphasis on development of theory for pre- Horizontal Flow," M. Wicks and A. E. dicting motions over rough surfaces and Duckler, AIChE J, 6, f+63, i960. ocean waves. Static and dynamic stability in all degrees of freedom are to be treated. 13727) ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DATA ON PRESSURE DROP IN TWO-PHASE FLOW.

(b) Sponsored jointly by American Petroleum UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Station. Institute and American Gas Association.

(d) Theoretical, with both applied and basic Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . l859.> 3056, 3057, approaches being explored. and 3^l6 should be addressed to Associate Director, (e) All available original source data re- Prof. C. C. Warnick, College of Engineering, and porting pressure drop (over 15,000 experi- Projects Nos. 1862, 2786, 3*H7, and 3U18 should be mental points) are being collected, coded addressed to Prof. G. L. Corey, Dept. of Agri and used to prepare a bank of data on IBM Engrg., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. cards. This bank will then be used to make definitive reliability studies of ex- (1859) INVESTIGATION OF METHODS OF CONTROLLING isting correlations of two-phase flow, AND EVALUATING CANAL SEEPAGE. pressure drop and flow character. New analysis and correlation will be undertaken (b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. both by data analysis using the bank and by Bureau of Reclamation. testing of new theoretical models. (d) Field investigation; basic and operationsl. (g) Coding schemes and programs have been com- (e) Different types of canal linings are being pleted. Over 5,000 data points banked. studied and various ways of evaluating performance are being considered, especially

( 3728 ) MOMENTUM AND HEAT TRANSFER IN THIN LIQUID ideas for measuring canal seepage from FILMS UNDER TWO-PHASE FLOW. both lined and unlined canals. (g) New techniques for plastic film linings (b) Laboratory project. have been tried as well as natural silting (d) Theoretical; for master's thesis. effects; a chemical sealant has been tested (e) Analysis of film geometry and heat trans- during 1959-60. Also several new techniques fer based on full pipe universal velocity are being developed for measuring seepage. distributions has proved in error for thin (h) Annual progress report is available for films under shear. This study is concerned limited distribution. with developing suitable new relationships for velocity distribution, film thickness, (1862) DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM WATER- temperature distribution, and heat transfer SHED CHARACTERISTICS. coefficients in thin films for any flow direction or fluid properties. (b) Laboratory project, being carried on under (h) "Flow Mechanics and Heat Transfer in Falling Agricultural Experiment Station, Film Systems," A. E. Dukler, Chemical Engi- (d) Experimental; applied research.

31 . . . ,

(e) A study of the hydrological factors af- (g) Project is being activated in November fecting the Moscow Mountain Watershed as initial survey of techniques is in progress it applies to the total water use in the and five field methods are being installed. area. (h) A comprehensive report of feasible methods (g) Measurement data on a small watershed is is nearing completion available only continuing to be collected. through USDA.

(2786) FARM IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES. (3U17) INFILTRATION AS AFFECTED BY FURROW PARAME- TERS AND SOIL VARIABILITY. (b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation under the Agricultural Ex- (b) Laboratory project; under investigation in periment Station. Agricultural Experiment Station. (d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- (d) Theoretical; basic research. search. (e) To determine the effect of various furrow (e) To evaluate irrigation efficiencies on geometric parameters and soil conditions on actual farms to aid in planning of a water infiltration patterns by analogy methods. use on irrigation projects. To consider (g) Electrical and model analogs have been con- efficiency from aspect of farm operations structed and methods of use have been devel- and not just consumptive use of crops. oped. (g) Project is in third year of a k year program of collecting basic field data. Pre- (3U18) AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF SURFACE IRRIGATION

' liminary effeciencies are available on a WATER. few groups of farms

(h) Annual report available on loan. (b) Laboratory project , under investigation in Agricultural Experiment Station. (3056) TELEMETERING HYDROLOGIC DATA FROM MOUNTAIN (d) Experimental field investigation; applied LOCATIONS. research. (e) To develop devices which will automatically (b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with control surface irrigation water and to federal agencies and power companies. field test these devices to determine their (d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic limitations and applied operational research. (g) Laboratory prototypes of gates that will (e) A complete system for reporting six or operate automatically have been constructed. more hydrologic data is being studied and A sensing element to activate gates is being basic parameters of snow are being con- designed and tested. sidered for conversion into time delay circuits for transmission by radio. (g) Circuit designs have been completed. Proto- type of three measuring units is essen- ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION. tially completed and radio equipment has been developed for use at a field location (552) SEDIMENTATION OF ILLINOIS RESERVOIRS. near Moscow. (b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Agri- (3057) CONSERVATION OF WATER FOR RANGE STOCK. cultural Research Service, Soil Conserva- tion Service, and University of Illinois (b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Agricultural Experiment Station. Bureau of Land Management and ranchers. (c) Mr. R. L. Corinth, Illinois State Water (d) Field investigation; applied operational Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. research. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Experimental stock watering ponds in des- (e) For design of water-supply reservoirs, ert areas will be lined and evaporation measurements of sediment accumulation in control measures supplied to see if ex- lakes in Illinois. Sediment samples are tension of water supplies can be devel- analyzed and complete surveys of water- oped economically. shed soil type, slopes, land use, and con- (g) Two installations have been completed and servation practices are made. instrumentation is being installed. Soils (g) Results show correlation between rate of and sites studies are in progress for addi- sedimentation and land use on watershed; tional sites and evaporation control ex- results show six factors in explaining periments are being planned for the 1961 sediment deposition: age of lake, capa- season. city-inflow ratio, watershed gross erosion, a watershed shape factor, the density of

( 3^16 ) STUDY OF METHODS FOR AUTOMATIC MEASURE- non-incised channels, and a watershed slope MENT OF SNOW WATER CONTENT. factor. (h) State Water Survey publications: Reports

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. De- of Investigation Nos . k, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, partment of Agriculture. 15, l6, and 18; sedimentation surveys of (d) Field investigation; applied research. Spring Lake, Ridge Lake, Lake Chautauqua, (e) A study is being made of basic methods Carbondale Reservoir, Lake Bracken, West of measuring snow water content for use Frankfort Reservoir, Lake Calhoun, Lake in telemetering data from remote mountain Springfield, and Lake Carthage, respec- locations tively.

32 . .

"Water and Land Resources of Crab Orchard Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Lake Basin," Bulletin k2. (d) Field investigation; applied research. "Correlation of Reservoir Sedimentation (e) To evaluate the potential yield of the and Watershed Factors, Springfield Plain, sand and gravel deposits beneath the Illinois," Report of Investigation 37. American Bottoms (East St. Louis area). Ground water levels are measured in 200 (555) EVAPORATION IN ILLINOIS. observation wells, 9 of which are equipped with recording gages. Ground water pumpage, (t>) Laboratory project. Mississippi River stages, rainfall, and (c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water quality of ground water data are continu- Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. ously collected. Maps are being prepared (d) Field invsstigation; applied research. showing the distribution and areal extent (e) Measurements are made of evaporation at of the hydraulic properties, the thickness four stations in northern, central, and of the aquifer, and water-table contours. southern Illinois. Evaporimeters con- Computations are being made to determine structed and installed adjacent to pans the amount of recharge from precipitation for year-round records. and from induced infiltration of river (h) Measurements published in Climatological water, and the amount of subsurface flow Data, Illinois Section. from valley walls into the American Bottoms. A geohydrologic model will be (559) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER. devised to simulate the complex aquifer system. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory, (1092) HYDR0L0GIC CYCLE EVALUATION. Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717 .> Peoria, Illinois. (b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. (d) Experimental; basic research. Geological Survey. (e) Model studies of different pit types and (c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Sur- variations in relationship between ground- vey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. water gradients and aritficial recharge. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (g) Pilot plant pit operation by Water Survey (e) Data from rain gage networks (gathered

relinquished; laboratory analysis in prog- under another project ) together with infor-

ress . mation from 3 stream gaging stations and (h) "Artificial Ground-Water Recharge at Peoria, 5 ground water-level recorders were col- Illinois," Max Suter and Robert H. Harmeson, lected for use in analyzing storm rain- Bulletin k8, i960, Illinois State Water fall-runoff relationships on small water- Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. (Report of sheds and effect of runoff on water table. pilot pit operations 1951 - 1959)- (f) Completed. (h) "Hydrologic Budgets for Three Small Water- (560) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN PEORIA, sheds in Illinois," R. J. Schicht and W. ILLINOIS, DISTRICT. C. Walton, State Water Survey Report of Investigation K0, in press. (b) Laboratory project (c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory, (1335) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE CHICAGO Illinois State Water Survey, Box AREA. 717 .> Peoria, 111. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with (e) Continuing evaluation of ground water re- Illinois State Geological Survey. sources of the district. Ground water (c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water levels and temperatures are monitored in Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. wells in key locations. Effects of arti- (d) Field investigation; applied research. ficial recharge are evaluated. Analyses (e) Study of variations of natural resources. for changes in composition of ground water Investigation of artesian well field with used to trace movement of ground water and wells 1200 to 2200 feet deep, locally to observe for possible introduction of heavily pumped. Study of ground water contaminants by articicial recharge. level recession, interferences, transmis- (g) Ground-water conditions have improved sibilities, effect of additional demands. substantially and consistently since the (g) Results show the ground water resources use of four recharge pits was initiated in in Chicago region are developed from four two of the Peoria well fields. Artificial water-yielding units: glacial drift recharge in the North Field is practiced aquifers, shallow dolomite aquifers, on a year-round demand basis. In the Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer, and Mt Central Field, articicial recharge is re- Simon Aquifer. The Cambrian-Ordovician stricted to the seasons when surface water has been the most highly developed source is cool. of large ground-water supplies. Pumpage in deep wells increased from 78.3 mgd in (561) GROUND-WATER INVESTIGATION IN EAST ST. 1958 to 88.0 mgd in 1959- Future ground- LOUIS AREA. water supplies should be taken from the shallow aquifers wherever possible. (b) Laboratory project. (h) "Water Level Decline and Pumpage During (c) Mr. R. J. Schicht, Illinois State Water 1959 i n Deep Wells in the Chicage Region,

33 .

Illinois;" W. C. Walton, R. T. Sasman, and (h) "Reducing Lake Evaporation in the Midwest,"

R. R. Russell, State Water Survey Circular W. J. Roberts, Jour. Geophys . Res., Vol. 79, i960. 6h, No. 10, pp. 1605-10. "State Water Survey Technical Letter No. 2," (1865) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DROP- INLET SPILLWAY 1959- STRUCTURES FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS. "Evaporation Suppression from Water Sur- faces," W. J. Roberts, Trans. AGU, 38(5): (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with -jkO-hk, 1957- Agricultural Research. Service, Soil Con- servation Service, and Illinois Agricultural (2533) MOISTURE INFLOW STUDY. Experiment Station. (c) Mr. H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water (b) Laboratory project. Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. (c) Mr. R. G. Semonin, Illinois State Water (d) Experimental; generalized applied research Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. for development and design. (d) Applied research. (e) To determine the most desirable proportions (e) Computation of atmospheric moisture inflow and shapes of drop-inlet spillway structures of Illinois and subsequent correlation with that have unique flow characteristics and precipitation. Moisture and wind data ob- to develop anti-vortex devices. To provide tained from RAOB data. the necessary information on flow relations (f) Analysis completed and report under pre- and discharge coefficients so that these paration. structures may be economically designed. (h) "Artificial Precipitation Potential During Initial phases of study concerned with hy- Dry Periods in Illinois," Physics of Pre- druulics of square risers with free dis- cipitation, Geophysical Monograph No. 5, charge. Effect of lip or crest shape and AGU, i960, pp. k2k-k31. anti -vortex devices being studied. Second phase to include the complete spillway. Ex- (2534) DENSE RAIN GAGE NETWORK PROJECTS. perimental apparatus constructed and tests are being conducted on the complete spill- Laboratory project. way. Information is being obtained on dis- (c) Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Sur- charges, vortex effect on discharge, pres- vey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. sures, a flat plate anti-vortex device, and (a) Field investigation; applied research. flow conditions. (e) Data from four rain gage networks, con- (g) Hydraulics of various types of flow possible sisting of 50 gages in kOO square miles, in square risers are well defined as well as 10 gages in 100 square miles, 51 gages in some of the effects of non-square crest 550 square miles, and 11 gages in 10 square shape. Model tests were performed on a miles. Studies include: l) rainfall vari- drop-inlet spillway to determine whether ability, 2) frequency of point and areal or not a metal grating deck placed above mean rainfall, 3) area-depth relations, the inlet can control vortices. The re- k) variation of point rainfall with distance,

sults of the test show that gratings do 5 ) areal representativeness of point rain- not prevent or control strong vortices. fall, and 6) reliability of areal mean rainfall estimates. (2315) INTERFERENCE BETWEEN RECHARGE PITS. (h) "Natural Variability of Storm, Seasonal, and Annual Precipitation," G. E. Stout, (b Laboratory project. Jour. Irrigation and Drainage Division, (c Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory, Proc. ASCE, IR1, March i960 (also State Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Water Survey Reprint Series 1960-E). Peoria, 111. "Distribution of Excessive Rainfall Amounts (a Field investigation; basic research. over an Urban Area," F. A. Huff and S. A. (e Two recharge pits operated simultaneously Changon, Jr., Jour. Geophys. Res., Vol. for three years. 65, November i960. (f Discontinued. To date no mound of interference has devel- (2535) FILTERING THROUGH COARSE MATERIALS. oped between the two recharge pits during simultaneous operation. (b) Laboratory project (h Briefly reported in State Water Survey (c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory, Bulletin 48 (see 559)- Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Peoria, 111. (2532 EVAPORATION RETARDATION. (a) Experimental; basic research. (e) Small laboratory filters containing coarse (b Laboratory project. filter media to be operated at rates com- (c Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water parable to those achieved in field opera- Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. tions to determine efficiencies of filtra- (a Field investigation; applied research, tion bacteriologically and physically. dssign. (f) Being re-activated. (e Monomolecular chemical films to retard (g) Results of former field tests of various evaporation from water supply lakes and sizes of materials are reported in State

ponds in Illinois . Laboratory studies con- Water Survey Bulletin kd. tinuing on smaller containers. (f) Temporarily suspended. (2788) METEOROLOGY OF FLOOD-PRODUCING STORMS.

3h . . .

(b) Laboratory project. (31420) FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF LOW FLOWS. (c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Sur- vey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Applied research. (c) Mr. John B. Stall, Illinois State Water (e) Investigation of meteorological conditions Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. associated with flood-producing storms in (d) Theoretical; applied research. Illinois to obtain basic data for reliable (e) Analysis of the severity, frequency, and definition of time and space distribution duration of low flows in Illinois streams. of such storms and for calculation of prob- Study of the suitability of various able maximum rainfall. theoretical distributions in explaining (g) Continuing project; analysis progressing the occurrence of these low flow events. on storm area-depth relations, orientation A partial series developed for low flow of storms, seasonal and geographic distri- events; this series suitable for low bution, synoptic weather types, topographic flows from 1 month to 60 months in duration. influences (g) Gumbel's Extreme Value Law found satisfactory for explaining the occurrence of (3058) HYDR0METE0R0L0GICAL ANALYSIS OF SEVERE independent low-flow periods from 1 month RAINSTORMS. to 60 months duration for recurrence intervals from 2 years to I45 years at 20 stream (T>) Laboratory project. gaging stations in Illinois, varying in (c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, drainage area from 550 square miles to Box 232, Urbana, 111. 1310 square miles. Runoff-precipitation (d) Field investigation; applied research. correlation has been utilized to extend (e) Field surveys and detailed analyses of some short period low-flow series to a severe rainstorms in Illinois. Analyses recurrence interval of 50 years. based upon radar, synoptic weather, and field survey data and include area-depth- (3^21) PILOT DRAINAGE BASIN STUDIES IN NAPERVILLE duration relations, antecedent rainfall AREA. evaluation, isohyetal maps for peak periods of storm. (b) Laboratory project. (g) Analyses completed on 16 storms since 1951- (c) Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water (h) Reports of Investigation Nos. Ik, 2k, 27, Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. and 35 of State Water Survey. Another (d) Field investigation; applied research. report, No. h2 is in preparation. (e) All factors of the hydrologic cycle (especially precipitation, temperature, stream (3059) THERMAL LOADINGS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF flow, soil moisture, changes in surface SURFACE WATERS. and subsurface storage, and evaporation) to be measured and examined to obtain (b) Laboratory project. quantitative knowledge of the movement and (c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory, storage of ground water under natural Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, conditions in the 22-square mile basin. Peoria, Illinois. The annual rate of recharge to, and (d) Field investigation; applied research. evapotranspiration from, the ground-water (e) A study of heat loads applied to fresh reservoir to be determined. Stream dis- water bodies in Illinois to determine charge hydrograph to be separated into its relationships between temperature and/or two components, surface runoff and ground- heat loadings, water usage, stream assets, water runoff. Gravity yields of glacial and stream recovery capabilities. deposits and underlying dolomite aquifer to be estimated. (314-19) PRECIPITATION DROUGHT CHARACTERISTICS. (31422) STUDY OF FLOW IN SMALL WATER-DISTRIBUTION (b) Laboratory project. SYSTEMS (c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with (d) Applied research. Civil Engineering Department, University (e) Investigation of precipitation drought of Illinois. frequency in Illinois, distribution in (c) Dr. T. E. Larson, Illinois State Water space and time of dry periods, relative Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. severity of these periods, meteorological (d) Theoretical calculations and field investi- conditions favorable for drought in Illinois, gation.

correlation of precipitation drought with ( e ) To determine the rate of induced movement other meteorological factors such as necessary to provide protection against thunderstorm frequency and atmospheric corrosion of pipe in water distribution moisture distribution, and association of systems by forced movement of inhibited precipitation drought with low stream flow. waters (h) "Drought Characteristics in a Continental (f) Completed. Humid Climatic Region, " F. A. Huff and (h) "Circulation of Water in the Hammond S. A. Changnon, Jr., State Water Survey Distribution System," Thurston E. Larson, Reprint Series I96O-F, extract of publi- John C. Guillou, and Laurel M. Henley, cation No. 51, I.A.S.H. Commission of State Water Survey Reprint Series I96O-G Surface Waters, pp. 22-33- (from Jour. AWWA, Vol.52, No. 8, Aug. i960.)

35 . "

(3^23) QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION DIFFERENCES with analytical expressions by devising BETWEEN EXTREME SOUTHWESTERN LAKE MICHIGAN approximate methods of analysis based on AND NEARBY LAND AREAS. idealized models of aquifer situations. Geohydrologic boundaries are assumed to be ("b) Laboratory project. straight -line demarcations and are given (c) Mr. S. A. Changnon, Jr., Illinois State mathematical expression by means of the Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. image-well theory. The hydraulic properties (d) Field investigation; basic research. of the aquifer and overlying confining beds (e) Monthly, seasonal, and annual average pre- are considered mathematically by using cipitation data, based on 10 years of rec- ground-water formulas. Records of past ords obtained at water intake station lo- pumpage and water levels and a digital com- cated on Lake Michigan four miles east of puter are used to establish the validity of the Chicago shore line, were compared with this mechanism to describe the response of precipitation data from nearby land stations aquifers to pumping. to get an estimate of how lake precipitation (g) Case histories of ground-water development varied in relation to nearby land precipi- have been used to evaluate the practical tation. Secondly, physical factors that sustained yields of three aquifers in cen- appeared to cause differences were studied. tral Illinois. (f) Completed. (h) "Analyzing Ground-Water Problems with (g) On the average, annual precipitation at the Mathematical Models and a Digital Computer, lake-located station was 21$ less than land W. C. Walton, International Association of amounts, and the greatest seasonal differ- Scientific Hydrology, i960. ence occurred in the spring and fall. Ef- fect of lake appeared to decrease precipi- (373M INDUSTRIAL WATER USE IN ILLINOIS. tation over the lake especially in summer, while lake and urban effects tend to in- (b) Laboratory pro ject crease precipitation over Chicago especially (c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water in winter. Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. (h) "Precipitation Contrasts Between Chicago (d) Field investigation; applied research. Urban Area and Offshore Station in South- (e) Determine withdrawal of water by industries ern Lake Michigan," S. A. Changnon, Jr., in Illinois, with delineation according to accepted for publication in Bulletin of kinds of industry, location by area, and Am. Meteor. Soc i960. sources of supply. . , (f) Completed. (3731) HYDROLOGY OF DOLOMITE AQUIFERS. (g) Exclusive of hydroelectric plants, 11.8 billion gallons per day was pumped by (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Illinois industries in 1959- This is an Illinois State Geological Survey. increase of U2.6 percent since 1950. (c) Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water (h) "Industrial Water Use in Illinois," W. J. Survey, Box 232, Urbana Illinois. Roberts, Proceedings of the American Power (d) Field investigation; applied research. Conference, Vol. XXII, pp. 8ll+-820, i960 (e) Evaluation of water yielding potential (also State Water Survey Reprint Series from pumping test and specific capacity 1960-D). data is in progress. Statistical analysis of well production data is being made to determine geological controls on aquifer productivity. ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION, Springfield.

(3732) TRANSPIRATION RETARDATION. (1863) EROSION CONTROL, ILLINOIS SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water (b) State of Illinois. Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. (c) Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engr., (d) Laboratory and field investigation. Div. of Waterways, Dept. of Public Works (e) Monomolecular film- forming fatty alcohols and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street, are introduced to corn roots causing the Springfield, Illinois. plants to transpire less water than control (d) Field investigation; applied research. plants during the growing process. (e) To obtain and correlate basic data on the (g) Analysis in progress. several forces and factors involved in (h) Progress report in preparation. erosion processes along the Illinois Shore of Lake Michigan to the end that future (3733) EVALUATING WELLS AND AQUIFERS WITH ANALYT- efforts toward the prevention of erosion ICAL METHODS. might be founded upon a more definite and factual basis with a consequent greater (b) Laboratory project. degree of assurance that the works will (c) Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water serve the intended purposes. Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Case histories of ground-water development are being studied to determine if it is UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Soil and Water Conservation possible to evaluate wells and aquifers Engineering Lab., Department of Agricultural Engrg.

36 . . ) . .

Inquiries concerning the following projects should R. D. Black, Ph.D. Thesis, University of be addressed to Prof. B. A. Jones, 100 Agricultural Illinois, Oct. i960 (available on loan). Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. "A Comparison of Some Filter Materials Used for Tile Drains," D. R. Sisson, M. S. Thesis, (2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN Univ. of Illinois, August i960 (available

ILLINOIS. on loan ) "A Comparison of Filter Materials for Tile (b) Laboratory project' cooperative with ARS, Drains," D. R. Sisson and B. A. Jones Jr., U. S. Department of Agriculture. paper 60-719 presented at the Winter Meeting (d) Experimental and field investigation; basic of the Amer. Soc. of Agricultural Engineers, research. Dec. i960 (available from the Executive sec- (e) To determine frequencies of peak rates and retary, ASAE, St. Joseph, Mich.). total amounts of runoff from agricultural "Effect of Crack Width at Tile Joints on watersheds of 25 to 1,500 acres; to deter- Soil Movement into Draintile Lines," mine maximum rates of runoff from agri- Benjamin A. Jones Jr., Trans. ASAE, Vol. 3, cultural watersheds in different soil asso- No. 1, pp. 33-35, hi, 5h, i960. ciation areas in Illinois; to compare runoff from agricultural watersheds under ac- (3k2k) A STUDY OF RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION. cepted soil conservation practices with watersheds cultivated without soil conser- (b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS, vation practices. Watersheds of U5.5, 63, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 82, and 390 acres near Monti cello, Illinois (d) Experimental; basic research. are covered with a rain gage network, and ( e ) Natural rainstorms are photographed with a runoff is measured at weirs and spillway raindrop camera so that the number of rain- structures by water level recorders. Max- drops, their size and size distribution, imum stage recorders are installed at field and the kinetic energy of a rainstorm may structures on 8 watersheds in Champaign, be calculated. Physical measurements will Piatt, Vermillion, and Ford Counties on be made of the soil to determine the effect watersheds ranging in size from J+5 to l,k00 of the kinetic energy of the rainstorm on acres. Model studies and field calibrations soil loss. The nature and properties of are made on the field structures rainstorms that occur in this area of 111. (h) "Peak Runoff and Rainfall Analyses for Two will axso be studied. Agricultural Watersheds, " by D. L.' Pigg, M. S. Thesis, University of Illinois, Oct. 1959 (available on loan). UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Civil Engineering Depart-

(2317) A STUDY OF DRAINAGE OF SOME ILLINOIS SOILS. ment .

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS, Inquiries concerning all projects should be ad- U. S. Department of Agriculture. dressed to Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof, of Hydraulic (d) Field investigation; applied research. Engineering, or for Projects Nos. 1589, 2087, 2088, (e) To determine on different soil types the 2318, 2790, 3060, 306l, and 3425, to Prof. J. C. effect of tile spacing and depth on (l) Guillou, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University water table as measured by drawdown wells, of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. (2) on crop yields; to verify present tile depth and spacing formulas for soil types (564) HYDROLOGY OF URBAN AREAS. investigated; and to compare physical laboratory measurements with field measure- (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with 111. ments State Water Survey. The rate of water table drawdown is meas- (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field in- ured in wells perpendicular to tile lines. vestigation; applied research and design.

Field permeability and laboratory perinea- ( e Rainfall-runoff study of an urban watershed, bility measurements are made as well as having an effective drainage area of h.k^ physical analysis of the soil type. Crop square miles and a population density of yields are determined laterally from the Ik persons per acre. Runoff is measured tile lines. by a U. S. G. S. stream gage and precipitation by a network of fourteen rain gages (2789) LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF CONSERVATION strategically located in and out of the AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES. watershed. New types of evaporimeter are being developed and check results are being !» Laboratory project. made (d) Experimental investigation in the laboratory; applied and basic research. (1589) OPEN CHANNEL METER. (e) To investigate the performance of soil and water conservation structures by means of (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with hydraulic model studies, to study water Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Dept. flow patterns into surface drains and to (d) Experimental and analytical. determine the cause of failures and reme- (e) This study is concerned with a cricical dial measures of certain conservation depth meter which may be economically in- structures under flood conditions. stalled in a sewer after the sewer has been (h) "The Mechanics of Square Elbow Losses," placed in service. Tests using a l6-inch

37 diameter pipe, with adjustable slope, has the investigation is to determine the geo- been tested using several types of obstruc- metries of the apron and the necessity of

tions . a critical depth control at the entrance to the spillway channel. (1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS. (3060) OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FILTER (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with 111. DRAINS. Div. of Highways and Bureau of Public Roads. (d) Analytical and field investigation; applied (b) Association of American Railroads. research and design. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) To determine the discharge of water which (e) Investigation of characteristics of flow will reach openings of highway drainage through granular filters and perforated structures, such as bridges and culverts drain pipe. Laboratory investigations have and to provide a simple but scientific pro- included tests of coated and uncoated drain cedure for use of engineers in establishing pipe, and permeability and filter loss the economical and adequate size of opening. studies using concrete sand as the filter Seven preliminary reports and two field material. Current laboratory investigation reports have been prepared. is toward determination of operation char- Final report in preparation. acteristics with compaction of filter as prime variable. EFFECTIVENESS OF SUBWAY GRATINGS FOR HIGH- (g) Indications are that little sorting of WAY DRAINAGE. filter material occurs at pipe perforation and that compaction of filter material is Departmental special study. of maximum importance in controlling rate Laboratory investigation; applied research. of filter migration. Full scale model tests of two subway rating (h) "First Progress Report on Performance of designs have been tested in standard 111. Filter Materials," J. C. Guillou, Bulletin Division of Highways, Type II inlet frame. 556, American Railway Engineering Assoc., Suspended temporarily. February i960.

DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR (3061) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF REND LAKE SPILLWAY. TYPE INLET BOXES. (b) Laboratory project and class problems. Departmental study. (d) Model investigation of uncontrolled apron Laboratory investigation; basic research. type spillway. Scale model investigation of rectangular (e) A 1:50 scale model of approach section, inlet box with long Lucite discharge pipe spillway and energy dissipator. Tests of to verify or disprove the weir-orifice dis- the original design have been completed. charge theory. The spillway walls have been redesigned Suspended temporarily. for more uniform distribution of flow at the hydraulic jump. The re-design has been FAUBER BRIDGE MODEL STUDY. tested and verified. (f) Completed. Departmental graduate study. (g) "Hydraulic Model Study of Rend Lake Spill- Laboratory investigation; applied research. way with Design Revisions," Interlaboratory A design has been developed whereby a three Report, Mimeo, i960. tube culvert and an energy dissipator may replace an inadequate highway bridge. Model (3065) STUDY OF A TORNADO MODEL FOR DESIGN PUR- studies have been conducted to verify the POSES. proposed design. Final report in preparation. (b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for Mr. G. E. Martin. FREQUENCY STUDY OF HYDROLOGIC DATA. (d) Analytical and field investigations; basic research for doctoral thesis. Departmental study. (e) To correlate the laws of thermodynamics, Basic and applied research. atmospheric physics, dynamic meteorology, Application of statistical methods and prob- and fluid mechanics with the available data ability laws to the analysis of hydrologic from actual tornadoes and to construct a data. model tornado from these data for design A new concept of rainfall intensity fre- purposes that are compatible with the theo- quency is developed and being applied to ry. The facilities of both the Civil En- rainfall data at Urbana and Chicago, 111. gineering Department and the Illinois State See previous issues of this publication. Water Survey, including a weather radar, are used in this study. SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAY STUDY. (f) Completed. (g) The results indicate: For design purposes, Departmental graduate study. a severe, long path tornado represents the Laboratory investigation; applied research. most serious hazard. A conservative design Model investigation of flow conditions on for tornado safety should be capable of the apron below the spillway crest and a- withstanding a simultaneous pressure reduc- bove the spillway channel. The purpose of tion of 3 in. Hg., a tangential wind velocity

38 ......

of l60 mph, a radial velocity of 120 mph, (d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral and a translational velocity of 60 mph. thesis These values give a maximum combined sur- (e) To investigate the linearity of the theory face wind velocity of 250 mph. This maxi- of instantaneous unit hydrograph. A math- mum velocity is invariably from a south- ematical model for the instantaneous unit westerly direction in Illinois, hydrograph is to be developed and solved by (h) "Quantitative Investigation of the Destruc- electronic computers. Application of the tive Energy in Tornadoes," by G. E. Martin, mathematical model will be made to observed Doctoral Thesis, Graduate College, Univ. hydrographs of Illinois, i960. (3737) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FREE-SURFACE EFFECT. (3066) THE MECHANICS OF SQUARE ELBOW LOSSES. (b) Departmental study. (b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for Mr. (d) Theoretical; basic research. R. D. Black. (e) To evaluate the free-surface effect of flow (d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral in open channels. thesis (g) A preliminary study is being made to check (e) This is a study of the factors that contri- the variation in roughness coefficient in bute to the loss in energy experienced by circular conduits when the flow is par- the flow of water as it passes through an tially full. In this study Prandtl's as- abrupt angle and size reduction such as sumption of constant shearing stress is that of a plugged "tee". The study is changed to an assumption of variable shear- conducted by means of hydraulic models. ing stress depending on hydraulic radius.

( f ) Completed. The computed variation in roughness coef- (g) The results indicate that the effects upon ficient agrees in general with the average the head loss coefficients of varying the observations pipe-size ratio, the deflection T.ngle, end the plug position, at values of Reynold's

number above 6 x 10 , are all interdependent. The effects of increasing the roughness in UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and Hydrau- the outlet pipe was to reduce the head loss lics Laboratory. coefficients for all of the fittings tested, and the effect of increasing the average Inquiries concerning Project No. 2083 should be velocity or Reynolds number as to stabilize addressed to W. M. Lansford, 219 Talbot Laboratory, the effects of the other variables. University of Illinois, Urbana, 111., and for (h) "The Mechanics of Square Elbow Losses" by Projects Nos. 2320, 2536, 2537, and 3U27 should R. D. Black, Doctoral Thesis, Graduate be addressed to Prof. J. M. Robertson, 125 Talbot College, University of Illinois, i960. Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

(3^25) L0CKP0RT SLUICEGATE STUDY. (2083) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN CHANNEL HAVING A TRIANGULAR CROSS-SECTION. (b) Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago (b) Research. (d) Experimental, applied research. (d) Basic research. (e) A 1:20 scale model has been constructed (e) Data were obtained from a channel arti- and tested. The subject sluice gates will ficially roughened. be used for supplemental control of storm (f) Investigation reactivated, additional data water releases from the Chicago Drainage being taken. Canal. Three turbine pits in the existing powerhouse at Lockport have been modified (2320) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER IN A DIFFUSER. to receive triple sluice gates. The model results will be used for calibration of the (b) Laboratory project. prototype structure (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research. (g) Report in preparation. (e) Effect of adverse pressure gradient on the development of a turbulent boundary layer (3735) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A RESISTANCE is being studied in a 10 degree conical NETWORK ANALOG. diffuser. Air is the fluid medium being used.

(b) Departmental study of Mr. D. C. N. Robb. ( f ) Inactive (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) To evaluate the theory and use of a resis- (2536) STUDY OF HOMOLOGOUS TURBULENCE. tance network analog and to construct the analog for solving several typical prob- (b) Laboratory project; formerly National lems, such as the solution for pore pres- Science Foundation. sures in a zoned, rolled-fill dam. (d) Basic research. (e) The nature of turbulence, its production (3736) NON-LINEAR APPROACH TO THE INSTANTANEOUS and dissipation, are to be studied in the UNIT HYDROGRAPH THEORY. simplest possible shear flow. This is to be produced in plane Couette flow in which (b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for Mr. the shear is constant and the turbulence K. P. Singh. homogeneous but not isotropic. Mean flow

39 . .

studies essentially complete. (c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of Hy- draulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (2537) WATER EXIT HYDROBAELISTICS (d) Field investigation; collection of basic streamflow data. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the (e) Stream-flow and sediment measuring stations Navy. maintained throughout the State of Iowa (d) Basic research; experimental. cooperatively on a continuous basis. Rec- (e) Information on water exit behavior of ords collected by standard methods of U.S. ellipsoidal "bodies of fineness ratios h Geological Survey. and 8 is being obtained photographically. (g) Records of stream flow and sediment dis- Water is principal test liquid but glycerine charge computed yearly. and 100 percent brine solutions have also (h) Records contained in Water-Supply Papers been used. available through offices of the Geological (f) Tests completed, final report in process. Survey. (g) Effects are found to be small, velocity first increases and then decreases as (68) HYDR0L0GIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED. body exits. Significant amounts of water are carried out with the body. (b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey. (h) "A Study of the Kinematics of Buoyant-Body (c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of Hy- Water Exit, Part II," by M. E. Clark and draulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. J. M. Robertson, TAM Dept. Report: l8l, (d) Field investigation; applied research.

( November i960. e ) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Dis- (3527) STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE NEAR ROUGH SUR- charge from a 25 -square -mile area measured FACES. and flood runoff on main subbasins determined by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall (b) Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics records at four automatic recording sta- Research Program. tions collected uy U. S. Weather Bureau. (d) Basic research; experimental. Continuous records since 19^1 of precipi- (e) Information on mean-flow and turbulence tation, runoff, and ground-water levels. structure (including pressure fluctuations) (g) Rainfall records published in Weathe^ near a natural roughness to be studied in Bureau Climatological Bulletins and s ur- 8-inch steel pipe line. Basic question is face runoff and ground-water levels pub- how roughness produces turbulence. lished in Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers

(73) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, State Uni- WATER. versity of Iowa. (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, (66) HYDR0L0GIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATER- Department of the Navy. SHED. (c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (b) Cooperative with Department of Agriculture, (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic .and U. S. Geological Survey. applied research. (c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics (e) Instruments, primarily electrical in op- and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, eration, are being developed to measure Iowa City, Iowa. the characteristics of turbulent flow (d) Field investigation; applied research, under a wide range of laboratory and field and M. S. Theses. conditions. Both sensing and computing (e) Study being made of relation between rain- elements are involved. fall and runoff over a small area. Dis- (g) Techniques for cleaning hot-wire probes charge from a 3-square-mile area measured in place while being used to measure tur- by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall rec- bulence in water have been investigated, ords at five automatic recording stations with 'encouraging results. Transistorized collected by Soil Conservation Service. circuits have been designed for the hot- Continuous records since 192U of precipi- wire anemometer in air, and similar cir- tation, runoff, groundwater levels, and cuits will be used in water. vegetal cover. (g) Yearly records available for examination (79) CAVITATION. at Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. (h) Reports prepared annually since l<-)2h (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, available in files at the Iowa Institute Department of the Navy. of Hydraulic Research. Summary of 33- (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hy- year record in press. draulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- (67) COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS search and graduate theses. IN IOWA. (e) Basic information is sought on cavitation for systematically varied boundary condi- (b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey. tions. Studies of high-velocity submerged

ho . ) "

jets are being continued, with supplemen- (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research. tary measurements of pressure fluctuations (e) Distributions of velocity, pressure, and in air; instrumentation has been developed turbulence are being investigated through- for measurement of the correlation between out the vicinity of separation zones pro- the velocity and pressure fluctuations to duced by abrupt changes in flow section, make possible prediction of the incipient to the end of establishing the primary cavitation index for given meanflow condi- eddy characteristics as functions of the tions. Previous measurements of the pres- boundary geometry. sure distribution on a number of head (g) Studies now being planned on flow in the forms at zero angle have been extended to wake of a circular disk and in either two- various angles of yaw. Cavitating flow dimensional or axisymmetric conduit expan-

about a rotating cylinder in a normal stream sions . has been investigated. Attention will next (h) "Distribution of Energy in Regions of be given to the cavitation of disks and Separation, " Hunter Rouse, La Houille plates Blanche, Nos. 3 and k, i960.

(8l) MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE DISTRI- (2091) RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY. BUTION. (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research Department of the Navy and Society of Naval and David Taylor Model Basin, Department Architects and Marine Engineers. of the Navy. (c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of (c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (d) Theoretical; basic research. (e) To determine the laws governing the forces, (e) A method for the determination of velocity moments, and motions of ships in smooth and and pressure distribution about bodies of disturbed se°s, in order to furnish design revolution and symmetrical two-dimensional data to the naval architect. Work is under

forms in arbitrary states of motion, based way on the following problems : ( 1 ) Wave on solutions of integral equations of the damping of a series of rolling (Ursell) first kind, has been programmed for the cylinders. (2) Drag of oscillating plates IBM 65O computer. of various aspect ratios, (3) Resolution (g) Results of calculations of velocity and of viscous and wave drag by means of meas- pressure distributions on a series of 30 urements in the wake of a ship, (k) Effect bodies of revolution, in axial, transverse, of a free surface and boundary-layer char- and rotational motion, are being analyzed. acteristics on separation, (5) Added mass (h) "Potential Flow about Bodies of Revolution of a prolate spheroid vibrating horizontally and Symmetric Two-Dimensional Forms, " L. in various modes in a free surface, (6) Landweber. Final report on Contract Nonr- Treatment of vibration of spheroids and 21+51(00) to the David Taylor Model Basin, shiplike forms on the basis of a unified Dec. 1959- theory of hydroelasticity, and (7) Trans- lation of Ship Motions (Kachka Korablia) (85M BOUNDARY - LAYER DEVELOPMENT ON SMOOTH AND by Blagoveschensky. ROUGH SURFACES. (h) "Drag Coefficients of Flat Plates Oscil- lating Normally to their Planes," M. (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Ridjanovic, M. S. thesis, State University Department of the Navy. of Iowa, Aug. i960. (Available on loan.) (c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of "Effect of Roughness on Ship-Model Rolling, Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. M. Martin, C. McLeod, and L. Landweber, (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- Schiffstechnik, April i960. search. "Added Mass of Ogival Cylinders Oscillating (e) Purpose of work is to determine the rela- Horizontally in a Free Surface, " L. Landweber tions between boundary-layer characteris- and Chou-chen Wu, Schiffstechnik, June i960. tics for smooth and rough boundaries of "Added Mass of a Rigid Prolate Spheroid arbitrary shape. The three-dimensional Oscillating Horizontally in a Free Surface," boundary layer on an ellipsoid with three L. Landweber and M. Macagno, Journal of Ship unequal axes is being measured. Research, March i960. (h) "Three -Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Lay- er," F. S. A. Pavamani, M. S. thesis, State (232IJ-) ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERNS FOR SHARP- CRESTED University of Iowa, August i960. (Avail- WEIRS. able on loan. "Reanalysis of Boundary- Layer Data on a (b) Laboratory project, partially supported by Flat Plate," L. Landweber, Technical Re- National Science Foundation. port to ONR, Nov. i960. (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydrau- lic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (1875) CHARACTERISTICS OF STABLE EDDIES. (d) Analytical; basic research for doctor's degree. (b) Laboratory project, partially supported by (e) Determination of streamline configuration Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. through use of digital computer for various (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydrau- relative heights of weir. lic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (f) Programing for computer essentially completed.

kl . ) . . ) )

(2328) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS. Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (d) Primarily experimental; basic research. (b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey, (e) Powered models of a strut-mounted pro- Department of the Interior. peller and a merchant vessel are driven (c) Dr. Herman J. Koloseus, Iowa Institute of in a towing basin, and the wake is investi- Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. gated with a Pitot rake and a hot-wire (d) Experimental; basic research. anemometer. (e) Purpose is to determine the effect of areal (g) Turbulence in the wake of a powered model distribution of roughness elements on re- has been measured, and has been found to sistance in both subcritical and supercrit- decay more rapidly than was anticipated. ical flow. Tests are being conducted on

cubical elements cemented to the floors of ( 2795 ) PREDICTION OF RUNOFF FREQUENCY FROM PRE- a 30- foot and an 85 -foot flume in varying CIPITATION AND INFILTRATION FREQUENCIES. concentrations (f) Data for supercritical flow with areal (b) Laboratory project. concentrations of l/8, 1/32, 1/128, and (c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics 1/512 for cubes 3/l6 in. on a side have and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, been collected. Results for a 1/128 den- Iowa, City, Iowa. sity of mixed cubes, 3/l6 and 3/8 in., (d) Statistical. have also been obtained. Subcritical flow (e) Exploration of possibility of estimating and additional concentrations are to be frequencies of rare floods based on com- investigated. bination of observed frequencies of precipitation and infiltration. (25^1) DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN (f) First phase completed; continuing. ANALYZING APERIODIC SIGNALS. (g) Good correlation for a small, a medium, and a large watershed found in first phase. (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, (h) "Prediction of Runoff Frequency from Pre- Department of the Navy. cipitation and Infiltration Frequencies," (c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of M. A. Chowdhurry, M. S. thesis, State Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. University of Iowa, Aug. 1958. (Available (d) Experimental; applied research. on loan. (e) The purpose is to improve the analysis of turbulent velocity and pressure fluctuations. (3068) DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC FORCES ON FLASH- (g) A mean-product analyzer has been designed BOARDS. and tested for use on widely fluctuating signals. Principal features are adaptabil- (b) Laboratory project. ity to third- and higher-order correlations. (c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, (2791) MIXING IN STRATIFIED FLOW. Iowa City, Iowa. (d) Experimental; for M. S. thesis. (b) Cooperative with the Office of Ordnance ( e ) Measurement by dynamometer of moment exer- Research, Department of the Army. ted by water flowing over flashboard.

(c) Dr. Enzo 0. Institute ) Macagno, Iowa of ( g A parameter involving turning moment on Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. flashboard related to head- and tail-water (d) Experimental; basic research and graduate levels for typical 0-G spillway crest. thesis (e) Determination of the characteristics of (3070) ASPIRATIVE EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS CHIMNEY mixing, due to inherent instability, at SHAPES the interface of stratified flow. (f) Completed. (b) Graduate project. (g) Nondimensional shear stress at the inter- (c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, face and transfer of mass across it show Iowa City, Iowa. a correlation with Froude and Reynolds (d) Experimental; applied, for M. S. thesis. numbers of the interfacial layer. Four (e) Investigation of possibility of using successive regimes of flow are apparent. winds to move air through pipe systems Paper for A. S. C. E. in preparation. for evaporative stabilization of pavement As the subject for a M. S. thesis, the subsoils makes it nesessary to test ef- instability of the interface between two ficiency of "chimney" shapes. fluid layers in transient motion has also (f) Completed. been ~! nvestigated. (g) Measurements obtained for several geometries (h) "The Instability of Stratified Flow," (h) "Effect of Wind Velocity on Draft and Dis- George H. Mittendorf, M. S. thesis, State charge in Various Round Chimney Shapes," University of Iowa, Feb. I96I. (Available J. D. Teasdale, M. S. thesis (Dept. of on loan. Civil Engineering), State University of Iowa, June i960. (2792) THE DECAY OF TURBULENCE IN A ZERO - MOMENTUM "Aspirative Efficiency of Chimney Shapes," WAKE. Mahesh C. Chaturvedi, M. S. thesis, State University of Iowa, August i960. (Avail- (b) Cooperative with the Office of Naval Re- able on loan. search, Department of the Navy. (c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of (3071) MEASURING EQUIPMENT FOR SURFACE ROUGHNESS.

U2 . .

(b) Graduate project. (3^29) JET WITH TRANSVERSE PRESSURE GRADIENT. (c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, Iowa City, Iowa. (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, (d) Developmental; applied research. Department of the Navy. (e) Design and construction of equipment to (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydrau- evaluate roughness parameters for range of lic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. surface roughness of interest to hydraulic (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. engineers. (e) In order to better understand the effect (f) Temporarily suspended. of jet mixing on an annular jet, the diffusion of a two-dimensional jet directed (307*0 WAKE OF ZERO MOMENTUM FLUX. against a flat plate in the presence of a transverse pressure gradient is being (h) Cooperative with ONR, Dept. of the Navy. studied. (c) Dr. Eduard Naud;=> = cher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (3^30) AXISYMMETRIC GRAVITY WAVES. (d) Experimental; "basic research. (e) Distribution of velocity, mean and turbu- (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, lent, and of pressure is being measured in Department of the Navy. the field of flow past a bluff, axisymmetric (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hy- body with a centrally located jet for the draulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. particular condition of zero momentum flux. (d) Theoretical; basic research. (e) The difference between the mean potential (3075) ANNULAR JETS IN GROUND PROXIMITY. and mean kinetic energies for periodic, finite-amplitude, axisymmetric gravity waves (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, has been computed as a function of relative Department of the Navy. depth over the entire depth range. This (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydrau- difference, which is zero for infinitesimal lic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. waves, has been found to be positive for (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research deep water but, rather surprisingly, nega- and graduate theses. tive for shallow water. The kinetic and (e) The distributions of mean velocity and mean potential energies have also been computed pressure in the flow and on the boundaries as functions of time throughout a half- near an annular jet have now been studied period for both large and small relative for four cases: (l) A stationary annular depths jet impinging against a rigid ground plate; (f) Completed. (2) an annular jet impinging against a rigid (h) "Studies of Axisymmetric Gravity Waves of ground plate in the presence of an ambient Finite Amplitude," Lawrence R. Mack, Re- transverse flow (air -tunnel study); (3) port to Office of Naval Research under a stationary annular jet directed against Contract Nonr 1509(03), August i960. a nearby water surface; and (h) an annular jet traveling over water. (3^31) SEDIMENT SORTING. (f) Completed. (h) "Experimental Investigation of an Annular (b) Partially supported by National Science Jet Traveling over Water, " Joachim K. Malsy, Foundation. M. S. thesis, State University of Iowa, (d) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute August i960. (Available on loan.) of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. "E--perimental Studies of an Annular Jet," (d) Experimental; basic research. Lawrence R. Mack and Joachim K. Malsy, (e) To determine the effect of various particle- Report to Office of Naval Research under size distributions with the same means but Contract Nonr 1509(03), September i960. different standard deviations on (l) total- load and suspended-load transportation, (31+28) MECHANICS OF BANK SEEPAGE IN NATURAL STREAMS (2) bed configuration, and (3) size dis- DURING FLOOD FLOWS. tribution of the total load.

(b) Laboratory project. (3^32) ACCELERATED MOTION OF A SPHERE FALLING IN (c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and AN OSCILLATING FLUID. Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Field investigation; basic research for (c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of Ph.D. thesis. Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

( e ) Observations taken on transverse profile (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research of ground-water levels during rise and and Ph. D. dissertation. recession of hydrographs. Sections on (e) To determine accelerated motion of a sphere Missouri, Des Moines, Boone, Iowa, and falling in an oscillating fluid. English Rivers, Clear Creek, and Rapid Creek. Permeability tests made by pumping (3^33) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN OPEN- CHANNEL FLOW. wells (g) Early results indicate substantial flow (b) Graduate project. into banks during period of rise, thus (c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, showing a negative groundwater contri- Iowa City, Iowa. bution to the flow in this period. (d) Theoretical; basic, for M. S. thesis.

^3 . . ) . . .

(e) Analysis of velocity distribution for tur- and sound-wave analogies, and supersonic bulent flow in open channels, mainly based drag.

on new data from the variable-slope flume (f ) First film of series now being prepared. at Allenspark, Colorado. (f) Completed. (37^0) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLUIDS UNDER CONDITIONS (g) Boundary shear distribution in triangular OF RAPID ACCELERATION. channel computed by different methods; integrated values compared with measured (h) Rock Island Arsenal, U. S. Army. total (c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of (h) "Boundary Shear in a Triangular Open Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Channel," Jose Jesus Mairena, M. S. thesis, (a) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- State University of Iowa, August i960. search.

( Available on loan . ) Analytical techniques which are applicable to systems involving rapid acceleration of

( 3^314- ) VORTEX OVER HORIZONTAL ORIFICE. fluids through constrictions or of solids through fluids. Results will be expressed (b) Graduate project. as lumped-constant parameters similar to (c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, those used for steady-flow phenomena. Iowa City, Iowa. (g) A sharp-edged disk has been accelerated (d) Experimental; basic research for M. S. rapidly through still water, and its total thesis drag has been measured. Equipment has (e) Tests include variable head and angular been constructed to measure the discharge momentum of inflow. coefficients of various orifices and the (f) Completed. forces which they withstand when fluid is (g) For stable flow, discharge was found to rapidly accelerated through them. vary with circulation divided by discharge per unit depth. When friction is minimized, (3781) MODEL TESTS OF ROCK SAUSAGES. flow may become unstable. (h) "Vortex over a Horizontal Orifice," Kotha 0)) Graduate project. Koteswara Rao, M. S. thesis, State Univ. (c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, of Iowa, August i960. (Available on loan). Iowa City, Iowa. (a) Experimental; applied, for M. S. thesis. (3738) SEDIMENT DIFFUSION. (e) Tests of model rock sausage embankment protection at different scales to deter- 00 Laboratory project partially supported by mine maximum safe heads a grant from Gulf Research and Development (f) In progress. Co. (c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (a) Experimental; Ph. D. dissertation. IOWA STATE UNIVESSITY, Department of Agricultural (e) To determine the sediment diffusion char- Engineering. acteristics for small concentrations of particles in a submerged jet of water. Inquiries concerning the following projects should be addressed to Dr. H. P. Johnson, Department of (3739) EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON THE MECHANICS OF FLUIDS. Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. (b) National Science Foundation (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydrau- (2330) DEPTH, SPACING AND HYDRAULICS OF TILED lic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. DRAINS. (e) Six 20-minute sound films in color are

planned to cover following material : ( 1 00 Laboratory project. An introduction to the subject, stressing (a) Theoretical and field investigation; basic its great breadth of coverage, the neces- and applied research; master's and doctor's sarily close tie between theory and experi- thesis ment, the role of the scale model in engrg. (e) Analytical and physical approach is being analysis and design, and methods of flow studied to determine depth and spacing of measurement in laboratory and lield. (2) tiled drains by analyzing soil characteris- The source and significance of the funda- tics and geometry of systems. Work is co- mental principles of continuity, momentum, operative with Dr. Kirkham, Soil Physics and energy, and their application to typ- Department of Agronomy. Studies of the ical problems in many professional fields. relationship of hydrologic and applied (3) Gravitational phenomena, including jets, hydraulic problems of field tile systems nappes, channel transitions, waves, surges, being made and effects of density stratification, (k) (g) No new results to report Effects of viscosity, examples of laminar flow, characteristics of fluid turbulence, (2331) SURFACE RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATER- and problems of surface resistance. (5) SHEDS. Profile drag and lift, and their application to propulsion and fluid machinery. (b) Laboratory project. (6) Compressibility effects - water (d) Theoretical; applied research; doctoral hammer, submarine signaling, gravity-wave thesis

Mi : .

(e) The study involving the development of soil and plants using deuterium as a tracer. procedures for defining synthetic hydrographs for watersheds up to 25 square miles in area completed. Further studies involving the use of point rainfall record THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Applied physics and synthetic hydrographs defined as math- Laboratory. ematical function for the development of storm hydrographs for small watersheds (2335) APPLICATION OF SWITCHING TECHIIQUES TO HY- being made. DRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS. First phase completed. "Derivation of Hydrograph for Small Water- 00 Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy. shed From Measurable Physical Characteris- (a) Theoretical and experimental; applied devel- tics, " D. M. Gray, Ph. D. Thesis, Iowa opment and design. State University, June i960. (e) Study the dynamic qualities of an acceleration switching hydraulic servomechanis m (2333 IMPROVEMENT OF SURFACE DRAINS WITH TILE while operating in a closed loop under the BLIND INLETS. presence of various loads and environmental conditions on the transfer valve, actuator 0> Laboratory project. and feedback transducer. (d Field investigation; design. (g) The operation of a broad bandpass servo- (e Field study is being continued to deter- mechanism driving a low resonant frequency mine the effect of different tile back- linkage has resulted in radical design fill material on the flow of water into compromises to prevent instability. Ex- the tile drains. tension of acceleration switching techniques (g Results of observation made in last 5 years without any mechanical modifications has being summarized. permitted closed loop operation with band- passes equal to or exceeding the linkage (233^ RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS. characteristics 00 "Design of a Hydraulic Servo with Improved (D Laboratory project, cooperative with ARS, Bandpass Characteristics when Driving a USDA. Resonant Mechanical Load, " APL/JHU CM-962 (a Field investigation; applied research de- by W. Seamone. sign.

(e Measurements of rainfall and surface runoff ( 3207 ACCELERATION SWITCHING HYDRAULIC SERVO- being made on seven agricultural watersheds. MECHANISMS UNDER EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL (g Bulletin summarizing ten years of record CONDITIONS. being written. 00 Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy. (3078 LOW FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAMS IN (d) Experimental, applied development and de- NORTH CENTRAL AND WESTERN IOWA. sign. (e) Extend to regions of extreme high tempera- 0> Laboratory project. ture a servomechanism capable of high per- (d Analytical study, master's thesis. formance and horsepower (up to 10 H. P.). (e An analysis of the frequencies of given The servo valve, actuator and feedback discharges from selected streams has been transducer must operate under environmental completed. Theoretical functions were extremes while the electronic circuitry is fitted to frequency and depletion curves. maintained in a protected area. (f Project completed. (g) Tests have been conducted on hydraulic servo (g Gamma function was fitted to data de- components under steady state temperature scribing flow in fourteen Iowa streams. conditions of 700°F ambient and 500° F oil

00 "Low Flow Characteristics of Streams in temperature . Thermal shock temperature North Central and Western Iowa," P. tests have been conducted on servo packages Tiaganides, M. S. Thesis, Iowa State Univ., to U00°F to study transient temperatures. March i960. (3U35) HYDRAULIC SUPPLY LINE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy. (d) Theoretical, experimental. (e) High performance hydraulic servome onanisms (3079) MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOIL. can excite the pressure and return lines into pressure oscillation. Establishment 00 Laboratory project. of the physical relationship which could (c) Prof. Don Kirkham, Soil Physics Depart- cause pressure oscillation, as well as ment of Agronomy, Iowa State University, performance deterioration in the servo Ames, Iowa. valve performance, is being investigated. (d) Theoretical and applied research. (f) Continuing low priority research study. (e) Work is being done on the movement of (g) The switching activity of an acceleration ground water in soil, particularly in the switching hydraulic servomechanism was saturated phase. Work is being continued noted to create pressure oscillation under on the use of the mass spectrometer for specified conditions in length of supply studying the movement of water through lines. Analysis and experiments have shown

^5 . .

that pressure oscillations occur when the been issued dated October 26, 1959 and acoustic frequency of the hydraulic fluid October i960 which have been submitted to column is in specific relationship to that the contributing sponsors of the project. of the switching frequency. Where line length changes cannot he used, methods of (856; HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN detuning the supply lines "by volume chamber URBAN AREAS. or acoustic filter are developed. (b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and the (3^36) ADAPTIVE ELECTRO HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISMS U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. (c) Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman, Dept. of (h) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy. Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources, (d) Theoretical and experimental. The Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md.

(e) Techniques have "been developed ' for design- (d) Field investigation, basic resaarch, and ing linear servomechanisms with a limit design. cycle instability about a relay type non- (e) Study of rainfall and runoff relationships linearity. The closed loop characteristics as affected by various drainage area par- of this servomechanism become invariant to ameters. At present, runoff from 9 urban any pure gain changes occurring in the areas ranging in size from 10 to kOO acres linear elements. This servomechanism, are gaged 7 by stage measurements and 2 by categorized as a self-oscillating control Parshall Flumes. Three recording systens servomechanism, appeared to be an evolu- which simultaneously record rainfall and tionary improvement over the acceleration runoff from 10 inlet areas provide good switching hydraulic servomechanism. opportunity for detailed study. About 9 (g) A self-oscillating rate servomechanism has years of rainfall records now exist for a been operated with the loop closed around network of 12 recording gages covering an the valve spool position. Predictable area of about 50 square miles. self-oscillation frequency was achieved (g) A study of the Baltimore rainfall data for and dynamic performance bandpass was inde- the period 189^-1955 shows: (l) The criti- pendent of hydraulic supply pressure be- cal storm in the Baltimore area is the tween 500 and 2000 psi. A self-oscillating summer type cloud burst. About two-thirds positional servomechanism operating with of the storms - greater than 2 year feedback from the actuator position only, frequency occur in the months of July and

achieved similar results with pressure August . Winter storms are not important variation between 500 and 3000 psi. The for design purposes. (2) The maximum bandpass of both servomechanisms exceeded average rainfall rate ( for durations up to 60 cycles per second with the latter oper- 60 minutes) generally occurs at the begin- ating a complex mechanical load system. ning of the storm. (3) Rainfall intensities (during 15, 30, and 60 minute durations) for frequencies greater than 2 yrs are not uniform. Difference between maxi- THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, The Dept. of Sanitary mum intensity and average intensity over Engineering and Water Resources, School of Engrg. the duration range from 30$ (for the 15 minute duration) to 75$ (for the 60 minute (31*37) RESIDENTIAL WATER USE RESEARCH PROJECT. duration). Intensities greater than those indicated by rainfall frequency curves (b) AWWA, Baltimore County, Baltimore City, occur during more than half the period of Maryland State Dept. of Health, and Federal the 15, 30 and 60 minute durations studied. Housing Administration. Consequently the design storm assumed in

(c ) Mr. Jerome B. Wolff, Research Associate, the Rational Method is unrealistic, (k) Dept. of Sanitary Engineering and Water Gagings made by this project and by the Resources, The Johns Hopkins University, Corps of Engineers indicate that where a Baltimore 18, Maryland, check on the Rational Method is possible, (d) Experimental and field investigation; the Rational Method produces inconsistent applied research and design. results. Further analyses are continuing. (e) This project is directed toward obtaining (h) "Progress Report on the Storm Drainage data on maximum hourly demands of residen- Research Project, June 1959>" Warren

tial areas having varying populations . It Viessman, Dept. of Sanitary Engineering also is directed toward obtaining informa- and Water Resources, The Johns Hopkins tion on the effect of lawn sprinkling and University, Baltimore 18, Md. A limited other large rate water consuming devices number of copies are available on request. on maximum demands in residential commu-

nities. The purpose of the project is to ( 3^38 ) RESIDENTIAL SEWERAGE RESEARCH PROJECT. obtain a rational design criteria for water distribution systems. (b) Federal Housing Administration. (g) Stratification of residential areas in (c) Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman, Dept. of terms of age, ground area and social status Sanitary Engrg. and Water Resources, The appears to have an important effect on Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md. residential water use. Preliminary data (d) Field investigation; operation and design. indicates correlation between per capita (e) Examination of adequacy and utility of demands and size of residential lots. residential sewerage system design criteria. (h) None to date. Two progress reports have Determination of the effects of parameters

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of design, construction, loading and natu- able for loan on request. ral phenomena on operation of sewerage systems. Research includes analysis and study (3082) MEASUREMENT OF LOW VELOCITIES IN WATER. of representative sewerage systems throughout the country. (b) Laboratory project. f) Planning stage. ( d ) Deve lopment g) Collection of data not yet begun. (e) An instrument is being developed for measuring low velocities in small hydraulic models which will utilize the known relationship between frequency of shedding UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, Department of Engineering of vortices in the wake of a circular Mechanics cylinder and the velocity of flow. (f) Suspended until staff is available to con- Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 3080, 308l, 3082, tinue study. and 37^2 to 37^4, incl., should be addressed to Dr. David W. Appel, Dept. of Engrg. Mechanics, and (3^4-0) DRAG IN UNSTEADY FLOW PAST BLUFF BODIES. projects Nos. ^kkO and 37^5 should be addressed to Dean J. S. McNown, School of Engineering and Archi- (b) The Sandia Corporation. tecture, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. (d) Experimental and theoretical. (e) The vorticity in the boundary layer up- (3080) TRANSMISSION AND DISSIPATION OF SURGES IN stream from the point of separation is re- ELASTIC TUBES. lated to the strength of the vortices in the wake. The force on a flat plate or a (b) Sohio Pipe Line Co. and Dept. of Engrg. Mech. cylinder is then related to the growth, (d) Basic research; theoretical and experimental and shedding of the vortices investigation. Also M. S. thesis. (f) Terminated. (e) This is a basic study of speed of propagation (g) Several aspects of the prediction of drag and rate of dissipation of surges in liquid- have been evaluated theoretically. filled elastic tubes. Field observation, (h) "Vortex Formation and Resistance in Un- on long oil pipe lines, and a M. S. thesis steady Motion," J. S. McNown and T.Sarpkaya, on celerity of surges in very elastic tubes Internal report to the Sandia Corp. (5112) have been completed. Further laboratory June i960. study of rate of dissipation of surges is planned (37^2) DIVERSION OF FLOW WITH SUCTION APPLIED TO (g) The celerity of an isolated surge in a very SLOTS BENEATH A SHALLOW STREAM HAVING A elastic tube has been found to be essentially FREE SURFACE. independent of the velocity and direction of flow. However, a systematic variation in (b) Kimberly-Clark Corporation and the Dept. celerity with static pressure was found, of Engineering Mechanics. which at low heads was due to changes in (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- shape of the section and at higher heads search; also M. S. thesis. was due to increase in diameter and re- (e) Extent of agreement between results of a duction in wall thickness of the tubing. momentum analysis and experimental measure- (h) "A Study of the Transmission of Surges in ments is to be determined for single, Elastic Conduits," by James D. McClure, M. vertical, inclined and skewed slots. The S. Thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, experiments will be extended to multiple Kansas, June i960. slots and to patterns of circular holes.

(3081) DIFFUSION OF A JET FORMED AT AN ABRUPT EN- (3743) STUDY OF THE MECHANICS OF DIVIDED FLOW. LARGEMENT IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW. (b) National Science Foundation. (b) Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wisconsin. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- (d) Experimental; basic research. search. (e) Development of vortices along the surface (e) The first part is a study of instability of of separation at an abrupt expansion is divided flows both confined as at branches being studied. Moving pictures taken at in pipes and semi-unconfined as at inlets 3000 frames per second are being analyzed and outlets. The mechanism of instability, to determine characteristics of the oc- and the dynamic characteristics of the recurrence of vortices. sulting surges are to be investigated. An (g) Cavitation has been observed to begin first analytical solution for the mean flow into in the center of vortices at ambient pres- an inclined slot in a plain boundary of a sures as much as 80 percent of the dynamic semi-infinite flow is to be obtained and pressure above the vapor pressure of the the results verified and extended experi- fluid. The average frequency of generation mentally. A general criterion for limits of vortices has been found to be a function of stable division of any flow is sought. of the expansion ratio. (h) "Cavitation Along Surfaces of Separation, (37MO A STUDY OF WAVE EROSION ON UNPROTECTED by David W. Appel, ASME paper 60-WA-265 pre- DIKES. sented at the Annual Meeting, November i960. Also, a 16 mm sound film was prepared to ac- (b) Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game Commission, company the above paper. The film is avail- (d) Experimental and field investigation; . . . :

basic research. ( 3084 ) STUDY ON IMPROVING DESIGN OF A HOPPER Information to serve as a guide toward a DREDGE PUMP. practical solution of wave erosion in water- fowl refuges is sought. The following as- 00 District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer pects are being studied: (l) Wave height District, Marine Division, Philadelphia, length and speed are being observed in a Corps of Engineers. pool of uniform shallow depth of about 2 (a) Applied and basic research. feet, with a fetch of 2.5 miles. (2) (e) The immediate purpose of the study is to Model tests at l/k scale are being made of improve design of a hopper dredge centri- wave action on dikes composed of clay. fugal pump for pumping silt-clay-water After the operation of the model has been mixtures. The long-term objective is to verified, tests will be run on embankments determine the effect of Bingham Body-type of various shapes with and without simu- of fluid on pumping characteristics. The lated plants and other protective devices. project has been divided into four phases (l) Model tests of the existing dredge (37^5) BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OVERLAND FLOW. pump; (2) recommendations for design changes of the dredge pump; (3) model in- 00 Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, vestigation of the modified design of the U.S.A. dredge pump; and (1+) analysis of the in- (a) Theoretical; basic research. vestigation and final recommendations. (e) An analytical study of data from experiments Phase 1 involved installation in the hy- on controlled surface runoff due to steady draulic laboratory of a 1:8 scale model of rainfall on an impervious plane surface. the dredge pump now used on the U.S. Corps The objective is to provide an improved of Engineers dredge ESSAY0NS. Water as method for overland flow in the drainage well as silt-clay-water mixtures (Bingham of airfields and expressways. Body-type of fluid) were pumped and complete characteristics of the pump obtained for capacity of 0 to 1200 gallons per minute, speed of 1150 to 1900 revolutions LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering. per minute, and liquid concentrations of 1000 to I38O grams per liter. Phases 2 Inquiries concerning the following projects and and 3 involve modifications in the shape of requests for reprints and technical reports should vane and changes in the exit vane angle of be addressed to Professor J. B. Herbich, Chairman, the impeller. Experimental tests indicate Hydraulics Division, Fritz Engineering Laboratory, considerable improvement in pump efficiency Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. (f Phase (l) completed. Considerable improvement in pump efficiency (1602) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN CONDUIT BENDS. has been achieved.

00 Laboratory project. (3085 STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND (a) Experimental; undergraduate special problem. PROTOTYPE SPILLWAYS. (e) S 4 udy of a rectangular bend with a central dividing wall, by means of electrical-a- 0= Laboratory project. nalogy has been completed. (a Graduate students project. (f) Inactive (e A 1:100 scale two-dimensional model built of Chief Joseph Dam. Prototype crest (1603) BUTTERFLY VALVE STUDY. pressures compared with the data obtained on the model (b) CDC Controls Services, Inc., Hatboro, Pa. (f Completed. (d) Experimental; applied research, Very good correlation obtained between the (f) Completed. model and prototype

(2339) BUCKET-TYPE ENERGY DISSIPATOR CHARACTER- 3086 INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA OF SPUR ISTICS. DIKES.

(b) Gannett, Fleming, Corddry and Carpenter, (h Modjeski and Masters, Consulting Engineers, Inc., 600 North Second Street, Harrisburg, Harrisburg, Pa., Lehigh University Institut Pennsylvania. of Research. (d) Experimental; for general design. (a Analytical and experimental. (f) Suspended. (e The project has been divided into four phases: (A) Literature Survey; (B) ana- (251*3) STUDY OF CONDUIT EXIT PORTALS. lytical study; (C) experimental study in a fixed-bed model to determine the desired (b) Laboratory project. lengths and shapes of spur dikes to pro- (d) Experimental; M. S. thesis. vide uniform velocity distribution in the (f) General pressure-distribution study com- waterway between bridge abutments, and pleted. (D) experimental study in a movable-bed (g) Tests of square and circular conduit with model to verify findings in part (C). A free-jet, horizontal apron, and three spur dike has been defined as a projection different wall flares, have been completed. extending upstream from the bridge abutment

1+8 ) .

(f) Phases (A) and (C) completed, phases (B) Agricultural Engineering Department. and (D) active. (g) Preliminary investigation indicates that a (2800) HEAD LOSS DUE TO QUICK COUPLERS IN ALUMINUM properly designed spur dike can produce a IRRIGATION PIPE. fairly uniform velocity distribution between the abutments. (b) Laboratory project. (h) "The Effect of Spur Dikes on Flood Flows (c) Mr. William F. Lytle, Agr. Engr. Dept., Through Bridge Constrictions," John B. La. State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. Herbich. Paper presented to the ASCE at (d) Experimental; applied research. Boston, Mass. on Oct. ih, i960, 37 PP- (A (e) To determine the head loss caused by quick limited number of pre-prints available. couplers manufactured by various companies in 3-, k-, 5-, and 6-inch sizes of aluminum (3Wl) STUDY OF SCALE EFEECT BETWEEN MODEL AND irrigation pipe. Each coupler is tested in PROTOTYPE 270° BENDS FOR FLOW OF SILT- alined position and at maximum angle of CLAY-WATER MIXTURES. misalinement (g) Fifty-five couplers of the bolt-on type (b) Laboratory project. have been tested. In the near future (d) M. S. thesis. "factory installed" couplers will be tested (e) Four-, six-, and eight-inch diameter 90° and new manufacturers who were not in busi- elbows assembled to form 270° bends. Head ness in 1956 will be contacted. loss measurements obtained for various flows (h) "Analysis of Head Loss in Irrigation Pipe and concentrations of silt -clay-water mix- Couplers, " by W. F. Lytle and J. E. Wimberly, tures. Prediction equations have been in- Paper 60-727 available from ASAE, St. Joseph, vestigated. Michigan. (g) Evidence of scale effect present. (h) "Scale Effect on 270° Pipe Bends for Bingham Body Fluid," J. B. Herbich and P. L. Brach. Memo. No. M-10, F. L. Report No. 277-M-10, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Dept. of June i960, kO pp., (copies available). Civil and Sanitary Engineering, Hydrodynamics Lab.

(3kk2) SUGGESTED DESIGN CHANGES FOR A CENTRIFUGAL Requests for reprints and Technical Reports should PUMP IMPELLER HANDLING DREDGED MUD. be addressed to Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Professor of Hydraulics, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Mass. Inst,

(b) Research report requirement of M.S. degree. of Technology, Cambridge 39 .> Mass. (d) Theoretical. (e) Design changes in centrifugal pump impeller (307) MECHANICS OF STRATIFIED FLOW. for handling mud are suggested on basis of past research and theoretical considerations (b) Laboratory project. (f) Completed. (c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of

(h) "Suggested Design Changes for a Centrifugal Technology, Cambridge 39 , Mass. Pump Impeller Handling Dredged Mud," W. L. (d) Theoretical and experimental; graduate Weiss, Graduate Student Report, Nov. 1959; research. 20 pages, (copies available). (e) A general study of the characteristics of flows in which vertical density gradients (37^6) ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERN IN VOLUTE OF A are present. Density differences may be CENTRIFUGAL PUMP. due to temperature, chemical composition or solids in suspension. Two topics are (b) Research report requirement of M. S. degree. currently under investigation: (l) Char- (d) Experimental. acteristics of the saline wedge in an (e) High-speed movies of flow taken through a estuary, and (2) induced circulation in transparent plexiglas volute casing were stratified fluids. analyzed. Velocity distribution as well as (g) An equation for the shape of the arrested distribution of the exit angle between the saline wedge in an estuary is obtained impeller vanes as fluid leaves the impeller from the one -dimensional equations of were determined. motion and continuity for a two-layer non- (f) Suspended. uniform, stratified flow. Knowledge of (h) "Analysis of High-Speed Movies of a Model the total intrusion length permits calcu- Pump, " J. B. Herbich and W. M. Waddington, lation of the mean interfacial shear. The Fritz Lab. Report No. 277-M-ll, June i960, experimental results of others show good 36 pages, (copies available). agreement with the theory. The effect of the river densimetric Froude number is shown FRICTION LOSSES IN PIPES FOR BINGHAM-BODY (37^7) to have only a small effect on the dimen- FLUIDS. sionless shape of the saline wedge. Circu- is induced in a strati- (b) Laboratory project. lation and mixing reservoir (30'x3'xU') by means of ver- (e) The project has been divided into three fied tical jets of fluid from a manifold. Res- phases: (a) Literature survey; (b) ana- is recirculated through the lytical study; (c) experimental study. ervoir fluid manifold by means of a pump. An evaluation of the mixing efficiency is made by comparing the change in potential energy of the res- kinetic energy input at the LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE, ervoir to the jets. Additional investigations are H9 . . . . . "

underway. panded aluminum sheets oscillating verti- (h) "Characteristics of the Saline Wedge in an cally with amplitudes up to one -half inch Estuary/' S. B. Thesis, Course I, MIT, F. and frequencies up to four cycles per sec- Malouf and P. Mehlhorn, June i960. ond. "Forced Convection in Vertically Stratified Concentrations are measured and recorded Fluids," S. M. Thesis, R. A. Farmer,- J. P. at various stations by means of probes Franklin, and D. E. Wheeler, January 1961. sensitive to the changes in conductivity. The turbulence level is specified in (1609) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE SORTING OF BEACH terms of the measured rate of energy dis- SEDIMENTS BY WAVE ACTION. sipation within the liquid. The effects of gravity convection due to density dif- (b) Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Army Corps of ferences between the diffusant and receiving Engineers fluids are separated from turbulent dif- (c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Hydrodynamics Lab., fusion effects by a series of control tests

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 j Mass. with zero density difference. (d) Experimental; basic research. Experiments are being made to determine (e) Quantitative study of the mechanics of the longitudinal distribution of salinity beach sediment movement by shallow water in a uniform estuary with fresh water in- waves flow at one end and a constant ocean (g) The applicability of previously derived salinity maintained at the other end. relations for prediction of the equilibrium Salinity distributions are determined for profile of sand beaches and the sorting of various fresh water inflow rates and tur- their constituent sediments has been in- bulence levels in the flume. vestigated in the laboratory. The one-dimensional salinity distribution Current experiments are investigating the is found to be correlated with a strati- mechanics of generation of longshore cur- fication parameter expressing the ratio rents on a straight, plane impermeable beach. of energy dissipation to the gain in po- (h) "Equilibrium Characteristics of Sand Beaches tential energy of the flow in the estuary. in the Offshore Zone," S. M. Thesis, MIT, Present studies are concerned with the two- Hydrodynamics Laboratory, January 1961. dimensional salinity distributions and the relationship of the vertical salinity (25^6) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW WITH DILUTE FIBER gradients to the vertical velocity distri- SUSPENSIONS. butions. The reversal of the bottom velocities which is characteristic of (b) Technical Association of Pulp and Paper estuaries is also shown to be related to Industries the stratification parameter described (c) Prof. A. T. Ippen and Prof. J. W. Daily, above Hydrodynamics Lab., Mass. Inst, of Tech., (h) "The Turbulent Diffusion and Convection of

Cambridge 39 > Massachusetts. Saline Water in an Idealized Estuary, (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research, D. R. F. Harleman and A. T. Ippen, Publi- (d) Basic investigation of hydrodynamics of cation No. 51 (international Association dilute suspensions, of Scientific Hydrology), Proceedings of (g) Previous investigations of the hydrodynamics the Helsinki Congress of the International of flowing paper fiber suspensions empha- Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, August sized the dual role of fiber interlocking i960. and turbulence in the transfer of momentum "Liquid Diffusion and Convection in Homo-

and shear with such suspensions . The pre- geneous Turbulence," S. M. Thesis, MIT, sent studies are investigating the role of D. W. Mc Dougall, Course I, August i960. the suspended medium in modifying the turbulence structure in the absence of particle (2801) INTERACTION OF WAVES WITH FLOATING BODIES. entanglement and interlocking. Near neutrally buoyant rigid particles are being used. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Energy dissipation, velocity profiles and Navy. turbulence characteristics are being (c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Hydrodynamics Lab., studied experimentally and analytically. Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- (25U8) TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN STRATIFIED FLUIDS. search for doctoral thesis. (e) Analytical and experimental investigation (b) U. S. Public Health Service. of interaction of surface waves with basic (c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, shapes. Purpose of the study is to devel- Hydrodynamics Lab., Mass. Inst, of Tech., op a feasible prototype floating or moored

Cambridge 39 > Massachusetts. breakwater structure (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- (g) Two problems have been completed. The search (doctoral thesis). theoretical portion of each of these (e) An investigation of various turbulent dif- pi-'Yblems is based on small amplitude fusion processes for application to salinity classical wave mechanics. The numerical intrusion and waste disposal in partially solutions were obtained on an IBM 70h or well mixed tidal estuaries, digital computer, (l) Theoretical and ex- (g) The experimental equipment is a 32 foot perimental investigation of the interaction channel in which turbulence is generated of a fixed, semi -immersed circular cylinder mechanically by means of a stack of ex- with a train of surface waves. The theory

50 . . " . .

was developed for the case of deep-water; "The Early Wake of a Fixed, Flat Plate," however, the experiments covered both deep C. J. Huval, S. M. Thesis, MIT, Course I, and shallow-water waves. The theory pre- 196l. dicts reflection and transmission coefficients and force components on the cy- (3089) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EROSION IN CURVED linder which are in good agreement, ex- CHANNELS. cept that an energy loss of approximately 10$ occurred in the reflection-transmis- 00 Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. sion process. (2) Theoretical and experi- of Agriculture S.W.C. Watershed Technology mental investigation of a semi -immersed Research Branch. circular cylinder which is oscillating (c) Professor A. T. Ippen, P. A. Drinker, Geo- vertically about the mean water surface. logist, WTRB, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge The theory was developed for a fluid of 39> Massachusetts. arbitrary depth and predicts the amplitude (a) Experimental; basic research (doctoral

of the generated waves and also the force thesis ) on the cylinder. The theory shows that (e) Investigation of boundary shear stress if the ratio of water depth to cylinder distribution and magnitude in curved, open radius is greater than 10 there is no ef- channels to determine location and extent fect of water depth. Present studies are of protection required in natural streams.

concerned with ( 1 ) moored cylinders in a Of interest is the variation of boundary tandem arrangement which is designed to shear with selected conditions of flow reduce mooring forces and (2) effects of and channel geometry. channel geometry on wave transmission. (gj The magnitude and distribution of boundary It is desired to investigate the effect shear stress have been studied in a 60° on reflection and transmission coefficients curve for varied conditions of flow. The of a linear change of depth with distance, test channel is trapezoidal with a hydrau- (h) "Interaction of a Fixed, Semi -Immersed lically smooth surface, and sides sloping Circular Cylinder with a Train of Surface 2 horizontal to 1 vertical. The width: Waves," R. G. Dean and F. Ursell, Tech- depth ratios have been varied from 8 to 12, nical Report No. 37, MIT Hydrodynamics with a variation in radius width ratio of Laboratory, September 1959- 1.75 to 2.17. For the conditions tested, "Surface Waves Generated by an Oscillating the Froude numbers are in the range O.38 Circular Cylinder in Shallow Water," Y. S. to 0.55- Tests were first conducted in the Yu and F. Ursell, Technical Report No. single curve with straight, uniform approach h0, MET Hydrodynamics Laboratory, January flows. Following this, the velocity distri- I960. bution in the approach channel was arti-

"Forced Small-Amplitude Water Waves : A ficially distorted to simulate the varied Comparison of Theory and Experiment, effects of upstream channel alignment. Journal of Fluid Mechanics," Vol. 7, Part Flows were thus studied in U- and S- bend 1, PP- 33-52, April 1959- stream patterns. Tests are now being conducted to determine the effect of bed rough- [2802) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WAKE MECHANICS. ness on the shear distribution. Following this series, the channel will be modified (b) Office of Naval Research, David Taylor to give radius -width ratios of about k; Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy. further tests will be made to determine the (c) Prof. J. W. Daily, Prof. P. S. Eagleson, influence of the parameter r/w on the shear Hydrodynamics Lab. Mass. Inst, of Tech., distribution. The boundary shear stress is

Cambridge 39 j Massachusetts. determined by maans of round surface Pitot (d) Experimental; basic research (doctoral tubes; a modified Pitot tube has been cali-

theses ) brated for the measurement of shear stress (e) A study of the effect of trailing edge on a test surface of uniform roughness. geometry on the charccteristics of the (h) "Velocity and Boundary Shear Distributions wake of a thin flat plate with particular in an Open Channel Bend," G. K. Noutsopoulos, emphasis on transverse plate vibrations. S. M. Thesis, MIT, May i960. Tests are carried out in a 7-1/2 x 9 inch "The Distribution of Boundary Shear Stresses water tunnel test section capable of speeds in Curved Trapezoidal Channels," A. T. Ippen, to 1+0 ft/sec. P. A. Drinker, W. R. Jobin, and G. K. (g) Measurements of the turbulent structure of Noutsopoulos, MIT Hydrodynamics Laboratory the early wake behind a stationary thin Technical Report No. January 1961. flat plate have b^en made in water for a given trailing edge geometry. Other trail- (3090) MODEL OF PUMPING PLANT FOR CHARLES RIVER ing edges are being investigated. BASIN (BOSTON) DRAINAGE CONTROL. The transfer of energy between plate and fluid is being investigated under the condi- (b) Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Metropolitan tion of externally forced vibrations of the District Commission. plate (c) Prof. D.R.F. Harleman, Hydradynamics Lab.,

(h) "The Hydroelastic Behavior of Flat Plates Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 j Mass.

as Influenced by Trailing Edge Geometry, ( d ) Experimental A. T. Ippen, G. H. Toebes, and P. S. (e) Model studies to determine forebay and Eagleson, Technical Report No. 36, MIT Hy- pump suction intake geometry for high drodynamics Laboratory, April i960. capacity, low head axial flow pumps.

51 . .

(f) Completed. agreement . ( 2 ) The harbor appeared to act (g) A model study of a pumping station site essentially as a closed basin at resonance one-half mile downstream of the Charles as shown by measurements of the phase angle River Dam was made to investigate the ef- between """he incident and reflected wave in fect of existing hridge piers on the flow the approach channel. (3) In the vicinity geometry in the pump intake "basin. A de- of resonance the water surface configuration flector wall 600 ft. upstream of the in- within the harbor was in good agreement with takes was employed to change the direction the theoretically predicted configuration of of the main stream to avoid having the a Bessel Function of the first kind. intakes fall in the wake of a large bridge In order to fulfill one of the basic ob- pier. jectives of this program, that of the re- (h) "Model Study of a Flood Control Pumping sonance problem for large entrance gaps, Station for the Charles River Basin at the a small rectangular harbor situated in the Warren Avenue Bridge," D.R.F. Harleman, main basin is under study. Due to the simple C.J. Hubal, and T. K. Chu, MIT Hydrodynamics geometry this configuration lends itself

Lac-~ratory Technical Report No. 39 .> December more readily than the circular harbor to an analytic solution for the prediction of surface configuration and resonant period. (31^3) COMPUTER STUDY OF POWER PLANT TRANSIENTS. Initial experimental and theoretical agreement is good for this basic coupled basin (t>) Mis; River Division, Corps of Engineers. system for a large gap opening. It is (c) Prof. I '. Ippen, Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Hy- hoped that methods of approach used will be drodynamics Lab. Mass. Inst, of Tech., amenable to extensions to internally coupled

Cambridge 39 > Mass. harbor systems and harbors of irregular (d) Theoretical, field measurements; applied re- planform. search.

( e ) Development of a comprehensive digital com- (3^5) CHARACTERISTICS OF CROSS WAVES. puter program for the solution and investigation of the complete transient problem (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

in hydropower installations. (c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof . L. Howard (Math.) (g) The problem of load rejection has been pro- Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. grammed for the IBM 709 computer. The pro- (d) Theoretical and experimental; (doctoral

blem of load acceptance and surge tank sta- thesis ) bility is being formulated. Plans have (e) An investigation of the stability of two- been completed for a comprehensive field dimensional standing waves which lead to test of two Corps of Engineers power plants the development of three-dimensional cross

involving measurement of all pertinent me- ( or edge ) waves chanical, electrical and hydraulic variables (g) The phenomenon of cross waves occurs when under contitions of acceptance, rejection, a wave generator is operated at high fre- and oscillation of load. quencies. Standing cross waves having (h) "Hydropower Plant Transients, Part I - crests perpendicular to the wave generator Design of a Comprehensive Field Test Pro- may then be observed. gram, " A. T. Ippen, F. E. Perkins, and P. A theory of cross waves in a closed tank S. Eagleson, MIT Hydrodynamics Lahoratory has been developed. The amplitudes of Technical Note No. 7, January 1961. the various modes of the free surface as functions of the width to length ratio (3W0 EFFECTS OF BASIN GEOMETRY AND VISCOUS LAMP- add the amount by which the critical wave ING ON THE AMPLITUDE OF RESONANT OSCIL- amplitude is exceeded by the driving LATIONS IN HARBORS. amplitude can be caluulated. Experimental measurements have essentially verified (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. the theory. (c) Professor A. T. Ippen, Hydrodynamics Lab., (h) "Characteristics of Cross Waves," J. D. Lin, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. Sc.D. Thesis, MIT Hydrodynamics Laboratory, (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- August i960. search (doctoral theses). (e) Investigation of the response of a harbor (3kh6) EFFECT OF PARTICLES ON TURBULENCE AND to waves incident on the harbor opening. RESISTANCE IN FREE SURFACE FLOW. (g) Initial experimental phase dealt with a 5° circular harbor (2 ft. in dia. ) having a (b) Laboratory project. opening and communicating with the main (c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Hydrodynamics Lab. wave basin by means of an entrance channel. Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39> Mass. The characteristics of the response of this (d) Theoretical and experimental (doctoral

harbor in the vicinity of the lowest sym- thesis ) metrical resonant mode of oscillation were (e) An investigation of the effect of neutrally studied; (l) With resonance defined as the bouyant particle suspensions on the resis- maximum of the ratio of the amplitude at tance coefficient and shape of the velocity the center of the harbor to the incident profile. Measurements of the intensity and wave amplitude, the theoretical value of spectrum of the velocity fluctuations in the period of oscillation at resonance the direction of mean flow are made to based on closed basin theory was T = O.566 study changes in the turbulence structure. sec. and the observed period was in exact The purpose of the first phase is to

52 eliminate the buoyant weight of the par- oscillatory surface waves. The objective ticles as a suspension parameter and to is to develop a method of predicting ampli- develop a phenomenological model to des- tudes of motion and mooring forces. scrihe the observed effects. (g) Two shapes, an ellipsoid of revolution and The change in shape of the velocity pro- a sphere, have been tested at various files was found to be similar to that ob- depths of submergence. Objects are moored tained in studies with silt and sand sus- by a simple cable system so that the motion pensions. The turbulence intensity was is that of. an inverted pendulum. The con- ^ound to increase with increasing concen- trolling parameter is the ratio of the tration. The results for one particular natural frequency of the moored object to particle size are correlated against con- the frequency of the surface wave motion. centration. Conditions leading to resonance must be It was concluded that the buoyant weight avoided if mooring forces are to be small. of the suspended particles has no primary (h) "Effect of Shape and Depth on Wave Forced effect on the flow characteristics. Oscillations of Submerged, Moored Objects," 00 "The Dynamics of Open Channel Flow with E. G. Verrett, S. M. Thesis, MIT, August Suspensions of Neutrally Buoyant Particles," i960. C. Elata, Sc.D. Thesis, MIT, Course I, January 196l. (3751) ANALYSIS OF TIDAL MOTION IN ESTUARIES.

(37^8) DISPERSION IN POROUS MEDIA. 00 Laboratory project. (c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. D.R.F. Harleman, (b) U. S. Public Health Service. Hydrodynamics Lab., Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 .> Mass. (a) Theoretical; basic research. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- (e) Formulation of mathematical models for search (doctoral thesis). the analysis of the dynamic behavior of (e) Investigation of the mechanism of disper- tidal estuaries. For a particular estuary sion in porous media. Experimental pro- in which the tidal amplitudes are known gram will study saline water intrusion in it is desired to predict tidal velocities, coastal aquifers. phase lags and rates of energy dissipation. (g) Present phase is concerned with one-dimen- These quantities are necessary for the sional dispersion phenomena in an attempt analysis of salinity intrusion phenomena. to correlate the dispersion coefficient (g) Two estuaries have been studied; the Bay with media properties, permeability, mean of Fundy and the Delaware. In each case velocity and rate of energy dissipation. computed tidal velocities are in close Plastic spheres are being used in the ex- agreement with observed values. Method perimental equipment. Additional equip- does not depend on segmentation of the ment is being designed to investigate the estuary hence analytical tidal velocity dispersion of an interface between salt expressions can be determined which are and fresh water under a tidal rise and applicable over the entire length. The fall of the ocean level. analysis of energy dissipation rates is currently under way. (37^9) RESISTANCE OF ENCLOSED ROTATING DISKS. 00 "Determination of the Tidal Characteristics in the Delaware Estuary by a Mathematical (b) Office of Ordnance Research, U.S. Dept. of Model, " S. M. Thesis, MIT, M. F. Meador, the Army. June i960. (c) Prof. J. W. Daily, Hydrodynamics Lab., Mass.

Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 > Mass. (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research. MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department (e) Effect of superposed through-flows on of Mechanical Engineering. boundary layers, secondary motion and surface resistance of enclosed rotating disks. (3092) JET-PIPE VALVE. (g) An exploratory study to survey the main features of the flow phenomena using flow (b) Various sponsors including U.S. Air Force, visualization techniques as well as Chandler-Evans Corp. quantitative measurements is to be followed (c) Prof. S. Y. Lee, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Mass. by detailed studies in the significant range Cambridge 39 .> of variables. (d) Basic and applied research. (e) Experimental and theoretical study of pres- (3750) WAVE FORCES ON SUBMERGED, MOORED OBJECTS. sure and flow transfer characteristics of a high velocity jet of compressible or in- (b) Laboratory project. compressible fluid impinging on one or (c) Prof. D.R.F. Harleman, Hydradynamics Lab., more receivers. The configuration is use-

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 , Mass. ful in the fluid power control field when (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- fluid power is transferred between parts search. having relative movement. The power ampli- (e) Investigation of the dynamic behavior and fying properties of this configuration are mooring forces on a submerged, buoyant also very useful and important, body whose motion is induced by a train of (g) The pressure-flow transfer characteristics

5 3 ......

of jet-pipes of several different designs Thesis, M. E. Dept., Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

have "been studied. Of particular interest C ambri dge , Mas s is the relationship of these characteristics "Investigation of Thrust as a Function of and the various geometrical dimensions. the Fluid Temperature in a Sonic Nozzle," The forces and dynamic stability are also by Lawrence G. Clawson, 1959 S. B. Thesis, studied. M. E. Dept., Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, (h) "Optimum Design Parameters of a Pneumatic Mass Jet-Pipe Valve," by K. N. Reid, Jr., presented at the First International Congress (3hkQ) FLOW THROUGH CONTROL VALVE ORIFICES. of the International Federation of Auto- matic Control, Moscow, U.S.S.R. i960. (b) U. S. Air Force, Chandler-Evans Corp., Published by Butterworths Scientific Publi- Hamilton Standard (Div. of United Aircraft). cations, London, i960, Vol. 1, Pp. 387-392, (c) Prof. J. L. Shearer, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

of preprints of papers presented at the Cambridge 39 , Mass. International Federation of Automatic Con- (d) Applied research. trol Congress, Moscow, 27 June - 7 July, (e) Experimental investigation of the character- i960. istics of flow through fixed area and vari- "Power Transfer Characteristics for Com- able area orifices with emphasis on resis- pressible Flow from a Nozzle to a Detached tance to fluid flow and the factors that Receiver," by C. K. Wang, Dynamic Analysis lead to being able to predict the resis- and Control Laboratory memorandum M-8090-5, tance characteristics over a wide range of Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., Reynolds Numbers i960. (g) Actual size and large scale models have "Some Aspects of the Pneumatic Jet-Pipe as been studied for hydraulic and pneumatic a Valve and Coupling Device," by E. J. flows with special emphasis on low Reynold Schuler, i960 SM Thesis, M. E. Dept., Mass. Number flows. Small amounts of rounding Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. of the entrance corners have a very great "A Study of Pressure-Flow Characteristics effect on discharge coefficients at low of a Pneumatic Jet-Pipe Valve," by P. G. and intermediate Reynolds Numbers with Nicoletti, 1959 S. B. Thesis, M.E. Dept., hydraulic flow. Pneumatic flows have dem- Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. onstrated bistable flow conditions accompanied by hysteresis. A basic investigation (3UU7) REACTION- JET SERVOMOTOR. is underway of the causes of bistable flows which occur in flapper -nozzle valves. Un- (b) U. S. Air Force. steady flow in poppet valves is also being (c) Prof. S. Y. Lee, Mass. Inst, of Tech., investigated experimentally.

Cambridge 39 > Mass. (h) "Resistance Characteristics of Control- (d) Analytical and experimental. Valve Orifices," J. L. Shearer, Proceedings (e) Study the feasibility of using dynamic of the Symposium on Recent Mechanical En- type fluid motor in servo applications gineering Developments in Automatic Control, where hot gas is used as a medium. London, Jan. i960. Published by British (g) (l) Steady-state torque-speed character- I. Mech. E., 1 Birdcage Walk, London, istics, (2) dynamic response, (3) per- England formance of position- control servo systems "A Pneumatic Flapper Valve Study," R. E. using the reaction- jet motor, and (h) hot Norwood, Proceedings of the First Congress gas applications. of the International Federation for Auto- (h) "Development of a Gas Operated Reaction- matic Control, Moscow, June i960, published Jet Servomotor," by Robert S. Scher, pre- by Butterworths, London, England. sented at the Symposium on Recent Mechan- "The Force on the Flapper of a Pneumatic ical Engineering Developments in Automatic Flapper Valve," R. E. Norwood, NEREM Record Control, The Institution of Mechanical i960, published by Boston Section of IRE, Engineers in London, England, January 5-7, 313 Washington St., Newton, Mass. i960. "Steady State Performance of Reaction Jet (31+52) INTERACTIONS AMONG BURNING FUEL DROPLETS Servomotor for Several Different Designs," AND THEIR EFFECTS ON COMBUSTION STABILITY by Cheng K. Weng, i960 M. S. Thesis, M. E. AND ROUGHNESS. Dept., Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass (b) Office of Scientific Research, U. S. Air "An Investigation of Some of the Charac- Force teristics of a Pneumatic Servomotor," by (c) Prof. T. Y. Toong, Mass. Inst, of Tech- Louis H. Bangert, 1958 S. B. Thesis, M. E. nology, Cambridge 39, Massachusetts. Dept., Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic Mass research for master's and doctoral "The Effect of Friction on Compressible theses Flow in Small Diameter Tubes as a Function (e) Theoretical and experimental investigations of Tube Geometry," by Edward A. Bulanowski, of interactions among burning fuel droplets Jr., and Andrew J. Deraney, i960 S. B. in a steady and oscillating flow field. Thesis, M. E. Dept., Mass. Inst, of Tech., The main objective is to further an under- Cambridge, Mass. standing of the general problem of com- "Dynamic Analysis of a Jet Reaction Servo- bustion instability. motor," by Charles E. Roden, 1959 S. B. (g) Theoretical and experimental studies of the

5h . . . " . .. . '

interactions between two burning fuel cyl- gation of kernels ignited at a short dis- inders were carried out. Predicted res- tance downstream of the initial contact ults of burning rate agree well with the point between the two streams. measured ones (h) "Interactions Among Burning Fuel Droplet s, (3^63) BEHAVIOR OF WAKES IN ADVERSE PRESSURE (I) A Single Fuel Plate", by T. Y. Toong, GRADIENTS AFOSR TN 60-516, I960. "Interactions Among Burning Fuel Droplets, Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. (II) Two Parallel Fuel Plates" by T. Y. (c Mr. Uwe Schuab, Gas Turbine Lab., Mass. Toong, AFOSR TN 60-517, I960. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. (a Experimental and theoretical; basic re- (31+55) SECONDARY FLOWS IN RECTANGULAR DUCTS. search (for masters thesis). (e A number of cases of wake growth due to (b) Office of Ordnance Research, Dept. of the pressure gradients have been measured and Army. the data are being used to establish (c) Prof. A. H. Shapiro, M.I.T., Cambridge, a theoretical method of calculation. Mass (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- (3752 VORTEX EFFECTS IN PIPE FLOW. search, Sc.D. thesis. (e) The secondary flows associated with fully- (h General Electric Co. and Westinghouse developed turbulent flow in long, straight, Electric Corp. rectangular ducts have been measured and (c Prof. P. G. Hill, Mass. Inst, of Tech., interpreted. The generation of secondary Cambridge, Mass. vorticity and its magnitude are the main (a Experimental; basic research, master's items of interest. thesis (f) Completed. (e The decay of a strong vortex motion in pipe (g) See below. flow can affect the axial flow markedly by (h) "Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in Straight changes in the pressure field. The effect Rectangular Ducts - Secondary Flow, was studied experimentally. its Cause and Effect on the Primary Flow, (f Completed. by L. C. Hoagland, Technical Report No. 2 Changes in the axial velocity distribution M.I.T., Sept., i960. are shown to be a consequence of the vortex. Decay. The shape of the vortex ve- (3U56) FLAME PROPAGATION AND STABILIZATION IN locity distribution is however almost in- BOUNDARY LAYERS. dependent of the axial motion.

(b) National Science Foundation. (3753 EFFECT OF C0RI0LIS FORCES ON THE TURBULENT (c) Prof. T. Y. Toong, Mass. Inst, of Tech., BOUNDARY LAYER. Cambridge 39, Mass. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- (b National Science Foundation. search for doctoral and master's theses. (c Prof. P. G. Hill, Gas Turbine Lab., Mass. (e) Basic study of mechanisms of flame Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. propagation and stabilization in a laminar (a Experimental and theoretical; basic re- boundary layer adjacent to a heated plate. search. (g) Theoretical and experimental investigation (e The purpose of this work is to examine the of the structure and propagation of laminar consequences of a Coriolis generated insta- flames near a heat sink were carried out. bility on the flow in a turbulent boundary Experiments were conducted in a two-dimen- layer particularly with respect to momentum sional tunnel under sub-atmospheric pres- and mass transfer. sures. Predicted burning-velocity variations agree well with the measured ones (375*+ BLADE FORCES DUE TO WAKE IMPINGEMENT. (h) "Structure and Propagation of Laminar Flames Near a Heat Sink," by T. N. Chen (h General Electric Co. and Westinghouse Elec- and T. Y. Toong, Combustion and Flame, Vol. tric Corp. k, No. 3, i960. (c Mr. Malcolm Lefcort, Gas Turbine Lab., Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. (3^57) JET MIXING WITH CHEMICAL REACTION. (a Experimental; basic research for Doctor's thesis (b) Laboratory project. (e In a turbomachine the blades are excited (c) Prof. T. Y. Toong, Mass. Inst, of Tech., by wakes shed from preceding blade rows. Cambridge 39, Mass. A water table representation of the phe- (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- nomenon is being constructed and experi- search for doctoral and master's theses. mental measurements of the transient pres- (e) Theoretical and experimental investiga- sure forces will be made. tions of the effects of chemical reaction on transport of mass, momentum and energy. (3755) TRANSITION FROM BUBBLE TO SLUG FLOW. (g) Development of combustion in the mixing zone of two concentric gas streams of dif- (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. ferent composition, temperature and velo- (c) Prof. R. Moissis, Department of Mechanical city were studied experimentally. High- Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, speed streak photographs show the propa- Mass

55 . . . . "

(a) Experimental and theoretical; "basic re- glass tube (Corning) for flow visualization. search for S.M. thesis. Test data to be taken on Freon in film (e) To determine the criteria which govern the boiling. transition from the bubble regime to a First test results expected in November i960. developing slug flow when a gas-liquid mixture flows upwards in a vertical tube. (3759 THE THREE DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYER IN THE The e stahlishment of these criteria is es- VICINITY OF A WEDGE. sential to the accurate calculation of pressure drop in riser section of nuclear re- (b Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. actors, steam generator, etc. (c Mr. Richard G. Schwind, Gas Turbine Lab., Two stages have "been distinguished in the Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. process of transitions. First, the small (d Experimental and theoretical; basic re- bubbles come together and form a group search for doctoral thesis. whose outline is the same as that of a (e A study of the boundary layer flow near a Taylor bubble. Second, the interfaces be- wedge corner when the stream is laminar, tween the small bubbles collapse and a sin- with particular emphasis on separating flow. gle bubble is formed. (3760 PROPULSION THROUGH CHANGES OF BODY SHAPE. (3756) ENTRANCE EFFECT IN A TWO PHASE SLUG FLOW. (b Laboratory project. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. (c Prof. A. H. Shapiro, M.I.T., Cambridge, Mass. (c) Prof. R. Moissis, Department of Mechanical (d Theoretical and experimental; basic research, Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Sc.D. thesis. Mass (e Through what kinds of periodic changes in (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research body shape can propulsive thrust be obtained? for Sc.D. thesis. Is the thrust large enough to be interesting? (e) Study of the kinetics of a G. I. Taylor bubble as it rises in a vertical tube be- (3761 SECONDARY FLOWS IN ROTATING FLUIDS. hind a series of other bubbles in a gas- liquid slug flow. The purpose is to deter- (b Laboratory project. mine the mean density in a developing slug (c Prof. A. H. Shapiro, M.I.T., Cambridge, flow. Mass (f) Completed. (d Experimental. (g) A theoretical expression for the velocity (e Secondary flows were observed in a cylindri- distribution in the walls behind a Taylor cal tank with a turning rotor in the base, bubble has been derived. The rise velocity with different viscosities, speeds and of a boiling bubble is expressed as a func- depths tion of separation distance from the bubble (f Temporarily discontinued. ahead of it. The density distribution in (g An amazing variety of secondary flow pat- a developing two-phase slug flow is a func- terns, with isolated regions, were observed. tion of flow rates, of distance fro».i the (h "Some New Observations of Rotating Liquids, tube inlet, and of initial bubble size. by C. F. Young, S.M. Thesis, Dept. of Mech. (h) "Entrance Effects in a Developing Slug Engineering, M.I.T., i960. Flow," R. Moissis and P. Griffith, MIT DSR Report No. l8, June i960. (3762 COMPUTER REPRESENTATIONS OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE CHARACTERISTICS. (3757) THREE DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYERS ON RO- TATING BLADES. (b Woodward Governor Company. (c Mr. David R. Vaughan, Teaching Assistant, (b) General Electric Co. and Westinghouse Elec- Room 3-hkf, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, tric Corp. Mass (c) Mr. Erik Olsson, Gas Turbine Lab., Mass. (d Experimental; applied research. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. (e A large amount of Holyoke Turbine Test (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- Data is being used as a basis for computing search for doctors thesis. parameters for a functional representation (e) The purposes of this work are to examine of turbine characteristics. This functional the usefulness of momentum integral methods representation will appreciably reduce the in predicting crossflow near blade surfaces cost of simulating a turbine over its entire and to examine the whole flow field in the operating range. By predicting the para- blade passages meters from machine specific speed with detailed machine tests, preliminary system (3758) FORCED CONVECTION FILM BOILING INSIDE OF studies will be possible. VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL TUBES. (3763) COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TURBINE AND COMPRESSOR (b) National Science Foundation. TIP CLEARANCES. (c) Mr. W. M. Rohsenow, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. (b) General Electric Co., and Westinghouse (d) Experimental and analytical. Electric Corp. (e) Test section consists of electrically heated (c) Mr. Eiji Yokoyama, Gas Turbine Lab., Mass. stainless steel tube for obtaining test Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. data and an electrically heated coated (a) Experimental; basic research for master's

56 . . : ......

thesis. (3765: MAINTENANCE OF A LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER ON (e) A cascade wind tunnel is "being used to A POROUS FLAT PLATE AT ZERO INCIDENCE BY establish the relative effects of tip AREA SUCTION. clearances in turbines and compressors "by studying the flow in the region of a slot (b) Laboratory project. of variable width. (a) Experimental, basic research, master's thesis (376U) VISUAL STUDY OF TWO-PHASE, ONE-COMPONENT (e) A porous flat stainless steel plate was FLOW WITH HEAT ADDITION installed in a closed conduit past which a flow at 10 ft/sec streamed. Suction (b) National Science Foundation, NSF Grant was applied to the plate and attempts G11355- made to visually detect the existence of (c) Mr. S. William Gouse, Jr. Assistant Prof, a laminar boundary layer by means of dye of Mechanical Engineering, Mass. Inst, of and small thread streamers Tech., Cambridge, Mass. (f) Suspended. (d) Experimental and theoretical investigation; (s) Laminar boundary layer was not observed basic research. with dye or threads. Displacement thick- (e) Investigate two-phase flow in a vertical ness when suction applied only about 8 to tube with heat addition in a transparent 12 mils. If laminar boundary layer did in electric resistance film heated test sec- fact exist, it was concluded that it would tion. Make measurements of pressure drop, have to be detected indirectly by measure- temperature distribution, void fraction ment of drag reduction on the plate as distribution and heat transfer rates. Make dye methods failed. visual observations by means of high speed (h) "Maintenance of a Laminar Boundary Layer photography. on a Flat Plate By Area Suction," M. S. thesis by Howard B. Pritz, Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass.

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, School of Engineering. (3766) AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE STABILITY

OF STANDING ( TRAPPED-RING ) VORTICES IN Inquiries concerning the following projects should TWO-DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW. be addressed to Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Assoc. Prof, of Fluid Mechanics, Dept. of Civil Engineering, (b) Laboratory project - financed by Teacher's University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. Re s e ar ch Grant (a) Experimental; basic research. (256l) HYDROLOGY STUDIES IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS. (e) Project just being initiated; it is planned to study standing vortices in a Hele-Shaw (b) Cooperative with the U.S. Soil Conserva- apparatus tion Service, U.S. Weather Bureau and U. S. Geological Survey. Student assistance has been financed by faculty research grants MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil (d) Experimental - field and laboratory; for Engineering. design of watershed yield, flood peak re-

duction, and general information. ( 2125 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN RUNOFF WATER FROM (e) Mass curve studies for reservoir and water- SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS shed yield have been completed for selected drainage areas in western Mass. An (b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. extension of these data combined with an (c) Prof. R.Z. Wheaton, Agricultural Engineering expansion of some field work with regard Dept., Michigan State University, East to runoff characteristics of small drain- Lansing, Michigan. age areas is planned. (a) Field investigation; for design. (e) Samples of runoff water are collected at (31*67) THE EFFECT OF HEADER GEOMETRY UPON FLUID periodic intervals and more frequent inter- FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN NUCLEAR REACTORS vals during flood flow to determine the AND HEAT EXCHANGERS. concentration of sediment being transported. Runoff gaging stations serviced (b) Laboratory project; student assistance by USGS. Dense network of 22 recording financed by Teacher's Research Grant. raingages for 25 square mile area in two (d) Experimental; applied research, M.S. thesis. watersheds

( e ) To determine the relationships between (g) Sediment content of runoff is low. such variables as core and tube diameter, tube lattice and spacing, header height, (2126) SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE. etc., upon the individual flow per tube for a pressure vessel in which fluid is (b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. introduced through a single radial line (c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineer- placed at the base of the header. ing Dept., Michigan State University, East (g) Total flow through header correlated with Lansing, Michigan. number of tubes mathematically; flow (d) Experimental; field investigation, applied deviation among tubes increases as num- research. ber of tubes decreases. (e) To study the effect of bedding, bedding

57 ) . .

and moling^ 'bedding and tile, and tile (g) Applications rates of 0.1 inch per hour, drainage on crop yields in a submarginal repeat frequency of 12 to 20 seconds has fanning area. Crop yields in a grain- protected truck crops against minimum grain hay-hay rotation are measured in temperature of 19° F. increments away from the drainage feature,

(g) Two rod tile lateral spacing has given the ( 3105 ) SHEAR AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON DUNE- highest crop yields. A 60-foot tile spac- SHAPED BOUNDARIES. ing ranks second. (b) National Science Foundation. (2127) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY AND (c) Dr. E. M. Laursen, Dept. of Civil Engineer- DURABILITY OF SUBSURFACE DRAINS PLACED IN ing, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MUCK. Michigan. (d) Experimental, basic research. (b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. (e) Since the bed of an alluvial stream common- (c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineer- ly consists of dunes and ripples, the distri- ing Dept., Michigan State University, East bution of shear and pressure over these Lansing, Michigan. roughness elements is of interest in regard (d) Experimental; field investigation; applied to both sediment transportation and resis- research. tance to flow. A ^it-foot Lucite conduit

( e ) Four lateral underdrains were placed in with schematic triangular dunes and air as ) muck ( ph6 . 5 Concrete and clay tile in the fluid is being used in the experimental one-and two-foot lengths, perforated steel investigation pipe in eight-foot lengths and perforated fiber pipe in six-foot lengths were install- (3767) SYNTHESIS OF SEDIMENT-TRANSPORTING CHARAC- ed -in 1952. Elevations of the ground sur- TERISTICS OF STREAMS. face and the underdrains are taken annually. Quality of the material is checked at four- (b) Laboratory project. year intervals. (c) Dr. E. M. Laursen, Dept. of Civil Engineer- (g) The soil surface subsided 0.8 to 0.9 feet ing, Michigan State University, East Lansing, the first year, with little subsidence Michigan. since. The underdrains settled 0-3 feet (d) Analytical; applied research, for M.S. thesis the first year, negligible since. Concrete (e) The assumption is made in this investigation drain tile from three manufacturers de- that the variability of sediment load for a teriorated by acid action. Considerable given discharge of a natural stream can be rusting was noted on galvanized steel. explained by a temporary change in the bed Hay blinding material was in excellent material of the stream due to the addition condition. of fine material during surface runoff. Field data of the U.S.G.S. at several loca- (3102) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF PLANTS. tions is being used to test this hypothesis.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. (3768) SPILLWAY PROFILES FOR DESIGNATED UNDER- (c) Prof. R. Z. Wheaton, Agricultural Engineer- PRESSURE. ing Dept., Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental, field investigation; applied (c) Dr. E. M. Laursen, Dept. of Civil Engineer- research. ing, Michigan State University, East Lansing, (e) Four areas are protected against natural Michigan. rainfall during the cropping season. Pre- (d) Experimental; applied research, for M.S. cision irrigation is practiced to maintain thesis four levels of available water in the soil. (e) The characteristics of two model spillways Meteorological, evapotranspiration and will be compared. The profile of one is evaporation data are also collected. based on the fully-ventilated, sharp-crested (g) The highest level of available water (range weir at 3/^ design head. The profile of the between 70 and 100$ in the surface foot other is based on a partially-ventilated, gives the highest yield of potatoes. Con- sharp-crested weir at full design head. The sumptive use peak rate of 0.18 inches per feasibility of the latter design will be day. assessed by comparison of discharge coefficients and pressure distribution at vari- (310*0 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION FOR FROST PROTECTION ous heads with the standard design. OF PLANTS.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineer- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Department of Civil Engineer- ing Station, Michigan State Univ., East ing. Lansing, Michigan. (d) Experimental, laboratory and field investi- (3^69) SMALL BOAT HARBOR STUDY. gation; applied research. (e) To determine the application rates and (b) Dept. of Port Control, Cleveland, Ohio. repeat frequency of water application to (c) Prof. E. F. Brater, 320 West Engineering give effective protection to plants against Bldg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. frost damage. (d) Experimental; applied research.

58 . .

(e) Determination of a procedure for reducing rates of cycling and with various suction wave action in the mo ring area. conditions have been completed and a re- Experimental work completed. port is being prepared. Two methods were developed for reducing 00 "Evaporation Losses from Standard Non- wave heights in the harbor area. Recording Rain Gages," A.S.A.E. Trans., Copies of report can he ohtained from Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 82-83, I960. Dept. of Civil Engrg. (2576) CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PUMPING OF WAVE REFRACTION IN A TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL. SHALLOW WELLS FOR IRRIGATION.

Lahoratory project. (h) Field project. Prof. E. F. Brater, Professor of Hydraulic (c) Prof. Evan B. Allred, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engrg., College Engineering, Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1, of Engrg., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Minn. Theoretical and experimental. Basic re- (d) Field investigation; applied research and search for doctoral thesis. development Investigation of the refraction of waves (e) The objectives of the project are: (l) which enter a trapezoidal channel from To study and develop inexpensive methods deeper water. for construction of shallow irrigation wells, (2) determine hydraulic permeability ROLL WAVES. and characteristics of various aquifers,

and ( 3 ) to survey and determine extent and Lahoratory project. availability of shallow ground water sources Prof. E. F. Brater, Professor of Hydraulic for irrigation in Minnesota. Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. (3V70) HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION BOOM- Theoretical and experimental. Basic re- SPRINKLERS. search for doctoral thesis. Investigation of the characteristics of a 00 Field and laboratory project. wave generated by a disturbance at the (c) Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept. of Agricul- entrance to a channel. tural Engineering, Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1, Minn. WATER HAMMER. (a) Primarily field investigation; applied research. Laboratory project. (e) The objective of the project is to deter- Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics, mine the effect of wind velocity, nozzle Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg., arrangement, rotation speed and operating Univ. of Mich., 'Ann Arbor, Mich. pressure on the distribution from irriga- Theoretical and experimental; basic re- tion boom-sprinklers. search for doctoral thesis. Investigation of friction effects on water hammer attenuation, by introducing friction losses in the differential equations, solving MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY, Dept. of them by different methods using a high Civil Engineering. speed computer. Experimental study of water hammer under conditions of high friction. (319) WEIR STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory Project. (c) Prof. E. W. Carlton, Civil Engrg. Dept., UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Agricultural Experiment Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Station. Rolla, Mo. (d) Experimental; basic research for masters (1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES. thesis (e) Tests on rectangular weirs were made to Cooperative with St. Anthony Falls Hydrau- determine effect of velocity of approach lic Laboratory. See page 76. on the relation between crest depth and critical depth of an imaginary open (2350) DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND BY PUMPING. channel having same dimensions as the weir opening. (b) Laboratory project. (g) Study produced a simple, accurate, and quick (c) Prof. Curtis L. Larson, Dept. of Agricul- solution for plotting of M function. Re- tural Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, lationship between the M function and the St. Paul 1, Minnesota. critical depth is logarithmic. This greatly (d) Theoretical and field investigations; simplifies determination of critical flow applied research. where the critical depth is known or vice (e) The project has three phases: (l) The versa. A relationship exists between M development of basic relations for plan- function of channels of same shape but dif- ning pump drainage systems, (2) the study ferent dimensions. The velocity of approach of rates of drainage, and (3) the study does not affect the relationship between of factors affecting the efficiency. physical depth and crest depth. (g) Tests of a propeller pump with various (h) "Calibration of Weirs by Means of Critical

59 ......

Flow and Specific Energy, " R. A. Rapp, M. thesis S. Thesis, Missouri School of Mines, 1950. Model tests are being conducted on culvert

( Available on loan ) inlets with several types of skimming hoods in order to study their efficiency and (2578) CORRELATION OF WEIR CREST DEPTH AND WEIR possible application to sanitary lagoons. FLOW CHARACTERISTICS. (3773 PIPE FRICTION WHEN PUMPING FLUID-SOLID (b) Laboratory project. MIXTURES (c) Prof. Clifford D. Muir, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Missouri School of (b Laboratory project. Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo. (c Prof. C. D. Muir, Associate Professor of

( d ) Experimental Civil Engineering, Missouri School of Mines (e) Tests on several cipoletti weirs were made and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri. in order to determine the effect of weir (d Experimental; basic research for master's thickness, H/P ratio, and Froude's Number thesis on the ratio of crest depths to the critical (e Tests were run pumping various mixtures of depth of an imaginary open channel having water and sand through a 3/^" pipe in order the same dimensions as the weir flow section. to study friction factors when solid trans- (g) This study indicated a definite relation- port was part of the flow. ship between the crest depth to critical Preliminary results indicate a relationship depth ratio and the Froude Number of the exists between friction factor and solids imaginary channel. However, the ratio percentage. However, this relationship tended to become constant at either high or becomes difficult to obtain for solid per-

low Froude Numbers . The H/P ratio bad no centages above k-0 percent noticeable effect on this relationship.

1 A continuation of this study indicates ( 3TT *- CULVERT INLET STUDIES. probable superiority of crest depth flow relationships, when weirs having a narrow (b Laboratory project. width with respect to head are being used. (c Prof. C. D. Muir, Associate Professor of (h) "Correlation of Weir Crest Depth Froude Civil Engineering, Missouri School of Number, H/P Ratio, and Weir Thickness," Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo. Paul Harrawood, Master's Thesis, Missouri (d Experimental; basic research for master's School of Mines, 1956. (Available on loan). thesis (e Model tests for a culvert were conducted (3V71) REGULATION OF RIVER BANK DEVELOPMENT THROUGH to study culvert efficiency at partial FLOOD PLAIN ZONING. flow and the formation of critical depth at the inlet. These tests were limited to (b) Laboratory project. a circular inlet. (c) Prof. E. W. Carlton, Prof, of Civil Engrg., Results of study indicated a need for cul- C. E. Department, Missouri School of Mines vert entrance configuration study. and Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo. (h "A Study of the Inlet Characteristics and (d) Field investigation; applied research. Entrance Losses of a Pipe Culvert with A (e) The basic concepts for establishing an Flush Mounted Sharp-Edged Inlet," Luke L. effective flood plain zoning program were Callaway, Jr., Master's Thesis, Missouri investigated from three aspects: (l) School of Mines, i960. (Available on loan). Establishment of frequency and magnitude of design flood; (2) translation of design (3775 VERTICAL WATER JET IMPACTING UPON A STILLING flood to zoning limits on the ground through BASIN. hydraulic computations; and (3) establishment of a sensible adjustment of land use (b Laboratory project. to flood hazard. (c Prof. V. A. C. Gevecker, Civil Engineering

( f ) Suspended. Department, Missouri School of Mines and (g) In addition a recommended zoning program Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri. has been established for a flood plain in (d Experimental; bssic research for master's Missouri with applications for the entire thesis state and for most regions of the United (e Tests being conducted on the terminal ef- States. A complete summary of the status fect of a 3/8" water jet on a cylindrical of flood plain zoning in the United States stilling basin to determine side and bottom has been tabulated. pressures, velocities, and energy dissipated. (h) "Regulation of River Bank Development Through Flood Plain Zoning, " William J. O'Neill, Master's Thesis, Missouri School of Mines, 1959- (Available on loan). MONTANA STATE COLLEGE, Agricultural Experiment Station. (3772) CULVERT INLETS WITH SKIMMING HOODS. (3108) STREAMFLOW FORECASTING IN MONTANA BASED (b) Laboratory project. ON SNOW SURVEYS. (c) Prof. C. D. Muir, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Missouri School of (b) Agricultural Engineering Department, Mont. Mines, Rolla, Missouri. Experiment Station; Soil Conservation Ser-

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's vice .

61 . . . . . ,

(c Mr. Lynn F. Johnson, Montana State College, observed. Bozeman, Montana. (a Experimental; statistical analysis of snow (3777) TORQUE AND CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF survey and runoff data. BUTTERFLY VALVES. (e Adaptation of the electronic digital computer to the development of forecast for- 00 Laboratory project. mulas. (c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. (f Active project approaching completion. of Nebraska. Will probably be continued on a service (a) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- basis search. Technical bulletin in preparation. (e) Free streamline theory is used to determine the contraction coefficients and the hydro- (3109 IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATION dynamic torque. Theoretical results ob- APPLICATION BY BORDER IRRIGATION. tained for two-dimensional case are compared with the ones obtained experimentally. (b Agricultural Engineering Department, Agri- Results are extended to axially symmetrical cultural Experiment Station; U. S. Bureau butterfly valves. Inception of cavitation of Reclamation cooperating. determined theoretically. Results obtained (c Professor Charles C. Bowman, Montana Agri- from experiments and those calculated from cultural Experiment Station, Montana State theory are excellent College, Bozeman, Montana. (f) Completed. (a Experimental and basic research. (g) For a free discharge valve the maximum (e Laboratory studies of basic principles value of the torque coefficient is about which govern the flow of water at a 0.03, and occurs at about 20° from the full shallow depth over rough ground under vari- open position. ous densities of crop growth. Supplemented (h) "Oblique Impact of a Bounded Stream on a by field experiments and tests. Plane Lamina", T. Sarpkaya, Journal of the (f Project has been in progress several years. Franklin Institute, Vol. 267, No. 3, pp: Laboratory equipment added recently. 229-2^2, March 1959- May be obtained from Annual reports of progress have been made The Franklin Institute. to the Director and to the Bureau of "Torque and Cavitation Characteristics of Reclamation. Butterfly Valves," T. Sarpkaya, Journal of Applied Mechanics, Paper No. 60-WA-105, (3472 INTERCEPTION AND ITS EFFECT ON PRECIPI- pp: 1-8. ASME Winter Annual Meeting, N. Y. TATION DISPOSAL. Dec. 1, i960. May be obtained from ASME.

0> Agricultural Engineering Department, Mont. (3778) REFLECTION, TRANSMISSION, AND ATTENUATION Agricultural Experiment Station. OF PULSE WAVES IN BIFURCATING ELASTIC (c Mr. Lynn F. Johnson, Montana State College, CONDUITS. Bozeman, Montana. (a Basic research in field of hydrology. 00 Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical (e Development of instrumentation to measure School, University of Nebraska. Laboratory transpiration and evaporation under coni- Project ferous canopies on mountain watersheds. (c) Mr. Randolph M. Clark, Bancroft Hall 219, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr (a) Theoretical and experimental; applied research -for master's thesis. UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, (e) The purpose of the project: To determine Dept. of Engineering Mechanics. the effect of the conduit resistance on the magnitude of the maximum pressure (3776) VORTEX FORMATION AND DRAG IN UNSTEADY created by elastic wave propagation; the FLOW PAST BLUFF BODIES. rate of damping of the elastic wave pressure the transmission and reflection coefficients (b) National Science Foundation. and to correlate the results obtained from (c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Dept. of Engineering this research with the propagation of pulse Mechanics, Bancroft Hall 219, University waves in arterial system. of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebraska. (g) Wave velocity is not equal to a simple (d) Experimental and theoretical study of superposition of celerity and mean velocity drag and inertia in unsteady flow. Basic of flow. research for master's and Ph.D. thesis. "Pulse Waves in Elastic Conduits," M. S. (e) Primary objects of the rssearch are: To Thesis by R. Clark, August i960. May be determine the growth and motion of vortices obtained from the Department of Engineering behind two dimensional bluff bodies sub- Mechanics, University of Nebraska. jected to unsteady flow; to determine the basic characteristics of the corresponding (3779) VIRTUAL MASS. resistance; and to correlate a particular vortex configuration with the instantaneous (b) Laboratory project resistance. (c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, (g) The forces predicted on the basis of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr. moving and growing singularities are com- (d) Experimental and basic research. parable in magnitude to forces which are (e) Study of the added mass of lens-shaped

61 . . . . -

"bodies, two parallel square plates, and NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY. two parallel, infinitely long rectangular plates of various thicknesses. Inquiries concerning the following projects should (f) Completed. be addressed to Mr. C. H. Hancock, Hydraulic Lab., (g) The added masses were determined from a Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, mass-frequency relationship obtained "by Newport News, Virginia. immersing the objects in water and accelerating them in oscillatory motion. The (123) HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTS. experimental results are in good agreement with the analytical studies of corresponding (b) Laboratory project. potential flows (d) Experimental; for design data. (h) "Added Mass of Lenses and Parallel Plates," (e) Scale model turbines, using either Francis T. Sarpkaya, ASCE EM3, No. 2511, pp: 1*H- or propeller type runners, are tested for 152, June i960. power and efficiency at various speeds.

( 3780 ) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE GENERATION IN (12k) METER CALIBRATION TESTS. PULSATING VISCOUS FLOW. (b) Laboratory project.

( (b) Laboratory project. d ) Experimental (c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. (e) To establish calibration curve for deter- of Nebraska. mining correction for various rates of flow. (d) Experimental and theoretical basic research, Meters are tested at various rates of flow for master's thesis. by weighing tank method. Time is recorded (e) To understand the mechanism of generation electronically by decade counters. of turbulence in pulsating viscous flow superposed on the steady and initially (896) VANE MOMENT TESTS ON ADJUSTABLE BLADE laminar flow. RUNNERS. (g) When the amplitude ratio of the pulsating pressure gradient to steady one is not (b) Laboratory project. large, the maximum dissipation occurs at (d) Experimental; for design data. the wall. However, with the increase of (e) Tests are to determine vane moments at the amplitude ratio the position of the various gate openings, blade positions and maximum dissipation moves into the flowing speeds. The turbine load is applied by an fluid and its distance varies with time. electric dynamometer and speed is measured with a decade counter. The blades are (3781) FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS IN A MAGNETIC held in position by an amplidyne control FIELD. system on a spider rod through the shaft. The blade moments are obtained from a (b) Laboratory project. proving ring by means of electric strain (c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, gages University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr. (d) Theoretical; basic research. (901) SHIP MODEL RESISTANCE TESTS. (e) The analytical solution to the equation of motion is given for the steady laminar (b) Laboratory project. flow of a uniformly conducting incompress- (d) Experimental; for design data. ible non-Newtonian fluid, (Bingham plastic (e) Scale ship models are towed to determine and Ostwald and de Waele type fluid) be- effective horsepower, bare hull, required tween two parallel planes. by the ship. Because of their small size, (f) Completed. several models may be towed in a short (h) "Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids in a Magnet- period of time thus allowing much prelimi- ic Field," T. Sarpkaya, presented at the nary work to be done on the choice of lines. ^3rd national meeting of AIChE, Tulsa, Final lines are checked by David Taylor Oklahoma, Sept. 25, i960, pending publi- Model Basin. To eliminate a large portion cation. Preprints may be obtained from of this preliminary testing, a schedule of AIChE. Priced at 50 cents. systematic models was arranged in which the beam- draft ratio, the displacement (3782) INDUCED MASS OF CONFINED FLUIDS. length ratio, and the prismatic coefficient are varied over a wide range. Towing this (b) Laboratory project. set of models is continuing and when com- (c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, pleted will provide design data for a University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr. standard offset series covering a wide range (d) Theoretical basic research for master's thesis (1132) HYDRAULIC PUMP TESTS. (e) When a confined fluid is suddenly accelerated through an opening initial accel- (b) Laboratory project. eration is determined by the induced mass (d) Experimental; for design data. of the fluid. This mass could be deter- (e) Scale model pumps, centrifugal and propeller mined from the streamline pattern of a types, are tested at constant speeds for corresponding steady flow. If this mass head developed, power consumption, and ef- is ignored initial acceleration turns out ficiency at various rates of discharge. to be unrealistically large. Cavitation tests are sometimes conducted

62 . . . . .

by lowering the suction head to a point (b) Laboratory project. where the developed head and efficiency (d) Experimental; applied research and devel-

break down. Blade moments are measured by opment . installing electric resistance strain gages (e) Determination of velocity distribution on the turbine blade roof. Shear strains through a two-dimensional turbine effected are transmitted from the turbine via a slip by entrance angle, hub configuration, and ring. distributor height.

(1133) CAVITATION TESTS OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE (3786) FLOW STRAIGHTENERS. MODELS. (b) Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory pro ject (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- (d) Experimental; for design data. search. (e) Scale model turbines are tested on cavi- (e) Testing of different shapes for the tation stand to determine sigma at which straightening of flow in short pipes. cavitation starts. By the use of a plexiglas throat ring and a strobulux light (3787) ADDED MASS OF TURBINES, synchronized with the shaft rotation, visual observations are made to determine the loca- (b) Laboratory project. tion on the blade where cavitation starts. (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- Tests were run to determine runaway speeds search. at low sigma values (e) Determination of the effects of added mass of a propeller on the efficiency and blade (2582) AIR TESTS ON HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODEL. moment step-up formulas from model to prototype (b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental ; for design data. (e) Plexiglas hydraulic turbine model is tested with air. Smoke and tufts are used NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engrg. in the flow visualization studies. Velocity and pressure distribution studies are made Inquiries concerning the following projects should using a sensitive differential manometer. be addressed to Professor J. Happel, Department of The gate moments obtained from the pressure Chemical Engineering, New York University, Univ. distribution will be checked with a strain Heights, New York 53> New York. gage dynamometer. (f) Suspended. (2583) EFFECT OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION ON PRES- SURE DROP AND SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY IN (3111) PUMP-TURBINE TESTS. DILUTE BEDS OF PARTICLES.

(b) Laboratory project. (b) Grants from Texas Company and American (d) Experimental; for design data. Chemical Society; laboratory project. (e) Pump-turbine models are tested either as (d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral a pump or turbine on this test stand. Cavi- thesis tation as well as performance tests on pump, (e) The slow translational motion of dilute turbine or pump-turbine models can be made beds of particles settling through viscous on this facility. Provision has been made fluids subjected to the influence of cy- to perform vane moment tests on adjustable- lindrical boundaries is being studied. blade turbine runners at the same time as This will ultimately enable a theoretical performance tests. prediction of the effect of particle concentration on pressure drop and sedimen- (3783) AIR CONTENT CAVITATION OF TURBINES. tation velocity in beds of particles. (g) The fluid velocity for a large number of (b) Laboratory project. field points within a cylindrical container (d) Experimental; applied research. has been computed for a spherical particle (e) Study of cavitation of hydraulic turbines settling at six evenly spaced locations as affected by the air quantity contained along the cylinder radius. The velocity in the tunnel. field for all locations has also been obtained from the computed points by inter- (3784) PITOT TUBE CALIBRATION. polation. These findings are applied to multi-particle systems. (b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Experimental ( 3^71+ ) HEAT TRANSFER AND CHEMICAL REACTION RELA- (e) Calibration of a small 3-hole cylindrical TIVE TO BEDS OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES. search tube to determine accuracy as affected by blockage, pipe wall, angularity, (b) Laboratory project. discharge and fabrication. (d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral (g) Results within ±l/2 percent can be attained thesis. for velocity. The angle can be determined (e) An analytical solution is developed by to within 0.1 degree. assuming a model where fluid is flowing between two concentric spheres which are (3785) VELOCITY PROFILE IN TURBINE MODEL. maintained at different temperatures. The

63 . . . ) "

partial differential equations applicable (e) Attempts to solve various probabilistic are solved "by assuming power series solu- problems in connection with stationary tions in temperature and in spherical co- Gaussian noise.

ordinate 9 . The results will be compared (g) Work is continuing on the joint density of to existing data on heat and mass trans- amplitude and half period and on improved fer in packed and fluidized beds. zero and ordinate crossing techniques.

(3788) BOUNDARY LAYER MASS TRANSFER WITH HETERO- (3120) OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH ATMOSPHERE INTER- GENEOUS CATALYSIS. ACTION AND WAVE PROJECT.

(b) Grants from American Chemical Society and (b) Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research, National Science Foundation; Laboratory Department of the Navy. project (c) Prof. Gerhard Neumann, Prof, of Oceanography (d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral and Professor Willard J. Pierson, Jr., thesis Associate Professor of Meteorology, New

(e) This work includes a study of the rate of York University, New York 53 3 New York. gas-solid catalytic reactions in multi- (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and particle systems. Using boundary layer applied research. theory in conjunction with a model con- (e) Study of wave generation and propagation sisting of a solid sphere inside a free- in deep water; non-linear properties of surface -spherical cell, the relationship capillary and gravity waves. Observations between rates of diffusion and rates of of temperature and humidity and wind over surface -catalyzed reactions is developed. the sea surface. Albedo measurements. (g) Theoretical results for chemically dilute Wind stress on water surfaces and the systems correlate existing mass transfer oceanic circulation. A study of the large data reasonably well. It was found that scale oceanic circulation has just been molar convective transport to or from the completed and a report is in preparation. surface affects the mass transfer rate and (g) It has been shown that wave spectra cannot may give appreciably different results than form a nested family of waves for fully those obtained from film theory or the developed seas. Non-linear effects were dilute solution equation. A simple criterion not too pronounced in project SWOP and a is set up to determine when the dilute solu- revised version of the report has been tion correlations can be used. published as described in the references below. (h) "On the Dynamical Structure of the Gulf Stream as an Equivalent-Barotropic Flow, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Meteorology and by G. Neumann. Journal of Geophysical Re- Oceanography search, volume 65, No. 1, January i960, pp. 239-2^7- (2356) SHIP MOTIONS PROJECT. "Evidence for an Equatorial Undercurrent in the Atlantic Ocean," by G. Neumann. Deep (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy. Sea Research, i960, Volume 6, pages 328- (c) Prof. Willard J. Pierson Jr., Assoc. Prof, 33^-> Pergamon Press, Limited, London, of Meteorology, New York Univ., University England. Heights, New York 53, New York. "Some Meteorologically Important Relation- (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and ships Between the Ocean and Atmosphere," applied research. by G. Neumann. Transactions of the New (e) Studies of the theory of a stationary York Academy of Science, Ser. II, Vol. 22, Gaussian process as applied to the motions No. 8, 615-633, i960. of ships in waves; experimental and theo- "Ocean Waves," by G. Neumann and W. J. retical determination of co-spectra and Pierson, Jr. In McGraw-Hill Encylcopedia quadrature spectra. of Science and Technology, i960 Edition. (g) Theoretical studies of cross spectra and "Some Non-linear Properties of Long- bi-quadratic spectra, and theoretical Crested Periodic Waves with Lengths Near papers on wave theory and ship motion 2.hk Centimeters," by W. J. Pierson and theory. Paul Fife. To be published in the Jour- (h) "The Apparent Loss of Coherency in Vector nal of Geophysical Research, January Gaussian Processes Due to Computational 196l'. Procedures with Application to Ship Motions "Surface Waves," by W. J. Pierson, Jr. and Random Seas," by W. J. Pierson, Jr., In United States National Report 1957 - and John F. Dalzell. (in preparation. i960, Twelfth General Assembly, Interna- tional Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, (2357) WAVE PROJECT. Leason H. Adams, Editor. Helsinki, Finland, July 25 - Aug. 6, i960, p 26l. (b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy. "The Directional Spectrum of a Wind Gener- (c) Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Jr., Associate ated Sea as Determined from Data Obtained Professor of Meteorology, New York Uni- by the Stereo Wave Observation Project," versity, University Heights, New York 53j by L. J. Cote, J. David, W. Marks, E. Mehr, New York. R. McGough, W. J. Pierson, Jr., F. C. (d) Theoretical and experimental; and basic Ronne, J. Ropek, G. Stephenson, R. C. Vetter, and applied research. and R. G. Walden, Meteor. Papers, Vol. 2

6k . .

No. 6, June i960. the change in solute concentration. One- dimensional studies have been resumed and experiments on radial and spherical flow are beginning. A wide range of Reynolds NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND number will be covered; effects of ad- ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, sorption will be investigated. Attempts Department of Engineering Research. will be made to correlate the Darcy friction factor and the longitudinal dispersion (I636) RAINFALL, INTENSITY, DURATION, FREQUENCY, coefficient CURVES FOR NORTH CAROLINA. (f) Continuing. (g) A theoretical analysis of the problem (b) Laboratory project. indicates that the phenomena is described (c) Prof. Charles Smallwood, Dept. of Civil by an equation similar to the heat con- Engineering, North Carolina State College, duction equation. It has been found that Raleigh, North Carolina. the longitudinal dispersion coefficient is (d) The collection and analysis of data per- proportional to the product of the fluid taining to intensity, duration and fre- velocity and the grain diametrr. quency of rainfall in North Carolina. (e) Since work is continuing, no conclusive (3476) FLOOD WAVE ROUTING. results are available at this time. (b) Northwestern Technological Institute. (c) Professor W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Northwestern University. NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Department of (d) Theoretical and analytical for doctoral Agricultural Engineering. and masters theses. (e) The purpose is to calculate the movement (3V75) SURFACE DRAINAGE. of flood waves in prismatic and natural channels. Finite difference equations (t>) Laboratory project. based on (a) method of characteristics and (c) Mr. W. J. Promersberger, Chairman, Agri- (b) basic equations of momentum and con- cultural Engineering Department, North tinuity are to be programmed separately for Dakota Agricultural College, Fargo, N. D. solution or a digital computer. (d) Field investigation; applied research, (f) Continuing. masters thesis. (g) A general method using finite differences (e) To study the effect of parallel ditch along characteristic curves and requiring spacing, land forming and smoothing on trial solution has been set up. crop yields in the Red River Valley. To determine the feasibility of using farm (3U77) THE EFFECT OF JET MIXING ON SEDIMENTATION sized equipment to perform the work. EFFICIENCY. (g) On fields which have a uniform slope, a forty rod spacing of field ditches will (b) Laboratory project. give adequate drainage. Closer spacing (c) Prof. Robert B. Banks, Department of Civil may be necessary on very flat or non- Engineering, Northwestern University, uniform slopes. Proper disposal of spoil Evanston, Illinois. and land smoothing between ditches will (d) Theoretical and experimental; doctoral improve effectiveness of drains thesis of Mr. Robert Kersten. (h) "Land Forming for Improved Surface Drain- (e) The study is concerned with the effect of age," E. W. French, W. J. Promersberger, mixing, caused by a two-dimensional jet, and H. Frank Hughes, North Dakota Farm on the percentage of particles removed in Research, Vol. 21, Nov. 8, Nov. -Dec. i960. a rectangular sedimentation basin. Liquid "Installation of an Open Ditch Drainage flow, transporting solid particles, is System in Flat Heavy Clay Soils," H. Frank introduced through a slot at the entrance Hughes. Unpublished M. S. Thesis, North of a long channel. Slot opening and ele- Dakota Agricultural College, February i960. vation can be varied. The amount of solid particle removal, as well as the distribution of particles on the bottom, is measured. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological Inst. (f) Continuing. (g) Utilizing the generalized transport equation (2586) DISPERSION OF FLUID IN POROUS MEDIA. and employing the eddy diffusivity and velocity distribution of the two-dimensional (b) Laboratory project; Pure Oil Company. turbulent jet, one is able to compute con- (c) Professor Robert B. Banks, Department of centration distributions and removal ratios Civil Engineering, Northwestern University, by relaxation solution methods. Results Evanston, Illinois. obtained to date indicate very good agree- (d) Theoretical, experimental; masters thesis ment between theory and experiment. of Mr. Bernard Lefkowitz and Mr. Robert

Owston. ( 3U78 ) EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN (e) Packed column apparatus permits sampling OILFILMS OF BEARINGS. of fluid flow to determine effects of dispersion, diffusion and convection on (c) Professor 0. C. Zienkiewicz, Dept. of

65 . . "

Civil Engineering, Northwestern University, (c) Professor A. A. Kovitz, Dept. of Mech. Evanston, Illinois Engineering, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, (a Theoretical. Illinois (e Numerical solution of energy and heat dis- (a) Theoretical. sipation equations and a study of the ef- (e) To study the flow of real gases in high fects of viscosity variation across and speed, high temperature phenomena including along the oilfilms on the build up at lift- non-equilibrium effects. ing pressures. (g) Study completed of mixing of dissociated (f Completed. undissociated gas using simplified rate The importance of the temperature variation law. Obtained closed form solution de- across lubricant film is of a sufficient scribing approach to equilibrium in bound- magnitude to invalidate the conventional- ary layer type mixing. Study initiated on theory in many instances. the mixing of gases including the effects of ionization. (3^80 THE FLOW OF NEWTONIAN AND OF NON-NEWTONIAN 00 "Memorandum on Flow with Recombination FLUIDS IN THE ENTRANCE OF A TUBE. Behind an Oblique Shock Wave," Memo No. III-l Contract AF ^0(600)-7^8. 0> Laboratory project. "Non-Equilibrium Effects in Parallel (c Professor John C. Slattery, Department of Stream Mixing," Memo No. III-2, Contract Chemical Engineering, Technological Inst., AF 4o(6oo)-7U8. Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. "A Solution for laminar, Parallel Stream (d Theoretical basic research for thesis. Mixing with Dissociation and Recombination,

(e Boundary layer analysis is being applied with R. F. Hoglund, Phys . of Fluids, vol. to calculate pressure and velocity distri- 3, U36, May- June i960.

butions . Improved velocity distribution obtained (3789) THE HYDROMECHANICS OF A HIGH VELOCITY GAS for laminar Newtonian flow. JET PENETRATING A LIQUID SURFACE. (3^81 BOUNDARY- LAYER FLOW PAST SUBMERGED BODIES. m Laboratory project; Bureau of Ships, De- partment of the Navy. 0> Laboratory project. (c) Professor Robert B. Banks, Department of (c Professor John C. Slattery, Department of Civil Engineering, Northwestern University, Chemical Engineering, Technological Inst., Evanston, Illinois. Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois. (a) Theoretical, experimental; research investi- (a Theoretical, basic research for thesis. gations of Mr. D. V. Chandrasekhara and (e Boundary layer analysis is being applied Mr. Frank Collins. to flow past a circular cylinder and past (e) A jet of air flowing downwards from a nozzle a sphere. The object of these calculations located above a liquid surface, deforms the will be to estimate the pressure distri- otherwise level surface. The research ob- bution, form drag, and total drag in each jective is to obtain quantitative information of these cases. Both Newtonian and non- regarding the shape and stability of the Newtonian fluids are being considered. depressed region and cavity. Information on pressure and velocity distributions will (3^82) NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW THROUGH AN ANNULUS. be obtained.

(b) Laboratory project. (3790) TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUBMERGED (c) Professor John C. Slattery, Dept. of LIQUID JET. Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois. 00 Laboratory project. (d) Theoretical; basic research for thesis. (c) Prof. S. G. Bankoff and J. E. Sunderland, (e) The flow of non-Newtonian fluids through The Technological Institute, Northwestern a thin annulus (the ratio of the inner University, Evanston, Illinois. diameter to the outer diameter greater (a) Basic experimental research, doctoral than 0.6) is being studied; the results thesis will be extended to annuli with rotating (e) Using the recently developed Hubbard-Ling cores. hot-film anemometer, the time-average velocity profiles and the correlation coef- (3U83) GROUND EFFECT PHENOMENA. ficients will be measured for a submerged, round, free liquid jet. 00 Laboratory project. (c) Professor A. A. Kovitz, Dept. of Mechanical (3791) ZERO-GRAVITY, TWO-PHASE FLUID MECHANICS. Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. 00 Laboratory project. (a) Theoretical; basic research. (c) Prof. S. G. Bankoff, Technological Inst., (e) To study the thrust augmentation capabili- Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois. ties of jet devices near surfaces, in- Basic experimental research; doctoral cluding both rigid and deformable surfaces. thesis (e) The development of the two-phase boundary (3U8IO MIXING AND REACTION KINETICS IN FLOWS, layer in the flow of a liquid past a porous plate through which a second immiscible (b) Laboratory project. liquid is injected is studied. Electrical . - ) . . .

resistance probes are used for determina- to be due to a concentration gradient, or tion of the position of the region bound- else a total pressure gradient. In other aries. This stimulates zero-gravity boiling words, is the flow of vapor due to diffu- heat transfer from a flat plate. sion, or hydrodynamic type flow, (g) Several progress reports are available RESPONSE OF A BOILING CHANNEL TO INPUT and may be obtained from the correspondent. FLUCTUATIONS. (3797) HEAT CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION PROBLEMS 00 Laboratory project. ASSOCIATED WITH MELTING. (c) Prof. S. G. Bankoff, Technological Inst., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Basic theoretical research; doctoral thesis. (c) Dr. J. E. Sunderland, Technological Inst., (e) A recently presented variable-density, Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. single-fluid model for two-phase flow in (d) Theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. thesis. pipes and channels under steady-state (e) A study is being carried out to determine conditions is adapted to the study of the the velocity and temperature distribution response of a channel to fluctuations of in the melted layer of a melting body. input power or flow. (3798) BOUNDARY LAYER TURBULENCE. (3793) VOID FRACTION PROFILES IN TWO-PHASE MERCURY GAS FLOW. (c) Mrs. George G. Lamb, The Technological

, Inst . Northwestern University, Evanston, Argonne National Laboratory. Illinois Prof. S. G. Bankoff, Technological Inst., (4) To develop model for quantitative predic- Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois. tions of turbulence in boundary layers. Experimental basic research; doctoral (e) To develop model based on origin of tur- thesis bulence in boundary layers that may be Measurement of isothermal steady-state extended to permit quantitative understand- void fraction profiles in concurrent flow ing of momentum transfer and velocity pro- of mercury and air by means of electrical files in turbulent boundary layers. resistance probe.

( 3799 VELOCITY PROFILES IN A SEDIMENT-LADEN CREEPING FLOW PAST A SPHERE OF A NON- BOUNDARY LAYER. NEWTONIAN FLUID. (b) Northwestern Technological Institute. Laboratory project. (c) Professor W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Professor John C. Slattery, Department of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chemical Engineering, Technological Inst., Evanston, Illinois. Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. (a) Theoretical and experimental; for doctoral* Theoretical; basic research for thesis. thesis. Recently proposed Variational principle is (e) The purpose is to determine semi -theoreti- used to obtain a solution. cally the effect of a density gradient, caused by sediment concentration profiles, THE EFFECT OF VIBRATIONS ON BOILING HEAT on the velocity distribution in the bound- TRANSFER. ary layer along a plane surface, and to check the results with measured data. Laboratory project. Dr. J. E. Sunderland, Technological Inst., (38OO) THE EFFECT OF PRE- COMBUSTION ON DETONATION Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. WAVE STRUCTURE. Experimental; basic research, M.S. thesis. A study has been carried out to determine (b) Laboratory project. the effect of mechanical vibrations on (c) Professor A. A. Kovitz, Dept. of Mechanical boiling heat transfer. Engineering, Northwestern University, Completed. Evanston, Illinois. Results show that the rate of heat transfer (d) Theoretical. at the burnout point is substantially in- (e) To study the effect of initial gas com- creased by mechanical vibrations. position on the temperature, pressure, and A publication is in preparation. composition distributions through a detonation wave AN INVESGITATION INTO THE MECHANISM OF FREEZE DRYING. (3801) THE DETERMINATION OF FORM DRAG AND SKIN FRICTION FACTORS IN THE FLOW OF GASES Quartermaster Corps, U. S. Army. THROUGH EXPANDED FIXED BEDS OF SPHERICAL Dr. J. E. Sunderland, Technological Inst., PARTICLES. Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. Experimental and theoretical; basic re- Cb) Doctoral dissertation (C. A. Wentz). search on M.S. and Ph.D. level. (c) Professor George Thodos, Department of This is a study of heat and mass transfer Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Univ., problems encountered with freeze drying. Evanston, Illinois.

One problem is to determine the conditions ( d ) Experimental

for the flow through the dried substance ( e ) Expanded fixed beds have been prepared by

67 attaching phenolic spheres (d = 1.25 inches) (g) Significance of the component runner for with rigid fine wires in order to produce measurements in closed conduits, especially a composite structure having different void in locations at a short distance from in- fractions. A test sphere is located in the lets and at close proximity to the conduit center of this structure. This sphere is walls is emphasized. provided with means for obtaining the static (h) "Significance of a Component Runner for the pressure distribution around the spherical Current -Meter Method of Flow Measurement

surface . With this experimental informa- in Closed Conduits," by S. Kolupaila, tion, the form drag can be accounted for and Symposium on Flow Measurement in Closed when subtracted from the total drag, the Conduits, Paper A-l, pp. 1-8, National shear drag is obtained. Engineering Laboratory, East Kilbride, Glasgow, i960. To be published in the Proceedings of the Symposium, Edinburgh, H. M. Stationary Office, i960. UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Department of Civil Engineering. (3803) POTENTIAL ANALOG SIMULTTION OF DEFORMABLE HYDRODYNAMIC BOUNDARIES. (16^3) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HYDROMETRY. 00 National Science Foundation. (b) Research work with a grant from the Na- (c) Dr. A. G. Strandhagen, Univ. of Notre Dame, iional Science Foundation. Notre Dame, Indiana. (c) Dr. S. Kolupaila, Dept. of Civil Engrg., (a) Project is both experimental and theoretical, Notre Dame, Ind. and is of a basic research type. Two master's (d) Bibliographical research. degree candidates and one doctoral candidate (e) Chapters: historical development; com- are active in this investigation. pendiums, handbooks, textbooks, manuals; (e) Two-dimensional conducting sheet is used to waterstage observations; water stage com- simulate the flow around submerged bodies putations; runoff determination; hydrometric moving below a free surface. Flow past instruments; rating of hydrometric instru- cavitating hydrofoils, flat-plate hydro- ments; equipment of hydrometric stations; foils, and shaped hydrofoils are under in- area-velocity method; velocity method in vestigation. conduits; tracer methods; the Gibson method; (g) Flow past vortex and a flat plate have been volumetric measurements; orifices and noz- completed. Results indicate that potential zles; orifice plates and nozzles in pipes; analog simulation is accurate. Extensions venturimeters; weirs and flumes; modern to solution of difficult mathematical cases physical methods of flow measurement; appear promising. mechanical water meters; slope-area method; (h) "Potential Analog Studies of Hydrodynamic depth measurements; tidal waters; sediment Deformable Boundaries," by Brother C. measurements; precipitation and evapora- Albert Welsh, a doctoral dissertation. tion; density measurement; source material. (f) Completed. (g) About 7500 papers in 30 languages are indexed and annotated. OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engrg. (h) "Bibliography of Hydrometry, " S. Kolupaila. Published by Univ. of Notre Dame and may (3030) TRANSIENT FLOW THROUGH POROUS INCOMPRESSIBLE be ordered from the Notre Dame Press, Notre MEDIA WITH VARIOUS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. Dame, Ind., priced at $10.00. (b) Experimental part was supported by the (312k) HISTORY OF HYDROMETRY IN THE UNITED STATES. National Research Council of Canada. (c) Prof. B. S. Browzin, Ohio State Univ., (c) Dr. S. Kolupaila, Dept. of Civil Engrg., 2036 Neil Avenue, Columbus 10, Ohio. Notre Dame, Ind. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

The first part is published, the second, ( ) The unsteady laminar flow was reproduced by (g) . e Modern History of Hydrometry in the United a highly viscous liquid flowing between States, is being prepared for publication. closely spaced translucid plates on a number (h) "Early History of Hydrometry in the United of models with geometric boundaries repre- States," by S. Kolupaila, Proceedings of senting various types of earth dams on im- ASCE, 86(1960), Journal of the Hydraulics pervious foundations and earth massives Division, No. HY 1, Jan., 51 PP- crossed by open channels, wher boundary conditions are of transient character with (3802) COMPONENT RUNNER FOR THE CURRENT METER. respect to the time. (g) Experimental part concerning earth dams (b) Laboratory project, continuation of the and earth massives on impervious foundations item (2827). completed. The theoretical part of the re- (c) Dr. S. Kolupaila, Dept. of Civil Engrg., search completed for the case of rapid draw- Notre Dame, Ind. down in homogeneous dams. The theoretical (d) Applied research. research of cases of gradual drawdown, of (e) A runner (impeller) of the screw type non-homogeneous dams, of tailwater condi- current meter of a special design follows tion, and the drawdown in canals is pro- the cosine law. This is important when gressing. oblique currents are to be measured. An approximate function relating, by

Q', . . .

dimensionless parameters, the shape and the poration. Effect of wind on stability of position of free surface of flow through an monolayers is being studied in low-speed earth dam, following rapid reservoir draw- laboratory wind tunnel. down, to the geometry of the dam was ob- (g) Evaporation reductions of 25 to kCP/o have tained theoretically and confirmed by ex- been obtained using a slurry method of periments . applying film to experimental pond. Curves 00 "Transient Flow Through Earth Dams on have been developed relating wind speed Impervious Foundations After Rapid Draw- and required film application rate. down of the Reservoir, " Submitted for (h) "Reduction of Reservoir Evaporation Losses publication in the Proceedings of the Fifth by the Application of Surface Film of Hexa- International Congress on Soil Mechanics. decanol, " F. R. Crow, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. Presented before the (3031) THE VARIATION OF HYDR0L0GIC FACTORS AND ASAE i960 winter meeting, Memphis, Term. THEIR INFLUENCE ON RIVER REGIMES IN THE GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE DRAINAGE AREA. (380U) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION CHANNELS.

00 Laboratory project. Cb) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. De- (d) Basic research. partment of Agriculture in cooperation with (e) Research is based on long range flow and the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station meteorologic record. Flow and precipi- (c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Agr. Research Service, Soil tation data on U. S. and Canada stations and Water Conservation Research Div. Water- were statistically investigated in order shed Tech. Research Branch, Stillwater, Okla to obtain river regime characteristics. (d) Experimental; applied research. Other climatic, geologic and botanic data, (e) Vegetation lined waterways of the kind used will be included, depending on availability. to convey short duration flood flows from (g) Classified discharges and precipitation for small watersheds are constructed full size long range gauging and meteorologic stations on the grounds of an outdoor hydraulic are calculated. Characteristic parameters laboratory. Flow tests are made on these for river classification of the area are experimental channels to determine the obtained. protective ability of various grasses and to evaluate the flow friction factors under different conditions of growth. Perennial grasses for permanent protection and annual OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engineering grasses for the temporary protection of Department newly constructed earth waterways are both considered in these studies. Temporary (2365) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON SMALL GRASS-COVERED liners of various fibers including jute, WATERSHEDS paper, and glass are also testsd. (g) Manning's n values have been determined for (b) Agricultural Experiment Station cooperative various grass species. The physical charac- with Agricultural Research Service. teristics of the vegetation and the flow

(c) Prof. F . R. Crow, Okla. State Univ., Dept. character both influence the flow retardance of Agricultural Engrg., Stillwater, Okla. factor so special design diagrams have been (d) Field investigation; applied research. prepared to aid in solving flow problems (e) Measurements are being made to provide under these conditions hydrologic data on total watershed runoff 00 "The Establishment of Vegetation-Lined and peak rates of runoff from three small Waterways," W. 0. Ree, Agricultural Re- grass-covered watersheds (17 to 206 acres) search Service. Presented before the in north central Oklahoma. Highway culverts, Nineteenth Short Course on Roadside Devel- modified by the addition of weir sills, are opment, Columbus, Ohio i960. being used as runoff measuring devices. (g) Intensive model tests of culverts equipped with weir sills completed. Eight year data on precipitation and runoff completed. OREGON STATE COLLEGE, Hydraulics Laboratory (h) "Runoff from Small Watersheds in the Reddish Prairie Grasslands of Oklahoma," W. 0. Ree (3805) OPEN CHANNEL JUNCTIONS FOR SUPERCRITICAL and F. R. Crow, Oklahoma Agricultural FLOW. Experiment Station Technical Bulletin. (b) Laboratory project. (2828) THE EFFECTIVENESS OF M0N0M0LECULAR FILMS (c) Dr. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engrg., FOR REDUCING EVAPORATION FROM RESERVOIRS. Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon. (d) Experimental theoretical; basic research. (b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. (e) Diagonal wave action produced by the (c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ., junction of two supercritical streams of Dept. of Agr. Engrg., Stillwater, Okla. water in rectangular channels is being

(d) Experimental ; applied research. studied analytically and experimentally. (e) Studies are being made on plastic lined experimental evaporation reservoirs to (3806) TWO DIMENSIONAL MANIFOLDS. develop methods of application and determination of effectiveness of hexadecanol (b) Laboratory project. and octadecanol films for reducing eva- (c) Dr. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

69 ......

Oregon State College , Corvallis, Oregon. (3^86) TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER. (d) Experimental and theoretical for master's thesis (h) Laboratory project sponsored hy the Bureau (e) Geometry of flow from a multi-slotted con- of Naval Weapons duit into the atmosphere will he measured (c) Dr. John Lumley, Ordnance Research Lab., and the geometry will he computed "by the University Park, Pennsylvania. free-streamline, hodograph method. (d) Experimental. (e) Using a constant temperature prohe, some turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers will be investigated with particular THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Ordnance Re- attention to homogeneous grid-produced search Laboratory, College of Engineering and Archi- turbulence and turbulent dispersion in a tecture. Work done under Dr. G. F. Wislicenus, shear flow. Director of the Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel. (g) Measurements have been taken in a small water tunnel settling section determining (2832) MEASUREMENT OF FORCES ON A MODEL IN A the effect of various screens and honey- WATER TUNNEL. combs on turbulence.

) FLOW DISTORTION FEEDING INTO A PROPELLER. 00 Laboratory project. ( 3^87 (c) Messrs. G. B. Gurney and T. E. Peirce, Ord. Research Lab., Univ. Park, Pennsylvania. 00 Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau (d) Experimental; developmental. of Naval Weapons. (e) The problem concerns the measurement or (c) Mr. J. J. Eisenhuth, Ordnance Research forces on models in a water tunnel over a Lab., Univ. Park, Pennsylvania. velocity range up to 80 fps, pressure (a) Theoretical and experimental. ranges of 3 "to 60 psia. (e) This is a study of the interaction effects (g) Two four component (lift, axial force, between control surfaces and a propeller when pitching and rolling moment) balances for the surfaces are located in front of the pro- use in water tunnels utilizing strain peller and feed a distorted flow into it. gaged pre-tensioned flexure beams as the The primary goal is to determine how ef- force sensing devices have been in success- fectively the propeller cancels the forces ful operation for two years. Development of produced by the control surfaces. a dynamic balance is now underway. The same principles will be employed with an (3^8) FLOW OVER A BODY OF REVOLUTION WITH STA- improvement in that the model dead weight BILIZING SURFACES. no longer is absorbed by the force sensing elements 0>) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau of Naval Weapons (2833; EXCITATION OF CAVTTY RESONANCE BY WATER (c) Mr. E. J. Rodgers, Ordnance Research Lab., FLOW. University Park, Pennsylvania. (a) Theoretical and experimental. Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau (e) This study is directed toward the under- of Ships. standing of the flow conditions, around a (c. Mr. R. E. Bland, Dr. E. J. Skudrzyk, Ord. body of revolution with stabilizing fins Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna. under conditions of pitch and/or yaw. The (a) Primarily experimental, some theoretical; eventual goal is to be able to predict basic research. more precisely the hydrodynamic coefficients (e. Experiments involving the excitation of of such a body by virtue of a better under- cavity resonance by water flow past an standing of the flow conditions opening or cavity, i.e., trapped water on one side of the opening and flowing water (3807) INVESTIGATION OF THE CAVITATION CHARAC- on the other side. TERISTICS OF A FEW SIMPLE LIQUIDS. (f) Completed. 00 Summary Technical Memorandum available. 00 Natl. Aeronautics and Space Administration. (c) Mr. A. F. Lehman, Ordnance Research Lab., (31^3: REDUCTION OF SKIN FRICTION DRAG. University Park, Pennsylvania. (a) Experimental, analytical, basic research. c*o Joint program of investigation with the (e) To investigate experimentally the cavi- General Electric Company and with the tation characteristics of a few simple (as United States Rubber Co. sponsored by the regards to vapor pressure and handling) Bureau of Naval Weapons liquids under conditions occurring in space (c: Dr. John Lumley and Mr. A. F. Lehman, and aircraft pumping machinery, and analyze Ordnance Research Lab., University Park, the results so that a reliable basis for Pennsylvania. theory applicable to these conditions can (a) Experimental; applied research. be formulated. (e! Investigations into the application of boundary layer control through suction and compliant surfaces for underwater bodies. (g) Successful probe and associated electronic PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Experiment Sta- gear developed. tion.

70 .

(2596) THE USE OF A RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR SOIL I960. AND WATER MANAGEMENT STUDIES. "Farm Pond Water - Safe to Drink" by Laudenschlager et al. Agricultural Ex- (b) Agricultural Research Service, SWC, ESW, tension Service, Purdue University, i960. USDA and Purdue University. (c) Mr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS, Agricultural (3^90) INVESTIGATION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN Engineering Building, Purdue University, DRAIN TILE AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THESE Lafayette, Indiana. FLOW CHARACTERISTICS TO SEDIMENTATION. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) The rainfall simulator is used on runoff (b) Laboratory project. plots for comparison of treatments which (c) Prof. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering effect erosion and infiltration. Research Department, Purdue Univ. Lafayette, Ind. includes studies of tillage methods, crop (d) Laboratory investigation; basic and applied residue management, slope, soil type, crop research. rotations, and intensity histograms. (e) Flow of water through a transparent drain (h) "Use of the Rainulator for Runoff Plot is being observed on steep slopes. Three Research," by L. Donald Meyer. Soil Sci. regimes of flow below a hydraulic jump Soc. Am. Proc. 2h, 319-322, i960. which is made to occur on these slopes are "Soil and Water Conservation Research with being studied to determine their effect on the Rainulator," by Donald Meyer and J. V. the design of tile drains. Mannering. Seventh Int. Soil Sci. Soc. (h) "The Hydraulics of Pipe Outlets for Tile Congress Proc. August i960. Drains," by W. D. Lembke, Agricultural Engineering, Vol. kl, June i960. (2597) THE EFFECTS OF TILLAGE ON RUNOFF AND

EROSION. ( 3808 ) DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING FIELD RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS. (b) Laboratory pro ject (c) Mr. W. D. Lembke, Agricultural Engineering (b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. Department, Purdue University, Lafayette, of Agriculture, in cooperation with Purdue Indiana. Agricultural Experiment Station. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (c) Mr. Walter H. Wischmeier, ARS-SWC, Agr. (e) Runoff is measured from 15 watersheds in Engr. Dept., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. five different tillage systems. These (d) Experimental; development. systems involve two surface soil treatments (e) The relationships of numerous rainstorm and three subsoil treatments, including characteristics, topographic features, soil subsoil fertilization and vertical mulching. characteristics and surface conditions to Hydrologic analyses of these small water- field runoff and soil erosion are being sheds are used to evaluate the effects of evaluated from plot data obtained under tillage on soil moisture, crop gwowth and natural rainfall. Basic plot and small yield, and runoff. watershed data on an individual storm basis have been assembled in an ARS central

( 2835 ) PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF WATER TABLE runoff and soil-loss data laboratory at IN SANDY SOIL. Purdue University from 22 states. The data represent results of cooperative research (b) Laboratory project. studies over the past 32 years at 39 loca-

(c) Mr. W. D. Lembke, Agricultural Engineering tions . Department, Purdue Univ. Lafayette, Ind. (g) A rainfall-erosion index has been derived (d) Field investigation; applied research. which evaluates numerically the capacity (e) The water table in an adjacent sandy field of specific combinations of rainstorm is controlled from a supply ditch in which characteristics to erode soil from farm the water level is kept high. The depths fields. About 200 station rainfall records to the water table are continuously meas- in the contiguous United States were analyzed ured during the growing season at various to obtain probability values of the erosion distances from the ditch. Crop yield data index by geographic areas. Iso-erodent are collected and correlated with the depths maps were prepared from these data. A to the controlled water table. soil-loss prediction procedure was developed which provides guide lines for con- (2837) TREATMENT OF SURFACE WATERS FOR DOMESTIC servation farm planning. Derivation of USE ON THE FARM. information needed for localized evaluations of the factors in the soil-loss equation is (b) Laboratory project. continuing. (c) Prof. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering (h) "Rainfall Energy and its Relationship to Department, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. Soil Loss," W. H. Wischmeier and D. D. (d) Field investigation; applied research. Smith, Trans. Amer. Geo. Un. 39(2): 285-291 (e) The treatment of pond water through slow (1958). sand and diatomaceous earth filters is "Evaluation of Factors in the Soil-Loss being evaluated. Equation," W. H. Wischmeier, D. D. Smith, (h) "Diatomaceous Earth and Cartridge Type and R. E. Uhland, Agr. Engin. 39(8): U58- Filters Evaluated for Application in a 462 (1958). Pond Water Treatment System" by L. G. "A Rainfall Erosion Index for a Universal Laudenschlager, M. S. thesis, Purdue Univ., Soil-Loss Equation," W. H. Wischmeier, Soil

71 . . . I

Sci. Soc. Proc. 23: 2U6-21+9 (1959)- of waterways under arch bridges, to pro- "Cropping-Management Factor Evaluations vide a criterion for determining the proper for a Universal Soil-Loss Equation, " W. H. clear span of arch bridges so as to com- Wischmeier, Soil Sci. Soc. Proc. 2k: 322- pensate for the loss of efficiency at high 326 (i960). flows, and to provide a method for com- "A Universal Soil-Loss Equation to Guide puting the backwater upstream of arch Conservation Farm Planning/' W. H. bridges Wischmeier and D. D. Smith. Trans. Vllth (g) Preliminary small scale model investigation Internat. Congress of Soil Science. has been completed. Large scale testing of two and three dimensional semi-circular models in both smooth and rough boundaries without eccentricity, skew or entrance PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Chemical Engineering Department. rounding is complete. The large scale tests were conducted in a tilting flume (3809) HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER TO VISCOUS LIQUID 5 ft. wide and 6h ft. long. FILMS. (h) "Design and Construction of Hydraulic Flume and Backwater Effects of Semi -Circu- (b) Purdue Research Foundation. lar Constrictions in a Smooth Channel," (c) Mr. W. H. Tucker, Chemical and Metallurgi- H. J. Owen, M. S. Thesis, January i960. cal Building, Purdue Univessity, Lafayette, "Hydraulics of River Flow Under Arch " Indiana. Bridges, Progress Report No. 3, P- F. (d) Experimental; design and applied research, Biery and J. W. Delleur, Joint Highway master's and doctoral theses. Research Project, Purdue University, Sept. (e) (l) Concurrent flow systems (gas and liquid 21, i960. primarily). (2) Effect of surface tension "Hydraulics of River Flow Under Arch on transfer of shear from high velocity Bridges," P. F. Biery and J. W. Delleur, gas to a liquid surface. (3) Liquid dis- A technical report given to A.S.C.E., tribution in a packed bed in concurrent Annual Convention, Boston, October i960. flow of gas and liquid, (k) Spinning disk "Hydraulics of Single Span Arch Bridge liquid-gas contactor. (5) High velocity Constrictions," P. F. Biery, Master's liquid for liquid-gas contacting. Thesis, Purdue University, January 1961. (g) Surface tension shown to be very important in the transfer of shear from gas to (28U0) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE IN FREE SURFACE liquid. FLOW. (h) One article is being prepared for publication. (b) Purdue Research Foundation. (c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engrg.,

( 3810 ) HEAT AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN FLOW OVER Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. ROUGHENED SURFACE. (d) Theoretical and experimental; for Ph.D. theses (b) National Science Foundation. (e) Analytical and experimental investigation (c) Mr. J. E. Myers, School of Chemical Engrg., of the mechanism of turbulence in free Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. surface flow. The analytical part of the (d) (l) Experimental and theoretical; basic project will investigate important flow and applied for doctoral theses. characteristics such as the spectrum of (e) (l) The theoretical part is an investi- turbulence, correlation of velocities in gation of solutions of the energy and the turbulent field, degree of isotropy, momentum equations for flow over smooth and the various velocity functions in sub- and roughened flat plates. (2) The ex- merged jet and open channel flow. The perimental part is a study of the relation experimental portion of the program will between form drag, skin friction, and heat make tests coincident with theoretical transfer on circular fins inside a pipe. studies (g) A number of mathematical solutions have (g) Precision test flume designed. The flume been found to the theoretical problems has variable longitudinal slope and the being investigated. changeable cross section. The cross sec- (h) Doctoral theses currently being prepared. tion may be rectangular or trapezoidal with different side slopes. Hot wire anemometer in progress.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering. (281+1) STUDY OF RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS FOR HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DESIGN IN INDIANA. (2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES. (b) State Highway Department of Indiana. (b) State Highway Department of Indiana and (c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engrg., Bureau of Public Roads. Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. (c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engrg., (d) Analysis and statistical investigation for Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Ph.D. thesis. (d) Experimental; for design, for master's (e) The purpose of the research is to study theses the hydrology of watersheds less than (e) The purpose of the research is to study 200 sq. miles throughout the State of systematically the hydraulic efficiency Indiana, to improve the existing methods

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for estimating the runoff from small water- Purdue Research Foundation. sheds, and to improve the present methods (c Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engrg., of design of highway drainage structures Department of Soil Mechanics, Purdue servicing small watersheds, University, Lafayette, Indiana. (g) Runoff and rainfall data are being collected, (a Theoretical for Ph.D. thesis. and runoff statistical and geomorphdlogical (e The study is aimed at the development of a analysis has been completed. rational treatment of the "rapid drawdown" condition for the analysis of sloping core (31U6) HYDROMECHANICS OF FLUID COLLECTOR SYSTEM type earth and rockfill dams. IN POROUS MEDIA. (3^93 SEEPAGE INTO SHEETED EXCAVATION. (b) Purdue Research Foundation. (c) Dr. G. H. Toebes, School of Civil Engineering, Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Department of Soil Mechanics, Purdue Univ., (d) Theoretical, and experimental; for Ph.D. Lafayette, Indiana. thesis (d Theoretical. (e) Analytical and experimental investigations (e The closed form solution of the problem of the flow domain around horizontal col- for the factor of safety with respect to lector walls. Theoretical investigation heaving of the bsse of sheeted excavation includes development of the method of and the quantity of seepage. rigorous solution in three dimensions and (f Completed. solution of related two dimensional problems. A nomographic chart for solution of the Theoretical results will be supplemented equations reduces the results into a form by experimental data. Experiments will be directly applicable fo^ design. made on hydraulic and electrolytic tank (h Report submitted for publication to A.S.C.E. models Soil Mechanics Division. (g) Review of related literature is completed. Method of rigouous theoretical solution (3811 UNSTEADY FLOW OF GROUNDWATER INTO SURFACE and two dimensional solution of free sur- RESERVOIR. face flow toward an infinite horizontal sink strip are developed. Experiments on (c Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engineering, a preliminary hydraulic model are completed. Department of Soil Mechanics, Purdue Univ., New hydraulic model equipped with electric Lafayette, Indiana. free surface probe is built. (d Discussion of published paper entitled as above by William Haushild and Gordon Kruse ( 31^7 ) GEOHYDRAULICS (h Discussion to "Unsteady Flow of Groundwater into Surface Reservoir, " by William Haushild (b) Laboratory project. and Gordon Kruse, Journal Hydraulics Division, (c) J. W. A. Messrs. Delleur and L. Simon, Hy- A. S. C. E., Vol. 86, No. HY 7, P- 13, July draulic Laboratory, School of Civil Engrg., i960. Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. (d) Theoretical; basic research. (e) Geohydraulic theory is being developed as a science based on Fluid Mechanics and PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Electrical Engineering. Hydrogeology. Quantitative analyses are developed. A bibliography includes prin- (3U9I1) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF A cipal works of European scientists and MAGNETICALLY CONTROLLED POPPET VALVE HY- others DRAULIC SERVOMECHANISM. (f) Inactive. (b) Laboratory project. (3^91) NUMERICAL METHODS IN ANALYSIS OF HYDRO- (c) Dr. J. E. Gibson, School of Electrical MECHANICS PROBLEM. Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. (b) Engineering Experiment Station, Purdue (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research University. for master's thesis. (c) Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydraulic Laboratory, (e) This project includes the design, analysis School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., and experimental testing of a method of Lafayette, Indiana. controlling a hydraulic - mechanical energy (d) Analytical and applied research for Ph.D. converter by means of a time varying pres- thesis sure source and two electro -magnetic poppet (e) The purpose of the research is to make valves available to the hydraulic engineers the ( f ) Suspended mathematical tools which are normally (g) Method has proved feasible to a limited beyond his competence. The techniques of degree solving numerically flood routing problems (h) "An Investigation of an Electromagnetically is in progress. The emphasis will be on Controlled Poppet Valve for Use in Pulse methods making use of electric desk calcu- Length Modulated Hydraulic Automatic Control lators, digital and analog computers. Systems," David E. Boddy, Master's thesis, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, (3^92) TRANSIENT FLOW OF GROUND WATER WITH FREE 109 pages, August i960. SURFACE THROUGH INCLINED LAYERED SYSTEM.

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PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Jet Propulsion Center. (3812) TURBULENT FLOW ALONG A CORNER.

(237^) THE MECHANISM OF TWO PHASE FLOW OF ANNULAR (b) Laboratory project. LIQUID FILMS IN A VERTICAL TUBE. (c) Prof. J. B. Jones, School of Mech. Engrg., Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. (t>) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. (d) Experimental; basic research for master's (c) Dr. M. J. Zucrow, Jet Propulsion Center, and doctoral theses. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. (e) The purpose of this research is to gain an (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research understanding of the mechanism of secondary for doctoral and masters theses. flow in turbulent flow along a corner. (e) This problem is concerned with the analyt- Measurements will include directional tur- ical and experimental study of the mechanism bulence intensities and turbulent shear of the downward flow of a liquid film on quantities needed to evaluate current hy- the inside wall of a vertical circular tube potheses on the cause of secondary flows. with co- current gas flow in the core of the (g) For boundary layers developing along a tube. Systematic experiments were conducted corner with zero pressure gradient, the for determining the effect of the rates of isotach patterns (i.e., lines of constant air and liquid upon the mean thickness of velocity as shown on planes normal to the the liquid film and the pressure gradient mean flow direction) are independent of in the gas stream. free stream turbulence intensity in the (g) The effect of the viscosity of the liquid range of 0.8 to 2.5 percent. Directional film upon film thickness was determined measurements of turbulence intensity show experimentally employing water and a 5^$> that the ratio of turbulence intensity glycerol water solution. For a given air parallel to an isotach to that normal to velocity it was concluded that increasing an isotach is always greater than unity the viscosity of the liquid forming the and in the corner region increases with films increased the mean liquid film thick- increasing isotach curvature. ness for the same liquid flow rate. Cor- relating the data by plotting the thickness (3813) TURBULENCE STRUCTURE IN DEVELOPING PIPE parameter vs. liquid Reynolds number was FLOW. found to be reasonably satisfactory for large changes in the viscosity of the (b) Laboratory project. liquid. It was also observed that in- (c) Prof. J. B. Jones, School of Mech. Engrg., creasing the viscosity of the liquid in Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. the film improved the film stability. (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research (h) "Viscosity Effects in Two Phase Annular for doctoral theses. Flow," Hans H. Ammann, Thesis, M. E. School, (e) The structure of turbulent shear flow is Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, being studied by investigating developing August i960. boundary layers in pipes. One phase of the research is a study of the flow in the

inlet region of a smooth pipe . Another is a study of the changing boundary layer PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Mechanical Engineering. between fully developed turbulent flow in a smooth pipe and fully developed flow in (3^95) CONTROL OF TURBULENCE BY MEANS OF SCREENS. an artificially roughened section of the pipe. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Prof. J. B. Jones, School of Mechanical (38l 1+) DISPLACEMENT EFFECTS OF TRANSVERSE CY- Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, LINDRICAL TOTAL PRESSURE PROBES. Indiana. (d) Experimental; basic research for master's (b) Laboratory project. thesis. (c) Prof. J. B. Jones, School of Mech. Engrg., (e) This investigation concerns the control of Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. turbulence intensity by means of screens (d) Experimental; applied research for master's without flow channel contraction. Vari- thesis ables considered are screen mesh, screen (e) The purpose of this research is to determine solidity, and the number of screens In the characteristics of small cylindrical series total pressure probes for measurements in (f) Completed. steep gradients very close to a wall. (g) Within the ranges of variables investigated (screen mesh 3*3 *° ^0x1+0, solidity ratio 0.29 to 0.51, air velocity 22 fps to 66

fps ) it was found that the minimum value PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Automatic Control Laboratory, of turbulence intensity obtained downstream School of Mechanical Engineering. of a series of screens depends on only the screen solidity ratio, with higher solidity (3815) EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF ratios giving lower minimum turbulence HYDRAULIC LINES AND COMPONENTS. values, and. that the number of screens required to obtain the minimum value de- (b) Natl. Aeronautics and Space Administration. creases with increasing solidity ratios. (c) Dr. Rufus Oldenburger, Head, Automatic

7^ . .

Control Lab., School of Mech. Engineering, Building, Iowa City, Iowa (winter). Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Ind. (d) Experimental; basic. (d) Applied research. (e) Variable-slope flume long enough to permit (e) This investigation is concerned with the accurate evaluation of open-channel study of dynamic behavior of hydraulic friction losses is being tested at slopes lines, accumulators, valves, etc. High into the steep range, determining normal frequency flow inputs to small hydraulic depth and velocity distribution for batten lines and analysis of pressure and flow and rolled natural-type roughnesses in phenomenon along the line with various triangular and trapezoidal cross-sections. boundary conditions is the initial work (f) Active experimentation during summers, being started. The effects of friction (h) "Water Surface Profiles and Velocity and turbulence are being considered. Distributions for Flow in a Long Uniform Theoretical studies are being undertaken Channel," R. W. Powell and C. J. Posey. for the dynamic behavior of other hydraulic R.M.H.L. Report No. 25 (in press). components as well as the small lines. It "Boundary Shear in a Triangular Open Chan- is planned within the next year to start nel, " J. J. Mairena. M. S. Thesis, State experimental work on other hydraulic com- University of Iowa, August, i960, (avail-

ponents in addition to lines. able on loan )

(3^96) TESTS OF RIPRAP SCOUR PROTECTION.

REED RESEARCH FOUNDATION. (b) Standard Oil Company of Texas. (c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Allenspark, Colorado (3lU8) THE STREAMING OF BLOOD IN VEINS AND ARTERIES (summer). State Univ. of Iowa, Engineering OF LIVING ANIMALS. Building, Iowa City, Iowa (winter). (d) Experimental; design development. (b) National Heart Institute, under Grants (e) To find economical design of riprap to pro- H-2^02(c 3) and H-2263(c 3). tect offshore drilling structure from under- (c) Mr. Johann Martinek, Reed Research Foun- scour dation, lOkQ Potomac Street, N. W., Wash., (f) Active experimentation during summers. D. C. (g) Model-prototype similitude for unusual type

( d) Theoretical; basic research, of erosion achieved by the use of Gilsonite. (e) Steady and non-steady flow of viscous liquid in rigid and elastic tubes. (g) The mathematical nature of the tube walls has been partly established in Part I. In ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY the present study (continuation of Part I), OF MINNESOTA. the possible physical interpretations of the tube walls based on the mathematical Inquiries concerning project Nos. 2lMt-, 3152, 3153> forms obtained lead to vortex lines of 3156, 3158, 3160, 3161, 316U, 3^97, 3^99, 3501, helical shapes forming a cylindrical sheet 3502, 3503, 350J+, and 3816 to 382k should be ad- concentric with the tube axis. These, and dressed to Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, Director, St. additional singularities, providing for a Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi simply connected domain (the tube being River at Third Avenue S. E., Minneapolis 1^, Minn. assumed as mult i connected region, like anchor ring) have been found necessary to Inquiries concerning project Nos. Ill, 1168, and render uniquely the fluid resistance in 2386, which are conducted in cooperation with the the tube. Numerical computations are now Agricultural Research Service, should be addressed being performed to establish amount of to Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Project Supervlosr, Water- slip and drag. Preliminary results indicate shed Technology Research Branch, Soil and Water Con- with specific physical data used in partic- servation Research Division, Agricultural Research ular relation to the nature of blood, that Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, slip on walls is of smaller order of mag- Minneapolis ik, Minnesota. nitude than maximum fluid velocity at pipe center, hence beyond detection by fluid Inquiries concerning Project No. 19h, which is dynamical experimentation. conducted in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers (h) "On the Streaming of Blood in Rigid Tubes," and the U. S. Geological Survey, should be addressed by Johann Martinek, to be submitted to the to Engineer in Charge, Byrnon Colby, Federal Inter- Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics i960. Agency Sedimentation Project, St. Anthony Falls Hy- draulic Laboratory, Mississippi River at Third Ave., Minneapolis lh, Minnesota.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY. (ill) CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY.

(21^0) EVALUATION OF OPEN-CHANNEL FRICTION LOSSES. (b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture in cooperation with (b) National Science Foundation, Water Resources the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Sta- Division of the U. S. Geological Survey, tion and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic and the State University of Iowa cooperating. Laboratory. (c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Allenspark, Colorado (d) Experimental; generalized applied research

( summer); State Univ. of Iowa, Engineering for development and design.

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(e) A two-sided drop inlet having a width equal for design.

to the pipe diameter and a variable length ( e The junction losses in drain tile flowing is currently "being tested. The anti-vortex full are determined for laterals of dif- device consists of a horizontal plate sup- ferent sizes entering mains of different ported by end piers above the crest of the sizes at various angles. The laterals enter drop inlet. The characteristics, perform- the main at the center line. Additional ance, losses, and pressures in the drop tests have been made with the crowns (or inlet and on the anti -vortex plate are inverts) of both main and lateral in the being determined for various combinations same plane. of drop inlet length, and height and over- (f) Completed. hang of the anti-vortex plate. Water is (g) Tests have been completed on sharp edge used as the model fluid to determine the junctions entering the main at angles performance characteristics, and head-dis- varying in 15 degree increments from 15 charge relationships during flows of water- degrees to 165 degrees. Both the lateral air mixtures. For full flow, air is used as and the main are completely full. The tests the model fluid to determine the various cover all possible combinations of discharge energy loss coefficients and the pressure in the lateral and the main. Laterals coefficients having areas l/l, l/2, l/h, 1/7, and l/l6 (g) The theory of closed conduit spillways has that of the main have been tested. The data been developed, verified, and published. are being analyzed and a comprehensive re- Results of tests on many forms of the port is in preparation. A color motion closed conduit spillway entrance have been picture film entitled "Energy Losses at published. Pipe culverts laid on steep Converging Pipe Junctions" has been completed slopes may flow completely full even though and is available. The l6 mm film is 800 the outlet discharges freely. Generalized feet long. methods for analysis and reporting of the (h) "Loss of Energy at Sharp-Edged Pipe Junc- results have been developed. The use of tions" by Fred W. Blaisdell and Philip W. air as the model fluid has been verified Manson. Submitted for publication. by comparing test results with those obtained using water as the model fluid. The (2lkk) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF drop inlet with the horizontal anti -vortex HYDROFOILS device causes the spillway to act as a self-regulating siphon when the headpool 0») Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. level approximates the anti-vortex plate (a) Experimental and analytical; basic research. elevation. The height of the anti-vortex (e) Investigation of the quantity of air re- plate above the drop inlet crest and the quired to create and sustain an inflated overhang of the anti -vortex plate determine cavity on a submerged hydrofoil of finite the effectiveness of the plate as an anti- span. vortex device. (g) Experimental investigations utilizing Tulin- "Hood Inlet for Closed Conduit Spillways," Burkart supercavitaiing sections submerged by Fred W. Blaisdell, American Society of below a horizontal free-surface have indi- Civil Engineers Proceedings Volume 86 No. cated that by introducing air to the foil HY 5, PP- 7-31, May i960. a small cavitation number can be obtained at relatively low velocities. For small (1168; A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS. air flows supplied to the cavity, the resulting cavitation number is roughly pro- <>: Agricultural Research Service, U. S. De- portional to the air flow. A reentrant jet partment of Agriculture, in cooperation was observed for these conditions. As the with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment air flow was increased, the reentrant jet Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic disappeared and the cavity appeared to vi- Laboratory brate. From this point, an increase in air Experimental; generalized applied research flow resulted in very little reduction of for design. the cavitation number. The actual mecha- (e] Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways nism by which air leaves the cavity is being are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe investigated. Lift force measurements made of the earth dam. Attempts will be made for these sections extrapolated to zero to determine quantitatively the size of the cavitation number agree satisfactorily with scour hole to be expected under various theory. field conditions. (f) Suspended. (2386) GENERALIZED DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS FOR SUPERCRITICAL VELOCITIES. (1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES. (b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. (b) Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station of Agriculture, in cooperation with the in cooperation with the Agricultural Re- Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station search Service, U. S. Department of Agri- and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. culture and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic (d) Experimental; generalized applied research Laboratory. for development and design. (c) Prof. Philip W. Manson, University of Minn., (e) Studies will be made to develop a tran- St. Paul Campus, St. Paul, Minnesota. sition and to determine the rules for its (d) Experimental; generalized applied research design. The transition will be used to

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change the flow cross section from circu- bucket deflector giving a high degree of lar to rectangular when the velocities are dispersion. supercriti cal Suspended. (3l6l) HYDRAULICS OF SEWER DROPSHAFTS.

KARADJ REREGULATING SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES. (b City of St. Paul, Minnesota. (a Experimental; applied. Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, 111.; (e Investigate relative merits of sewer drop Governemnt of Iran. structures for discharges up to 1000 cfs and Experimental; design and operation. drops up to about 100 feet. A 1:60 scale model of Karadj Reregulating (f Test work completed. Dam and Spillway to study the operation of Impact type energy dissipator developed to the spillway. A 1:180 pilot model and a stabilize flow and eliminate air from lower 1:78 scale section model were also used. interceptor line. Report in progress. Tests completed. Recommendation of a deeply submerged flip (3164 SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS. "bucket to replace ski jump design proposed. (b Laboratory project. FLOW ABOUT BODIES AT SMALL CAVITATION (a Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis. NUMBERS. (e Prediction and measurements of ultmmate depths of scour around known shape and size Office of Naval Research, Department of of pier. the Navy. Experimental and analytical; basic research. (3^97 WANAPUM FISH FACILITIES STUDIES. Current interest is in unsteady super- cavities and in a cavity noise. Both nat- (b Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, 111.; ural and ventilated cavities are understudy. Public Unility District of Grant County,

Ephrat a , Washi ngt on WANAPUM SPILLWAY STUDIES (a Experimental; design and operation. (e Two 1:36 scale models of right bank attrac- Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Public tion water flow system and orifice and weir Utility District of Grant County, Ephrata, fish entrances for design verification and Washington comparison of effectiveness of orifice versus Experimental; design and operation. weir entrances A l:lM(- scale partial comprehensive model (f Test work completed. for Wanapum Power Project on Columbia River to arrive at optimum alignment of the earth (3^99 STUDIES OF HYDROFOIL CONFIGURATIONS IN fill dam and optimum exterior geometry for REGULAR WAVES. fish passing facilities. (b David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the FLOATING BREAKWATERS. Navy. (a Experimental U. S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, (e Experimental investigation of the longitu- Department of the Navy, Eleventh Naval dinal stability (heave and pitch) of a District tandem "V" foil hydrofoil configuration for Experimental and analytical. regular head and following seas to verify Primarily a study whose objective is to existing non-linear theory. develop new ideas for floating type devices (g) Satisfactory agreement has been obtained intended to attenuate ocean type incident between experimental heave and pitch responses waves of a tandem "V" foil configuration and solu- Completed. tions of non-linear differential equations Tests indicate that immersed bags of suit- developed by Ogilvie for head and following able form fill, and position can effective- seas and craft velocities of 5 and 10 fps. ly attenuate waves. For small wave amplitudes, the linearized "An Experimental Study of Flexible Floating equations adequately describe the heave and Breakwaters," by John F. Ripken, St. pitch responses. The solutions to the non- Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Univ. linear equations indicate a steady-downward of Minnesota, Technical Paper No. 31-B, heave component that tends to cause the kO pages, October i960. craft to crash, particularly in following seas. This component has been observed MISSION DAM SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES. experimentally, although the actual magnitude has not been satisfactorily determined. B. C. Engineering Company, Vancouver, B. C, Canada. (3501) PEARL RIVER RESERVOIR SPILLWAY STUDIES. Experimental; design and operation. A 1:80 scale comprehensive model of the 00 Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Horace flip bucket spillway for the Mission Dam B. Lester, Engineer, Jackson, Mississippi; on the Bridge River in British Columbia Pearl River Valley Water Supply District. to study the operation of the spillway. (a) Experimental; design and operation. Tests completed. (e) A 1:60 spillway section model to arrive at Recommendation of a non- symmetrical flip optimum design of the 10 gate low head

77 . . .

spillway. A 1:72 comprehensive model to (b) Suriname Aluminum Company, Suriname; Harza study the overall hydraulics of the spill- Engineering Company, Chicago. way. (d) Experimental; design and operation. (f) Project completed. (e) l:l6k scale spillway section model and a (g) Incorporation of a flat apron with stag- 1:100 scale comprehensive model of the gered chute blocks and "baffle "blocks based site for the Brokopondo hydroelectric Pro- on the SAF type design was recommended. ject on the Suriname River to check the hy- Data was obtained on discharge rating for draulics of the spillway and associated the crest with the tainter gates open and features during diversion as well as full partly open. pool operation. (f) Completed. (3502) MANGLA SPILLWAY STUDIES. (g) Recommended reduction in height of side walls of the sloping spillway apron in (b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Binnie, interest of economy. Provided rating curves Deacon, and Gourley, London; Government of for the ogee crest with tainter gates open Pakistan. and partly open. (d) Experimental; design and operation. (e) A 1:300 scale spillway model of two stage (3818) EVALUATION TESTS OF WAVE ABSORBERS. stilling basin energy dissipator, a comprehensive study of all important hydrau- (b) U. S. Rubber Company.

( lic features. A 1:216 scale section model d ) Experimental consisting of two control structure gates, (e) Experimental evaluation of wave height a study of pressures on gate and gate cali- attenuation and mooring force character- bration. Typical dimensions of earth fill istics of floating wave absorbers of flow dam spillway include a drop in water level resisting structure. of 330 feet and a design discharge of (f) Completed. 1,100,000 cfs. (g) Tests establish effective attenuation characteristics of material and provide (3503) ARKANSAS RIVER DEVELOPMENT SEDIMENT STUDIES. data for prototype design. (h) "Evaluation Studies of the U. S. Rubber (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. Company Wave Blanket and Wave Trap" by- (d) Experimental; design. John F. Ripken, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic (e) To investigate the feasibility of con- Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Project structing an armor layer on the bed of a Report No. 62, ho pages, October i960. stream to stabilize the bed and prevent degradation. (3819) DESIGN STUDIES FOR SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN RIVER (g) Results suggest that the armor material PROJECT. will stabilize the bed under certain condi-

tions . (b) Canada Department of Agriculture, Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration, Regina, (350*0 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF UNSTEADY Saskatchewan. LIFT AND DRAG FORCES ON DIHEDRAL HYDROFOILS (d) Experimental; applied research. IN WAVES. (e) Experimental studies of the preliminary design of components of the diversion tunnel (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of system and spillway system of South the Navy. Saskatchewan River Project. (d) Experimental, basic research. (g) Preliminary tests of the diversion system (e) General investigation of the forces on showed good agreement between computed and dihedral, surface-piercing hydrofoils in measured curves relating pool elevation and regular waves. This includes a study of discharge. the forces on a hydrofoil placed in the wake of another, as would be the case in (3820) MODEL STUDIES OF CHUTE NO. 2 AT ST. ANTHONY a tandem configuration. FALLS.

(38l6) NECUIMA RIVER DIVERSION STUDIES. (b) Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis.

( d) Experimental; applied.

(b) Corporacion Venezolana De Fomento, Caracas, ( e ) Experimental study of various methods for Venezuela. reduction of bed scour below existing Chute (d) Experimental; design and operation. No. 2.

(e) Study of schemes for river diversion for ( g ) A stilling basin of the SAF type was devel- Necuima storage dam on Caroni River, oped and tested; erosion was materially Venezuela, based on tests on a 1:200 scale, reduced. Other proposals are also being rigid bed model of one projected site. tested, including a horizontal segment of Section model tests of closure by friction chute located at the water surface and control were also made fitted with terminal blocks (f) Completed. (g) Data on the feasibility of closure by (3821) STRUT INTERFERENCE EFFECTS ON HYDROFOIL friction control was obtained. SYSTEMS.

(3817) BROKOPONDO SPILLWAY STUDIES. (b) Office of Naval Research, Bureau of Ships.

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(d) Experimental; applied research. above a given elevation. (e) Investigation of the interference effects of supporting struts on the lift and drag INTER-AGENCY SEDIMENTATION PROJECT IN COOPERATION forces of typical hydrofoil configurations. WITH ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(3822) FLOW OVER VIBRATING PLATES. (19^) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOAD IN STREAMS. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. (d) Experimental; applied research. (b) Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Inter- Agency (e) Studies in a partly closed high velocity Committee on Water Resources. Personnel channel equipped with a plate which can of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and be vibrated as a beam with several dif- the U. S. Geological Survey are actively ferent resonant frequencies to determine engaged on the project. if vibrations have an effect on boundary (c) Engineer in Charge, Byrnon C. Colby, layer development. Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, (3823) SIMILAR AND QUASI-SIMILAR SOLUTIONS OF Mississippi River at Third Avenue S. E., THE BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS FOR TWO- Minneapolis ik, Minnesota. DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS. (d) Experimental; applied research and devel-

opment . (b) Laboratory project. (e) Drawings and specifications to facilitate (d) Theoretical and experimental, for Ph.D. the manufacture of suspended- sediment and thesis bed-material sampler, particle-size ana- (e) Similar velocity profile solutions of the lyzers and associated laboratory apparatus boundary layer equation were studied in are available. Approved designs of sus- the (x,y) and (x,X) planes. Special at- pended-sediment samplers include a single- tention was given to two-component flow stage sampler, a it-pound hand sampler, a problems. Experimental work necessary to 22-pound hand-line sampler, a 62-pound support theoretical results was also con- medium weight sampler, and electrically ducted. operated samplers weighing 100 and 300 (f) Completed. pounds. Bed-material samplers include a (g) It was found that similar solutions of piston type hand-operated sampler, a 30- the boundary layer equations in (x,y) pound hand-line sampler, and a 100-pound plane are also similar in the ( x, y) plane sampler for cable suspension. Other instru- Following problems were solved as examples ments developed include a sediment sample in (x, y) plane: (l) Laminar jet, (2) flat splitter, a bottom-withdrawal sedimentation

plate boundary layer and ( 3 ) laminar flow tube for size analyses, and a visual-ac- at the interface of two fluids of different cumulation sedimentation tube with recording viscosity and density. Experimental data equipment for particle size analyses of were also obtained confirming the solution sands. The primary objective of the current to the last problem. The existence of program is the development of an instrument similar perturbation velocity profiles in to automatically record suspended-sediment the (x, plane were also investigated and concentrations in flowing streams.

. applied to the problem of the laminar wake (g) A final report is being prepared on the and to the problem of laminar flow at the single-stage suspended-sediment sampler interface of two fluids developed for ephemeral type streams. (h) "Similar and Quasi -Similar Solution of the Samplers of this type have been installed Boundary Layer Equations for Two-Dimensional at several experimental sites. Prototype Incompressible Flows" by Chieh-Shyang Song, tests were continued on an intermittent a thesis submitted to the faculty of the pumping and settling type sediment sampler, University of. Minnesota in partial fulfill- and results are favorable. Field tests were ment of the requirements for the Ph.D. continued on the nuclear sediment density degree. probe and scaler unit but dependable operation has not yet been attained. Laboratory (382U) SURFACE CHARACTERISTIC OF AIR ENTRAINED FLOW tests were continued on equipment using the IN STEEP CHANNELS. diffusion of light as a measure of solids in suspended sediment samples. Preliminary (b) Laboratory project tests were made on an electronic sensing (d) Experimental and theoretical investigation instrument. Particles suspended in a mild of the wrinkling of the free surface of electrolyte interrupt a fixed impedance as flow in steep channel and its influence on they pass through a small orifice producing air concentration and velocity distribution. voltage fluctuations proportional to particle Thesis for Ph.D. size. These pulsations are electronically (e) Experimental investigation is being carried scaled and counted out on the SAF high velocity channel for (h) "Intermittent Pumping - Type Sampler,"

slopes up to 53° • Velocities are measured Report N, February i960. by means of a pitot tube and high speed "Instructions for Sampling with US D-U9 photography. Air concentration is measured Suspended-Sediment Samplers," Report 0, by the SAF concentration meter. The sur- 6 pages, March i960. face elevation is measured by a device which measures the avarage time the surface is

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SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, University of (DTMB technical supervision). California. (c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of Applied Mechanics, Southwest Research (3825) GENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF INTERNAL WAVES. Institute, 85OO Culebra Road, San Antonio 6, Texas. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research. (c) Mr. Charles Cox, Scripps Institution of (e) Present work includes the design, construc- Oceanography, La Jolla, California. tion, and testing of flexible hydrofoil (d) Experimental and theoretical basic research. models to obtain data on unsteady hydro- (e) Observations of temperature fluctuations as dynamic lift and moment for a variety of functions of depth from surface to bottom operating conditions. of the sea are made at an array of auto- (h) "Hydroelasticity: A New Naval Science," matically recording stations. Analysis in S. R. Heller and H. N. Abramson, Jour. Am. terms of internal waves of various modes Soc. Naval Engrs., 71, 205-209, May 1959- within a spectrum of frequencies at each "Effect of the Free Surface on the Flutter station permits estimation of pattern of of Submerged Hydrofoils," by W. H. Chu and

radiation of internal waves. Theoretical H. N. Abramson, Jour. Ship Research, 3j> studies suggest the importance of conversion 20-27, June 1959- of tidal energy into internal motions by "An Alternative Formulation of the Problem interaction with a rough sea bottom. Experi- of Flutter in Real Fluids," by W. H. Chu mental investigation of this process will and H. N. Abramson, Jour. Aero/Space Sci., permit estimation of the flow of energy be- 26, 683-68U, October 1959, tween wave modes and its ultimate fate. "A Discussion of the Flutter of Submerged (g) Theoretical results suggest that a moderate Hydrofoils," by H. N. Abramson and W. H. fraction of tidal energy can be converted Chu, Jour. Ship Research, 3, 5-13* October into internal motions in one tidal cycle. 1959- (h) "Coupling of surface and internal tides," "Disturbance of Rudder-Excited Hull Vibra- C. S. Cox, Preprints, International Oceano- tion on U.S.S. Forrest Sherman - A Problem graphic Congress, pp. 399-^00, 1959- in Hydroelasticity," by H. N. Abramson, Trans. SNAME, 67, 362-365, 1959

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Department of Applied Mechanics STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

HYDRODYNAMICS OF SHIP SLAMMING. (I9kk) STUDY OF METHODS OF ESTIMATING RESERVOIR EVAPORATION. Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy (DTMB technical supervision). 00 U. S. Weather Bureau. Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department (c) Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil of Applied Mechanics, Southwest Research Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, California. Texas (a) Field investigation; applied research. Theoretical; applied research. (e) An attempt is being made to develop a Study of pressure distribution on bodies of simple rugged radiation integrator for use arbitrary cross-section entering a plane in estimating reservoir evaporation. Three water surface. small-scale radiation integrators patterned Three SwRI technical reports. after Cumming's model have been tested and the data have been analyzed. STUDIES OF TURBULENT FLOW. (g) Preliminary results Indicate that use of energy budget approach to small insulated Laboratory project. evaporation pans shows promise for the Mr. William Squire, Senior Research Engr., measurement of net radiation. Department of Applied Mechanics, Southwest 00 "Progress Report on Radiation Integrator Research Institute, 85OO Culebra Road, Research," by Joseph B. Franzini and Walter San Antonio 6, Texas. F. Rowland, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Theoretical; basic research. Stanford University, May i960. Studies of several classical problems by means of a new generalized theory of tur- (19^6) SYNTHESIS OF HYDR0GRAPHS FOR SMALL AREAS. bulent flow. Completed. (b) National Science Foundation. "A Unified Theory of Turbulent Flow. I. (c) Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Dept. of Civil Engrg. Formulation of the Theory," by W. Squire, Stanford University, Stanford, California. App. Sci. Res., A 8, 158, 1959 (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic "A Unified Theory of Turbulent Flow. II. and applied research; Ph.D. thesis. Plane Couette Flow," by W. Squire, App. ( e ) An attempt to develop a universal method Sci. Res., A9, 393-^10, i960. for estimating the runoff hydrographs from small areas (3828) STUDIES IN HYDROELASTICITY. (f) A simplified theory for non-equilibrium conditions has been compared with experi- (b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy mental results taken under controlled

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laboratory conditions. A statistical Inlets," by Richard J. Wasley, Tech. Report analysis of data from several typical ba- No. 6, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford sins has been started. A mathematical University, November i960. analysis of the non-equilibrium flow in a simple channel with lateral inflow has (3507) STUDY OF INFILTRATION. been completed. The later work is being extended to more complex conditions via (b) Graduate research; doctoral thesis. digital computing methods. Statistical (c) Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil and computer methods are being explored to Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, develop a basis for reliable estimates of California. runoff frequency, (d) Theoretical investigation; laboratory and (h) "Computation of a Synthetic Streamflow field studies. Record on a Digital Computer, " by Ray K. (e) An attempt will be made to develop analyti- Linsley and Norman H. Crawford, Publication cally relations between soil parameters, No. 51, International Assoc. of Scientific precipitation rates and duration, and in- Hydrology, pp. 526-538, i960. filtration capacities. The analytical work will be supplemented by laboratory and (2151) MODEL STUDY OF PETERS DAM CHUTE SPILLWAY. field studies. (f) Project is underway. Laboratory project. Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil (3508) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION. Engineering, Stanford University. Experimental; engineer thesis. U. S. Public Health Service. Comparison of spillway performance and (c)' Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil design predictions. Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford Experimental work completed; thesis being California. written. (a) Laboratory and field investigations; engineer thesis PIPE FRICTION IN UNSTEADY FLOW. (e) Project currently consists of: (l) Labora- tory studies using Langmuir tray to find Laboratory project. the monomolecular film with optimum healing Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil properties. (2) Field studies using Class Engineering, Stanford University. A evaporation pans and smaller containers Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis. to evaluate the evaporation reduction Comparison of friction processes for steady capabilities and biological attrition re- and unsteady states. sistances of the various monomolecular films Experimental work completed and analyzed; tested in (l). (3) Development of a prac- thesis being written. tical method for the application of a monomolecular film to the surface of a FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA. reservoir. In later stages of the project the effect of a monomolecular film on the National Science Foundation. biota in a i+5 acre lake will be evaluated. Prof. Byrne Perry, Dept. of Civil Engineer- (g) Full scale field tests using hexadecanol ing, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. on the ^5 acre lake during the summer of Theoretical and experimental, basic re- i960 gave an evaporation reduction of 18 search. percent New analytical methods are being developed for ussteady seepage flow with a free surface, e.g., the seepage through an earth dam. The effect of non-rectilinear bounda- STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Davidson Labora- ries is also being considered. tory. Theoretical work in progress. "Unsteady Flow Through an Underdrained (215*0 INVESTIGATION OF SHIP MOTIONS. Earth Dam," by Roger J. M. DeWiest, J. Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 8, pt. 1, pp. 1-9, (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of i960. the Navy. (c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory, HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOW INTO CURB INLETS. Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey. U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- Prof. John K. Vennard and Prof. Byrne search. Perry, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stan- (e) The development of a method of calculation ford University, Stanford, California. for predicting ship motions caused by head Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis. or following seas. Towing tank tests of A hydrodynamic theory has been developed ship forms differing widely from the forms for predicting the flow from a smooth, un- currently used in practice, in search of depressed gutter into a curb opening inlet considerable improvement in seakeeping which intercepts 100% of the flow. Experi- qualities of ships. mental confirmation is given. (g) Towing tank tests of sen J. -submerged vessel Completed. for high-speed operation in waves have been "Hydrodynamics of Flow into Curb-Opening completed. Towing tank tests of a slender

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craft fitted with large "buTbs under the Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson keel at "bow and stern have "been made in Street, Hoboken, N. J. calm water and in irregular head and fol- (d) Experimental and analytical; applied re- lowing seas. Analog computer studies have search. been made of the calm water stability char- (e) Calculation of bending moments in waves, acteristics of a craft similar to a shallow- taking into account dynamic effects of running submarine with a fixed surface- ships motions and forward speed, for compari- piercing strut at intermediate and extreme son with experimentally determined bending speeds. Studies of other unusual hull moments. Prediction of bending moments in types are planned, irregular waves and comparison with irregu- (h) "Preliminary Evaluation of a Semi-Submerged lar tank wave results. Extension to measure- Ship for High-Speed Operation in Rough ments of model bending moments at a range Seas," E. V. Lewis and C. Odenbrett, Jour- of headings to long-crested regular waves. nal of Ship Research, Vol. 3, No. k, March (f) Completed. I960. (g) Fairly good agreement has been obtained "High Speed Supercritical Ships in Rough between calculated and observed bending Seas," E. V. Lewis and P. R. Van Mater, moments in head seas, giving theoretical Proceedings of Third Summer Seminar on confirmation of reduction of moments under Ship Behavior at Sea, Stevens Institute of dynamic conditions of forward speed and Technology, June i960. pitching and heaving motions. Tests at "Semi -Submerged Ships for High Speed Opera- oblique headings to waves have shown that tion in Rough Seas," E. V. Lewis and J. P. horizontal bending moment can become large Breslin, Proceedings of Third Symposium on in relation to vertical bending moment while Naval Hydrodynamics, Office of Naval Re- torsional moments are relatively small. search - Netherlands Ship Model Basin, (h) "Longitudinal Bending and Torsional Moments Scheveningen, The Netherlands, Sept., i960. Acting on a Ship Model at Oblique Headings to Waves," E. Numata, Journal of Ship Re- (2155) SEAKEEPING QUALITIES OF SHIPS AT ALL HEAD- search, Vol. k, No. 1, June i960. INGS TO WAVES. (2390) CONTROLLED FINS FOR REDUCING SHIP PITCHING. (b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy (DTMB Technical Supervision). (b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy (c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory, (DTMB Technical Supervision). Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 (c) Mr. Wilbur Marks, Davidson Laboratory, Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- Street, Hoboken, N. J. search. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied re- (e) To investigate the coupled responses of search. ship models at all headings to waves in (e) To determine the most desirable action of order to assist in the prediction of sea- controllable fins at the bow or stern of a keeping qualities and to evaluate means ship to reduce pitching in regular and of reducing or controlling ship motions irregular head seas. so as to increase sea speeds. A self- (g) Analytical studies indicate that a combination propelled and rudder-controlled ship model of fixed fins at the bow and oscillating fins is being tested at various headings to at the stern seems most promising in reducing both regular and irregular long-crested ship pitching motions; model experiments have waves. Coupled motion responses are being verified these findings. measured and parallel analytic studies are (h) "Research on the Reduction of Pitching Motion being made of equations of motion for ships of Ships by Means of Controllable Fins," with six degrees of freedom. Stability and P. G. Spens, Preliminary Report, Davidson

control are also being studied. Laboratory , Report No. 708. (g) In oblique seas pitching and heaving motions follow a predictable pattern with no per- (2393) MOTIONS AND BENDING MOMENTS OF SHIPS IN ceptible effect from rolling or yawing. WAVES. In irregular seas having a broad spectrum the head sea condition is the most serious (b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy for pitching. Large leeway angles are (DTMB Technical Supervision). encountered at certain headings to short (c) Mr. Wilbur Marks, Davidson Laboratory, waves and irregularities in rolling occur Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson when the natural period is approximately Street, Hoboken, N. J. double the encounter period. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied re- (h) "Ship Motions in Oblique Seas," E. V. Lewis search. and E. Numata, Transactions of the Society ( e ) Measurements of motions and external bending of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, moments and shear of a jointed model of a Vol. 68, i960. high-speed naval vessel underway in irregular head waves in a towing tank. Results will be (2387) BENDING MOMENT OF SHIPS IN WAVES. analyzed by cross -spectral techniques to deter mine frequency response functions. (b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine (g) Pilot studies indicate that when cross- Engineers spectral techniques are applied to the anal (c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory, ysis of moderate irregular wave data, the

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resulting frequency response functions force and moment show good agreement with response functions obtained from regular wave tests, (2865) EFFECT OF SPEED AND FULLNESS ON HULL BENDING (h) "Theory and Experiment in the Evaluation MOMENTS IN WAVES. of Bending Moments Acting on a Ship in Waves," W. R. Jacobs and J. F. Dalzell, (b) American Bureau of Shipping. Davidson Laboratory Report 797, May i960. (c) Mr. Wilbur Marks, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens "The Apparent Loss of Coherency in Vector Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Gaussian Processes Due to Computational Hoboken, New Jersey. Procedures with Application to Ship (d) Experimental; applied research. Motions," W. J. Pierson, Jr., and J. F. (e) To determine to what extent, if any, different Dalzell. Submitted to Journal of Ship longitudinal strength standards should be Research adopted for ships of different fullness and service speeds. The hull midship bending (2615) FORCES AND MOMENTS ON SUBMERGED BODIES moments of three models with block coef- BELOW WAVES. ficients ranging from 0.68 and 0.80 were measured in regular and irregular head and (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of SHips, following seas. Work is continuing in Navy Department oblique wa.ves. (c) Dr. M. Martin, with Mr. Charles Henry, (g) Experimental results show that dynamic mid- Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of ship hull bending moments in regular model Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, length waves vary with fullness at low speeds New Jersey. according to the trend predicted by standard (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and static calaulations applied research. (e) To measure the forcss and moments acting (2866) AN ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE PRESSURE FIELD on submerged bodies moving obliquely to NEAR COUNTER- ROTATING PROPELLERS. the crests of regular waves, and to compare the results with available theory. (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, (f) Completed. Navy Department (g) Slender-body theory has been applied to (c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director and Dr. S. determine the forces and moments due to Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Division, the waves acting on a submerged body while Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of moving under regular waves at various Technology, 7H Hudson Street, Hoboken, headings relative to the wave crests. The New Jersey. forces have also been found on body-append- (d) Theoretical; applied research. age combinations by the same theory. Ex- (e) To compare the characteristics of counter- periments have been carried out using a rotating propellers with those of single long slender, axially- symmetric model with propeller with regard to the magnitude of the and without a conning tower. The wave oscillatory pressures produced at nearby length-body length ratio -ras varied from points in the field. The study is divided 0.5 to 2.5. Tests were made at headings into two parts. In the first, the pressure of 0° (head seas), 30°, 60° and 90° (beam signal is calaulated according to reference^ seas) and speeds of 0, 2, k, and 6 feet by superposition of the individual propeller

per second. A comparison of theoretical fields as though they were independent . In and experimental results was made. The the second, an approximate treatment of the data show reasonably good agreement with effect of blade interaction is considered by theory. the method given in reference^. (f) Completed. Preliminary report in preparation. (2616) THE BLADE -FREQUENCY FORCE GENERATED BY A (g) The performance of the counter-rotating PROPELLER ON A BODY OF REVOLUTION. propeller does not seem to justify its generally accepted superiority over the con- (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, ventional propeller. The mechanical com- Department of the Navy. plications of the counter-rotating propeller (c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director and Dr. S. are not counterbalanced by any advantage in Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamic Division, thrust -producing effects. Calculations of Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute the blade interference effects on the oscil- of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, latory pressure field indicate that their New Jersey. contribution is almost 15$ of the correspond- (d) Theoretical; applied research. ing two-dimensional vibratory pressure signal. (e) The purpose is to evaluate the importance Furthermore it is seen that the blade -blade of the pulsating near field of the pro- inter ferrence is a local phenomenon whose peller in generating vibratory forces on effect decays rapidly beyond two or three ships and to determine the attenuation chords from the propeller plane of these forces with tip clearance and

number of blades. Expressions for the ( 3169 ) WAKE FORMS BEHIND HIGH SPEED PLANING SURFACES vibratory pressure generated by a marine propeller operating in a wake which has (b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the been derived in project (3512) are being Navy. used for the evaluation of the lateral, (c) Mr. Robert L. Van Dyck, Davidson Laboratory, longitudinal and vertical components of Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

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Street , Hcfboken, New Jersey. is of equal weight with the potential. (d) Experimental; basic research. (e) A study was conducted in order to deter- (3173) HYDROELASTIC INSTABILITIES OF SUPERCAVI- mine the surface contours of the wake TATING HYDROFOILS. shapes developed hy planing forms associated with high-speed water-based aircraft. ("b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, This work was undertaken because of the Navy Department. lack of accurate information concerning (c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Davidson Laboratory, the wakes of planing forms operated at Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson high speeds, high angles of attack, and Street, Hoboken, N. J. heavy loadings. The effects of vee-bottom (d) Theoretical; basic research. angle, chine flare, and step shape are (e) Theoretical analysis of the conditions for evaluated in addition to the above-mention- the occurrence of hydroelastic instabili- ed parameters. ties (i.e. divergence and flutter) of (f) Completed. supercavitating hydrofoils in two dimensions (g) The wake results are presented in non- as functions of cavitation number, point of dimensionalized graphical form to enable separation, elastic axis location, center wake-shapes to be predicted for a wide of gravity location and elastic spring con-

variety of running conditions and planing stant . forms. It was found that an essentially (f) Completed. two-dimensional approach can be used to (g) A two-dimensional analysis of the static represent the expanding and filling-in of and dynamic stability of rigid super-cavi- any cross-section of a trough with time. tating hydrofoil sections supported elasti- The mechanism of wake formation was found cally showed that the instabilities commonly to be determined by the basic initial called divergence and flutter in aeroelastic geometric and kinematic planing conditions. literature are quite likely to occur in typ- (h) "Final Engineering Report on Wake-Shapes ical supercavitating hydrofoil installations of Planing Forms Associated with High- The analysis indicated that the speed at Speed Waterbased Aircraft," by Robert L. which divergence will occur is increased by Van Dyck, Davidson Laboratory Report R-768, increasing the radius of gyration, moving October i960. the elastic axis forward, decreasing the cavitation number or moving the point of (3171) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE THRUST DEDUCTION separation forward. It is found that the OF A SINGLE-SCREW THIN SHIP. region of dynamic stability will increase when the radius of gyration is increased, (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, the elastic axis is moved forward, the Navy Dept center of gravity is moved forward and/or (c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics the ratio of the stiffness in translation Division and W. Jacobs, Senior Research to the stiffness in rotation is increased. Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens (h To be published as a Davidson Laboratory Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Technical Note. Hoboken, Jew Jersey. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (317^ UNSTEADY LIFT AND MOMENT ON FULLY CAVI- (e) An analytical study for the evaluation of TATING HYDROFOILS AT ZERO CAVITATION the potential part of thrust deduction for NUMBER. thin ships similar to Haskind's type, with varying coefficients of vertical and hori- (b Office of Naval Research, Department of the zontal fullness, is undertaken in order to Navy.

reveal the functional dependence on the ( Dr. M. Martin, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens geometry of the propeller-hull configuration Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., and propeller performance characteristics. Hoboken, N. J. (f) Completed. Preliminary report is in pre- (d Theoretical; basic research. parat ion. (e Analytical studies of the forces and (g) Expressions have been evolved for the moments acting on a thin, supercavitating thrust deduction of a thin ship due to hydrofoil performing arbitrary oscillations propeller and free surface effects when is pursued on the basis of the acceleration the center of the propeller is located l) potential method.

at the maximum submergence at the stern, ( Comple ted. 2) at any arbitrary position. It has been (g Expressions for the lift and moment coef- found that while finning both sections and ficients of a thin, oupercavitating plate waterplane of conventional ships lowers the performing arbitrary oscillations are thrust deduction, the section coefficient developed in terms of the coefficients of is more effective than the waterplane a power series describing the chord-wise coefficient. Furthermore axial displace- amplitude distribution. General expres- ment of the propeller is more effective in sions are applied to the case of a foil mitigating the drag augmentation than is moving through a stationary sinusoidal vertical displacement. The free surface vertical gust and to that of a rigid foil effect is an important contributor in most performing heaving and rotational oscil- cases of practical interest. Furthermore lations. Comparison is made with Sear's the analysis strengthens the belief that results for a fully wetted foil in a the frictional part of the thrust deduction sinusoidal gust and Parkin's in the case

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of pure heaving motion. General conclu- and not as close to the test values, sions as to the effect of the various (h) A detailed description of the computational parameters have been drawn, procedure and also certain improvements of (h) Final report in preparation. the basic theory have been written up in preliminary form. The final report will be (3176) THEORY OF LATERAL MOTIONS OF SHIPS IN published as soon as (2) under (g) above is WAVES. complete

(t>) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, (3511) STUDIES OF THE SOUND PRESSURE FIELD GENERATED Navy Department BY A MARINE PROPELLER OPERATING IN A WAKE. (c) Dr. Pung Nien Hu, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson (b) United Aircraft Corporation, Research De-

Street, Hoboken, N. J. partment . (d) Theoretical; basic research. (c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics (e) Analytical study of the lateral motions Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens of surface ships with three degrees of Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, freedom in oblique waves. The virtual Hoboken, N. J. mass, damping and dynamic coupling of a (d) Theoretical, applied research. surface ship in oscillatory motion, as (e) The sound pressure field of a rotating well as the hydrodynamic excitation forces propeller in rectilinear motion is obtained and moments due to oblique waves have been by replacing the normal pressure distri- evaluated. The free surface influence on bution over the propeller by a distribution the hydrodynamic forces have been included of acoustic pressure doublets acting at

' in the above . Further work on determining the propeller disc. The strength of this lateral ship motions is continuing. acoustic doublet distribution is obtained (h) A Davidson Laboratory report on the com- from unsteady aerodynamic theory in con- pleted portion of the work described in junction with Burrill's correction factors. (e) is in preparation. (f) Near completion. Preliminary report in preparation. (3509) THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS OF THE VIBRATORY (g) General expressions for the sound pressure THRUST PRODUCED BY A SHIP PROPELLER OPER- contributed by the thrust and torque have ATING IN THE WAKE OF A HULL. been derived in terms of the harmonic constituent of the unsteady inflow velocity (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, field. Corresponding expression of the Navy Department pressure signal for the hydrodynamic field, (c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Staff Scientist, and near acoustic field and far acoustic field Winnifred R. Jacobs, Senior Research Engr., have been deduced from the general formulae. Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Closed-form expressions for the near and Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, far-acoustic fields have been developed in N. J. terms of complete elliptic integrals. Com- (d) Theoretical; applied research. putations for the far acoustic field indi- (e) Computational work is carried out to test cate that the pressure signal attributed to the validity of the theory developed by the variable loading is more persistent in Ritger and Breslin, "On the Quasi -steady the field than is so in the uniform inflow and Unsteady Thrust and Torque of a Pro- case peller in a Ship Wake, " Comparison is (h) Preliminary report in preparation. made with the experimental results. (g) (l) Theoretical computations are compared (3512) BLADE FREQUENCY PRESSURE NEAR AN OPERATING with the results obtained during ship MARINE PROPELLER IN A WAKE. trials and from l/25-scale model tests of the single-screw ship AE 21. It is shown (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, that the theoretical thrust is on the Navy Department average 8$ lower than the model test data. (c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director and Dr. S. Also the alternating, unsteady theoretical Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Division, thrust is about the average of the ship Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of trial results while the quasi -steady com- Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, putation gives an alternating thrust three New Jersey. times the magnitude which is close to the (d) Theoretical, applied research. model test results. (2) Theoretical com- (e) The purpose is to provide more realistic putations have also been made of the vibra- information than is at present available tory thrust produced by an 8-inch propeller on the exciting forces generated by the (TMB No. 2^06) operating in the wake of a transient flow produced by a marine pro- ° symmetrical airfoil strut placed at 35 peller operating in the vicinity of a and 25° to the direction of flow. This is hull and its appendages. This information for comparison with the results published is essential for a study of the vibration in DTMB report no. 1107 of tests conducted of the hull as a whole as well as the in the 12" Variable Pressure Water Tunnel hydroelastic behavior of plating and control at ETMB. In this case it has been found surfaces. The linearized pressure is deter- that the unsteady theoretical results are mined as the solution of a Dirichlet lower than the experimental while the problem within the frame of Karman and quasi-steady theoretical results are higher Sear's non- stationary airfoil theory.

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(g) General expressions for the vibratory jointed model of a typical merchant ship pressure signal generated by the propeller to determine midship bending moments in have been derived in terms of Lipschitz- very steep waves. Objective is to determine Hankel functions upper physical limit of wave bending moments. (g) Bending moment is found to be linear in

( 351*0 THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION waves of small and moderate steepness. OF FLUTTER OF FULLY - WETTED HYDROFOILS. Nonlinearity in bending moment appears with high waves and its nature varies with wave (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval length. Bending moment is greatest for Research, Navy Department. waves 1.5 times the length of the ship. (c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Davidson Laboratory, (h) "investigation of the Upper Physical Limit Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson of Longitudinal' Seaway Bending Moments," by Street, Hoboken, N. J. J. F. Dalzell, Internal Report. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. (3517) SHIPS OF MINIMUM WAVE RESISTANCE. (e) Previous flutter investigations have shown disagreement between experimental results Office of Naval Research, Department of the and theoretical predictions of the critical Navy.

flutter speed of hydrofoils ( see Henry, (c) Dr. Milton Martin and Mr. James White, Dugundji, Ashley, "Aeroelastic Instabili- Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of ties of Lifting Surfaces in High Density Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. Media," Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 2, (a) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. No. h, March 1959)- Experiments will be (e) An investigation is underway to evaluate the carried out at several combinations of agreement between computed and measured wave the parameters involved and the results resistance of ship models of minimum wave will be compared with theoretical pre- resistance at high Froude numbers as deter- dictions. Several modifications of the mined from Weinblum's tables, in which the present theory will be investigated in lines are modified to compensate for the order to achieve good agreement between boundary layer displacement thickness. Com- theory and experiment parison will be made with the thin ship theory calculations and calculations satisfying (3515) HYDRODYNAMICS OF HIGH SPEED SHIPS. the boundary conditions on the wetted hull surface to be made on the NORC. U. S. Maritime Administration. (g) Computations based on Weinblum's Tables have (c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Davidson Laboratory, been made of minimum wave resistance forms Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson for a large Froude number range, of ships

Street, Hoboken, N. J. of length-draft ratio 33 • 3 a-na prismatics (a) Experimental developmental research. between O.56 and 0.7^- A model of minimum (e) Tests covering resistance in calm water wave resistance at a Froude number of 0.5, and motions in irregular long-crested whose principal proportions are those of a waves and series of models of surface destroyer, has been constructed and is at merchant ships suitable for a speed range present being tested at several drafts of 30 to 50 knots with displacements from Estimates of the boundary layer displacement j 20,000 to 80,000 tons, beam-draft ratios thickness have been made. These estimates of 2.25 and 3-75, and displacement-length are now being used to modify the lines of ratios from 60 to 150. the model for a second series of tests. (f) Comple ted. (g) Trends of resistance, effective horsepower (3518) THE EFFECT OF HIGH SPEED ON LATERAL SHIP

and running trim vs . speed in calm water STABILITY. are presented, with displacement -length ratio as a parameter. Trends of effective (*) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, horsepower, bow acceleration, bow im- Department of the Navy. mersion, and incidence of slamming in (c) Dr. Pung Nien Hu, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens irregular head seas are presented as Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, functions of speed and displacement-length Hoboken, N. J. ratio (a) Theoretical; basic research.

(10 "Hydrodynamics of High Speed Ships : Part (e) Conduct theoretical study of the effect of I - Smooth Water Resistance; Part II - high speed on surface ship stability and Rough Water Performance," P.R. Van Mater, maneuverability, including determination of Jr. and R. B. Zubaly, Davidson Laboratory lateral stability derivatives, stability Report 789, July i960. indices and variations, and steady-state turning diameters. (3516) INVESTIGATION OF HULL BENDING MOMENTS IN (h) A Davidson Laboratory report of the work WAVES OF EXTREME STEEPNESS described in (e) is in preparation.

Ship Structure Committee (3829) DEVELOPMENT OF SONIC WAVE PROBE FOR USE ON (c) Mr. Wilbur Marks, Davidson Laboratory, SHIPS. Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (b) Hydromechanics Laboratory, David Taylor (a) Experimental, applied research. Model Basin. (e) Model tests are to be carried out on a (c) Mr. Wilbur Marks, Davidson Laboratory,

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Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Street, Hoboken, N. J. Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental; development. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Determine the feasibility of using a sonic ( e ) Equations of a very general nature are probe in conjunction with an accelerometer being formulated to study the transient to measure the waves encountered by a and steady state turning motion of deeply moving ship when the system is mounted at submerged submarines. the bow. The influence of the wave field (g) Partial differential equations for the projected by the ship must be determined. motion of a deeply submerged submarine The effect of tilting the sonic probe and with six degrees of freedom are being accelerometer on the recorded wave motion written in accordance with the SNAME, must be studied. "Nomenclature for Treating the Motion of a Submerged Body Through a Fluid. " The (3830) RADIATION OF A MARINE PROPELLER PRESSURE hydrodynamic forces and moments will be WAVE FROM ELASTIC PLATE AND CYLINDER. expressed in terms of third order Taylor series expansions which contain all of the (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, cross-coupling terms. Particular emphasis Navy Department is being placed on the terms expressing (c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics roll instability due to yaw and pitch. Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens The thrust exerted on the submarine is to Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, be expressed as a function of speed of Hoboken, N. J. advance and propeller R. P. M. The effects (d) Theoretical; applied research. of the interaction of bow planes on stern (e) The purpose is to evaluate the sound planes, the effect of propeller R.P.M. on pressure field radiated from the pulsating stern plane effectiveness, and the effect boundary of an elastic plate and shell or changes in ballast are also included. when these are subjected to vibratory Representative estimates of all parameters pressures generated by a marine propeller. will be made. This study will determine the extent of the contribution of the elastic boundary (3833 EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF in amplifying the sound level generated FLUTTER OF SUBMERGED HYDROFOILS. by a propeller. (g) This project is in the formative stage. (b David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval Research, Navy Dept. (3831) CORRELATION OF THEORETICAL RESULTS WITH EX- Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer, PERIMENTS ON VIBRATORY THRUST AND PRESSURE. Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J. (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, (d Experimental and theoretical; basic research. Navy Department (e To determine experimentally the conditions (c) Miss Winnifred R. Jacobs, Senior Research for flutter of submerged hydrofoils and to Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens provide correlation of theory and experiment. Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (383^ A STUDY OF THE HYDROELASTIC INSTABILITIES (d) Applied research. OF SUPERCAVITATING HYDROFOILS. (e) Experimental vibratory thrust and pressure results for various single-screw ship (b David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, forms obtained at National Physics Labora- Navy Dept tory, Hamburgische Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt (c Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer, Gesellschaft, Netherlands Ship Model Basin Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of and David Taylor Model Basin are to be cor- Technology, Hoboken, N. J. related with theoretical results obtained (d Theoretical; basic research. on the bssis of the work done in References (e To determine theoretically, the conditions 1 and 2. If the correlation is close, necessary for flutter and divergence insta- charts will be constructed for use by naval bilities of a rigid, two dimensional super- architects in determining the pressure cavitating hydrofoil supported elastically field and thrust fluctuations for proposed in two degrees of freedom. single-screw ship configurations. (f Completed. (g) The project is in its initial state. A two dimensional theory is used to define (h) "A Theory for the Quasi-steady and Unsteady the unsteady hydrodynamic force and moment Thrust and Torque of a Propeller in a Ship acting on an oscillating hydrofoil, which Wake," P. Ritger and J. P. Breslin. is assumed to be elastically restrained in "Marine Propeller Pressure Field Due to translation normal to the free stream Loading and Thickness Effects, " J. P. direction and in rotation about a prescribed Breslin and S. Tsakonas. axis which is normal to the plane of flow. The effects of variations in the elastic (3832) FORMULATION OF EQUATIONS FOR SUBMARINE and inertial properties, as well as the TRAJECTORIES WITH SIX DEGREES OF FREEDOM. effect of varying the position of the upper surface flow separation point of the possi- (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of bilities of either form of instability are the Navy. determined. The theory predicts that static (c) Mr. James White, Davidson Laboratory, instability (divergence) is possible for

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typical supercavitating hydrofoils and of Civil Engineering, University of Tennessee, that dynamic instahility is also very Knoxville 16, Tennessee. likely. This latter result is contrary to the results for flutter of fully wetted (2159) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR TAINTOR GATES hydrofoils with identical configurations, ON SPILLWAYS. where it has been shown that flutter is unlikely for fully wetted hydrofoil oper- 0>) Cooperative with the Tennessee Valley ation. Authority. "A Study of the Hydroelastic Instahility of (a) Experimental; basic research. Supercavitating Hydrofoils, " Paul Kaplan (e) A generalized model of a taintor gate on and C. J. Henry, Journal of Ship Research, a spillway crest was investigated for the to he published. he ad- discharge relationship. The effect of the trunnion location as well as that of relative head and relative gate opening was considered. ROBERT TAGGART INCORPORATED. (f) Experimental work completed. Correlation of data temporarily suspended. (3835 HYDROPHONE SELF-NOISE RESEARCH. (2619) BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS EFFECTS UPON TURBULENT (b Office of Naval Research, Department of FLOW. the Navy. (c Mr. Robert Taggart, Robert Taggart Incorpo- 00 Laboratory project. rated, kOO Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, (a) Experimental; basic research. Virginia. (e) Continuation of extended study of specific (d Experimental; development. effects of certain characteristics of (e Flow tests were carried out with hydro- roughness-element geometry on turbulent phones in the test section of a specially flow over rough surfaces. Velocity distri- designed quiet flow facility whose ambient butions and piezometric gradients have been noise characteristics are known. These measured in artificially roughened pipes. tests were preliminary to self-noise (f) Suspended pending expansion of facilities. measurements on a dummy flexible line hose (s) Measurements have been made and results hydrophone have been summarized for 35 patterns of (f Discontinued. artificial roughness. Of particular During experimentation a hydrophone was interest is the critical roughness-element examined which, when l ater tested at sea, spacing for maximum resistance. was found to have exceptionally low self- noise characteristics. (3839) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW THROUGH A BOTTOM Progress reports to Office of Naval Research GRID. dated 1 October 1958, 1 January 1959, and 1 April 1959- 00 Laboratory project. (a) Experimental; for master's thesis. (3836 ACOUSTIC EXCITATION OF FLAT PLATES IN A (e) The effects of velocity, depth, slope, and TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER. grid conformation on discharge through a grid in the bottom of an open channel will be in- 0* David Taylor Model Basin, Department of vestigated. the Navy. (f) The facility is under construction. (c Mr. Robert Taggart, Robert Taggart Incorpo- rated, kOO Arlington Boulevard, Falls (38U0) BOUNDARY PRESSURES ON CONDUIT ENTRANCES OF Church, Virginia. OPTIMUM DESIGN. (a Experimental; applied research. (e To study the excitation of rigid and 00 Laboratory project. flexible flat plates due to the pressure (a) Experimental; for master's thesis. fluctuations in a turbulent boundary layer. (e) The relative pressure distribution will be Various flat plates will be mounted flush determined for the boundaries of square and in the test-section of a gravity-fed water rectangular conduit entrances which are tunnel which is specially designed for low designed to avoid cavitation. ambient noise, over a mean velocity range (f) Test facility almost complete. of 0 to 20 feet per second. It is intended to measure the response characteristics with (38Ul) EXPANDING FLOW ON A SLOPING APRON. and without damping, of the flexible plate in order to provide information for use in 00 Laboratory project. the design of sonar domes and shell plate (a) Experimental; basic research for master's panels thesis (e) The characteristics of flow from an abrupt expansion onto a sloping apron will be investigated to determine the effect of UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, Hydraulic Laboratory, the slope on the pattern of subcritical Department of Civil Engineering. and supercritical expansion. (f) Test facility and equipment is being Inquiries concerning the following projects should developed. be addressed to Dr. Harry H. Ambrose, Department . . .

TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE, Department of Oceanography on shipping can be brought under control and Meteorology. by suitably containing the existing harbor within an outer basin of tight mole con- (2868) INVESTIGATION OF STORM SURGES ALONG THE struction. SOUTH SHORE OF NEW ENGLAND (h) "Model Study of Surge Action in a Port," B. W. Wilson, Tech. Report No. 24-(57), (b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers, Texas A and M Research Foundation, Dec. U. S. Army, Contract DA-^9-055-civ. eng. i960, 6l pp. -56-4. (c) Profeesor Robert 0. Reid, Project Super- (2873) COMPUTATION OF DESIGN STORM-TIDE FOR THE visor, Texas A and M College, College NEW YORK BAY AREA. Station, Texas. (c) Numerical analysis; applied research. (b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers, (e) Numerical and graphical procedures are U. S. Army and New York District, Corps utilized in the evaluation of storm surge of Engineers, Contract DA-4-9-055-civ-eng- behavior in schematic (mathematical) models 58-9- Narragansett Bay, Long Island Sound, and (c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Project Supervisor, Texas Buzzards Bay, particular attention being A and M College, College Station, Texas. devoted to Narragansett Bay. The numeri- (d) Numerical analysis; applied research. cal work is being carried out using an IBM (e) This project concerns the correlation of 704 computer. Numerical studies of astro- observed effects in New York Bay with the nomical tides in Narragansett Bay are also characteristics of known storms and its being carried out. application to the prediction of storm-tides (g) A numerical procedure for computation of for a design hudricane. water level changes in coastal bays and (f) Initiated Nov. 1957; completed Oct. i960. estuaries due to moving storm systems has (g) Least squares multiple regression correlation been developed and tested for several dif- of known storm-tide elevation at the mouth ferent occurrences of hurricane surges for of New York Bay with antecedent storm char- Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The numeri- acteristics (wind stress and pressure gradi-

cal calculations are based upon the finite ent ) at a number of offshore stations has difference counterparts of the equations of been undertaken with data for four storms, motion and of continuity for a network of tabulated at 20 min. intervals. The derived

channels . The method involves a marching coefficients of correlation have been used procedure of computation leading to the in the prediction formula to predict the estimated water level hydrographs (versus time-sequences of water level change at the time) at different key points in the chan- bay-mouth for each of the four storms as a nel system. Astronomical tides and varia- check on the validity of the formula. The ble wind effect are jointly included in formula has then been applied to the case of the computing system. The system of calcu- a design hurricane travelling on a given lation gives good agreement for the astro- path at six possible speeds. High speed nomical tide regime and gives a fair pre- digital computer techniques have been used diction for the peak surges in the afore- for this study. In an extension of this work mentioned bay for three different hurricane predictions have been made for a more severe conditions which have been simulated in design-hurricane in three combinations of respect to wind field. One drawback of size and speed and finally for a Probable the system is that it does not allow for Maximum Hurricane. An application of the the two-dimensional aspects of the storm method has been made in predicting the ef- surge on the continental shelf outside the fects of hurricane Hazel of Oct., 1954. bay mouth. The comparison of results with the known (h) "Numerical Evaluation of Surges and Tides storm-induced water levels is generally in Narragansett Bay, " Appendix A - Detailed good and establishes the reliability of the Listings of Surge - Tide Problems, R. 0. method. Reid, Ref. 60-12, Texas A and M Res. Fdn., (h) "The Prediction of Hurricane Storm-Tides in Aug. i960, 133 PP. New York Bay," by B. W. Wilson, Tech. Memo No. 120, Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engrs., (2870 MODEL STUDY OF SURGE ACTION IN A PORT. U. S. Army, Aug. i960, 122 pp. "Hurricane Tide Prediction for New York (*> Office of Naval Research, U. S. Navy Bay," B. W. Wilson, Proc. Vllth Coast. Eng.

Project NR O83-O36, Contract N7 onr 48702. Conf., ( Scheveningen, Holland, Aug. i960): (c Dr. B. W. Wilson, Principal investigator, Council Wave Research, Berkeley (publication

Texas A and M College, College Station, pending, 1961 ) Texas "Discussions on the Prediction of Hurricane (d Experimental; basic and applied research. Storm-Tides in New York Bay, " D. L. Harris (e To collate results and conclusions from a and B. W. Wilson; Bulletin Beach Erosion model study of long period wave action in Board, Corps of Engrs., U. S. Army (publi- Table Bay Harbor, Cape Town, South Africa. cation pending, 1961).

(f Initiated 1957 J completed i960. The nature of the surge phenomenon has been (3519) DEEP-SEA MOORING OF SHIPS IN WAVES AND uncovered. Its reproduction in an engineer- CURRENTS. ing model and experiments to control it are described. It is shown that effects (b) David Taylor Model Basin, U. S. Dept. of

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the Navy, Contract No. Nonr-2119 (02). distributions and circulations at intervals (c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Project Supervisor, Texas of 3 hours from June 25 to June 28. From A and M College, College Station, Texas. these space-time wind-fields for five dif- (d) Theoretical; basic research. ferent lines of approach to the Louisiana ( e ) To determine the mooring line tensions coastline have been obtained. The original arising from hydrodynamic forces of waves graphical wave forecast method for dealing and currents acting on a ship and mooring with moving wind systems over deep water cable(s) in deep water. has been adapted to a high speed digital (g) Following a literature survey of work procedure which can be processed on an IBM previously done on this and allied studies, 70k or 709 computer. Application to the the first problem posed for solution has hurricane "Audrey" windfields is proceeding been concerned with the configuration of a and the method is being further adapted to negatively buoyant mooring cable used to shallow water. A re-analysis of basic obser- anchor a ship in a uniform horizontal vational wave data has been undertaken to current prevailing over full water depth improve wave forecasting accuracy if possible in the absence of waves. The steady state (h) "Note on Surface Wind Stress over Water at configuration of a deep-sea cable is then Low and High Wind Speeds," B. W. Wilson, being integrated from the solution of the Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 65 (10) Oct. above case applied to variable vertical I960, pp. 3377-3382. distributions of horizontal steady current, "Deep Water Wave Generation by Moving conforming to realsitic ocean patterns. Fetches of Variable Wind," B. W. Wilson, Facilities of a high speed digital computer Tech. Report No. 206-1, Texas A and M Re- are being used for evaluating sets of cable search Foundation, Nov. i960, 35 PP- parameters applicable to a wide variety of possible mooring line situations. Further research will be involved with the transient effects of waves and fluctuating wind. UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineering. (h) "A Study of the Movement of Moored Ships

Subjected to Wave Action," B. W. Wilson Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2162, 2396, 2397 5 (Discussion), Proc. -Inst. C. E. (London), 2629, 287I+, and 352I4- should be addressed to Dr. v. 15, April i960, pp. iA4-U48. Walter L. Moore, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ., "Characteristics of Anchor Cables in uni- of Texas, Austin 12, Texas. form Ocean Currents," B. W. Wilson, Tech. Report No. 20U-1, Texas A and M Research (2l6l) CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP AT AN Foundation, April, i960, 15^ pp. ABRUPT CHANGE IN BOTTOM ELEVATION. "Mooring of Ships Exposed to Waves," B. W. Wilson, Tech. Report No. 204-2, Texas A (b) University of Texas Resaarch Institute and and M Research Foundation, Nov. i960, 65 Bureau of Engineering Research. pp. (c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Associate Professor of "A Case of Critical Surging of a Moored Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Ship," B. W. Wilson (closure to discussion), Texas Proc. ASCE v. 86 (WWU), Nov. i960, pp. 99- (d) Experimental.

103. ( e ) Experimental determinations are made of the flow characteristics at two-dimensional (3520) FORECASTING OF OCEAN WAVES GENERATED BY channel drops and rises. The velocity MOVABLE VARIABLE WIND SYSTEMS IN DEEP AND distribution and surface profile will be SHALLOW WATER. determined throughout the length of the jump for various relative changes in bottom (b) Engineering Foundation, New York; Socony- elevation. The longitudinal location of Mobil Oil Co., Dallas; Humble Oil and the jump in relation to the change in Refining Co., Houston; Office of Naval Re- bottom elevation will be varied over a search, U. S. Navy, Contract N7 onr W3702 broad range in distinction to previous re- (Project No. NR O83-O36). lated investigations in which relative (c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Project Supervisor, Texas location of the jump was held constant A and M College, College Station, Texas. (g) Results for the abrupt drop are complete (d) Theoretical and empirical; basic and ap- and have been published. For a given plied research. entering Froude number lying between 2 and (e) To verify a moving fetch variable-wind 8 three types of jump may form, the type graphical forecasting procedure by direct and its longitudinal location depending comparison of results with wave observations only on the relative downstream depth at one or more offshore stations. Thence The velocities near the bottom below the to investigate the possibility of extending drop are always less than the mean velocity the method to rapid forecasting of wave in the downstream channel for the jump

conditions in near-shore environments where type of maximum height . Experimental water depth, friction and refraction are measurements have been made on the related complicating factors in wave generation, investigation for an abrupt rise and re- (g) Analysis is being made of the sea condi- port is being prepared. tions induced by hurricane "Audrey" of (h) "The Hydraulic Jump at an Abrupt Drop," by June, 1957- Complete synoptic maps for the W. L. Moore and C. W. Morgan, Transactions Gulf of Mexico area have been prepared, A. S. C. E. Vol. 12h, pp. 507-52U, 1959. showing the surface pressure patterns wind . . ) . . . (2162) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED. records to predict the annual runoff of the selected watershed for the period before (b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey. upstream development (d) Field investigation; applied research. (h) "The Effect of Watershed Development on (e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a Surface Runoff in Central Texas," James R. k sq. mile and a 2 sq. mile portion of the Ferrill, M. S. Thesis, June i960. Waller Creek watershed are being made to provide basic information for estimating (2629) A MECHANICAL TURBULENCE INDICATOR FOR runoff from small urban watersheds in the LIQUIDS. Southwest area. Two stream flow stations and a rain gage net are in operation. (b) Bureau of Engineering Research, University Studies of the correlation beteeen runoff, of Texas rainfall, and the characteristics of the (d) Experimental instrument developemnt. drainage basin are being made by various ( e There is need for a relatively simple de- proposed methods to serve as a base for vice to give a quantitative measure of the comparison with the data as it is collected degree of turbulence in a flowing fluid. from the stream, Electrical instruments commonly measure (g) Careful estimates of the peak discharges the root mean square of the turbulent at the gaging station were made by various fluctuations as an indication of the in- proposed methods based on measurable char- tensity. The instrument being developed acteristics of the basin. These results measures the maximum turbulent fluctuation will be of interest to compare with ob- as an indication of the intensity. The served peak discharges in later years when instrument is similar to a l/2 inch dia- the record is long enough to be significant. meter Prandtl velocity tube except that it has two stagnation openings; the conventional (2396) RESISTANCE OF PIERS IN FREE SURFACE FLOW, one which gives the mean stagnation head and an additional one which leads through a (b) Laboratory project. sensitive check valve and accumulator to a (d) Theoretical and experimental (thesis). manometer tube. The check valve and ac- (e) An investigation is being made of the drag cumulator elements are located in the tube resistance of piers as a function of shape, less than 3/8 of an inch from the stagnation relative submergence, spacing, and Froude opening to minimize inertia effects. numbers. The pier resistance is being (g) The instrument has been built and cali- correlated with the head loss for flow in brated. Measurements have been made to e- a channel valuate the operation of the instrument in (g) A phase of the investigation has been com- the turbulent field of a hydraulic jump. A pleted for Froude numbers less than 0-5 report is being prepared describing the with cylindrical piers at various sub- instrument, the calibration technique and mergence and spacing. An investigation of the results in the hydraulic jump. the resistance of H section piers at various orientations and longitudinal spacings has (287*0 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SCOUR RESISTANCE been completed. Another phase has been OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS. completed which demonstrates that the velocity gradient along a cylindrical pier (b) Bureau of Engineering Research, University affects the drag coefficient. The local of Texas, Austin, Texas. drag coefficient decreases along the pier (d) Analytical and experimental (laboratory). in the direction toward the end of the pier (e) Exploratory tests have been made with two where the velocity is high. The reduction different schemes, one with radially out- in drag coefficient is related to a ward flow between a circular disc and the rii mensignless measure of the velocity soil sample, and one with a submerged gradient along the cylinder. vertical circular jet impinging on a horizontal soil surface. With the first scheme (2397) EFFECT OF UPSTREAM DEVELOPMENT ON THE it was not possible to obtain the necessary RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE precision of measurement at low scour rates, SOUTHWEST. but with the second scheme satisfactory measurements were obtained. A correlation (b) Laboratory project based on dimensional analysis gave con- (d) Field investigation (thesis). sistent results in evaluating the relative (e) For a selected watershed rainfall and runoff scour resistance of several materials. relations before the period of upstream Apparatus is being fabricated for a new development are being analyzed. The re- test which is expected to permit direct lations obtained for this period will be evaluation of the shear stress at the soil applied to the rainfall records after the surface. In this test a cylindrical soil upstream development and the predicted sample is submerged in a transparent con- runoff compared with the actual runoff. centric cylinder which can be rotated at (g) Sources of data have been located. The a controlled speed to generate a shear available information tabulated, and a stress on the soil surface. An attempt method of evaluating the runoff devised will be made to relate the scour resistance

that appears to be reasonable . Multiple to other measurable soil properties, and correlation diagrams have been developed finally to interpret the results in relation which may be used with storm rainfall to field observations

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(g) The apparatus to determine shear stress (c) Dr. Dean F. Peterson, Dean of Engineering, at the soil surface has been constructed Utah State University, Logan, Utah. and calibrated, and preliminary tests have (d) Experimental theoretical field investigation; been conducted on a soil sample. basic research for doctoral thesis. (e) A basic study of parameters involved in (3522) LONG TIME FLUCTUATIONS IN STREAM RUNOFF. flow in steep, rough channels where the roughness is relatively an appreciative (b) Laboratory project. part of the depth, and where channels are

(c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Dept. of Civil Engineer- sufficiently steep that super critical flow I ing, Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas. can occur in connection with contractions (d) Analytical and field study. caused by the roughnesses. The work is (e) Values of runoff from selected drainage basic, however, it could have application areas in the lower Mississippi River Basin to steep mountain streams and to hydraulic and in basins of the rivers emptying dir- structures. Basic over-all parameters have ectly into the Gulf of Mexico were studied. been investigated for simple cases. The Variations in the runoff values for each continuing project will study the effect stream were considered and these trends, of a single roughness inducing super criti- compared with solar variations. The rela- cal flow and acting as a control. The tive sunspot numbers were used as the interaction of roughnesses and the effect measure of solar variations and were cor- of roughnesses of distributed sizes will related with the mean annual runoff. be studied in a sloping flume during this Further correlations are being made with year. different "lag" periods between solar (g) Flow regimes have been classified into three activity and surface runoff. major regimes and seven sub-regimes. Pa- (g) The gradual shifting of the centers of rameters delineating the regimes for very runoff excess and deficiency is consistent simple roughness cases have been suggested. rather than random and appears to represent In the tumbling regime the rough channel a gradual cyclic change in the runoff acts as a continuing critical depth control, pattern. It appears that the locations of thus a reach of tumbling flow channel may be the centers of runoff deficiency is follow- considered as a "virtual" weir. ing roughly the same path that it did some (h) "Flume Studies of Flow in Steep, Rough, 22 to 2k years previously. Correlation Open Channels," P. K. Mohenty and Dean F. coefficients of +0.2 to +0.5 are obtained Peterson presented at meeting of Hydraulics for selected rivers in Mississippi, Ala- Division, American Society of Civil Engi- bama, Georgia, and Arkansas when sunspot neers, Fort Collins, Colorado, July 1, 1959- numbers in the 11-year sunspot cycle are Published Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Soc. of Nov, correlated with runoff. Texas streams do Proc. of the Amer. Civil Engrs . , not give significant correlation with Hie i960, Vol 86, p. 55- 11-year sunspot cycle but give better correlation if runoff is compared with the (3l8k) FLOW TO PARTIALLY PENETRATING WELL IN AN double sunspot cycle in which sunspot UNCONFINED AQUIFER. numbers are assumed as negative in alternate cycles (b) Laboratory project. (c) Dr. Dean F. Peterson, Dean of Engineering, (352U) GROUND WATER FLOW AND SEEPAGE IN NON- Utah State University, Logan, Utah. HOMOGENEOUS, N0N-IS0TR0PIC SEDIMENTS. (d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral thesis (b) Laboratory project. (e) The effect of drawdown relative to depth (d) Theoretical, basic. of penetration, well diameter, and rela- (e) A relaxation solution for the Laplace tive thickness of aquifer on flow into an equation has been developed which is ap- ideal partially-penetrating, unconfined plicable across a boundary between two well system was studied using a combination regions of different permeabilities. It is electrical and membrane analogue, and an believed that the method can be expanded electrical resistance analogue computer. to apply to any specified non-homogeneous Functional relationships between the geo- and non-isotropic condition. It is in- metrical and the flow parameters are pro- tended that the solution be set up for posed based on dimensional considerations computation on an electronic computer and and experimental results. that selected numerical solutions be (f) Completed. checked against those from an electrolytic (g) The effect of partial penetration for a tank. well of the unconfined type is thoroughly treated. (h) "Discharge to Partially-Penetrating Wells in Unconfined Aquifers," by Mostafa M. UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY, Engineering Experiment Soliman and Dean F. Peterson. Manuscript Station. still being revised for the Hydraulics Division, Am. Soc. of Civil Engineers. (3183) DYNAMICS OF FLOW IN STEEP, ROUGH, OPEN CHANNELS. (3185) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory research.

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(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering Experiment Station, Utah State University, Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Logan, Utah. (a) Theoretical; doctoral thesis. (a) Experimental; theoretical; basic research. (e) Unconfined flow toward a well is extremely (e) Hydrodynamic study for movement of water complex because of the existence of a free over a porous surface when intake varies surface. The object of this project is to

with time . Free surface and the rate of arrive at a more sound mathematical evalu- advance are defined. ation of the flow by using better boundary (s) A paper has "been completed for publication. conditions when solving the equations. The It contains the results of "basic mathe- unsteady flow case is also analyzed. New matical developments defining the free boundary conditions are evaluated. surface and the rate of advance^ A re- (f) Completed. sulting differential equation must be (g) Boundary conditions have been clarified and solved by approximation. Solutions of equations have developed utilizing the im- this equation have been obtained to com- proved boundary conditions. The results pare with field measurements of the rate have been compared with other methods of of advance. The results are within ten computing the free surface shape for flow percent of field observations. Additional toward a well. An equation for unsteady studies are now being planned to utilize flow has also been developed. high speed computers to obtain sufficient typical solutions to permit the develop- (3525: MEASUREMENT OF FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL PIPE ment of characteristic of parametric BY THE COORDINATE METHOD. curves so that solutions can be obtained more readily from the complex differential 00 Laboratory project. equations (c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering 00 "Mathematical Relationships Expressing the Experiment Station, Utah State University, Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation" paper Logan, Utah. presented at Agriculture Research Service (a) Experimental, theoretical; applied re- Meetings March 25, i960, publication search. pending (g) The error involved in the conventional method of measurement is shown to be large. (3186; EVALUATION OF GROUND WATER IN A NON- The coefficient has been defined and pa- HOMOGENEOUS, ANISOTROPIC MEDIA. rameters developed so that more accurate measurements can be obtained in a quick, 00 Laboratory project. easy method of water measurement (c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director Engineering 00 "Discharge Coefficient in the Coordinate Experiment Station, Utah State University, Method of Measuring Pipe Flow, " D. L. Logan, Utah. Bassett, Master's Thesis, Civil Engineering (a) Experimental, theoretical; basic research. Department, Utah State University, 1952 - - Two master's theses have been completed. a bulletin outlining field procedure to be (e) A variable resistance network has been followed with the methods is now being developed wherein problems of non-homo- prepared. geneous anisotropic flow can be evaluated. This network has been used to establish (3526) QUICK COUPLING FOR FLEXIBLE PIPE. the procedure, validity and accuracy of solutions which can be expected from this (h Laboratory project. approach. Boundary conditions necessary (c Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering for unique solutions and the method of Experiment Station, Utah State University, application of boundary conditions have Logan, Utah. been studied. ia Experimental; design and development. (e A coupling which can be light and flexible (3187: INVESTIGATION OF THE HYDRAULIC AND MECHANI- and also permit ease of coupling and CAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRINKLERS. disconnecting flexible pipe in the field is being developed. o>; Laboratory project. (f Completed. (c-: Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering A coupler has been developed which dees Experiment Station, Utah State University, permit ready use in the field. Logan, Utah. (a) Experimental; field investigation. (3527 DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST WATER LEVEL (e! The basic criterion in the study was to RECORDER. reduce the turbulence in mechanical sprinklers in order to improve the range (b Laboratory project. (f) Completed. (c Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering (g) Several rather simple modifications in the Experiment Station, Utah State University, commercial product could be modified to Logan, Utah. materially increase the range (a Experimental, development. (e In general, the available instrumentation (3188; STEADY FLOW TOWARD AN UNCONFINED WELL. for measuring fluctuation in water level is costly. Most equipment is designed 00 Laboratory project. for a wide range of application. However Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering many areas require only a limited

93 . . . . .

fluctuation in water level. This particu- and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State larly true in irrigation practice. Ob- University, Logan, Utah. jective of the project is to develop a (d) Field investigation; applied research. low-cost recorder which will fit these (e) Large areas of marshy lands adjacent to needs and thereby permit a more extensive Great Salt Lake have been developed and use improved by the State Fish and Game De- (g) A water level recorder has teen developed partment, and the Federal Wildlife Service, which does meet the requirements and is as Migratory Bird Refuges. Available stream now heing modified and adapted for' com- flow from several of the major streams mercial production. flowing into these areas where the water is impounded behind dikes to create habitat (3528) THE EFFECT OF SEDIMENT PROPERTIES ON THE suitable for nesting, feeding and resting ATTENUATION OF AN ULTRASONIC PLANE WAVE. of water fowl. Millions of ducks and geese utilize this area each year during ("b) Laboratory project. their migratory flights. (c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Associate Professor, (g) The basic purpose of the study is to deter- Civil and Irrigation Engineering Department, mine the quantities of water necessary for Utah State University, Logan, Utah. this area in order to maintain them in a (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. productive state (e) The attenuation of an ultrasonic plane wave (h) "Water Requirements of Water Fowl Refuges passing through a homogeneous suspension in Utah," J. E. Christiansen, J. B. Low, has been the subject of several theoretical and M. C. Tsai. and experimental investigations from which theoretical relations have been obtained. (3842) DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST IRRIGATION STRUCTURES Experimental results cover only part of the range of ratios of sound wave length to (b) United States Steel. particle circumference. Theoretical re- (c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director Engineering lations for the range not covered by ex- Experiment Station, Utah State University, perimental results ignore sediment proper- Logan, Utah. ties other than sphericity. Recent experi- (d) Experimental and field investigation for mental work indicates that other sediment operation. properties need to be considered as well. (e) This project has been conducted to develop These results were incidental in the study a low-cost prefabricated irrigation of a measurement technique and hence, were structure that can be easily installed by of a preliminary nature. There remains unskilled workmen, and can be adapted to considerable basic research on the effect many sizes and shapes of ditches. on the attenuation relation of various It will be versatile in that it can be sedi sphericity, sonic refractive index, used as a division box, turnout, check, absorption, and transparency. drop, gate, etc., Measuring devices are (g) A paper has been written on the "Use of being developed to add to its many uses Ultrasonics in the Measurement of Suspended Sizes, shapes, thickness of material to Sediment Size Distribution and Concen- be fabricated, and fastening devices are tration, " this paper touches only lightly being determined. Effects of frost and on the subject of Interest here. ditchbank stresses are also being studied, (g) The results will benefit farmers, ranchers (3529) DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST IRRIGATION WATER and gardners throughout the nation in that METER. it answers a great need in irrigation hydraulics (b) Cooperative with Irrigation Dept., Univ. of California, Davis, California. (3843) A SHAPE AND FRICTION FACTOR RELATIONSHIP (c) Mr. Jerry E. Christiansen, Professor of BETWEEN SMOOTH, RECTANGULAR, AND CIRCULAR Civil and Irrigation Engineering, Utah CHANNELS. State University, Logan, Utah. (a) Experimental; applied research-development. (b) Laboratory project. (e] Tests on the use of a domestic type water (c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director Engineering meter as a by-pass meter for irrigation Experiment Station, Utah State University, service were conducted on three types of Logan, Utah. primary head producing divisions for use (d) Theoretical; basic research for master's with water meter. thesis Experimental work completed. Manuscript (e) This study is to determine a shape factor in preparation. relationship so that the friction factors

Results indicate that a small domestic ( Moody curves ) for circular pipes can be type of water meter can be employed as used with rectangular shaped channels. To a hy-pass meter for measuring large flows accomplish this, head loss data will be in pipe lines with a fair degree of accuracy. taken, through a wide range of Reynold's numbers, from a number of rectangular (3530) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF WILDLIFE AREAS. channels varying from approximately a square to a channel approximately 3/8 (b) Utah State Fish and Game Department, Salt inches x k inches. Lake City, Utah. Only one material will be used in con- (c) Mr. Jerald E. Christiansen, Professor Civil structing the channels and the narrow

9k .

dimension of the channel will he held are: (l) Watershed shape, (2) Rainfall constant. Friction factor values for circu- intensity, (3) Rainfall duration, (h) Time lar pipe have often "been used for shapes element being a function of a composition other than circular; and for shapes that roughne ss factor. are not too far from a circle, the error The study is divided into two phases. In isn't appreciable; however, for channels the first phase, the object is to simulate that are far removed from a circle. the run-off hydrography using a physical It is anticipated that this study will model with an impervious surface. Thus, it result in more realistic friction factors is known that the simulated hydrography will for rectangular channels be distorted volumetrie ally. The second (h Publication pending master's thesis. phase has the same objective as the first, except refining the simulation by removing THE REMOVAL OF HIGH TURBIDITY WITH RAPID the distortion of run-off volume. The SAND FILTERS. second phase has the added objective of an investigation of the relationship between Laboratory project. infiltration and run-off. (c Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering (g) A better understanding of the parameters Experiment Station, Utah State University, influencing the rainfall-run-off relation- Logan, Utah. ship of arid southwestern watershed will be (a Experimental; theoretical, basic research obtained. Ultimately, this will result in for a master's thesis. better design of structures built to contain, (e A study of the efficiency of rapid sand convey, or bridge the run-off water of this filtration is conducted under conditions area. of varying initial turbidity and application rate. The turbidity ranges from 50 to kOO (381+6) CONSTRUCTION OF AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ACROSS parts per million and the flow rate from THE SALT FLATS NEAR WENDOVER, UTAH. 2.5 to 5-5 gal/min/ft2 0 f filter area. The same sand 0.505 mm mean diameter, is used (b) Utah State Road Commission in all the tests; and its depth is held (c) Jerry E. Christiansen, Professor, Civil and constant at 30 inches. The filter is Irrigation Engineering, Utah State Univ., constructed from a plastic tube, 3 1/2 Logan, Utah. inches in diameter to minimize wall effects, (d) Field investigation for design and develop- and is equipped with an overflow so a ment of Interstate highway. constant head of kk inches can be maintained (e) The design and construction of an interstate above the sand. highway across the salt flats near Wendover, (g) By studying the realtionships between initial Utah, poses a number of problems that require turbidity, flow rate, the final turbidity, solutions. This is one of the few places it is hoped that a system can be obtained in the world where a highway must be built, whereby rapid sand filters can be utilized over a salt bed. The maintenance of the in the removal of high turbidity without present highway and railway that traverses prior sedimentation. This kind of fil- these salt flats has been difficult. It is tration would be useful in a pressure-irri- hoped that a better understanding of the gation system where the finished product problem, based on extensive field and labo- need not be so highly polished as in a ratory investigations of materials on which culinary system. the highway will be built, will result in Publication pending master's thesis. a design that will be relatively free of maintenance problems. The objective, 38i+5 ( ) WATERSHED MODEL STUDIES. therefore, is to fully determine the characteristics of the salt bed and the underlying (b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. De- soil materials to considerable depth. The partment of Agriculture. work completed to date has been concerned (c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director Engineering primarily with the permeability of the sub- Experiment Station, Utah State University, soil materials to the flow of water. Sur- Logan, Utah. prisingly, it has been found there are very

(d) Experimental; for master's thesis. permeable strata underlying the salt . These (e) A study of the simulation of the run-off are of considerable concern because of the hydrograph (the graphical representation movement of partially saturated solutions of the discharge versus time relationship through these permeable zones which tends for a given point in the stream channel) to dissolve and remove salt, resulting in shape for a typical small southwestern uneven settlement of the roadway. arid watershed. (g) A sound and economic design depends opon For this study, a small watershed will be a complete knowledge of the materials modeled in size, shape, and topography involved. Investigations should be of encompassing provisions for varying the definite practical value in determining permeability of the model's surface. Water the basic requirements for the design and to represent precipitation in various construction of the multimilllon dollar patterns will be applied over the model highway, which will be built within the watershed. next few years. Economies in design should By the nature of the proposed study, the result from the studies being undertaken. dominant factors influencing the charac- (h) "Pumping Tests on Salt Flats" progress re- teristic shape of the run-off hydrography port by J. E. Christiansen, Derle Thorpe,

95 .

Terrell Tovey, B. B. Patil and Will Morin, is being tester) to determine the limits

October , i960. for non-uniform operation of the gates which might be detrimental to the baffle system. (g) Erosion that occurred during diversion WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, The R. L. Albrook stages has been traced to upstream gravel Hydraulic Laboratory. collecting in eddies on the apron. The eddies moved the rock over the concrete Inquiries concerning the following projects should surfaces and ground holes in the apron. be addressed to Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head, The R. L. (h) Status reports to the client. Final re- Albrook Hydraulic Laboratory, Division of Industri- ports in preparation. al Research, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington. (2632) PRIEST RAPIDS PENSTOCK GATE STUDIES.

(I689) STUDY OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS. (b) Pacific Coast Engineering Company. ( d) Experimental; design. (b) Personnel responsible for the design and/or (e) A 1:18 model of fixed wheel intake gates operation of water and gas distribution for the Priest Rapids Hydroelectric Project systems has been constructed to determine the hy- (d) Analyses by analogue and digital computers. draulic downpull for several lip designs. (e) Flow distributions have been made with the A generalized study has also been made to Mcllroy Analyzer for over forty cities, investigate various designs of intake gates several gas systems, an air system, a with a view toward a more economical generator cooling system, and several other design of gates and gantry cranes. unique systems. Losses throughout the (f) Completed. system are obtained. Engineers use the (h) Final report to client. analogue to design system pumps, tanks, and piping additions or revisions. A (2878) HYDRODYNAMICAL STUDIES. program has been prepared whereby some of the problems not readily solvable by the (b) Laboratory project. Mcllroy Analyzer can be analyzed on an IBM (d) Theoretical and experimental. digital computer. (e) A mathematical analysis of segmental flip buckets has been developed using free (2165) THE INFLUENCE OF LOGGING OPERATIONS ON streamline theory. Analysis gives the RUN-OFF FROM PRECIPITATION. relation between the dimensions of the bucket, the thickness of the nappe, the (b) Laboratory project. face angle of the dam, and the exit angle (d) Analytical with field investigation. of the jet. Evaluation of the integrals (e) Analysis of the run-off from watersheds on arising from the conformal transformation which extensive logging has been done was has been made using an IBM 650 digital conducted to determine the correlation computer. Experimental testing to confirm between run-off and logging in regions theoretical analysis has been completed. where the rainfall is heavy and regrowth (h) Master's Thesis at Washington State Univ., rapid. "Laboratory Investigations of Trajectories (f) Completed. from Segmental Flip Buckets," by Howard (h) Paper submitted for publication. Copp. Paper submitted for publication.

(2631) ROCKY REACH HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT. (2879) HYDRAULICS OF LEVEL IRRIGATION.

(b) Chelan County Public Utility District No. (b) Laboratory project cooperative with the 1. Department of Agricultural Engineering, (d) Experimental; design. Washington State University. (e) A 1:75 model 109 feet by kO feet has been (d) Theoretical and experimental. constructed of 7500 feet of the Columbia (e) Analysis is being developed to define rate River to study construction phases and the of advance and recession of the water operation of the complete development of front on a level irrigation border taking the Rocky Reach site. Studies have been into account the infiltration. A tilting completed on the cofferdam layouts and flume 75 feet long, 3 feet wide and 2 feet tests are now underway on the operation deep has been erected. A mechanical of the spillway and fishway entrances. apparatus to simulate infiltration is In addition, a l:kk. 9 scale model of two being installed. bays of the spillway has been constructed (g) Theoretical and experimental results agree and installed in a large glass-sided flume well. to determine specifically the design of (h) Paper submitted for publication. baffles on the apron and nappe deflectors on the ogee. A 1:^5 model of four bays (3192) ADVANCE OF A SHALLOW LIQUID FRONT DOWN of the truncated spillway has been built A DRY CHANNEL. and tested to determine causes of and remedial measures for apron erosion by (b) National Science Foundation Grant, the diverted flow. A 1:^5 model of seven (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- bays of the spillway has been built and search.

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(e) Mathematical analysis of equations is being pressures on spillway and pier, and dis-

conducted . Experiments will be conducted charge rating of the spillway. Additional in a tilting flume to supplement and verify tests have also been made on a unique the theoretical approach. A glass-lined spillway design that is essentially a tilting flume has been completed and tests hollow shell stabilized with anchored with oil are underway. piers (g) Theoretical analysis is confirmed by re- (f) Completed. sults from (2679) above. (h) Report to client. (h) Paper on mechanics of advance of liquid

front to be presented at Phoenix convention ( 38UT ) CHUNGJU HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT. ASCE, April 1961. (b) Bechtel Corporation, San Francisco, Calif. (3531) WANAPUM MODEL. (d) Experimental; design. (e) Two models for the Chungju project have (b) Harza Engineering Company. been built and tested. A 1:50 flume model (d) Experimental; design. of two full and two half bays of the (e) A 1:20 scale comprehensive model has been spillway was used to evaluate energy dis- constructed of the Wanapum Project on the sipators. A 1:100 comprehensive model was Columbia River. Cofferdam studies have used to study flow pattern in powerhouse been completed. Further tests have been tailrace and general spillway flows. concerned with velocity patterns and (h) Final report to client. magnitudes in the vicinities of the fish ladders and spillway apron. (38U8) CALIBRATION OF FLOW METERING FLUMES. (h) Status reports to the client. (b) Agricultural Research Service, Boise, Idaho. (3532) DIAMOND NATIONAL MODEL. (d) Experimental; design. (e) Metering flumes are being placed on several

(b) Diamond National Corporation. watersheds in southern Idaho . Models of (d) Experimental; design. these flumes are to be tested to determine (e) A distorted model, 1:150 horizontal scale the desirable shape, location of head

1:60 vertical scale , has been built of measuring taps, orientation, and elevation the Pend Oreille River downstream of of invert. The effect of flow rate, up- Albeni Falls Dam. This model has been stream and downstream topography, and used to study the formation and growth of sediment will be considered. One model to a sediment bar in the log booming area and a scale of 1:30 has been built and the with corrective and preventive measures tests are nearly completed. to insure adequate depth for booming opera- (h) Status reports to client. tion in slack water. Sediment samples have been collected and analyzed to determine (38^9) NON-CIRCULAR CONDUITS. the origin of bar deposits. (f) Completed. (b) Laboratory project supported in part by (h) Reports to the client. Nat. Acad. Sciences grant to Dr. Jamil Malaika. (3533) N0X0N MODEL. (d) Theoretical and experimental. (e) The effect of hydraulic radius on friction (b) Ebasco Services. loss in fully turbulent region will be (d) Experimental; design. studied by using circular, elliptical, (e) A flume model to a scale of 1:50 has been rectangular, and rhombic cross-sectional constructed and tested to determine methods shapes for the conduit of preventing excessive erosion of the baffle teeth. An additional 1:50 scale (3850) OXBOW FUSE PLUG. model has been built and is being tested to determine the non-uniform gate openings (b) Idaho Power Company, Boise, Idaho. permissible without detrimental results (d) Theoretical and experimental design. to the baffles. ( e ) Since one spillway at Oxbow Dam will carry (g) Reshaping of the baffle teeth and nappe the flood of record, a small rock fill deflectors on the spillway indicate good structure called a fuse plug was used in energy dissipation without serious erosion lieu of gates for the second spillway. of the structure or river bed and without Tests on 1:^0 and 1:20 scale models were low pressures. conducted to determine the mechanics of (h) Report to client. washout. A half-scale model approximately 1^ feet high and 60 feet long was built at (353*0 WELLS MODEL. the dam site. This model was washed out by diverting the Snake River. Erosion (b) Bechtel Corporation. rates were recorded in several ways to (d) Experimental; design. indicate the nature of the washout process

( e ) A 1 : 45 flume model of the spillway for and the effect of the type of embankment the proposed Wells Dam was built and material on washout rates. tested. These tests of the preliminary (f) Completed. design were made to insure a satisfactory (g) Good correlation between laboratory models design from the standpoints of bed erosion, results and theory. Field model indicated

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the regularity of the washout process and 6 pp. mimeo, April i960. the initial "breaching action. "A Hydraulic Sampler for Collecting Salmon W. ( h) "The Mechanics of Washout of an Erodihle Embryos in Spawning Beds," J. McNeil, Fuse Plug" hy E. Roy Tinney and H. Y. Hsu, Fisheries Res. Inst. Cir. No. 128, 8 pp. paper presented at ASCE Boston Convention mimeo., Nov. i960. October i960, and later submitted for publication.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Charles W. Harris Hy- draulics Laboratory. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Fisheries Research Institute (3536) A MODEL STUDY OF DOWNSTREAM MIGRANT COL- LECTION FACILITIES ON MAYFIELD DAM, COWLITZ (3535) EFFECTS OF LOGGING ON PRODUCTIVITY OF PINK RIVER. SALMON STREAMS IN ALASKA. (b) City Light Company, Tacoma, Washington. (b) Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish (c) Prof. E. P. Richey, 201 More Hall, Univ. and Wildlife Service, Juneau, Alaska, is of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington. contracting agency. Co-operating agency (d) Experimental investigation; design veri- is Alaska Forest Research Center, U. S. fication and/or correction.

( Forest Service, Juneau, Alaska. e ) Primary separation by Louvre screens in (c) Mr. Robert L. Burgner, Assistant Director, power channel; fish bypassed through Fisheries Research Institute, University cascade of vanes in pier and conducted to of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington. secondary separator basin and separated by (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field in- overflow weir. vestigation; basic and applied research, (f) Completed. including master's and doctoral thesis (g) Louvre design verified. Operating research. characteristics of vane separator determine (e) Objectives of the research program are: Design of secondary separating basin has (1) To identify environmental factors been determined and operating character- causing mortality of pink salmon embryos, istics verified. (2) to gain a more complete understanding (h) Report to Department of Public Works, Major of interrelationships among spawning be- Projects Division, Tacoma, Washington. havior, physical and biological attributes Contact this agency for copy of report. of the stream and spawning bed, and mortality of embryos, (3) to determine how the (3537) FLOW VISUALIZATION ABOUT A SALMON. quality of the spawning-bed environment as it pertains to growth, development, and (b) Salmon Fatigue Laboratory, University of mortality of embryos is affected by logging, Washington, Seattle 5, Washington. In and (k) to determine criteria for the im- cooperation with the U. S. Department of provement of natural spawning areas to Navy, Naval Ordnance Test Station, China increase production of juvenile salmon. Lake, California. Included among active routine studies are (c) Dr. Joseph Kent, University of Washington,

hydrological conditions, intragravel water Seattle 5 , Washington, and Mr. Wallace quality, spawning bed quality, and channel Allen, NOTS, China Lake, California. debris evaluation. Included among active (d) Basic research.

basic studies are composition and source ( e ) To photograph the pattern of turbulence of suspended sediment and bed load, re- created by a fish swimming in still or lationship between gravel composition and moving water with use of plastic beads and permeability, exchange between surface and dye. To determine magnitude of drag for intragravel water, and sources of intra- the flexible fish in comparison to solid gravel water. bodies. (g) Methods have been developed for routine field measurement of dissolved oxygen (385I) A STUDY OF THE RESISTANCE OF AN 18-INCH content of intragravel water, gravel compo- PLAIN CONCRETE PIPE AND AN 18-INCH HONED sition, and mortality of salmon embryos CONCRETE PIPE. Gravel shift has been identified as an important natural cause of embryonic mor- (b) United Concrete Pipe Corporation, Baldwin tality. A theoretical model of factors Park, California. controlling interchange between stream and (c) Professor H. S. Strausser, 201 More Hall, intragravel water has been proposed and University of Washington, Seattle 5> Wash. tested qualitatively. (d) Experimental investigation; design. (h) "Logging and Salmon," Staff. Fisheries Re- (e) To determine the resistance of a plain search Institute Circular No. 105, 12 pp. l8-inch concrete pipe and the same pipe Sept. 1959. after honing. Hazen-Williams, Seabeg, "Interchange of Flowing Stream and Intra- Manning and Nikuradse roughness determined.' gravel Water," Walter G. Vaux and William (f) Completed. L. Sheridan, Fisheries Research Inst. (g) Results for various resistance coefficients Circular No. 115, h pp. mimeo, Feb. i960. were determined for large Reynolds Numbers. "Measurement of Gravel Composition of (h) Report submitted to United Concrete Pipe Salmon Streambeds," W. J. McNeil and W. H. Corporation, Baldwin Park, California. Ahnell, Fisheries Res. Inst. Cir. No. 120, Contact this company for copy of report.

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(3852] A STUDY OF THE USE OF GUIDE VANES IN A 90° (c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Labora- UNSYMMETRICAL MITERED BEND. tory, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis. (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- (b) Laboratory project. search and design for B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. (c) Prof. H. S. Strausser, 201 More Hall, Univ. theses

of Washington, Seattle 5.> Washington. (e) Energy loss measurements in straight pipes (a) Experimental and theoretical investigation; and fittings have been completed on sizes M. S. Thesis. l/k inch to 2 inches. Pressure range (e) To study the geometry of guide vanes neces- 0-2500 psi, temperature range 60 to 120°F. sary to produce uniform velocity distri- Reynolds number range 50 to 150,000. bution downstream from a 90° mitered bend (f) Suspended. where entrance and exit areas are different, (g) If viscosity, density, and temperature open channel approach, conduit discharge. relations are known, the standard pipe friction theory applies at high pressures. (3853) FLOW THROUGH AN ARRAY OF CYLINDERS. The fitting loss constants for laminar flow are about 3 times those for turbulent flow (b) Laboratory project. when N^=2000. The loss gradually reduces (c) Prof. Ronald E. Nece, Department of Civil to zero at Npj=150. Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 5> Washington. (957 THE THERMODYNAMICS OF LIQUIDS (a) Experimental; M. S. Thesis. (e) Hydrodynamic forcss are to be determined (b Laboratory project cooperative with the on one of a row of circular cylinders Dynex Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. oriented obliquely with respect to a uni- (c Prof. J.R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory, form approach flow. Cylinder spacing and Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis. angular orientation of the single row are (a Theoretical and experimental; basic and to be varied. This is an initial step in applied research for Ph.D. thesis. a study of flow through oblique louver (e New equipment has been assembled to in- systems crease the pressure range to 10,000 psi. The viscosity-pressure-temperature relation ships for several petroleum oils will be studied using the Gunaji high-pressure UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, Hydraulics Laboratory. falling sphere viscometer. (f Suspended. (1^9) THE EFFECT OF SUBMERGENCE ON FLOW CHARAC- A general correlation has been developed TERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES. for the viscosity-pressure-temperature relationships for five industrial petroleum (b) Laboratory project. oils. Pressure range 0-2000 psi, tempera- (c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab., ture range 60-120 °F. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and (959 HYDR0L0GIC INVESTIGATION OF LAKE MEND0TA applied research for M.S. degree. DRAINAGE BASIN. (e) The effects of submergence on discharge of large circular thin-plate weirs and (b Part of a larger project entitled "Origin orifices and broad-crested weirs are being and Quantities of Algal Fertilizers Tribu- studied. tary to Lake Mendota." Cooperative study (g) General correlation equations have been sponsored by University of Wisconsin. developed for all thin-plate weirs Parshall Dr. A. T. Lenz, Chairman of Department of Flumes, and one type of Ogee spillway. Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin. (368) DEVELOPMENT OF A FLOOD FORECASTING PRO- (a Field investigation; applied research for CEDURE FOR THE WISCONSIN RIVER. Ph.D., M.S. theses. (e Five stream gaging stations have been in- (b) Laboratory project. stalled to measure tributary Inflow to Lake (c) Dr. A. T. Lenz, Chairman of Dept. of Civil Mendota and Yahara River outflow. Precipi- Engineering, University of Wisconsin. tation records are being obtained from four- (d) Experimental; M.S. thesis. teen recording rain gages. Current efforts (e) Fundamental studies of rainfall-runoff re- are concentrating on publication of summary lations were made to estimate runoff values of results to date. to be used in flood forecasting by the unit (f Suspended. hydrograph method. Three M.S. and six B.S. and two Ph.D. theses

(f) Suspended. completed, ( available on loan ) (g) Six M.S. and two Ph.D. theses have been completed and are available on loan. (1181 VORTEX FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL THIN-PLATE ORIFICES (956) ENERGY LOSS IN LIQUID FLOW IN PIPES AND FITTINGS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE. (b Wisconsin Alumni Res. Foundation and J.C. Stevens, Consulting Engr., Portland, Oregon. (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the (c Prof. J.R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory, Ladish Company, Cudahy, Wisconsin, and the University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis. Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. (a Theoretical and experimental; basic research

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for M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (b) Wisconsin Alumni Res. Foundation (e) The effects of vorticity on orifice dis- (c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Labora- charge were studied over a wide range of tory, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis. vorticity, head, and orifice size. (d) Theoretical and experimental; "basic re- (g) A new parameter, the vortex number, was search for M.S. and Ph.D. theses. developed as the ratio of inertial and ( e ) New instrumentation has been developed to centrifugal forces. A general correlation measure turbulence levels in pipes and procedure was also developed for estimating ducts. The effects of "boundary roughnesses discharge rates through orifices with vary- on the decay of extra turbulence caused by ing degrees of vorticity. a variety of "boundary configurations is being studied. (1707) PROBLEMS OF SCOUR AT BRIDGE AND CULVERT OPENINGS. (35^0) MODEL STUDIES OF PUMP INLET STRUCTURES.

(b) Consolidated' s Civic Foundation, Inc. (b) Wisconsin Alumni Res. Foundation in coopera- (c) Dr. A. T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil tion with the Government of West Bengal, Engineering, Univ. of Wis., Madison 6, Wis. India. (d) Experimental; for M.S. and B.S. theses. (c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulic Laboratory, (e) Hydraulic model studies were made to deter- University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis. mine methods of estimating probable scour (d) Experimental; design for M. S. thesis. pattern for a proposed structure having (e) A l/l6-scale model of the inlet structure certain physical site characteristics and for one of four axial flow pumps at the conditions of flow. Remedial methods were Uttarhhag Pumping Station (Sonarpur, India) studied at existing structures so scour will has "been made. Studies of inlet flow pat- be reduced or eliminated. terns and pressure coefficients for a wide (f) Completed. variety of flow situations are being made (g) Causes of scour at one location were corre- for the purpose of reducing the cavitation lated with topography and water levels. threshold. Study of the design of training walls to get better flow under the "bridge structures (35^1) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CIRCULAR SEDI- was completed. MENTATION BASINS. (h) Three M.S. theses are available on loan. (b) National Institute of Health, Washington, (1709) CALIBRATION OF V-NOTCH WEIRS AT ENDS OF D. C. CULVERTS. (c) Prof. G. A. Rohlich and Prof. H. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory, Univ. of (b) Wisconsin Culvert Co. Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin. (c) Dr. A.T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil (d) Experimental; basic research and design Engineering, Univ. of Wis., Madison 6, Wis. for M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (d) Experimental; for M.S. and B.S. theses. (e) A versatile, transparent, 6-ft dia. cylin- (e) A 90° V-notch was installed in a rectangular drical basin has been constructed which flume and was used as a control for flows will permit model studies at depth to up to and ahove the top of the weir plate. diameter ratios of O.67 to O.O83. Flow (f) Completed. patterns and dispersion characteristics will (g) Mathematical interpretation of the flows be observed over a wide range of over- as the summation of V-notch and rectangular flow rates. New instrumentation for meas- weir flows was made and coefficients deter- uring small velocities and dispersion mined to express the total flow as a func- functions are being developed. tion of the head above the bottom of the V-notch. (35^2) RESEARCH ON FLOW IN CULVERTS. (h) One B.S. thesis available on loan. (b) Laboratory project. (3538) ANALOG MODELS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW. (c) Dr. J. G. Woodburn, Prof, of Civil Engineer- ing, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis. (b) Marathon Paper Co., Wasusu, Wisconsin. (d) Theoretical and experimental; design; M. S. (c) Dr. A.T. Lenz, Chairman of Dept. of Civil and Ph.D. theses. Engineering, Univ. of Wis., Madison 6, Wis. (e) Hydraulic characteristics of a variety of (d) Experimental; M.S. thesis. culvert models will be studied, with (e) This problem deals with the movement of two particular attention to the location of miscible fluids of different densities in critical depth under various conditions of an aquifer - one is water and the other is inlet and discharge control. a waste product from the manufacture of paper (385IO REACTION JET INLET FOR OIL-WATER SEPARATORS. The problem is analyzed hy utilizing an electric analog plotter and "by a two-dimen- (b) The American Petroleum Institute. sional hydraulic model, (c) Professor G. A. Rohlich and Professor James (g) One M.S. thesis is available on loan. R. Villemonte, Hydraulic and Sanitary Lab., College of Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin, (3539) THE EFFECT 0^ BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS AND CON- Madison, Wis. FIGURATION ON TURBULENCE LEVEL AND VELOCITY (d) Experimental; basic research and design DISTRIBUTION. for master's and doctoral theses.

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(e) A transparent basin 5 feet "vide, 10 feet "An instrumentation system for wave measure- long, and 3 feet deep has been constructed. ments recording and analysis" Harlow G. Investigations will "be made using various Farmer, and David D. Ketchum, Proceedings sizes and spacings of the stengel reaction of Seventh Conference on Coastal Engineering jets at the entrance to the "basin to deter- in preparation. mine the effects of jet inflow on the hydraulic characteristics.

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Hydraulic Laboratory. WOODS HOLE 0CEAN0GRAPHIC INSTITUTION. Inquiries concerning the following projects should (3855) DIRECTIONAL SPECTRUM OF A WIND GENERATED be addressed to Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director, Alden SEA. Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester 9j Mass. (b) U. S. Navy Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin; Office of Naval Research and (I963) METER CALIBRATION. NSF. (c) Mr. Raymond G. Stevens, Woods Hole Oceano- (b) Foxboro Company, Foxboro, Mass. graphic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. (d) Experimental; for design. (d) An experimental observational program of (e) Calibration of various sizes from 1" to 36" ocean waves in their natural state con- diameter magnetic flow meters. sidered as a program in basic research. (e) Wave heights as a function of time will be (35MO SWING CHECK VALVES. observed at six points on a linear array. Various methods of data analysis will be (b) Atwood and Morrill Co. employed in order to determine the di- (d) Experimental; for design. rectional spectrum of the wind generated (e) Tests including determination of pressure waves. A comparison will be made of drop, leakage, disc orientation were con- locally generated wave spectra with waves ducted on a variety of valves varying in generated in a large oceanic basin. The nominal size from 2" to l6". ultimate purpose of this research is to (g) Tests in progress. investigate the possibility of scaling open ocean waves to those encountered in (35^5) HYDRAULIC CYCLONE. a semi-sheltered basin, with the view of using natural basins and bays as ship (b) Bird Machine Co. model testing basins. (d) Experimental; for design.

(f) Observations of wind generated waves for ( e ) Evaluation of the percentage break up of various wind velocities have been made the flow between accepts and rejects in a using a six point linear array. Obser- cyclone type separator were determined. vations have been conducted at Buzzards Character of flow in three different flow Bay and Panama City, Florida. Preliminary sections also analyzed. data processing is underway. (g) Tests in progress. (h) See "Ocean Wave Slope Measurement" (3546) SUN OIL CO. - SINCLAIR REFINING CO. (3856) OCEAN WAVE SLOPE MEASUREMENT. (d) Experimental; for design. (b) National Science Foundation and Office of (e) A l/lOO horizontal scale and l/50 vertical Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. scale model of a section of the Delaware (c) Mr. Harlow G. Farmer, Jr., Research As- River was constructed to study the flow sociate in Hydraulics, Woods Hole Oceano- pattern in the river area adjacent to graphic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. structures owned and operated by Sun Oil (d) An experimental observation program of Co. and Sinclair Refining Co. ocean waves in their natural state con- (f) Tests completed. sidered as a program in basic research. (e) Observations of wave slopes were made by (35^7) TRONERAS PROJECT. measurement of the height difference at three closely spaced points. The observing (b) Gannett, Fleming, Corddry and Carpenter, device consisted of three resistance wires Inc suspended vertically from a fixed frame. (d) Experimental; for design. The resistance at each wire is proportional (e) A 1/^3 scale model of a diversion tunnel to the wave height; the difference between intake was constructed along with a section the resistance of adjoining pairs is taken of the Guadalupe River upstream of the to be the wave slope. intake. The flow pattern for a range of (f) The observational phase of this work is expected flows was studied. In addition completed and slope frequency distributions flow studies and pressure measurements in have been analyzed. the intake were made. (h) The instrumentation employed in this work (f) Tests completed. was described at the Seventh Conference on Coastal Engineering held at the Hague, (3548) 0TISC0 DAM. Netherlands in August i960 and will appear in the proceedings of that conference as (b) O'Brien and Gere.

101 . "

(d) Experimental for design. (e) A 1/6 scale model of the supply flume and (e) A 1/20 scale model of a section of the suction piping to each of two condenser river bed including the old, new and re- coolant pumps was constructed of plexiglass built spillways have been constructed. It Flow conditions in the approaches, pump is proposed to study the flow pattern over bell section and reducing elbow are to be the new spillway plus emergency channels studied. with a view to locating guide walls, gate (f) Tests in progress. structures, spilling pool boundaries and a section of highway, (3863) STABILITY OF HOLLOW NOSE BULLETS. (g) Tests in progress. (to) Laboratory project. (3857) METER CALIBRATION. (a) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for M.S. thesis. (b) General Controls Co., Foster Div. (e) The stability and flight characteristics of (d) Experimental; for design. the hollow point bullet were studied and (e) Laboratory calibration of various meters compared with other more common shapes. from 2" to 2h" diameter. Experimental work performed on a flow table was used to supplement theoretical analysis (3858) METER CALIBRATION. (f) Completed. (g) The hollow point used in studies was found 00 B-I-F Industries Inc. to have definite advantages as to stability (a) Experimental; for design. when compared with ogive noses (e) Calibration of open flow nozzles and ven- (h) "The Stability Characteristics of a Hollow turl meters up to 48". Point Bullet," M.S. Thesis at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. (3859: NIAGARA POWER PROJECT. (3864) CAVITATION ON AN ACCELERATING BODY. (to) Uhl, Hall and Rich. (a) Experimental; for design. (to) Laboratory project. (e) A l/25 scale model of one section of power (a) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- conduit plus gate structure has been in- search for M.S. thesis. stalled in a 3 ft. glass sided flume. A (e) Development of cavitation on the surface model gate and stop logs have been fabri- of a rapidly accelerating disc was studied. cated. Tests will be conducted of the Data taken photographically using e- planned conduit filling operation during quipment set up for work under Bureau of which the dynamic forces on the stop logs Ordnance development contract. will be measured. (f) Completed.

(1 Test in progress. (h) "An Experimental Investigation of Cavitation Growth Behind a Sharp Edged 45° Beveled (3860) SMITH MOUNTAIN HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT. Disk caused by Motion Imparted by Impact, M.S. Thesis at Worcester Polytechnic Inst. (b) Ebasco Services, Inc. (d) Experirental; for design. (e) A l/6o scale model of a section of the Roanoke River was duplicated including the ACCURATE PRODUCTS COMPANY. arch dam, spillways, and chutes, powerhouse, and penstocks. Studies included spillway (3865) DUCTED PROPELLERS. performance, energy dissipation in river below spillway chutes, powerhouse penstock (to) Office of Naval Research, Department of and tailrace flow conditions and the the Navy. second stage diversion schemes. (c) Dr. Peter G. Buehning, kOO Hillside Avenue, (f) Tests in progress. Hillside, New Jersey. (a) Theoretical; basic research. (3861) SMITH MOUNTAIN PROJECT. (e) Investigation of the effect of propeller diameter and rpm on efficiency of ducted (b) Sollitt Construction Co. propellers with and without guide vanes (d) Experimental; for design. taking into account friction on blading (e) A l/6o scale model of the river bed at the and enclosure. Analysis of flow pattern construction site was constructed. The and development of design procedures. model included various structures necessary (g) The ducted propeller with guide vanes has for stream diversion during the first phase been analyzed; curves have been obtained of construction. Details studied on the permitting matching of propeller diameter model included upstream and downstream and rpm for optimum overall efficiency cofferdams, retaining walls, bed excavation of the unit. and location of construction bridge piers. (f) Tests in progress.

(3862) RENCA THERMAL PLANT. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture, Department of Irrigation. (b) Ebasco International, (d) Experimental; for design. (21) THE MECHANICS OF WATER DROPLET AND SPRAY

102 . . . .

FORMATION FROM SPRINKLER NOZZLES of boundary conditions on the coefficient discharge become zero when 'the values of California Agricultural Experiment Station. the end and bottom contractions are greater Dr. J. R. Davis, Department of Irrigation, than two or three times the weir diameter. University of California, Davis, Calif. When the contractions are greater than this Experimental; theoretical and laboratory amount, the coefficient of discharge be- investigation. comes a function of head and radius only. Investigations to evaluate the causes of Results obtained in this study indicate wave formation of the jet, to evaluate the that a satisfactory relationship can be nature of the wave system, and to determine developed for the effect of radius on the the relation between turbulence in the discharge coefficient. However, experi- nozzle and the formation of discontinuous mental data for more than three sizes of water drops. weirs would be required in order to de- Results include the development of the scribe this relationship satisfactorily, electric needle technique for describing (h) "Flow Characteristics of Circular Weirs," the frequency, amplitude and wave length M. Moayeri, M. S. thesis in Irrigation of the wave system. Science. January 1961.

HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIES IN (25) PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING CALIFORNIA. SOIL INFILTRATION RATES.

California Agricultural Experiment Station. (b) California Agricultural Experiment Station. Prof. R. H. Burgy and W. D. McMillan, De- (c) Doctors L. D. Doneen, D. W. Henderson, J. partment of Irrigation, University of Calif. W. Biggar and G. R. Dutt, University of Davis, California. California, Davis, California. Experimental and field investigation; ap- (d) Theoretical and basic laboratory studies plied research. and field applied research. Evaluation of the hydrologic effects of (e) Water management practices for various various watershed management practices is soils have been continued in the labora- under study on several upland drainages. tory and field. In addition, emphasis Diamond drilling equipment was used to has been placed on the chemical nature of install piezometers and access tubes in the water by establishing '60 ring infil- one mountain watershed for evaluation of trometers with growing crops the groundwater component of water yield. (g) The concentration and the type of mineral Lysimeters and meteorological equipment constituents in the waters influence the installed in an adjacent area provide con- permeability of soils, particularly when tinuous measurements of evapotranspiration changing from one quality to another, and potential evapotranspiration. which had a marked influence on infiltration "Hydrologic Effects of Vegetation Con- and hydraulic conductivity. version, " Report presented to the Control (h) "Boron Adsorption and Release by Soils," Burning Com., Sportsman's Council of the J. W. Biggar, and Milton Fireman, Soil

Redwood Emp. 15 pp., i960, W. D. McMillan. Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 2k( 2 ) :115-120. i960. "Interception Loss From Grass," W. D. "Field Infiltration Studies With Gr-een McMillan and R. H. Burgy, Jour. Geophys Manures and Crop Residues," W. A. Williams,

Res. , 65:2389-239^. i960. and L. D. Doneen, Soil Sci. Proc. 2U:58-6l, I960. MEASUREMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER AND IMPROVEMENT IN FARM IRRIGATION STRUCTURES. (1819) DRAINAGE IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

California Agricultural Experiment Station. (b) California Agricultural Experiment Station. Doctors V. H. Scott and J. R. Davis, Dept. (c) Doctors J. N. Luthin and V. H. Scott, De- of Irrigation, University of California, partment of Irrigation, University of Calif., Davis, California. Davis, California. Experimental; design. (d) Experimental and field investigation; basic A study was conducted on the flow charac- and applied research. teristics of circular weirs. A discharge (e) (l) Drainage of artesian water. An analog formula was developed based on the e- solution to the problem of tile drainage quation of continuity. The area involved of artesian water was presented in an in this equation was expressed in terms earlier report (1957)- In "the past year of head and weir radius. The velocity was an analytical solution has been obtained considered to be a function of several for the same boundary condition. A note factors including head, weir radius, has been submitted to Agricultural Engrg. boundary conditions, and fluid properties. describing the solution and comparing it The most important of these was considered to other analyses of the artesian problem. to be end and bottom contractions, head (2) Physics of flow towards drains as

and weir radius . The equation developed studied in a drainage laboratory. A for the velocity included a coefficient of drainage tank (50 feet long, 10 feet high, discharge which was defined as a function and 3 feet wide) is under construction on of end and bottom contractions, head and the Davis Campus. It will be filled with radius Oso Flaco sand and should be in operation The results obtained show that the effect in the near future.

103 (3) Measurement of soil hydraulic conduc- III. Factors Affecting the Bate of Fall," tivity. A method of measuring the soil hy- J. N. Luthin and B. V. Worstell. Trans. draulic conductivity in the absence of a A.S.A.E. 2:1+5-1+8, i960. water table is needed. The procedure which is under development involves the use of a ( 3866) HYDBAULICS OF SURFACE IBBIGATION SYSTEMS. lined well. A 2" pipe is driven into an auger hole. A cavity is left open at the (b) California Agricultural Experiment Station. end of the pipe. The cavity is filled with (c) Dr. J. B. Davis, Department of Irrigation, sand and water is added to the pipe. The University of California, Davis, Calif. rate of flow of water out of the pipe is (d) Experimental; laboratory and field investi- used in conjunction with some soil moisture gation. measurements to calculate the soil hydraulic ( e ) Bational approaches to defining the flow conductivity. This method is currently of water in vegetative channels, dimensional: under development. A sector tank equipped analyses and model studies of rate of water with tensiometers has been constructed to advance in borders. Evaluations of criteria; make measurements of the flow and to check for design of tail water return systems, the theory. measurement of flow in small irrigation (1+) Solution of problems on the voltage streams, and evaluation of irrigation analyzer. Additional analyses have been efficiency concepts. made of flow of water toward tile lines (g) A method of determining flow rates in ir- in stratified or layered soils. In par- rigation furrows with simple, inexpensive ticular the movement of the water table equipment was found to be fairly accurate in such soils has been examined for non- but additional refinements are necessary. steady state conditions. The application The flume studies of hydraulic roughness of the soil-moisture characteristic curve using artificial plants has been completed, to non-steady state conditions has been and showed that the exponent of hydraulic examined and the limitations of this ap- radius in Manning's equation differs proach pointed out. significantly from the commonly used value. "Predicted and Experimental Water Table (h) "Concepts on Design of Border Irrigation Drawdown During Tile Drainage," W. Systems," John B. Davis, Presented at ABS- Brutsaert, G. S. Taylor and J. K. Luthin, SCS Besearch Application Workshop on Hy- Manuscript submitted to Hilgardia. draulics of Surface Irrigation, February "Ponded Flow Through Layered Soils," G. S. 9 -10, i960. Taylor, B. V. Worstell and J. N. Luthin, "Estimating Bate of Advance for Irrigation VII International Cong. Soil Sci. (in press). Furrows, " John B. Drvis, Presented at ABS- "Criteria for Tile Drain Spacings in SCS Besearch Application Workshop on Hy- Artesian Areas," C. Argyriadis and J. N. draulics of Surface Irrigation, February Luthin, Trans. A.S.A.E. 3:87-89, i960. 9 - 10, i960. "The Falling Water Table in Tile Drainage. "Design of Irrigation Border Checks,"

II. Proposed Criteria for Spacing Tile W. A. Hall, Agr. Engin., 1+1 : 1+39-1+1+2, i960. Drains," J. N. Luthin, Trans. A.S.A.E. "Performance Parameters of Irrigation 2:kk-k5, i960. Systems," W. a. Hall, Trans. A. S. A. E. "The Falling Water Table in Tile Drainage. 3(l):75-76, 81, i960.

10l+ — .

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL RE- Runoff Plot Research," L. D. Meyer, Soil SEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation Re- Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, Vol. 2k, No. k, search Division. PP. 319-322, (July-Aug. I960). "Current Concepts and Developments in Rain EASTERN SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH BRANCH. fall Erosion Research in the United States D. D. Smith and W. H. Wischmeier, Trans, (1966) IMPROVED SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL OF RUNOFF AND of the Fifth International Congress of Agr EROSION. Engin. 1958, Brussels, Belgium, Vol A 1, pp. 1+58-467, (i960). (b) Cooperative with the following state Agri- "Cropping-Management Factor Evaluations cultural Experiment Stations and other for a Universal Soil-Loss Equation," W. H. agencies for use throughout the thirty-one Wischmeier, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, Eastern States: Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Vol. 2k, No. k, pp. 322-326, (July-August Iowa, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, i960). Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Wisconsin. "Erosion from Corn After Meadow Depends on Some studies under this project are re- Quality of Meadow," W. H. Wischmeier, ported in more detail as cooperative re- Crops and Soils, Vol, 12, No. 6, pp. 225- search under the respective states. 226, (March i960). (c) Mr. T. W. Edminster, Chief, Eastern Soil "Soil and Water Losses and Infiltration and Water Management Research Branch, Plant Rates on Ida Silt Loam as Influenced by Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland. Cropping Systems, Tillage Practices and (d) Experimental and field investigations, Rainfall Characteristics," W. C. Molden- hoth hasic and applied for development and hauer and W. H. Wischmeier, Soil Sci. Soc. design. Amer. Proc, Vol. 2k, No. 5, pp. k09-k±3, (e) The purpose of these studies is to obtain (Sept. -Oct. I960). fundamental information on the mechanics of rainfall, runoff and erosion, to deter- (3867) IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE FACILITIES. mine the effects of the hasic factors climatic, topographic, soil and cover on (b) Cooperative with the following state runoff and soil loss, and to develop and Agricultural Experiment Stations and other evaluate the runoff and erosion control agencies for use throughout the thirty-one effectiveness of various soil and water Eastern States: Alabama, Florida, management and supporting conservation Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, New York, practices. The relationships and evalu- Ohio, Virginia, and Vermont. ations are combined into equations or (c) Mr. T. W. Edminster, Chief, Eastern Soil graphs for estimating soil loss from and Water Management Research Branch, individual fields in conservation farm Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. planning and in determining prohable sedi- (d) Experimental and field investigations, ment production in watersed protection both basic and applied for development programs. The work is carried on in labo- and design. ratory and fractional acre plot studies (e) The purpose of these investigations is to with natural and simulated rainfall and develop engineering techniques that will on primary unit watersheds. Both meteor- provide maximum effective control and ological and hydrological measurements are management of water onto and off farm made. The hasic data are assembled in a land consistent with maximum conservation central statistical laboratory for place- of soil and water resources. Techniques ment on punch cards for machine and graphi- are developed for managing surface water cal correlation analysis. flow through land forming, surface drain- (g) Work continued on evaluation of factors age systems and soil conditioning through in a universal soil loss prediction crop and cultural practices that improve equation. Rainfall erosion indices and internal soil drainage. Methods are their monthly distribution curves have studied for effectively collecting and been computed for l8l locations in the storing excess surface runoff for later U. S. from which an iso-erodent map is farm use. Tile, mole and other subsurface being prepared. Crop-management factors drainage systems are developed and their for use in the equation have been published effectiveness determined. The hydraulics for 100 crop cover-management combinations. of surface water management for irrigation Slope and soil erodibility factors are and drainage is studied. The work is being re-evaluated. Research was started carried on in laboratory and field studies on the hydraulics of water movement as sheet Both meteorological and hydrological flow and as channel flow in individual measurements are made crop rows and terrace channels under natu- (g) Work is continuing on land forming and the ral and simulated rainfall conditions. development of improved surface drainage The mechanics of soil detachment and trans- systems, the effectiveness of field di- port by raindrop splash and in the phases versions, improved plastic mole drainage of water flow outlined above are included techniques and the effectiveness of other in the studies. subsurface drainage systems. The hydrolo- (h) "Erosion Characteristics 6f Rainfall," gy and hydraulics of surface water manage- G. R. Free, Agr. Engin., Vol. kl, No. 7, ment for drainage and of irrigation water pp. 14+7-1^9, 14-55, (July I960). flow in crop row channels is receiving "Use of Field Plot Rainfall Simulator for increased attention.

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(h) "Field Experiences in Measuring Hydraulic Research Branch, Plant Industry Station, Conductivity for Drainage Design— Soil Beltsville, Maryland. Core Method in Virginia," a symposium, (d) Experimental; field and laboratory; for W. W. Donna, Phelps Walker, et al. Agr. planning and design- of watershed protection Engin., Vol. kO, No. 5, pp. 270-273, 280, and flood prevention projects, upstream (May I960). structures, and farm water disposal systems, "Irrigation Systems for Grassland," T. W. (e) The purpose of the studies is to develop an Edminster, Grasslands, Amer-. Assoc. Adv. understanding of the hydrologic processes Sci., Vol. 53, PP. 151-157, (195P). of procedures for predicting flood runoff "Land Forming—A New Water Management and water yield from agricultural water- Practice," Lee F. Hermsmeier and Curtis L. sheds. Research is carried out on water- Larson, Minnesota Farm and. Home Sci., Vol. sheds ranging in size from 1 to 75,000 acres, 17, No. 1, pp. 8-9, (Oct. 1959). including measurements of rainfall, runoff, "Land Forming for Drainage," I. L. Saveson, evapotranspiration, moisture storage and Agr. Engin., Vol. kO, No. k, pp. 208-209, the accretion, and movement of groundwater. 213, (April 1959). Hydrologic records are being obtained on "Land Forming—An Accepted Drainage 199 watersheds in 21 state, as follows: Practice," Phelps Walker and J. H. Lillard, Safford and Tombstone, Arizona; Ft. Lauder- Agr. Engin., Vol. kl, No. 1, pp. 2*4-27, dale and Vero Beach, Florida; Watkinsville (Jan. I960). Georgia; Monticello, Illinois; Iowa City, Iowa; College Park and Hagerstown, Md.; U. S. SALINITY LABORATORY. East Lansing, Michigan; Oxford, Mississippi; McCredie, Missouri; Hastings, Nebraska; (3868) A STUDY OF THE MECHANISMS AND MATHEMATICS High Point, N. Carolina; Newell, S. Dakota; OF WATER MOVEMENT IN UNSATURATED SOIL. Albuquerque and Santa Rosa, N. Mex.: Cohocton and Dutchess County, New York; (b) Laboratory project. Coshocton, Ohio; Stillwater, Oklahoma; (c) Dr. W. R. Gardner, U. S. Salinity Labora- Riesel (Waco), Texas; Blacksburg, Va.; tory, P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, Calif. Moorefield, West Virginia; Colby, Fennimore (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- and La Crosse, Wis.: Montpelier, Vermont. search. Other studies include analysis and inter- (e) Experimental techniques are being devised pretation of accumulated records and the to measure the water-transmitting proper- Cooperative Water Yield Procedures Study ties of unsaturated soils as a function of at Lincoln, Nebraska by Soil Conservation other soil properties. Methods are being Service, Bureau of Reclamation and Agri- devised to obtain solutions of various un- cultural Research Service to develop saturated-flow problems. methods for estimating the effect of water- (g) Several methods have been devised for shed treatment upon yields of stream flow. measuring the capillary conductivity of (g) Hydraulics investigations under this pro- soils, including a method for in situ ject include the principles of surface and measurements in the field in the tensiom- porous-media flow essential to an under- eter range. Solutions have been obtained standing of the hydrologic performance of for the movement of water to a plant root the watershed and its underlying aquifers. and for the drainage of a vertical soil (h) Monthly summaries of rainfall and runoff, column. maximum volumes of flow for selected (h) "Diffusivity of Soil Water During Sorption periods of time, and detailed data for as Affected by Temperature," W. R. Gardner, selected runoff events are brought up-to-

Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 23: hOG-kOT date every few years . Interpretative 1959. studies are reported in Departmental media "The Effect of an Electrolyte Concentration and in the journals of technical societies. and Exchangeable Sodium on the Diffusivity of Water in Soil," W. R. Gardner, M. S. 1723) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES. Mayhugh, J. 0. Goertzen, and C. A. Bower. Soil Sci. 88: 270-27*4-, 1959- See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory "Measurement of Capillary Conductivity and Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1929, 2386, and Diffusivity with a Tensiometer, " by W. R. 2860. See also Illinois State Water Survey Gardner. Trans. VII Cong. Internatl. Soil Division Project No. 1865 Sci. Soc. (in press). (b) Cooperative with the Oklahoma and Minnesota WATERSHED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH BRANCH. Agricultural Experiment Stations, with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, and (150) HYDR0L0GIC RESEARCH ON AGRICULTURAL WATER- Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, 111. SHEDS. (c) Mr. L. L. Kelly, Watershed Technology Re- search Branch, Plant Industry Station, (b) Cooperative with State Agricultural Exp. Beltsville, Maryland. Stations, Soil Conservation Service, (d) Experimental; applied research for develop- U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, University of ment and design. Iowa, University of Mississippi, Central (e) Research dealing with the design, construc- and Southern Florida Flood Control District, tion, and testing of structures for con- and the Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co. trolling and conserving soil and water are (c) Mr. H. N. Holtan, Watershed Technology carried out under this project. Field

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studies are made to determine the causes of Horace W. Wood, Ernest T. Smerdon and deterioration of drainage ditches, terrace Herbert G. Bossy. Fred W. Blaisdell. outlets, and hydraulic structures that have Amer. Soc. Civil Engin. Proc. (HYll) 85: failed in service. Laboratory experiments 153 (1959). in methods of preventing such deterioration "Testing Debris Guards for Pipe Spillways," are supplemented hy field tests of those W. R. Gwinn and W. 0. Ree. USDA Soil measures or devices that appear promising. Conserv. 25: 227-229 (i960). At the Stillwater, Oklahoma Outdoor Hy- "The Hood Inlet for Closed Conduit Spill- draulic Laboratory the hydraulics of trash ways," Fred W. Blaisdell. Amer. Soc. racks on drop spillways are under study, Civil Engin. Proc. (HY5) 86: 7-31 (i960). and studies are being continued on devices "Report of Preliminary Tests of a Fine Mesh for measuring flow rates. At the St. Jute Channel Liner," W. 0. Ree. WTRB Re- Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory studies search Report 331, July i960. were continued on the capacity and per- "Let 1 s Demonstrate Hydraulic Phenomena, formance of the hood inlet to the closed Elaine D. Foss and F. W. Blaisdell. Un- conduit spillway and on the hydraulic numbered ARS Pub. July i960. design characteristics of anti-vortex devices for drop spillways. Cooperative (2175) SEDIMENT HYDRAULICS. studies on drop inlets were continued with the Illinois State Water Survey at Urbana, See also California Institute of Technology

Illinois. (Project No. 27^8, page 2>) > Massachusetts Model tests at Minneapolis, Minn, showed Institute of Technology (Project No. 3089, that smaller drop inlets can be used with page 5)> Colorado State University (Project the non-projecting hood than with the pro- No. 3^02, page 16), and ARS Sedimentation jecting hood. Model tests were run on 62 Laboratory (Project Nos. 3869, 387O, and variations of the two-sided-entry table-top 3871, page anti-vortex plate for drop inlets. Analyses (b) Cooperative with State Agricultural Experi- of these data are not yet completed. At ment Stations in Mississippi, Oklahoma, Stillwater, Oklahoma model tests of trash Wisconsin and New York, Soil Conservation racks continued using hemp rope treated Service, University of Arizona, University with a sulfuric acid solution to simulate of Mississippi and Massachusetts Institute trash action usual to a reservoir. Model of Technology. tests indicated that if a top orifice plate (c) Mr. Carl R. Miller, Watershed Technology is used to reduce flow through the drop Research Branch, Plant Industry Station, inlet (a common practice where oversized Beltsville, Maryland. pipe is dictated by needs for structural (d) Experimental; field and laboratory develop- strength and the needs for clean-out ment of concepts procedures, guides, and facility) a negative pressure may develop criteria for use in planning, design, con- inside the drop inlet. Under these construction, and maintenance of programs and ditions pipe flow rather than orifice flow measures for soil and water conservation, governs throughout. Tests showed that it and the protection and development of would be necessary to vent the drop inlet agricultural watersheds. to maintain orifice control. (e) Experiments, investigations, and analytical "The SAF Stilling Basin. A Structure to studies to determine fundamentals and Dissipate the Destructive Energy in High- principles of entrainment, transportation Velocity Flow from Spillways," Fred W. and deposition of sediment, and the mor- Blaisdell. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Handbk. phology of stream channel systems in 156: 16 pp. (1959). agricultural watersheds. The investi- Letter to the Editor of Civil Engineering gations include studies: channel geometry, Magazine regarding "Improved Culvert Per- stream bank erosion, shear stresses exerted formance Through Design and Research by flowing water on channel periphery Studies," by William J. Bauer, May 1959. materials of various textures and types, Fred W. Blaisdell. resistance to flow as related to bed con- "The Virginia V-Notch Weir," W. 0. Ree figuration, sediment transport and compo- and W. R. Gwinn, U. S. Dept. Agr. ARS 2+1-10: sition, and development of means and methods 7 PP. (1959). for stream channel stabilization andccontrol. "Head Loss in Quick-Coupled Aluminum Pipe Development of specialized instruments is Used for Sprinkler Irrigation Systems," an integral part of the investigations. W. 0. Ree, U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Handbk. Investigations are carried on from head- ll+7: 20 pp. (1959). quarters at Oxford, Miss.,* Stillwater, Okla.; "Discussion of Some Experiments with Emergen- East Aurora, New York; and Madison, Wis. cy Siphon Spillways," by Warren B. Mc- (g) Field data analysis and studies in Miss. Birney. Fred W. Blaisdell and Harold W. have established the existence of disconti- Humphreys. Amer. Soc. Civil Engin. Proc nuity in the stage discharge relationship mk 86:103-108 (1959). for certain sand-bedded streams. Disconti- "A Closure on Eisenhower and Grass River nuity results from the interaction of sedi- Lock Models," Martin E. Nelson and Harvey ment transport conditions, stream hydraulic J. Johnson. Amer. Soc. Civil Engin. Proc. factors, and the channel resistance to flow (HY7) 85: 3A5 (1959). as related to bed configuration. This con- "Discussion of Pressure Changes at Open forms with laboratory experiment findings Junctions in Conduits," by W. M. Sangster, at the California Institute of Technology.

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Studies in New York have resulted in de- fill and the forces affecting these bed velopment of relationships between channel elevation changes are also being studied. bend geometry and maximum points of shear (g) Studies have established the existence of stress and scour for certain stream types. a discontinuity in the stage-discharge Preliminary mathematical relationships relation at several locations in the pro- between requisite riprap size and flood ject area. Changes in channel efficiency, flow hydraulic parameters in stream bends occasioned by changes in bed configuration, have been developed. Concurrent laboratory have allowed water discharges to vary more studies at the Massachusetts Institute of than 100$ for given water stages. Vari- Technology are establishing shear stress ations in Manning's roughness factor from patterns in a bend under idealized con- .035 to .015 during the course of a storm ditions. In Oklahoma, studies indicate have occurred and for a given water dis- erosion resistant abilities of various charge on separate occasions the "n" value type channel liners to protect newly has been known to double. Froude numbers emergent vegetation in grassed waterways. for flood over plane beds or antidunes in At Colorado State University a unique the field are less than Froude numbers ultra sonic device was developed for use computed from comparable flows in laboratory in laboratory and field to simultaneously flumes; this difference in Froude numbers measure stream bed and water surface pro- is believed to be partly a function of files (ARS Contract), depth. (h) "Effects of Flood Flow on, Channel Bounda- (h) "Average Scour and Fill in Sand Bed Streams," ries," by D. A. Parsons, Journal of by Bruce R. Colby, WTRB, SWCRD, ARS Research Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 86, April Report No. 336, October 25, i960. I960. "Discontinuous Rating Curves for Pigeon "Discontinuous Rating Curves for Pigeon Roost and Cuffawa Creeks in Northern Miss.," Roost and Cuffawa Creeks in Northern by Bruce R. Colby, ARS kl-36, USDA, April Mississippi," ARS kl-36, USDA, April i960. I960. "Lecture Notes on Sedimentation Tranpor- tation and Channel Stability," by Vito A. (38TO) AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION AS RELATED TO Vanoni, Norman H. Brooks, and John F. CHANNEL STRUCTURES. Kennedy, Publication No. KHWR-1, Sept. I960, (Contract 2206-ARS-6l) (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with Miss. "Dual Channel Stream Monitor," Earl E. State Univ. and the Univ. of Mississippi. Gray and S. S. Karaki, Colo. State Univ., (c) Mr. Russell Woodburn, Director, Sedimen- CER60SSKi<-6, August i960 (ARS Contract). tation Laboratory, University of Miss., "Report of Preliminary Tests of a Fine Oxford, Mississippi. Mesh Jute Channel Liner," by W. 0. Ree, (d) Field investigation; applied research. ARS Research Report No. 331, July 29, i960. (e) It is necessary for proper planning and "A Critique on Stable Channels in Cohesive design of agricultural watershed conservation Materials and a Research Proposal," by work to have a knowledge of the extent of C. R. Miller, ARS Research Report No. 333, aggradation or degradation that is likely August 18, i960. to occur with placement of structures in "Average Scour and Fill in Sand-Bed Streams, alluvial channels. Studies of 17 structures by Bruce R. Colby, ARS Research Report No. in three separate watersheds of north Miss, 336, October 25, i960. are underway to develop procedures and criteria useful in predicting channel ad- Sedimentation Laboratory justments with structural installations and accompanying changes in sediment transport

( 3869 ) FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGY. and flow pattern, (g) The degree of channel cutting and channel (b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Miss. erosion rates have been determined for one State University and University of Miss. reservoir on East Goose Creek, Lafayette (c) Mr. Russell Woodburn, Director, Sedimen- County, Miss., for the 5 -year period, 1953- tation Laboratory, Univ. of Mississippi, 1958, and for six structures on Little Rock Oxford, Miss. Creek, Carroll County, for the 3-year period, (d) A field investigation project; applied 1956-1959. research. (e) Field studies on selected natural water- (3871) LABORATORY STUDIES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT. sheds in the Yazoo River Basin of Miss, are made to delineate the variables of (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with Miss. stream geometry and stream hydraulics in State Univ. and the Univ. of Mississippi. terms of sediment discharge characteris- (c) Mr. Russell Woodburn, Director, Sedimen- tics. These watersheds vary in area from tation Laboratory, Univ. of Mississippi, 115 acres to 75,000 acres. Acquired data Oxford, Miss. are studied for adherence to existing d) Experimental; basic and applied research. regime equations, tractive force concepts, e) To more fully explain by laboratory flume and bed load formulae and to develop new experiments the relationships between or improved relationships. Development of stream hydraulics and sediment transport methods to determine total sediment dis- which generally occur in natural channels. charge .are an integral part of the investi- Work includes the testing and development gations. Measurement of channel scour and of sediment transport equations and the

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determination of the relation between "un- crops; (2) to compile and prepare for pub- measured" and total bed material discharge. lication available data relating to irri- An additional objective is the determi- gation requirements and consumptive use as nation of changes in bed configuration determined by field experiments; and (3) to with changing flow and the effect upon estimate water requirements from climato- flow resistance and the transport of sands. logical and other data. (g) Monthly coefficients (k) have been developed WESTERN SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH BRANCH for irrigated crops and phreatophytes in the Blaney-Criddle formula, u = kf = con- (151) LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS. sumptive use, where "k" is a monthly coefficient based on experimental measure- Laboratory project, Agricultural Research ments, and "f" is a factor determined Service, Utah State University, and Bureau from mean monthly temperatures and percent of Reclamation cooperating. of daytime hours. Reports are being pre- (c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, pared on "Determining Consumptive Use and Agricultural Research Service, Utah State Irrigation Requirements," and "Monthly University, 101 Engineering Building, Consumptive Use by Irrigated Crops in Logan, Utah. Western United States." (d) Experimental; basic and applied research. (h) "Determining Irrigation Requirements from (e) Linings for irrigation canals and reservoirs Consumptive Use Water Rates," Harry F. are being tested to develop more effective Blaney, Trans. Vth International Congress and lower cost methods of reducing seepage of Agricultural Engineering, 1: 292-30^, losses in irrigation systems. The investi- Brussels, i960. gation includes: (l) Evaluation of physical "Relationship of Pan Evaporation to Evapo- properties of lining materials; (2) model transpiration by Phreatophytes and Hydro- testing of linings in an outdoor labora- phytes," Harry F. Blaney, Symposium on tory; and (3) field testing at selected Phreatophytes, May 1958. sites to determine relative durability "Progress Report on Water-Consuming Areas under varying subgrade and climatic con- Along the Santa Ynez River Channel, Santa ditions. Barbara County, California," Harry F. (g) Development work on our asphalt-coated jute Blaney, Paul Nixon, et al, Soil and Water liner continued. Some changes were made in Conservation Research Division, USDA,1960. the asphalt coating, and a 12-ounce burlap was substituted for the 15-ounce sacking. (2179) EVAPORATION AND CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER This resulted in a liner that was more uni- INVESTIGATIONS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY formly coated and the coating less subject AND ADJACENT AREA. to cracking on flexing at sharp angles. To provide a built-in protective coating, (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Div. slate granules were imbedded in the top of of Water Resources, State of California; the liner. Test installations of last and the Corps of Engineers, San Francisco year were extended to include a section of Bay District, U. S. Army. the improved material. It appears now (c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Irrigation Engineer, that the material is reasonably satisfactory, P. 0. Box 180, Berkeley, California. and although development work is continuing, (a) Field investigation. it has been released for test marketing in (e) To determine rates of evaporation from the Denver, Colorado, area. fresh water surfaces, the consumptive use (h) "Asphalt-Coated Jute Liner Developed for of fresh water by marshland vegetation Canals and Reservoirs," C. W. Lauritzen, (tules and cattails), and the consumptive Farm and Home Science, 2k:l, 12-13, 28-29, use of water by salt grass at varying March i960. depths to water table in the San Francisco "Linings for Irrigation Canals," C. W. Bay and adjacent areas, Lauritzen, Irrigation, Engineering, and f) Completed.

Maintenance, ° : 13, 10-11, December 1959* h) "Estimated Evaporation and Evapotranspi- first part, 10:1, 12-13, January i960, ration Losses under Various Proposed second part. Barrier Plans of the San Francisco Bay System, California," Dean C. Muckel, (2177) WATER REQUIREMENTS IN IRRIGATED AREAS. December 1959, final report (distribution restricted) (b) Field project in cooperation with State and Federal agencies. (2180) EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS AND (c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, Irrigation Engineer, LAKES. Agricultural Research Service, 1131 Bartlett Building, 215 West 7th St., Los Angeles Ik, (b) Field project of Western Soil and Water Calif., or Dr. Howard R. Haise, Investi- Management and Research Branch, ARS-SWC, gations Leader, Irrigation Practices and USDA, in cooperation with State of Calif., Requirements, ARS, P. 0. Box 758, Fort Counties and other agencies. Collins, Colorado. (c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, Irrigation Engineer, (d) Field experiments and office analysis. Agricultural Research Service, 1131 (e) (l) To determine the consumptive use of Bartlett Bldg., 215 West 7th St., Los water by agricultural crops, native vege- Angeles lk-, Calif. tation, and water requirements for irrigated (e) Experimental; compilation and analysis

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of data. (e) The study is being made to develop gener- (e) To determine evaporation losses from reser- alized criteria for the design of the voirs and lakes and develop empirical formu- vortex tube sand trap. The sand trap will las from climatological data for computing be used in irrigation and power canals for monthly evaporation. Cooperative field removal of bed load material. measurements are being made of pan evapo- f) Completed. ration on 15 stations ranging from 2h0 feet g) Tests indicate that with the proper design, below sea level at Salton Sea to 919^ foot the vortex tube sand trap is very effective elevation at Kaiser Pass in the Sierra- in the removal of bed load material for Nevada Mountains. sizes greater than 0.3 mm. The efficiency (g) Results of monthly pan evaporation, temper- of trapping varies with the velocity of ature, humidity, wind movement and precipi- flow across the tube and the size of tation measurements have been compiled and material. High efficiencies can be main- published in California State Bulletin No. tained even though the amount of flow re- and Bulletin No. 73, "Evaporation moved by the tube is reduced from 15 to 5 from Water Surfaces in California," by percent. Tubes of different shapes seem Harry F. Blaney and Dean C. Muckel. A to operate equally well. However, the Progress Report on "Evaporation at High cross-sectional area and length of tube Elevations in San Joaquin River Basin seem to be critical points of design. California," at six stations has been pre- (h) "Vortex Tube Sand Trap," A. R. Robinson, pared by Leonard L. Longacre and Harry F. Proceedings ASCE, Journal of the Irrigation

Blaney for period 19^6-1959 • Regression and Drainage Division, November i960. equations for computing monthly evaporation at elevations ranging from ^00 to 9200 feet (2650) EFFECT OF WATER TABLE DEPTH ON IRRIGATION have been developed from pan evaporation and REQUIREMENTS AND YIELD OF LAHONTAN ALFALFA. climatological data. (h) "Evaporation from Free Surfaces at High (b) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Altitudes," Harry F. Blaney, Bulletin No. Research Service, Soil and Water Con- 17, Association Internationale d'Hydrologic servation Research Division. Scientifique, Louvain, Belgium, March i960. (c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, Box 9186 University Station, Reno,Nev. (2l8l) STORAGE OF WATER UNDERGROUND FOR IRRIGATION (d) Experimental; applied research. IN CALIFORNIA. (e) To determine surface-irrigation requirements of Lahontan alfalfa grown on three b) Laboratory and field project. soil textures with constant water tables c) Mr. Leonard Schiff, Hydraulic Engineer, at various depths, and on well-drained ARS, kdl6 East Shields Ave., Fresno 3, Calif. soil in the absence of a water table; to (d) Experimental; laboratory and field investi- determine the effect of plant growth stage gations, applied research. on the rate of water use by Lahontan al- (e) To efficiently store and use underground falfa; to determine the relation between water in quantity and of a quality needed the use of water by alfalfa under various in various locations. The objectives are: water table conditions, evaporation from (l) To determine the physical and chemical porous atmometer bulbs, and evaporation characteristics of surface soil and sub- from a Weather Bureau evaporation pan; and strata on selected sites and to relate to evaluate the effects of a fluctuating these characteristics to infiltration and water table on the yield and growth rate percolation rates and to lateral flow; (2) of alfalfa. to determine the feasibility of recharge (g) The seasonal values indicate that: (l) The irrigation (deep percolation by sufficient consumptive use and yield of alfalfa for irrigation of crops) as a means of storing the non-irrigated treatments decreased as water underground; (3) to determine the the depth to water table increased; (2) the effect of recharge on the quality of water non-irrigated lysimeters show a lower con- reaching the groundwater table under sumptive use and yield than the irrigated selected site conditions and on the quality lysimeters in most instances; (3) the con- of the ground water; and (k) to prepare a sumptive use and yield of the drained irri- recharge guide which permits the evaluation gated treatments are comparable to the of a site for recharge, suggests methods values measured for the eight-foot water and systems of recharge to be used and table, non-irrigated treatment; and (k) the indicates the quality of ground water that differences due to water table depth are may be expected as a result of recharge. less for the irrigated than for the non- irrigated treatments (2279) LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDY OF THE VORTEX (h) "Equipment for Controlled Water Table In- TUBE SAND TRAP. vestigations," Rhys Tovey and W. C. Bianchi, submitted to the American Society (b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. of Agricultural Engineers Journal for of Agriculture and Colo. Agricultural publication Experiment Station. (c) Mr. A. R. Robinson, Agricultural Engineer, (2651) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NORTH SHORE Hydraulics Laboratory, Colo. State Univ., AREA OF CARSON LAKE, NEVADA. Fort Collins, Colo. (d) Experimental; applied research. (b) U. S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, Soil

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and Water Conservation Research Division. management techniques for conservation of (c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Agricultural Engineer, water. and Mr. Anthony S. Dylla, Agricultural Soil moisture measurements (made with neu- Engineer, ARS, Box 9186 University Station, tron scattering moisture meters to depths Reno, Nevada. of 10 to 28 feet) together with measure- (a) Field and applied research. ments of precipitation and other climato- (e) To determine the causes for drainage logical factors are being made to determine problems in the study area, to develop how much, if any, of the rainfall in certain equipment and techniques suited to con- ground water recharge areas penetrates be- ditions in the study area which will per- yond the root zone. The 13 sites being mit determining qualitative and, if possi- studied represent various cover, soil, and hle quantitative relationships between topographic condition. From the data causes for drainage problems in the study collected evapotranspiration rates are de- area and in other similar areas; to determined. A study is made of movement of velop physically and economically feasible water in various soil to help determine net methods of correcting or alleviating contribution to ground water recharge by problems in the study area and in other deeply penetrating rainwater, similar areas. (g) Rather marked increase in evapotranspi- (g) Canal seepage measurements are being ana- ration rates observed as distance increases lyzed for relationship high water table from k to 28 miles from the ocean. Down- build-up. Investigative borings are being ward translocation of moisture has been compiled for determination of corrective observed to continue during the dry season drainage measures. Hydraulic conductivity following winter precipitation. This and specific yield determinations are being migration of moisture in unsaturated soil compiled for design of corrective drainage was observed in all soils studied but was measures. Plastic lined mole drains are most pronounced in sandy soil. being studied as a possible economical (h) "Translocation of Moisture with Time in drainage problem. Well, piezometer, and Unsaturated Soil Profiles," Journal Geoph. irrigation efficiency data are being com- Res. 65: 655-661, I960. piled for analyzing the cause for drainage problems (2902) DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF WATER (h) "Procedures for Evaluating Drainage Project MEASURING DEVICES. Feasibility," Victor I. Myers, Trans, of Fourth Congress, International Commission Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. on Irrigation and Drainage, Madrid, Spain, of Agriculture and Colo. Agricultural June i960. Experiment Station. (c) Mr. A. R. Robinson, Agricultural Engineer, (2652) UTILIZATION OF AVAILABLE WATER SUPPLIES IN Hydraulics Laboratory, Colorado State THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN OF NEVADA. University, Fort Collins, Colorado. (a) Experimental; applied research. (f) Suspended. (e) The purpose of this project is to develop new water measuring devices and to improve (2653) CONSUMPTIVE USE, WATER SUPPLY AND IRRI- existing ones for the measurement of irri- GATION STUDIES IN SANTA BARBARA COUNTY, gation water. Present phases of the CALIFORNIA. project are concerned with development of trapezoidal measuring flumes and evaluation (TO Laboratory project in cooperation with of vane type flow meters and modified Hall Santa Barbara County Water Agency, U. S. flow tubes. Geological Survey, California State Dept. (g) Tests have been made of trapezoidal flumes of Water Resources and U. S. Bureau of for a variety of sizes and capacities. Reclamation. The capacities range from 0.02 - 60.0 cfs. (c) Mr. Paul R. Nixon, Agricultural Engineer, In general, the trapezoidal shaped flumes USDA Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. have been found to be superior to rectangu- Box "E", 7th and Chestnut Streets, Lompoc, lar ones from an operational standpoint. California. Vane-type meters have been studied and (a) Basic and applied research. their relative accuracy determined over a (e) Soil moisture and soil suction measure- range of operating conditions. ments are made in agricultural crops in (h) "Trapezoidal Flumes for Open Channel Flow coastal and intermediate environments. Measurement," A. R. Robinson and A. R. From these and other data, evapotranspi- Chamberlain, American Society of Agricul- ration is computed. Evapotranspiration tural Engineers Transactions, 3:2, i960. values are compared with observations made at five climate stations of USWB Class A (3209) CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY CROPS IN type. Objectives include providing infor- ARIZONA. mation of value for local water inventories and refinement of present methods of com- (b) Cooperative with the Arizona Agricultural puting evapotranspiration from climato- Experiment Station. logical data. Some work is done to de- (c) Mr. Leonard J. Erie, Irrigation Engineer, termine water application efficiencies and Southwest Water Conservation Laboratory, amounts of deep percolation and to collect Box 8l6-A, Rt. No. 2, Tempe, Ariz., and irrigation data for development of improved Mr. Karl Harris, Civil Engineer, ARS,

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Arizona Savings Building (Room ^20), results Phoenix, Arizona. (d) Experimental; field research. (3213) DEVELOPMENT OF A DEVICE FOR FIELD MEASURE- (e) The objectives of this project are to: MENT OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOIL (l) To determine consumptive use of new STRATA. crops; (2) keep consumptive use measurements up to date as varieties and production (b) This is a cooperative project with the changes take place and; (3) develop hetter Soil Conservation Service. information on peak period uses and to (c) Mr. William W. Donnan, Agricultural Engi- ohtain soil moisture tensions at certain neer, P. 0. Box 629, Pomona, Calif. stages of plant development. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) The objectives of this study are to develop (3211) THE RATE OF ADVANCE OF IRRIGATION WATER IN a relatively simple device for use in FURROWS AS A FUNCTION OF MEASURABLE measuring hydraulic conductivity rates of PHYSICAL FACTORS. soil strata beneath the water table. (g) Laboratory studies of various devices have b) Laboratory project. been completed. A field well point called c) Mr. Hollis Shull, Agricultural Engineer, "The Pomona Well Point," which can be dupli Southwestern Irrigation Field Station, cated in any shop has been developed and P. 0. Box 1339, Brawley, California. tested in the laboratory. The appurtenant (d) Field investigation, applied research. field equipment is being developed prior (e) The knowledge of the nature of the flow of to testing the apparatus in the field. irrigation water in furrows is necessary (h) "Well Point Device for Measuring Hydraulic in designing new irrigation systems and in Conductivity of Sand Strata," W. W. Donnan, operating existing irrigation systems. Journal Irrigation and Drainage Division, This project is a field study of the ASCE, (in press) hydraulics of flow of irrigation water in furrows. It includes the nature of flow (3215) DETERMINATION OF THE QUANTITY AND EFFECTS of water in furrow channels, the infil- OF PLAYA LAKE SEDIMENTS RETAINED IN tration of water in furrows, the rate of MULTIPLE PURPOSE WELLS USED FOR GROUND inflow to furrows, the furrow shape and WATER RECHARGE AND IRRIGATION IN THE HIGH bottom slope, and the relationships be- PLAINS OF TEXAS. tween these factors and the rate at which water advances down furrows. (b) Laboratory project; cooperating with the (g) The general relationships between inflow High Plains Underground Water District to a furrow and the disposition of the in- No. 1, the Texas Agricultural Experiment flow in the furrow can be expressed in the Station, and the Soil Conservation Service. form of a continuity equation. The spe- (c) Mr. Wayne Clyma, Agricultural Engineer, cific relationships necessary to develop Agricultural Research Service, Southwestern a workable rate of advance equation have Great Plains Field Station, Bushland, T^xas not been determined. It is not possible (d) Field investigation; applied research. to determine the nature of the infiltration (e) The primary objectives of the study are: of irrigation water in furrows with suffi- (l) To determine the quantity of sand, cient accuracy for prediction purposes. silt and clay entering recharge wells The nature of the flow of water in the during the recharge operation from Playa furrow channel has not been determined and Lakes; (2) to determine the quantity of the effect of furrow shape, slope and sand, silt, and clay pumped from multiple- roughness has not been determined. Present purpose wells during the pumping cycle of efforts are being directed to the problem a recharge operation; and (3) to determine of infiltration in furrows. the changes in specific yield of study wells resulting from retained sediments. (3212) THE HYDRAULICS OF CYLINDER INFILTROMETERS g) Additional data collected during i960.

! h) Report in preparation. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. Charles T. Bourns, Agricultural Engi- (3216) PERFORMANCE OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE neer, Agricultural Research Service, INSTALLATIONS IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE Irrigation Building (Room 215), University VALLEY OF TEXAS. of California, Davis, California. (d) Experimental; basic research and develop- (b) Cooperative with the Texas Agricultural mental. Experiment Station, Soil Conservation (e) This is a three-dimension model study of Service and the Lower Rio Grande Valley the hydraulics of cylinder type infil- Soil Conservation Districts. trometers to determine the flow regime of (c) Mr. L. R. Ussery, ARS, P. 0. Box 157, this device, the necessity for buffer Weslaco, Texas. cylinders, the effect of diameter on its (d) Experimental; field research. function, the effect of methods and depths (e) The purpose of the study is to measure the of placement on results, the effect of influence of drains on depths to and location of less permeable soil strata in fluctuation of ground water tables. Actual relation to depth of placement of infil- field data will be related to present trometer, and the effect of various design criteria and empirical drain spacing operational techniques on reliability of formulas

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(3217) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES OF GROUND WATER IN THE humidity, temperature, irrigation period, RED RIVER VALLEY OF NORTH DAKOTA. and related factors. Work is continuing to: (l) Obtain more precise information (b) Project cooperative with North Dakota for the design, layout, installation, and Agricultural Experiment Station. operation of sprinkler irrigation systems (c) Mr. Leo C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, on various soil types, slopes, and crops USDA-ARS-SWC, P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks, under various weather conditions; and (2) North Dakota. determine the effect of sprinkling upon d) Field investigation; applied research. various soils and crops,

i e) The project covers a rectangular area of (h) "Sprinkler System Mechanization," Claude approximately 200 square miles. This area H. Pair, (in press). is gridded with observation wells and pie- "Sprinkler Irrigation," Claude H. Pair, zometer batteries to evaluate artesian USDA Leaflet No. ^76, July i960. conditions, water table gradients and fluctuations, and ground water quality. (3552) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION. The purpose of the project is to conserve soil and water on approximately 1|00,000 (b) Laboratory project. acres of salt-affected soils in the Red (c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engi- River Valley of North Dakota. neer, Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. is (g) The data indicate that rainfall a major Box 835 j Boise, Idaho. contributor to high water tables. Pie- (d) Experimental; field investigation, basic zometer batteries show upward gradients research. but pressures are dissipated at depths of (e) To investigate the factors that influence 10 to 30 feet. Salt sources are the deep the advance and recession of water in an artesian aquifers. irrigation border strip. (h) "Jetting Equipment and Techniques used in a Drainage and Salinity Study," R. H. (3553) MECHANIZATION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION. Michelson, L. C. Benz, C. W. Carlson and F. M. Sandoval. Submitted for publication (b) Laboratory project. in Agricultural Engineering. (c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engi- "Groundwater Investigations in a Saline neer, Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Area of the Red River Valley, North Dak.," Box 835, Boise, Idaho. L. C. Benz, R. H. Mickelson, F'. M. Sandoval (d) Experimental; design and development. and C. W. Carlson, submitted for publication (e) To develop completely mechanized control in Journal of Geophysical Research. systems for surface irrigation.

(3218) SOIL EROSION AND ROUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS (355*0 DEVELOPMENT OF AN ECONOMICAL FILTER SYSTEM UNDER FURROW IRRIGATION. FOR FILTERING THE SEDIMENTS FROM PLAYA LAKE WATER DURING RECHARGE OPERATIONS WITH (b) Project cooperative with the Washington MULTIPLE PURPOSE WELLS. Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) Mr. S. J. Mech, Agricultural Engineer, (b) Laboratory project; cooperating with the Agricultural Research Service, Irrigation High Plains Underground Water Conservation Experiment Station, Prosser, Washington. District No. 1, Texas Agricultural Experi- (d) Field research. ment Station, and the Soil Conservation (e) The influence of soil management and water Service intake on erosion under furrow irrigation (c) Mr. Wayne Clyma, Agricultural Engineer, is being studied. Some of the variables Agricultural Research Service, Southwestern being considered are cropping practices, Great Plains Field Station, Bushland, Tex. moisture levels and slope. The variation (d) Experimental; applied research. of the roughness coefficient (Manning n) (e) Development of an economical method of re- is being studied. moving sediments from playa lake water, f) Completed. used for ground water recharge, by the use h) "Soil Erosion and its Control Under Furrow of flocculating agents alone or flocculating Irrigation in the Arid West," Stephen J. agents in conjunction with a sand filter. Mech, USDA Agric. Information Bui. No. l8k, (g) Tests conducted to present indicate that pp. 1-6, August 1959. from ^3 to 93 percent of the silt and clay sediments in lake water available for (3550) THE EFFECT OF SPRJJIKLER PATTERN VARIATION artificial ground water recharge may be ON IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY. flocculated and settled with the use of a flocculent alone (b) Laboratory project. (h) "Flocculent Used to Remove Sediments From (c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, Irrigation Engineer, Playa Lake Water Used for Ground Water Re- Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box charge," W. Clyma and M. E. Jensen, Texas

835 j Boise, Idaho. Agri. Exp. Sta. Prog. Rept. 2lkk, May i960. (d) Experimental; applied research and design. "Clarification of Playa Lake Wa+ er by Aerial (e) To determine the effect of sprinkler Application of a Flocculating Agent," W. pattern on field irrigation efficiency and Clyma and W. L. Broadhurst. to develop a method for calculation of field irrigation efficiency for a sprinkler (3555) FEASIBILITY OF LOW-COST SUB-SURFACE PLASTIC system from sprinkler pattern, wind velocity, DRAINS FOR IRRIGATED AREAS.

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(b) This is a cooperative project with the surveys to drainage problems and problem

Caterpillar Tractor Co., Union Carbide areas . The system is designed for use in Plastics Corp., the Soil Conservation most areas of the United States. A map of Service and the Agricultural Experiment the Newlands Reclamation Project of Nevada Stations has been constructed showing locations of (c) Mr. William W. Donnan, Agricultural Engi- canals and drains in relation to drainage

neer, P. 0. Box 629, Pomona, California. categories . An improved seepage meter has (d) Field investigation, applied research. been fabricated and tested, (e) The objectives of this project are: (l) To (h) "The Physical and Economic Consideration determine the applicability of shallow for Drainage Project Feasibility," Victor I. depth drainage to specific drainage Myers, Lucine N. Langan, and Russell D. problems; (2) to evaluate installation Lloyd, approved for publication in Agric. problems of plastic drains; and (3) to Engineering. determine the effectiveness of this practice in a leaching program. (3558) LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF THE SEDIMENT SEALING PROCESS. (3556) FARM CONVEYANCE AND WATER APPLICATIONS. (b) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural (b) Laboratory project, Agricultural Research Research Service, Soil and Water Conser- Service and Utah State Univ. cooperating. vation Research Division. (c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, (c) Mr. Myron B. Rollins, Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, Utah State Agricultural Research Service, Box 9186, Univ., 101 Engineering Bldg., Logan, Utah. University Station, Reno, Nevada. (d) Experimental; basic and applied research. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) New methods and equipment for conveying (e) To determine factors influencing sediment and applying irrigation water are being penetration and retention involved with developed. The hydraulic properties of sealing irrigation canals or reservoirs lay-flat tubing are being studied and new with seepage transported bentonite, and to materials are being evaluated to determine develop procedures to obtain effective their use in conveyance structures. seals. Experimentation is being done with (g) Most lay-flat tubing is designed for low sands placed in lucite cylinders 3 inches pressures. A butyl-coated nylon tubing in diameter and 2 feet long. Bentonite is developed a few years ago withstood reason- applied by dispersing it in the water, ably high pressures but elongated when percolation carries the bentonite down into heads above about 10 feet of water were the sand provile. Numerous aspects con- applied. This resulted in snaking and cerning the chemical, physical and miner- kinking to the point where it was not sat- alogical properties of the bentonites, isfactory for higher heads. During the waters, and sands will be evaluated. past year the design of this tubing has (g) Preliminary investigations suggest that been improved and beginning next year a effective seals can be obtained within tubing is expected to be on the market certain unknown limitations. which will withstand 50 feet of hydrostatic (h) "The Apparent Swelling Behavior of Some head in the 8- inch size without any Moderately Dispersed Bentonites," Myron B. elongation. A tubing such as this should Rollins, Merrill J. Hallam, and Victor I. find many uses. Myers. To be published in Soil Science (h) "Shape Factors for Hydraulic Design of Lay- Society of America, Proceedings. Flat Irrigation Tubing," Allan S. Humpherys and C. W. Lauritzen, Journal Amer. Soc. (3559) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE RUN- Agric. Eng. (in press). OFF FLOWS FROM SIMULATED RAINFALL ON LEVEL AND GRADED FURROW AND BORDER STRIP (3557) THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES AND PRO- IRRIGATION SYSTEMS. CEDURES FOR INVESTIGATING THE DRAINAGE PROBLEMS ON AN ALLUVIAL FLOOD PLAIN. (b) Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station and Agricultural Research Service. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. Norris P. Swanson, Agricultural Engi- (c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Agricultural Engineer, neer, Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Research Service, Box 9186 Agricultural Engineering Building, Room University Station, Reno, Nevada. 201, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 3> (d) Applied research. Nebraska (e) Techniques, procedures, and equipment are (d) Field investigation; findings will be used being developed to aid in the investigation for design purposes. of drainage problems on an alluvial flood (e) Simulated rainfall is applied to plots plain. Soil conservation surveys are several hundred feet long on selected utilized as a basis for the studies. In sites with growing crops. In the case of addition, deep stratum surveys are being row crops, the application of the simulated made, hydraulic conductivity measurements rainfall is such that each furrow becomes taken, canal seepage measured, farm irri- an individual watershed subject to a gation efficiencies measured, plastic tile different rainfall intensity. Timed initial evaluated, and other data collected. and antecedent moisture condition storms (g) A drainage classification system has been are applied. Instrumentation provides for established to relate soil conservation measurement of furrow runoff flows and

Ilk depth of flow by stations. Furrow stream for livestock and even culinary uses is velocities are measured by salt injection. scarce or nonexistent, yet considerable Cross sections of representative furrows water in the form of precipitation falls are recorded by stations prior to each each year. As an example, the precipitation storm and after the last. Erosion measure- on one acre of land in an 8- inch rainfall ments are obtained and soil particle size area amounts to 217,2^8 gallons. This is distributions obtained. enough to supply water to more than 200 (g) Furrow cross sections change significantly head of cattle for 100 days. This study with storm runoff and enlarge at downstream includes the development and testing of stations. Furrow runoff stream velocities materials for ground covers and storage tend to be constant along the length of a facilities to be used for the collection and furrow with a given storm intensity. storage of water in low rainfall areas to- (h) "Proceedings of the ARS-SCS Workshop on gether with the design and operation of Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation, " ARS these facilities. Ul-43, September i960. (g) During the past several years work has been done on the development and testing of (3560) EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF HUMBOLDT MEADOW materials which would be suitable for low VEGETATION AS MEASURED WITH LYSIMETERS .' cost ground covers and storage facilities. Among these have been asphalt membranes, (b) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural including prefabricated asphalt structures, Research Service, Soil and Water Conser- plastic film and butyl sheeting. Of these, vation Research Division. butyl sheeting and an asphalt-coated jute (c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer, structure look most promising for ground Agricultural Research Service, Box 9186 covers. Any of the common water storage University Station, Reno, Nevada. facilities can be used, such as lined (d) Experimental; applied research. reservoirs and tanks, provided they are (e) Objectives: (l) To measure the evapotran- watertight and preferably closed to prevent spiration of native meadow vegetation with evaporation. A collapsible butyl-coated lysimeters under controlled water table nylon bag has been developed which looks conditions. (2) To relate measured climatic promising for low cost storage. factors to evapotranspiration rates. Nine (h) "Ground Covers for Collecting Precipitation," plastic lysimeters have been installed on C. W. Lauritzen, Farm and Home Science, the flood plains of the Humboldt River 21:3, 66, 67, 87, September i960. near Winnemucca, Nevada. Stands of native meadow vegetation are being established in (3874) INFLUENCE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER UPON the lysimeters. A complete Class "A" IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE IN SAN JACINTO BASIN. weather station has been set up at the experimental site. Other instrumentation (b) This is a cooperative project with the Soil to measure radiation, soil temperatures, Conservation Service and the Eastern

, be water table fluctuation, etc . will Municipal Water District, Riverside County, installed. California. (c) Mr. V. S. Aronovici, Soil Scientist, Agri- (3872) DYNAMIC SIMILARITY IN PIPE ELBOW FLOW METERS. cultural Research Service, P. 0. Box 629, Pomona, California. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (c) Mr. Lloyd E. Myers, Director, Southwest (e) The purpose of this project is to observe Water Conservation Laboratory, Route 2, the accumulation of salts, if any, within Box 8l6-A, Tempe, Arizona. the profiles of soils irrigated with (d) Experimental; applied research. Colorado River water. (e) The objective of the study is the development of means for obtaining dynamic simi- (3875) A STUDY OF THE INTERNAL MOISTURE STRESS larity in pipe elbow flow meters to permit WITHIN PLANTS. the use of standard rating curves. Magni- tudes of errors caused by various flow (b) Laboratory project. disturbing elements in pipe systems will (c) Mr. L. N. Namken, Soil Scientist, USDA, be determined and various methods for re- ARS, SWC, P. 0. Box 157, Weslaco, Texas. ducing or eliminating these disturbances (d) Experimental; developmenb investigation. will be tested. (e) This study provides information on the possible use of the relative turgidity and (3873) GROUND COVERS AND OTHER STRUCTURES FOR plant stem resistance methods as simple COLLECTING AND STORING PRECIPITATION. tools for use in soil-water-plant relationship studies and predicting when to irrigate. (b) Field and laboratory project, Agricultural (g) The two methods of measuring internal Research Service and Utah State University moisture stress of cotton plants under in- cooperating. vestigation, plant stem resistance and (c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, relative turgidity, show promise for practi- Agricultural Research Service, Utah State cal application as tools for better under- University, 101 Engineering Building, Logan, standing water relations in plants as well Utah. as for predicting when to irrigate. Highly (d) Experimental and applied research. significant correlations were obtained (e) There are areas in many regions where water among plant stem resistance relative

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turgidity and soil moisture tension. How- RHODESGRASS ON SUBSEQUENT REMOVAL AND ever, the sensitivity or reliability of UTILIZATION OF SOIL MOISTURE BY COTTON. the methods cannot he fully determined until more detailed studies are conducted on (b) Laboratory project. the effect climatic variations at sampling (c) Mr. P. Earl Ross, Agricultural Engineer, time have on the measurements, USDA, ARS, SWC, P. 0. Box 157, Weslaco, (h) "Field Studies of Internal Moisture Re- Texas lations of the Corn Plant/' L. N. Namken (d) Field investigation; applied research. and E. R. Lemon, Agronomy Journal, (in (e) A study of the effect of different soil press) physical conditions on soil moisture use "Measurement of Plant Moisture Stress," and requirement by cotton and the effects L. N. Namken, Progress in Soil and Water of the grass crops on cotton production. Conservation Research, a quarterly report, SWCRD-ARS-USDA, (in press). (3879) CHARACTERIZATION OF THE "HOT SPOT" PROBLEM IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS. (3876) SOIL-WATER-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS OF COTTON AS AFFECTED BY SOIL MOISTURE REGIME. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. L. Roy Ussery, Agricultural Engineer, h) Laboratory project. USDA, ARS, SWC, P. 0. Box 157, Weslaco, c) Mr. L. N. Namken, Soil Scientist, USDA, Texas ARS, SWC, P. 0. Box 157, Weslaco, Texas. (d) Experimental and field investigation; (d) Field investigation; applied. applied research. (e) This study provides information on the (e) Purpose of this study is to define the rate, amount, and pattern of soil moisture causes of salt accumulation in soil pro- depletion by cotton as affected "by the files in the nonirrigated area of the stage of plant growth, the amount of avail- Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Inves- able moisture in the profile and the soil tigations include studies of ground sur- type. Various methods of soil moisture face and water-table topography, physical measurement are being compared (Neutron and chemical characteristics of soil pro- scattering, gravimetric and tensiometric files, soil management practices and

methods ) climatic conditions, as related to oc- (g) There was a characteristic parabolic recurrence of soil salinity. lationship between the rate of soil (g) An Extensive sand formation underlies the moisture depletion by cotton and stage of nonirrigated area under study and adjacent plant growth, reaching its peak during the irrigated and rangelands areas. Extreme early blooming stage and continuing at fluctuations of a saline water table satu- this peak rate during the next 5-6 weeks, rating the sands occur with local rainfall the period of boll development, considered of high intensity. Pumping tests show the to be the critical period in the develop- sand has hydraulic conductivity of vapproxi- ment of the cottom plant insofar as its mately ^00 gallons per square foot per day. demand for moisture is concerned. Follow- Residual salt deposits in the 6 to 12 foot ing this period there was a gradual decline depth of the soil profile are probably of in the rate of moisture depletion as the marine origin. plant matured. High moisture conditions (h) "Drainage and Salinity Problems in the Non- delayed maturity and extended the period of irrigated Area of the Lower Rio Grande peak moisture depletion. Valley of Texas," L. Roy Ussery. Paper Good agreement was found between soil presented at Winter Meeting, ASAE, Memphis, moisture values obtained gavimetrically Term., December 5-8, i960. and those obtained by means of the neutron probe, at all soil depths under consideratam. (3880) THE MICRODYNAMICS OF UNSATURATED MOISTURE (h) "An Economical "Go Cart" for a Neutron FLOW. Probe and Scaler," M. Amemiya and L. N. Namken, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, (in Laboratory project. press) Mr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist (Physics), USDA, ARS, SWC, P. 0. Box 157, (3877) SOIL MOISTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR COTTON. Weslaco, Texas. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- (b) Laboratory project. search. (c) Mr. P. Earl Ross, Agricultural Engineer, (e) The study is being conducted to obtain in- USDA, ARS, SWC, P. 0. Box 157, Weslaco, formation on the microdynamics of unsatu- Texas. rated moisture flow. Specific objectives (d) Field investigation; applied research. are aimed at (a) determining whether the (e) A study to determine the most effective activation energy for unsaturated flow is use of a variable and limited supply of a function of soil moisture content, (b) irrigation water for cotton production. obtaining evidence on the generality of (g) It has been found that soil moisture may the parabolic moisture distribution with be reduced to 10 percent field capacity respect to the extracting interface, and in the upper 2 feet with no significant (c) interpreting unsaturated flow in terms reduction in yield of cotton. of molecular level mechanisms of flow. To this end various systems for inducing un- (3878) EFFECT OF WINTER OATS AND PERENNIAL saturated flow are being set up and the

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temperature dependence of the flux and the turbances on suspended sediment concen- moisture distribution resulting from flow trations and on the organic /inorganic axe being measured. character of the sediment. A study of stream channel shift and debris (3881) FACTORS AFFECTING THE EVAPORATION OF FREE movement associated with logging is being WATER. converted from a hand-mapped project to an annual helicopter photo coverage. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist (Physics), USDA, ARS, SWC, P. 0. Box 157, Weslaco, Texas. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, (d) Experimental; applied research. Central States Forest Experiment Station. (e) The experiment is being conducted to obtain quantitative information on the rate of Inquiries concerning the following projects should evaporation of free water over a wide range be addressed to Mr. R. D. Lane, 111 Old Federal of different combinations of water surface Building, Columbus 15, Ohio. temperature, air temperature, and ambient relative humidity. The experiment is being (3561) WATERSHED PREDICTION METHODS. conducted in a controlled environment laboratory. (b) Laboratory project. (g) The rate of evaporation follows the vapor (d) Experimental and field investigation; basic pressure of water quite closely. It is and applied research. indicated that temperature of the evapo- (e) An analysis of records to determine the rating surface should be incorporated into relation of precipitation to runoff in empirical equations expressing evaporation hardwood forest types in the 30-^-5 inch from lakes, reservoirs, and wet soil pro- rainfall belt of the Central United States.

files . (f) Completed. (g) Precipitation and runoff records for three small watersheds near Rolla, Missouri were analyzed. The three watersheds differ in U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, size, shape, land use, and cover type. The Alaska Forest Research Center. smallest covers 0.6 square mile and is open land. The middle one had approximately 2.1

^4- (265^) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON PHYSICAL CHARACTER- square miles of oak forest and . 3 square ISTICS OF SALMON STREAMS IN SOUTHEAST miles of grain crops and pasture. The ALASKA. largest contains approximately 9>3 square miles of oak forest and k.'J square miles (b) Laboratory project. of grain crops and pasture. In the seven (c) Mr. A. E. Helmers, Acting Forester in year period 19^-8 to 1955 the annual pre- Charge, Alaska Forest Research Center, P. cipitation varied widely - from l8 to 65 0. Box "jhO, Juneau, Alaska. inches - and averaged 38 inches. (d) Field investigation; applied research. In these Ozark watersheds effective ground (e) This work attacks the vital problem of water storage areas occurred in the lower maintaining the fish-producing potential reaches - the branch bottoms - where soils of Southeast Alaska streams, while logging were deeper and hydraulic gradients were their watersheds. Work is concentrated rather low. The smaller watersheds had on h streams lying kO miles west of smaller water yields, probably because Ketchikan. Three study-streams are being more water seeped to lower ground levels logged under Forest Service supervision For predicting annual water yields from and the fourth stream is used as an un- annual precipitation a water year com- logged control. mencing June 1 and ending May 31 gave the Study is directed toward factors which may best correlation. Since ample soil exert a major influence on pink and chum moisture was not always available, total salmon development and survival in a amount of evapotranspiration increased as logged stream. Factors selected are: (a) growing season precipitation increased. Streamflow pattern; (b) stream water Further analyses of the hydrographs showed temperature and pH; (c) character of that only 22 storms were recorded in an sediment movement in streams; (d) compo- average year. This contrasts sharply with sition of streambed riffle areas; (e) move- 68 at Coshocton, Ohio and 128 at Coweeta, ment of streambed materials in riffles; near Franklin, North Carolina. The period (f) shift of stream channels; and (g) May-July had the largest number of storms occurrence of stream debris, and highest storm flows and the period (g) A field laboratory for determination of September-December the lowest number of suspended sediment levels (p. p.m.) has storms and smallest storm peak discharges. been constructed and now operates during Generally, storm peaks were higher and more the field season at Hollis, Alaska. generous on small watersheds than on larger Samples during summer-fall i960 expanded watersheds because the frequency and magni- investigations of (a) general suspended tude of storm peaks usually vary inversely sediment character of k Kasaan streams, with watershed size. In the 7-year period (b) relation of suspended sediment in studied here the smallest watershed had 96 logged and unlogged streams to stream dis- peak flows exceeding ^0 c.s.m. (cubic feet charge levels, (c) effects of logging disper second per square mile) while the

117 middle sized had 65 such peaks and the discovered in a comparison of stormflows largest only kk. The smaller watershed at plantation ages of 1-6 with those of had more storms In the higher peak classes 13-17 years. A reduction of 80 percent was with one maximum of 2800 c.s.m. The ma- found in the occurrence of flows with a jority of peaks occurred during the peak equal to or greater than 60 c.s.m. growing season, (h) "Forest Plantation Development Influences (h) "Annual Water Yields From Small Watersheds Streamflow." Presented by L. W. Hill at in the Ozarks." Presented "by R. Z. Whip- the Society of American Foresters Annual key at a combined A.R.S., S.C.S., F.S. Meeting, Washington, D. C, November i960. workshop, New Orleans, La., Oct. i960. (3563) SUBSOIL WATER MANAGEMENT ON NORTHERN (3562) RESTORING DEPLETED SLOPES, COSHOCTON HYDRO- HARDWOOD FOREST AREAS. LOGIC LABORATORY, OHIO. (b) Laboratory project. (h) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental and field investigations; (d) Field investigation; "basic and applied re- basic and applied research. search. (e) Movement of subsoil water will be studied (e) An evaluation of hydrologic changes that in various geologic and soil types to: occur in a broomsedge, poverty-grass (l) Develop techniques for quantitatively covered watershed after it is rehabilitated measuring subsurface water movement from "by planting tree seedlings. small plots; (2) to learn the effect of (f) Completed. artificial rainfall on quantity and timing (g) Prior to the installation of a gaging of subsurface water movement; and (3) to station in 1938, two-thirds of a acre develop a flow equation, including coeffi- watershed had a stand of grass and "brush cients for the significant variables and the other one-third had a stand of un- affecting that flow. This information will even-aged hardwoods. In 1938 and 1939 aid watershed technicians in making land three small parts of the non-forested area management decisions on areas that have were planted with "black locust and the lots of subsurface stormflow. "balance was planted with white, red, pitch, (g) Measuring water level changes in small- Scotch and Virginia pine. In late 1958 diameter, piezometric wells is a standard the residual hardwood stand had a total of technique for studying the build-up and 126 square feet of "basal area per acre, the depletion of ground water. This technique pine plantations had 78, and the locust is used widely in ground water research

plantations had 1*4-3 • Hydrograph analyses especially in studies of drainage of agri- showed: (l) In the average year streamflow cultural lands. No measurable changes in equalled or exceeded 0.18 cubic feet per water level can occur, however, unless an second per square mile for 182.5 days and impenetrable layer occurs in some form that was zero for 8*4- days. When precipitation will cause back pressure in the ground water was low the stream was dry as many as 225 This condition was found not to exist, and days a year and exceeded flows of 0.5 c.s.m. the piezometer technique was found to be un- as little as 10 percent of the time. satisfactory in our studies of subsoil water Streamflow was continuous in 1950 when pre- movement through the permeable soils on the cipitation totaled lt-3'6 inches. (2) Con- sloping forest land in eastern Ohio. version of the watershed to complete forest One technique that has given encouraging cover decreased the ground water depletion results is to isolate a block of soil and time by 7 days, from 30 days in 1939-19^5 route the subsurface flow through porous to 23 days in 1952-1957- (3) Average material into collector troughs. Accumu- annual base flow for the 11-year period lated volumes of subsurface flow from 1939-^5 and 1952-57 was 8.88 inches (k/5 several depths plus increases in the volume

of the total annual flow) . It was of soil moisture as measured by the neutron greatest, 5-5 inches, during the ground soil moisture meter have agreed reasonably water recharge period and least, O.89 in., well with the total rainfall amounts that during the soil moisture recharge period. were sprinkled on the plots. (h) The 11-year average annual stormflow Though workable, the technique is being re- yield was 2.2 inches (l/5 of total annual fined to give greater portability and flow). It was greatest, 1.16 inches, economy. The ultimate aim is to find a way during the ground water recharge period and to obtain accurate quantitative measure- least, 0.15 inches, during the soil ments on enough small plots that the flow moisture recharge period. (5) Converting from a whole watershed during wet periods the watershed to complete forest cover did can be predicted reliably. not change the proportion of baseflow and storm water yield, but did decrease the (3882) INTERCEPTION OF PRECIPITATION BY THE CANOPY quantity of each. Baseflow was decreased AND FLOOR OF A HARDWOOD FOREST. by k.k inches and stormflow by l.k inches. The greatest changes in each occurred 0>) Laboratory project. during the period of ground water recharge (d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and the least during the period of maximum and applied research, evapotranspiration. (6) a 53 percent re- (e) A recent, 3-month long, late summer study duction in the occurrence of stormflows in Butler County, Missouri, shows the equal to or greater than 20 c.s.m. was amount of rainfall intercepted by, retained

118 1 .

by, evaporated from, and infiltrated (2908) METHODS OF REHABILITATING FLOOD AND SEDIMENT through the forest floor of a uniform, SOURCE AREAS ON DAMAGED FOREST, BRUSH, AND well-stocked, 1+0-year-old stand of black RELATED RANGE LANDS. oak, post oak, and hickory. Samples of the forest floor were carefully transferred (b) Laboratory project. onto wire mesh screens inside platform (d) Experimental and field investigations; mounted trays. A U-foot long by 3-inch basic and applied research. wide trough-type rain gage was attached to (e) Studies to develop and evaluate methods and each side of specially constructed ^-foot techniques of controlling excessive over- by 1-foot trays. Water caught in each land flow and erosion, and their effects on trough was collected and weighed in 5- streamflow from depleted or inadequately gallon containers. Water filtering through protected sloping forest, brush, .and re- the forest floor samples was collected and lated range lands weighed in other containers connected to (g) The effects of two moderate intensity summer the main trays. rainstorms in eroding soil from ten l/50- Three trays (with their contained forest acre plots on the Gallatin elk range were floor samples) were placed near the stem analyzed in relation to ground cover and of each of two trees and three were placed soil bulk density. Each of these storms under the edge of the crown of each of produced about 0.5 inches of rainfall and these sample trees. Three trays were had a maximum 5-minute intensity of 1.5 placed under a small canopy opening and inches per hour. The least amount of soil three were placed in a large opening. Each eroded—21 pounds per acre per storm—was tray was weighed daily and the water caught from sites having a ground cover of 100% in by the trough rain gages was weighed after combination with a soil bulk density of each of the 21 storms that occurred during 0.70. Very little more soil was eroded the study period. where the ground cover density was only 70 (f) Completed. percent. As ground cover density decreased (g) The live tree canopy and the decaying, below 70 percent, the amount of soil eroded organic forest floor were found to extract increased at a rapidly accelerated rate. and lose back into the atmosphere 27. Thus, a ground cover density of 70 percent percent (2.9k inches) of the 10. o^- inches is one requisite for preventing accelerated of gross precipitation. Interception by erosion on heavily trampled south-facing the tree canopy, which averaged 1^.3 per- range sites. cent (l.55 inches) of the gross precipi- As soil bulk density increased above 0.70, tation, accounted for slightly more than the amount of soil eroded increased irre- one-half the total loss. Generally it was spective of ground cover density. These greatest near the stems and least under increases were lowest on sites with a com- the forest openings. The additional 12.8 plete ground cover, but increased greatly percent (l.39 inches) of loss was a result as ground cover became less. There appears of evaporation from the forest floor. It to be no range of soil bulk density values, occurred in three stages. Initial evapo- similar to the range of 70 to 100 percent ration during and immediately after rain- ground cover, over which essentially equal storms amounted to 6.0 percent (0.65 in.). control of soil erosion is provided. Of Approximately 3*8 percent (.hi inch) was the range sites studied, those having evaporated within 5 to 10 days after ground cover densities of less than 70 per- saturation. The remaining 3»0 percent cent were usually associated with soil bulk (0.33 inches) was lost during the next 10- densities greater than 1.00. Conversely, 20 day period. sites supporting ground cover densities of The amount of gross precipitation that was 70 percent or more are usually associated left to percolate through the forest floor- with soil bulk densities of 1.00 or less. was 72.9 percent (7-90 inches). The most effective degree of erosion control The weight of the forest floor averaged k to be expected on these sites appears to be tons per acre. Its decomposed fraction provided by ground cover densities of 70 held more moisture on a volume weight percent or more in combination with soil basis than did either the undecomposed bulk densities of 1.00 or less. Under these leaf litter or the mineral soil. conditions, no more than 50 pounds of eroded (h) "Interception of Precipitation by a Hard- soil per acre should be expected from storms wood Forest Floor in the Missouri Ozarks," described above. In about S>k percent of William T. Semago, Master of Science in cases, these range plant cover and soil Forestry Thesis, 137 PP-; June i960. conditions are expected to produce no more than 100 pounds per acre of eroded soil per storm. The long-term effects of restoration of U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, plant cover on flood-source areas by seeding, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. contour trenching, and exclusion of grazing were analyzed. Twenty-two years of records Inquiries concerning the following projects should (1937-58) provide a basis for comparing be addressed to Dr. Reed W. Bailey, Director, streamflow from two adjacent watersheds of Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, contrasting use history in northern Utah. Ogden, Utah. Centerville watershed has no history of

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plant cover depletion or floods. The forested lands. adjacent Parrish "watershed, severely f) Completed.

damaged by overgrazing and burning, pro- ( g) An analysis of relations between maximum duced four disastrous mud-rock floods in snow water content and elevation, aspect, 1930. A time-trend analysis of discharges and forest canopy density included of Parrish Creek compared with those of variable reflecting differences in snowfall Centerville Creek, shows that Parrish Creek from year to year, and six interaction streamflow decreased 2-70 inches over the variables involving all of the possible 22-year period for an annual decrease of linear interaction combinations of differ- 0. 12 inch. Similar time-trend analyses ences in years, elevation, aspect, and for the first and last 11-year period show forest canopy density. Throughout its range that 83 percent of the total decrease in from 2,700 to 5>500 feet, elevation accounted streamflow occurred in the first 11 years for an increase of 30.1 inches of water (1937-19^-7) and that no significant decrease content in the average snowfall year. The has occurred during the last 11 years. The effects of aspect varied with elevation. largest decreases in streamflow in Parrish The aspect having the minimum water content Creek by months occurred in March, April, was 165 degrees and that having the maximum and May, the period when demands for water water content was 11 degrees (measured as

are not so great. The trend of decreased azimuths from north) . Water content was annual discharge from the restored Parrish affected uniformly by changes in the forest Creek watershed has been accompanied by a canopy regardless of elevation, aspect, or delay in the date of maximum daily dis- magnitude of snowfall. An equation describ- charge. During the early period of record, ing these relations was developed, Parrish Creek tended to reach its maximum (h) "Some Terrain and Forest Effects on Maximum daily discharge about 3 days earlier than Snow Accumulation in a Western White Pine Centerville Creek. In the later years the Forest," Paul E. Packer. Western Snow Conf. maximum discharges have occurred about 3 Proc, pp. 63-66, i960. days later than Centerville Creek. A major effect that resulted from rehabilitation of Parrish watershed is the virtual elimination of sedimentation. In 1930, the U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, four mud-rock floods from the damaged Lake States Forest Experiment Station. Parrish watershed produced sediment amount- ing to 153 acre feet per square mile. Re- Inquiries concerning the following projects should habilitation has so effectively reduced be addressed to the Director, Lake States Forest sedimentation that streamflow from Parrish Experiment Station, St. Paul Campus, University of Creek is now diverted directly into water Minnesota, St. Paul 1, Minn., unless indicated systems otherwise (h) "Low Flow Discharges and Plant Cover Re- lations on Two Mountain Watersheds in Utah, (3885) PROBLEM ANALYSIS OF FOREST WATERSHED Reed W. Bailey and Otis L. Copeland, Jr., PROBLEMS AND RESEARCH NEEDS IN THE LAKE 1. A.S.H. No. 51, pp. 267-278, I960. STATES "Watershed Restoration," Otis L. Copeland. Jour, of Soil and Water Cons. 15 (3): 105- (b) Cooperative project with Forestry Dept., 120, I960. State University of Minn., E. Lansing, Mich. (d) Field investigation and literature review (3883) SOIL DETACHMENT AND TRANSPORT BY SUMMER as program guide. RAINS. (e) A survey was made of the forest watershed management conditions and needs in the b) Laboratory project. three Lake States —Michigan, Wisconsin, and d) Experimental and field investigations; basic Minnesota—as a preliminary research and applied research, program guide. (e) The objective is to determine the amount (f) Completed. and variation of soil particle size classes (g) The survey revealed the existence of several detached and transported under the impact distinct forest watershed problem areas in of summer storms on a bare plot of soil in the Lake States. It outlines a general northern Utah, program of research for each. One area is (g) Samples of sediment eroded from the plot concerned with the hydrology of forested during the past 11 summers were analyzed bogs in the northern forest spruce zone, for particle size distribution. Analysis another is an erosion and rehabilitation of the data in relation to depth, duration, area in southwest Wisconsin and south- and intensity of storms is underway. eastern Minnesota, and a third deals with the problem of ground-water movement and (388*0 STUDIES OF HYDR0L0GIC PROCESSES ON FOREST behavior in the sandy soils of Michigan. LANDS IN NORTHERN IDAHO. The research program outlined also emphasizes the need for fundamental research on cover (b) Laboratory project. changes and management practices to determine (d) Experimental and field investigations; their effect on individual processes. basic and applied research. (h) "Watershed Management Research Needs in the (e) Study of factors affecting water content, Forests of the Lake States," by Robert E. accumulation, and melting of snow on Dils, Michigan State University Agriculture

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Experiment Station, Spec. Bui. hl6, 35 pp., 18 pp., illus., 1959. illus., 1957- "Soil Freezing Observations After Changes in Forest Cover," by Roger R. Bay, Lake ,3886) THE CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF States Forest Experiment Station, Tech. NATURAL UPLAND FOREST HUMUS TYPES IN THE Note 576, 2 pp., i960. NORTHERN LAKE STATES. "Infiltration Rates in Frozen Soils in Northern Minnesota,: by J. H. Stoeckeler (b) A regional cooperative project with the and Sidney Weitzman, Soil Sci. Soc. Am.

Dept. of Forestry, Mich. State University, Proc. 24(2) : 137-139, i960. East Lansing, Mich. (c) Dr. D. P. White, Dept. of Forestry, Michigan (3888) SOIL MOISTURE REGIME, SNOW BEHAVIOR, AND State Univ., East Lansing, Mich. SOIL FREEZING IN SEVERAL COVER TYPES IN (d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- NORTHERN WISCONSIN. search. (e) The various types of humus layers in (b) Cooperative project with Waterways Exp. Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota forests Station, Corps of Engineers, Dept. of the are to be classified and checked against Army, Vicksburg, Miss. the existing humus classification by Lunt (d) Field investigation; basic and applied. and Hoover. (e) The project which was initiated to get soil- moisture and soil-freezing data involved 387) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN NORTHERN daily observations of soil moisture content MINNESOTA. using Colman fibreglass units in an open and forested silt loan and on two forested (b) Laboratory project. sandy soils with rather shallow permanent (d) Experimental and field investigations; water table at 2 feet and 5 feet respectively. basic and applied research. Snow depth and depth of soil freezing were (e) Tests the influence of forested bogs on observed in winter on four sites and soil streamflow and ground-water behavior. Two temperatures recorded. major projects have been undertaken to date: (g) Higher soil moisture content was observed (l) Studies of the effect of forest cover in surface layers of silt loan in open hay conditions on individual hydrologic processes. land compared with hardwood timber. The This has included the impact of soil-cover latter used more moisture. Soil freezing types on snow accumulation and melt, soil was negligible most of the winter under an freezing, and moisture regime. (2) Studies undisturbed snowpack of 0.5 to 1.0 foot in of forest bog hydrology on small forested both situations. Shallow water tables in swamp watersheds. Present instrumentation sands increased surface soil moisture very includes a recording well and a series of 9 appreciably due to capillary rise, and it to 12 nonrecording wells in each of 3 swamps. in turn improved growth rate of quaking Two watersheds have been equipped with aspen, but not appreciable in the jack stream-gaging stations and rain gages, and pine, comparing 2- versus 5-foot-depth the third swamp will be instrumented in the water tables. near future. (h) "Soil Moisture Regime in Some Forest and (g) Forest cover retarded spring snowmelt, Nonforest Sites in Northern Wisconsin," by conifers retained snow longer than hard- John L. Thames, Joseph H. Stoeckeler, and woods, conifers intercepted more snow than Robert Tobiaski, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. broadleaf types, there was less water content 19(3): 381-384, illus., 1955- in the snowpack in dense than in thin stands, "Properties of 160 Soils of Four North strip cutting of timber increased snow Central States," by John L. Thames and accumulation, humus type and depth affect Edmond I. Swensen, Lake States Forest Exp. the kind and depth of frost penetration in Sta., Station Paper 38; 15 PP«> illus. 1956. soil. There was less soil freezing under "The Lake States Penetrometer for Measuring broadleaf than conifer stands, and in spite Depth of Soil Freezing," by J. H. Stoeckeler of soil freezing, forest soils of a sandy and John L. Thames, Soil Sci. 85: ^7-50, nature and rather low moisture content had illus., 1958. a considerable infiltration rate. (h) "Occurrence and Depth of Frozen Soil," by (3889) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE DRIFT Roger R. Bay, Jour. Soil and Water Conserv. LESS AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN. 13: 232-233, illus., 1958. "Forest Type Affects Snowpack," by Roger R. (b) Laboratory project, with some aspects in Bay, Jour. Soil and Water Conserv. 13: 129- cooperation with Wisconsin Conservation 130, illus., 1958. Department "Cutting Methods Affect Snow Accumulation (d) Field investigations; basic and applied re- and Melt in Black Spruce Stands," by Roger search. R. Bay, Lake States Forest Exp. Sta., Tech. (e) Major emphasis is given to methods of con- Note 523, 2 pp., illus., 1958. trolling runoff and erosion, including gully "An Inexpensive Soil Tube Jack," by Roger R. stabilization through reforestation, and Bay, Soil Sci. 88: 303-30*4-, illus., 1959- manipulation of land use and treatments. "Snow Behavior in Forests of Northern Minn, Studies of infiltration, soil-moisture and its Management Implications," by Sidney movement and storage on loessal soils under Weitzman and Roger R. Bay, Lake States the impact of grazing and other uses are Forest Experiment Station, Station Paper 69, underway. The effect of land use and land 121 . .

treatments on springflow is also being in- Michigan Department of Conservation, vestigated. Two 90° V-notch weirs have Lansing, Michigan. been installed in springs and two modified fd) Field investigation; applied research. 2-foot San Dimas flumes have been installed (e) A major objective of this study is to de- on small watersheds. Part of the study termine the hydrology of ground-water re- involves computation, analysis, and publi- charge and uses in deep sandy soils of the cation of some older file data on lysime- Udell Hills area in Michigan. Installations ters, needed as background material for to date include a series of ground--water the overall aim of the project. wells in deep morainal areas and adjoining (g) Markedly better soil-moisture conditions outwash plains. After the calibration period.1 were found on north as compared with south the effect of cover manipulation—especially slopes, on lower slopes as compared with plantation establishment and harvesting upper slope positions, and in broadleaf methods —on ground-water recharge and use stands as compared with conifers. Growth will be established. A second major study rate of conifers was 3«5 times greater is concerned with streambank stabilization than broadleaf species on comparable south and the sediment problem in streams flowing slopes. Livestock trampling reduced in- through these sandy areas. filtration rate in the single cylinder (g) Red pine plantations had the least snow method by 93 percent. accumulation on the ground and the greatest A 563-foot-long meandering spring channel, depth of frost penetration in the soil. In mostly in an open pasture, was shortened spring the snowpack and soil frost persisted 67 percent by rerouting the water through longer than on the broadleaf types. Snow a new ditch made with a small bulldozer disappeared faster in oak stands than in through a willow-shaded location to speed the other forest types, and there was very flow of water and reduce water temperature little soil frost. Soil freezing was least at mouth of the spring channel where it in northern hardwoods. Thinned stands of met the trout stream. Water temperature red pine accumulated more snow than dense was reduced by 10° to 11° F by shortening unthinned stands. the spring channel. Soil-moisture samplings to a depth of 7 ft- A cover of litter on bare soil improved in dense 25-year-old red pine plantations its infiltration capacity and ability to and 60- and 70-year natural scrub oak produce percolation water through a ij—foot stands showed red pine started to use soil profile. A layer of gravel was outstanding moisture earlier in spring than oak. Both in this respect. A cover of planted trees plots started at field capacity in early was better than the usual farm crops. April. In late June and early July, rate Layers of litter from 2 to 3 inches deep of moisture depletion was more rapid in absorbed and held most of the precipitation scrub oak than pine, and by the end of July in light rains under 0.5 inch, but only the moisture status of both cover types was about 11 percent of rainfall of over 1 in. similar and continued to be similar until (h) "A Lysimeter Installation for Studying the last sampling in mid-October when field Forest Influence Problems/' "by Harold F. capacity of 5-78 inches was again nearly Scholz and J. H. Stoeckeler, Jour. attained. Northern hardwoods showed more Forestry 38: 256-260, illus., 19^0. total soil moisture than the conifer areas "Trampling "by Livestock Drastically Reduces Calculated ground-water recharge in sandy Infiltration Rate of Soil in Oak and Pine outwash plains in the period April-October Woods in Southwestern Wisconsin," by J. H. 1958 was k.l8 inches for open, wild grass- Stoeckeler, Lake States Forest Exp. Sta., land; 3«27 inches for scrub oak; and 1.51 Tech. Note 556, 2 pp., illus., 1959. inches for dense red pine plantations. "Water Temperature Reduction in Shortened These were based on soil-moisture samplings Spring Channels of Southwestern Wisconsin and calculation of a daily soil-moisture Trout Streams," by J. H. Stoeckeler budget. More research is planned in this and Glenn J. Voskuil, Trans. Atner. area of investigation, with an attempt to Fisheries Soc. 88: 286-288, illus., 1959- have the studies on a 12-month basis "Moisture Storage by Leaf Litter," by A survey was made of 228 streambanks in h Willie R. Curtis, Lake States Forest Exp. separate watersheds in Lower Michigan, of Sta., Tech. Note 577, 2 pp., i960. which 115 had been stabilized, usually by "An Automatic Trigger Device for use in rock on the lower slope, and grass and mill FW-1 Water Level Recorders," by Willie R. chaff seedings on the upper portion, to Curtis, Jour. Forestry 58: 819-820, illus. determine effectiveness of the man-made i960. stabilization efforts compared with un- "Forests and Erosion in the Driftless treated banks where volunteer vegetation Area," by Richard S. Sartz, Wis. Conserv. was the only stabilizing action. The Bui. 25(3): 21-Qk, illus., i960. streambank stabilization efforts are con- "Soil Moisture Regime in Southwestern sidered quite successful. Serious erosion Wisconsin as Affected by Aspect and Forest on treated versus untreated banks was 7 Type," by J. H. Stoeckeler and Willie versus k'J percent respectively. Waterlines Curtis, Jour. Forestry. In press. of treated banks were 93 percent stabilized versus 28 percent on untreated banks, (3890) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN LOWER MICH. (h) "Snow Accumulation Under Red Pine of Differ- ent Stand Densities in Lower Michigan," by (b) Cooperative project with Fish Division, Robert E. Dils and John L. Arend, Lake States

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Forest Experiment Station, Tech. Note k60, f) Suspended. 2 pp., illus., 1956. g) Stream-gaging was stopped December 31, "Effects of Forest Cover on Soil Freezing 1958, after 6 years of record, and will be in Northern Lower Michigan," by W. D. started when the watershed is subjected to Striffler, Lake States Forest Experiment a forest treatment. Station, Station Paper 76, 16 pp., illus., 1959. (1188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FERNOW "Pattern of Soil Moisture Depletion Varies EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA. Between Red Pine and Oak Stands in Mich.," by Dean H. Urie, Lake States Forest Exp. b) Laboratory project. Station, Tech. Note %k, 2 pp., illus., d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- 1959. search. "Streambank Stabilization in Michigan--A (e) Studies were started in 1951 on the Fernow Survey," by W. D. Striffler, Lake States Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va., Forest Experiment Station, Station Paper to determine the effect of different levels 8k, Ik pp., illus., I960. of cutting practices, different logging methods, and different forest uses upon water quantity and quality. Nine watersheds have been equipped with streamgaging U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, stations and raingages. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. (g) Following six years of record taking, and analysis for calibration, treatment of one Inquiries concerning the following projects should group of five watersheds was started in be addressed to Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director, May 1957 and completed in 1958. Records Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors are being continued to determine treatment Avenue, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania. effects on streamflow. (h) "A Simple Filter for Small Streams," K. G. (656) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, DELAWARE Reinhart, Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta. LEHIGH-EXPFJQMENTAL FOREST, PENNSYLVANIA. Note I67, k pp., i960.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with (2^19) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HUBBARD the Pennsylvania Dept. of Forests and BROOK EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, NEW HAMPSHIRE. Waters and U. S. Geological Survey. (d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- Laboratory project. search. ft! F ield investigation; basic and applied re- (e) A study was started in 19^-8 on the Delaware- search. Lehigh Experimental Forest, Monroe County, (e) The objective is to determine the effect Pa., to determine the water economy for a of forest type, condition, and treatment on 1, 530-acre watershed covered with scrub quantity and quality of streamflow. Studies oak. The cover is now being converted by are conducted in plots and experimental planting and fire protection to conifers watersheds on the 7500-acre experimental and the effect on water relations will be forest in the White Mountains at West measured. Thornton, New Hampshire. (f) Suspended. (g) Four weirs have been built and climatic (g) The watershed was calibrated on the basis stations established. of the first six year ' s daily climatic and GO "Prospects in the Northeast for Affecting streamflow record by relating monthly, the Quantity and Timing of Water Yield seasonal, and annual discharge to rainfall Through Snowpack Management," Howard W. and air temperature. About 300 acres have Lull and Robert S. Pierce. Proceedings been planted; further planting depends on of the Western Snow Conference, 5^-62, i960. results of seed-spot tests. Stream gaging and climatic research were discontinued (2910) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LEADING December 31> 1958 until such time vege- RIDGE WATERSHED, PENNSYLVANIA. tation has changed!, sufficiently to warrant further gaging to determine the effect of 00 Laboratory project, in cooperation with the change on streamflow. the School of Forestry, Pennsylvania State University and the Pennsylvania Dept. of (966) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, P0C0N0 Forests and Waters. EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, PENNSYLVANIA. (d) Field investigation; basic and applied research. Laboratory project. (e) A cooperative study was started in 1957 to Field investigation; basic and applied re- determine the effect of forest cover and search. treatment on quantity and quality of (e) Studies have been started on the Pocono streamflow in the oak-hickory type in Experimental Forest, Wayne County, Pa., to Pennsylvania, and to study associated and determine effects of forest management basic soil-water relationships. practices and logging operations upon the (g) Three experimental watersheds have been quantity and quality of water yielded by a selected, weirs constructed, and a small watershed. Installations have been climatic station established. established to measure precipitation, streamflow and rainfall interception. (3567) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, BALTIMORE

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WATERSHEDS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. supply. Cover is virgin Douglas-fir. Streamflow is being measured by trapezoidal (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the flumes. Results of this study will help Baltimore Bureau of Water Supply. determine the future management policy on (d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- the watershed. search. Entiat River drainage. Three small water- (e) A cooperative study started in 1958 to de- sheds in granodiorite soils of north- termine effect of growth of loblolly and central Washington are being studied. white pine in plantations on streamflow, Streamflow is measured through 120-degree and to compare streamflow from watersheds V-notch weirs, one completed in October in conifer plantations with streamflow 1959 and the remaining two in October i960. from a hardwood-forest watershed. Coyote Creek drainage. Two small water- (g) Streamflow of three experimental watersheds sheds in southwestern Oregon are being is being measured and a climatic station studied. Streamflow is measured through has been established. 120-degree V-notch weirs completed in (h) "The Baltimore Watershed—An Example of September i960. Good Management," Irvin C. Reigner and (g) Road construction in one of the watersheds Walter C. Sushko. Public Works 91: 85-88, in the H. J. Andrews forest exposed 6.2 I960. percent of the watershed, and during the first year following construction, roads (3568) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NEWARK WATER- were correlated with an increase in low SHEDS, NEWFOUNDLAND, N. J. flows and in suspended sediments. (h) "Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Expt. (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Station Annual Report for 19 59-" Division of Water Supply of the City of Newark, N. J., and Newfoundland, N. J. (2187) EFFECT OF CATTLE GRAZING ON EROSION. (d) Field investigation; basic and applied research. (b) Laboratory project. (e) A cooperative study to determine the in- (d) Field investigation; applied research. fluence of selected treatments of forested (e) Starkey Experimental Forest and Range, municipal watersheds on water supply. northeast Oregon. Study to determine the (g) Weirs on 3 experimental watersheds were effect of heavy, moderate and light grazing built in the fall of 1958 and stream gaging on erosion, sediment production and runoff. and climatic measurements were started in Sediment catchment basins have been con- the spring of 1959- structed in small drainages, one in each of six pastures in which are tested three rates of grazing and two systems of management: deferred-rotation and season-long U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, use. Major effect on erosion will be de- Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment termined by volume of sediment accumulated Station. in the basins. Study now in its sixth year.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should (2911) INFLUENCE OF FOREST COVER ON INTERCEPTION be addressed to Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director, Pacific OF PRECIPITATION. Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, P. 0. Box 4059, Portland 8, Oregon. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (969) EFFECT OF LOGGING, CLEARCUTTING AND OTHER (e) H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. A FOREST OPERATIONS ON STREAMFLOW. study of interception in old-growth Douglas- fir was begun in the summer of 1957« Net (b) Laboratory project. precipitation is measured by moving rain (d) Field investigation; applied research. gages located at six representative sites; (e) H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, McKenzie measurements of gross precipitation are River drainage, west central Oregon. being made in adjoining cutover areas. Streamflow from three small experimental watersheds in virgin Douglas-fir has been (2912) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON EROSION, measured for seven years by means of trapezoidal flume stream gages. These obser- b) Laboratory project. vations provide a pretreatment calibration d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- which will be carried on for three years search. or more. Planned treatments will test (e) Wenatchee River drainage, central Washington effect of two systems of timber cutting on Soils derived from three major parent water yield and erosion. materials were sampled and are being ana- In 1959 logging roads were constructed in lyzed to determine their basic physical one of the three watersheds to supply in- and chemical characteristics. Parent formation on sediment yields. materials are Swauk sandstone, basalt and Bull Run watershed in cooperation with City granite of Portland Water Bureau. Pretreatment North-Central Washington. Soil disturbance calibration measurements now being taken on was measured on two logged areas to de- three small watersheds within the Bull Run termine relative effects of logging by two watershed, source of Portland's water methods: yarding by tractor and Wyssen

12k . .

Skyline Crane. type conversion in progress before the fire (g) Measurable soil disturbance was found on are being continued, 22.2 percent of the area logged by tractors (g) Streamflow was increased by the clearing of while only J.k percent of the area logged 38 acres of woodland-riparian trees and by Wyssen Skyline Crane was disturbed. shrubs from the main channel of 875-acre (h) "Watershed Disturbance from Tractor and Monroe Canyon. Effects of the clearing Skyline Crane Logging/' by David D. were determined by comparing the flow from Wooldridge. Jour. Forestry 58:369-372, Monroe Canyon with that from adjacent and May I960. comparable Volfe Canyon for years of similar rainfall before and after treatment. (3221) EROSION FROM TRACTOR SKIDROADS The first year after treatment, following a very wet winter, Monroe Canyon flow was fb) Laboratory project. 70 acre-feet or 30 feet more than pre- (d) Field investigation; applied research. dicted had the Canyon bottom trees not (e) A study in southwest Oregon to relate been removed. During the dry part of the erosion and runoff from tractor skidroads second year after treatment, following a in logged forests to several soil, physio- winter of very low rainfall, streamflow graphic and climatic variables. The es- from Monroe was increased 1*4- acre-feet, sential purpose of the study is to de- compared to 17 feet during the dry part of termine under what conditions tractor the first year. Seventy percent of the logging results in excessive erosion. total streamflow the second year was de- (f) Discontinued. livered during the dry summer and fall seasons when water shortages are greatest. Before the clearing, Monroe Canyon had ceased flowing during similar drought U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, periods Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment In another test, streamflow was increased Station. by deadening the brush on k-0 acres of side slopes with deep soil in 100-acre Bell (26l) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, SOUTHERN Watershed No. 2. The brush was sprayed CALIFORNIA. with herbicides each spring for three years starting in April 1958. During a (b) Laboratory project. l6-month period (June 1958 through Sept. (c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director, Pacific 1959), the expected streamflow without Southwest Forest and Range Experiment treatment would have been 3? acre-feet. Station, P. 0. Box 2^5, Berkeley 1, Calif. Actual streamflow was 9-lA—an increase (d) Experimental; field investigations; basic of nearly 6 acre-feet. Before treatment and applied research. the stream in Bell No. 2 dried up during (e) Purposes are (l) to determine how water- the summer and fall seasons, but flow has sheds function; what happens to the pre- been continuous since the first spraying. cipitation, and how water and soil move- In contrast, the stream in adjacent unsprayed ment are influenced by conditions of vege- Bell Watershed No. 3, the control, was dry tation, soil, geology, and topography; and for 8 of the 16 months. Soil moisture (2) to develop methods of watershed manage- measurements show that evapotranspiration ment, including treatment of areas denuded during the rainy season October 22, 1950 by fire, to insure maximum yield of usable to May 10, i960 averaged 10 inches from water and satisfactory flood runoff and unsprayed brush sites, but only about G\ soil erosion control. inches from sprayed sites. Principal work center is the 17,000-acre The movement of soil, rock and organic San Pi mas Experimental Forest situated in debris on slopes in Arroyo Seco Canyon the San Gabriel Mountains. A fire started (Los Angeles River drainage) was greatly by lightning in July i960 consumed the increased after the brush and tree cover vegetation, mostly brush, on 90 percent of was burned in October 1959- Material the area and destroyed or damaged many of caught in contour troughs on seven slopes the research installations. Immediately ranged from 2.2 to 2^.7 tons per acre after the fire a major emergency research during the first year after the fire. program was started to test the effective- South-facing slopes flanking geologically ness of various measures used to reduce rejuvenated stream channels yielded the flood runoff and erosion on the denuded most material, 10 times the pre-burn rate. watersheds. These rehabilitation measures Nearly 89 percent of this eroded material include seeding grasses and mustard singly came during the dry season. North re- and in combination with physical treat- juvenated slopes showed a post-burn rate ments such as wattling, channel barriers of i+.3 tons per acre per year, or an in- and contour terraces. The tests are being crease of about 17 times the unburned made on 37 watersheds of 3 to 30 acres average. Material from north non-rejuve- each, equipped to measure rainfall in- nated sites increased 16 times and from tensity, peak discharge and suspended sedi- south non-rejuvenated sites only h-fold ment. Twenty- five have basins to measure after the fire. Dry-season debris move- bedload. Studies of hydrologic processes ment exceeded wet-season movement at all and tests of applied management methods to but one site. However, precipitation was increase water yield through vegetative below normal during the post-fire winter.

125 (h) "Vegetation Types of the San Bernardino at some 300 points, Mountains," by Jerome S. Horton, Pacific (g) Measurements of snow accumulation on differ- Southwest Forest and Range Experiment ent slopes in openings and in surrounding Station, Tech. Paper. No. kh, 29 pp., forest were made at 90 sites at the Central illus., April 19 60. Sierra Snow Laboratory. Snow water in the "Watershed Management in Action in the maximum snowpack on north slopes averaged Pacific Southwest," by Walt Hopkins and 63.5 inches in 1958 and 5^»3 inches in J. D. Sinclair, Soc. Amer. Foresters Proc, 1959 compared to 28.1 and 18.9 inches I960. during the same years on south slopes. "Moisture Sampling in Wildland Soils with The lower water content of the snowpack on a Newtron Probe," by Robert A. Merriam, south slopes (9-2 inches each year) is a Iowa State Jour, of Science, Vol. clear indication of winter melt. Openings No. k, pp. 6kl-6k8, May 15, i960. had 2.2 to 8.k inches more snow water than "Watershed Management Research in Southern the surrounding forest at the time of maxi- California's Brush-Covered Mountains . " by mum pack, with only the south and west J. D. Sinclair, Jour, of Forestry (k): slopes showing significantly less differ- 226-268, I960. ence in the "dry year" of 1959 than in the very "wet year" of 1958. (2^15) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NORTHERN The size of trees (small 15-60 feet) to CALIFORNIA. large (greater than 100 feet) had little effect upon the average snow water left in (b) Laboratory project. the spring (June 1, 1958) in openings and (c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director, Pacific in adjacent forest on east and west slopes Southwest Forest and Range Experiment and on level areas. Small tree sites Station, P. 0. Box 2^5, Berkeley 1, Calif. averaged 29.5 inches of snow water compared (d) Experimental; field investigation; basic to 29.0 inches for medium and large trees. and applied research. One square mile of k square mile Castle (e) The aim is to develop a hydrologic base for Creek basin was selectively logged in the land management decisions. The hydrologic summer of 1958. Water yielded as stream- effects of wildfires, of attempts at con- flow was apparently increased the first version of brushlands to grass, and of year after logging— 37^- acre-feet more logging and other land uses are to be e- water was delivered than would have been valuated. Present studies emphasize de- expected without the logging. This in- velopment of methods of management of high crease was equivalent to 1.75 inches of elevation snowpacks for maximum control and yield over the entire watershed, or 7»0 yield of water. inches in the logged area. Sediment pro- Major work center is in Berkeley with l8 duction from the castle Creek watershed studies being conducted throughout northern also increased after logging. Computed California in the headwaters of the Kings, average long-term suspended sediment pro- American, Yuba, Truckee, and Feather rivers. duction, assuming that normal streamflow At the Teakettle watersheds in the head- occurred each year, was 23^ tons per sq. waters of the Kings River Basin, five small mi. per year before logging (1957-58). watersheds are under calibration for e- Production increased to 1,286 tons the valuation of streamflow and sedimentation. first year (1958-59) after logging, then In the Onion Creek watersheds in the head- decreased to ^55 tons per sq. mi. the waters of the American River Basin, five second year (1959-60) despite some re- streams are being gaged and sediment logging in the watersheds. measured. Snow accumulation and soil Evaporation from snow and wind at 1 foot moisture are being measured in logged and above the snow was measured in forest unlogged forest and in brush areas, at openings, varying in size from \ to 1 both Onion Creek and Castle Creek. Castle times as wide as the tree heights to Creek in the Yuba River Basin is being greater than k tree heights across. Evapo- gaged, suspended sediment measured, and ration was closely related to wind. During basic snow physics studies are underway. a day with steady wind, evaporation was Daily meteorological measurements are being 0.015 inch and wind travel 39 miles in the taken at three stations, and radiation and smallest openings compared to 0.030 inch snow physics at the headquarters station. evaporation and 115 miles wind travel in At Sagehen Creek in the Truckee River the largest openings. Evaporation for a Basin, sediment and streamflow and their 10-day period in March i960 averaged 0.020 effects on fishlife are being studied in inch per day in the forest openings. cooperation with the Department of Zoology, Summer evapotranspiration losses during University of California. Also the effects 1958 and 1959 were measured at 37 sites of conversion of brushfields to forest are representing various forest stand conditions being studied. near the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory. At Swain Mountain Experimental Forest in Moisture losses from the top k feet of soil the Feather River Basin, snow and soil varied widely with forest conditions as moisture are being measured where forests follows: from bare soil 2.0 inches; low were cut in strips and blocks and where density red fir 5.2 inches; forest opening logging slash was treated and untreated. with reproduction 5-6 inches; wind sunflower In all, snow accumulation is being measured 7.6 inches; dense old growth and young red at 91 special snow courses, soil moisture fir, and opening with reproduction 7-6 in.;

126 . s

and from very dense reproduction 10. h in. yields of usable water. To determine what Additional losses of 2.0 inches of summer part of the ablation from summer snow precipitation occurred at each site. fields was due to evaporation, Analyses have teen made of the relation of (g) The estimated increase in water yield from erodibility indexes of California wildland the Fool Creek watershed due to timber soils to geology vegetation, elevation and harvesting has been: geographic zone. Geologic rock type was Year Acre-feet by far the most important source of differ- 1955 255 ences in soil erodibility. Soil differences 1957 200 associated with vegetation showed grass- 1958 125 land soils least erodible, forest-land 1959 186 soils next and brushland soils most e- rodible. Although erodibility was well Net gain of moisture at snow surface was indexed by these variables, still erodi- measured during the first half of July bility was highest in the Central Coast 1957—a net loss during the first half of zone, next erodible in the Sierra and August 1958. Diurnal trend was for con- least erodible in the North Coast, densation during nights, evaporation in (h) "Managing Our Snow for a Better Water mornings, and either evaporation or con-

Supply, " anonymous Pac . Sw For . and Range densation in afternoons, depending on

Expt. Sta. and State Dept. of Water Res., weather conditions . Shading decreased 17 pp. illus., 1959- snowmelt during daylight hours but in- "Research in Management of Snowpack Water- creased melt during the night. Poor agree- sheds for Water Yield Control," H. W. ment was found between measured moisture

Anderson, Jour. Forestry 58(h)-. 282-28^, exchange and that computed from Sverdrup ' I960. equation. "Three Years of Progress in 'Operation Wet- (h) "The Eraser Experimental Forest — Its Work Blanket'," H. W. Anderson, Abstract Jour. and Aims," L. D. Love. Rocky Mountain Geophys. Res. 65(5):l632, i960. Forest and Range Experiment Station, "Effects of Logging and Brush Removal in Station Paper 8, revised June i960, 16 pp. Snow Water Runoff," H. W. Anderson and "Moisture Exchange Between the Atmosphere Clark H. Gleason, Internat. Assoc. Sci. and Alpine Snow Surfaces Under Summer Con- Hydrol, Publ. No. 5, pp. V78-I+89, i960. ditions (Preliminary results)," M.

, "Prospects for Affecting the Quantity and Martinelli Jr . Journal of Meteorology, Timing of Water Yield Through Snowpack Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 227-231, April i960.

Management in California," H. W. Anderson, "Annual Report for 1959 , Rocky Mountain 28th Ann. Western Snow Conference Proc, Forest and Range Experiment Station, " U. I960. S. Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colo. "Third Progress Report, 1959-1960, Cooper- ative Snow Management Research," H. W. (657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, TEMPE, Anderson, and Lucille G. Richards. Pacific ARIZONA. Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, pp. 95-1^0, June i960. (b) Laboratory project. "Proposed Program for Watershed Management (d) Experimental; basic and applied research. Research in the Lower Conifer Zone of (e) To study the disposition of rainfall as California," H. W. Anderson. Pacific South- influenced by watershed vegetation; (2) to west Forest and Range Experiment Station, determine the influence of various types Tech. Paper No. h6, 21 pp., April i960. of forest and grassland vegetation as well as vegetation modified by cultural treatment such as grazing and timber harvest, on streamflow, water use, water loss, and U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, erosion and sediment yield; (3) to de- Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. termine for phreatophytic vegetation (water-loving plants) the amount of water Inquiries concerning the following projects should used, methods for reducing water use by be addressed to Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky phreatophytes or for replacing them with Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room more useful plants; and for mixed conifer 221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colorado. and chaparral types of vegetation to determine the hydrologic characteristics (377) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FRASER of natural watersheds and the effect of HYDR0LOGIC LABORATORY cover modification upon water yields, soil stability and other resource values. (b) Laboratory project. At Sierra Ancha Experimental Watersheds in (d) Field investigations; applied research. central Arizona, rainfall, runoff, and (e) To determine influence of lodgepole pine erosion are measured on three watersheds and spruce-fir forests and of the manage- in the pine -fir vegetation type at high ment of these forests for wood products on elevation, on two watersheds in the factors associated with the yield of water, ponderosa-chaparral type, and from four largely from stored snow. The purpose is watersheds in the grassland-chaparral type to solve problems in the management of at intermediate elevations, and on nine forested watersheds of the high altitude small watersheds in the semidesert- zone of the Rocky Mountains for maximum chaparral type at low elevations. Water

127 . . .

use by different types of plants In various percent of annual gross precipitation, and soils is studied on eleven large lysimeters. increases with storm size greater than Three watersheds have also been established 0.25 inch. Throughfall can be predicted in the pure ponderosa pine type and two in with the equation: Y = .05 + .8^X1- to the effects where X^ is gross the mixed conifer type test .21 X2 , precipitation of logging practices upon water yield and and X2 is foliage density. The canopy soil stability. Gaging stations for four camera gave a good index of foliage density j watersheds in the pure chaparral type are and values obtained with it were used for also available to evaluate watershed-game X2 . Moisture differences were compared in interrelations. One cluster of two water- two feet of soil between cleared and sheds and another cluster of three water- natural stands of juniper by travimetric sheds are available for testing the effect sampling on 10 pairs of plots. No differ- of manipulating chaparral cover. Supple- ence between cleared and natural stands mental studies are determining the proper has been detected over two spring-to-fall use of chemicals, fire, and mechanical periods treatment for manipulating shrub in the (h) "Transpirational Surges in Tamarix and type. Eucalyptus as Measured with an Infrared Interception, moisture use, and factors Gas Analyzer," John P. Decker and Janet D. affecting water yield are being tested in Wien, Plant Physiol., 35 (3), 3^0-3^3, Utah and alligator juniper forests on the I960. Beaver Creek Project, south of Flagstaff, "Utilization of Five-Stream Tamarisk by Arizona. Cattle," Howard L. Gary. Rocky Mt. Forest Ecology of Tamarix pentandra and other and Range Expt. Sta., Res. Note 51, Illus.,. phreatophytes is under investigation. Germi- I960. nation, seedling survival, and rate of spread "The Problem of Phraetophytes, " J. S. studies were continued. A field apparatus Horton. Symp. Hannoversch-Munden, employing the infrared analyzer for de- Internat'l Sci. Hydrol. Assoc. Pub. k-8, tecting moisture has been used for detailed 1:76-83, 1959. measurements of evapotranspiration of "Use of Root Plot in Clearing Tamarisk , phreatophytes Stands " Rocky Mt . For . and Range Expt (g) In the pine-fir forests on the North Fork Sta. Res. Note 50, illus., i960. of Workman Creek, streamflow increased "Seed Germination and Seedling Establish- during the first two years, after replacing ment of Phreatophyte Species," F. C. Mounts 80 acres of forest vegetation with perennial and J. M. Kraft. Rocky Mt. For. and Range grass. During the first water year (October Expt. Sta., Station Paper h8, illus., i960. 1958 through September 1959), the increase was 0.5 inches, although not statistically (1969) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, significant; during the second year there NEW MEXICO. was a statistically significant increase of 2.0 inches. Comparative soil moisture de- (b) Cooperative study with Bureau of Land terminations using the neutron scattering Management and Geological Survey. method showed aspen to use more moisture Applied research. than grass or conifer from April through It] Evaluation of range -watershed conditions September i960. on small watersheds in the San Luis drain- On chaparral watersheds burned by wildfire age of the Rio Puerco. Three contiguous in June 1959, number and size of peak flows watersheds, ranging from 338 to 555 acres and duration of base flows were increased located about 8 miles north of the San by destruction of plant cover. On two water- Luis community and west of the Rio Puerco sheds prior to the fire flow extended from main channel provide the study area. Water November to June; thereafter to date, flows and sediment inflow are measured in small have been continuous or nearly so. Increased reservoirs formed by earthen dams. Pre- water yields have been accompanied by high cipitation rates and amounts of vegetation

sediment yields . On three watersheds where changes are periodically measured over the

negligible quantities of sediment were watersheds . Five years of data have been measured during the three prefire years, collected under continued cattle grazing sediment yields during the period August during the six month overwinter period 1959 to March i960 have ranged from 18 to 56 (November 1 to May l). Soil elevation thousand tons per square mile. measurements have been obtained on the three Seed of the most aggressive phreatophyte, watersheds for purposes of determining five-stamen tamarisk, will germinate readily soil losses from the alluvial soils. Rising when moistened, but seedlings require satu- stage sediment samplers have been installed rated soil for several weeks for survival. on the three watersheds, Tamarisk sprouts readily from cut portions (g) Grazing use has averaged 50$ on the key of fresh stem, but these severed portions species alkali sacaton. Galleta is less dry out and die in a few hours in the sun. preferred by cattle and use has averaged Severed roots do not sprout. Therefore, only kcfo on this species. Fencing of rootplowing mature tamarisk stands when soil individual watersheds in proximity to is dry and weather warm is an effective available water in the reservoirs has had method of mechanical control. a pronounced effect on the grazing pattern. In the pinyon- juniper type, stemflow of Utah Remeasurement of soil elevation transect and alligator juniper amounts to about one grids one year after establishment indicates

128 " . .

an appreciable rate of aggradation on the enough to permit gravimetric sampling to a alluvium near the bluffs, depth of 8 feet. Water use was considered (h) "The Rio Puerco - Past, Present, and to be the difference betwen the amount of Future," E. J. Dortignac, 5th Annual Water soil moisture in the spring and fall, ad- Conference, Las Cruces, New Mexico,, i960. justed for summer precipitation. Water use "Annual Report for 1959, Rocky Mountain was significantly different among the three Forest and Range Experiment Station, U. S. vegetation types. However, because the Forest Service," Fort Collins, Colo. amount of spring soil moisture was significantly different among types, and because (2188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, spring moisture was correlated with water NEW MEXICO. use in aspen and spruce types, it was impossible to attribute water use differ- (b) Laboratory project. ences solely to the type of vegetation, d) Field investigation, (h) "Relative Water Use by Aspen, Spruce, and e) Coleman soil electrical units were in- Grassland in Western Colorado," H. E. Brown stalled at 3-inch depth intervals from the and J. R. Thompson. Manuscript being pre- 1 - inch soil depth to bedrock or to a pared for publication. depth beyond any anticipated moisture penetration. Recording and standard gages (2657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND JUNCTION, were used to measure precipitation. Moist COLORADO pinyon- juniper zone (17-inch annual pre-

cipitation) . A record of precipitation (b) Laboratory project. and soil moisture was maintained under (d) Field investigation; applied research. three ground-cover conditions; under pinyon (e) To determine the effect of range conditions trees and in a woodland opening; in grass- and related factors on sediment production land; and in a bared area kept free of and runoff on three mountain grassland water- vegetation by chemical spraying. Dry pinyon- sheds in western Colorado. Range condition juniper- sagebrush zone (13-inch annual pre- is being measured by means of 20 or more 3- cipitation). A record of precipitation step transects on each watershed. Ninety and soil moisture was maintained under degree V-notch weirs are used to gage the four conditions: native sagebrush under watersheds which vary in size from 86 to protection from livestock grazing; and in 272 acres. Water samples are taken several crested wheatgrass under 25 percent utili- times daily during snowmelt and periods of zation, under 75 percent utilization and storm runoff for determination of suspended under full protection from cattle grazing. sediment; bed load is measured in the weir f) Field study terminated. ponds g) At Pine Flat (73^0') in the Manzano Mountains southeast of Albuquerque, 5 years (2658) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, RAPID CITY, of soil moisture measurements have shown SOUTH DAKOTA. that summer rainfall was insufficient to replenish soil moisture throughout the 30- (b) Laboratory project. inch soil profile under blue grama grass (d) Experimental; basic and applied research. or pinyon trees. In contrast, maximum (e) To determine how heavy grazing of bluegrass soil moisture conditions were recorded range in the Black Hills has influenced with much less precipitation during the soil structure. Involves measurement of winter-spring period. On the basis of bulk density and pore space of soil inside this study it was concluded that for similar and outside livestock exclosures. Study of conditions, soil water discharge to ground basic soil-water relationships under dense water could be expected to occur during ponderosa pine in the Black Hills to de- the spring on the average once every k or termine how thinning influences amount of 5 years. Pine Flat represents the more water available for streamflow. Involves moist pinyon- juniper situations. measurement of precipitation under thinned (h) "Water Yield from Pinyon-Juniper Woodland, and unthinned pine, stemflow, and soil 36th Annual Meeting S outhwest R ocky moisture. Runoff and soil erosion on the Mountain Division of the Association for Deadwood Burn in relation to the re-estab- the Advancement of Science, Alpine, Texas, lishment of vegetation. I960. (g) In a dry year thinned ponderosa pine used

more water than unthinned pine . Both stands (2^20) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND used virtually all precipitation during the JUNCTION, COLORADO. year. In addition the thinned stand drew on holdover storage from the previous year. (b) Laboratory project. There was no holdover storage available for (d) Field investigation; applied research. use by the unthinned stand. (e) To compare the amount of soil moisture (h) "Soil Porosity and Bulk Density on Grazed withdrawal under aspen, spruce and mixed and Protected Kentucky Bluegrass Range in grass-weed type. the Black Hills," Howard K. Orr, Journal of (f) Discontinued. Range Management, 13(2): 80-86, i960. (g) Soil moisture was measured in the spring "Annual Report for 1959; Rocky Mountain and fall of 1955, 1957, and 1958 on Black Forest and Range Experiment Station," U. S. Mesa. The study plots were located on Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. selected sites where the soil was deep

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(2913) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT (322*0 BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, Ariz. Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, Ariz. (d) Field investigation] "basic research. d) Held investigation; basic research. (e) Calibration of 12 small watersheds, 6 in e) Rainfall interception by nine densities ponderosa pine type, 3 in alligator juniper of pole-size ponderosa pine. type, and 3 in Utah juniper type. A newly (f) Discontinued. designed modified trapezoidal Venturi flume is being used to measure discharge (3569) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE, from these steep ephemeral streams. Pre- WYOMING. cipitation measurements are being taken. (g) Rating curves for the flume based on model (b) Laboratory project. tests and field measurements have been pre- d) Field investigation; applied research pared for the Beaver Creek flumes. Two e) The objectives of the study are to de- rating curves have been prepared, one termine the effects of big sagebrush on based on head measured above the floor of total runoff from snowmelt, snow accumu- the throat section, the other based on lation and storage pattern. In addition, head in a 120-degree V-notch which can be the study offers opportunity to determine bolted to the end of the flume. Ratings how natural stands of big sagebrush affect go up to 300 cfs for the natural flume and cloudburst storm runoff and rate of sedi- 200 cfs for the flume with V-notch attached. ment movement. Three high elevation sagebrush watersheds, 60 to 106 acres, in (3222) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT. western Wyoming provide the study area. V-notch weirs gage the runoff, and sus- ("b) Laboratory project, cooperative with pended sediment samples are taken periodi- Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, cally. Snowpack is sampled along permanent Arizona. transects and at random points. Summer (d) Field investigation; basic research. precipitation is sampled by a network of (e) Study of the disposition of precipitation recording and non-recording gages, while in the Utah juniper type, including winter precipitation is sampled by a measurements of precipitation, interception, single standpipe snow accumulation gage. surface runoff, and soil moisture budget (g) Total runoff from these drainages in 1959 by stand density class. averaged 2.98 inches and suspended sedi- (f) Discontinued. ment loads ranged from 3 PP^ a"t low flows to 139 PPm near peak flow. Average runoff (3223) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FORT COLLINS, in i960 was 1.33 inches and suspended COLORADO. sediment ranged from k ppm to 53 ppm.

(b) Laboratory project. (3570) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, (d) Field investigation; applied research. NEW MEXICO. (e) A physical evaluation of mechanical erosion control practices established on the Trout (b) Laboratory project. Creek Watershed, Salida District, San (d) Field investigation; exploratory. Isabel National Forest, Colorado. Evalu- (e) Appraise snowpack conditions, including ation of mechanical erosion control accumulation and melt at several locations practices on depleted lands in the Colo. in the Sangre de Cristo Range as a basis Front Range. The following soil associ- for conducting future basic research in ations are represented: Edloe-Stecum snowpack management. association derived from granite, Chubba- (f) Completed. Laporte (limestone), Trout Creek-gano- (g) Data undergoing analysis. Heath (shale and sandstone), Buena Vista- Rods-Outcrop (Trachyte). (3571) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, f) Completed. NEW MEXICO. g) Gullies were classified into discontinuous and continuous systems. In these systems fb) Laboratory project. critical locations were determined that (d) Field investigation; exploratory. are the result of the mechanics of gullying. (e) Determine for Engelmann spruce, Douglas- Structures will be most effective if in- fir, ponderosa pine, and aspen on north stalled at these locations. To be buccess- and south aspects: (l) Periods of soil ful simple check dams shall accommodate moisture deficit and surplus, (2) relative the highest peak flow that is estimated to soil moisture and temperature variations occur during the designed life time of the during growth and dormant season, (3) structure occurrence and depth of soil freezing. (h) "Annual Report, 1959> Rocky Mountain Forest Basis for fundamental research. and Range Experiment Station," U. S. Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colo. (3572) WATERSHED-RANGE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, "An Evaluation of Gully Control Structures ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO. on the Pike and San Isabel National Forests in Colorado," Burchard H. Heede, in press. (b) Study in cooperation with the Bureau of

130 .

Land Management. opening size and effect of exposure on snow (d) Applied research. accumulation and disappearance from cutover (e) Evaluation of soil pitting (Calkins pitter) forests of lodgepole pine in the Big Horn on surface runoff, erosion and vegetation. Mountains of Wyoming. Clearcut blocks of Surface runoff plots (20), 10' by 30', are 5, 10, and 20 acres on several exposures installed on 3 slope aspects, representing have been selected for study. Uncut different soil conditions, in the Rio Jemez conditions on each exposure will also be drainage. Precipitation, runoff, sediment studied. and changes in vegetation are measured. (g) Reduction in surface runoff caused 'by- (389^) PRELIMINARY GAGING OF STREAMFL0W AND PRE- pitting during the first rainy season CIPITATION IN THE SANTA FE EXPERIMENTAL averaged 10$ and 26$ for the south and WATERSHEDS. north exposures, respectively. (h) "The Rio Puerco—Past, Present and Future," (b) Laboratory project. E. J. Dortignac, 5th Annual Water Confer- d) Field investigation; exploratory. ence, Las Cruces, New Mexico, i960. e) To obtain: (l) Preliminary information on streamflow characteristics for correlation (3573) WATERSHED-RANGE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, with snowpack ablation and summer rainfall;

ALBUQUERQUE , NEW MEXICO. (2) information on relative water yields from several vegetation zones in high alti- (h) Cooperative study with Bureau of Land tude watersheds in New Mexico; (3) infor- Management mation on the amount and occurrence of pre- (d) Applied research. cipitation received in study areas; and (k) (e) Evaluation of soil ripping (jayhawker) on information on the range of flows to be surface runoff, erosion and vegetation. expected so that suitable equipment can be Surface runoff plots (62), 10' by 30', are designed and installed for more permanent installed on a north and south aspect and stream gaging. upper and lower slopes representing differ- Portable waterstage recorders and crest ent soil conditions in the Rio Jemez drain- gages have been placed on selected streams age. Seeding grass (alkali sacaton) and at culvert locations. Precipitation "browse (chamiza) and protection from live- storage gages are located on the selected stock and rabbits is also evaluated. Pre- experimental watersheds in the Sangre de cipitation, runoff, sediment, and changes Cristo range in New Mexico. in vegetation are measured. (g) Soil ripping with the Jayhawker resulted (3895) WIND TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION OF SNOW, in about 98$ reduction in surface runoff during the first rainy season. (b) Laboratory project. (h) "The Rio Puerco--Past, Present and Future," (d) Field investigations; basic research. by E. J. Dortignac, 5th Annual Water Con- (e) The purpose is: (l) To correlate snow drift ference, Las Cruces, New Mexico, i960. intensity with meteorological and terrain features; (2) to measure the amount and (3891) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE, vertical distribution of snow carried by WYOMING. the wind in an area of moderately rough terrain; (3) to determine important (b) Laboratory project. features associated with the deposition of (d) Field investigation; basic research. snow; (I4-) to determine the effect of slat (e) The objectives of this study are to in- and wire fencing on the accumulation of vestigate the length, depth and configu- snow in selected natural catchments in the ration of big sagebrush growing at high alpine portion of Loveland Basin, Colo, elevations in Wyoming and to determine and to test the relative effectiveness of how the rooting characteristics of this this type of fence at two locations in the important plant are affected by site. same general area; and (5) to test several methods of erecting slat and wire snow (3892) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE, fences on exposed sites. WYOMING. (3896) THE VEGETATION AND MICROCLIMATIC TREATMENTS b) Laboratory project. FOR WATERSHED REHABILITATION IN THE SOUTHERN d) Field investigation; applied research, ROCKY MOUNTAINS. (e) This study will evaluate the comparative efficiencies, in terms of water stored in (b) Laboratory project. accumulated snow, of tandem h-ft slatted (d) Field investigations; applied research. snowfences erected at three different (e) Research to find the most suitable plants spacing intervals on open windswept slopes for establishment on difficult and badly in southeast Wyoming. eroding sites, the best methods of establishing them on various sites, and the (3893) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE, influences of mechanical watershed re- WYOMING. habilitation measures on the microclimate and other site factors in the southern (b) Laboratory project. Rocky Mountains. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (g) Exploratory studies just initiated show (e) This study will evaluate the influence of microclimatic changes due to mechanical

131 .

treatment in watershed rehabilitation. chart reader. Basic related research in Surface soil temperatures and soil moisture plant-soil-moisture relations is emphasized regimes are affected by contour trenching. at the Union Research Center. Current soil Steepness of slope and type of equipment moisture studies include development of used in building trenches can greatly field measurement techniques for moisture affect the percentages of total area in investigations by the neutron method, com- which the microclimate is made more favor- parative water use requirements of cover able and more unfavorable for plants types, moisture recharge and depletion investigations, and depth of moisture withdrawal by representative cover types. Secondary studies deal with hydrologic U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, properties of forest soils. The center Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. has laboratory facilities for analysis of foliage and physical and chemical properties

(380) WATER RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT of soils, a portable neutron scattering de- i RESEARCH. vice for measuring soil moisture, k gaged watersheds, three recording and 7 standard (b) Laboratory project. For general public raingages, one recording ground water well, use and information. and a standard Weather Bureau weather (c) Mr. J. F. Pechanec, Dir., Southeastern For. station. Expt. Sta., P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N.C. All projects are to be carried to completion (d) General investigations of forest influences through analysis of data, preparation of in the southeastern United States, with reports and publication of technical arti- primary emphasis on fundamental hydrologic cles. Research studies (Coweeta and Union) research on watershed processes and related include: (l) Evapotranspiration from forest applications in watershed management land, hydrologic effects of reducing basal j (e) Ba sic research into forest hydrologic area; (2) rehabilitation treatment of ex- processes from the precipitation of water perimental watersheds formerly used in over an area until it leaves the watershed studies of mountain farming, woodland as streamflow or evapotranspiration. Demon- grazing and exploitive mountain logging; strations of several cover types and land (3) evapotranspiration and water yield management practices and their effect upon from different types of forest cover; (h) water yield, quality and flow character- study of the soil-water balance as related istics. Development of watershed manage- to recharge, drainage and evapotranspiration;! ment methods pertinent to the region and (5) application of hydrologic concepts to cooperative trials and demonstrations of small forested watersheds; (6) demonstrating these methods. Most of the experimentation the application of principles of hydrology and hydrologic data collection is on the on forested watersheds; (7) studies of 5600-acre Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory energy balance, precipitation and evapo- located in the zone of maximum precipi- transpiration on slopes and how modified tation for the eastern United States by cover and physiography; and (8) re- (Nantahala Range of the Southern Appa- charge, drainage, storage, and depletion

lachians ) . Eighteen individual and two of soil moisture in relation to vegetative multiple watersheds are currently active cover and other environmental factors, and along with an additional 13 standby (g) Early demonstrations of good and poor watersheds whose streamflow has been gaged watershed management practices and neces- for over 25 years provide the locale for sary rehabilitation methods have been of the experimental program. Over 650 cumu- great educational value to the public and lative years of streamflow records are have helped document recommendations for available for drainages ranging from k acres proper land practices on public and private to 8 square miles. One F-P analog-to- lands. Removal of vegetation from selected digital water level recorder is in trial watersheds by several different cutting installation; all ~ther weirs are serviced patterns produced increased annual water by chart-trace recorders. The Laboratory yields in the order of 3 "to 16 inches with- has 8 recording and 68 non-recording out detectable changes in stormflow or (standard) rain gages, a raindrop camera soil stability. Currently established type- in cooperation with the Univ. of 111., 1 conversions from existing hardwood cover recording ground water well, 5 recording to white pine and to grass are to demon-

hygrothermographs , 6 recording soil or strate differential water use, if any, by water thermographs, 1 metering anemometer, varying cover types. Several studies of 1 recording anemometer and wind vane, 1 soil moisture storage and movement are in evaporation pan and 2 recording pyrheli- progress. The annual range in moisture ometers. Water samples are collected from storage flux for the top 7 feet of a selected watersheds for quality analysis mountain slope profile is 7 "to 12 inches on a storm period basis. Soil moisture is of water. Subsoil moisture content shows measured in the field with portable neutron promise as a predictor of nonstorm stream- scattering devices. A small laboratory flow. Soil moisture accretion and de- equipped for soil physical analysis and pletion in well-watered terrain may be a instrument repair is on the area. Data re- poor measure of evapotranspiration because duction from chart trace to punched card of confusion with long term slow drain- is accomplished locally through an Oscar-K age.

132 . . . .

Field and model studies designed to de- transpiration, " by L. W. Swift, Jr. termine the dynamics of moisture storage Manuscript in preparation. on steep slopes suggest that much of the "A Method for Calculating Error of Soil "base flow in mountain streams is from soil Moisture Volumes in Gravimetric Sampling," moisture in the zone of aeration rather by J. D. Hewlett and J. E. Douglass. than from saturated aquifers. Computations Submitted to Forest Science. of solar energy theoretically available to mountain slopes indicate that energy differences "between various slopes may he small during the growing season, quite large U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, during the dormant. A raindrop camera is Southern Forest Experiment Station. now maintained in cooperation with the University of Illinois. Studies of hydro- Inquiries concerning the following projects should logic constants commonly in use indicate be addressed to Mr. P. A. Briegleb, Director, that conventional flood estimation methods Southern Forest Experiment Station, 2026 St. Charles are not adaptable to small mountain water- Avenue, New Orleans 13, Louisiana. sheds. While the unit hydrograph method is applicable to channel precipitation, it (291k) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, OXFORD RE- is inappropriate for subsurface flow and SEARCH CENTER, OXFORD, MISSISSIPPI. weak for overland flow. Stormflow on a small watershed is being diverted into a (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with sprinkling system on deep-soiled slopes in Soil Conservation Service, Agricultural an effort to increase baseflow at the Research Service, University of Mississippi. expense of storm runoff. (d) Field investigation of runoff and erosion Moisture depletion rates and recharge were from small experimental watersheds on found to vary by cover types and soil depth forest and potential forest lands; basic over a 7-year period. No noticeable differ- and applied research. ence in depletion between pine and pine- (e) Twelve small natural headwater catchments, hardwood cover types was observed although two to four acres each, were installed in forest and grass cover differed in their batteries of three to determine runoff and water use particularly below 30- inch depths. erosion from old fields, depleted upland Rehabilitation of a small eroded watershed hardwoods, pine plantations, and mature greatly reduced peak discharge and erosion upland pine-hardwoods. Treatments are from the watershed. Methodology studies deferred until after a suitable calibration have provided valuable guides for efficient period. Related studies include restoration use of the neutron method in field moisture of depleted watersheds and plant-soil-water studies relationships "Watershed Management Research in the South- (g) Watershed studies. Results indicate that east," by J. D. Hewlett and L. J. Metz. surface runoff is strongly correlated with Journal of Forestry 58(14-): 269-271, April storage opportunity in the upper 6 inches I960. of soil. Runoff predictions using the 0-6 "Watershed Management Research-Challenging inch soil moisture storage index were most Career for Young Scientists," by H. G. accurate for winter precipitation and least Meginnis. The Ames Forester 14-7: 20-2k, accurate for high-intensity summer storms. I960. Surface runoff and peak flows were greatest "Effect of Altering Forest Vegetation on from abandoned fields, intermediate from Low Flows of Small Streams," by E. A. depleted upland hardwoods, and least from Johnson and H. G. Meginnis. Paper pre- 20-year-old loblolly pine plantations sented at the 12th Gen. Assembly Internatl. The soils are silt loams of loessial origin Union Geodesy and Geophysics, Internatl. and Coastal Plain sandy loams. Surface Assoc. Sci. Hydrol., Helsinki, Finland, runoff from each of the three types of July 25-August 6, i960. Extract of publi- vegetation cover increased directly with cation No. 51 of the I.A.S.H., Commission the proportion of loessial soil. Presence of Surface Waters, pp. 257-266. of a shallow fragipan more than doubled "Hydrologic Properties of Southern Forest the amount of surface runoff and increased Soils," by L. J. Metz. Southern Forest peak flows Soils, 8th Forestry Symposium, Louisiana (h) "Runoff as a Function of Moisture-Storage State University, 1959. Capacity," J. L. Thames and S. J. Ursic. "Soil Moisture Distribution Between Trees Jour. Geophys. Research 65(2): 651-65^, in a Thinned Loblolly Pine Plantation, " by I960. J. E. Douglass. Journal of Forestry, "Effect of Cover Types and Soils on Runoff 58:221-222, i960. in Northern Mississippi," S. J. Ursic and "Increasing Water Yields by Cutting Forest J. L. Thames. Jour. Geophys. Research Vegetation," by H. G. Meginnis. Trans, of 65(2): 663-667, I960. Meeting of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Int. Union of (3225) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HARRISON Geodesy and Geophysics. Symposium, Hanover- RESEARCH CENTER, HARRISON, ARKANSAS. Munden, 8-13 Sept. 1959. Pub. No. 14-8, Water and Woodlands, Vol. 1, 59-68. (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with "The Effect of Mountain Topography on Solar Soil Conservation Service and University Energy Theoretically Available for Evapo- of Arkansas.

133 (&) Field investigation of hy&rologic effects ments to determine scale effect, of conversion of mountain hardwood forests (g) Additional tests were made using crushed to range, and of forest management practices coal of average specific gravity 1.5 on soil moisture regime; applied research. (modeled by the settling velocity rela- (e) Runoff plots 12 x 100 feet were installed tionship to give corresponding characteris- on woodland and on woodland converted to tics of material tested in the large tank). range by aerial spraying, with grazing Observed material movement and profile treatments; plots were also installed to changes corresponded much more nearly to measure effects of prescribed burning for the large scale results in the prototype tree seedbed preparation on runoff and tank, although the coal slope deteriorated sedimentation. somewhat faster. A partial explanation (g) Soil moisture in woodland areas was found for differences is the wide range of spe- to be usually less than in areas converted cific gravities of individual coal parti-

to range. In 19 58-59 > the grass areas cles. were near or above field capacity during much of the dormant season, but the wood- (660) OBSERVED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS. land areas rarely reached field capacity. On these highly porous, cherty soils, fb) Laboratory and field project. storage capacity of the soil may prove an (d) Field investigation; basic research. important factor in protection from ex- (e) To secure a more thorough knowledge of the cessive runoff during heavy winter and characteristics of ocean waves. A number spring rains. of electrical recording wave gages have (h) Annual Report Southern Forest Experiment been installed in coastal waters and these Station. records are analyzed for significant height and period. (3226) SOIL MOISTURE RESEARCH, VICKSBURG RESEARCH (g) The new type plastic wave gage sections CENTER, VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI. have proven superior to the neoprene coated aluminum channel type and have been installed (b) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of at all Beach Erosion Board wave gage in- Engineers, U. S. Army. stallations. Anti-fouling paint has been (d) Field and laboratory investigations, basic applied to several of the gages and has and applied research on factors affecting proved very effective in reducing the soil moisture. marine growth on the gages, depending upon (e) Project aims to develop and improve a location. The wave spectrum analyzer soil-moisture prediction method based on utilizing a revolving tape head is now in field studies throughout the USA. the testing stage. Experimental records (g) Very small changes in elevation caused obtained with a tape recorder at Atlantic significant changes in moisture and bulk City, N. J., are being analyzed for com- density of soils 6 to 12 inches below the parison with analysis by hand and by other surface. automatic analyses. An improved staff A method was developed for sampling wet type wave gage is being fabricated for the soils by freezing with liquid nitrogen. New Orleans District for use in Lake (h) "Liquid Nitrogen for Sampling Wet Soils Pontchartrain, La. This gage is unique and Calibrating Wet-Soil Sampling Devices," in that it is designed to operate in water H. D. Burke, A. W. Krumbach, and E. S. with salinity changes ranging from fresh Rush. U. S. Army Engineers Misc. Paper water to sea water. Operation of the new No. 14--371, January i960. gage at New Orleans was very good— 3 addi- "Effects of Microrelief on Soil Moisture tional gages of this type have been fabri- and Bulk Density Distribution," A. W. cated, two for New Orleans and one for Krumbach. Jour. Geophys. Research 6h(l0): Vicksburg which is being installed in 1587-1590, 1959. Hawaii.

(975) METHODS OF BY-PASSING SAND PAST INLETS,

U. S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Beach Erosion Board. fb) Laboratory project. (d) Field investigation; applied research. Inquiries concerning the following projects should (e) To study methods and requirements for be addressed to the President, Beach Erosion Board, pumping sand past inlets and to determine

5201 Little Falls Road, N. W. , Washington l6, D. C. the applicability of the methods in stabilization of beaches adjacent to inlets. (l8l) EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES AND STUDY OF Data are being procured on the effect to MODEL SCALE EFFECTS. the shoreline of a sand by-passing operation at Port Hueneme, Calif., and Lake (b) Laboratory project. Worth, Fla., and on the effect to the shore- (d) Experimental. line of a new harbor being constructed at (e) Equilibrium beach profiles will be de- Ventura, Calif. This latter project in- termined experimentally for waves up to volves an offshore detached breakwater 6 feet in height in a prototype tank; the along with entrance jetties to the new waves will be modeled at a 1 to 10 scale harbor. Data at the three locations in- in small laboratory tanks for various clude periodic hydrographic surveys south median diameter and specific gravity sedi- and north of the inlet, wave data, sand

13^ ......

samples, detailed records of pumping emphasize the task of establishing sound operations, and detailed records of en- calibration data relative to littoral trance channel maintenance. A general transport and wave characteristics. This study is being made of the possibility of is now considered a prerequisite to at- adapting commercial instruments utilizing tempting more detailed study and testing a radioactive source to the discharge line on the effects of groins on the rate of to measure quantity of material pumped in littoral drift, by-passing operations. (g) The new series of littoral transport tests on an initial 1 on 10 beach slope and beach (976) ESTABLISHMENT OF CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION lengths of 30 feet or less begun last OF ARTIFICIAL BEACHES. season have been continued through the present i960 test season. A total of 7 (b) Laboratory project. littoral transport tests have been com- (d) Theoretical; applied research. pleted. The seven (7) tests completed (e) To develop criteria for construction of cover a wave steepness range of 0.003 beaches by artificial means. The present Ho/Lo O.O38. A littoral transport rate continuing phase of this general study in- of approximately 16,000 lbs/hr (dry weight volves the measurement of a natural beach of sand) was measured for one test (No. slope and attempts to determine its 5-60) where the average wave period was response to the forces normally incident 3.00 sec. and wave heights averaged as upon the shore such as wave height and high as 0.66 ft. period, angle of wave approach, tide, and direction and magnitude of littoral current. (2192) REGIONAL STUDIES OF THE SOUTH SHORE OF By statistical methods the relative im- LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK; ATLANTIC COAST OF portance of the forces or combinations of NEW JERSEY; AND THE DELAWARE-MARYLAND- forces may be evaluated. A complementary VIRGINIA SHORE LINE FROM CAPE HENLOPEN TO study relating grain size distribution CAPE CHARLES. parameters to the direction of littoral drift and zones of accretion or erosion b) Laboratory project. and wave height and period is continuing. d) Field investigations; basic research, Trend surface techniques are being applied (e) To compile all existing data pertinent to to such size distribution parameters as shore processes on a regional scale. Re- the mean, standard deviation, skewness and port to consist of four chapters; geomor- kurtosis phology and shore line histories, littoral (g) Computing machine techniques are being forces, littoral materials, and summary applied to the statistical evaluation of and conclusions. Subject matter to include the Importance of the forces and of the physiography geological development of the parameters. Preliminary results indicate shore region, sources of littoral material, that wave height and wave period are more waves, tides or water level fluctuations, important in the general study and that current physical characteristics of the the mean and the standard deviation are littoral materials, interrelation of sedi- important in the trend surfaces mentary properties, relation of properties of littoral materials to position in the (977) DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DI- littoral zone, and changes in shore line RECTION GAGES configuration (g) All chapters for New Jersey completed ex- b) Laboratory project, cept for editing. Geomorphology and shore d) Experimental; development. line history of the south shore of Long (e) To develop wave height and wave direction Island have been completed and submitted gages for use in securing accurate records for publication. The littoral materials of wave characteristics. (See also Project chapter is nearing completion and the 660) littoral forces chapter is essentially (f) Project was inactive during i960. complete (g) Parts for a new type wave direction gage have been placed under procurement. Labo- (2193) SHORE PROTECTION PLANNING AND DESIGN. ratory tests of this gage are expected in the next six months (b) Laboratory project. (d) Design. (2190) STUDY OF EFFECT OF A GROIN SYSTEM ON THE (e) The purpose of this project is to supple- RATE OF LITTORAL MOVEMENT. ment and revise the Beach Erosion Board's Technical Report No. k, "Shore Protection (b) Laboratory project. Planning and Design" as new data and (d) Experimental; basic research. techniques are developed for use in the (e) To study the effect of groins on the rate solution of coastal engineering problems. of littoral drift passing a groin system. (g) Second addenda sheets to this report are Initial tests consist of waves generated being prepared for publication early in at a 30-degree angle to the sand beach. 196l. A second edition of the entire re- Measurement of material movement is being port, which will include the two addenda made at the down beach end. The tests to the first edition, is also being pre- planned for the immediate future, as have pared. It will include recent data on the current season tests, will continue to forces on piles, rubble breakwater design,

135 . . .

sand by-passing plants, beach fill design, (266l) WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES. and dune stabilization. (b) Laboratory project. (2195) RE-EXAMINATION OF ARTIFICIALLY NOURISHED (d) Experimental; design. AND CONSTRUCTED BEACHES. (e) Wave run-up is determined experimentally by various waves for different types of (b) Laboratory project. shore structures. Effect of both struc- (d) Field investigation; applied research. ture roughness and permeability is being (e) To. study the behavior of beach fills placed investigated. to restore or nourish a beach sector and (g) Relatively large scale data have been taken the effect of the fill on adjacent shores. on a 1 on l-§- slope structure having a A selected number of beach fills are being single layer of riprap, 3 layers of riprap, re-examined. and a permeable rubble mound structure (g) Survey and sand sample data have been taken These results indicate the probable ex- at Prospect Beach, Connecticut. A beach istence of a scale effect for rubble fill was placed along this beach in 1957> structures (as has been previously indi- the fill material being obtained from the cated for smooth slopes). offshore zone by conventional pipeline (h) Discussion by Thorndike Saville, Jr. of dredge. Preliminary analysis of data indi- article "Laboratory Investigation of cates that, in the three year period since Rubble Mound Breakwater" Journal, Waterways placement of fill, wave action has and Harbors Division, American Society of transported a measurable quantity of the Civil Engineers, September i960. fill material from the beach zone to the offshore zone and that profile adjustment (2916) WAVE AND SURGE FORECASTING RELATIONSHIPS of the fill material is still in progress. AND TECHNIQUES.

(2659) LARGE SCALE TESTS OF WAVE FORCES ON PILING, (b) Laboratory project. (d) Theoretical; basic research. b) Laboratory project. (e) To determine methods of predicting wave d) Experimental; applied research, design, and storm surge characteristics. (e) To determine the nature and magnitude of (g) Studies and investigations of methods and forces on piles caused by breaking and non- application of methods for hurricane surge breaking waves, predictions have been continued. Work has (g) A synchronized record of forces on the pile, begun on relating wave height and period the water elevation (changing with the wave to the wave spectrum. A few paper chart cycle) and the horizontal water velocity wave records have been analyzed to obtain for waves of several periods and heights wave heights and periods, from which wave have been prepared. spectra are computed and an attempt is being made to correlate these records with (2660) WAVE TANK STUDY OF QUANTITY OF SEDIMENT IN those analyzed for the same period by use SUSPENSION IN THE SURF ZONE (INCLUDING of the wave spectrum analyzer.

TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ) (h) "Hurricane Surge Prediction for Delaware Bay," Charles L. Bret Schneider, Beach b) Laboratory project, Erosion Board Misc. Paper No. 3« d) Experimental; basic research, "A Theory for Waves of Finite Height," (e) A vacuum pump-type suspended sediment presented at Vllth Conference on Coastal sampler has been used to collect suspended Engineering, the Hague, August i960. sand samples under various laboratory conditions of waves, water temperature, (3227) DEVELOPMENT OF INPIACE SEDIMENT DENSITY and sand. The purpose of the study is to GAGE. determine the relationship between wave, water, and sand characteristics, and the (b) Laboratory project. amount of material maintained in suspension (d) Field, development. and hence available for longshore transport (e) To develop an inplace gage to determine by currents, density of material under water in shoal (g) A limited number of suspended samples has areas (navigation channels, reservoirs,

) been collected in conjunction with the etc . littoral transport in the SPTB (see Project f) Completed. No. 2190). Suspended coal samples have g) The probe has been field-tested. These been collected in conjunction with the study; tests indicated that the enlargement of "Equilibrium Profile of Beaches and Study the probe casing at the top made it unduly of Model Scale Effects." Data from the difficult to push the probe into the shoal analysis of these two suspended sediment materials. The probe has been recased to collections, one sand and the other coal, a uniform diameter of 1^ inches to over- will be used to augment the analysis of come this fault. The final report has the respective projects. As model scale been published and distributed. The effect studies using coal are repeated, published report indicates that the probe suspended coal samples will likewise be is a reliable instrument and fills the repeated to aid detection of any changes need for which it was designed. in specific gravity or size distribution (h) "Development and Tests of a Radioactive of pulverized. coal. Sediment Density Probe," by J. M. Caldwell,

136 . . .

Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum and/or beach conditions.

No. 121 , 29 pages, September i960.

(3228) MODEL TESTS OF WAVE SET-UP ON BEACHES. U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, (b) Laboratory project. Portland, Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory.

( d ) Experimental ( e ) To relate increase in water level at the Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. Uoi, 2662, 2919, shore due to wave action alone to the 2921, 3229, 3575, 3576, 3577, 3578, 3899 and 3900, incident wave characteristics and shore should be addressed to the District Engineer, U. S. hydrography. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, Building 602, (g) Additional tests have been made on a 1 on City-County Airport, Walla Walla, Washington. 15 slope and indicate a wave set-up of the same order as, or at slightly larger than (1+01) MODEL STUDY OF McNARY DAM FISH LADDER, for the 1 on 30 slope. Small scale labora- COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON. tory data also indicate addition of a submerged of- ^re barrier may radically in- (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, crease the wave set-up at the shore. Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. (d) Experimental; for design.

( 3574) PNEUMATIC BREAKWATER. (e) The l:l6-scale model reproduced a section of the Washington fish ladder that included (b) Laboratory project the l80-degree bend, the 12 pools upstream (d) Theoretical, basic research. therefrom, and the 6 pools downstream there- (e) To determine methods of predicting wave from. Subsequently, the upper leg was re- and storm surge characteristics. vised to include three of the tilting weirs (f) Tests were discontinued due to lack of which will maintain satisfactory flow condi- funds. However, the analysis of the data tions in the horizontal section between the has been made by the U. S. Army Transpor- fixed-type weirs and the automatic regu- tation Corps and a report will be prepared lating gates upstream. Various ladder widths, at that office. A separate analysis of slopes, and orifice sizes were studied to the same data has also been made by this determine the effects thereof on flow condi- office, and it is planned that some type tions in typical pools between the weirs. of a discussion report will be made, but (f) Tests have been completed. with considerably less detail than the (g) Based on these tests, a 30-ft-wide fish report planned by the U. S. Army Transpor- ladder sloped 1 on 20, with 20-ft spacing tation Corps. between successive weirs having two 21- by 23-inch orifices per weir, was selected for (3897) RADIOACTIVE TRACERS FOR BEACH STUDIES final construction. (h) "Fish Facilities for McNary Dam, Columbia (b) Laboratory project. River, Oregon and Washington," U. S. Army

(d) Experimental ; research. Engineer Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory (e) A natural or simulated sediment on or in Tech. Rpt. No. 30-1, June i960. (Available

which a radioisotope has been incorporated on loan. ) This report summarizes the test is to be placed at predetermined points results from seven hydraulic models that along a sandy beach in the Shore Processes were used to determine probable effects of Test Basin. Wave induced currents will original and adopted structures on anadromous transport these labelled particles and fish. periodically, the beach and offshore zone will be monitored with appropriate de- (2662) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF JOHN DAY LOCK AND

tection instruments . In this manner a DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON. time-space history of the labelled particles will be determined. From the time- (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, space history and other data it is hoped Corps of Engineers, Walla, Washington to develop further information concerning (d) Experimental; for design.

the mechanics of particle and littoral ( e ) A fixed-bed model constructed to an un-

movement . Experience gained from the distorted scale of 1:80 reproduces the laboratory testing program will be uti- Columbia River bed from Mile 213-7 to lized when field testing is undertaken. 216.8. The dam axis is at Mile 215. 6. The original structures layout consists of a (3898) SCOUR CAUSED BY WAVES STRIKING SEAWALLS straight, 20-bay, gravity-type spillway OR BULKHEADS. controlled by 50- by 58.5-ft tainter gates, a powerhouse for 20 Kaplan turbines (initial (b) Laboratory project. installation 10 units), an 86- by 675-ft (d) Applied research. navigation lock having a maximum lift of (e) The effect of waves acting against a verti- 113 ft, a concrete nonoverflow section, cal bulkhead on a sand beach in eroding or rock-fill abutments, and facilities for building up the beach. passing anadromous fish over the dam. (g) A total of five (5) preliminary tests were Cofferdams having steel cells in the river run during the current i960 season. These legs and earth-and-rock shore connections tests cover a total of five separate wave are designed to withstand river flows to

137 ) .

700,000 cfs during first- and second-stage cfs in Palouse River below the mouth of construction periods and 300,000 cfs during the South Fork. Space limitations require third-stage diversion. Purposes of the sharply curved channels of varying cross model study are to check the structures section which are further restricted by alignment and flow conditions affecting existing bridge piers at several locations. power generation, cofferdam placement, and Owing to the scale ratio used, the model fish passage, surfaces (enameled plywood) were too rough (g) Results of tests indicated the first-step to reproduce the prototype concrete surfaces cofferdam was satisfactory after minor "n" = 0.014. Similitude was obtained throu revisions, whereas numerous changes in the use of a slope correction factor in de- alignment and height of the second-step termining model gradients cofferdam cells were necessary. Although (f) Tests completed. flow patterns adjacent to the main (g) Test results showed the need for revision structures were fairly satisfactory, re- of several transitions and addition of alignment of the downstream approach channel streamlined pier nose extensions to rail- improved conditions for navigation and ex- road and highway bridges on both North and tension of a training wall between the South Forks. Studies were made to determine spillway and powerhouse reduced a possible channel invert slopes and wall alignments hazard for fish migrating upstream. De- that will create and maintain a hydraulic tailed studies of alternative locations for jump at desired locations in each channel. the south fish entrance and pumphouse that (h) Final report is in preparation. will supply auxiliary attraction water for the powerhouse fish collection system and (2921) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR SPILLWAY STOP LOG, of tailrace alignments are in progress. SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(2918) MODEL 'STUDY OF SIDE- CHANNEL SPILLWAY NORTH (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, HARTLAND DAM, 0TTAUQUECHEE RIVER, VERMONT. Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. (d) Experimental; for design. (b) U. S. Army Engineer Division, New England, (e) A l:20-scale model of a single bay of Ice Corps of Engineers, Boston, Massachusetts. Harbor spillway dam will be installed in an (c) Div. Engr., U. S. Army Engr. Div., New existing laboratory flume. Structural England, 150 Causeway St., Boston Ik, Mass. features of stop log will be reproduced (d) Experimental; for design. and facilities will be provided for direct (e) A l:50-scale, fixed-bed model reproduced measurement of hydraulic load on a stop a portion of the 185-ft-high, 1520-ft-long log as it is lowered into place in high- earth embankment dam, sufficient forebay velocity flow. f area and topography to simulate prototype ( ') The proposed tests have been cancelled. flow conditions, and the 1+50-ft-long spillway crest and 50-ft-wide trapezoidal (3229) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR JOHN DAY DAM, side channel through the left abutment of COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON. the dam. The spillway is designed to pass a maximum flood of 160,900 cfs under a head (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, of 20.3 ft. The study was necessary to Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. insure that the adopted spillway will be (d) Experimental; for design. economical to construct and will perform (e) A 1 :4l.l4-scale model of three bays of the satisfactorily. spillway dam was used to determine the (f) Tests completed. hydraulic characteristics of the proposed (g) Although the straight crest of original de- spillway and stilling basin and to develop sign was satisfactory, tests showed that an revisions in design that would improve L-shaped crest U85 ft long would be adequate performance or reduce construction costs. and would require less rock excavation. (f) Tests completed. (h) "Side-Channel Spillway, North Hartland Dam, (g) Satisfactory design of spillway and stilling Ottauquechee River, Vermont," U. S. Army basin, and determination of pressure data Engineer Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory and discharge rating curves for free and Technical Report No. 86-1, December 1959- gated flows were accomplished. The tests (Available on loan. led to selection of revised designs for the crest pier noses, stop-log slots, (2919) MODEL STUDY OF CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT PLANS, stilling basin, and end sill. Additional PAL0USE RIVER, COLFAX, WASHINGTON. tests were made to determine the best height and location for: (l) sill that will (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, be placed on the basin floor in Bay 1 in Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. order to maintain downstream flow at

(d) Experimental ; for design. adjacent fishway entrances; and (2) baffles (e) A l:4-0-scale flume model was used to de- adjacent to Pier 1 and the wall between the termine the extent of channel enlargement spillway and powerhouse to prevent entry and modification, levees, flood walls, and of fish into operating section of spillway. revetments necessary to protect the town (h) Final report in preparation. of Colfax, Washington, from higher-than- record discharges: 1^,500 cfs in the South (3230) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL IM- Fork, 16,800 cfs in the Palouse River above PROVEMENT AT BONNEVILLE DAM, COLUMBIA the mouth of the South Fork, and 28,000 RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

138 (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, forces of approximately 2.5 tons. Tests to Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon. refine lateral culvert design are continuing. (c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, 628 Pittock Block, (3576) MODEL STUDY OF NORTH FISH LADDER DIFFUSERS,

Portland 5 , Oregon. JOHN DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND (d) Experimental; for design. WASHINGTON. (e) A 1 :130-scale, undistorted, fixed-lied model reproduces 5-6 miles of the Columbia River (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, adjacent to the dam site. The original Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. layout includes existing structures and (d) Experimental; for design. river bed ( survey made in summer and fall (e) A l:8-scale model reproduces diffusers 3 of 1958)' The purpose of the model is to through 6, ladder weirs 155 through 163, study methods for improving navigation and a section of the auxiliary water-supply conditions in the approaches to Bonneville conduit. A constant flow of 100 cfs will lock for seagoing vessels. A remotely- pass down the 2i+-ft-wide, l-on-10 sloped controlled model of a C-2 freighter is used north fish ladder, but discharge in the to assist evaluation of flow conditions in water-supply conduit will vary from 600 the navigation channel. to 1300 cfs. Provision was made in the (f) Inactive. Tests of downstream approach model for measurement of outflows from the have been completed. ladder, the water-supply conduit, and indi- (g) After verification for existing conditions vidual diffusers. The model is constructed

(1958) j tests were made to determine effects so that dimensions or other details of the of 1959 dredge cuts in the lock approach, weirs, orifices, and diffuser wells can be together with alternative improvement plans altered to improve their hydraulic character- (rockfill or concrete groins, permeable istics if necessary, guard walls or dykes, and partial revision (g) Several diffusion chamber designs were of the lock approach). None of the pre- studied, and the size and location of ori- liminary plans was satisfactory, and ap- fices to provide scheduled diffuser flows proximately 15 major channel revisions were for range of tailwater fluctuations within tested singly or in combinations in efforts the fish ladder were determined. to provide the most practical and economical solution to the problems involved. The most (3577) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LOWER MONUMENTAL DAM, desirable plan will include approximately SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON. 900,000 cu yd of excavation along the Washington shore, 86,000 cu yd of excavation (c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer at the downstream end of Bradford Island District, Walla Walla, Building 602, City- 180,000 cu yd along the Oregon shore, and County Airport, Walla Walla, Washington. 100,000 cu yd of excavation at the north (d) Experimental; for design. side of the lock approach. (e) A 1 :100-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model reproduces approximately 2.k miles of Snake (3575) MODEL STUDY OF JOHN DAY NAVIGATION LOCK, River bed and overbank topography at the COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON. dam site. The dam axis is at River Mile Ul.5, about 60 miles from the city of Pasco, (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, Washington. Studies will be made to de- Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash. termine flow conditions during various (d) Experimental; for design. construction stages and after proposed (e) A l:25-scale model reproduced the 86-by structures have been installed. 675 -ft lock chamber, split lateral filling (g) Verification of the model and studies of and emptying systems, river outlet for the first construction stage were completed. emptying system, and portion of the upstream The test results indicated that proposed and downstream approach channels. Suf- limits for excavation along the right bank ficient upstream approach area was simulated were inadequate and that several revisions to permit investigation of vortex action in alignment and height of the cofferdam over intake manifolds. were needed. Problems concerning fish (g) Tests of the original design filling and passage adjacent to the upstream corner emptying systems were completed. Vortex of the cofferdam and bottom erosion within action over intake manifolds was eliminated the diversion channel were solved during for model forebay conditions by reversing the course of the model studies made this the left intake manifold so as to draw flow year. Tests on the second-stage cofferdam from spillway side of lock wall. Possible and first-step structures are in progress. cavitation in emptying culvert bends was precluded by locating the emptying valves (3578) MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDERS FOR JOHN DAY downstream from the bends. Various lateral DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON. culvert roof designs were studied. A design with a small roof overhang, tentatively a- (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, dopted for design, provided a filling time Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. of 11.7 min and a maximum longitudinal (d) Experimental; for design. hawser force on an 11,070-ton (8 barge) tow (e) An existing l:10-scale fish ladder model of about 6 tons with an initial head of was revised to reproduce 32 pools of 2k-ft- 113 ft and a 4.0-min valve schedule. The wide ladder sloped 1 on 10. Tests were lock emptied in 13.8 min with a 2.2-min being made to develop a design which will valve schedule and developed maximum hawser provide flow conditions comparable to those

139 .

in a l-on-l6 slope, 2^-ft-wide ladder after (e) The l:24-scale model includes two low which model will he revised to study the spillway bays and stilling basin for John orifice-controlled regulating section of Day Dam. Tests were made to determine a fish ladder. design for the downstream lip of low bay (g) Velocities, flow patterns, and surge that would eliminate scouring during characteristics were determined for fixed- second-stage diversion. Tests will also weir sections of several alternative designs be made to determine scouring conditions (12-in. head on weirs). for several low-bay elevations to assist in low-bay design for other projects. (3899) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LOWER MONU- (g) During tests simulating second-stage MENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON. diversion through the low bays of John Day Dam, scouring action was minimized by (h) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, terminating the low bays with a vertical Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. strip extending approximately 7-5 ft down- (d) Experimental; for design. ward to the spillway bucket. The tests (e) The l:42.V7-scale model includes a 3-hay are being extended to several low-bay section of the 8-hay spillway and stilling elevations to determine the influence of basin. Tests are "being made to evaluate tailwater depth and discharge on scouring hydraulic performance of the proposed action within the stilling basin and spillway and, if necessary or desirable, spillway bucket to develop revisions in design that will increase performance or reduce construction and maintenance costs. (g) Design and construction of the model were U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, completed during the year. Tests have St. Paul. included measurements of discharge, pressures, and water-surface profiles over the (19M A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT crest without piers. AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

(3900) MODEL STUDY OF DOWNPULL FORCES ON EMERGENCY U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul and CLOSURE GATES. U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. (h) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, the Army, Washington, D. C. page 75. (c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon. (d) Experimental; applied research. U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, (e) This is a general study of various sluice CORPS OF ENGINEERS. coaster gate bottom and lip shapes, and includes downpull and discharge measure- (236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL. ments as affected by angle of gate bottom, length of gate lip extension, control valve (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. opening, number of control valves operated, of the Army, Washington, D. C. and condition of air vents (open or closed). (d) Experimental; for design. A l:25-scale model reproduces a level ap- (e) The project provides for construction and proach to an intake tower with vertical operation of a model of the Mississippi headwall normal to intake center line, two River Basin including the Mississippi, Ohio, three-sided bellmouth intakes, a 20-ft-wide Missouri, and Arkansas Rivers, and their by 22-ft-high emergency gate (tractor type), principal tributaries. All existing and two 10-ft-wide by 15-ft-high control valves proposed flood-control reservoirs, dikes, (tainter), and a 22-ft-diam. outlet tunnel. floodwalls, and other pertinent works will Hydraulic downpull forces are computed from be reproduced. The model area comprises pressures at 21 critical locations on the 200 acres, and measures ^,500 feet east emergency gate. and west, and 3^900 feet north and south. (g) Tests on a gate having a 30-degree bottom Completed construction consists of the and a 2 l/U-in. extension of the downstream Upper Mississippi River from Hannibal, skin plate have been completed. With one Missouri, to VIcksburg, Mississippi; the intake open, maximum downpull forces on Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa to the emergency gate always occurred just the mouth; the Arkansas River from Blackburn before control of the outflow shifted from Dam Site, Oklahoma, to Pine Bluff, Arkansas; the tainter gate to the tractor gate and the Ohio River from Louisville, Kentucky, ranged from k6 kips at a 50- ft head to to the mouth; the Cumberland River from 3^0 kips when the head was 300 ft. Old Hickory Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth; and the Tennessee River from Pickwick Dam (3901) MODEL STUDY OF LOW- BAY SPILLWAY FOR JOHN to the mouth. The topography of the streams DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASH. and flood plains are being reproduced to a horizontal scale of 1:2,000 and vertical (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, scale of 1:100. Water-surface elevations Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington, are measured by electrically operated stage (d) Experimental; for design. devices with the recorders located in

1^0 .

central control buildings . Stream flow (993) CAVITATION RESEARCH. is introduced and controlled by automatic instruments called inflow controllers. (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department The model was designed to aid in the of the Army, Washington, D. C. development of coordinated basinwide plans (d) Experimental; applied research. for flood control and operation of flood- (e) The cavitation characteristics of such control structures. elements as baffle piers, steps in stilling (g) The extent of model operation each year is basins, spillway and conduit gage slots, determined by the testing programs directed and offset joints are studied in either a by the Mississippi Basin Model Board and vacuum tank or a variable -pressure, closed- Chief of Engineers and requested by Divi- jet water tunnel. The investigation includes sions and Districts that have operable a review of literature to evaluate the many sections on the model. The model was variables that affect cavitation results. operated as an integrated unit for compre- A high-velocity water facility is being con- hensive (basinwide) tests; tests were structed to study resistance of protective conducted of the 1937, 19^3, 19^5, and coatings on cavitation-damaged concrete 1950 floods using the actual floods with specimens present-day conditions and the same floods without reservoir modification. Tests were (99*0 EFFECTS OF MODEL DISTORTION. conducted during the current year by the following U. S. Army Engineer Divisions: (b) Offi ce of the Chief of Engineers, Department Missouri River, Ohio River, and Lower of the Army, Washington, D. C- Mississippi Valley. Verification tests (d) Experimental; applied research. were conducted on the Missouri, Ohio, and (e) This is a general study to determine the Mississippi Rivers. Special tests were made hydraulic effects of various types and to determine: stages and discharges that degrees of model scale distortion on ve- would result from the Hypothetical Flood locity distribution and other hydraulic OR-1 on the Ohio River, which is a com- conditions, with the ultimate aim of bination of the 1937 and 1950 floods; stages establishing limits of permissible distortion and discharges that would result from the for the various types of models. Tests are Hypothetical Flood 52-A on the Mississippi in progress of a rectangular flume having a River, and the roughness conditions that 90-degree bend with provisions for changing will exist on the Cumberland River after the vertical scale to provide a distortion the completion of Barkley and Cheatham Dams. of 0 to 10. (h) "Tests for Re-evaluation of Missouri River Agricultural Levees in the Kansas City (999) STABILITY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS. District, " Mississippi Basin Model Report 32-2, (December 1959). (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. "Proposed Alignments for Columbia Bottoms of the Army, Washington, D. C. Levee, St. Louis Industrial Park, " Miss. (d) Experimental; applied research. Basin Model Report 31-3, (January i960). (e) Rubble-mound structures are studied in a "Tests for Re-evaluation of Missouri River 5- by k- by 119 foot wave tank to develop Agricultural Levees in the Omaha District," formulas, supported by experimental data, Mississippi Basin Model Report 32-3, (June from which the design of safe and economical i960). breakwaters can be determined. In addition to quarrystone, tetrapods, tetrahedrons, (1+25) COMPREHENSIVE MODEL STUDY, DELAWARE RIVER, tribars, and other specially molded armor PENNSYLVANIA. units are being studied. (g) The results of stability tests on pell-mell- (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer placed protective cover layers of quarry- District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers, stone, tetrapod, tribar, hexapod, modified Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. cube, and tetrahedron armor units are (d) Experimental; for design. represented with very good accuracy by the (e) To develop and test plans for reduction formula of shoaling in several ranges of the navigation channel, the entire Delaware W = River estuary from the Atlantic Ocean to r K, (S - 1)3 cot a Trenton is reproduced in the model which A r is of the fixed-bed, silt-injection type, with scale ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally where W is weight of individual armor and 1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal r units, is the specific weight of the currents are reproduced by automatic tide 7 r armor units, H is height of selected de- generators. Observed prototype salinities sign wave, S is the specific gravity of are reproduced in the Delaware Bay portion r armor units relative to the fluid in which of the model, and provisions made for the the structure is located ® is the injection of silt, and for measuring silt (7 r/7w), angle of the breakwater face, measured from deposits. Studies are also made of the horizontal, and Ka is a dimensionless salinity intrusion and the dispersion and coefficient. dilution of wastes discharged into the (h) "Design of Quadripod Cover Layers for estuary. ) ) . . . :

Rubble-Mound Breakwaters; Hydraulic Model conditions could be improved slightly by Investigation," U. S. Army Engineer realignment of the outside walls. On the Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous North Branch a satisfactory design for the Paper Wo. 2-372, January i960. (Available entrance of Hunterfield Brook was developed. on loan. On the South Branch a storm- drain outlet was moved downstream so as to give satis-

( 1002 EFFECTS OF SCALE AND OPERATING TECHNIQUES factory free board of the B and M RR bridge. ON HARBOR WAVE ACTION MODELS. (1212) MODEL STUDIES OF OUTLET WORKS, OAHE DAM, O) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA. the Army, Washington, D. C. (D Experimental; applied research. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer (e) Tests are conducted in flumes and harbor District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha model "basins to ohtain information that Nebraska. will allow more accurate determination of (d) Experimental; for design. optimum scales for wave models, and the (e) Hydraulic performance of the outlet works effects of different scale and operating for Oahe Dam was studied on three models techniques on the accuracy of model results. a 1:60 model reproducing the downstream The efficiency of flexible-element wave ends of the six l8.25-foot-dlameter outlet filters is being investigated to facilitate tunnels, the stilling basin, and portions continuous operation of wave flumes of the discharge and pilot channels; a 1:25 Resonant chambers for harbor entrances and model of one central control shaft, the attenuation of waves in a three-dimensional portion of the tunnel upstream of the model are being studied. control shaft, including the intake and a 1:25 model of one of the control shafts, (ioo4) INSTRUMENTATION. containing tandem vertical-lift gates, and the tunnel downstream therefrom including Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department the outlet transition. of the Army, Washington, D. C. (f) Completed.

(a) Experimental ; development (g) A satisfactory double-stage stilling basin (e) Various types of measurement and control was developed. In general, the model pro- equipment for use in hydraulic studies are vided the means for developing effective being developed. These include equipment stilling basin and tunnel transition for measuring subsurface currents and for structures of minimum size. In addition, operation of a model boat by remote con- the model demonstrated that closing the trol. The development of miscellaneous bulkhead slot in the tunnel intake would model and field measuring instruments was minimize the possibility of cavitation and continued as the need arose. produce optimum hydraulic efficiency. (h) "Outlet Works, Oahe Dam, Missouri River, (1211) MODEL STUDY OF HOOSIC RIVER, NORTH ADAMS, South Dakota; Hydraulic Model Investigation, MASSACHUSETTS. U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-557, Sept. O) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., i960. (Available on loan.) New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, N.Y. (d) Experimental; for design. (li+67) ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENTAL DATA (e) A 1:30 model was used to verify the hy- (MODEL AND PROTOTYPE) AND DEVELOPMENT OF draulic design for improvement of certain DESIGN CRITERIA. sections of the North and South Branches of Hoosic River in North Adams, Massachusetts, (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of and to determine whether changes should be the Army, Washington, D. C. made for safety, increased efficiency, or (d) Analytical (model and prototype) and field economy. The flow in the major portion investigations; for design. of these channels will be below critical (e) A general study to develop, analyze and depth. The model was used to check such disseminate to Corps of Engineers establish- design features as channel alignment, ments hydraulic design criteria to insure transitions, superelevation in bends, char- adequate capacity, economy of construction, acteristics of weirs, stilling basins, and safe and satisfactory operation. drop structures, the treatment of intakes Criteria are developed from model and and outlets, wall heights, and elevations prototype tests relating to the design of of bridges. spillways, outlet works, gates and valves, (f) Final report in preparation. channels, and navigation structures. Pro- (g) Uneven energy content of the flow entering gram also includes prototype tests in the stilling basin at the end of the im- cooperation with other Corps of Engineers provement works resulted in unsatisfactory establishments flow conditions in the basin of original (s) "Hydraulic Design Criteria" charts have design. Satisfactory flow conditions were been prepared on the fluid properties of obtained by dividing the stilling basin water, spillway abutment contraction coef- into two sections and designing each section ficients, wave pressures on crest gates, to provide for only that portion of flow effects of gate seat location on spillway entering that particular section. Tests of crest pressures, discharge coefficients the junction section indicated that flow for conduit and open channel tainter gates,

lk2 . " .

and head losses for flap gates. Prototype rates of flow, water levels in the dis- measurements were made of surface profiles charge side of the pumps, slope and length and vertical velocity profiles in the of the riverward leg, and venting condi- chute spillway at Fort Randall Dam for dis- tions at the crown, charges giving uniform flow depths of 1.5 (f) Final report in preparation. to 2.3 feet and velocities of 20 to 37 feet per second. (1738) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY AND STILLING BASIN, (h) "Hydraulic Design Criteria" Issue No. 10 GREENUP LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER. (available for purchase in limited quantities). (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer "Hydraulic Prototype Tests of Tainter Valve, District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers, McNary Lock, Columbia River, Washington, Huntington, West Virginia. U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment (d) Experimental; fcr design. Station Technical Report No. 2-552, June 19 (e) A 1:25 section model reproducing 1+00 feet I960. of the approach area, a portion of the spillway crest and stilling basin, and 800 iklk) OPERATING FORCES OF MITER-TYPE LOCK GATES. feet of the exit area was used to examine hydraulic performance of the spillway and (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of stilling basin. A second phase of the the Army, Washington, D. C. study involved the measurements of hy- (d) Experimental; applied research. draulic forces acting on a submergible-type (e) A general study to collect basic data on spillway gate operating forces of miter-type lock gates (f) Final report in preparation. and to determine the effect of various (g) The stilling basin recommended for elements upon these forces was conducted construction consists of a horizontal apron in a 1:20 model. A lock chamber 110 feet 7U feet long at elevation 1+70, with a wide was reproduced with provisions for single row of 6-foot-high baffle piers and varying the length up to 600 feet on each a U-foot-high stepped end sill. Bottom side of the gate. Forces required for velocities in the exit area at or near operation of miter gates were measured for normal tailwater did not exceed k feet per

variations of the following elements : gate second. The submergible gate was stable for leaves, speeds and accelerations of opera- all conditions investigated and the maximum tion, submerged depths, recess shapes, water load did not exceed 5*+ kips per hoist. bottom clearances, chamber lengths, and nonsynchronous operation of gate leaves (1739) MODEL STUDY OF GATE AND STILLING BASIN, Variations in the type linkage driving the MARKLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER. gate were also Investigated. (f) Final report in preparation. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer (g) Peak hydraulic resistance to operation of District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers, the miter gate occurred as the leaves Louisville, Kentucky. entered the mitered position. The maximum (d) Experimental; for design. torque of the Ohio River type linkage (e) A 1:25 section model reproducing 1+00 feet exceeded those of the Panama and the modi- of the approach area, a portion of the fied Ohio River type linkages for the same spillway crest and stilling basin, and operating conditions, as was expected since 800 feet of the exit area was used to there is angularity between the strut and examine the hydraulic performance of the sector arms of the Ohio River linkage and, spillway weir and stilling basin, and a therefore, a greater velocity of the gate l:k model of the gate sill reproducing the leaves as they entered the mitered position. flared downstream face of the sill was An increase in the submergence of the gate also used to study the performance of the leaves, speed of operation, length of lock submergible spillway gate. A second phase chamber, or decrease in the bottom of the study involving measurements of clearance serves to increase the hydraulic hydraulic forces acting on a submergible- forces resisting gate movement. The type spillway tainter gate was conducted presence of barges in the lock chamber and in the 1:25 model. nonsynchronous gate operation do not (f) Final report in preparation. appreciably affect torque values. (g) Tests of the original design stilling basin revealed satisfactory performance as +75) SIPHON ACTION AT PUMPING PLANTS. regards energy dissipation; however, the proximity of the baffle piers to the sub- (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of mergible gate caused considerable turbulence the Army, Washington, D. C. in the vicinity of the submerged gate conditions. This (d) Experimental ; applied research. bottom for certain flow (e) This study was conducted to aid in devel- was corrected by placing the first row of oping design criteria for pumping plants baffle piers a minimum of 1+5 feet below the that depend on development of siphonic gate sill. The performance of the sub- action in the discharge side of the pumps mergible gate was satisfactory. The gate in order to yield the required discharge. was stable throughout its range of travel Full-size models of a 6-inch and 12-inch and the maximum water load on the gate was plastic discharge line were tested. Vari- about 56 kips per hoist. Tests on the l:k ables investigated during the tests were: gate and gate sill model with a 2-inch

11+3 . . .

to 3-inch sill flare revealed positive and roughness of various types of bed pressures in the area between the gate and materials sill. Tests of the inflatable -type gate seal revealed rapid flutter of the seal for (2U28) MODEL STUDY OF SAVANNAH HARBOR, GEORGIA. most submerged positions of the gate. Pressure fluctuations in the flared area (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer while the seal was fluttering were in the District, Savannah, Corps of Engineers, range of 17 to 27 feet of water. Based on Savannah, Georgia. these unsatisfactory results the inflatable (d) Experimental; for design. type seal was eliminated from prototype use. (e) The investigation was conducted in a model Emergency or temporary sealing of the which reproduced the following: (l) that submergible gates will be accomplished with portion of the Atlantic Ocean, adjacent to tubing or pipes the harbor entrance, from Calibogue Sound on the north to Was saw Sound on the south; (1986) SALT WATER INTRUSION AND RELATED PHENOMENA. (2) the Savannah River and its flood plain to the head of tide at Ebenezer landing;

(b) Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of and ( 3 ) that portion of the Intracoastal

Engineers ( correspondence should be ad- Waterway which crosses the area included dressed to Mr. C. F. Wicker, Chairman, in the model. The model was of fixed-bed Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, U. S. Army construction with scale ratios, model to Engineer District, Philadelphia, Corps of prototype, of 1:800 horizontally and 1:80 Engineers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). vertically. Automatic tide generators were (d) Experimental; applied research. used to reproduce tides and tidal currents (e) To determine the effects of salinity and throughout the harbor, and salt water was related phenomena on the vertical distri- used in the model ocean to reproduce the bution of currents and shoaling character- effects of density difference on current istics in estuaries, tests are being made velocities and distributions. Shoaling in a lucite flume 327 feet long, 1.5 feet studies were made by injecting finely deep, and 0.75 foot wide. One end of the ground gilsonite into the model to repro- flume is connected to a 25 -foot -square tidal duce the patterns of shoaling as observed basin in which any desired tide may be pro- in the prototype, following which the ef- duced and in which the salinity may be fects of proposed improvement plans on controlled. The opposite end Is connected shoaling patterns were observed and evaluat to a fresh-water source. Combinations of Studies were also made of the effects of tidal range, tidal period, source salinity, proposed improvement plans on dispersion and mean depth, and fresh-water inflow are dilution of contaminants discharged into thee studied. A total of about 10 tests were harbor. Refinements of plans for reducing made during the year. The results are and localizing shoaling were tested. being analyzed; however, no conclusions (f) Tests completed; preparation of final repor have been reached at this time. in progress. (g) The results of model tests indicate that the^ (1987) RIPRAP PROTECTION AT HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES cost of maintenance dredging in Savannah (FORMERLY MODEL REPRODUCTION OF PROTOTYPE Harbor can be reduced most effectively by a EROSION BELOW STILLING BASINS). combination of (l) completely diking all dredge spoil areas, and (2) construction of (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of a sediment trap and tide gate in lower Back the Army, Washington, D. C. River. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) The study of erosion characteristics of (2429) MODEL STUDIES OF THE CORNWALL ISLAND AND various sizes of riprap and gravel material BARNHART ISLAND-LAKE ST. FRANCIS REACHES, is being performed with a view to securing ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. adequate protection at minimum cost. Measurements of velocity and turbulence at (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist. which movement of material begins will be Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. made. At present, tests are being con- (d) Experimental; for design.

ducted on various sizes of riprap below a ( e ) Two fixed-bed models were used to study plans high structure and a low, navigation-type for navigation improvement in the lower structure to determine the flow character- portion of the International Rapids section istics' at which movement occurs. of the St. Lawrence River. A 1:100 model of the Cornwall Island Reach reproduced all (1988) WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BED FORMS AND features of the river from just below the ROUGHNESS tailrace of the proposed Barnhart Island powerhouse to about the mid-point of (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of Cornwall Island, and Included portions of the Army, Washington, D. C. both the north and south Cornwall Island (d) Experimental; applied research. channels, Polly's Gut, and the entrance to (e) A laboratory flume, in which water temper- Grass River locks. A model of the Barnhart atures can be varied to simulate normally Island-Lake St. Francis Reach, built to experienced summer and winter temperatures, scales of 1:300 horizontally and 1:100 is being used to investigate the effects vertically, reproduced a greater area up- of water temperature on streambed forms stream and downstream of Cornwall Island.

ikk ; . .

Both models were used to study navigation to facilitate revision of the channel con- conditions in the approach to the Grass figuration. This model was used to determine River locks, proposed plans for excavations relative merits of several possible arrange- in both Cornwall Island channels to effect ments of the structures constituting the navigation improvement in South Channel, control section of the dam. Alternate lock and to determine conditions that will be guide-wall designs were also tested on this encountered by navigation during the con- model, and a short series of tests was made struction of the project features in the to evaluate the effectiveness of floating Cornwall Island Reach. guide booms in the reservoir for collecting

( f ) Preparation of final report in progress. and passing drift. A 1:50 section model reproducing one full and two adjacent half (2673) MODEL STUDIES OF BARKLEY LOCK AND DAM, bays of the spillway and stilling basin was CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENNESSEE. utilized for studies of the adequacy of the weir and stilling basin design. This model (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer had a glass side so that flow patterns could District, Nashville, Corps of Engineers, be observed directly. The section model was Nashville, Tennessee. also used to test a revised crest pier de- (d) Experimental; for design. sign with wider gate bays which will be in- (e) A 1:120 model, reproducing the Cumberland corporated. A 1:25 model reproducing 700 feet River from mile 2$.k to 32.2, the lock, of upstream lock approach channel, the guide dam, and powerhouse, was used to investi- wall, the lock culvert intakes, the lock gate flow characteristics in the approaches culverts through the filling valves, and to the lock. A 1:36 model, reproducing the three adjacent spillway bays (the downstream riverward downstream lock wall including portions of the lock culvert and lock the culvert manifold which discharges into chamber are reproduced schematically) was the spillway stilling basin, a discharge used to develop a satisfactory lock intake manifold discharging through the stilling system and approach channel. Provisions basin, five spillway bays, 32^ feet of were made for mechanical operation of the approach channel, and 596 feet of exit culvert valves and automatic recording of channel, was used to investigate flow pertinent data characteristics in the stilling basin and (f) Tests completed, and report on 1:120 model exit channel. The proposed design for the and 1:50 section model tests completed; lock filling and emptying system was tested preparation of final report on 1:25 model in a 1:33 model simulating the upper ap- in progress. proach channel, intake manifolds in both (g) Tests on the 1:120 model provided infor- walls serving culverts l6 feet square, mation on the best arrangement of lateral culvert diffusers in the lock structures and effects of downstream channel chamber floor, and port manifolds in the degradation, and indicated the desirability spillway stilling basin for discharging of having the longer lock wall on the river- flow from both culverts. The emergency side at both upstream and downstream

lock gate was studied in a 1:25 model entrances . The floating guide booms in the which reproduced the gate, gate sill, and upper pool did not appear practicable. As portions of the upstream lock approach and a result of the 1:50 section model tests, the lock chamber downstream from the gate the crest pier nose shape was changed and This model was used to determine: (l) the end sill height was lowered slightly. hydraulic forces on and stability of the (h) "Dardanelle Lock and Dam, Arkansas River, gate under various flows including free Arkansas; Hydraulic Model Investigation," flow over the lock miter sill; (2) hydro- U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment static forces on the gate in various Station Technical Report No. 2-558, Nov. positions; (3) gate wheel reactions and i960. (Available on loan). sill roller reactions at given positions and (h) head loss through the bridge (2678) MODEL STUDY OF LOCKS AND DAM NO. kl, decking. LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY. (f) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers, (2675) MODEL STUDIES OF DARDANELLE LOCK AND DAM, Louisville, Kentucky. ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) A fixed-bed, 1:120 model reproduces a six- (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer mile reach of the Ohio River including District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, adjacent overbank areas, the locks and Little Rock, Arkansas. dam structures, and all bridges and other (d) Experimental; for design. structures that might affect flow condi- (e) Three models were used for the investigation. tions. Purposes of the model study are A 1:120 model reproduced the structures and to: determine the effects of location, ^-,000 feet of approach channel and 8,000 size, and alignment of the dam on stages feet of exit channel. The approach channel and currents in the upper pool; determine was molded in concrete to overburden the effects of location, size, and alignment contours while the exit channel was molded of a new approach channel on navigation and in concrete to bedrock contours with the surge conditions; determine the best lo- overburden topography molded in pea gravel cation for a new navigable span on the

1^5 Pennsylvania Railroad bridge; determine a and 11.33 seconds. Tests in the Beach method of operating the dam for optimum Erosion Board wave ome (15 feet by 20 navigation conditions; study navigation feet by 635 feet) are being conducted using conditions in the lower approach as affected a linear scale of 7-5 1 based on the hy flow through dam, powerhouse, and lock- tests conducted in the Waterways Experi- emptying system; and provide a means for ment Station 5- by k- by 119-foot wave navigation interests to satisfy themselves flume. Stability tests have also been con- as to the acceptability of the proposed ducted in the Waterways Experiment Station plan by observing the model in operation. small wave flume (l foot by 1.5 feet by <^h Tests of modifications are in progress. feet) using a scale of 0.5 to 1 based on tests conducted in the 5- by h- by 119-foot (2680) MODEL STUDY OF HURRICANE TIDES IN wave flume. Therefore, data on the sta- NARRAGANSETT BAY, RHODE ISLAND. bility of rubble-mound breakwaters will be available for three different linear scales, (b) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer 0.5 to 1, 1 to 1, and 7.5 to 1. Test data Division, New England, Corps of Engineers, from the Beach Erosion Board wave flume will Boston, Massachusetts. be correlated with data from the Waterways (d) Experimental; for design. Experiment Station flumes as soon as cali- (e) A fixed-bed model, 1:1,000 horizontally and bration of the flume is completed. 1:100 vertically, reproduces all of Narragansett Bay and an adjacent portion of (2682) SACRAMENTO BARGE CANAL LOCK MODEL STUDIES, the Atlantic Ocean. An automatic tide SACRAMENTO RIVER, CALIFORNIA. generator reproduces normal tides throughout the model, and a separate, manually (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist. operated generator reproduces hurricane Sacramento, Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, tides of the desired characteristics at California. the' bay entrance. Numerous barrier plans (d) Experimental; for design. for prevention of hurricane -tide damage (e) Sacramento Barge Canal, which will connect have been proposed. The relative and abso- Washington Lake Harbor and the Sacramento lute effectiveness of these plans in re- River, will contain a lock 86 feet wide by ducing hurricane -tide elevations through- 600 feet long with a minimum depth of 13 out the bay system were determined and the feet over the sills. Maximum heads of 21 effects of the best plan on such important feet with river stage higher than harbor factors as tidal circulation, pollution, stage, and 3-6 feet with harbor stage the salinity, and shoaling for normal condi- higher are anticipated. Because of expected tions were investigated. Additional hy- reversal of head, sector gates were selected draulic, salinity, shoaling, and polution for the lock and are to be used to fill and studies of a lower bay barrier plan recom- empty the lock. Tests were conducted on a mended by the Navy were made; however, 1:20 model of the lock to assure the ade- analysis of the tests results is not com- quacy of filling and emptying the lock by plete. Fresh water only was used in the passing flow between the sector gate leaves model during tests of the proposed barrier and around each leaf through the recess. plans, but both salt and fresh water are (f) Completed. being used in the tests to determine the (g) Tests showed that design criteria will be effects of the best barrier plan on all met in that the lock can be filled in 12 significant factors for normal conditions. minutes under a 12- foot head with hawser Model appurtenances consist of automatic stresses on a U-barge tow at 9-foot draft tide gages to record both hurricane-tide not exceeding 5 tons. Longer filling times and normal -tide elevations at critical can be tolerated for larger tows or higher points, recording salinity meters, re- heads. For normal -head filling, three gate- cording dye meters for observing pollution operating schedules were developed, the and/or flushing characteristics, current schedule to be used depending on the head, velocity meters, and equipment for simu- river stage, and tow size and position. For lating shoaling of the channels and other emptying and reverse-head filling, the gates navigation facilities. should be opened at the rate of 0.66 degree per minute for all conditions. (2681) SCALE-EFFECT TESTS OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAK- (h) "Filling and Emptying Characteristics of WATERS. Barge Canal Lock, Sacramento River Deep- Water Ship Channel Project, California; (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army the Army, Washington, D. C. Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (d) Experimental; applied research. Technical Report No. 2-556, August i960. (e) Tests are being conducted by the Beach (Available on loan.) Erosion Board, under the supervision of the Waterways Experiment Station, to in- (2685) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, SUPERIOR ENTRY, vestigate the effects of model scale on DULUTH- SUPERIOR HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR. the results of experimentally determined criteria for the design of rubble-mound (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist. breakwaters. Stability tests are being St. Paul, Corps of Engineers, St. Paul, made of a breakwater slope of 1 on 1-1/2 Minnesota, using wave periods of 2.6l, 3-75> 7-87, (d) Experimental; for design.

1U6 . . .

(e) A 1:150 fixed-bed model was used that scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:1,000 reproduced all the navigation approach horizontally, is being used to determine channel and ha c breakwater structures the source of material shoaling the Hudson as well as the >.er harbor dock area River in the vicinity of Edgewater and serving Superior, Wisconsin, and included Weehawken piers and the most effective adjacent lake and shore-line areas to means of reducing or eliminating this permit reproduction of storm waves from shoaling. The model reproduces Upper and all critical directions. Investigations Lower New York Bays, Raritan Bay, Hudson

were made : to determine the reasons for River to Hyde Park, East River to Throgs the wind-wave problems that exist and Neck, and tributaries flowing into the cause ship damage in the vicinity of modeled bodies of water. Provisions are Superior Entry; and to develop the most made to reproduce tides, fresh-water dis- effective remedy possible so that navigation charge, salinity intrusion, and shoaling. and docking hazards now prevailing will be adequately remedied. (29Ul) MODEL STUDIES OF KEYSTONE DAM, ARKANSAS (f) Tests completed; final report in preparation. RIVER, OKLAHOMA.

(2925) ULTRASONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of Oklahoma. the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; for design.

( ( d ) Expe rimental ; development e ) Several models were used to : determine the (e) Various types of ultrasonic equipment have ' adequacy of height, length, and alignment been investigated in a 24-inch by ih- inch of the spillway abutments and stilling basin conduit, with full and partial flow, to training walls; study stilling basin per- determine the relative accuracy of each formance with a view to placing the apron type. Tests to date have been concerned at as high an elevation as feasible; develop with the adjustment and modification of a satisfactory conduit outlet portal and test equipment. determine a suitable arrangement of the (f) Inactive. It is anticipated that all nine conduits; and check over all hydraulic further work will be accomplished on performance of the structures. A 1:100 specific full-scale structures. general model, a 1:36 section model of two full and two half spillway bays including (2931) MODEL STUDY OF SOUTHWEST PASS, MISSISSIPPI three conduits and the adjoining stilling RIVER. basin and exit area, and a 1:20 model of one conduit were used in the study. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer (f) Completed. District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, (g) Major changes were made at the right New Orleans, Louisiana. abutment to improve flow conditions in the (d) Experimental; for design. first few bays of the spillway. Stilling (e) To determine the effectiveness of proposed basin elements were refined in section improvement works (jetty extensions, chan- model tests to allow the basin apron to be

nel realignments , and contraction works) placed at the highest possible elevation in eliminating or reducing the periodic while retaining the jump in the basin at maintenance now required in order for deep- maximum discharge. Tests of the downward- draft vessels to navigate the jetty and bar curving conduit with flaring outlet revealed channels of Southwest Pass, the lower 12 that the issuing jet would spread in the miles of the Pass and the adjacent area of stilling basin and that no dangerous the Gulf of Mexico were reproduced in a negative pressures would occur in the fixed-bed model to scale ratios of 1:500 conduit outlet. horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tides, (h) "Spillway, Stilling Basin, and Flood- tidal currents, littoral currents, and Control Conduits, Keystone Dam, Arkansas wave action in the Gulf of Mexico, and River; Hydraulic Model Investigation." salt- and fresh-water flows in Southwest U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Pass and the bar channel were reproduced Station Technical Report No. 2-555, August

in the model. Shoaling studies were made i960 . ( Available on loan ) by introducing various mixtures of plastic materials into the model to simulate (3232) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM, prototype shoaling materials and thus re- OLD RIVER LOCK, LOUISIANA. produced in the model the patterns and distribution of shoaling that occur in the (b) President, Mississippi River Commission, prototype Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi. (f) Preparation of final report in progress. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Old River lock will be 1,250 by 75 feet with (2932) MODEL STUDY OF HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK. a minimum depth of 13 feet over the sills. Under normal operating conditions, lifts (b) District Engineer, U. S. Aimy Engineer are not expected to exceed 15 feet but pro- District, New York, Corps of Engineers, visions were made for a lift of 32 feet New York, New York. which could occur with the low-sill control (d) Experimental; for design. structure inoperative. Manifold intakes (e) A fixed-bed model constructed to linear in t,ie approach walls lead tc longitudinal . .

wall culverts which discharge into the District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, lock chamber through side ports at the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. bottom of the chamber. The discharge mani- (d) Experimental; for design. fold consists of two floor laterals with (e) A 1:120, fixed-bed type, comprehensive model, side ports from each of the two longitudinal reproducing about k miles of the Ohio River wall culverts. Reverse tainter valves are and the locks and dam structures, was used used for flow regulation. A 1:25 model was to select the most favorable site location used to determine: (a) adequacy of intake by studying approach conditions under vari- and discharge manifold designs; (b) maximum ous river flows, and to develop modifications permissible lock-filling and emptying rates; required to overcome any undesirable condi- (c) best location and spacing of side-wall tions at selected site. ports; (d) best location of the bulkhead (f) Tests completed; preparation of report in slot below the culvert valves. progress (f) Completed. (g) In the model tests, the original design (3236) MODEL STUDY OF MAXWELL LOCKS AND DAM, intake manifold performed satisfactorily; M0N0NGAHELA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA. a revised design was developed for the discharge manifold which also was satis- (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer factory. Tests resulted in adoption of District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, 38 ports (19 in each wall) divided into Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. upstream and downstream groups. Best (d) Experimental; for design. location for the bulkhead slots was 75 (e) A 1:120 fixed-bed type, comprehensive model, feet downstream from the culvert valves. reproducing about 2.5 miles of the Single-speed valve schedules were developed Monongahela River and the locks and dam which maintained hawser stresses on h- and structures, is being used to study approach 8-barge tows in the lock chamber at about conditions under various river flows and the 5 -ton limit for normal and probable methods of operation of control gates; to maximum stage conditions and a full range determine effects of design modification; to of heads. Filling and emptying times under develop modifications required to overcome the maximum head of 32 feet were 11.0 and any undesirable conditions; to demonstrate 10.7 minutes, respectively. Flow condi- to navigation interests the acceptability of tions in the upstream and downstream ap- the proposed design from a navigation proaches during both filling and emptying standpoint operations were satisfactory. (f) Suspended. (h) "Filling and Emptying System, Old River Navigation Lock, Louisiana; Hydraulic Model (3237) MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS, BLACK BUTTE Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Water- DAM, STONY CREEK, CALIFORNIA. ways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-549, June i960. (Available on loan.) (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., Sacramento, Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, (3233) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY BULKHEADS, GREENUP California. DAM, OHIO RIVER. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) The single-tunnel outlet works of Black (b) District Engineers, U. S. Army Engineer Butte Dam will be required to pass flood- Districts, Huntington and Louisville, Corps control discharges up to a maximum of of Engineers, Huntington, West Virginia, 22,800 cubic feet per second, and to permit and Louisville, Kentucky. diversion of a maximum of 530 cubic feet (d) Experimental; for design. per second for irrigation at total flows (e) A 1:25 model of a solid, girder-type up to 8,000 cubic feet per second. A l:l6 bulkhead with upstream and downstream skin model, which reproduced l60 feet of the plate and lifting beam was used to determine 23-foot-diameter tunnel, the energy dis- the vertical forces acting on the bulkhead sipator, irrigation diversion outlets, and and lifting beam as they are lowered in 560 feet of the exit channel, was used to flowing water. develop an adequate energy dissipator (f) Final report in preparation. incorporating the most economical dimension (g) Tests of the spillway bulkheads revealed and to study the effects of various schemes satisfactory performance when latched for irrigation diversion on the performance together in two and three bulkhead units. of the energy dissipator as well as to Maximum downpull did not exceed 25 kips determine the adequacy of these schemes for with the units vented and 85 kips when not flow diversion. vented. However, the bulkheads when placed (f) Completed. as single units were unstable and tended (g) The design recommended on the basis of the to oscillate (vertical movement). When model tests consisted of a combination oscillation occurred, forces on the unit energy dissipator-irrigation diversion varied from an uplift of kO kips to a structure. The energy dissipator, with downpull of 6k0 kips. sloping face, performed as a hydraulic jump stilling basin for discharges as high as (3235) MODEL STUDY OF PIKE ISLAND LOCKS AND DAM, 8,000 cubic feet per second. At these OHIO RIVER. discharges, tailwater in the stilling basin provided sufficient head for diversion of (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer irrigation releases through four k. 5-foot

lk8 .

wide by 3-6-foot-high openings in one wall of travel. The emergency bulkheads were of the stilling basin, with bottom ele- also satisfactory and the maximum downpull vation of openings h feet above basin floor. did not exceed 125 kips per hoist. At higher discharges the structure performed as a flip bucket and flow passed below the (j,2k0) MODEL STUDY OF CANACADEA CREEK, HORNELL, irrigation diversion outlets, NEW YORK. (h) "Outlet Works, Black Butte Dam, Stony Creek, California; Hydraulic Model Investigation." (b) Department of Public Works, State of New U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment York. Station Technical Report No. 2-551, July (d) Experimental; for design. i960. (Available on loan.) (e) A highway bridge is proposed for construction across Canacadea Creek just upstream from ?38) MODEL STUDY OF EUFAULA DAM, CANADIAN RIVER, the existing Seneca Street Bridge. In OKLAHOMA. order to pass flood flows under the new bridge, the existing Seneca Street Weir, (D) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer located just upstream from the existing District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, bridge, should be removed and a similar Oklahoma structure constructed just upstream from the (d) Experimental; for design. proposed bridge. A 1 model, which : 30 repro- (e) A 1:36 section model, reproducing one full duced the pertinent reach of Canacadea Creek, bay and two flanking half bays of the 520- was used to verify freeboard on the channel foot -long, gated spillway, the horizontal walls upstream of the proposed weir, and stilling basin, and approach and exit chan- freeboard at the new bridge, at the Seneca nels, was used to determine the adequacy Street bridge, and at Church Street bridge of design of the stilling basin elements, downstream of the proposed weir. and to investigate pressure conditions on (f) Completed. the spillway crest. (g) A weir with a crest that slopes laterally (f) Preparation of final report in progress. from elevation 1159-0 at each side wall to a 20-foot-wide low-flow section at ele- 239) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY CREST GATE, vation II56.3 in the center of the channel STILLING BASIN, AND BULKHEAD, NEW CUMBERLAND proved the most feasible of several investi- LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA. gated. At the design discharge this weir resulted in an average water-surface ele- (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer vation upstream of the weir about 1.0 foot District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, lower than that obtained with the existing Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. weir. The average water surface at the (a) Experimental; for design. Seneca Street bridge was 0.7 foot higher (e) A 1:25 section model reproducing kOO feet than that observed with the existing weir, of the approach area, a portion of the but standing waves were not as pronounced gated spillway crest and stilling basin, and the peak water- surface elevation was and 800 feet of the exit area was used to 0.3 foot lower. Ample freeboard obtained examine the hydraulic performance of the at the site of the proposed bridge and at spillway weir and stilling basin. A second the Church Street bridge. phase of this study involved measurements (h) "Channel Improvements, Canacadea Creek, of hydraulic forces acting on a submergible Hornell, New York; Hydraulic Model Investi- type spillway tainter gate. A 1:25 model gation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways of a trusstype bulkhead with an upstream Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper No. skin plate and lifting beam was used to 2-U13, December i960. (Available on loan.) determine the vertical forces acting on the bulkhead and lifting beam as they are (32^1) STUDY OF SEICHE ACTION, DULUTH-SUPERIOR lowered in flowing water. A 1:25 section HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR. model reproducing a 25-foot-wide section of the spillway and stilling basin was (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer installed in a glass -sided flume which per- District, St. Paul, Corps of Engineers, mitted observation of subsurface basin St. Paul, Minnesota. action. (d) Analytical; for design. (f) Final report in preparation. (e) Water-stage records obtained from gages in (g) Supplementary stilling basin tests indi- Duluth-Superior Harbor were analyzed to cated that the unsatisfactory basin action determine whether seiches are the cause of previously observed in the model could be troublesome and damaging ship movements at eliminated if the ratio of head on the loading docks in the harbor, and to provide spillway to drop from crest to stilling information needed to design a hydraulic basin was 3-0 or greater. Tests also indi- model, if the use of a model study is indicated that the location of basin elements cated. had no effect on basin action if the ratio (g) Analysis of prototype stage records showed of height of baffle to its distance down- that troublesome current conditions in the stream from the spillway toe was 0.15 or harbor are due to Lake Superior seiches, not less. Tests of the submergible gate re- Duluth-Superior Harbor seiches. A hydraulic vealed satisfactory performance for all model study of the problem is not believed conditions investigated. Maximum water necessary. load on the gate was 35 kips per hoist and (h) Analysis completed; final report in pre- the gate was stable throughout its range paration.

li+9 ( 32^+2 ) MODEL STUDY OF CONNEAUT HARBOR, LAKE ERIE, satisfactorily, the stilling basins provided OHIO. little or no energy dissipation. In the case of the gated spillway, flow passed over (t>) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer the spillway along the surface of the tail- Dist., Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, water or dived over the stilling basin into New York. the exit channel. With the fixed-crest (d) Experimental; for design. spillway, flow normally does not begin (e) A 1:125 fixed-"bed model was used to de- until the tailwater over the basin is termine the influence of seiche currents fairly deep. In such cases there was no and short-period wind-wave action in measurable velocity at the spillway toe. causing damage to ships navigating or Based on these observations, both basins "berthed in Conneaut Harbor (located on the were eliminated from prototype construction. south shore of Lake Erie about- 30 miles Pressures on the gated spillway were positive southwest of Erie, Pa.). The model repro- for all conditions and instantaneous duced about 7-3 square miles including all pressure fluctuations were negligible. the area within the harbor and sufficient Tests on the comprehensive model indicated adjacent lake area to permit reproduction that because of the location of the lock of storm waves from all critical directions. and dam with respect to the alignment of A circulating system installed in the model the channels, currents moving from along permitted simulation of currents through the left bank toward the dam would cross and past the harbor caused by seiches on the upper approach to the lock, tending the lake. to make navigation conditions for downbound (f) Tests completed; final report in preparation. tows difficult. Conditions could be improved by modification of the excavation (3243) MODEL STUDY OF LOCKS AND DAM NO. k, along the left bank, upstream extension of MONONGAHELA RIVER. the guard wall or wing wall at the upper end of the guard wall, and installation of (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer ports in the upper guard wall. District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (3579) MODEL STUDY OF PIER SLIP SHOALING, NEW YORK (1) Experimental; for design. HARBOR. (e) A 1:120 fixed-bed, comprehensive model, reproducing about 2.5 miles of the (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Monongahela River and the locks and dam District, New York, Corps of Engineers, structures will be used to determine the New York, New York. effects of modifications to the existing (d) Experimental; for design. locks and dam on navigation conditions, (e) The study will be conducted in a section and to develop modifications required to model reproducing that portion of the overcome any undesirable conditions. Hudson River between pier 21 (Duane Street) (f) Suspended. and West 158th Street, Manhattan, constructed to scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:300 (32UU) MODEL STUDIES OF COLUMBIA LOCK AND DAM, horizontally, in which the tides, tidal CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER. currents, and shoaling of navigation slips will be reproduced. The purpose of the (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer studies is to determine the causes of Dist., Mobile, Corps of Engrs., Mobile, Ala. shoaling in the pier slips in New York (a) Experimental; for design. Harbor and to develop plans for alleviating (e) A 1:100 fixed-bed type, comprehensive model, this shoaling. Adjustment and verification reproducing about 1.5 miles of the of the model are in progress. Chattahoochee River and the lock and dam structures was used to study navigation (3580) MODEL STUDY OF NIAGARA REMEDIAL WORKS. conditions within the lock approaches and the head on lower lock gate during lock- (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist. emptying operations, and to develop modi- Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y fications required to overcome any un- U) Experimental; for design. desirable conditions found. Two section (e) The hydraulic investigation of the Niagara models were also used in the investigation remedial works was conducted on an existing to develop final spillway profiles and model, scales of 1:360 horizontally and 1:6' stilling basin dimensions: a 1:36 model vertically, used previously to study the of the fixed-crest spillway reproducing preservation and enhancement of the senic 250 feet of the approach area, a 36-foot spectacle of Niagara Falls. The purpose of wide portion of the spillway and stilling this study was to determine the adequacy basin, and 300 feet of the exit area; and of the existing control dam at the head a 1:27.2 model of the gated spillway, U00 of the Cascades to maintain desired water- feet of the approach area, a portion of surface elevations in Chippawa-Grass Island the spillway crest and stilling basin (one pool under various conditions of diversions full gate bay and two half piers), and kOO for power. feet of the exit area. (f) Completed. (f) Final reports in preparation. (g) Tests showed that either additional sluices (g) Tests of the spillway section models indi- will have to be added to the existing 15 50- cated that while the spillways performed foot -long dam or power diversions will have

150 ) . " .

to be limited to something less than the on channel conditions; use of regulating maximum permitted by treaty if the desired structures to ease the alignment of the pool levels are to he maintained. Replacing channel within bends would tend to provide the present Conners Island power intake on a more uniform channel cross section and the United States side with a new intake improve the alignment of the channel over will not affect the number of control dam crossings; placing contraction works on sluices that will have to be closed to convex sand bars would tend to improve the maintain proper pool levels, nor reduce alignment, depth, and shape of the channel flow in the vicinity of the Three Sisters opposite the sand bar and eliminate the Islands below that required to preserve the tendancy for the development of a point scenic spectacle. bar; minimum channel widths required would (h) "Restudy of Niagara Remedial Control Dam, depend upon the location of the reach with Appendix B, to "Preservation and en- respect to the pool, depths required, hancement of Niagara Falls; Hydraulic Model sediment load, method of operating the dam, Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Water- and flow conditions; and depths over ways Experiment Station Technical Memo. crossings could be increased by means of 2-hll, Appendix B, Sept. i960. (Available low spur or longitudinal grains in the on loan. crossings

(358i; MODEL STUDY OF LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN, (3583) MODEL STUDIES OF CARLYLE DAM, KASKASKIA LOUISIANA. RIVER, ILLINOIS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer (b) . District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, District, St. Louis, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana. St. Louis, Missouri. (a) Experimental; for design. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) investigation is being conducted in a ( ) The e A 1 : 36 comprehensive model was used to fixed-bed model that reproduces to scales verify the spillway and stilling basin of 1:2,000 horizontally and 1:100 verti- performance to determine the best alignment cally, Mississippi Sound west of Grand for the approach channel and training walls, Island, and Lakes Borgne, Pont chart rain, the best schedule of gate operation, and Maurepas, together with significant optimum stilling basin design, and an tributaries. The model reproduces the acceptable downstream training wall design; tides, tidal currents, salinities, and and to furnish pressure profiles for freshwater discharges of the prototype. stability analysis. The model reproduced The purpose of the study is to determine the structure (less sluices), approximately the effect of proposed hurricane structures 1,650 feet of approach channel, and 950 across the connections between Lake Borgne feet of exit channel. and Lake Pontchartrain upon the hydraulic (f) Tests completed; preparation of final and salinity regimens of the area landward report in progress. from the structures (g) Use of wing dikes in the approach area off each abutment were required to reduce (3582) ARKANSAS RIVER CHANNEL MODEL. abutment losses and obtain the desired capacity. A stilling basin design of the (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer hydraulic- jump type was developed. Guidance District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, was furnished design personnel on training- Little Rock, Arkansas. wall heights and shapes, as well as expected (a) Experimental; for design. pressures and flow lines. (e) The Arkansas River project has as one of its major aims the development of river (358*0 MODEL STUDIES OF RED ROCK DAM, DES MOINES navigation from the Mississippi River to RIVER, IOWA. the general area of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The Arkansas River channel model was of the (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer movable-bed type with a horizontal scale of District, Rock Island, Corps of Engineers, 1:150 and a vertical scale of 1:36, and re- Rock Island, Illinois. produced the Arkansas River between miles (d) Experimental; for design. 1 1*0.0 and 151.2. The model study consti- (e) A 1:50 model, reproducing 900 feet of the tuted an idealized experimental approach approach channel above the spillway, an to the solution of sedimentation problems 825-foot-wide section along the dam, the involved in the canalization of the spillway, conduits, stilling basin, and Arkansas River and was designed to investi- 575 feet of the outlet channel is being gate problems typical of and to provide used to verify stilling basin and training results generally applicable to the wall design. The model reproduces the various reaches of the over-all length of entire spillway and stilling basin, suf- the river to be developed for navigation. ficient approach area to assure natural (f) Tests completed; preparation of final flow conditions over the spillway and at report in progress. the abutments, and sufficient exit area to (g) Tests indicated that: installation of a permit formation of the natural flow pattern large dredge cut without a reduction in in the exit channel. A l:l6 model of the

sediment load or addition of regulatory intersection of the spillway fac . and works would produce only a temporary effect conduit outlet portal will be used to

151 .

determine armor plate requirements at the double carriage that provides travel, both outlet portal longitudinally and transversely, along the (g) The spillway design discharge was passed top of the flume, at a head of 57 feet with square abutments. (g) Preliminary tests have indicated that the Rounding the abutments (radius 7-8 feet) model draghead would tend to be more lowered the head to 55 feet at the spillway- efficient in sand than the prototype design discharge, 331.) 500 cubic feet per because of modifications in the design and second. Bottom-velocity measurements in operation under more ideal conditions. the upper approach indicated that the Tests have also indicated that a mixture embankment near the abutments will be of available materials could be used to exposed to bottom velocities of about 9 simulate prototype mud for the draghead feet per second, thus indicating the need test. for riprap protection. Stilling basin tests verified baffle pier size, location, (3587) MODEL STUDIES OF JOHN REDMOND DAM, GRAND and apron elevation. RIVER, KANSAS.

(3585) MODEL STUDY OF NEW POE LOCK, ST. MARYS (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer RIVER. District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa Oklahoma. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer (d) Experimental; for design. District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, (e) A 1:100 model, reproducing 2,900 feet of Buffalo, New York. the approach channel above the spillway, (d) Experimental; for design. the spillway, stilling basin, and 2,^50 (e) A 1:25 preliminary culvert and single feet of the outlet channel, and a 1:36 lateral model was used to test flow model, reproducing one full bay and two distribution within the lateral under half bays of the spillway and the stilling various operating conditions. The major basin, are being used to study flow condi- investigations were conducted in a 1:25 tions in the shallow, curved spillway ap- comprehensive model reproducing 600 feet proach channel; to verify capacity of the of upstream approach, intake manifolds, structure and adequacy of the stilling 1,000 feet of lock chamber, culverts, basin and exit channel; and to determine bottom lateral outlet manifolds, and 300 minimum requirements for training walls. feet of downstream approach. This model (f) Tests completed; final report in preparation. included provision for changing the ar- (g) The spillway design discharge, 577*000 cubic rangement of bottom laterals, lock length, feet per second, was passed at a head of kkW culvert height, and culvert valve operating feet, 2.5 feet higher than the computed schedules, and was used to confirm the value. The upper pool elevation was suitability of the initial design hydraulic lowered 0.5 foot at the design discharge filling and emptying system or to develop by rounding the abutments. A rock dike improvements in the system. A 1:12 in the right embankment reduced the upper culvert valve model was used to study pool another 0.5 foot by reducing the proposed valve design. lateral flow at the right abutment. Loweri (f) Tests completed; preparation of final the depth of approach to half the design report in progress. head for a distance of 200 feet upstream of] (g) Tests in the preliminary model established the weir crest further improved weir capaci- the best lateral design. Tests in the ty. A rock dike downstream of the left general model established the best lateral embankment reduced velocities in the eddy arrangement and valve schedules for filling impinging against the embankment. Re- and emptying the lock. Satisfactory flow shaping the weir by continuing the curve to| distribution through the intakes was a point 15 feet beneath the crestline re- obtained in the general model. A satis- duced back pressure and increased capacity. factory vertically framed culvert tainter A pier overhang was effective in reducing valve design was developed in the valve the water surface profile alongside the model studies. piers. A stilling basin of minimum size and necessitating minimum excavation was (3586) MODEL STUDY OF HOPPER DRAGHEAD. developed.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer (3588) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, BIG BEND RESER- District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers, VOIR, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (d) Experimental; for design. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer (e) To develop improved dragheads designed District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, to attain a greater rate of intake of Nebraska. solids when dredging mud and silt mixtures (d) Experimental; for design.

( soft materials ) and dredging densely (e) A 1:60 model, reproducing 2, ^00 feet of packed, fine sand (hard material), an the approach channel, the spillway and investigation is being conducted in an 80- stilling basin, and 1,000 feet of the by 10- foot flume containing various types exit channel, was used to determine: (l) of bed material. The draghead and suction velocity and flow characteristics in the line, constructed to a scale of 1:6, are approach channel; (2) spillway discharge connected to a suction pump mounted on a rating data with emphasis on the effects

152 . -

of weir submergence; and (3) stilling effects of the proposed barrier on naviga- basin behavior and exit channel velocity tion conditions. and scour data. (f) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (3591) MODEL STUDY OF EVERETT DAM, PISCATAQUOG (g) Over-all performance of the spillway of RIVER, NEW HAMPSHIRE. original design was marred by turbulence and unequal flow distribution in the spill- (b) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer way bays adjacent to the abutments. Modi- Division, New England, Corps of Engineers, fication to the abutments and realignment Waltham, Massachusetts. of the spur dike near the right abutment (d) Experimental; for design. corrected these conditions and resulted in (e) The investigation was conducted in a 1:36 excellent hydraulic conditions over the model that reproduced 350 feet of the ap- spillway in the chute, and in the stilling proach channel above the spillway, entire basin. The model discharge coefficient spillway width plus 125 feet of the dam (3-58) coincided with computed values. on each side, and 700 feet of the discharge Basin tests revealed that a horizontal channel. The spillway is to be an uncontrol- stilling basin Ityk feet long with two rows led ogee weir with a crest length of 180 of 12- foot -high baffle piers and a 10- foot feet. To eliminate excessive rock exca- high stepped end sill performed the most vation the weir bucket inverts will be satisfactorily. stepped down, varying from elevation 1+12 to elevation 385. The four different toe (3589) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, PIKE ISLAND DAM, elevations below the spillway and the OHIO RIVER, WEST VIRGINIA, OHIO. various slopes in the upstream portion of the channel made prediction of flow condi- (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer tions in the discharge channel uncertain. District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, It was thought that the cross flow from the Nebraska. high toward the low (right) side of the (d) Experimental; for design. channel might cause serious piling up of (e) A 1:25 section model reproducing 300 feet flow and overtopping of the right wall. of the approach area, a portion of the The model was used to determine spillway spillway crest and stilling basin, and 600 flow characteristics and the distribution feet of the exit area was used to examine of flow in the discharge channel. the hydraulic performance of the spillway (f) Completed. and stilling basin. (g) Very close agreement between model and (f) Tests completed; final report in preparation. computed spillway rating curves was ob- (g) Tests of the original design stilling basin tained. A small disturbance occurred in revealed that unsatisfactory basin action the lowest bucket caused by turbulence occurred at the larger gate openings (above generated at the abutment wall upstream a 6-foot opening). For satisfactory basin of the weir crest. Flow conditions in the action, correct placement of the baffle discharge channel were generally satis- piers in the basin below the spillway was factory in that no significant waves formed essential. The most satisfactory basin and lateral flow from the high to the low consisted of a horizontal apron 67 feet buckets was negligible. For all flows long with a single row of 6-foot-high tested the water surface was confined to baffle piers located k2 feet below the the rock cut and no overtopping occurred. spillway toe, and a 3-foot-high stepped (h) "Everett Dam Spillway and Discharge Chan- end sill. Velocities in the exit did not nel, Piscataquog River, New Hampshire; exceed 6 feet per second for normal tail- Hydraulic Model Investigation. " U. S. Army water conditions Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-1+03, July i960. (3590) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, EAST PASSAGE, (Available on loan). NARRAGANSETT BAY, RHODE ISLAND. (3592) MODEL STUDY OF TYPICAL NAVIGATION DAM, (b) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer ARKANSAS RIVER. Division, New England, Corps of Engineers, Waltham, Massachusetts. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer (d) Experimental; for design. District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, (e) A 1:150 model is being used to determine Little Rock, Arkansas. the effects of hurricane surge currents, (a) Experimental; for design. waves, and winds on the operation of an (e) The Arkansas River multipurpose project aircraft carrier in East Passage. A includes the development of river navi- barrier across East Passage has been pro- gation from the Mississippi River to the posed to limit the quantity of water general area of Tulsa. Present plans for entering Narragansett Bay from hurricane navigation include construction of several surge, and the model study will examine navigation locks and dams. The purpose of ship navigation conditions with respect the model study are to investigate various to barrier location and its navigation problems that occur in the vicinity of opening. the structures. The investigation is being (g) A self-propelled, radio-controlled, model conducted initially on a movable-bed model aircraft carrier has been constructed constructed to linear scales of 1:120 dynamically similar to its prototype, and horizontally and l:Uo vertically, repro- is being used in tests to determine the ducing a 15-mile reach of a typical stream

153 . .

having characteristics generally similar depth below still-water level, slope of to reaches of the Arkansas River, including fill, depth of water, and wave period. a typical Arkansas River lock and dam (g) The results of stability tests on three structure. Provisions have "been made for different gradations of riprap material modifications to reproduce other selected are represented with very good accuracy by reaches of similar length but different the formula

curvatures . The model of each reach 3 7 H studied on the movable-bed model will he ' r converted to a fixed-bed, 1:120 model to 50 K (S - 1)3 cot a study navigation conditions in the ap- AA r ' proaches to the locks. (f) Tests suspended; preparation of report in Where Wcq is weight of riprap (50 percent progress finer than), y r is the specific weight of (g) Tests indicated that: navigation condi- riprap material, H is height of selected tions in the upper approach would be af- design wave, Sr is the specific gravity of fected by high-velocity currents and cross- riprap relative to the fluid in which the currents near the end of the upper guard structure is located (yr/7w)> a is the wall of the lock at the location tested; angle of the fill slope, and is a conditions in the upper approach could be dimensionless coefficient. improved by extending the contraction works in the upstream bend to reduce flow across (3596) HYDRAULIC STUDIES FOR IMPACT ENERGY DIS- the bar and by moving the lock and dam SIPAT0R DESIGN. structure farther downstream; shoaling would occur in the lower approach channel 00 Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept., of which could be reduced by means of low the Army, Washington, D. C. wing dikes extending from the end of the (d) Experimental; applied research. lower guard wall; the sand bar in the bend (e) A general investigation to determine the upstream would extend toward the dam and energy loss coefficient of an impact energy tend to reduce flow through the bays near dissipator of variable height and depth for the abutment on the bar side of the chan- varying slopes, diameters, and energy of nel; deposition would occur over the dam flows of the upstream conduit will be con- gate sill and in the stilling basin, but ducted on a 1.0-foot-diameter impact energy the shoaling should not affect the operation dissipator. The energy of the influx will of the gates or the stilling basin. be determined from measurements of the discharge and the hydraulic gardient. The (3593) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, MAXWELL DAM, energy of the efflux will be determined from M0N0NGAHELA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA measurements of the discharge from each of four quadrants. The slope and size of the Cb) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer incoming pipe will be varied to determine District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, the effect of each upon the energy dissipated Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. For a particular slope and diameter of the (d) Experimental; for design. incoming pipe and a particular height and (e) A 1:25 section model reproducing 200 feet depth of the dissipator, the relative energy of the approach channel, a portion of the content of the efflux to the influx will be spillway crest and stilling basin, and 300 determined for as great a range of Reynolds feet of the exit area was used to examine numbers as possible to ascertain the effect the hydraulic performance of the spillway of Reynolds number upon the energy loss in weir and stilling basin. A second phase the dissipator. of the study consisted of determining the (g) Tests conducted thus far indicate that for most efficient and economical stilling a particular slope of the incoming pipe basin below Opekiska Dam, a structure there is an optimum depth of the stilling similar to Maxwell. well below the invert of the incoming pipe (f) Final report in preparation. at which a nearly uniform distribution of the efflux may be obtained. In general, the (359*0 MODEL STUDY OF RIPRAP REQUIREMENTS FOR loss coefficient of the stilling well de- R. R. RELOCATION FILLS, ICE HARBOR DAM creases with increasing Reynolds number. AND JOHN DAY DAM PROJECTS, WASHINGTON AND Also, for the same Reynolds number based on OREGON. the hydraulic radius, the loss coefficient for full pipe inflow is less than that for Cb) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer partial inflow. District, Walla Walla, Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. 3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Tests are being conducted in a 5-foot-wide, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of U-foot-deep, and 119-foot-long wave flume, the Army, and Bureau of Public Roads, Dept. using a linear scale of 1:12, model to of Commerce, Washington, D. C. prototype, to determine the stability of (d) Experimental; applied research. graded riprap, gravel, and rock fill as (e) This is a general investigation to determine cover-layer materials for protection of a resistance coefficient and the law of railroad relocation fills. The stability velocity distribution for flow in structural' of the different types of cover-layer mate- plate corrugated pipe. A fiber-glass test rials is being determined as a function of section reproducing a 5-foot diameter

15* . .

at 1:H standard corrugated pipe a scale of locations . Results obtained are expressed was tested in order to obtain additional as percentages of the initial concentration. data on the resistance coefficient and ve- (g) Tests in the New York Harbor and Savannah locity distribution and to correlate model models have been completed, and the results work with full-scale tests. Fiber-glass of the New York Harbor tests are presented test sections reproducing a 5-foot-, 10-foot- in report listed below. The report contains and 20- foot -diameter structural-plate pipe descriptions of test procedures and tech- at scales of 1:2.2, 1:8, and l:l6, re- niques, and tables and plates presenting spectively, will be tested to determine the the data obtained. Analyses of data will effect of relative roughness upon the re- be made and conclusions drawn by Dr. D. W. sistance coefficient and velocity distri- Pritchard of Johns Hopkins University. bution. The hydraulic gradient and the (h) "Contamination Dispersion in Estuaries;

energy loss through 20- to 80-diameter Report 3 , New York Harbor; Hydraulic Model lengths of test section will be established Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Water- by piezometers located at 5-foot intervals. ways Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper These piezometers will be 1/8 inch in No. 2-332. (Available on loan.) diameter, on center of the crests of the

corrugations, and four in number around ( 3902 ) RADIOACTIVE TRACER TESTS OF SEDIMENT, the periphery of the pipe. Velocity GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS. traverses will be made by means of calibrated pitot tubes at several locations (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer along the test section for determination District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers, of the velocity distribution, Galveston, Texas. (g) Tests conducted on the model reproducing (d) Experimental; field investigation. standard corrugations at a scale of 1:4 (e) It is planned to study the movement of have been completed and the results of sediment in the vicinity of the Galveston tests for a range of Reynolds numbers from Bay jetty by use of radioactive gold- h x 10^ to 2 x 10^ agree favorably with impregnated glass. The glass is ground results of full-scale studies made at to the particle size of the natural sediment Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory. Results and will be deposited in the bay on one side of tests on the models simulating 5-foot-, of the jetty. It is expected that the tidal 10-foot-, and 20- foot -diameter structural- action, littoral current, and wind waves plate pipes indicate maximum Manning's will move the material around the jetty into "n" of 0.0310, 0.0295, and 0.0265, re- the shipping channel or through the jetty. spectively. The path of the activated gold- impregnated glass particles will be traced by instru- (3598) MODEL STUDIES OF CONTAMINATION DISPERSION ments from a small boat. IN ESTUARIES. (3903) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, HILO HARBOR, (b) Nuclear Projects Office, Maritime Adminis- HAWAII tration, U. S. Department of Commerce. (d) Experimental; applied research. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer (e) The increasing use of nuclear reactors in District, Honolulu, Corps of Engineers, the production of automotive power, both Honolulu, Hawaii on land and sea, presents new problems (d) Experimental; for design. pertaining to the dispersal of radioactive (e) A 1:125 model is proposed to determine the waste released either accidentally or optimum breakwater plan to decrease wave purposely into rivers, estuaries, and and surge action in Hilo Harbor so that harbors. The Maritime Administration is troublesome and damaging ship motion at concerned with the probable dispersion piers 1, 2, and 3 will be alleviated. To patterns of radioactive matter that might date, prototype instruments to measure wave be released in accidents involving nuclear- and surge action at piers 1 and 2 have been powered ships. A series of tests was made obtained with which measurements will be on several existing models of important made for use in determining the cause of estuaries, including the Delaware River, the problem and in design of the model. Narragansett Bay, New York Harbor, and Savannah Harbor, in order to obtain data (3904) MODEL STUDY OF DESIGN OF RUBBLE-MOUND from which dispersion effects could be BREAKWATER, M0RR0 BAY, CALIFORNIA. computed. Tides, tidal currents, salinities and freshwater flow were reproduced for all (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer tests. Methylene blue chloride dye was District, Los Angeles, Corps of Engineers, used to simulate contamination, and the dye Los Angeles, California. releases were generally made at the most (d) Experimental; for design. adverse time of tide in relation to the (e) Stability tests were conducted in a concrete potential upstream spread of the con- wave flume 119 feet long, 5 feet wide, and taminant. Water samples were obtained k feet deep, in which a section model of periodically throughout the contaminated the Morro Bay Harbor breakwater had been area for spectrophotometer analysis, and constructed to a linear scale of 1:53- 7- in addition, meters which automatically The study was performed to obtain data measured and recorded dye concentrations from which alternate designs could be were in continuous operation at strategic developed for repair of the breakwater.

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Design criteria for "both the head and trunk preparations are nearly complete for tests of the structure were desired. at Garrison Dam in the spring of 1961. (f) Tests completed. Tests at Oahe Dam probably will be made in (g) It was found that a considerable portion the spring of 1962. of the breakwater trunk would be stable (h) "Hydraulic Analysis of Surge Tanks by under attack of waves 2k feet high (design- Digital Computer, " by Nicholas Barbarossa

wave height ) if the lower layer was composed (U. S. Army Engineer Division, Missouri of quarrystones weighing 10 to 20 tons River). ASCE Proceedings, Paper No. 1996, placed on a slope of 1 on 2-1/2. Another April 1959. reach of the structure could be constructed of quarrystones weighing 10 to 30 tons (3907) SHOALING PROCESSES. placed on a slope of 1 on 1-3/k. Design of the breakwater head was difficult. (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

However , it was determined that the head the Army, Washington, D. C. should be composed of concrete armor units (d) Experimental; applied research. of special shape, weighing 20 tons, with (e) The annual cost to the Federal Government slopes varying from 1 on 1-1/2 on the sea- of maintaining navigable channels in tidal side to 1 on 3 on the harborside. waterways is estimated to be of the order (h) "Designs for Rubble-Mound Breakwater of $60,000,000. The Corps of Engineers Repair, Mbrro Bay Harbor, Morro Bay, Calif. Committee on Tidal Hydraulics has concluded Preliminary report, U. S. Army Engineer that a thorough study of shoaling processes Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, in tidal waterways would lead to improvement! Miss., October i960. (Available on loan.) in channel design, dredging, and spoiling practices, and other maintenance techniques (3905) KELLEYS ISLAND HARBOR STUDY, LAKE ERIE, which would reduce this large expenditure. OHIO. The Committee concludes that the following program of research is essential in ar- (b) Ohio State. riving at the objective of reducing (d) Analytical; for design. maintenance cost: (a) flume studies to (e) An analytical study is being conducted to determine the basic laws involved in the determine the characteristics of short- movement and deposition of muddy sediments; period wind waves which occur at the site (b) flume studies to determine effects of of the proposed Kelleys Island harbor of repetitive scour and deposition on sedi- refuge. Deep-water waves are charted into mentation; (c) the development of techniques the position of the harbor entrance by use for using radioactive tracers for observing of refraction diagrams. The resulting data the movement and deposition of sediments in will be used to determine the optimum nature; (d) the development of a simple and alinement of the navigation opening, and accurate instrument for in-place measure- the need for, and approximate length of a ment of turbidity; (e) a study of the protecting breakwater. physical, chemical, and hydraulic factors involved in the stabilization of deposits (3906) POWER PLANT TRANSIENTS TESTS, GARRISON AND in navigable channels; (f) determination 0AHE DAMS, MISSOURI RIVER, NORTH DAKOTA. of the effects of flocculation on shoaling; (g) prototype studies aimed at correlation (b) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer of sedimentation phenomena in tidal water- Division, Missouri River, and District ways with physical, chemical, hydraulic, Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, salinity, and other significant factors; Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska. and (h) classification of the sediments (d) Field investigations; applied research and which constitute all major repetitive design. shoals in tidal waterways. Item (a) is (e) Hydraulic prototype measurements of power being conducted under contract by the plant transients will be made to evaluate University of California. A literature results of a comprehensive digital computer survey of items (e) and (f) was conducted study made by the sponsoring offices, and by the Waterways Experiment Station; to determine extent operation corresponds results are reported in Technical Bulletin with design. General objective is to k cited below. Items (g) and (h) are in develop a solution of the entire problem progress at the Waterways Experiment Sta- of power plant transients, with primary tion. Items (c) and (d) are being conducted emphasis on governing stability. For by other than Federal agencies at no cost different plant loadings, instantaneous to the Federal Government. Item (b) is pressure values at a number of locations in inactive the power tunnel, the surge tank system, (h) "Soil as a Factor in Shoaling Processes, turbine scroll case, and draft tube will be a Literature Review, " Committee on Tidal obtained simultaneously with instantaneous Hydraulics Technical Bulletin No. k. June values of tunnel velocity, reservoir and i960. (Available on loan.) tailwater elevations, turbine speed and gate opening, power output, and other (3908) ARKANSAS RIVER NAVIGATION MODEL. elements (including governor system). Measurements will be recorded on about 90 (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer channels of oscillograph and magnetic tape District, Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers, recorders. Instrumentation and other Vicksburg, Mississippi.

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(d) Experimental; for design. the Atchafalaya Basin. (e) A fixed-bed model reproducing to scale of (f) Completed. 1:600 horizontally and 1:100 vertically (g) Results consisted of data on stages, ve- about 33 miles of the Mississippi River near locity measurements within the basin, and the mouths of the White and Arkansas Rivers, directions of flow within the various 57 miles of the lower Arkansas River, 12 channels and along the overbank for use miles of the lower White River, and the of design engineers in establishing major portion of the White -Arkansas River dredging and side-channel closure program backwater area is being used for the and priorities investigation. The model is to be used to demonstrate alternate routes for the (3911) MODEL STUDY OF MATAGORDA SHIP CHANNEL, entrance to the Arkansas River navigation TEXAS. project, flow patterns, nature of overbank flow, effect of Arkansas -White Cutoff, and (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer problems related to the location and District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers, alignment of the navigation entrance to the Galveston, Texas Arkansas River from the Mississippi River, (d) Experimental; for design. (g) Data on stages for various combinations of (e) The fixed-bed model, constructed to scale flow from the three streams, velocity ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100 measurements at critical points, and current vertically, reproduces about 800 square directions have been obtained under various miles of prototype area, including all of test conditions for use of design engineers Matagorda Bay, part of the connecting bay in determining most feasible plan from system, and a portion of the Gulf of Mexico navigation and economical standpoint. adjacent to Pass Cavallo. Tides and tidal currents are reproduced by one primary (3909) MODEL STUDY OF OPOSSUM CREEK LOCKS AND tide generator and one secondary tide DAM, OHIO RIVER. generator, and fresh-water discharges of tributaries, together with the rainfall (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer over the area, are introduced by means of District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, wiers and flowmeters. Salt water is used Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. in the model gulf to reproduce the prototype (d) Experimental; for design. salinity regimen and provisions have been (e) A 1:120, fixed-bed, comprehensive model made for the injection of silt in the reproducing about h miles of the Ohio model for measurements of deposits on the River and the lock and dam structures was bed of the model. Studies will be made used to study navigation conditions in the to determine: (l) the best location for approaches to the locks, determine suita- the entrance channel; (2) the best route bility of the selected site, and develop for the channel from the entrance to modifications required to overcome any Point Comfort; (3) such protective works undesirable conditions found. as may be required in the interests of (f) Tests completed; final report in prepa- navigation and maintenance of the channel; ration. and (k) the effects of the deep-draft (g) Tests indicated site to be generally navigation channel on the salinity regimen satisfactory. Velocities in the upper of the bay system. approach sill tend to be high, but could be reduced by modification of excavation (3912) MODEL STUDY OF GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS. along the right bank above the lock. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer (3910) MODEL STUDY OF LOWER ATCHAFALAYA RIVER District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers, BASIN, LOUISIANA. Galveston, Texas. (d) Experimental; for design. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer (e) A movable-bed model, with scale ratios of District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, 1:500 horizontally and 1:100 vertically New Orleans, Louisiana. will reproduce about 17^.5 square miles of (d) Experimental; for design. prototype area, including a small portion (e) The study was conducted on the Mississippi of Galveston Bay and a portion of the Gulf River flood-control model. The model of Mexico extending 8 miles north of the is of the fixed-bed type with a horizontal north jetty, 6-1/2 miles south of the south scale of 1:2,000 and a vertical scale of jetty, and offshore to about the 50-foot 1:100. It reproduces the Mississippi contour of depth. Tides, tidal currents, River from Helena, Ark., to Donaldsonville, littoral currents, and wave action in the La., the Arkansas -White, Yazoo, and Red- Gulf of Mexico will be reproduced. Studies Ouachita backwater areas, the Old River will be made to determine: (l) relocation Channel from Angola to Barbre Landing, La., and stabilization of the jetty channel on the Atchafalaya River and Basin to the an alignment and depth suitable for navi- Gulf of Mexico, and the Morganza and West gation of supertankers; (2) protection of Atchafalaya Floodways. The purpose of the the north jetty from undermining action of investigation was to determine the effects tidal currents; (3) shoaling characteristics of dredging and side -channel closures on of the relocated and deepened jetty (inner slopes and velocities within the main bar) channel and plans for minimizing channel for the development of plans to shoaling; and (k) shoaling characteristics increase the flood- carrying capacity of of the deepened outer bar channel.

157 . . .

(f) Model under construction. coefficient) for the exit channel; discharge data; and certain modifications to the (3913) MODEL STUDY OF GULF OUTLET CHANNEL, LA. stilling basin and exit channel. Large standing wave formations evident in the (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer exit channel of the original design have District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, been reduced, as have bottom velocities New Orleans, Louisiana. caused by sudden releases from the maximum (d) Experimental; for design. controlled storage pool into the exit chan- (e) The investigation will tie conducted in a nel. A recommended schedule for gate opera- fixed-bed extension of the Lake tion has been formulated. Pontchartrain model and in conjunction with that model study. Reproduced is that area (3917) GENERAL SPILLWAY MODEL TESTS. eastward of New Orleans to Breton Sound and south of Lakes Pontchartrain and Borgne to (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of include the connecting waterways "between the Army, Washington, D. C. those lakes and the Gulf Outlet Channel, now (d) Experimental; for design. under construction. Scales are 1:2,000 (e) Tests are made on various elements of horizontal and 1:100 vertical. Tides, spillways to develop improved designs and tidal currents, salinities, and water ex- to better define values of coefficients change through the connecting waterways will used in design formulas. A series of tests be simulated. Purpose of the study is to is being conducted on low weirs to determine determine the effect of the channel on the optimum shape from a consideration of dis- salinity regimens of Lakes Pontchartrain and charge coefficients and pressures. Borgne, which will be connected to the chan- (g) From tests made to date, the desirability nel by existing waterways. of a crest shape tangent to the upstream face of the weir has been established. (391*0 MODEL STUDY FOR MODERNIZATION OF EXISTING LOCK, McALPINE LOCKS, OHIO RIVER. (3918) MODEL TESTS FOR TYPICAL C AND SF PROJECT STRUCTURE. (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers, (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Louisville, Kentucky. District, Jacksonville, Corps of Engineers, (d) Experimental; for design. Jacksonville, Florida. (e) A 1:25 model which reproduces the filling (d) Experimental; for design. and emptying system is being used to develop (e) A 1:16 model, reproducing 38*+ feet of the feasible modifications which will improve approach channel, an 8l. 33-foot -wide 3 -bay prototype performance structure, the spillway, stilling basin, and 192 feet of the outlet channel, is (3915) MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, GERING being used to determine the discharge coef- VALLEY PROJECT, GERING VALLEY, NEBRASKA. ficient and flow conditions of similar project structures having various approach and (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engr. Dist., exit channel elevations for both controlled Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska. and uncontrolled flows. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) A 1:12 model reproducing successively three (3919) MODEL STUDY OF ALLEGHENY DAM, ALLEGHENY typical drop structures, adjacent overbank RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA. areas and 300 feet of the approach and exit areas will be used to examine the (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer hydraulic performance of the drop structures District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (3916) MODEL STUDY OF 0AHE RESERVOIR SPILLWAY, (d) Experimental; for design. MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA. (e) A 1:36 model reproduces a 375 foot-wide- section of the approach, the entire spill- (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engr. Dist., way and portions of each abutment, the six Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska. low-lever sluices and two high-level sluices, (d) Experimental; for design. the stilling basin, and a *+25- foot-wide (e) A 1:50 model reproduces the remote, gated section of the exit channel. The model will control structure which will serve as provide a means for determining sluice de- spillway for Oahe Dam, along with approxi- sign, spray wall heights, and stilling basin mately 3^000 feet of approach and exit design. Weir calibration data and pressures channel. The model study is intended to: and abutment coefficients will be determined. (l) indicate head losses through structure and in channel, and provide data on flow patterns and velocities; (2) verify discharge data for gate bays; and (3) develop design U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC of stilling basin, and of transition from ROADS. stilling basin to sloped sides of exit channel (856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN (g) Results obtained from the model study thus URBAN AREAS. far include water-surface profiles, flow patterns and velocities for different as- Cooperative with Johns Hopkins University. sumed values of Manning's "n" (roughness See page k6.

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HYDRAULICS OF STILLING BASINS. STANDARDS j Fluid Mechanics Section.

Cooperative with Colorado State University. Inquiries concerning the following projects should See page 15 be addressed to the Chief, Fluid Mechanics Section, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C. (1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS. (ikfQ) WIND WAVES. Cooperative with University of Illinois. See page 38. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- (2066) STUDY OF OPEN CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS IN A search. SLOPING FLUME. (e) Includes mathematical and experimental studie of (l) wind tides (setup), (2) growth of Cooperative with Colorado State University. wind waves, and (3) surface traction of wind See page 15 on wavy surfaces

(2U35) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS ( 2^4-35 ) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS.

Cooperative with the National Bureau of (b) Bureau of Public Roads. Standards. See page 159- (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) To determine hydraulic characteristics of (2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES. various types of culvert entrances and to develop inlets of improved design. Cooperative with Purdue University. See page 72. (2U36) FLOW OVER HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS.

(30^1) MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS FROM (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. SMALL WATERSHEDS IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID (d) Experimental; applied research. AREAS. (e) To determine augmented dissipation of hydrophobic disks and plates oscillated in Cooperative with Colorado State University. various fluids See page 19. (h) Report in preparation.

(3166) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOW INTO CURB INLETS. (3250) INERTIAL FORCES IN UNSTEADY FLOW.

Cooperative with Stanford University. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. See page 8l. (d) Experimental; basic research. (e) Determination of inertia and drag coef- (3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY. ficients of cylinders and plates when subjected to a varying monotonically varying Cooperative with Waterways Experiment flow. Station. See page 15^+. (h) Report in preparation.

(3699) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE MECHANICS OF SCOUR. (3599) MOTION OF CYLINDERS IN STRATIFIED LAYERS.

Cooperative with Colorado State University. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. See page 23. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research. (3700) UNSTEADY FLOW IN A STORM DRAIN. (e) A study is made of the internal waves produced by the horizontal motion of a Cooperative with Colorado State University. cylinder through the liquid. Experiments See page 23. are made with two liquid layers of different densities and with a liquid with linear

(3701) DEPRESSED CURB OPENING INLET. density gradient . In the latter case the surface disturbance is also examined. Cooperative with Colorado State University. (h) "Disturbances Due to the Motion of Cylinders See page 23. in a Liquid with Linear Density Gradient," by L. H. Carpenter and G. H. Keulegan, NBS (3705) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF LOCAL SCOUR. Report 7007, November k, i960.

Cooperative with Colorado State University. (3600) DAMPING OF PROGRESSIVE OSCILLATORY INTERNAL See page 2k. WAVES.

(3987 HIGHWAY RUNDOWN DRAIN. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. (a) Theoretical and experimental; basic and Cooperative with the Bureau of Reclamation. applied research. See page 178. (e) A study is being made of the velocity and damping of internal progressive oscillatory waves of a two-layer system. (h) Report in preparation. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, U. S. WEATHER BUREAU. Basins, Tulsa, Okla.; New England and Hudson River Basins, Hartford, Conn.; Inquiries concerning the following projects, except South Atlantic and East Gulf River Basins, as indicated, ahould "be addressed to Mr. William Augusta, Ga.; and Middle Atlantic River E. Hiatt, Chief, Hydrologic Services Division, Basins, Washington, D. C.

U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; opera- I tion and applied research. (1015) MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION. (e) The purpose of these investigations is to develop modern river forecast procedures (b) Laboratory project. for all ranges of flow for various streams (d) Theoretical and field investigation; ap- of each basin. Procedures include: (l) plied research. Rain fall -runoff relations involving con- (e) Studies are directed toward the derivation sideration of the physics of soil moisture, of reliable procedures for estimating vegetative reception, transpiration, evapo- evaporation from reservoirs (existing and ration and geological features of the proposed) and land surfaces, utilizing basins; (2) snowmelt forecasting relations readily available meteorological data and involving consideration of the physics of pan evaporation observations. snow and heat transfer; (3) unit hydro- (g) A World Meteorological Organization Work graphs; and (h) streamflow routing pro- Group on Evaporation Measurement has been cedures, based upon adaptations of basic

requested to recommend a standard evapo- hydraulic principles, using electronic or 1 ration instrument for possible adoption. mechanical analogues. An experimental pan has been designed as an (g) Forecasting procedures have been developed initial Weather Bureau contribution to the for key points; refinement of these pro- Work Group activities. The pan is made of cedures and development from other basins fiberglas with a diameter of about Ik inches are underway. and depth of about 2-1/2 inches, set in a (h) "Snow Melt Floods, Spring 1959, Upper slab of styrofoam 20 inches in diameter and Mississippi Watershed," by Phillip Light, approximately 6 inches thick. A screen Pub. No. 51, Int. Assn. Sci. Hydro., i960. made of very thin piano wire with about "Extended Low Flow Forecasting Operations 3/h inch grid is installed 1 inch above on the Mississippi River," by Russell G.

pan to prevent birds, etc., drinking the Mann and Eugene M. Rasmusson, Pub. No. 51., water. Pan is set in a wooden platform Int. Assn. Sci. Hydro., i960. about 3 feet above ground level. Four of "Veri KLag Scale for Streamflow Routing, these pans have been constructed. Field by Delmar J. Taylor, Civ. Eng., Vol. 30, testing is being carried on at the Weather No. 10, I960. Bureau Silver Hill Observatory, Md. Weather Bureau Airport Station at Las Vegas, (17^5) WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS FOR WESTERN UNITED Nev., and at Lake Overholser near Oklahoma STATES. City, Okla. The Weather Bureau Observa- tional Test and Development Center at (b) Work being conducted in following field Silver Hill, Md., has been closed and re- offices: River Forecast Center, Portland, located at a new site near Dulles Inter- Oreg.; Water Supply Forecast Unit, Salt national Airport in Virginia. An evapo- Lake City, Utah; River Forecast Center, ration observational program will be Kansas City, Mo.; Weather Bureau Office, continued at the new site. A report is Sacramento, Calif.; and River Forecast being prepared covering the studies made Center, Windsor Locks, Conn. at the Silver Hill location. The evapo- (d) Theoretical and field investigation; opera- transpiration study to develop a basin tion and applied research. accounting method for estimating soil- (e) The purpose of these investigations is the moisture deficiency is continuing. A development of precipitation-runoff relations slightly revised approach of soil-moisture for water supply forecasting utilizing accounting is being tested under varying statistical methods to correlate precipi- climatic regimes to determine its useful- tation during the winter with runoff during ness as an index of antecedent soil condi- the melting season. tion in rainfall-runoff relations. (g) Water Supply Forecasts are prepared for (h) "The Felt Lake Evaporation Study," by about 350 points in the Western United Donald Baker and Ray K. Linsley, Technical States. These forecasts of water-year Report No. 5, Department of Civil Engineer- and residual flow are released in Monthly ing, Stanford University, April i960. Water Supply Forecast Bulletins, January through May. This research program is of (nhk) DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS. a continuing nature designed to improve and extend the present forecasting service. (b) River Forecast Centers for: Lower Ohio (h) "Water Supply Forecasts in Northern New River Basin, Cincinati, Ohio; Upper Ohio England," by Charles D. Hopkins, Proc. River Basin, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Susquehanna Eastern Snow Conf., 1959-60. and Delaware River Basins, Harrisburg, Pa.; Lower Missouri River Basin, Kansas City, (1751) MAXIMUM STATION PRECIPITATION. Mo.; Columbia River Basin, Portland, Oreg.; Middle and Upper Mississippi River Basin, (b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, St. Louis, Mo.; Arkansas and Red River (d) Analysis of data.

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1 (e) Tabulations of maximum recorded 2-, (d) Theoretical and field investigation; ap- 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-hour precipitation, for plied research and design. automatic recording rain-gage stations, by- (e) Development of methods for obtaining de- states. tailed wind speeds and directions in (h) Twenty-four states completed and published hurricanes just above the sea-surface as parts of Weather Bureau Technical Paper indirectly from available data, which is No. 15 J Arkansas at printers; Oklahoma and mostly on land. Also construction by Iowa in process. indirect means of detailed analyses of the winds over specific areas of the sea where B2U37) UNITED STATES STORM CHARACTERISTICS PROJECT. the energy of the wind develops waves and tides damaging to specific coastal areas. (b) Soil Conservation Service, Department of (h) "Surface Winds Near the Center of Hurricanes Agriculture (and other cyclones)." U.S.W.B., National (d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied Hurricane Research Project Report No. 39, research and design. 200 pp., September i960. (e) Studies to provide rainfall data for design criteria in estimating required capaci- (29^3) RADAR BEACON FOR REPORTING RAINFALL. ties of hydraulic structures. Work includes: (l) Development of a generalized (b) Laboratory project.

( relationship between depth, area, duration d ) Experimental ; development and frequency for areas up to kOO square (e) A compact device capable of being installed miles, durations of 20 minutes to 2k hours, in relatively remote areas within line of and return periods from 1 to 100 years sight of a radar. Activated by a tipping (2) development of a generalized portrayal bucket rain gage and pulse signal from the of the probable maximum precipitation for radar, instrument transmits delayed pulse areas up to kOO square miles, and durations which appears on radarscope indicating up to 2k hours in the United States; and accumulated amounts of precipitation.

( 3 ) combination of ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) for Puerto Additional investigations underway for ap- Rico, Virgin Islands and Hawaiian Islands, plying beacon principle to the reporting of (h) "Rainfall Intensity-Frequency Regime -- river and tide stage, and radioactive snow Part 5 -- Great Lakes Region," U. S. Weather water equivalent gage. Bureau Technical Paper No. 29. (g) Initial field installation now operational, additional beacons being built (2U38) STORM TIDE PREDICTIONS. (29kk) PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION OVER CALIF. (b) Laboratory projects. BASINS. (c) Mr. D. Lee Harris, Office of Meteorological

Research, U. S. W. B. , Washington 25, D. C. (b) Corps of Engineers, Department of Army. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic (d) Design and applied research. and applied research. (e) Estimate of probable maximum precipitation (e) The differences between the observed and over basins in California based on simple predicted tides during storms are being model of wind flow up orographic slopes, studied with the goal of improving the checked against December 1955 flood-pro- accuracy of storm tide forecasting. ducing storm, combined with non-orographic (g) Empirical methods of forecasting these storm precipitation. innundations are being developed and used (g) Estimates furnished sponsor. Methods being in the Weather Bureau's hurricane and refined. storm warning service. Continued improvement in these forecasts is expected to (3251) RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION AS DETERMINED BY result from this research. RADAR.

(2kkl) HURRICANE RAINFALL AND ITS QUANTITATIVE (b) U. S. Geological Survey. FORECASTING. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) Using time-lapse film of the radar PPI (b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army. scope, various methods of determining the (d) Theoretical and field investigation; ap- areal distribution of rainfall intensity plied research and design. are being tested. A 50-square-mile basin, (e) Collection, analysis, and effective pre- heavily instrumented with recording rain sentation of existing data on hurricane gages, is used as a control basin. To be rainfall and development of methods of used for flood forecasting and storm studies. forecasting the intensity and quantity of (f) Inactive, awaiting data from improved rainfall from future hurricanes for design weather search radar being installed in of protective works, planning of evacuation test area. procedures, etc. (h) "On Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting," (3601) STUDY OF TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING RAINFALL by C. S. Gilman, et al, U.S.W.B., National BY REFERENCE TO RADAR ATTENUATION.

Hurricane Research Project Report No. 38., 1^3 PP-j August i960. (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with Stanford Research Institute.

; ve lopment (2U+2) HURRICANE WIND ANALYSIS. ( d ) Expe riment al de (e) By measuring the attenuation of short wave (b) Corps of Engineers, Department of Army. length radar energy over a fixed course

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and relating it to the measured precipi- (c) Mr. R. R. Bennett, U. S. Geological Survey, tation along the path of the radar beam, Washington 25, D. C. it is hoped that a relationship can he (d) Applied research. established which will enable a relatively (e) Preparation of electric flow net models simple instrument to be developed which using graphite paper, conductive paints, can monitor areas above damsites and head- resistor grids, etc. waters of streams to alert downstream interests of heavy rainfall. (1755) CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND CHANNEL STREAMS.

(3602) EXTENSION OF RATING CURVES. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. R. W. Carter, U. S. Geological Survey, (b) Laboratory project Washington 25, D. C. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; (a) Field investigation; applied research. operation and applied research. (e) Compilation and analysis of data collected (e) The flood forecasting procedures used by in a 1,900-foot reach of the Elkhorn River the Weather Bureau are primarily based on in Nebrasks to evaluate bed roughness, ex- discharge. However, the flood warnings to tent of scour and fill, and sediment move-

be of any value must be in terms of stage ment . (or elevation). This is accomplished by (g) "Flow Characteristics of Elkhorn River, near use of U. S. Geological Survey rating curves Waterloo, Nebraska," by E. W. Beckman and relating discharge to stage. Rating curves L. W. Furness, Water Supply Paper IU98-B, are defined only to the maximum observed U. S. Geological Survey (to be published stage of record. Therefore, it is impera- in 196l). tive to devise a reliable method of extending rating curves in order to issue (176M COMBINED PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND HYDRAULIC accurate stage predictions for the record STUDIES. breaking flood. (g) Progress has been slow and no significant Laboratory project. results are available at this time. (c Dr. Luna B. Leopold, U. S. Geological Survey Washington 25, D. C. (3920) FLOAT-TYPE RESISTANCE RIVER GAGE. (a Field and office research. (e Hydraulic and physiographic factors Laboratory project. controlling overbank flow, slope, and pat- (a) Experimental; development. tern of natural river channels and flood (e) A device employing a Helipot (multi-turn plains. potentiometer) operated by a float or connected to an existing river gage and (1995 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOIL MOISTURE EQUIPMENT. linked by wire or radio to an observation point (up to 3 miles by wire and 50 miles (b Laboratory project. by radio). A reading is obtained by (c Mr. Irwin Remson, U. S. Geological Survey, balancing the resistance in the system Trenton, N. J. with a similar unit at the observation (a Field investigation; applied research. point. May be operated on AC or DC power. (e A comparative study of all commercially (g) Initial field installations now operational. available instruments for measuring soil moisture, possible deisgn of new instruments. (3921) PUNCHED-TAPE RECORDING, WEIGHING-TYPE (f Suspended. PRECIPITATION GAGE WITH TELEMETERING CAPABILITY. (2hkk REDESIGN OF PRICE CURRENT METER.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with (b Laboratory project. Fisher and Porter Co. (c Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey,

(a) Experimental ; development Columbus 12, Ohio. (e) A fifteen-inch capacity, weighing-type (a Experimental; development. battery-operated precipitation gage pro- (e To design a vane-type rotor for the Price viding a punched tape record which can be current meter that can be mass-produced with machine processed, capable of over one identical rating calibration and is little month's unattended operation. Gage so affected by vertical velocity components or designated that data can be telemetered proximity to the water surface. through use of a "black box" attached to Fifty identical rotors are under test. recording mechanism. (g) Initial gage built and undergoing laboratory (2687 AQUIFER ANALYTICAL METHODS. tests. Additional gages for field testing being procured. (b Laboratory project. (c Mr. R. H. Brown, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. (a Analytical; applied research. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. (e To develop more versatile and comprehensive methods of determining and evaluating aquifer (1221) STEADY STATE ELECTRIC FLOW NET MODELS, and ground-water reservoir hydrologic charac-

teristics . (b) Laboratory project. (f) Suspended.

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,(2688) MECHANICS OF AQUIFERS. Equation developed from theoretical considerations will be checked by field (b) Laboratory project. observations (c) Mr. J. F. Poland, U. S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, California. (2698) EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF CHANNEL STORAGE (a) Field investigation; "basic and applied ON PEAK DISCHARGE. research. (e) To determine the principles and factors (b) Laboratory project. involved in the strain, deformation, and (c) Mr. W. D. Mitchell, U. S. Geological compaction of water-bearing rocks resulting Survey, Champaign, Illinois. chiefly from changes in hydrologic environ- (d) Field investigation; basic research.

ment . (e) The objective is to develop parameters (h) "Correlation of Atterberg Limits with that describe the effect of channel storage Geology of Deep Cores From Subsidence in an areal correlation of peak flow. Areas in California, " by D. A. Morris and (f) Field investigation completed. A. I. Johnson, in Papers on Soils: Am. (g) Report in preparation. Soc. Testing Materials Spec. Tech. Pub. 25^, p. I83-I87 (1959). (2700) PARAMETERS CONTROLLING THE SHAPE AND "Hydrologic and Physical Properties of Late PATTERN OF NATURAL STREAM CHANNELS. Cenozoic Water-bearing Deposits of the Los Banos-Kettleman City Area, Western Fresno (b) Laboratory project. County, California," by A. I. Johnson and (c) Mr. M. G. Wolman, Dr. L. B. Brush, Jr., D. A. Morris, (mimeo.) (i960). and Dr. L. B. Leopold, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (2689) DIFFUSIONAL PROCESSES AND HYDRODYNAMICS OF (d) Basic research. SALT-FRESH WATER INTERFACE IN AQUIFERS. (e) The effect of discharge, load, grain size, slope, and channel curvature was studied (b Laboratory project. in a small channel free to adjust both bed (c Mr. H. H. Cooper, U. S. Geological Survey, and side walls. Tallahassee, Florida. (h) "Flow Resistance In Sinuous or Irregular (a Field and laboratory investigation; basic Channels" by Luna B. Leopold, Ralph A. and applied research. Bagnold, M. Gordon Wolman, and Lucien M. (e To determine the factors affecting the Brush, Jr., U. S. Geological Survey Profes- distribution of salt water in coastal sional Paper 282-D. aquifers subject to salt water encroachment. "Some Aspects of the Shape of River Meanders," by Ralph A. Bagnold, U. S. Geological Survey (2690 MICROSCOPIC FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA. Professional Paper 282-E.

(b Laboratory project. (2701) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT INVESTIGATIONS (c Dr. E. S. Simpson, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. (b) Field project (cooperative with Bureau of (a Laboratory investigation; basic research. Reclamation) (e To determine the factors affecting the (c) Mr. D. M. Culbertson, U. S. Geological pattern of microscopic flow of water and Survey, Lincoln, Nebraska. other liquids through porous media. (d) Field observations and theoretical analysis. (h Doctoral thesis to be published. (e) Field and theoretical investigations of the methods, equipment, and computations used (2692 ANALOG COMPUTER FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUND- for determining sediment movement; and the WATER FLOW SYSTEMS. theory of sediment transport. (g) Evaluation of the equal-transit-rate (ETR) (b Laboratory project. method of measuring suspended- sediment (c Mr. H. E. Skibitzke, U. S. Geological discharge indicates the method is satisfac- Survey, Phoenix, Arizona. tory when properly used. Tests of a new (a Theoretical study and instrument develop- (petrolatum-type) surface bed-material ment. sampler give results that compare favor- (e Development of the physical and mathe- ably with the core-type of sampler. The matical theory of ground-water flow systems modified Einstein procedure is adequate and construction of an analog computer for for computing total load when water analyzing ground-water flow systems under temperature is near freezing. In general, transient conditions. low values of roughness are associated with Functions generators being developed. low temperatures and high sediment loads on Middle Loup River at Dunning, Nebraska. (2695 CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE RECORDS IN TIDAL (h) "Investigations of Some Sedimentation STREAMS. Characteristics of a Sand Bed Stream," by D. W. Hubbell and others, Progress Report (b Laboratory project. No. 1, open file release. (c Mr. John Shen, U. S. Geological Survey, "Investigations of Some Sedimentation Washington 25, D. C. Characteristics of Sand Bed Streams," by (a Theoretical; applied research. D. W. Hubbell, Progress Report No. 2, (e To develop methods of obtaining continuous open file release. discharge records in tidal streams.

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(2703) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION. nels

(b) Cooperative with Texas A. and M. and State (3252) INTERRELATIONS OF LANDF0RM MORPHOLOGY, of Texas DIRECT STREAM RUNOFF AND GROUND WATER (c) Mr. G. E. Koberg, U. S. Geological Survey, DRAINAGE Denver, Colo. (a) Field investigation. 00 Laboratory project. (e) The purpose of this project is to develop (c) Dr. Charles W. Carlston, U. S. Geological methods, equipment, and techniques of ap- Survey, Washington 25, D. C. plying and maintaining a monomolecular film (a) Basic research. for suppressing evaporation, and to measure (e) Evaluation on the effects of geology on the effectiveness of the film in reducing drainage density and ground water drainage; evaporation. Field testing of application the effects of relief on runoff character- techniques of these alkanols has teen tried istics; and the relations of drainage densit with varying success. Research in this to direct runoff and ground water drainage. field must continue until reliable methods 00 Report in preparation. are developed which are economically feasible in obtaining the maximum evapo- (3253) CHANNEL STABILITY IN AN EPHEMERAL STREAM. ration reduction. Both laboratory and field studies will be continued. (b) Laboratory project. Field experiments are continuing near San (c) Dr. Luna B. Leopold, U. S. Geological Sur-

Ant oni o , Texas vey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; basic research. (29^7 STUDY OF AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION IN (e) In an ephemeral stream (arroyo), measure- ALLUVIAL CHANNELS. ments are being made on the following: Stress on rocks during a flow; movement and (b Laboratory project. location of rocks after flow; extent of (c Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., USGS, Washington scour and fill; movement of bars; and 25, D. C. changes in cross sections at certain loca-

(a Basic research. tions . (e A study of channel and hydraulic parameters associated with aggradation and degradation (325^) DISPERSION IN NATURAL STREAMS. in Muddy Creek, near Baggs, Wyoming. (b Atomic Energy Commission. (29^8 ANALOG MODEL ANALYZER FOR STEADY-STATE (c Mr. R. G. Godfrey, U. S. Geological Survey, GROUND-WATER FLOW PROBLEMS. Washington 25, D. C. (a Theoretical and field investigation; basic (b Laboratory project. research. (c Mr. R. W. Stallman, U. S. Geological Survey, (e To measure dispersion and relate dispersal Denver, Colorado. patterns to stream- channel geometry, fluid (a Theoretical study and instrument development. properties, and flow characteristics. (e Design and development of a variable-resis- Field tests continuing. tance grid analyzer for use in analyzing steady-state ground-water flow problems in (3255 ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER. which the transmissibility varies in space. (g Basic unit completed. (b Laboratory project. (h Report in preparation. (c Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey, Columbus 12, Ohio. (29^9 ULTRASONIC FLOW METER. (a Experimental; instrument design. (e To redesign, adapt, and repackage the (b U. S. Geological Survey. electromagnetic flow meter now used by the (c Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey, U. S. Navy, to measure velocity in open Columbus 12, Ohio. channels (d Experimental; instrument development. Experimental model undergoing field tests (e The objective is to measure the average velocity in a natural channel by acoustic (3257 MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL SEDIMENT DISCHARGE OF means COARSE SEDIMENTS. Instrument being tested at a field installation. (b Laboratory project. (c Mr. D. W. Hubbell, U. S. Geological Survey, (2950 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND CHANNEL ROUGHNESS Lincoln, Nebraska. IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS. (d Analytical; applied research. (e A review of the types of equipment currently (b Laboratory project. used to measure sediment moving as bed (c Mr. Thomas Maddock, Jr., U. S. Geological load and the preparation of a report covering Survey, Washington 25, D. C. criteria for sampler design and use. (a Basic research. (f Inactive (e Field and laboratory studies, original and (h Progress report in process of publication. other investigations will be analyzed in terms of sediment movement, channel rough- (3258 TRANSIENT FLOW IN A POROUS MEDIUM. ness, shear distribution in channel prism and other effects on shape of natural chan- (b Laboratory project.

l6h

A . .

(c) Mr. W. 0. Smith, U. S. Geological Survey, in Wells of Small Diameter," by F. C. Washington 25, D. C. Koopman and W. N. Palmqulst, Jr., Water (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. Resources Bulletin (Internal Publ.). (e) To determine validity of Darcy's law under "Evaluation of Equipment for Measurement non-steady state conditions of flow". of Water Level in Small Diameter Wells," (g) Data analysis in progress. by Eugene Shuter and A. I. Johnson, U.S.G.S., Water Supply Paper, (in review). (3260) SOIL-MOISTURE EQUIPMENT. (3263) SPECIFIC YIELD AND RELATED PROPERTIES. (t>) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Labora- (b) Cooperative with the State of California. tory, U. S. G. S., Denver, Colorado. (c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab., (d) Laboratory and field investigation; ap- U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado. plied research. (d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic (e) Laboratory model and field comparative and applied research. study of techniques and of various com- (e) Theoretical laboratory and field study of mercially available instruments for specific yield, and related properties, measuring soil moisture. New equipment such as moisture equivalent, field capacity, may also be designed as result of study. moisture tension, relative permeability (g) Field and laboratory calibrations of and time-drainage relationships, as related neutron meter, tensiometers, moisture to ground-water storage. Evaluation of blocks and sampling equipment. Evaluation existing, and possible development of new of neutron meter. Design of small-diameter methods for determining these properties. fast-response tensiometer. Library re- (g) Library research; laboratory study in progress search. or completed, of factors affecting column (h) The following reports are in the process of drainage, centrifuge moisture equivalent, review: moisture tension and relative permeability. "References on Soil-Moisture Measurement (h) "Effect of Temperature on Moisture Content Under Field Conditions," by A. I. Johnson as Determined by Centrifuge and Tension

(mimeo ) Techniques," by R. C. Prill and A. I. "Measurement of Soil Moisture Under Field Johnson in Papers on Soils: Am. Soc. Conditions" by A. I. Johnson, U.S.G.S., Testing Materials Spec. Tech. Pub. 25^, Water Supply Paper. p. 3^0-3^9 (1959).

(3261) MODEL STUDY FOR SALT WATER DIFFUSION. (326U) SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES (b) Laboratory study. (c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab., (b) Laboratory project. U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado, or Mr. H. H. (c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab., Cooper Jr., Research Engineer, U.S.G.S., U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado. Tallahassee, Florida. (d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied (d) Experimental; applied research. research.

(e) Model study is being used to study diffusion ( e ) Evaluate and adapt subsurface exploration at the interface between fresh and salt equipment and techniques, such as gamma water. Variable movement of interface ray and electric loggers, fluid velocity simulates effects of various amplitudes and and conductivity loggers, temperature periods of tidal action. loggers, power augers and core samplers, (g) Design and construct plastic model and for solving ground-water occurrence problems. conductivity-recording equipment; one test (g) Portable temperature logger nearly completed; run with fine-sand size glass beads and core samplers designed and commercial models one test run of medium sand completed. procured and compared under field conditions; power augering equipment and techniques (3262) SMALL-DIAMETER OBSERVATION-WELL EQUIPMENT evaluated; evaluation in progress of gamma- AND TECHNIQUES. ray, conductivity and temperature logging equipment for salt-water encroachment and (b) Laboratory project. waste disposal problems. Library research (c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic in progress. Laboratory, U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado. (h) The following reports are in process of (d) Laboratory and field investigation; ap- review: plied research. "References on Infiltration," by A. I.

(e) Design and evaluate equipment for recording Johnson (mimeo. ) depth-to-water in small -diameter wells; "Measurement of Infiltration," by A. I. test in model well in laboratory and on Johnson, U.S.G.S. Water-Supply Paper. ground-water wells under field conditions. "Portable Equipment for Bore-Hole Geo- (g) Design and construct model well; construct physical Exploration," by A. I. Johnson

small -diameter observation wells in field; (mimeo. ) (1958). design and construct equipment to be

adapted to water-state recorders on small- ( 3265 ) INVESTIGATION OF VADOSE FLOW THROUGH diameter wells; evaluation on model well HOMOGENEOUS ISOTROPIC MEDIA. in progress. (h) "Powered Float for Recording Water Levels (b) Laboratory project.

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(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab., INFLUENCE OF BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS. U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado. (d) Experimental; basic and applied research. (b) Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, (e) Lahoratory model study of infiltration of Georgia. fluids from surface pits into a thick (c) Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, Georgia Institute unsaturated zone ahove the water table of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. (g) Model tank designed and constructed; sever- (d) Experimental; applied research for master's al test runs with beads of different thesis. particle size completed; library research; (e) To determine the effect of boundary rough- test runs photographed by slide and movie. ness on the total energy loss due to abrupt (h) "Model Study of Infiltration into layered are a -enlargements in natural channels. Materials," by W. N. Palmquist, Jr., and (f) Completed. A. I. Johnson, presented at Am. Soc. Civil (g) "Energy Losses Associated with Abrupt Engineers Annual Convention, Boston, Oct. Enlargements" by C. E. Kindsvater, Water-

10-11+ , i960, (multilithed). Supply Paper 1369-B, U. S. Geological Progress report in review. Silent lapse-time Survey (to be published in 1961). movie on second and third phase of model study completed. (3923) DISTRIBUTION OF BOUNDARY SHEAR IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW. (3603) SURFACE FOLLOWER. (b) Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. R. W. Carter, U. S. Geological Survey, (c) Mr. E. G. Barron, USGS, Columbus 12, Ohio. Washington 25, D. C. (d) Experimental; design. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) The surface follower is designed to operate (e) Shear plates will be used in a flume to a recorder while following the level of the measure boundary shear in open- channel flow. water in a 2-inch vertical pipe. A switch If an accurate measure is obtained, the in a "float" closes either the up or down indirect methods of shear determination will circuit which rotates a drum raising or be evaluated. lowering the float. A shaft input (g) Laboratory study underway. recorder is coupled to the drum. (g) Production units undergoing field tests. (392U) GAGING FLOW THROUGH TURBINES

(3605) MINERALOGY OF FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS. (b) Atomic Energy Commission. (c) Mr. B. J. Frederick, U. S. Geological (b) Atomic Energy Commission. Survey, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. (c) Mr. V. C. Kennedy, USGS, Denver, Colorado. (a) Experimental; applied research. (a) Laboratory and field investigations. (e) To develop a method of rating turbines (e) Study of the mineralogy and cation-exchange with use of radioisotopes as a tracer capacity of fluvial sediments for typical similar to "salt dilution" method. hydrologic and geologic environments. (f) Test method and instrumentation being designed. (3606) STREAM CHANNEL GEOMETRY AS RELATED TO FLOOD FREQUENCY (3925) SURGES IN NATURAL CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. F. A. Kilpatrick, U. S. Geological (c) Mr. S. E. Rantz, U. S. Geological Survey, Survey, Atlanta 8, Georgia. Menlo Park, California. (a) Field investigation; basic research. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) The study is pointed toward finding a (e) To test application of classic wave theory relation between channel characteristics in a natural channel. (bank-full stage, bed slope, etc.) jjid (f) Completed. flood frequency. (g) Report in preparation. (g) Surveys and field investigations are being conducted in channel reaches in the (3926) GAGING OF SHALLOW MOUNTAIN STREAMS. Piedmont (b) Laboratory project. (3607) BATTERY OPERATED DIGITAL RECORDER. (c) Mr. R. G. Godfrey, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research. (b) Laboratory project. (e) The use of radioactive tracers for gaging (c) Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey, streamflow is feasible. Portable light- Columbus 12, Ohio. weight equipment is needed to sense and (a) Field investigation; operation. record the tracer concentration. Devel- (e) To develop a battery operated digital opment is underway of a suitable probe punch to record stream flow data. A shaft to measure flow in shallow mountain streams, rotation input becomes a 16 channel parallel (g) Available equipment being investigated. code output on paper tape. (f) Completed. (3927) DEPTH- DISCHARGE RELATIONS IN ALLUVIAL STREAMS (g) Production units being installed. (b) Laboratory project. (3922) ABRUPT CHANNEL ENLARGEMENTS AND THE (c) Mr. D. R. Dawdy, U. S. Geological Survey,

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Phoenix, Arizona. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Field investigation; basic research. (c) Mr. H. C. Riggs, U. S. Geological Survey, (e) To determine the cause of an abrupt dis- Washington 25, D. C. continuity in the depth- discharge relation (d) Field investigation; applied research. between the dune -bed form and the plane (e) Objective is to develop general expressions bed form in an alluvial stream. relating low flow characteristics of (g) The critical point of discontinuity is streamflow at one or more sites with the dependent upon temperature. The resistance basin characteristics of the area. Purpose to flow for discharges beyond the dis- is to increase the usefulness of short and continuity is related to bed material size. intermittent records of streamflow. (h) "Depth-Discharge Relations of Alluvial (g) The slope of the low- flow frequency curve Channels" by D. R. Dawdy, Water-Supply is related to drainage area, and the slope Paper 1U98-C, U. S. Geological Survey (to of the base-flow recession curve. A be published in 1961.) method of defining the base-flow recession curve is developed. 3928) EFFECT OF URBANIZATION OF PEAK DISCHARGE (h) Report in preparation.

(b) Laboratory project (3933) EVALUATION OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES IN (c) Mr. R. W. Carter, U. S. Geological Survey, HYDROLOGY. Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (b) Laboratory project. (e) To develop a general method of predicting (c) Dr. N. C. Matalas, U. S. Geological Survey, the frequency of flood discharges from Washington 25, D. C. urban areas based on all available hydro- (d) Experimental; applied research. logic information. (e) Objective is to determine the expected (f) Completed, values and the variances of the regression ''h) Report in preparation. parameters in order to develop tests of significance for the regression parameters. 3929) USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS IN (g) Expected values of regression parameters HYDROLOGIC STUDIES. have been determined. A solution for the variance of the regression coefficient is (b) Laboratory pro ject near completion.

(c) Mr. W. J. Schneider, U. S. Geological Survey, t Results show that use of random, dependent Washington 25, D. C. data has considerable influence on the (d) Field investigations; applied research. variance of the regression coefficient. (e) Objective is to determine possible rela- (h) "Statistical Analysis of Streamflow Data," tionships between basin characteristics and by M. B. Fiering, Doctoral Thesis, Harvard studies; University, low stream flow for areal and . i960. establish criteria for depicting streams "Distribution of Droughts with Respect to on topographic maps to meet needs in hydro- Time," by Dr. N. C. Matalas, U. S. Geological logic investigations. Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (in preparation) (g) Two pilot areas have been selected. I960. Drainage details on maps and aerial photo- "Frequency Analyses of Droughts," by Dr. graphs are being compared with observations N. C. Matalas, U. S. Geological Survey, made on ground. (in preparation) i960, Washington 25, D. C. "Statistical Properties at a Runoff-Effective 3930) FLOODS FROM SMALL AREAS. Precipitation Relationship," by Dr. N. C. Matalas, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington (b) Laboratory project. 25, D. C. (in preparation) i960. (c) Mr. W. D. Mitchell, U. S. Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois. (393*0 EXTENDING SMALL- AREA FLOOD RECORDS. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Purpose is to provide information and (b) Laboratory project. develop methods to solve small basin drain- (c) Mr. L. B. Peirce, U. S. Geological Survey, age structure design problems Montgomery, Alabama. (g) Data at 50 small basin sites have been (d) Field investigation; applied research. collected and hydrograph characteristics (e) Purpose is to develop methods, whereby 3- determined for 15 of these sites. or i+-year long records of streamflow can be related to long-term records of storm 3931) SOURCE OF BASE FLOW OF STREAMS rainfall, that will provide design information for hydraulic structures in stream (b) Laboratory project. channels (c) Mr. F. A. Kilpatrick, U. S. Geological (g) A means of using long-term rainfall records Survey, Washington 25, D. C. at nearby first -order weather stations, now (d) Field investigation; applied research. being devised. (e) Purpose is to define the source, amount and distribution of base flow of streams. (3935) FLOOD PLAIN ZONING IN SUBURBAN AREAS. (g) Field data being collected in Yellow River Basin in Georgia. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. D. G. Anderson, U. S. Geological Survey, 3932) AREAL ANALYSIS OF LOW FLOWS. 300 South Payne St., Fairfax, Virginia.

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(d) Field investigation; applied research. BRANDYWINE CREEK BASIN, PENNSYLVANIA AND (e) To determine magnitude and frequency of DELAWARE. flood discharges from records of short duration and develop a method to describe (b) Laboratory project. the water- surface profile for a flood of (c) Mr. R. 0. R. Martin and Mr. H. P. Guy, U. S. a given frequency at all points along the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. stream channel. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (g) Field data being obtained. (e) Objective is to appraise and determine the changes in runoff and sediment yield (3936) FLOOD-FREQUENCY RELATIONS WITHIN NEW ENGLAND. resulting from changes in land use. (f) Completed. (b) Laboratory project. (g) Final report in preparation. (c) Mr. M. A. Benson, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (3914-1) EFFECT OF REFORESTATION ON STREAM FLOW. (e) Objective is to understand the basic causative factors affecting peak flows and (b) Laboratory project. to improve the methods of flood- frequency (c) Mr. W. J. Schneider, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C. analysis (d) Field investigation; applied research. (f) Completed. (e) Purpose is to define the relation between (g) Historical-flood data permitted extension reforestation and stream flow. of flood knowledge to 300 years. Multiple- (f) Completed. correlation analysis led to formulas (g) Tree growth in reforested areas has reduced defining annual peak discharges with total runoff by as much as one-third and recurrence intervals from 1.2 to 300 years peak discharges by as much as one-half in in terms of 6 variables: 3 topographic, a twenty-five year period. 2 meteorologic and 1 orographic. (h) "A Progress Report on an Investigation of (h) "Channel -Slope Factor in Flood-Frequency the Influence of Reforestation on Streamflow Analysis," by M. A. Benson, Separate No. in State Forests in Central New York, " by 199^j American Society of Civil Engineers, G. R. Ayer, USGS, (open-file report) 19ty?. 9 p., 1959- Final report in preparation. "Effect of Forest Cover on Snowmelt Runoff," by G. R. Ayer, Proceedings, Eastern Snow (3937) FLOOD-FREQUENCY RELATIONS IN A SEMIARID Conference, i960. AREA. "A Program for the Investigation of the Influence of Forests on Stream Flow in the (b) Laboratory project. State of New York," by W. P. Cross (un- (c) Mr. M. A. Benson, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. published thesis), Ohio State University, (d) Field investigation; basic research. Columbus, Ohio, 1935. (e) Objective is to understand the basic "A Geologic and Hydrologic Study at Shackham causative factors affecting peak flows and Watershed, New York State," by D. E. Outlaw, to improve the methods of flood- frequency USGS, (open- file report) 1953. analysis "The Effect of Reforestation on Peak Dis- (g) Data on physical and meteorological charge," by W. J. Schneider, Forest Science characteristics have been compiled. (in process of publication) 1961.

(3938) FREQUENCY OF DEFICIENT DISCHARGE FOR (39^2) ERRORS IN DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS. PERIODS OF SELECTED LENGTHS. (b) Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. I. E. Anderson, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C. (c) Mr. J. R. Crippen, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) To identify the source, magnitude, distri- (e) Objective is to develop a method of low- bution, and effect of various errors, in flow frequency analysis that can predict discharge measurements, on the results comparable results from either a short- obtained. term or a long-term stream-flow record. (g) U. S. G. S. Methods satisfactory but less (f) Completed. demanding standards yield acceptable results. (g) Report in preparation. (h) Final report in preparation.

(3939) STUDY OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES, CLINCH RIVER, (39^3) USE OF PRECIPITATION RECORDS IN EXTENDING TENNESSEE. STREAMFLOW DATA.

(b) Atomic Energy Commission. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. P. H. Csrrigan, USGS, Oak Ridge, Term. (c) Mr. R.O. R. Martin, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (a) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Purpose is to undertake a comprehensive (e) Objective is to develop a practicable study of the entry, movement, location and method of using the precipitation records rate of radioactive wastes discharged into to augment short-term streamflow records the Clinch River by the Oak Ridge National and to test the extent of the improvement Laboratory. in reliability, (g) Methodology under study. (g) Correlation studies underway.

(39^0) THE TREND OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELD, l39kk) AUTOMATIC COMPUTATION OF DAILY DISCHARGE

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RECORDS. Survey, Albuquerque, New Mexico. (d) Field and office research. (b) Laboratory project. (e) Field and theoretical investigation of (c) Mr. W. L. Isherwood, U. S. Geological sediment transportation in sand bed streams Survey, Washington 25, D. C. Specifically included are hydraulic and (d) Experimental; operation systems. sediment data for the Rio Grande (e) To develop a practical system of collecting records of river stages in a form suitable (39^9) FACTORS AFFECTING BED-MATERIAL DISCHARGE for automatic computation through a high OF SAND BED STREAMS. speed computer with print out acceptable for offset reproduction. (b) Laboratory project. (g) Operational testing of a digital recorder (c) Mr. B. R. Colby, U. S. Geological Survey, nearly complete. Field testing of computer Lincoln, Nebraska. program underway. Reproduction system (d) Field and office research. under study. (e) Field and theoretical investigation of bed- material discharge of sand bed streams (39A5) STANDARD STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF STREAM- utilizing available sediment-load data for FLOW RECORDS. a range of width/depth ratios. (h) Initial report in preparation. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. C. R. Showen, U. S. Geological Survey, (3950) MEANDERING VALLEYS IN THE U. S. A. Washington 25, D. C. (d) Experimental; operation. (b) Laboratory project. (e) To develop operational systems and pro- (c) Dr. G. H. Dury, U. S. Geological Survey, grams for automatic computation of statisti- Washington 25, D. C. cal analyses of streamflow records. (d) Field and theoretical investigation; basic (g) Programs for duration tables, low-flow research. and high-flow summaries for consecutive (e) Hydrologic and paleoclimatic implications periods of various time periods now of meandering valleys, in relation to operational changes of discharge in the Pleistocene.

(39^6) MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF GROUND-WATER (3951) HYDROLOGY OF ARID REGIONS. DISCHARGE AREAS. (b) Laboratory project. (b) U. S. Geological Survey. (c) Mr. Gerald G. Parker, USGS, Denver, Colo. (c) H. E. LeGrand, U. S. Geological Survey, (d) Field investigations; both basic and ap- Washington 25, D. C. plied research. (d) Basic research. (e) Purpose is to develop a better understanding (e) Through geologic and hydrologic observations of the hydrology of arid regions and inferences hypothetical piezometric maps are to be prepared in the environs of (3952) STUDY OF THE MECHANICS OF HILLSLOPE EROSION. stream valleys. Various types of hydro- geological settings are being studied so (b) Laboratory project. that a specific stream can be compared with (c) Dr. S. A. Schumm, U. S. Geological Survey, its prototype Denver, Colo. (g) Feasibility evaluation completed. (d) Field investigation. (e) The purpose of this project is to study the (39^7) PROBLEMS OF CONTRASTING GROUND-WATER MEDIA mechanics of the erosion of hillslopes under IN CONSOLIDATED ROCKS. various physical conditions, and to appraise the relative influence of each factor in- (b) U. S. Geological Survey. volved in hillslope erosion in semi-arid (c) H. E. LeGrand, U. S. Geological Survey, and arid environments. Studies include Washington 25, D. C. quantitative measurements of hillslope

(d) Basic research. erosion and, to the extent possible , measure (e) Porous granular material overlies jointed ments of the contributing or related factors consolidated rock in many parts of the Such information is needed to determine the earth, resulting in two contrasting types amount of sediment derived from hillslopes of media through which water moves. De- and to provide guidance in planning erosion scription of media and hydrologic ramifi- control measures. Studies are in progress cations with variable geologic conditions in several areas in eastern and western and with variable head changes in the Colorado and western Utah. piezometric surface are considered for (g) A number of hillslope profiles have been the composite framework. measured and permanently monumented for (h) Geologic and hydrologic data assembled and future re-surveys. A rainfall- simulator report in preparation. infiltrometer has been designed by I. S. McQueen for use on several study plots. (39^8) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PARAMETERS IN SAND BED Soil samples have been obtained and STREAMS. analyzed.

(b) Laboratory project. (3953) BASIC RESEARCH IN VEGETATION AND HYDROLO- (c) Mr. J. K. Culbertson, U. S. Geological GY.

I69 (to) Laboratory project. Baltimore, Md. (c) Dr. R. S. Sigafoos, U. S. Geological Survey, (d) Field investigation. Arlington, Va. (e) The purpose of the project is to determine (d) Field investigation. the downstream effect the above types of (e) The purpose of this project is to study the structures exert on alluvial channels. All interrelationship hetween vegetation and available data are to be gathered and geomorphic processes by comparing qualitative summarized on channel surveys before and differences in distribution and form of after construction. This will be accomplished plants with selected geologic and hydrologic insofar as possible by correspondence with variables. This comparison is prerequisite State, Federal, and local agencies. to establishment of methods to measure bo-

tanical parameters quantitatively. The im- ( 3956 ) LONG-TERM HYDROLOGIC TRENDS AS INDICATED mediate objectives wiil be to identify and BY GLACIERS. map species limited to flood plains, to adjoining uplands, to alluvial fans, ter- (b) Laboratory project. races, coves and ridges; to study relation- (c) Dr. M. F. Meier, U. S. Geological Survey, ship between forest development and flood Tacoma, Washington. frequency, and to determine the effect of (d) Field investigation. land use upon changes in vegetation. (e) The purpose of this project is to learn (g) Two floods on the Potomac River, the first more of the mechanics of glaciers and to since the project was started in 1958 ex- relate ice thickness, velocity, slope, ceeded the bank full stage, thus permitting surface water flow, stream-line inclination, the collection of hydrologic botanical data and ablation. The hydrology of alpine basins, not available before. Superficial observa- including snow fields and ice-covered areas, tion suggests that certain herbaceous is important because of the relation of plants, bluebells, phlox, sweet ciceley, May climate, precipitation, snow melt and storage apple, and others, grow only on flood plain effects on the water resources of northern surfaces, higher than the flood having a and high-elevation areas. The project recurrence interval of 1.5 years. Plant consists of a basic research study in parts, soil, and surface run-off during a fundamental problems of glacier regime, storm were collected for chemical analysis studies of long-term fluctuations in hydro- in connection with the interagency strip logic factors, and relations between cli- mine project in Kentucky. Relations of matic and hydrologic factors. Comparisons trees to glacial moraines on Mr. Rainier, will be made between the regime nourishment Washington, are studied in an attempt to factors and activity of two similar valley develop a geochronology of that area. glaciers located in different climatic (h) "Botanical Evidence of Modern History of environments. Primary study area: South Nisqually Glacier, Washington," Professional Cascade Glacier, Washington. Paper 398-A, by R. S. Sigafoos and E. L.

Hendricks, is being processed. ( 3957 ) THE HYDROLOGY OF A PORTION OF THE HUMBOLDT RIVER VALLEY. (3954) CHARACTERISTICS OF GLACIER-FED STREAMS. (b) State of Nevada and U. S. Bureau of (b) Laboratory project. Reclamation. (c) Dr. R. K. Fahnestock, U. S. Geological (c) Mr. T. W. Robinson, U. S. Geological Survey, Survey, Fort Collins, Colo. Menlo Park, California. (d) Field investigation. (d) Field investigation. (e) The purpose of this project is to study (e) The purpose of this project is to determine the channel characteristics of streams how the available water in Humboldt River below active glaciers, especially those valley might better be utilized. The carrying substantial amounts of debris following hydrologic data will be collected which is sorted and transported by meltwater. and studied: (l) Runoff characteristics It should assist developing an understanding and magnitude of use of surface waters; of glacial outwash deposits, both present (2) the specific yield of sediments in the and past, in other areas. This study should flood plain and the magnitude and extent also add to both the knowledge of the in- of water-level fluctuations in the ground- fluence of diurnal fluctuations in flow on water reservoir; (3) the use of water by the characteristics of alluvial channels greasewood and willows; (k) variations in and to the knowledge of long term response chemical quality of the water in the flood of stream channels to glacier fluctuations. plain; (5) amount of underflow at Comus The project is carried on at White River and Rose Creek to be determined by means below Emmons Glacier, Mt. Rainier, Wash., of pumping tests of exploratory holes; and flume studies are carried out at Colorado (6) amount of ground water from tributary State University, valleys, to be determined on the basis of (h) U.S.G.S. Professional paper in review. chemical analyses and low- flow measurements. The General Hydrology Branch has furnished

( 3955 ) DOWNSTREAM EFFECT OF DAMS, DIVERSIONS, AND the project leader and will determine the IRRIGATION DRAINS ON ALLUVIAL CHANNELS. amount of water used by greasewood and willows by use of tanks (lysimeters) similar (b) Laboratory project. to those used In the Buckeye project. Site (c) Dr. M. G. Wolman, Johns Hopkins University, is near Winnemucca, Nevada, in the Humboldt

170 . .

River Valley. budget and mass transfer methods. Estimates can then be made of the quantity of water (3958) THE EFFECT OF EXPOSURE ON SLOPE MORPHOLOGY. salvageable by control or eradication of saltcedar. Large evapotranspirometers have (b) Laboratory project. been constructed In an environment of salt- (c) Mr. R. F. Hadley, U. S. Geological Survey, cedar and planted at the same density as in Denver, Colo. the surrounding area. The use of water from (d) Field investigation. these tanks will be measured and the effect (e) The purpose of this project is to de- of maintaining ground water at different termine the morphologic and hydrologic levels studied, differences existing among slopes of (g) All six tanks have been constructed and 5 various exposures and to measure the re- have been planted, instrumentation is nearly sulting effects on erosion, soil moisture, completed. and vegetational cover. Also, the effect of differential exposure on drainage-basin (3962) RESEARCH IN PHREATOPHYTES evolution will be investigated. Sites for study are several selected small areas in (b) Laboratory project. Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. (c) Mr. T. W. Robinson, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California. (3959) LONG-TERM CHRONOLOGIES ON HYDROLOGIC EVENTS. (d) Field investigation. (e) The purpose of this project is to estimate (b) Laboratory project. with reasonable accuracy the quantity and (c) Mr. W. D. Simons, U. S. Geological Survey, quality of the ground water consumptively Tacoma, Washington. wasted and to evaluate the quantity and (e) The purpose of this project is to provide quality of the water that can be salvaged information on flood and drought frequen- by control or eradication of the phreatophyte. cies and other critical hydrologic events The fields of study involved in attaining from the history of major river basins. these objectives are: (l) A knowledge of Data will be sought to evaluate long-term the habitats and life-cycle characteristics fluctuation in water supply to determine of problem phreatophytes; (2) the factors whether or not there has been either an that control their growth, development, and upward or downward trend during the last occurrence; (3) the factors that affect

2 or 3 centuries . Such data will include their use of ground water; and (k) economic crop records, news items, historical methods for effecting salvage of the water records, tree-ring data and lake levels. consumptively wasted by phreatophytes Efforts will be made to obtain useful data Among others, data are needed on occurrence, from anthropological research studies in which requires mapping of areas and density the Pacific Northwest. This study would of growth; relations of occurrence to the provide additional knowledge on probable quality of the ground water; depth of root frequency and duration of critical hydro- penetration; effects of phreatophytes on logic events especially droughts for each flood-plain erosion and sedimentary processes; major river basin. The first investigation and the annual water consumption for different would be in the Columbia River basin. depths to the water table under different climatic conditions, by species. (3960) ANALYSIS OF SURFACE-GROUND WATER RELATIONS, HOP BROOK BASIN, MASSACHUSETTS. (3963) EVAPOTRANSPIRATION THEORY AND MEASUREMENT.

(b) Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. J. C. Kammerer, U. S. Geological Survey, (c) Mr. 0. E. Leppanen, U. S. Geological Survey, Boston, Mass. Phoenix, Arizona. (d) Field investigation. (d) Field investigation. (e) The purpose of this project is to observe (e) The purpose of this project is to study the and evaluate some of the interrelated physical processes involved in evapotrans- responses of ground and surface water to piration and to develop techniques and conditions and changes of climate and eco- equipment for measuring evapotranspiration. logy characteristics of the spring, summer, The studies encompass an analysis of the and fall season, with particular reference physical forces and differential equations to 3 or h specific sites within the basin, describing the transport of momentum, latent as well as some basinwide effects, such as heat of evaporation, energy, water vapor, the changes in upstream limits of the and possibly carbon dioxide in the earth's surfaceTdrainage network. surface in order to develop practical techniques and instruments for the measure- (3961) USE OF WATER BY SALTCEDAR. ment of evapotranspiration. (g) The field phase of the project was completed (b) Bureau of Reclamation. in 1959 and considered highly successful (c) Dr. T. E. A. vanHylckama, U. S. Geological wherein the energy-budget method was used Survey, Phoenix, Ariz. for the direct measurement of evapotrans- (e) The purpose of this project is to measure piration loss from a vegetated land area. the use of ground water by saltcedar in

evapotranspirometers and to evaluate these ( 396^4- ) MECHANICS OF EVAPORATION, data against those obtained by energy- (b) Laboratory project.

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(c) Mr. J. S. Meyers, U. S. Geological Survey, physical and chemical properties of alluvial Denver, Colorado. materials and their relations to and effects (d) Field investigation. upon fluvial morphology are not well enough (e) The purpose of this project is to find ways understood and require considerable re- of simplifying and reducing the costs of search. Basic data are collected at about data collection for the energy-budget method 200 cross-sectional sites on as many as of evaporation determination:. This method possible of the following: channel shape, has proven to he accurate and reliable. dimensions, gradient, pattern, and roughness; However, it is costly and much simplification channel and bank vegetation; stream dis- is needed before it can be widely used to charge; velocity of flow; suspended and bed determine evaporation either from free water sediment loads; and the types of sediment

surfaces or from bare land surfaces . Data forming the cross-sectional perimeter of the processing has been another costly item; channels however, the use of high-speed computing machines are expected to reduce this some- (3967) STUDY OF AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION IN what after more reliability is built into STREAM CHANNELS. the field-recording systems. The possibility of using available Weather Bureau data will (b) Laboratory project. be explored. (c) Dr. S. A. Schumm, U. S. Geological Survey, (g) The energy-budget method of evaporation Denver, Colorado determination has been developed and has (d) Field investigation. proven much more accurate than the old (e) The purpose of this project is to study evaporation pan method. Much remains to the mechanics of channel formation in be done alluvium of semiarid and arid valleys, and sediment deposition in ephemeral stream (3965) HYDROLOGIC EFFECT OF VEGETATION MODIFICATION. channels. The physical properties of alluvial materials have not been related (b) Laboratory project. satisfactorily to stream channel character- (c) Mr. R. C. Culler, U. S. Geological Survey, istics. This project involves the relation Tuscon, Arizona. of sediment types to channel pattern, (d) Field investigation. longitudinal profile, channel shape and (e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate roughness, bed-load movement, and variations the change in water yield produced by the in discharge, and takes place in several vegetation modification and to develop a areas in Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas and more comprehensible understanding of the Nebraska. function of vegetation, within the hydrologic regime, under semiarid conditions. (3968; STUDY OF CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOOD Substitution of short-rooted grass for deep- PLAIN AGGRADATION TUSAYAN WASHES, ARIZONA. rooted trees is the basis for this study. The study has been divided into two parts; (b) Laboratory project. (l) The determination of the changes in (c) Mr. R. F. Hadley, U. S. Geological Survey, water yield produced by a pinon- juniper D2nver, Colorado. eradication program on a drainage area of (a) Field investigation. 200 square miles; and (2) the intensive (e) The purpose of this project is to determine study of 2 pairs of small watersheds to the physical and hydraulic factors that evaluate the hydrologic processes involved control channel characteristics in ag- and alterations that occur as a result grading and degrading alluvial channels in of vegetation modification. Correlations the semiarid and arid Southwest. An under- of runoff, using precipitation will be used standing of these processes is needed in for (l). In part (2) an attempt will be order to plan conservation practices in a made to evaluate the major portions of the logical and economic fashion. The project hydrologic cycle and to define the includes study of aggradation occurring interrelationships. Study site is Carrizo naturally as well as aggradation induced by and Corduroy Creek basins in the Fort Apache channel structures. Studies are in the Indian Reservation, Arizona. drainage basins of Polacca, Oraibi, Jeddito, (g) Six gaging stations were constructed. The Dlnnebito Washes, all tributary to Little Bureau of Indian Affairs has cleared Colorado River near Winslow in northeastern Corduroy basin of pinon- juniper, and cor- Arizona. relations are being computed. (g) Aerial photography of Oraibi Wash channel was obtained in June, i960. Repeat photo- (3966) EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS ON graphy to determine changes is planned for FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGY AND HYDRAULICS. interval of k to 5 years

(b) Laboratory project. (3969) GENERAL STUDIES OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION. (c) Dr. S. A. Schumm, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Field investigation. (c) Mr. R. F. Hadley and Mr. N. J. King, U. S. (e) The purpose of this project is to collect Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado. data on the physical properties of sediments (d) Field investigation. forming the perimeter of alluvial channels, (e) The purpose of this project is to investi- and to determine the effect of sediment type gate the basic processes of erosion in a on fluvial morphology and hydraulics. The semiarid and arid environment. Studies

172 )

fall into three general groups : ( 1 (d) Field investigation. Quantitative measurements of gully growth, (e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate channel widening, and channel erosion; the use of a waterspreader on forage yields. (2) measurements of rates of upland erosion; Little information is available on amounts and (3) detailed studies of a particular of water applied to and used by water- erosional process in a selected area. The spreaders or on the amounts of water needed

quantitative measurements will be utilized for successful waterspreaders . As water to aid in design of soil and water conser- becomes more in demand, information on the vation measures. Studies are being made efficiency of water used by waterspreaders in several areas in Montana, Wyoming, Utah, becomes increasingly important. Water ap- New Mexico, and Arizona. plied to the spreader is measured by means of a waterstage recorder which determines (3970) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION. the duration of flow through a pipe onto the spreader and by means of a rain gage. Plant (b) Laboratory project. measurements are being made by the Montana (c) Mr. A. 0. Waananen, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif. Agricultural Experiment Station. Study site (d) Field investigation. is the Willow Creek area near Fort Peck, Mont (e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate (g) The spreader site was precalibrated in terms the hydrologic effects of changes in land of kinds and quantities of plants present use associated with development of suburban, for three years before the waterspreader was industrial and urban communities; also constructed. One year of soil moisture included is a study of hydrologic problems records on the spreader and control areas in storm drainage in urban areas. Changes were obtained before water was applied to in land use associated with urban develop- the spreader. ment affect local hydrologic factors such as runoff, flood frequency, recharge, chan- (3973) STUDY OF PRECIPITATION, RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT nel stability, sediment production and the YIELD IN CORNFIELD WASH, NEW MEXICO. interrelationship between surface and ground water. Data on streamflow, precipitation, (b) Laboratory project. soil moisture and related hydrologic and (c) Mr. Durl E. Burkham, U. S. Geological Survey, climatologic data, topographic effects, and Albuquerque, New Mexico. geologic, soils, and ecologic information, (d) Field investigation. together with documentation of changes in (e) The purpose of this project is to obtain land use as they occur, are needed for hydrologic data for use in the design of proper evaluation. The study area, San soil and water conservation structures and Francisquito Basin at Stanford University, to evaluate the effects of structures on Palo Alto, California. control of flood runoff and erosion. The original study was started in 1951 when the (3971) THE HYDROLOGY OF PRAIRIE POTHOLES, NORTH Bureau of Land Management completed con- AND SOUTH DAKOTA. struction of reservoirs in an area about 15 miles southwest of Cuba, New Mexico. In the (b) Laboratory project. fall of 1957 part of the watersheds were (c) Mr. G. E. Harbeck, and Mr. J. B. Shjeflo, pitted by a mechanical pitter in an attempt U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado. to increase infiltration and growth of (d) Field investigation. vegetation. (e) The purpose of this project is to determine (h) "Water-Supply Paper 1^75 -B," reports the the water requirements of marsh and pothole results of the first five years, 1951-55- areas in the glaciated part of the Dakotas. The Garrison Diversion Project and the Oahe (397*0 LABORATORY STUDY OF THE GROWTH OF MEANDERS Diversion Project propose to bring irriga- IN OPEN CHANNELS. tion to about a million acres in North and South Dakota, a large portion of which is in (b) Laboratory project. the prairie pothole region. It is expected (c) Dr. M. G. Wolman and Mr. Michael Moore, that many potholes will be lost due to land John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. leveling and the construction of drainage (e) The purpose of this project is to attempt systems. Questions arise with regard to to establish channels having various initial the amount of water that will be required ratios of width to curvature. Each channel to meet the associated water demands from pattern will be allowed to develop under con- seepage, evaporation, and particularly trolled conditions of slope and discharge, transpiration from aquatic vegetation, and the rate of growth and change in pattern (g) A set of four potholes was chosen and will be observed continuously. This study rejected after geologic examination. A new is a continuation of the work begun in the set has been chosen and instrumentation is experiments by Leopold, Bagnold, Wolman, under way. and Brush and deal with the energy losses and behavior of curved channels. (3972) STUDY OF WATER APPLICATION AND USE ON A RANGE WATERSPREADER IN NORTHEASTERN MONTANA. (3975) STUDY OF EFFECTS OF GRAZING IN BADGER WASH AREA, COLORADO. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. F. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen, Mr. (b) Laboratory project. R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colorado. (c) Mr. G. C. Lusby, U. S. Geological Survey,

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Denver j Colorado. (3978) EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL TREATMENTS ON ARID (d) Field Investigation. LAND IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. (e) The purpose of this project is to determine the effects of grazing exclusion in regard (b) Laboratory project. to improving vegetation, and reducing (c) Mr. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen, and Mr.

damaging floods , upstream erosion and down- R. F. Miller, U. S. Geological Survey, stream sedimentation. This study was plan- Denver, Colorado ned and started in 1953 as a cooperative (d) Field investigation. undertaking "between the Bureau of Land (e) The purpose of this project is to determine Management, Forest Service, Bureau of the effects of different mechanical treat- Reclamation, and the Survey. Studies by ments on arid lands. Several small basins the Fish and Wildlife Service started a on land administered by the Bureau of Land year later. The study "by agreement is to Management in central Montana, eastern run for 20 years. Twenty reservoirs were New Mexico, and western Colorado, are the constructed and records of runoff and sedi- study sites. Some reservoirs have been, ment are collected on each. The study area and others are to be constructed in each is divided into four pairs of areas each of these basins, and runoff and sediment with a dam and reservoir. One of each pair yield is being and has been determined is fenced to exclude grazing and the other before treatments are applied. Among the is left open. Study area is about 8 miles treatments applied after pre calibration are northwest of Mack, Mesa County, Colorado. the following: spike-tooth pitting, ec- (g) Data collection is continuing. Only slight centric-disc pitting, and contour furrowing changes have been noted so far. Changes in (with furrow intervals determined on the hO permanent cross-sections are computed basis of computed furrow water-storage periodically. capacity). Other measurements made would include: vegetation kinds and quantities (3976) EVALUATION OF SEDIMENT BARRIER ON SHEEP before and after treatment, soil -moisture CREEK, NEAR TROPIC, UTAH. storage and seasonal and annual changes, (g) Certain areas in Montana and New Mexico (b) Laboratory project. are already under study and have been (c) Mr. G. C. Lusby, U. S. Geological Survey, instrumented. Denver, Colorado. (d) Field investigation. (3979) GENERAL EVALUATION OF SOIL AND MOISTURE (e) The purpose of this study is to test the TREATMENT PRACTICES. effectiveness of treatment methods to reduce the high sediment contribution of (b) Laboratory investigation.

the Paria River and similar streams . In (c) Mr. K. R. Melin, U. S. Geological Survey, addition to land-treatment practices, which Denver, Colorado. will be carried out by the Forest Service, (d) Field investigation. National Park Service, Bureau of Land (e) The purpose of this project is to appraise Management and Soil Conservation Service, the structures and treatment practices used the Bureau of Reclamation has constructed in soil moisture conservation to determine a small barrier on Sheep Creek. The Survey their effectiveness in accomplishing the is to measure the effect of this barrier purposes for which they were designed. The on runoff and sediment at a site about 7 field studies include maintenance of records miles southwest of Tropic, Utah, on runoff, erosion and sedimentation to (g) A dam was constructed on Sheep Creek. in determine the effects of the structures or the Spring of i960 and sediment samplers practices at several areas in Colorado, were located in three places in Creek bed Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Montana, and New this summer. There has been no runoff as Mexico. yet. (3980) HYDROLOGY OF DEATH VALLEY. (3977) HYDR0L0GIC EFFECTS OF SMALL RESERVOIRS. (b) Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. T. W. Robinson and Mr. C. B. Hunt, U. S. (c) Mr. F. W. Kennon and Mr. R. W. Stallman, Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California. U. S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma City 2, (d) Field investigation. Oklahoma. (e) The purpose of this report is to study the (d) Field investigation. various phases of the hydrology of Death (e) During recent years there has been a great Valley. Data on evaporation, wind movement, increase in the number of small reservoirs humidity and temperature are being obtained being constructed for stock water supply, under informal agreement with the National irrigation, flood control, recreation, and Park Service. Relations of plants to salinity other uses. The purpose of this project and effects of salinity on evapotranspiratlon is to evaluate this type of construction also are being investigated. in terms of its effect on the hydrology of the area. Similar work has been done in (3981) PLEISTOCENE LAKES OF THE GREAT BASIN. other parts of the West. (g) Work in progress on Sandstone Creek, Okla., (b) Nevada State Engineers. Honey Creek, Texas and several other small (c) Mr. C. T. Snyder, U. S. Geological Survey, watersheds in Texas. Menlo Park, California.

17k . . . . .

(d) Field investigation. the same macroclimate but different soils (e) The purpose of this project is to prepare Plants have been used as indicators of a map based on data gathered during Soil conditions, processes and uses for many and Moisture Conservation investigations years. Where plants can be used as indi- showing the Pleistocene Lakes in the Great cators of soil conditions, expensive Basin area. Further refinements can now measurements of physical and chemical he made to Lakes Lahounta and Bonneville properties can be reduced. Plant species and the associated smaller lakes that or communities may be used as indicators existed concurrently. An additional large of potential production to be expected from Pleistocene lake recently discovered is land management and treatment practices. included. Research sites are near Golden, Colorado. Other sites will be selected.

(3982) INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ION DISTRIBUTION ( g ) Preliminary work and some mapping has been AND WATER MOVEMENT IN SOILS AND THE AS- accomplished. SOCIATED VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. R. F. Miller, U. S. Geological Survey, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF Denver, Colorado. RECLAMATION. (d) Field investigation. (e) The purpose of this study is to obtain Inquiries concerning the following projects should information basic to improvement of water be addressed to Assistant Commissioner and Chief use and vegetation yields on arid lands. Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal These data are needed to evaluate the Center, Denver 25, Colorado. potential of treatment practices proposed on an extensive scale on the public domain. (1502) STABLE CHANNEL STUDIES- -TRACTIVE FORCES This study emphasizes the investigation of REQUIRED TO MOVE NONCOHESIVE MATERIALS. soil chemistry as it affects the swelling or shrinkage of soils and may have as great (f) Tests completed; report in preparation. an effect of hydrologic characteristics as texture. Study areas are in several lo- (1777) SIPHON SPILLWAY STUDIES. cations on public lands in several western states (b) Laboratory project. (g) Special equipment in place. Data collection (d) Experimental, laboratory and field investi- now in progress. gations; applied research and design. (e) Develop an improved design for lower (3983) DEVELOPMENT OF FIELD CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING priming head and short priming time. At- SITES FOR FLOOD WATER SPREADING. tempts will be na de to design a partiaii- zation device to regulate the discharge of (b) Laboratory project. the siphon by means of a self-regulating air (c) Mr. R. F. Miller, U. S. Geological Survey, intake, thereby enabling the siphon to Denver, Colorado operate more or less continuously at reduced (d) Field investigation. flow rather than intermittently at full (e) The purpose of this project is to determine capacity. field criteria with which to evaluate (g) The priming head for minimum operating dis- potential sites before making relatively charge has been reduced to 25 percent of the large expenditures for further developments head required in standard design; corres- Examinations made to date on spreaders in ponding discharge is about 20 percent of the several localities suggest that in addition discharge for standard design. Shape and to adequacy of water available the infil- length of the bucket on the downstream end tration characteristics and moisture-holding of the barrel have been proportioned for capacity of the soils are important factors. maximum discharge coefficient. Position and The kinds and quantities of vegetation angle of the deflector in the barrel have growing where water collects naturally on been determined. similar soils on or near proposed sites may be a useful indicator of the potentiality (2^55) CASA C0L0RADA CHANNEL ALINEMENT- -MIDDLE of the site after water is applied. RIO GRANDE. (g) Existing waterspreaders in Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. (f) Completed; for further studies of channelization by steel jetties see (3271). (3984) WATER AND SOIL RELATIONSHIPS AS INDICATED (h) "Use of Steel Jetties for Bank Protection BY PLANT SPECIES OR PLANT COMMUNITIES. and Channelization in Rivers," by E. J. Carlson and P. F. Enger, Paper 87, August (b) Laboratory project 1956. (c) Mr. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen, Mr. R. F. Miller, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, (2^57) EROSION AND TRACTIVE FORCE STUDY OF UNLINED Colorado AND EARTH- LINED CANALS. (d) Field investigation. (e) The purpose of this project is to determine (f) Collection of field data and laboratory whether or not phonological development of testing in progress, vegetation differs for communities having (h) "Progress Report No. 3, Canal Erosion and

175 . . .

Tractive Force Study—Correlation of Labora- have been analyzed. tory Test Data- -Lower-cost Canal Lining Program, " by P. F. Enger, J. Merriman, B. (295U) GLEN CANYON TUNNEL PLUG OUTLET WORKS, A. Prichard, and M. J. Ruffatti, General Report No. 26, July i960. (f) Completed. (h) "Air and Hydraulic Model Studies of the (2705) TRINITY DAM-MORNING-GLORY SPILLWAY. Left Diversion Tunnel Outlet Works," by W. P. Simmons, Jr., Report No. Hyd-1+68, (f) Completed. September i960. (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Trinity Dam Morning-glory Spillway- -Trinity River (2955) CAVITATION IN SUDDEN ENLARGEMENTS DOWN- Division—Central Valley Project, Calif.," STREAM FROM GATE VALVES.

by W. B. McBirney, Report No. Eyd-kkj , April i960. (b) Laboratory project. "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Trinity (d) Experimental; applied research and design. Dam Spillway Flip Bucket—Central Valley (e) Tests are being made at heads from 200 Project, California," by T. J. Rhone, Re- to ^00 feet to determine the critical port No. Hyd-U67, August i960. cavitation indexes for gate valves operating at partial openings and discharging (2719) GLEN CANYON DAM SPILLWAY. into pipe sections 1.5, 1«75> and 2.0 times the nominal valve diameter. (b) Laboratory project. (h) Report to be prepared. (d) Experimental, for design. (e) The model, built to a scale of 1:63.5, (2958) HOLLOW- JET VALVE STILLING BASINS FOR includes the tunnel spillways on both sides OUTLET WORKS. of .the river, the curved arch dam, the outlet works, the powerhouse, and a section (f) Completed. of the Colorado River upstream and down- (h) "Stilling Basin for High Head Outlet Works stream from the dam. Utilizing Hollow- Jet Valve Control (Basin (f) Report in preparation. The model is being VIII)" by G. L. Beichley and A. J. Peterka, retained to assist in solving river di- Report No. Hyd-M+6, April i960. version and other problems that arise during the construction period. (2959) STILLING BASINS FOR SLIDE GATE CONTROLLED (g) Alinements for the excavated spillway ap- OUTLET WORKS. proach channels, tunnel transitions between the spillway crest and the inclined tunnel, (b) Laboratory project. new type flip buckets in new locations, (d) Experimental; applied research and design. and other recommended features and pro- (e) A study to generalize stilling basin cedures have resulted from the studies. dimensions, using either one or two slide gates (2721+) FRICTION FACTOR TEST IN LARGE PRESSURE (h) Report to be prepared CONDUITS- -WEBER-COULEE SIPHON. (2960) FLAMING GORGE DAM SPILLWAY. (f) Completed. (g) Results in good agreement with previously (b) Laboratory project. published data. (d) Experimental; for design. (h) "Progress Report 1—Friction Factors for (e) A 1:36 scale model has been constructed Large Conduits Flowing Full— Eklutna, to develop a satisfactory approach channel, Neversink, and East Delaware Tunnels, Weber crest section, tunnel transition and spill- Coulee Siphon, San Diego Aqueduct," by J. way, flip bucket, and outlet works. C. Schuster and R. B. Dexter, Report No. (g) The model is being retained to help solve Hyd-^60, March i960. any problems that arise during the construction period. A satisfactory structure (2953) STUDIES OF WIND WAVES ON CANALS. has been developed having good flow conditions throughout (b) Laboratory project. (h) Report in preparation. (d) Experimental, laboratory and field investigations, applied research and design. (3267) CANAL INLET AND OUTLET TRANSITION STUDIES,

( e ) Laboratory and field studies are being conducted to develop relationships to pre- (b) Laboratory project. dict erosion produced by surface waves on (d) Experimental; applied research and design. canal banks. (e) Head loss and scour tests are in progress (f) Field data are being analyzed. Reports in to determine the effects of angle of preparation. divergence or convergence from pipe to canal (g) Waves have been measured on field canals, or vice versa, and the effects of the slope and wave characteristics have been cor- and elevation of the pipe with respect to related with channel characteristics and the canal wind velocity and direction. Laboratory (h) Report to be prepared. and field concerning the erosion characteristics of waves on earth material from one (3269) EFFECT OF SHADE PRODUCED BY SUSPENDED canal have been conducted and some data SEDIMENTS ON THE GROWTH OF AQUATIC WEEDS.

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(f) Completed. (g) Data were obtained for 15 test discharges (h) "Some Effects of Suspended Sediment on over a Reynolds number range of k.h x 105 Growth of Submersed Pondweeds, " by N. E. to 5-9 x 10°. Friction factors computed Otto and P. F. Enger, General Laboratory- from the Darcy-Weisbach equation ranged Report No. GEN-27, July i960. from 0.020 to 0.011, respectively; corresponding Manning "n" values are 0.015 to 0.011 (3270) SAN ACACIA DIVERSION- -HEADWORKS AND SLUICEWAY. (3276) F0SS DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(f) Tests completed (f) Completed. (h) Report in preparation. (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Foss Dam River Outlet Works Stilling Basin, " by D. (3271) CHANNELIZATION IN ALLUVIAL RIVERS USING Colgate, Report No. Hyd-466, August i960. STEEL JACKS AND JETTIES. (3278) CAVITATION OF CONCRETE SURFACE IRREGULARITIES (f) Tests completed. (h) Report in preparation. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; applied research and design. (3272) NAVAJO DAM SPILLWAY AND AUXILIARY OUTLET (e) The cavitation-producing potential of WORKS. concrete surface irregularities such as abrupt offsets, protruding filler material, (f) Tests completed. bug holes, etc., is being investigated. (h) Report in preparation. The test apparatus employs full-scale velocities and pressures. (3273) NAVAJO DAM DIVERSION AND OUTLET WORKS (h) "Why Close Tolerances are Necessary* Under STILLING BASIN. High-velocity Flow, " by J. W. Ball, Report No. Hyd-i+73, October i960. (f) Completed. (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Navajo Dam (3280) GLEND0 DAM OUTLET WORKS. Diversion and Outlet Works Structures," by G. L. Beichley, Report No. Hyd-1+57, (f) Completed. August i960. (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Glendo Dam Outlet Works," Missouri River Basin Project,

( 3274) CONSTANT HEAD ORIFICE TURNQUT. Wyoming," by W. E. Wagner, Report No. Hyd-U6l August i960. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; applied research and design. (3281) ISLAND BEND CONTROL GATES, (e) A 2k-inch slide gate turnout is being calibrated by means of a 1:2 scale model. (f) Completed. Design changes resulting from use of the (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Island turnout have necessitated an analysis and Bend Control Gate, Snowy Mountains Hydro- calibration of the variables affecting Electric Authority, Australia," by W. P. the discharge capacity. Simmons, Jr., Report No. Hyd-U62, April (g) Results show that submergence of the i960. orifice or of the upstream gate of the two- gate turnout has a major effect on the (3608) TWIN BUTTES OUTLET WORKS, discharge coefficient. A calibration for a 9-cfs standard turnout and several (f) Completed. comparative calibrations of modified (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Twin Buttes Dam turnouts have been obtained. Outlet Works--San Angelo Project, Texas, (h) Report in preparation. by T. J. Rhone, Report No. Hyd-i+63, May i960.

(3275) FRICTION FACTOR TESTS IN LARGE PRESSURE (3609) TWIN BUTTES OUTLET WORKS INTAKE STRUCTURE. CONDUITS- -EKLUTNA TUNNEL, ALASKA.

( f ) Completed (b) Laboratory project (h) Report in preparation. (d) Experimental, field investigations; for design. (3610) HYDRAULIC D0WNPULL ON HIGH HEAD SLIDE GATES, (e) Extension of data to provide information on friction factors for smooth interior (f) Completed. finishes of concrete that can be consistent- (h) "Hydraulic Downpull Forces on High Head ly produced with present-day construction Gates," by Donald Colgate, and "Air Model methods. A second set of tests was Studies of Hydraulic Downpull on Large completed in i960 on the 9-foot-inside- Gates," by W. P. Simmons, Jr., Journal diameter concrete -lined tunnel. Head Hydraulics Division, Proceedings ASCE, losses were measured over a length of November and January 1959- 2,53*+ diameters. Average velocities of "Model Studies of Hydraulic Downpull Forces flow were determined from calibrated that act on the Palisades -type Regulating pressure taps in two turbine scrollcases. Slide Gate and the Glendo Fixed Wheel Gate," (f) Tests and data analyses are completed. by W. P. Simmons, Jr., and Donald Colgate, Report on second set of tests in prepara- Report No. Hyd-^21, February 1957- tion.

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(3611) ADJUSTABLE WEIR, of the Hydraulics Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Paper 2316, Dec. 1959. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental, laboratory and field investi- (3985) DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF LARGE CONCRETE-LINED gations, applied research. CANALS. (e) Weirs having an adjustable crest height are used for checking water surface levels for (b) Laboratory project. upstream water delivery and for water (d) Experimental, laboratory and field investi- measurement beyond weir. An investigations; applied research and design. gation of the head-discharge capacity of (e) This study is for the purpose of exploring a single 2-foot-crest-length weir has been the effects on the hydraulic gradient of the completed. Extension of the study to relationship of boundary surface resistance include combinations of weirs and those to the cumulative resistance of crossings, having adjustable crest length is contem- inlets, turnouts, checks, and other local plated. items in concrete -lined canals of different (f) Single weir investigation completed. sizes, shapes and grades. This study is part (g) Capacity of weir for crest heights greater of a program to explain why design procedures than 0.1 foot above fixed blade compares used successfully for small and medium sizes very favorably with standard 2-foot of canals may not be adequate for large Cipolletti weir. concrete -lined canals on flat slopes. (h) Report in preparation. (3986) MERRITT DAM CANAL OUTLET WORKS. (3612) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR RADIAL GATES, (b) Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; for design. (d) Experimental, laboratory and field investi- (e) A 1:20 scale model was constructed to develop gations; applied research. the design of the outlet works stilling basin (e) Radial gates are used extensively in irri- and the canal wave suppressor for discharges gation systems for discharge and water sur- up to 1,3^0 second- feet from two k- by it- face level control. Intelligent operation foot high-pressure slide gates. of the systems requires that the rate of (f) Completed. flow passing the gated structure be known. (g) A satisfactory stilling basin and wave sup- Literature research resulted in an analyti- pressor in the canal immediately downstream cal approach and adjusted equation for the from the basin was developed which provided gate capacity with unsubmerged flow. A quiet flow in the concrete-lined canal at model gate was designed and will be instal- the Parshall flume measuring station. led in the laboratory to obtain data for (h) Report in preparation. checking the proposed formula and extending the scope of presently available infor- (3987) HIGHWAY RUNDOWN DRAIN. mation. (f) Model to be constructed. (b) Bureau of Public Roads. (d) Experimental; for design. (3613) COMPOUND WEIR STUDIES. (e) The studies were concerned with determining the capacity of a highway rundown drain and (b) Laboratory project in developing a satisfactory energy dissi- (d) Experimental, applied research. pator fabricated from standard corrugated (e) Develop relationships for flows through metal pipe components to provide protection combined V-notch and rectangular contracted against erosion at the exit. weirs, particularly in the transition range (f) Tests completed. of discharges. Several sizes tested. (g) Tests indicated that the capacity is (f) Tests completed. approximately twice that used in present de- (h) Report is in preparation. sign practice. Satisfactory protection against erosion at the exit was obtained (36lJ+) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SUBCRITICAL FLOW IN by using either a standard end section with CURVED CHANNELS. extensive riprap protection, or a simple, easily fabricated, energy dissipator devel- (b) Laboratory project. oped in the laboratory with minimum riprap (d) Experimental; applied research and design. protection. (e) A fixed-bed, hydraulic model has been (h) Report in preparation. constructed to determine the possibility of reduction in scour and deposition in (3988) YELLOWTAIL DAM OUTLET WORKS. unllned channels due to secondary currents. Preliminary investigations will be con- (b) Laboratory project. ducted by varying the radius of curvature (d) Experimental; for design. and the central angle. (e) A 1:28 scale model is being constructed to develop a satisfactory stilling basin for (3615) TUNNEL SPILLWAY FLIP BUCKETS. the outlet works which is controlled by two 8^-inch hollow jet valves. The problem (f) Completed. is unusual because of the extreme variations (h) "Improved Tunnel Spillway Flip Buckets," in tail-water elevation for normal operating by T. J. Rhone and A. J. Peterka, Journal discharges.

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(f) Tests in progress. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; for design. (3989) YELLOWTAIL DAM LWAY. (e) A 1:12.52 scale model was constructed to determine the modifications to the struc- (b) Laboratory project. ture necessary because of an increased (d) Experimental; for design. irrigation water demand. Because the out- (e) A 1:50 scale model is "being constructed to let works head and discharge were increased develop the spillway intake, the tunnel, materially, flows from the old stilling basin and the hydraulic jump stilling basin. basin were diverted through a bypass pipe The basin is designed to still flows up to into the larger service spillway stilling 12,000 second- feet and flip larger flows basin. up to 92,000 second-feet into the river (f) Completed. channel (g) Baffle piers, a training wall modification, and a wave suppressor were added to the (3990) BAFFLED APRON FOR GRAVITY FLOW BYPASS, outlet works stilling basin to provide a WILLARD CANAL PUMPING PLANT NO. 1. satisfactory basin for discharges greater than twice the original design capacity. (b) Laboratory project. An intake for a 72-inch steel bypass pipe (d) Experimental; for design. and a specially shaped discharge nozzle (e) A 1:10 scale model is being constructed to were also developed to provide a satis- develop a baffled apron constructed on a factory means of discharging the flow from 5-1/2:1 slope rather than the usual 2:1 the outlet works basin to the service spill- slope. The baffled apron is a chute way basin. The nozzle imparts a spinning studded with baffle piers of a height and motion to the water entering the service arrangement to maintain a nonaccelerating basin, resulting in greater dispersion and flow of water from an upper to a lower better performance. level. Since no stilling pool is used at (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Shadehill Dam the downstream end of the chute, the height Outlet Works Modification," by G. L. and placement pattern of the baffle piers, Beichley, Report No. Hyd-^53, September the height of the training walls, and the 1959- entrance characteristics of the flow are critical factors in the design of a satis- (399*0 HYDRAULIC JUMP CHUTE BLOCK AND BAFFLE factory apron. Generalized hydraulic de- BLOCK PRESSURES. sign data are available for chutes on a 2:1 slope but no information exists for (b) Laboratory study. flatter slopes such as the proposed 5-1/2:1 (d) Experimental; applied research and design. slope (e) A conventional hydraulic jump stilling (f) Tests in progress. basin with a 2:1 approach slope has been constructed in a i+-foot-wide flume for the (3991) SEDIMENT TESTS ON PROTOTYPE DIVERSION DAMS, purpose of relating chute block and baffle KANSAS RIVER BASIN, NEBRASKA- KANSAS. pier pressures to entrance velocity, entrance flow depth, and tail-water (b) Laboratory project. elevation. (d) Experimental, field investigation; applied (f) Tests in progress. research and design. (g) Thus far, maximum subatmospheric pressures (e) Data were taken at k diversion dams to de- on square edged chute blocks have been termine the effectiveness of the structures found to occur on the downstream face of in reducing the amount of bed sediment the blocks, near the sides and floor. entering the canals. The results will be compared with those from hydraulic model (3995) LABORATORY STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EQUILIBRI- studies UM BEACH PROFILE FOR FIGARDEN RESERVOIR (g) Data obtained in the field has been SITE- -CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT, CALIFORNIA. partially analyzed. (b) Laboratory project. (3992) SHERMAN OUTLET WORKS. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) The reservoir soil, mean diameter 0.6 mm, (b) Laboratory project. was placed on a 1:1-1/2 slope in a 1-foot (d) Experimental; for design. wide test section. Waves were directed (e) A 1:20 scale model was constructed to de- to represent directly approaching onshore velop the design of the stilling basin for waves. Profile data were obtained for de- discharges up to 1,600 second-feet from termining a dimensionless beach profile in two k- by 5-foot high pressure slide gates. terms of the wave length. (f) Completed. (f) Tests completed. (g) A satisfactory basin was developed to pro- (g) Previously established parameters were vide quiet flow from the basin into the verified and new ones were developed. The earth-lined canal. study indicates that design curves could (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Sherman Dam be developed to aid in predicting beach Outlet Works," by G. L. Beichley, Report profiles of reservoirs. No. Hyd-l+55, September 1959- (h) Report in preparation.

(3993) SHADEHILL DAM OUTLET WORKS MODIFICATION. (3996) HIGH HEAD ORIFICE STUDIES.

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("b) Laboratory project. (710) RESEARCH ON MAIN INJECTION SCOOPS AND OVER- (d) Experimental; applied research and design. BOARD DISCHARGES. (e) Tests at heads of 200 to 550 feet are being conducted on concentric circular orifices (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. J in a 3-inch-diameter pipeline to determine (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re-

transient pressures , cavitation character- search. istics, critical cavitation indexes, and (e) Investigations to determine the character- the effect of cavitation on the discharge istics of injection scoops and discharges coefficient to provide design data for use in design of (f) Tests in progress. future ships in both high and low speed (h) Report to he prepared. ranges (h) "Boundary Layer Investigation on the USS (3997) TWIN BUTTES AUXILIARY OUTLET GATES. TIMMERMAN EAG152 (ex-DD828)," C. L. Sayre

and E. J. Duerr, TMB Rept . 1170, Sept. i960. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; for design. (711) CAVITATION RESEARCH. (e) A 1:15 scale model of a 2-foot high- pressure gate and entrance conduit is (b) Bureau pf Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. used to develop a satisfactory bellmouth (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- entrance which must be fitted in a rela- search. tively short distance. Calibration curves (e) Research is being conducted on the mechanis will also be obtained for the gate which and effects of cavitation phenomena in real operates under a head of 101 feet. and ideal fluids, (l) Linearized theory is (f) Tests in progress. being applied to determine cavity shapes (h) Report to be prepared. and forces in steady flows. (2) Experi- mental studies of the growth of cavities on (3998) JET FLOW GATE- -TRINITY DAM. hydrofoils are to be made in both steady and unsteady flows (see reference No. 328^) (b) Laboratory project. (3) A device is being developed to measure (d) Experimental; for design. the extent of cavitation on the surface of (e) Laboratory tests were made on the most a hydrodynamic body. recent design of the jet flow gate to de- (g) A better correlation between theoretically termine operating characteristics, dis- and experimentally determined cavity shape charge coefficients, and air demand for has been achieved by modifying linearized free discharge and conduit discharge flow cavitation theory to include surface conditions. Conduit lengths ranging from tension effects. k to 22 times the gate orifice diameter (h) "Surface Tension Effects in Two-Dimensional were used on the 1:15 scale model. Steady Cavitating Flow," by Dr. S. H. Schot. (f) Tests completed. Paper presented at the November i960 meeting (h) Report in preparation. of the American Physical Society, Division of Fluid Dynamics, Baltimore, Maryland.

(1506) STIMULATION OF TURBULENCE ON SHIP MODELS. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Frictional resistance research. Inquiries concerning the following projects should (e) Development of a turbulence stimulating de- be addressed to the Commanding Officer and vice which will insure adequate turbulence Director, David Taylor Model Basin, Wash. 7, D. C. in the boundary layer over the entire length of any ship model. Empirical and (709) THEORY OF WAVE RESISTANCE. theoretical studies will be conducted to evaluate the relative effectiveness of tur- (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. bulence rods, trip wires, sand roughness, (d) Hydrodynamic research. isolated stubs, noise makers and vibrators. (e) A mathematical study of the theory of wave Their relative effectiveness will be cal- resistance for the purpose of establishing culated by studying the model resistance methods for extending the theory to the and the character of the boundary layer analysis of ship resistance. Studies will flow around ship models as determined by include the general theory of waves in the dye-method, the chemical compound, and liquids and will encompass a review of ex- the hot-wire survey method.

isting theory and comparisons with existing ( f ) Suspended experimental data. (g) The work of the previous year was devoted (g) A synopsis has been written on the appli- to the study of the stimulating effect of cation of the theory to the calculations of studs and the development of the technique wave resistance. of the chemical compound. The effect of Calculations were made to obtain general various stimulators on the BSRA model has information about wave resistance of sub- been established and the evaluations work merged bodies of revolution. The forms will compare the results for each stimu- considered are ellipsoids, Rankine ovoids, lator with the results obtained by the and a simple family of streamlined bodies. English tanks. The evaluation of the A report of this work is to be published. stimulators used is still continuing.

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[l^lk) MANEUVERING CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE- and wavemakers for the purpose of making SCREW VESSELS. maneuvering tests on ship models, (g) Construction contract awarded in May 1956 (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. with a completion date the end of i960. (d) Experimental testing. (e) Measurements of side forces on propeller, (1783: MATHEMATICAL SHIP LINES. rudder, and hull of a single-screw ship model during successive phases of starting, (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. stopping, and backing maneuvers. (d) Theoretical research. (f) Inactive. (e) Development of a suitable method for the (g) A test program has been formulated. A mathematical determination of ship lines side-force dynamometer has been designed which can be applied to a wide variety of and completed. Testing is expected to ship forms especially to those of modern begin when priority considerations permit. design. (g) A method has been developed for the mathe- (1521) 36-INCH VARIABLE PRESSURE WATER TUNNEL. matical fairing of graphical lines. This is a first step toward the development of (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. of a flexible system of mathematical ship (d) New facility. lines. Future work is directed toward the (e) Design and construction of a 36-inch varia- development of a system of mathematical ble pressure water tunnel for investigation lines which will permit the derivation of of propulsion, cavitation, and noise char- a hull form for a given set of parameters. acteristics of propellers as well as tests (h) "Mathematical Ship Surface," by Dr. P. C. on sub-surface bodies. Interchangeable Pien, TMB Report 1398, presents progress test sections of open and closed jet type to date for this project. will be provided. The maximum design speed is 85 fps. (1786) STUDIES OF THE SLAMMING OF SHIPS. (g) Estimated completion is end of i960. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (1778) HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (e) Computations and measurements of the pressure (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. distribution and impact forces on the bottoms (d) Hydrodynamic research. of slamming ships for the purpose of de- (e) Investigations of the characteristics of veloping design criteria to effect their re- underwater noise associated with various duction. hydrodynamic phenomena such as cavitation, (g) Theoretical methods were developed for bubble oscillation, turbulence and splash- evaluating the impact pressures and forces ing. by replacing the original equivalent wedge (g) Experimental and theoretical studies have concept by a series of elliptical cylinders been made of noise produced by cavitation, approximating the ships sections. Such an splashing, oscillating air bubbles, and approach permits an evaluation of the im- turbulence pact pressure at the critical instant of impact. Experimental studies were con- (1779) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS. ducted in regular waves to determine the effect of bow form and hull size on slow (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. induced pressures. (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied (h) "A Theoretical Consideration of Impact at research. Ship Slamming, " by K. M. Ochi and M. D. (e) An experimental investigation of velocity Bledsoe, TMB Report 1321. profile and criteria for separation in a "Model Experiments on the Effect of a Bul- turbulent boundary layer with an adverse bous Bow on Ship Slamming," by K. M. Ochi, pressure gradient. Results will be com- TMB Report 1360. pared with existing theories. "Experiments on the Effect of Bow Form on (h) "The Behavior of Incompressible, Two- Ship^Slamming, " by K. M. Ochi, TMB Report Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer with ikoo. Adverse Pressure Gradient," by P. K. Chang and R. D. Cahn, TMB Report lkl6 (in prepa- (1788) WAX DEVELOPMENT.

ration) . (b) David Taylor Model Basin. (1781) ROTATING- ARM AND MANEUVERING BASIN. (a) Experimental testing. (e) Development of a wax composition and manu- (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. facturing techniques for the manufacture of (d) New facility. ship models up to 30 ft. on water-line (e) Design and construction of a circular basin length. of 260-foot diameter with a rotating arm (f) Completed. whose radius can be varied from 18 to 120 (g) The blend developed is entirely suited to feet. To be used for towing tests of sur- the climatic conditions existing in Wash., face and sub-surface models. Also, design D. C. The strength of this material is such and construction of a maneuvering basin that all types of models, including subma- 350 feet long and 230 feet wide, equipped rines, may be constructed and handled with with traveling bridge and towing carriages, no greater care than is given to corresponding

181 wood models. Ninety-one models , varying (h) "A Note on the Stripwise Damping of a in length between 19 and 2k ft and in Submerged Spheroid, " by J. N. Newman, weight between 1,000 and i+,500 lbs., and Journal of Ship Research, Vol. h, No. 1, four 30ft models have been successfully pages 8-11 (I960). manufactured and tested since the development of this new wax blend. The introduc- (2230) THEORY OF SEAWORTHINESS. tion of wax model construction technique has resulted in a substantial saving in (*) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. time and cost of ship model manufacturing (a) Hydrodynamic research. at TMB. (e) A theoretical and experimental study of factors affecting the seaworthiness of (2019) SERIES 60 - PROPELLER EXCITED VIBRATION. ships, for the purpose of developing procedures for predicting their motion. David Taylor Model Basin and Society of The work is oriented in three directions: Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. (l) Finding the equations of motion of a (a) Experimental basic research. ship in a seaway, with the forces obtained (e) Measurement of propeller induced vibratory from solutions of the boundary value forces on a series of models with variations potential problem. This approach will in stern shape. provide equations which are valid for (g) The instrumentation and test techniques transient as well as steady- state oscil- for measuring the propeller induced vibra- latory conditions. (2) Validification tory forces on a single screw ship model of the more common technique of assuming has been developed sufficiently to obtain that the longitudinal plane motions can repetitive results. Although there is in- be described by a system of linear second sufficient information available to permit order differential equations with constant extrapolation to full scale forces, com- frequency dependent coefficients. The parison of test results of models of similar coefficients in the equations of motion type and dimensions appears valid. During are determined experimentally, as well as the past year tests were conducted of a the forces on restrained models in regular series of 3 models, based on the 0.70 Cg waves. The motions of a free model can Series 60 parent form, with variations in then be computed and compared with experi- stern section shape from U to V. ments to determine the validity of the Measurement of instantaneous pressure has theory. (3) Analytical and experimental been made on the hull of the USS TIMMERMAN studies of the damping of ship motions by and on the hull of a 30-foot model of that free surface effects. vessel. Preliminary data indicates that (g) A restrained ship model has been towed in the model measurements when similarly regular waves and the force and moment extrapolated also produce higher values induced by the waves has been measured. than were measured on board ship. Comparison of these data with calculations (h) "The Effect of Variations in Afterbody based on the Froude-Krylov hypothesis Shape Upon Resistance, Power, Wake Dis- shows only qualitative agreement. Calcu- tribution and Propeller Excited Vibratory lation of damping coefficients has been Forces," by G. R. Stunt z, F. C. Pien, W. B. completed for Series 60 models, yielding Hinterthan, and N. L. Ficken, Society of generally excellent agreement with forced Naval Architects and Marine Engineers oscillation experiments. Paper, November i960. (h) "The Damping and Wave Resistance of a Pitching and Heaving Ship," J. N. Newman,

(2229) NEAR SURFACE EFFECTS. Journal of- Ship Research, Vol. 3.> No. 1, pages 1-19 (1959). (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. "A Comparison of Experimental and Theo- (d) Hydrodynamic research. retical Hydrodynamic Forces and Moments (e) A mathematical study of the forces and Acting on a Restrained Surface Ship in moments acting on bodies due to the prox- Regular Waves," A. Gersten, TMB Report imity of a free surface. The studies in- ik2k. clude both the case in which the surface is initially undisturbed and the case in (2231) HYDRODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS STUDIES. which there are disturbances originating at a distance. Experiments are being con- (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. ducted to verify the theoretical develop- (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

ments . applied research. (g) Methods were developed for computing the (e) Research on methods for analyzing and forces and moments acting on bodies of predicting the frictional resistance of revolution, both due to waves generated arbitrarily rough surfaces such as the by the body itself and to regular trains painted surfaces of ship hulls. The geo- of waves. Experiments with a spheroid metrical characteristics are to be cor- moving under waves largely confirmed the related with the hydrodynamic character-

theory except in following seas. The istics . damping forces on a submerged translating (g) A new roughness profilometer has been ellipsoid which is oscillating in any of built for use in curved surfaces and which its six degrees of freedom have been is integrated into a magnetic tape recording developed theoretically. system. A theoretical method has been

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devised for predicting the full scale (d) Theoretical; applied research. resistance of arbitrarily rough surfaces (e) Studies of the corrections on lifting line from tests if model plates with the actual theory which arise from the finite extent roughness. A high speed towing rig is of the blades. under design and construction for these (f) Application of an approximate lifting sur- tests face theory is completed. Development of (h) "A Surface Roughness Profilometer, " by J. a rigorous theory currently in progress. B. Miller, TMB Report I3U7, Sept. i960. (g) The available results are being applied to propeller design methods. (2232) PRESSURE AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS ON TWO- DIMENSIONAL AND AXI - SYMMETRI C THREE-DI- (2^62) PITCH REDUCTION STUDIES. MENSIONAL FORMS. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Experimental and theoretical. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) To determine the mechanism of occurrence (e) Investigate analytic techniques for de- and basic properties of horizontal hull termining the pressure and velocity distri- vibrations induced by anti-pitching fins. bution on two-dimensional and axi-symmetric (g) To clarify the mechanism whereby the trans- three-dimensional forms. The solution is verse vibrations are induced, a fiber glass to be amenable to coding for a high speed model of the Mariner was tested and the computor fin loading model motions and hull vibrations (f) Inactive. recorded. The effect of position of the fin (g) This project has been terminated with the along the hull on the vibration was studied. delivery of an IBM "JOk program for computing It was found that the vibrations are the pressure and velocity distribution on two- result of an impact on the fin due to dimensional and axi symmetrical three-di- collapse of a cavity and/or slamming. mensional forms developed at Douglas (h) "Effect on Hull Vibrations of Various Bow Aircraft Co. under a TMB external research Anti-Pitching Fin Configurations," by G. P. contract Stefun and F. M. Schwartz. "Vibrations Induced by an Anti-Pitching (2235) LIBERTY SHIP SEAWORTHINESS. Fin," by K. M. Ochi, TMB Report 1U55.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (21+63) STUDIES OF LOW ASPECT-RATIO CONTROL SURFACES. (d) Experimental. (e) Thorough seaworthiness investigations of a (b) David Taylor Model Basin; Laboratory pro- Liberty Ship and a modified Liberty Ship ject. hull. Full scale trials were conducted (d) Experimental investigation; basic research. during several crossings of the North (e) Determine the aerodynamic characteristics Atlantic. Speed reduction, ship motion of a family of low aspect-ratio control sur- stresses and slamming pressures were investi- faces which can be used by the designer of gated. submarines and surface ships. (g) The motion and stress data obtained for Phase I is an investigation of a family of special maneuvers conducted on each of the all-movable control surfaces. Phase II is ships in approximately a State 5 sea have an investigation of the same family with been analyzed and a comparative evaluation plain flaps of different chord length. made for this particular oceanographic (f) Phase I, completed; Phase II, active. condition. Data obtained in other sea (g) The results of Phase I indicate that many conditions are currently under analysis of the aerodynamic characteristics of low (h) "Seakeeping Trials on Two Modified Liberty aspect-ratio surfaces can be accurately Ships - Part I: Performance in a Sea State predicted from lifting surface theory. 5" by M. 0. Bledsoe and P. Plaia, TMB (h) The results of Phase I and comparisons with Report IU39. lifting surface theory are presented in DTMB Report No. 933. (2236) OSCILLATING PRESSURES IN THE VICINITY OF PROPELLERS (2V70) CAVITY RESONANCE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied (d) Experimental and theoretical investigation research. of the excitations of cavity resonance by (e) Studies of the oscillating pressures on fluid flow. boundaries and in the free space produced (e) Studies to determine the mechanism of by propeller operation. The purpose of the excitation of the cavity resonance by work is to determine the magnitude of the fluid flow past orifice will be undertaken. hydrodynamic propeller excited vibratory The experimental investigation will employ forces acting on ship's hulls and the ef- the low turbulence wind tunnel and circu- fect of operating parameters. lating water channel. The amplitude of (f) Completed. pressure fluctuations in the cavity will (g) Experimental results have been completed. be investigated as function of the size, shape and number of orifices, as well as (2237) LIFTING SURFACE THEORY OF PROPELLERS, the turbulence characteristics ir the boundary layer flow. (b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships. (h) "Studies of the Mechanism for the Flow

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Induced Cavity Resonance, " by M. C- (d) Development and experimental work. Harrington and W. H. Dunham. Presented at (e) A flexible model which can be quickly the Fifty-Ninth Meeting of the Acoustical changed to have any fullness and any shape Society of America, Brown University, of section area curve is to be developed Providence, Rhode Island, June i960. first. The effect of section area curve parameters, such as tp, tA, Cpp, Cp^, Lp,

( 21+71 ) THEORY OF CONTRA- ROTATING PROPELLERS. Lx, Xp, X^, etc., upon resistance will be systematically investigated by using this (t>) Cooperative with the Bureau of Ships. flexible model.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- ( f ) Inactive search. (g) The flexible model has been built and ex- (e) Studies of the theory of contra-rotating perimental test work begun. Thirty resist- propellers without assumptions regarding ance tests have been conducted during the the orientation of the resultant induced past fiscal year. Preliminary work with velocity. Open water and water tunnel this flexible model indicates its adapta- tests to determine, experimentally, the bility for this work is satisfactory. An effect of various propeller parameters. analysis of the test results has not been (g) Application to open water and wake adapted completed. propellers. Latest experiments have shown the performance to be insensitive to (2730) MOLECULAR-PHYSICAL SKIN EFFECT. spacing between propellers so long as they are operated at their design spacing. (b) David Taylor Model Basin. (h) "The Effect of Axial Spacing and Diameter (d) Experimental applied research. on the Powering Performance of Counter- (e) The frictional resistance of a "new" plate rotating Propellers," by R. Hecker and N. consisting of a special molecular coating A. McDonald, TMB Report No. I3I+2, Feb. will be compared with the frictional re- i960. sistance of a hydraulically smooth brass plate and of a mirror smooth glass plate. (21+72) COOPERATIVE TESTS ON A VICTORY SHIP DE- The test equipment will be designed and con SIGN. structed to study wave and spray formation for the determination of the true wetted (b) David Taylor Model Basin: Skin Friction surface. The plate will be tested with Committee of the International Towing Tank maximum speed of 15-0 knots and with vari- Conference ous stimulation devices. (d) Experimental testing; basic research. (g) The Nikuradse coated plates have been (e) The investigation was authorized by the tested. Significant resistance differences International Committee on "Scale Effect between coated and non-coated plates have on Propellers," and on "Self-Propulsion been measured on a coated brass plate and Factors," as part of the international an uncoated aluminum plate. Since the con- cooperative test program in ship basins. tours of the leading and trailing edges of The International Committee will compare the two plates vary considerably a doubt is the results from the various basins and pre- raised at whether the coating or the differ sent a report to the coming International ence in the contours caused the resistance Conference. The tests will be carried out differences. A stainless steel plate hav- with a wax model of scale 1:23 equipped ing the same contours as the coated brass with different kinds of stimulators. The plate has been constructed and tested. The friction corrections will be calculated by resistance of this plate has been obtained, the various basins according to their and the relation between the coated and un- methods coated plate will be the subject of an addi (g) The specified program of model testing has tional report. been completed. The required calculation for the power predictions have to be done (2962) DUTCH DESTROYER SEAKEEPING TRIALS. before the evaluation work can proceed. (h) Results have been reported to the Interna- (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. tional Towing Conference. A TMB Report is (d) Field investigation (Full Scale Trials). being prepared comparing TMB results with (e) An account of seakeeping trials carried those of other basins. out jointly by the Royal Netherlands Navy and the United States Navy with three (2727) THE EFFECT OF HUB DIAMETER ON THE OPTIMUM destroyers DISTRIBUTION OF CIRCULATION OF PROPELLERS. (f) Completed. (g) Measurements were made of motions accelera- (b) David Taylor Model Basin. tions, slamming pressures and stresses. (d) Theoretical; applied research. These were analyzed to determine the effect (e) Studies of the effect of hub- diameters on of the seaway, of speed and of relative the optimum distribution of circulation. course on these quantities. (f) Inactive. (h) "Seakeeping Trials on Three Dutch De- (g) Calculations have been completed. stroyers," by M. D. Bledsoe, 0. Bussemaker and W. E. Cummins, presented at the Spring (2729) HULL FORM RESEARCH WITH A FLEXIBLE MODEL. Meeting of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, May i960. (b) David Taylor Model Basin.

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i( 2967 ) CONTROL SURFACE FLUTTER. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Experimental; applied research. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (e) Information concerning the radial distri- (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic investi- bution of thrust is needed for a propeller [ gation. operating behind a submerged body of revolu- (e) Experiments are being conducted with a tion. The results of theory and experiment flutter apparatus to determine flutter are compared. The experimental thrust dis- speeds as a function of inertias, spring tribution was obtained from the axial momen- and damping constants. The results will tum equation by applying appropriate correc- be compared with a simplified rudder flutter tions for slip stream rotation and con- analysis which can then be applied to de- traction. The theoretical thrust distri- sign procedures. bution was obtained from the circulation (g) Flutter (a self-excited, oscillatory distribution of the propeller with a finite instability) of a small -aspect -ratio foil hub. was produced in water, without free surface (f) Completed. effects, at a speed of 20 ft/sec. (g) The radial distribution of propeller thrust (h) "Hydroelastic Instability of a Control load coefficient is calculated from experi- Surface," by D. A. Jewell and M. E. mental wake data obtained from towed and McCormick, TMB Report lM+2 (in preparation). self-propulsion tests on a body of revolution. The experimentally obtained thrust (2969) FLOW STUDIES ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL FORMS. distribution is in excellent agreement with a theoretically calculated distribution. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. Numerical integration yields a total thrust- (d) Experimental and theoretical basic research. load coefficient which is in good agreement (e) Pressure distributions and flow studies with propulsion test results. have been made in a wind tunnel on several shapes similar to those of certain sonar (3283) FUNDAMENTAL HYDROMECHANICS RESEARCH. domes. Data will be used in predicting those conditions of ship speed, yaw and (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. pitch which are conductive to cavitation (d) Applied research. on sonar domes. (e) Survey of work carried out under Bureau of (f) Inactive. Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research (h) "Pressure Distribution About Four Sonar Program. Domes," by R. D. Cahn, report in review. (f) Completed. (g) Survey includes results obtained during the (2970) STUDIES OF HYDRODYNAMIC LOADING ON BARE AND period of 1952 to present. FAIRED CABLES. (3284) UNSTEADY HYDROFOILS. (b) David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Experimental investigation; basic research. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

( e ) Measure the tangential and normal hydrody- (d) Experimental and theoretical applied re- namic forces acting on a long cylinder search. towed at various angles to the stream over (e) The purpose of this work is to provide a range of Reynolds numbers. Tests will be hydrofoil design criteria to the Bureau of made with various degrees of roughness Ships to be used in designing high speed, simulating stranded cable, and various seagoing hydrofoil craft. The objective is trailing-type fairing designs. to determine the steady and unsteady forces on hydrofoils due to heaving and pitching (2971) FULL SCALE TRIAL AND MODEL PREDICTION oscillations of the foil and due to CORRELATION. encounters with regular head and following waves on the foil when operated in proximity (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. to the free water surface. Both fully (d) Experimental testing and re-evaluation of wetted and cavitating foil conditions are existing test data. being studied. This work is related to (e) The accuracy of full scale power predictions Hydroelasticity (Reference No. 3285) and from model test results depends upon the Cavitation (Reference No. 711) studies. selection of the proper correlation allow- (g) The unsteady lift force on a flat restrained ance (A Cf) to be used in model calcula- hydrofoil advancing through regular head and tions. Model tests have been conducted and following waves has been measured experi- past correlations have been re-analyzed mentally. The experimental data has been such that a total of 5k correlations have compared with theoretical data. been completed. An analysis of this data (h) "The Unsteady Lift Force on a Restrained has begun. Hydrofoil in Regular Waves," by J. M. (g) Analysis of the completed correlations has Steele, Jr. and D. A. Jewell, TMB Report begun and is scheduled for completion by lk06 (in preparation). January 1, 1961. The presentation of a paper to the Society of Naval Architects (3285) HYDROELASTICITY PROBLEMS. and Marine Engineers is projected. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin, (3282) RADIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PROPELLER THRUST (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- FROM MODEL WAKE MEASUREMENTS. search.

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(e) Investigations to determine the conditions sented in the report of the study. which produce hydroelastic instability of (f) Completed. oscillatory hydrofoil systems. The effects (h) "Analog Simulation of a Passive Anti-Rolling of speed, frequencies, mass distribution, Tank System for a Missile-Range Ship," by cavitation, free surface and waves on the J. W. Church, TMB Report 1322, May 1959. system stability will be studied. This work is related to Unsteady Hydrofoils (3292) EXPLORATORY STUDIES AND PLANS AT DTMB FOR (Reference No. 328^ ), Cavitation Studies MODEL TESTS IN 3-DIMENSI0NS. (Reference No. 711 )j and Control Surface Flutter (Reference No. 2967). (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (g) Flutter (a self-excited, oscillatory (d) Experimental, basic research. instability) of a small-aspect-ratio foil (e) A new seakeeping test facility is to be in was produced in water, without free surface operation in 1961. Techniques for generating effects, at a speed of 20 ft/sec. irregular short-crested seas and measuring (h) "Hydroelastic Instability of a Control the response of ship models at oblique head- Surface," by D. A. Jewell and M. E. ings is under development. McCormick, TMB Report lkh2 (in preparation). (g) Segmented wave generators provide the ability to produce oblique waves. Programming (3286) THEORY OF SUPERCAVITATING PROPELLERS. to individual wavemakers results in generation of confused seas of almost any (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. nature. The rectangular basin offers (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- opportunity to test in any relative heading search. to the waves and even in cross seas. (e) Studies and design of propellers designed Problems in analysis involve determination to operate at high speeds of the seaway (in the tank) as a function (g) The prediction and experimental confirma- of frequency and direction. Ship motions tion of the performance of such propellers in confused seas will be random in nature have been completed. and will be analyzed by spectrum methods. (h) "Wave Propagation in the Tenth-Scale Model (3287) EFFECT OF STERN MODIFICATION TO A SERIES of the Seakeeping Basin, Part II - Gener- 60 VESSEL, RESISTANCE POWERING, WAKE DIS- ation of Oblique Waves," by W. Marks, TMB TRIBUTION AND PROPELLER INDUCE VIBRATION. Report in review. "SEADAC The Taylor Model Basin Seakeeping (b) David Taylor Model Basin; Maritime Adminis- Data Analysis Center," by W. Marks and P. tration. E. Strausser, TMB Report 1353, July i960. (d) Experimental testing and evaluation of "SPLASHNIK The David Taylor Model Basin data for basic research. Disposable Wave Buoy, " by W. Marks and R. (e) Models representing specific variations in G. Tuckerman, TMB Report 1^23 (in prepara-

stern shapes and designed for special in- tion ) strumentation installation will be built. The basic design will be the Series 60, (3293) RELATION OF HULL FORM TO SEAWORTHINESS AND 0.70 Block Coefficient Parent. Six other SPEED MAINTENANCE. forms will be derived having systematic

changes in section shapes ( from extreme V (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. to extreme U) and for variation in water- (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re-

line endings ( from fine to blunt ) . An search. attempt will be made to develop formulation (e) In order to establish meaningful design to mathematically express the stern varia- criteria for ships with minimum motions, tions from the parent dry decks and high sustained sea speed, (g) The basic model has been constructed and tests will be conducted to relate ship powering data has been obtained. behavior and speed maintenance to sea state (h) "Series 60 - The Effect of Variations in and hull form. The limited model data Afterbody Shape Upon Resistance, Power, currently available pertains largely to Wake Distribution and Propeller Excited unrelated forms and speed reduction is not Vibratory Forces," by G. R. Stunt z, P. C. included. Therefore, systematic model tests Pien, W. B. Hinterthan, and N. L. Ficken, will be conducted in order to establish the Society of Naval Architects and Marine required relations. Engineers Paper, Nov. i960. (g) A preliminary study of results obtained from various model tests in waves indicates that (3288) SHIP STABILIZATION variations in pitch and heave amplitudes among the different models can be attributed (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. to variations of the average beam-draft (d) Theoretical; applied research. ratios in the case of heave, and to varia- (e) The roll response of an AK cargo vessel tions of the modified displacement-length converted for use as a missile tracking ratios in the case of pitch. station has been simulated on an analog computer to evaluate the stabilization ac- (329I+) SEAWORTHINESS OF HYDROFOIL CRAFT. complished by passive anti-rolling tanks. A description of the simulation, the ship (b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin. responses to regular wave action and some (d) Theoretical research. comparison with experimental values pre- (e) A theoretical study of the vertical plane

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motions of a hydrofoil craft in sinusoidal MOVING IN WAVES. waves. (g) An earlier theoretical development of the (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. equations of motion for hydrofoil craft has (d) Theoretical and experimental basic research. been extended to include unsteadiness and (e) To provide ship designers with more exact non-linearities. Computer solutions have information concerning the magnitude of been obtained for the pitching and heaving bending moment and shear forces in a ship motions in sinusoidal waves. Good agree- moving in waves ment with an available set of experimental (g) Bending moment about the transverse axis results have been obtained. and vertical shear forces were measured experimentally in regular head seas and 317) VENTILATED PROPELLER DEVELOPMENT. results compared with analytical calculations of motions bending moments and David Taylor Model Basin. shear forces. The above work was supple- Theoretical and experimental; applied re- mented by additional tests in regular search. following waves. Results of both tests are Studies and design of ventilated propellers being analyzed and a report is being for operation at intermediate speeds. written. Experiments have been completed on the first ventilated propeller. (3622) FLUCTUATING FLOWS.

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON BLADES OF MARINE Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin. PROPELLERS UNDER OPERATING CONDITIONS. (a) Experimental and theoretical basic research. (e) The mechanism of the fluctuations in the David Taylor Model Basin. flow about a body in a moving stream will Experimental; applied research. be studied. Correlations of varying forces

Experimental determination of the pressure and motions of the body will be sought . In distribution on the blades of marine pro- one experiment a cylinder while being towed pellers under operating conditions and will be oscillated at frequencies above and comparison with theoretical values obtained below the frequency of vortex shedding with from two-dimensional airfoil theory. a view toward an explanation of the lack of Inactive spaxiwise correlation of vortex shedding Experimentation on one propeller completed. from rigid cylinders "Measurement of Pressure Distribution on Blades of Marine Propellers, " J. Auslaender. (3999) SHIP WAKE CHARACTERISTICS. Paper presented at American Towing Tank Conference, Berkeley, California, Aug. 1959- 00 Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (a) Experimental; Applied Research. VERTICAL AXIS PROPELLER. (e) Development of instrumentation for measuring turbulent velocities and thermal Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. microstructure in ship wakes. Measurements Experimental and theoretical; applied re- will be made to determine the rate of decay search. and dispersion of wakes. Theoretical and experimental studies of performance characteristics of various (1+000) DRAG REDUCTION BY BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL. types of vertical axis propellers. First phase of experimental work has been (h) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. completed. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and "Experimental Performance of a Six-Bladed applied research. Vertical Axis Propeller, " by B. V. (e) Investigations into feasibility of achieving Nakonechny, TMB Report lhk6, Oct. i960. drag reduction by boundary layer control in applications to naval hydrodynamics. Tests PROPELLER PERFORMANCE IN UNSTEADY FLOW. are to be made on flat plates with flexible coatings which delay transition to turbu- David Taylor Model Basin. lent flow. Experimental and theoretical; applied re- (g) Towing rig under design and construction. search. Experimentation to evaluate the effect of For sponsored projects see the following: various dimensional characteristics on the time dependent propeller forces while oper- (3026) Ship Resistance in Uniform Waves as a ating in waves. Correlation of results with Function of Block Coefficient and wave theory. Wave Steepness. 11 Inactive (3686) Non-Linear Coupled Ship Motions. 11 A 16" diameter bronze propeller has been (3717) Pressure Waves Radiated by a Col- tested in various waves. The thrust and lapsing Cavity. 27 torque coefficients were calculated for (3721) Calculation of Three -Dimensional Po- the wave crests and wave troughs. The wave tential Flows. 28 velocity from the trochoidal wave theory (3730) Dynamic Behavior of Ground Effect was applied the advance coefficients. Vehicles. 31 (2802) Experimental Study of Wave Mechanics. 51 STUDY OF BENDING MOMENTS OF A SHIP MODEL (2356) Ship Motions Project. 6h

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(3^99 Studies of Hydrofoil Configurations (3623) HIGH PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE WATER FLOW METER in Regular Waves. 77 CALIBRATION. (350U Experimental Determination of Un- steady Lift and Drag Forces on (b) Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia .Naval Ship- Dihedral Hydrofoils in Waves. 78 yard (Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory). (3826 Hydrodynamics of Ship Slamming. 80 (c) Mr. J. W. Murdock, Head, Applied Physics (3828 Studies in Hydroelasticity. 80 Division, Naval Boiler and Turbine Lab. (2615 Forces and Moments on Submerged (d) Experimental; applied research. Bodies Below Waves. 83 (e) A facility is available for calibrating (2616 The Blade Frequency Force Generated with water at pressures and temperatures up "by a Propeller on a Body of Revo- to 2500 psi and 600 F respectively. Ca- lution. 83 pacity is 100 gpm at maximum pressure and (2866 An Analytic Study of the Pressure temperature and greater at lower pressures

Field Near Counterrotating Propellers. 83 and temperatures . After flowing through (3171 Analytical Study of the Thrust De- the metering section the water is cooled duction of a Single-Screw Thin Ship. 8k and weighed. The facility is also used to (3173 Hydroelastic Instabilities of Super- investigate and verify orifice meter coef- cavitating Hydrofoils 81+ ficients at pressures and temperatures above (3176 Theory of Lateral Motions of Ships in those at which the coefficients in use were Waves 85 established. (3509 Theoretical Calculations of the Vibra- (g) A limited amount of test data indicate good tory Thrust Produced by a Ship Propel- agreement between orifice flow rates ob- ler Operating in the Wake of a Hull. 85 tained by calibration at high pressures and (3512 Blade Frequency Pressure Near an temperatures and those obtained by extra- Operating Marine Propeller in a Wake. 85 polating from cold water calibrations. (351^ Theoretical and Experimental Investi- Other meter tests show the need to include gation of Flutter of Fully-Wetted suitable corrections for change in shape, Hydrofoils 86 size, density, etc. (3518 The Effect of High Speed on Lateral

Ship Stability. 86 ( 3624 ) INVESTIGATION OF ELBOW FLOW METERS. (3829 Development of Sonic Wave Probe for use on Ships 86 (b) Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia Naval Ship- (3830 Radiation of a Marine Propeller yard; (Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory). Pressure Wave From Elastic Plate and (c) Mr. J. W. Murdock, Head, Applied Physics Cylinder. 87 Division, Naval Boiler and Turbine Lab. (3831 Correlation of Theoretical Results (d) Experimental, applied research. with Experiments on Vibratory Thrust (e) The 90 degree elbow has been proposed for and Pressure. 87 metering flow in shipboard systems. This (3836 Acoustic Excitation of Flat Plates type meter is attractive since the use of in a Turbulent Boundary Layer. 88 an existing elbow would not require any (3519 Deep-Sea Mooring of Ships in Waves changes to the piping and would impose no and Currents. 89 additional pressure drop on the system. The chief drawbacks are large variation in elbows and the lack of an exact relationship between flow and differential pressure. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL BOILER AND Testing will be limited to the long turn TURBINE LABORATORY. 90 degree, type A elbows of Specification MIL-F-II83 to establish criteria for their (2731) EFFECT OF PIPE ROUGHNESS ON ORIFICE METER installation and use. ACCURACY. (kOOl) HIGH PRESSURE STEAM AND WATER FLOW TESTS. (b) American Gas Association. (c) American Gas Association, k20 Lexington (h) American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Avenue, New York 17, New York. (c) Research Committee on Fluid Meters, American (a) Experimental, applied research. Society of Mechanical Engineers, 29 West (e) To determine the effect of meter tube Thirty-Ninth Street, New York 18, New York. roughness on the discharge coefficient of (a) Experimental, applied research. orifice meters for tube surfaces varying (e) Although the ASME Research Committee on Fluid in roughness from that of run of the mill Meters has sponsored many fundamental re- pipe to bored and honed tubes. search programs dealing with the development (f) Completed. of basic constants used with primary ele- (g) Results conclusively indicate that tubes ments, hardly any of this work has been done can be honed without affecting their ac- on steam flow at high pressures and tempera-

curacy. In normal metering practice the tures . Neither has research been done on honing of tubes will not change the coef- high temperature water flow. Analysis of ficient in any pipe size. many tests indicate that the basic calibra- (h) "Effect of Pipe Roughness on Orifice Meter tions obtained with, low temperature water

Accuracy, " by H. S. Bean and J. W. Murdock, ( air and gas ) could be extrapolated with Report of Supervising Committee on Four high accuracy to the measurement of high Inch Tests, American Gas Association Re- pressure and temperature steam and water search Project NW-20, February i960. flow provided suitable corrections were

188 made for the change in the shape and size water-exit technology and to establish of the primary element, the pipe and the scaling techniques for modeling missile fluid. This procedure has been experimental- water-exit behavior. ly verified for steam up to 1250 psi and (g) A preliminary study was made of the water - 950°F and for water to 200 psi and 150°F. exit behavior of a momentum-propelled 2- Beyond these limits, the metered steam flow inch-diameter hemisphere -head missile produced by a steam generator is sometimes under different degrees of cavitation, found to exceed the metered feedwater input ranging from fully wetted to fully cavi- to the generator. tating, and for a range of trajectory water-exit angles. The results indicate that considerable perturbations in missile pitch and pitch velocity take place at U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION. water exit, and it is inferred that problems may exist in missile water-exit technology. (3295) FORCED VENTILATION OF HYDROFOILS. (h) "Underwater Launch and Trajectory Modeling Scaling Techniques," by J. G. Waugh. (b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the NAVORD 7029, 15 March i960. Navy. (c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta., (J+003) UNDULATING HYDROFOIL PROPULSION. Attn: T. G. Lang or A. G. Fabula, Code P508 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, (b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the California. Navy. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- (c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station search. Attn: Howard R. Kelly, Code U0606, China (e) The hydrodynamic lift, drag, pitching Lake, California. moment and pressure distribution on hydro- (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- foils of various cross-sections from which search. gas is exhausted are being studied for (e) To measure the propulsive force on a thin, possible use primarily on torpedoes as a two-dimensional hydrofoil, undulating in simple means of varying control forces. sinusoidal motion, and compare with theory. (g) Water tunnel tests have been conducted at (g) The results to date have shown good agree- the California Institute of Technology with ment with recent theoretical analyses, with various flow rates and exhaust hole sizes, positive thrust for high frequency of shapes and arrangements and with exhaust undulation and negative thrust for low either from one side or from a thick-cut- frequencies. Some earlier theory by off trailing edge. For the uniform span- Smith and Stone has been revised to include wise exhaust case with full-cavity flow the effect of wake vorticity, which had (i.e. with free streamlines extending been neglected, and agreement with experi- beyond the trailing edge), thin-airfoil ment improved. Power input and propulsion theory has been applied to consider arbi- efficiency are also predicted by the trary exhaust location and cavity pressure. theories. Measurement of these quantities (h) "Base Vented Hydrofoils," by T. G. Lang. is in progress. NAVORD 6606 of 19 October 1959- (h) "Propulsion With an Undulating Thin Hydro- "Theoretical Lift and Drag on Vented foil," by Howard R. Kelly, Glenn Bowlus, Hydrofoils for Zero Cavity Number and and A. W. Rentz. NAVWEPS Report, in Steady Two-Dimensional Flow," by A. G. preparation. Fabula. NAVORD 7005 of k November 1959. "Water Tunnel Tests of Hydrofoils With (hOOk) LIFT AUGMENTATION BY SPANWISE FLUID Forced Ventilation, " by T. G. Lang, Dorothy EJECTION. A. Daybell, and K. E. Smith. NAVORD 7008 of 10 November 1959. (b) Laboratory project. "Application of Thin Airfoil Theory to (c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Hydrofoils with Cut -Off, Ventilated Trailing Station, Attn: John D. Brooks, Code PdOkO, Edge," by A. G. Fabula. NAVWEPS 7571, in 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, preparation. California. "Water Tunnel Tests of a Base-Vented Hydro- (a) Experimental; applied research. foil Having a Cambered Parabolic Cross (e) Purpose of the study was to determine the Section," by T. G. Lang and Dorothy A. effect on lift of a fluid jet ejected Daybell. NAVWEPS 758U, in preparation. spanwise from a three-dimensional hydrofoil. The jet acts as a barrier to de- t002) MISSILE BEHAVIOR DURING WATER EXIT. crease the end flow around the tips of the foils and thus increases the effective (b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department. aspect ratio. Jet flow rate, slit width, (c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test and hydrofoil aspect ratio were varied. Station, Attn: Dr. John G. Waugh, Code An internal report has been prepared. TQOfk, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, (f) Completed. California. (g) It was found that the lift for a given (d) Experimental; basic research. angle of attack and stream velocity in- (e) The purpose of this project is to study creases as the jet momentum increases. missile water-exit behavior and associated With the highest jet momentum a lift in- phenomena under different conditions to crease by a factor of five was obtained. determine if problems may exist in missile

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. S. DEPT. OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH. ( 3865 ) Ducted Propellers . 102 (1478) Wind Waves. 159 For sponsored projects see the following: (2436) Flow Over Hydrophobic Materials. 159 (3250) Inertial Forces in Unsteady Flow. 159 Project Page (3599) Motion on Cylinders in Stratified

Layers . 159 1548) Special Problems in Hydrodynamics. 1 (3600) Damping of Progressive Oscillatory 3377) Theoretical Studies in Hydrody- Internal Waves. 159 namics. 2 3009) Cavitation Similitude.- 2 3378) Cavitation in Cascades. 3 2753) Hydraulic Breakwater. 7 TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Hydraulic Data Branch. 3677) Annular Nozzle Ground Effect Machine. 10 3684) Propagation of Waves over an Obsta- Inquiries concerning all TVA projects should be cle in Water of Finite Depth. 11 addressed to Mr. Albert S. Fry, Hydraulic Data 3687) Pressure Distributions, Added-Mass, Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Khoxville, and Damping Coefficients for Cylin- Tennessee ders Oscillating in a Free Surface. 12

2537) Water Exit Hydroballistics . 40 Hydraulic Operations and Tests Section.

( 73 ) Measurement of Turbulence in Flowing Water. 40 (731) SOUTH H0LST0N DAM, SURGE TANK MODEL STUDY. (79) Cavitation. 40 (8l) Mathematical Analysis of Pressure (d) Experimental; for design. Distribution. 8l (e) A 1:50 model of the penstock and surge (85*+) Boundary-Layer Development on Smooth chanber was used to determine (l) the ori- and Rough Surfaces. 41 fice size and characteristic shape to pro- 2091) Research on Ship Theory. 41 duce favorable pressure and water surface 2451) Development of Instruments for Use elevations to be expected in the surge in Analyzing Aperiodic Signals. h2 chamber; and (2) the operational character- 2792) The Decay of Turbulence in a Zero- istics of the selected design.

Momentum Wake . h2 (f) Model studies completed. 3074) Wake of Zero Momentum Flux. 1+3 (g) With the proper orifice between the riser 3075) Annular Jets in Ground Proximity. 43 and the surge chamber as satisfactory re- 3429 ) Jet With Transverse Pressure sults can be obtained as with the differen-

Gradient . 43 tial riser type of surge tank. 3^-30) Axisymmetric Gravity Waves. 1+3 (h) Report in preparation. 2801) Interaction of Waves With Floating Bodies. 50 (758) CHEROKEE DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS. 2802) Experimental Study of Wake Mechanics. 51 3444) Effects of Basin Geometry and (d) Field investigation; applied research. Viscous Damping on the Amplitude of (e) Periodic checks and observations will be Resonant Oscillations in Harbors. 52 made on the various hydraulic appurtenances 3445) Characteristics of Cross Waves. 52 to determine the operating characteristics 3463) Behavior of Wakes in Adverse Pres- of the structures and the effect of opera- sure Gradients. 55 tion on the structures 3755) Transition from Bubble to Slug (g) Measurement of pressures in the sluice bar- Flow. 55 rel have been obtained and will be compared 3756) Entrance Effect in a Two-Phase Slug with pressures obtained in model tests. Flow. 56 The apron and sluice barrels were inspected 3759) The Three -Dimensional Boundary in 1953 "to determine the effect of inter- Layer in the Vicinity of a Wedge. 56 mittent operation during the past eleven 3120) Office of Naval Research Atmosphere years Interaction and Wave Project. 6h (h) Report in preparation. 237lt) The Mechanism of Two-Phase Flow of Annular Liquid Films in a Vertical (759) DOUGLAS DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

Tube . 7^ 214*0 Experimental and Analytical Studies (d) Field investigation; applied research. of Hydrofoils. 76 (e) Periodic checks and observations will be 3153) Flow About Bodies at Small Cavi- made on the various hydraulic appurtenances tation Numbers. 77 to determine the operating characteristics 3821) Strut Interference Effects on Hydro- of the structures and the effect of opera- foil Systems. 78 tion on the structure. 3822) Flow over Vibrating Plates. 79 (g) Measurement of pressures in the sluice bar- (2154) Investigation of Ship Motions. 8l rel have been obtained and will be compared (3174) Unsteady Lift and Moment on Fully with pressures obtained in model tests. Cavitating Hydrofoils at Zero The apron and sluice barrels were inspected Cavitation Number. 84 in 1953 "to determine the effect of inter- 3517) Ships of Minimum Wave Resistance. 86 mittent operation during the past ten years 3835) Hydrophone Self-Noise Research. 88 (h) Report in preparation. (2870) Model Study of Surge Action in a

Port . 89 (762) SOUTH H0LST0N DAM, SURGE TANK PROTOTYPE

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CHECK TESTS. (2U79) WILSON LOCK HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Field investigation; applied research. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) The prototype installation was equipped to (e) The new Wilson lock is 110 feet wide, 675 allow testing in a manner similar to that feet center-to-center pintles with a 100- used in the model studies which established foot maximum lift. A 1:36 scale model of the design. A check on the model accuracy a single transverse lateral with 12 ports can thus he obtained. was used to determine the proper lateral

(g) Tests made in February 1951 , July and Oct. and port designs. A l:l6 scale model of the 1958 at headwater elevations 1630, 1719, lock chamber, intake, culverts, gates and and I69O, respectively. other details was used to determine the overall designs. (153U) FORT PATRICK HENRY DAM, SPILLWAY MODEL (f) Laboratory model studies completed. STUDIES. (g) The basic design for the filling and emptying systems was determined from the model (d) Experimental; for design. studies. Filling will be achieved through (e) Tests were conducted on a 1:50 scale and the use of 6 lateral culverts each contain- 1:112.5 scale model to determine the apron ing 12 equally spaced ports 3-5 ft high by design, training wall dimensions, and other 1.5 ft wide. The upper three laterals will related data. be fed from the landward main culvert and (f) Model studies completed. the lower three laterals by the riverward (g) An apron using a single row of rectangular culvert. At minimum tailwater elevation baffle blocks was developed on the 1:50 only 23 ft of water cushion is available at scale model. This apron was then used in the bottom of the controlling reverse-flow the 1:112.5 scale model and the necessary tainter valves. Dangerously low pressures appurtenant structures developed. Of main were eliminated by use of a fast initial interest in the developed design was the opening rate followed by a slow rate for lack of training walls. Studies to deter- the major portion of the opening and by mine the effect of vegetative growth on modifications of the valve shape and of the the island areas below the spillway showed upper seal nose design. A stepped lateral which areas must be kept free of growth and design was found necessary to produce stable which may be allowed to grow up. Installa- flow conditions tion completed and instruction manual par- (h) Report on lock filling and emptying system tially completed and issued. in preparation. (h) "Fort Patrick Henry Project Hydraulic Model Studies," Tech. Monograph No. 87, i960. (2973) REVISION TO PRESENT WILSON NAVIGATION LOCK. TVA Treasurer's Office, Knoxville ($2.50). (d) Experimental; for design. (179U) WATTS BAR LOCK PROTOTYPE TESTS. (e) Upon completion of tha new Wilson Lock construction, the tailwater in the navigation (d) Field investigation; applied research. canal at the dam will be lowered 10 feet (e) The prototype installation was equipped To make the present two-lift lock operable with piezometers to allow checking of cul- under the new conditions, the lower chamber vert and port pressures and discharges. floor will be lowered 10 feet and a new The culverts and ports were designed from filling and emptying system provided. model studies. Thus, measurement on the (f) Model studies have been completed to deter- prototype would provide model -prototype mine the exact hydraulic design to be used verification data. in the renovations (f) Complete field tests were conducted in (g) The new filling system consists of a single 1952. culvert located on the longitudinal center- (h) Reduction of data is being completed. line of the lock with ports located near the bottom along both sides. The old (22kl) KINGSTON STEAM PLANT - CONDENSER COOLING valves are much above tailwater elevations; WATER CONDUIT LOSS. therefore, the culverts above tailwater were reduced in cross-sectional area to (d) Experimental; for design. minimize the air entrainment problems. (e) Longitudinal interior support was required (h) Report in preparation. for 96-inch concrete pipe conduit. A study was made of the relative loss for a six- (297U) DEVELOPMENT OF IMPACT TUBE-PRESSURE inch thick vertical concrete wall, I beams TRANSDUCER TURBULENCE PROBE. separated by U-l/2-inch pipe columns and I beams separated by streamlined k-l/2-inch (d) Experimental; applied research in field pipe columns investigations (g) The results indicated that the loss with the (e) Development of a turbulence probe and aux- plain struts would be four times that for iliary analog computer for field use. an unobstructed pipe, while the loss with (f) Development active. the streamlined struts would be two and one- (g) Based on project (578) of Mass. Inst, of half times that for plain pipe. Streamlined Tech., a turbulence probe for use in struts were installed in the prototype. natural streams is to be developed. An (h) Laboratory model study report completed; analog computer which will produce auto- partial field tests performed. correlation factors directly from the

191 .

pressure cell data is also under develop- three pumps for a 500 MW steam turbine were

. ment conducted to determine the flow, head, and i power requirements in accordance with the (3299) WILSON POWERHOUSE EXTENSION, HYDRAULIC latest ASME test codes for centrifugal pump '

MODEL STUDIES. and hydraulic prime movers modified to use ;

pitometer traverses. Velocity measurements, 1 (d) Experimental for design. were made in the 9-foot, 6-inch, square (e) A 1:28.5 scale model of two turbine intakes concrete pump discharge conduit. and one spillway bay was constructed to (f) Field tests completed. determine (l) if there is a possibility of (h) Report in preparation. air being drawn into the intakes; (2) if changes will be required in the shape of (3626) WHEELER LOCK, HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES. the intake mouths and trash rack arrangement to improve flow conditions; and (3) (d) Experimental; for design. if the flow through the adjacent spillway (e) The proposed lock will be 600 feet long by bay will effect the flow into the intake. 110 feet wide with a maximum lift of 52 (f) Model studies completed. feet. Initial tests to develop a satis- (g) Design requirements in renovating an exist- factory filling system were conducted ing structure made it necessary to locate utilizing a 1:50 scale model which simulated the turbine intakes closer to the water the basic details of one-half of the lock surface than is normally desirable. The filling system. A l:l6 scale model of the model tests indicated that vortices would lock chamber, intake, gates, culverts and form at the intakes and air might be drawn other details were used to determine the

into the units . The vortex action was final design. essentially eliminated by installing a (f) The 1:50 and l:l6 scale model tests were specially designed vortex eliminating struc- completed. ture above the intakes to the units. (g) The filling system developed from the 1:16 (h) Report to be prepared. scale model tests used 836 eight-inch pipes for discharge. These pipes feed the water (3300) HIWASSEE, PUMP TURBINE RATING. directly from the 12.3'xl5.5' longitudinal culverts into the lock chamber. Filling of (d) Field investigation; operation. the lock chamber was accomplished in 9-6 (e) Measurements of the discharge and differ- minutes. Transverse and longitudinal hawser ential pressures in the pump turbine scroll stresses on the model barges did not exceed case have been used to establish the dis- 3.3 tons. 1:2.25 and 1:5-78 scale models charge rating for the pump turbine over all of one of the 8-inch discharge pipes indi- operating conditions. The discharge was cated that cavitation effects in the 8-inch measured by using Apalachia reservoir as a discharge pipes can be eliminated by instal- volumetric tank. Water was both pumped ling a flared entrance constructed from a from the reservoir and discharged into the standard 12"x8" reducer. The model tests reservoir for a period of 12 hours. The indicated that the operation of this lock reservoir area was obtained from aerial will be equally as satisfactory as the new photographs taken at the beginning and end Wilson lock design and will provide a more of each test. Five recording gages were economical design. used to measure the reservoir level. From (h) Internal reports issued. these measurements the volume and corresponding discharge was computed. (3627) MELTON HILL DAM, HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES. (h) Report in preparation. (d) Experimental; for design.

( 3302 ) WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT, AIR AND GAS DUCT (e) The proposed projects include three spill- TESTS. way bays, a powerhouse with 3 units and a 75'x^OO' navigation lock with a maximum (d) Experimental; for design. lift of 60 feet. A 1:75 scale fixed bed (e) Model studies were conducted to improve model which reproduced the general area, flow conditions and reduce pressure losses spillway, lock, and powerhouse and a 1:31 in the gas duct which will carry gases from scale model which reproduced two spillway the furnace to the smoke stack for a 500- bays and the powerhouse were constructed mw unit. Calibration of the air foil to determine the spillway capacity, train- metering section in the forced-draft fan ing wall dimension, lock wall designs, inlet ducts was also made by model method of operation necessary to provide studies satisfactory navigation conditions at the (f) Model studies completed. lock approaches, spillway pier design and (g) Flow conditions were improved by use of other related hydraulic data. flow straighteners and vanes. (g) The final apron design incorporated the (h) Report in preparation. use of spillway chute blocks, apron baffle blocks and end sill which made it possible

( 3303 ) WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER to use a relatively short apron located only PUMP TESTS. 6 feet below the normal river bed level. No training wall extensions beyond) the end (d) Field investigations; operation. of the apron were required. The spillway (e) Condenser water pump acceptance tests on capacity was increased approximately 9

192 . . . )

percent by modifying the upper lock guide (d) Experimental; for design. wall design and utilizing sharp pointed (e) A 1:16 scale plexiglass model of the gas pier noses, duct extending from the air preheater through the stack was (h) Internal reports issued. constructed to ( 1 obtain a uniform velocity distribution 3628) KINGSTON, GAS DUCT MODEL STUDIES. at the entrance to the electrostatic precipitator; (2) develop a satisfactory (d) Experimental; for design. duct system to carry the gas from the elec- (e) A comprehensive l:l6 scale model study of trostatic precipitator to the stack, and the gas duct system which carries gases to (3) reduce headlosses in the duct system. the stacks has been conducted to (l) reduce Test results were evaluated by observing pressure losses in the duct system; (2) de- smoke traces and from measurements of ve- termine the effect of the flow distribution locities and pressures at critical lo- within the existing duct on the operation cations in the duct system. of the mechanical fly ash collector; and (f) General improvements in the operation were (3) determine a means of obtaining a uni- accomplished by installing flat plate vanes form velocity distribution through the pro- at the bends in the duct to guide and direct posed electrostatic precipitators. the flow of gas through the duct system. (f) Model studies completed. Two perforated plates with 38/0 and 50fo of (g) Flow conditions were improved and pressure the area open, installed upstream from the losses reduced in the ducts by use of flow electrostatic precipitator, in conjunction straighteners and vanes. The mechanical with the flat plate guide vanes, made it collector was found to be an effecient flow possible to obtain a uniform velocity distributor and any non-uniformity in the distribution at the entrance to and through flow approaching it would be removed. A the electrostatic precipitator. Head- uniform velocity distribution through the losses in the duct system were reduced by electrostatic precipitator was obtained by the installation of the flat plate vanes. the use of perforated plates, suitable Vanes installed in the stack opposite the vaning and flow straighteners in the ap- breeching aided in turning the flow up at proach duct stack and materially reduced the headlosses. (h) Report in preparation. (h) Report in preparation.

(3629) LOW POWER VHF RADIO GAGES FOR REPORTING (1+007) AIR FOIL METER. RAINFALL AND STREAM LEVEL DATA. (d) Basic research; for design and MS thesis.

( d ) Development ( e ) A model study was conducted to develop an (e) Transistorized radio components operating air foil metering section for measuring from nickel cadmium batteries charged by the air flow to the furnaces at large steam solar cells will be used. Data in binary plants. Consideration was given to develop- coded decimal form will be transmitted by ing an accurate meter which will cause a audio tone pulses. Long-term, unattended minimum pressure loss in the system.

operation is a primary consideration in ( g ) The optimum shape of the air foil meter was design. initially developed from l:l6 scale model tests of the Widows Creek Steam Plant air

( 1+005) MELTON HILL LOCK, HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES duct. The air foil as developed consists of a circular nose with a flat, V-shaped (d) Experimental; for design. tail attached to the downstream side. (e) The proposed lock will be 75 feet wide by Differential pressures were measured be- 1+00 feet long with a maximum lift of 60 tween the front face of the meter and at feet. A l:l6 scale model of the lock points 60 to 110 degrees to the left or chamber, intakes, culverts, gates and other right. Initial tests using air as the details has been constructed to determine medium of flow developed data for Reynolds the overall design. Numbers up to 1+xlO^. The data were further (f) Laboratory model studies started. extended using water as the medium of flow. (g) Initial design of the filling system has Reynolds Numbers up to 2x10^ were obtained been patterned after the multiport filling with this setup. Data thus far have been system as basically conceived in the obtained for ducts whose ratios of width to Wheeler lock model studies. A total of height were 2:1 and 8:1 and for meters whose 438 eight-inch pipe ports were used to ratios of meter width to duct width vary discharge the water into the lock chamber between O.I56 and 0.1+67- The test results from the 8'xl3' side culverts in the lock have indicated that the maximum pressure walls. Initial tests indicated a lock differential occurs when the pressure is filling time of 9-5 minutes. Forces measured between the front face of the measured on the barge during filling or meter and a point offset 80° to 85°. Head-

emptying did not exceed 3 tons . Although loss caused by the meter is exceptionally the testing program has not been completed, small it appears that the multiple port filling (h) Report being prepared. system will provide good lock operation at

Meltpn Hill. ( 1+008) TURBULENCE SCALING.

( 1+006) COLBERT STEAM PLANT, GAS DUCT MODEL STUDIES. (d) Basic research.

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(e) Wo sound theoretical or experimental data (768) PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN. I are available to indicate the method that should he used for scaling either turbulent (d) Field investigation; basic research. induced pressure fluctuations, frequencies (e) A comprehensive study of rainfall and other or amplitudes as immediately related to weather phenomena for purposes of water flows in lock culverts. As a result a dispatching and improvements in water con- series of tests are being conducted on cir- trol; storm studies as related to maximum cular pipes h, 6 and 2h inches in diameter precipitation, rainfall-runoff, spillway to establish the correlation factors. design and operation, etc. (g) The results of the first series of tests are (h) Monthly bulletin, "Precipitation in Term. now being analyzed. The re suit s, although River Basin, " also annual summary. not complete or decisive, indicate the scal- In addition, a supplement to the an- 1959 1 ing probably follows Froude relationships nual bulletin was published, entitled, "Mear Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin." (k009) HALES BAR, LEAKAGE INVESTIGATION. This contains maps and tables showing mean

monthly, flood season, crop season, and an- I (d) Field investigation. nual precipitation data for the Term. River

( e ) Operational records and observations of Basin and its major watershed subdivisions boils below the Hales Bar Dam indicated that above and below Chattanooga, together with leakage was occurring under the dam. Field monthly and annual mean precipitation at measurements were undertaken in 1956 and stations with 15 or more years of record i960 to determine the magnitude of the leak- through 1959- Also published was a supple- age. ment to the March i960 bulletin, entitled, (g) The total plant discharge was measured by "Snow and Ice Storms of I959-I960 in Tenn. means of current meters at the highway River Basin." This presents data on the

bridge located 7^000 feet downstream from record-breaking storms that occurred during 1 the dam under the following plant loading the period Nov. 1959-March i960. During thai conditions: unit 15 operating alone; unit period over 150 inches of snow was reported l6 operating alone; and units 15 and l6 officially, and over 190 inches reported un- operating together. By solving three simul- officially, in the eastern part of the Basin. taneous equations based on the three plant A crippling ice storm is reported which loading conditions, the total leakage and struck northeast Ala., northwest Georgia, turbine discharge was obtained. Twenty-one western North Carolina, and an area of Tenn. individual measurements of the discharge roughly within 80 miles of Chattanooga. indicated a total leakage of 1200 cubic ft Millions of dollars in damage were suffered per second. Sepcial dye injection equipment by forests, buildings, businesses, and u- was developed for injecting dye into core tilities holes and leakage intake points which were located by divers in the reservoir. From (769) RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES. the dye injection tests a map was prepared showing the leakage intake and outlet points (d) Field investigation; basic research.

and leakage paths . Grouting operations are (e) Study of water utilization and water move- now being made to stop the leakage. ment as concerns industrial plant locations and stream pollution. Variations in tem- (kOlO) WHEELER LOCK OUTLET STUDIES. perature from surface to bottom in reservoirs throughout the year are determined (d) Experimental; for design. by soundings, and by continuous recording (e) A 1:30 scale model study is being conducted gages in natural streams. to develop a suitable lock culvert outlet design. The consideration under study is (771) GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS. the elimination of heavy wave action which would affect navigation and small craft. (d) Field investigations; design. (g) Initial model tests utilizing a discharge (e) Weirs are placed in main galleries and outlet design consisting of a 20' diameter drainage measured as check on tightness and vertical outlet pipe surrounded by a skim- stability. mer wall structure 103 feet in diameter. (785) SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS. Hydraulic Investigations Section. (d) Field investigation; basic research. (765) EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN. (e) Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed and sounded, volumetric samples are collect- (d) Field investigation; applied research. ed and analyzed, quantity and distribution (e) To provide data for estimating reservoir of sediment are computed to determine de- losses and derive a general rule, applica- position by stream, probable life of reser- ble to the Basin, permitting computation voir, effect of sediment storage on naviga- of evaporation from pans at six locations tion channels and sedimentation of down- in Basin, together with standard meteorologi- stream reservoirs, and probable sedimenta- cal readings. tion in future reservoirs (h) "Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin," published in monthly and annual bulletins. (786) WATER TRAVEL IN NATURAL STREAMS.

19^ .

(d) Field investigations; applied research. pated. (e) Sanitary and chemical changes in water (h) Report in preparation. during passage downstream are determined. A given mass of water is identified by (3306) COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT IN WESTERN electrical conductivity or chemical titra- NORTH CAROLINA. tion. (f) No work done in recent years. (b) Project conducted in cooperation with North Carolina State College of Agriculture and (787) MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH LARGE RESERVOIRS. Engineering. (d) To determine water-land relationships for (d) Field investigation; applied research. some of the principal soils used for agri- (e) Because of slow water travel, samples are cultural purposes in western North Carolina collected by traverse through lake. under important vegetative covers. Obser- (f) No work done in recent years. vations include rainfall, runoff, soil- (g) Water entering a reservoir does not inter- moisture, potential evapotranspiration, and mix with the rest of the reservoir, hut actual evapotranspiration. remains as a density current as a result of (e) A statistically designed rotation of four the difference in temperature between the covers on four small watersheds and a sepa- inflowing water and that in the reservoir. rate evaluation of deep-rooted crop on a During certain seasons of the year, in fifth watershed. Watts Bar Reservoir the cold water released (f) Field studies of the deep-rooted crop, from Norris Reservoir passes upstream along alfalfa, have been discontinued. the bottom of the Emory River arm of the (g) Results to date are summarized in annual former reservoir. reports on the project. (h) "Hydrology of Small Watersheds in Relation Hydrology Section. to Various Crop Covers and Soil Character- istics," a pictorial brochure prepared by (779) MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE North Carolina State College and TVA, i960. VALLEY. "Hydrologic Studies by Electronic Computers in TVA, " by Willard M. Snyder, American (b) Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau. Society of Civil Engineers, Proc. 86 (No. (d) Theoretical; applied research. HY-2): 1-10, February i960. (e) Hydrometeorological analysis of large storms with upward adjustments of control- (3307) PARKER BRANCH PILOT WATERSHED RESEARCH ling factors to maximum limits as applied PROJECT. to the Tennessee Valley and subdivisions. (g) Results to be published as one of current (b) Project conducted in cooperation with series of hydrometeorological reports by North Carolina State College of Agriculture the U.S.W.B. and cooperating agencies. and Engineering. (d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology (780) PERIODIC EVALUATION OF GROUND-WATER STORAGE. of the watershed of an intensive farm development program designed to give the (d) Theoretical; operation. optimum economic well-being of the people (e) By analysis of current records of stream using the land. Rainfall, runoff, sus- discharge, the volumes of runoff in ground- pended and deposited sediment are observed, water and channel storage are determined periodic soils-land-use and inventories are for use in operation of multi-purpose res- made, and records of income summaries and

ervoirs . public and private investments are main- (g) Results reported monthly and weekly within tained. the organization. (e) Project activities are divided into calibration, action, and evaluation phases. (2975) SUPPLY AND UTILIZATION OF WATER IN THE (g) Results to date are summarized in annual TENNESSEE VALLEY. report on the project. (h) "An Analysis of the Parker Branch Watershed (c) Mr. Reed A. Elliot, Chief Water Control Project, 1953-1959--a Progress Report," Planning Engineer, Tennessee Valley prepared by North Carolina State College and Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee. TVA, June i960. (d) Assembly and analysis of basic information on water resources and uses, including (3308) WHITE HOLLOW WATERSHED. field investigation of water uses for irrigation, mining operations, industry, and (d) To study the effect of changes in the other purposes vegetal cover on a watershed taken out of

( e ) All available data are being analyzed to cultivation on the hydrologic factors of present a comparison of the water resource runoff and soil erosion. of the area with the present and expected (e) Continuous record from 1935 of rainfall, 1975 demand upon that resource. Problems runoff, and suspended sediment, and period- of shortage and conflict are being devel- ic determination of vegetal cover indexes. oped and possible solutions suggested. (g) During the 21-year period 1935-1955, the (g) No widespread shortages exist now or are forest cover improvement in the watershed

expected by 1975 , although some local resulted in greater watershed protection shortages on smaller streams, are antici- with no measurable decrease in water yield,

195 . . .

i no change in volume of either surface run- a reduction in overland surface velocities, off or ground-water runoff , marked reduc- a prolongation of the period of draining of tions in summer peak rates of discharge surface runoff from the channel system, an

with lesser reductions in winter rates , a appreciahle decrease in water yield, and 9 prolongation of the period of draining of 95 percent reduction in sediment load. surface runoff from the channel system, and a 96 percent reduction in the sediment load. (4011) NORTH FORK CITICO CREEK RESEARCH WATERSHED. ' Report in preparation covering the vegetal cover improvement influences upon hydrologic (b) Project conducted in cooperation with U.S. characteristics since 1935- Forest Service. (d) Field investigation; basic research. (3309) PINE TREE BRANCH WATERSHED. (e) To determine the effects of normal, high- standard National Forest Multiple-use manage-, (d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology ment upon the hydrology of the area. Observe of the watershed "by reforestation and ero- tions include rainfall, runoff, air and sion control measures water temperature, and humidity. Timber (e) Continuous record from 19^1 of rainfall, inventories, soil surveys, wildlife inven- runoff, ground water, and sediment loads tories, and evaluations of soil disturbances (g) During the 19-year period 19^-1-1959; "the will be made. Project activities are di- cover improvement and erosion control in vided into calibration, development, and the watershed resulted in a decrease in sur- evaluation phases face runoff volumes and an increase in (f) Hydrologic measurements were begun in May ground-water discharges, marked reductions I960. in summer and winter peak flood discharges, (g) Results will be published in annual reports.

196 . .

H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY LIMITED, Hydraulic Lab. A flume model scale 1:6k to determine the discharge coefficient of the spillway and Inquiries concerning the following projects should also to determine the optimum shape of the be addressed to Mr. I. W. McCaig, Hydraulic Engi- spillway bucket, and a model of the complete neer, H. G. Acres and Company Limited, Niagara spillway, scale 1:100, to determine the Falls, Canada. erosion pattern downstream from the spillway and around adjacent structures. (363O) FRICTION FACTOR TESTS IN LARGE PRESSURE (f) Completed. CONDUITS; BERSIMIS NO. 1 AND CHUTE-DES- (g) The tests in the flume showed that the PASSES HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENTS. bucket design which caused the least amount of scour had a lip angle of 30 degrees and (b) Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission, Aluminum a radius of 1+5 feet. Using this design of Company of Canada Limited. bucket, the second model showed the most (d) Field investigation; design. satisfactory layout of spillway and wing-

(e) For the extension of data on friction in walls . concrete-lined tunnels, an inspection was (h) Report was submitted to sponsor. made of the 31-foot diameter Bersimis No. 1 tunnel and the 35-foot diameter Chute- des-Passes tunnel. The tunnel surface was classified in six categories. Plaster UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, Hydraulics Laboratory. casts of each type of surface permitted evaluation of construction methods. (kOlh) APRON STONE SIZES FOR BRIDGE PIERS IN (f) Tests to be continued. GRAVEL RIVERS. (g) Depending on the care taken during construction, the surface roughness of concrete (b) Alberta Government Research Council, Dept. poured against steel forms varied between of Highways and the University of Alberta. 0.002 and 0.02 inches. Roughness between (c) Dr. T. Blench, Department of Civil Engi- 0.005 and 0.01 inches was measured on the neering, University of Alberta, Edmonton. screened invert finish by steel trowelling. (d) Experimental; basic and applied research; Finishing with wood floats gave a roughness master's thesis. of between 0.035 and 0. 050, inches (e) Investigate in models, the scour of gravel beds and stone aprons round bridge pie,rs (3632) VORTEX FORMATION AT INTAKE FOR CHUTE-DES- and express results according to regime PASSES HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT. theory criteria. (g) Scour depth and pier breadth measurements, (b) Aluminum Company of Canada Limited. each made nondimensional by dividing by (d) Field investigation; design. "zero flood depth" based on bed-factor (e) Prototype observations of the vortex for- expected from a river of the same bed ma- mation were continued to determine the terial, are related approximately by a correlation between the formation of the fourth root formula; sand bed data of Sir vortex in the prototype and the model C. C. Inglis (circa 1938) agreed with the (3312). relation. The anomalous sheet flow be- (f) Completed. havior of the gravel bed at low charges (g) The investigation has shown that for this did not affect scour behavior at the piers. type of submerged intake the formation of Initial tests for safe apron stone sizes the vortex in the l/60 scale model occurs were made at a Froude number which is 3«5 to 1+.5 (h) "Model Studies of Scour Around Bridge Piers times the Froude number at which the vortex and Stone Aprons," A. N. Varzelioti. Part is formed in the prototype. requirement for degree of M. Sc. from the University of Alberta. (1+012) DISCHARGE RATING CURVE FOR TAINTOR GATE.

( 1+015) SCOUR ROUND BRIDGE PIERS. (b) Aluminum Company of Canada Limited. (d) Experimental; operation. (b) Alberta Government Research Council, Dept. (e) Tests were made on a 1:36 scale model of of Highways and the University of Alberta. the spillway, with horizontal apron, to (c) Dr. T. Blench, Department of Civil Engi- determine the discharge characteristics of neering, University of Alberta, Edmonton. the taintor gates. (d) Experimental; basic and applied research; The tests were carried out for different master's thesis. gate openings and for heads varying from (e) To devise equipment for rapid survey of a minimum of 15 feet to the maximum design scour at bridge piers during floods. head of 35 feet. (f) Completed. (f) Completed. (g) Literature on field measurements was (h) Report was submitted to sponsor. studied. A useable instrument, with auxiliary equipment, was devised and is being

( 1+013) SPILLWAY MODEL TEST FOR GRAND RAPIDS put into routine operation. DEVELOPMENT. (h) "A Method for Measurement of Scour at Bridge Piers," E. J. Sanden. Part requirement (b) The Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board. for degree of M.Sc. from University of (d) Experimental; design. Alberta. (e) Tests were carried out on two models:

197 . . . .

(kOl6) BED LOAD TRANSPORT. (h) Progress and technical reports submitted periodically to the Department of Public (t>) University of ATberta. Works of Canada. (c) Dr. T. Blench, Department of Civil Engi- neering, University of Alberta, Edmonton. (kOlf) NEW HIGHWAY BRIDGE OVER THE COLUMBIA RIVER 1 (d) Experimental; basic research; master's AT TRAIL, BRITISH COLUMBIA. thesis (e) Collect extracts from literature on bed- (b) Hydraulic laboratory studies cooperative load transport, examine for relevance to with the Department of Highways, Province sheet flow in early stages of transport of of British Columbia. gravel, investigate experimentally whether (d) Experimental project to aid in the design the phenomenon is due to small scale of of the most economical type of bridge piers. j

laboratory experiments, note inconsisten- ( e ) Models of two types of bridge piers were

cies of literature. investigated; one being a conventional solid 1

(f) Completed. Results transferred to related pier with semicircular ends while the other I program. consisted of an open-pile footing surmounted (g) Literature discordant on discontinuity of by vertical cylindrical shafts. The models functions as flow passes through critical. were placed on movable beds of sand of Experiments gave, by extrapolation, the suitable coarseness in a steel and glass limit of discharge intensity for 1.7 mm flume in the hydraulic laboratory. Probable gravel above which sheet flow would not flood flows and water depths at the site occur in early stages of transport. Con- were obtained from an analysis of stream clusion will be tested in large engineering flow records and accurately imposed on the model models. The progress of the bed scour (h) "A Study of the Bed-Characteristics of 1.70 around the piers was recorded photographical- mm gravel in a Laboratory Flume," Santos ly and also by direct measurement. Studies Bhattacharya. Part requirement for degree were made to minimize abrasion of the con- of M.Sc. from University of Alberta. crete piles in the prototype by boulders moving along the bed, through the use of underwater deflecting structures. Flow patterns around the piers were observed at UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Hydraulics Lab. various water stages and suitable clearance heights recommended for the bridge deck Inquiries concerning the following projects should above the water surface be addressed to Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil (f) Completed. Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, (g) The study showed that the open-pile footing Canada unless otherwise indicated. would produce considerably less bed scour than the solid piers. It was shown that (10M0 FRASER RIVER MODEL. underwater deflectors would serve their purpose but would alter the bed-scour pat- (b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with tern. the Department of Public Works of Canada, (h) A report was submitted to the Bridge Engi- Vancouver, B.C. neer's office, Department of Highways, (d) Experimental project to aid engineering Province of British Columbia. studies of navigation requirements involving river regulation and control. (U018) NEW C. N. R. FERRY SLIP ON TILBURY ISLAND, (e) An outdoor erodible-bed tidal river model FRASER RIVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA. to study methods for improving and maintaining the navigation channels of the Fraser (b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with River estuary. Horizontal scale 1:600, the Canadian National Railways vertical scale 1:70. The model occupies (d) Experimental project to aid in the design approximately h acres of the campus and of a new Ferry Slip on Tilbury Island ad- represents the tide-water reaches of the jacent to the southerly (left) bank of the lower Fraser River extending from its sea- Main Channel of the Fraser River, B. C. ward end at the Strait of Georgia to the (e) An hydraulic model of the proposed new ferry head of tide water at Sumas, a distance slip was incorporated into the Fraser River

of approximately 60 miles . Pitt River and Model. Flow-pattern and bed-movement studies Pitt Lake (30 square miles in area) are were made to determine the scour and shoal subject to tidal influence and are in- conditions around the structures, to ensure cluded in the model. Natural tides and the required operational depths without en- river discharges can be synchronized and dangering the structures. Recommendations simulated on the model and are controlled for suitable rock sizes for rockfill foun-

automatically by electronic servo-systems. dation structures were made . The proposed Sand injection can be controlled automati- preliminary over-all design of the slip was cally as a function of river discharge. checked in the light of the hydraulic and Instantaneous water surface slopes can be sedimentation conditions at the site and obtained over the whole model by automatic changes made where necessary to obtain a electrically-recording point gauges situat- satisfactory final design.

ed at controlling points . Natural river (f) Completed. sand of appropriate grain size is used (g) The study showed that the location and for the bed material. alignment of the final design of the ferry

198 . .

slip would Integrate successfully with the the seaway navigation channel was located. river behavior, The optimum arrangement and location for the (h) A report was submitted to the office of the Iroquois Control Dam was determined. A District Engineer, British Columbia Dist., plan of river control during construction Western Region, Canadian National Railways. was developed.

1*019) HYDRO SYSTEM POWER STUDY. (3325) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - 0GDEN ISLAND REACH. (b) Government of Canada, Dept. of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Water (b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the Resources Branch. State of New York. (c) Dr. R. F. Hooley, Department of Civil Engi- (d) Experimental; for design, development and neering, Univ. of British Columbia, Canada. operation. (d) Theoretical research on development of a (e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. river system. Lawrence River reproducing 7*9 miles of the (e) A system was devised for use on an Alwac river between the towns of Iroquois and Hie computer to investigate a river system Morrisburg, was constructed to determine having any configuration of tributaries. the design of channel enlargements and a A maximum of seventy-six dams may be studied. plan of river control during construction The main use of this analysis is in opti- of the St. Lawrence Power Project. mizing power flows. (f) Work is essentially completed but model is still active. (1*020) OPTIMUM CLOSURE OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE GATES. (g) Channel enlargements were developed which met the ice-forming criteria stipulated (b) General research. by the International Joint Commission and (c) Dr. Eugen Ruus, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ. a satisfactory Seaway Navigation channel of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. was located. A plan of river control (d) Basic research. during construction was developed. (e) To find a turbine gate closure arrangement which would yield the least value of the (3326) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - DEWATERING AND maximum head rise in a penstock. CLOSURE AREA. (f) Completed. (g) Due to optimum gate closure a major re- (b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the duction in water hammer can be achieved. State of New York. This is particularly true for developments (d) Experimental; for design, development and with large head variations operation. (h) A paper is being prepared for submission to (e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. the Journal of the Power Div. of the Pro- Lawrence River reproducing 13-8 miles from ceedings of the A.S.C.E. Cat Island to below the powerhouses was constructed to develop plans for dewatering the Long Sault Dam and the powerhouse and to investigate conditions during the various THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO, stages of their construction. Hydraulic Model Laboratory. (f) Work is completed but model is still active. (g) Dewatering diversion channels were designed Inquiries concerning the following projects should in detail and a plan of construction develop- be addressed to Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer, ed to preserve the necessary water levels for Hydraulic Generation Department, 620 University existing navigation and ensure adequate dis- Avenue, Toronto 2, Ontario, Canada. charge capacity in the various stages of construction. Velocities in the Seaway Channel (3324) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - OGDENSBURG TO were also investigated. The Power Pool IRISHMAN'S POINT. filling operation was investigated in detail.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of (3330) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - COMPREHENSIVE the State of New York. MODEL OF IROQUOIS CONTROL DAM. (d) Experimental; for design, development and operation. (b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of (e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. the State of New York. Lawrence River between Ogdensburg and (d) Experimental; for design, development and Leishman's Point, a distance of l6.1 miles, operation. was constructed to determine the design of (e) A comprehensive 1:80 scale model, size 130 channel enlargements, the location of the feet by feet, of the complete Iroquois Iroquois Control Dam and a plan of river Control Dam was constructed including 1-1/2 control during construction of the St miles of river channel and the downstream Lawrence Power Project. approach to the Iroquois lock. Its purpose (f) Work is essentially completed but model is was to determine a plan of river control still active. during construction, a plan of dewatering, (g) Channel enlargements were developed which the velocities at the cofferdams during met the criteria stipulated by the Inter- their construction, verification of the national Joint Commission with respect to performance of energy-dissipating works, navigation and ice-forming velocities and and the discharge calibration of the

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sluiceways (d) Experimental; for design. (f) Work is completed and model removed. (e) A 1:72 scale comprehensive model of the (g) The dewatering plans were tested in the sluiceways, powerhouse and upstream and model, and the velocities and currents that downstream river channels has been con- would occur during construction of the structed to determine the dewatering ar- cofferdam were determined. A plan of river rangement for construction, velocities at control was developed to maintain satis- and along cofferdams, height location and factory levels and navigation conditions slope of high water channel sluiceway during the construction .of the dam. The training walls, the rating of the diversion performance of the energy-dissipating ports and the sluiceways and the tailrace works, which had heen developed in a channel enlargement sectional model, was verified. A discharge (f) Work is essentially completed but model calibration of the dam was obtained for the still active construction period and gate opening patterns developed. Performance data for (36^5) DISTORTION MODEL OF NIAGARA CONTROL operational use was obtained. STRUCTURE.

(3333) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - TAILRACE AREA. (b) Ontario Hydro -Electric Power Commission. (d) Experimental; as applied research. (b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of (e) A sectional model of three of the 100-foot the State of New York. sluices in the Niagara River Control Struc- (d) Experimental; for design. ture were built of plexiglass so that the (e) A l:l6o x 1 :80 scale model reproducing effects of distortion of a model structure 2.5 miles of the St. Lawrence River from might be investigated at distortion scales above the powerhouses to below Polly's Gut, of 5:1, 2-1/2:1 and undistorted.

has been constructed to develop the design (f ) Work is completed and model removed. of an economic tailrace improvement and a suitable dewatering scheme. (36I+6) PENSTOCK WATER PASSAGES MODEL. (f) Work essentially completed but model still active (b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission. (g) An economic tailrace enlargement was (d) Experimental; as experimental research. developed in the model. A cofferdamming (e) A 1:2k scale model of the water passages plan to dewater much of the enlargement from the dam face to the circular penstock area was devised and the velocities at of an existing unit was built and variations various stages observed. of inlet width, pier length, roof slope, bed height and transition shape were in- (3335) RED ROCK GENERATING STATION MODEL. vestigated in order to reduce hydraulic losses and to improve performance character-

(b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission. istics . (d) Experimental; for design. (f) Work is completed and model removed. (e) A 1:60 scale comprehensive model of the sluiceways, powerhouse and upstream and (4021) CAMERON FALLS LOG DRIVING MODEL. downstream river channel has been constructed to determine the dewatering arrangements (b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission. for construction, velocities along coffer- (d) Experimental; for design, development and dams, energy-dissipating works at the operation. sluices, the rating of the diversion (e) A 1:2k scale model was constructed of the sluices, ports and sluiceways, the tail- forebay and the model tested to determine race excavation, and location of log slide. the log driving rates under field condi- (f) Work is essentially completed but model tions, with and without the assistance of

is still active. flow developers . With the use of three (g) Hydraulic design is completed but model flow developers, the driving rate was more is active for problems during construction. than doubled. (f) Work completed and model removed. (36^3) HEADGATE MODEL. (g) The design developed was installed in the field and the solution found to be effective (b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission. during i960 log driving season. (d) Experimental; as applied research. (e) A 1:2k scale model of a St. Lawrence power- (1+022) LOG CHUTE EXIT MODEL. house headgate and inlet water passage was built to investigate the hydraulic forces (b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission. on gates with upstream and downstream skin (d) Experimental; basic research. plates under conditions of horizontal and (e) A 1:2k model of a log chute exit was sloping floors and submerged and free dis- constructed with removable end sections, charge conditions. and variations of end section, tailwater (f) Work is essentially completed but model level, depth of water and specific gravity still active. of logs were investigated. (f) Work completed and model removed. (36I+I1) OTTER RAPIDS GENERATING STATION MODEL. (g) The many variables were tried in various combinations to determine their singular (b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission. or combined effect on the free passage of

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logs with minimum number hitting the bottom. Project. Studies have been concentrated on: Eco- (4023) DOUGLAS POINT INTAKE MODEL. nomical study of tailrace excavations; effect of surges caused by sudden load ac- (b) Ontario Hydro -Electric Power Commission. ceptance and rejection on navigation condi- (d) Experimental; hydraulic design and operations at locks; protection of navigation tion of water intake. dykes from waves caused by spillway oper- (e) A 1:24 model was constructed of the intake, ation. tunnel and forebay of a nuclear generating (f) Hydraulic studies are completed but model station. The design of the intake to draw is active for eventual problems during cooling and process water from a lake and construction. to exclude floating ice and vortices as (h) Report submitted to sponsor. well as the forebay design of the pumping station and operation under pick-up and (3650) MONT - LOUIS BREAKWATER. rejection of the pumping capacity. (b) Department of Public Works. (4024) ADAM CREEK CONTROL STRUCTURE MODEL. (d) Experimental research; design. (e) Study in a 16 foot wide, 60 foot long, wave (b) Ontario Hydro -Electric Power Commission. flume at scale l/6o of a three dimensional (d) Experimental; hydraulic design and operation. scale model of the Mont Louis Breakwater. (e) A 1:60 model was constructed to determine This study has shown the necessity of the the rollway profile and pressures, pier- three dimensional model, as the results shape, discharge capacity and energy-dis- obtained are indeed greatly different from sipating works with fixed and movable bed. those obtained in a previous study on a two dimensional scale model. Locally, the pro- (4025) TRASH RACK LOSS STUDY. tecting facing required 15 ton tetrapods or quarry blocks weighing 30 tons. (b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission. (f) Completed. (d) Experimental; basic research. (h) Report submitted to sponsor. (e) A 1:12 model was constructed in a flume where hydraulic losses due to shape and (3652) R0CKFIELD AUTOMATIC SEWAGE REGULATOR. number of horizontal members and shape and spacing of vertical members were determined. (b) City of Montreal. The effects of angularity to flow were also (d) Experimental research; design. investigated. (e) Study on a l/24 scale model of the maximum (f) Testing completed and model inactive. permanent discharge compatible with flow conditions to be introduced at all times (4026) NIAGARA RIVER MODEL. into the collector. The solution studied included automatic sewage regulators with (b) Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission. downstream control (patented by the Labora- (d) Experimental; for design and operation. tory) (publication in I.A.H.R. Eighth

(e) An existing 1:250 x 1:50 scale model repro- Congress Montreal 1959 ) ducing five miles of the Niagara River from (f) Completed. Buckhorn Island to below the Cataracts is (h) Report submitted to sponsor. being used to determine the operational characteristics of the Niagara Control Struc - (3655) CARILLON SPILLWAY. ture under developed conditions. This model was previously used to investigate the re- (b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission. medial works necessary for the preservation (d) Experimental; applied research. and enhancement of Niagara Falls and for the (e) The model built at a scale of 1:48 repre- location of the intakes and necessary river sents four of the fourteen bays of the improvements of both Ontario Hydro and the Carillon Spillway and part of the Power- Power Authority of the State of New York. house. The model was used for spillway calibration and to obtain an economic design of the downstream apron and lip. This was designed to prevent scouring below the lASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY. lip caused by transverse currents initiated by the low trajectory jet. Inquiries concerning the following projects should (f) Completed. be addressed to Mr. E. Pariset, LaSalle Hydraulic (h) Report submitted to sponsor. Laboratory, 0250 St. Patrick Street, LaSalle, P.Q. Canada (4027) CARILLON LOCK.

(3346) MODEL STUDY OF THE CARILLON POWER PROJECT. (b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission. (d) Experimental; design. (b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission. (e) A 1/20 scale model used to study design (d) Experimental; applied research. problems of the 65 ft. lift navigation lock (e) A model of the Ottawa River at the Carillon included in the Carillon development on the Site was built at a scale of 1:110 to study Ottawa River. Electronic recorder used the hydraulic problems pertaining to the extensively to measure transient pressure construction and operation of the Carillon fluctuations downstream of the valves

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during operation, and to measure hawser (b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission. pulls on a model boat. Modifications to (d) Theoretical; improvement. the outlet and stilling "basin eliminated (e) Study of the possibilities to reduce the low pressure difficulties at the emptying head losses due to the large thickening of valve. Safe operating procedures and the ice cover upstream of the Beauharnois characteristics specified. Power Plant. (f) Completed - model still active for later (f) Completed. design purposes. (g) The thickening of the ice-cover seems to be (h) Report submitted to sponsor. a result of the excessive thrusts on the ice-cover. To decrease these thrusts several (1+028) CARILLON POWER PLANT DOWNSTREAM WATER solutions have been studied. Widening or LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS. bottom excavation of the canal is too costly. The recommended solution is to provide a (b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission. longitudinal, median dyke in order to in- (d) Theoretical; operation. crease the part of the thrust sustained by (e) Study of the water level fluctuation in the the banks. Lake of two Mountains, Lake St. Louis and (h) Report submitted to aponsor. Montreal Harbour, due to the peak power plant operations ( 1+033) MANIC0UAGAN POWER DEVELOPMENT SITE 5. For the Ottawa River Section, downstream of the Power Plant, phenomena of wave (b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission. propagation in cases of sudden variations (d) Theoretical; design. of discharge, was studied by the Schnyder- (e) This study was carried out to define the Bergeron method. volumes and peak discharges of the spring (f) Completed. and autumn floods of probabilities up to (h) Report submitted to sponsor. 1/10,000.

Only two year ' s stream-gauging data was

( 1+029 ) LEMAY RIVER POWER-HOUSE PROJECT-SURGE TANK. available at the site, therefore it was necessary to work on the basis of longer (b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission. records on neighboring catchments. Statisti- (d) Theoretical; design. cal correlation and arithmetic methods were

( e ) Study by the Schnyder-Bergeron method of used as means of data transfer, and the mass oscillations and damping in the surge Gumbel equation was used to determine the tank for different cases of load acceptance discharges for the probabilities required. and rejection. The slope of the spring flood hydrograph (f) Discontinued. was determined from data available at a (h) Preliminary report submitted to sponsor. gauging station on the same river downstream of the site, then transferred by a

( 1+030) LEMAY RIVER DEVELOPMENT RESERVOIR unit -flood-peak discharge method. UTILIZATION. (f) Completed. (h) Report submitted to sponsor. (b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission. (d) Theoretical; operation. (I+03I+) MANIC0UAGAN POWER PLANT - SITE 5 - TEMPORARY (e) This development was considered a possible DIVERSION. source of power for construction of the nearby Manicouagan-Site 5 scheme. Maximum (b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission. power output was determined for complete (d) Theoretical and experimental; design. annual utilization of the reservoir by (e) A l/l08 scale model being used to determine considering mean, dry and drought year the stage -discharge law of the two diversion hydrographs tunnels proposed. Studies carried out so (f) Discontinued. far include refinements to the intakes and (g) Report submitted to sponsor. outlets to improve conditions of transition from free surface flow to pressure flow in

( 1+031) BEAUHARNOIS CANAL WIDENING. the tunnels . Law of upstream level vs discharge takes into account considerable (b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission. storage in reservoir formed by upstream (d) Theoretical for improvement of Power- cofferdam. House operation. Using topographical sur- (h) Progress report only submitted to sponsor. vey results, a study was undertaken to determine the gain of head obtained by (1+035) MANIC 0UAGAN POWER PLANT - SITE 5 - COFFERDAM. widening the canal for a length of 70,000 feet where bottom excavation had reached (b) Quebec Hydroelectric Commission. rock. (d) Theoretical; design. Study included both summer and winter (e) Preliminary study of cofferdamming of the operation of the power-house. Manicouagan River. Both toe dumping and (f) Completed. horizontal layers construction methods (g) Cost of excavation too high compared to have been considered; the first one seems the annual production gain. easier and cheaper. (h) Report submitted to sponsor. A more elaborate study will be carried out on a scale model. ( 1+032) BEAUHARNOIS CANAL ICE COVER. (f) Completed.

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(g) Report submitted to sponsor. regulator with downstream control patented by the Laboratory (publications in I.A.H.R. (I+O36) CHEMAINUS HARBOUR. eighth Congress, Montreal 1959).

(b) Department of Public Works. (kOkl) QUEEN MARY TRIBUTARY INTERCEPTION, DROP (d) Theoretical study; design. IN A VERTICAL CONDUIT.

( e ) A study of the arrival of deep water generated waves in the harbour was carried (b) City of Montreal. out by using wave diagrams. This allowed (d) Experimental; design. determination of the efficiency of a pro- (e) Study on a l/l2 scale model of the maximum posed breakwater, as well as an alternative, discharge evacuated by a vertical conduit more effective project. by means of a free surface giratory flow. (f) Completed. Adjustment of the transition according to (h) Report submitted to sponsor. the tributary slope. Standardization. (1+037) SUMMERSIDE HARBOUR - PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. (1+01+2) LAVIGNE PUMPING STATION. (b) Department of Public Works. (d) Theoretical study; design. (b) City of Montreal. (e) Thio study of Harbour protection and effect (d) Theoretical; design. of the Queen's Wharf extension has shown (e) Hydraulic design of an automatic pumping that this Harbour is well protected against station which drains a domestic and storm penetration of swell. Unsatisfactory moor- water sewer. Special attention given to ing conditions can be explained by excessive prevention of sedimentation during low reflections and concentrations of incoming discharge seasons. waves (f) Completed. Some structures are recommended to decrease (h) Report submitted to sponsor. these effects. (f) Completed. (h) Report submitted to sponsor.

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE , Department of Civil Engineering, (1*038) SKINNER'S POND HARBOUR IMPROVEMENTS, PRINCE Hydrodynamics Laboratory. EDWARD ISLAND. Inquiries concerning the following projects should (b) Department of Public Works. be addressed to Professor Raymond Boucher, Director (d) Theoreretical study; design. Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, 2500 (e) Preliminary study of the protection of the Guyard Avenue, Montreal 26, Quebec, Canada. harbour entrance against sand deposit by littoral drift. (1+01+3) STUDY OF THE RELIABILITY AND OPERATION OF The results have shown the usefulness of BACK-WATER VALVES ON PLUMBING SYSTEMS enlarging the south breakwater, the safest AGAINST FLOODING BY PUBLIC SEWERS. and cheapest method to keep the required clearance at the entrance is to carry out (b) City of Montreal, City Planning Department, periodic dredging. Field measurements are Inspection Division. needed before completing the study. (d) Experimental; applied research. (f) Completed (e) A full scale three-story plumbing system (h) Report submitted to sponsor. has been erected in the Hydrodynamics Lab. of Ecole Polytechnique. The diameter of (1+039) SEWER SIPHON UNDER LACHINE CANAL. the pluvial column, the soil stack and the drain is 1+ in. The drain has many sections (b) City of Montreal. of pyrex glass to permit observations at (d) Theoretical; design. critical points. A system of valves and of (e) Hydraulic design of a low level sewer pas- cross-connections on the vents lends to sing under the Lachine Canal. Special at- various combinations of tests. The back- tention was given to prevention of sedi- water valves have a transparent lucite cover

mentation in the low lying section of the to enable visual observations . As air en- siphon. trainment seems to have a great importance (f) Completed. on the venting capacity, the rate of air (h) Report submitted to sponsor. entrained in the vertical columns is measured at the inlet by means of a hot- (kOko) CUROTTE PAPINEAU SEWAGE COLLECTOR FLOW wire air-meter. Various flooding conditions METER. of the public sewers are simulated by a tank in which the water level can be con- (b) City of Montreal. trolled by gate valves. This research is (d) Experimental; design and operation. aimed at determining whether back-water (e) Study on a model at a scale l/l8 of valves can offer home dwellers a reliable solutions to increase the discharge of protection against flooding due to any over- domestic water toward the interceptor. load of combined sewers. If this method Study and calibration on the same model of is not satisfactory, an improved design of a flow meter for domestic and flood waters. plumbing system may be suggested. In studied solutions the intercepted discharge is controlled by an automatic sewage (1+01+1+) HYDRAULIC AND MECHANICAL TESTING OF A

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16-INCH BUTTERFLY VALVE. (d) Experimental project for design. (e) An undistorted scale model, approximately (b) Dominion Engineering Company Limited 50 ft. by 100 ft., to a scale of 1:80, has (d) Experimental; for design. been constructed to study the shoaling (e) Head losses to be measured across the problem in the entrance of the harbour Butterfly Valve as a function of valve which is located on a sandy shore. opening for discharges from 500 to 10,000 (f) Test work almost completed. U. S. gpm. Torque determination to be (g) Model tests have shown that suitably shaped executed throughout opening and closing rubble-mound breakwaters may be constructed cycles by means of strain gauge and elec- so that an outward current will be created tronic recorder at same flows as and con- along the bed to prevent sand from entering currently with the head loss test, and at the harbour during storms. Maintenance zero flow. An endurance test for 10,000 dredging should be reduced considerably. closing and opening cycles is also to be (h) A report will be prepared for the sponsor. performed on the valve at a discharge of 10,000 U.S. gpm when the valve is fully (kOkf) BAIE C0MEAU, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. open. Visual inspection for seat leakage is to be made after 100, 1000, 3,000, 5,000, (b) Department of Public Works, Canada. 8,000 and 10,000 cycles. (d) Experimental for design. (e) A l/llO scale model of the harbour and offshore area has been constructed to study

plans for harbour development . The harbour NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical is located on the north shore of the Gulf Engineering. of St. Lawrence where it is subject to fairly strong wave action. It is therefore Inquiries concerning the following projects should essential that harbour developments be be addressed to Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director, Div. designed to provide safe berthing areas for of Mechanical Engineering, National Research Council, ships. A number of layouts have been tested Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. and the waves in the harbour compared. ( f ) Test work almost completed. (336l) RESEARCH ON THE DESIGN OF FISHING BOATS. (g) Preliminary data issued to the sponsor.

(b) Laboratory project. (k0k8) NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT CAUSEWAY. (d) Experimental and theoretical to improve design. (b) Department of Public Works, Canada. (e) This project is being undertaken in cooper- (d) Experimental for design data. ation with the Department of Fisheries, (e) Proposals have been made to construct a Canada, to improve the design and operation rubble-mound causeway across Northumberland of East Coast fishing boats. Strait - a distance of 9 1/2 miles - to (g) A full scale fishing boat constructed to link Prince Edward Island with the main- lines produced by the laboratory has shown land. Because of the exposed location and good performance. Full scale tests have the prevalence of large quantities of ice, been carried out on fishing nets to de- it is essential that the structure have termine the towing forces. Model tests on adequate stability. A l/30 scale model of ships and propellers are continuing. a typical cross-section, designed by the consulting engineers, was constructed in (40^5) PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. the wave flume and tested under a variety of wave and tide conditions. (b) Laboratory project. (h) Preliminary data submitted to the sponsor. (d) Field and theoretical study of tide and current (U0i+9) ETANG DES CAPS. (e) A theoretical study of the modification to the tide wave, as it progresses up the St. (b) Department of Public Works, Canada. Lawrence River, has been made on the basis (d) Experimental for design. of published data and some field measure- (e) Etang des Caps is a small fishing settle- ments. It is expected that this work will ment on the Magdalen Island, which has no be useful in planning channel improvements harbour facilities. A model of scale l/80 for navigation. has been constructed to develop a rubble- (g) The study has shown that the tide wave is mound breakwater arrangement which would be strongly modified by a number of restric- suitable for the exposed location and pro- tions in the river channel and has shown vide protection for a small group of fishing how dredging in various channels has af- boats fected water levels and tidal currents. The (f) Tests almost complete. project is in the preliminary stage and will (h) A final report will be prepared for the be continued. sponsor. (h) "The Tide in the St. Lawrence River," by H. A. Neu, Paper was presented at the ASCE- (U050) STUDY OF ICE DRIFT. EIC Meeting in Boston, 11 October i960. (b) Laboratory project. (h0k6) DINGWALL HARBOUR, NOVA SCOTIA. (d) Theoretical study. (e) A theoretical study of the drift of ice in (b) Department of Public Works, Canada. the Gulf of St. Lawrence is being conducted.

20U .

(g) The mechanics of the wind-induced currents (3363) HYDR0L0GIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC SOIL. have been studied and it has been found that a permanent cyclonic circulation occurs in (b) Laboratory project. the Gulf. The combined effects of wind and (c) Prof. R. W. Irwin, Ontario Agricultural density fields across Cabot Strait have also College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. been studied. The study indicated a possible (d) Field investigation; applied research. theoretical route which could be used by (e) The study is being carried out to establish ships during the winter. criteria to be used in the development and (h) A report is being prepared. operation of the water control program for organic soils. In the investigation, an (1*051) LOCK- FILLING MANIFOLD ANALYSIS. attempt will be made to establish an hydrologic water balance for the field area by (b) Laboratory project. measuring, recording and analyzing so far (d) Theoretical; applied research. as possible the evaporation, seepage, (e) As a sequel to lock model experiments con- transpiration, precipitation, water table ducted to obtain design data for the Sea- elevation and ground water discharge through way locks, an analysis of multiple-port tile drains. culvert systems is being made. This is an (g) Data are presently being analyzed. attempt to study lock behavior without using large models. Experimentally de- (3658) THE RESISTIVITY METHOD FOR GROUND WATER termined characteristics of culvert and EXPLORATION. port components have been applied analytically to a network of lumped impedances (b) Laboratory project. but, because of non-linearlity, solution is (c) Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricul- difficult. tural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. (g) An approximate solution has given filling (d) Field investigation; applied research. curve results which are in good agreement (e) The objective is to investigate the ap- with experimental data. plication of the resistivity method to (h) "Some Remarks on the Behavior of Lock subsurface exploration for ground water Culvert Filling Systems Considering Non- under the geological conditions found in Linear Friction," by J. E; Feir. 8th southern Ontario. I.A.H.R. Congress, 1959- (g) Equipment for use in Schlumberger tra- versing has been designed and tested. Correlative depth sounding traverses have been made near five wells with known logs. ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. A lateral investigation was undertaken to find a buried pre-glacial river bed in the (2^92) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS. bedrock surface. Initial results indicated that the method shows promise for this type (b) Laboratory project. of investigation. (c) Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricul- tural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. (3659) DROUGHT FREQUENCY ANALYSIS. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) The relationship of precipitation and (b) Laboratory project. snowmelt to runoff characteristics on four (c) Prof. H. D. Ayers, Ontario Agricultural watersheds of 20 acres each, under various College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. land use practices, is being evaluated. (d) Experimental; development. (g) Winter surface runoff from watersheds with (e) The objective of this analysis is to de- good grass-legume cover is greater than termine the frequency of droughts in from watersheds plowed during the winter southwestern Ontario. This information season. is to be used in determining the irrigation requirements for specific crops on various (27^0) MAIN TILE DRAIN SIZES FOR COMPOSITE soil types. Water budget techniques are DRAINAGE OF BR00KST0N CLAY SOIL. to be used and applied to actual meteorological observations in order to calculate (b) Laboratory project. the frequency and magnitude of irrigation (c) Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural requirements College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (3660) RAINFALL DEPTH-AREA- INTENSITY RELATIONSHIPS (e) Discharge measurements from lateral tile IN CENTRAL ONTARIO. drains in Brookston clay soil are being made to determine the proper drainage coef- (b) Laboratory project. ficient to use in the design of main tile (c) Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricul- drains and to determine the effect of tural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. lateral tile drain spacing on the drainage (d) Field investigation; applied research. rate. Two additional lateral drains were (e) A dense network of standard and recording installed in the fall of i960. rain gauges has been established in the (g) Correlation analysis of drainage rates Guelph area with the co-operation of the have been made to determine which drain Meteorological Branch, Department of Trans- would best serve as a check to study the port. The network is over an area of ap- effect of the additional lateral drains. proximately 12 sq. miles with an average

205 gage density of 1 per sq. mile. The (4053) THE WATER YIELD OF SWAMP AREAS. purpose of this study is to obtain detailed information on summer precipitation (b) Laboratory project. characteristics for use in the hydrologic (c) Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricul- design for small drainage basins, tural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. (g) Two years data have been collected. Summer (d) Field investigation; Master's Thesis. thunder storms show a highly variable (e) A watershed of approximately 900 acres areal distribution. One storm over the containing a swamp area is being studied network varied from 4.53 inches to 0.02 to determine the relationship between water- inches depth. shed characteristics and water yield, (g) Six months' data on water levels, flow (3661) HYDROLOGIC FACTORS AFFECTING BRIDGE DE- records, and precipitation have been col- SIGN. lected and analysis has been started.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with (4054) RUNOFF FROM FLAT LAND. Ontario Department of Highways and Univ. of Toronto. (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with (c) Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural Water Resources Division, Department of College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Northern Affairs and National Resources. (d) Experimental; Master's Thesis. (c) Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural (e) The purpose of this project is to develop College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. satisfactory design criteria for bridges and (d) Field investigation; applied research. culverts based on watershed runoff relation- (e) Several 2 to 10 sq. mile flat watersheds ships for Ontario. Frequency analysis of of fine-textured soils are to be studied existing stream flow data for the province to determine the relationship between pre- have been carried out. An attempt is being cipitation, snowmelt, watershed character- made to correlate watershed characteristics istics and runoff. One watershed has been with peak discharge relationships. surveyed and instruments have been instal- (g) A thesis and a report to the Ontario Dept. led to determine precipitation and runoff. of Highways will be completed in 1961. Hydrologic data on this type of watershed is being sought for the establishment of

( 3662 ) POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND CON- criteria for the design of hydraulic SUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY CROPS. structures.

(b) Laboratory project. (4055) EVAPORATION FROM A SNOW SURFACE. (c) Dr. K. M. King, Department of Soils, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, (b) Laboratory project. Ontario, Canada. (c) Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricul- (d) Field investigation; basic research. tural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. (e) The purpose of this investigation is to (d) Field investigation; applied research. evaluate the factors influencing evapo- (e) Snow evaporation will be measured from a transpiration by the use of a specially floating lysimeter and basic equations for designed floating lysimeter. Study is the heat budget over a snow surface will being conducted on the effect of soil be developed for estimating snow evapo- moisture on the heat budget and evaporation and snowmelt. These data will be transpiration for crops. used in a water balance for experimental (g) Data are presently being analyzed. watersheds in the Guelph area. (g) Equipment has been designed and constructed. (4052) COVER MATERIALS FOR TILE DRAINS. Initial data will be collected during the winter of I96O-61. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. (d) Experimental and field investigation; QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY AT KINGSTON, HYDRAULIC LABORA- applied research and Master's Thesis. TORIES. (e) This study is being made to determine the effect of several cover materials on soil (3364) LITTORAL DRIFT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE movement and water discharged into a tile HARBOURS ON THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE drain. Laboratory studies of some rela- ONTARIO. tively new glass fiber materials have been completed and a field experiment based on (b) The National Research Council of Canada. those results was installed in the fall (c) Dr. Bernard Le Mehaute, Department of Civil of i960. Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston, (g) Glass fiber filter material placed above Ontario. and below the drain proved to be the most (d) Experimental and field; basic and applied. effective cover material. (e) Field and laboratory (i.e. three dimen- (h) "The Effect of Cover Materials on the sional movable bed model of the Harbour Movement of Soil into Tile Drains" by H. of Cobourg) examination of silting due to C. Tiwari, Thesis on file in Massey littoral drift and research of a solution. Library, Ontario Agricultural College. (h) "An Introduction to the Mathematical

206 . " . .

Theories of Two-Dimensional Periodic Pro- neering, Queen's University at Kingston. gressive Gravity Waves," A. Brebner and B. (a Laboratory Investigation. Le Mehaute, Queen's University, C. E. Re- (e A kOO ft. length of instrumented k inch search Report No. 11 (Available from (c)). aluminum pipe with Perspex Observation Sections being used. THE CAUSE, GROWTH AND EFFECT OF SECONDARY CURRENTS IN STRAIGHT OPEN CHANNEL FLOW. (4058 A THEORETICAL STUDY OF WAVES BREAKING AT AN ANGLE WITH A SHORE. Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston. (b National Research Council of Canada. Laboratory and Theoertical Investigation (c Dr. B. Le Mehaute, Department of Civil for Doctoral Thesis by J. F. Fulton. Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston. An investigation into the mechanism of (d Basic theoretical research. secondary flow. (f Completed. Publication pending by E. I. C. (h Under print in Journal of Americal Geo- physical Union, February, 1961. PERIODICAL GRAVITY WAVE MOTION ON DIS- CONTINUITIES. (4059 A THEORY ON AGITATION IN A HARBOUR.

Dr. B. Le Mehaute, Department of Civil (h National Research Council of Canada. Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston. (c Dr. B. Le Mehaute, Department of Civil Theoretical analysis of gravity waves on a Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston. discontinuity. (d Basic theoretical research. Experimental verification. (e A theory using complex number calculus has "Periodical Gravity Waves on a Discontinuity, permitted the evaluation of the agitation Published in Journal of ASCE, Hydraulic Div., in a basin submitted to a given regular November i960. wave taking account of the entrance configuration, that is wave-traps, beaches etc. THE EFFECT OF AIR- BUBBLING BREAKWATER ON (f Completed. WAVE MASS TRANSPORT. (h Publication pending by A.S.C.E.

The National Research Council of Canada. (4o6o PROBABILITY OF AGITATION IN A HARBOUR. Dr. A. Brebner, Civil Engineering Department, Queen's University at Kingston. (h National Research Council. Experimental laboratory investigation. (c Dr. B. Le Mehaute, Department of Civil Engi- Suspended. neering, Queen's University at Kingston. "A Laboratory Study of Pneumatic, Break- (d Basic theoretical research. waters, " T. M. Dick and A. Brebner, Queen's (e Theoretical study on the probability of University, C. E. Research Report No. 12 agitation in a harbour subjected to incident

( ) Available from ( c ) irregular wave motion. (f Report in preparation. CRITICAL MASS-TRANSPORT VELOCITIES FOR PARTICLES OF VARIOUS SIZES. (4061 WAVE LENS.

The National Research Council of Canada. (h National Research Council. Dr. A. Brebner, Department of Civil Engi- (c Dr. B. Le Mehaute, Department of Civil neering, Queen's University at Kingston. Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston. Experimental laboratory investigation. (a Basic theoretical research. Work to present indicates limiting parameter (e A theoretical study has been made on the for validity of Longuett-Higgins Theory. possibilities of using a submerged mound to Publication pending by E. I. C. - A. S. M. E. cause a change of direction of incident wave. A direct analogy with a convex lens has SUBMERGED BREAKWATERS AS A SOLUTION TO been used to study protection of a harbour HARBOUR DEPOSIT. entrance from agitation. Such a solution is economical only when the wave direction is The National Research Council of Canada. almost constant Dr. B. Le Mehaute, Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the possibility of using wave energy to UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Department of Mechanical create a scouring and flushing current which Engineering. would reduce deposition of silt in a harbour. Promising results in a two-dimensional wave- (1298) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEIR-TYPE flume and on a three -dimensional basin with SPILLWAYS. movable bed. Publication Pending by E. I. C. - A. S. M. E. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, THE TRANSPORT OF LOGS OR SUSPENDED SOLIDS Toronto 5, Canada. THROUGH PIPELINES. (d) Experimental; applied research for masters' theses Dr. A. Brebner, Department of Civil Engi- (e) A long-term research carried out with a view

207 . . . . .

to systematizing discharge characteristics (b) Canada Iron Foundries, Limited, Toronto, for spillways having various pier spacings Canada. and proportions (c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto,

(g) Significant correlations obtained via Toronto 5 , Canada. special plotting techniques. (d) Experimental; applied research for design. (h) Report in preparation. (e) Model study in low speed wind tunnel of stack discharge from existing foundry cupola (3003) ROUGHNESS PHENOMENA IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW. under various conditions of velocity, wind, and stack height, to provide design data to (b) Laboratory project. reduce present incidence of downwash in (c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, dense industrial area.

Toronto 5 > Canada. (h) Report in preparation. (d) Experimental; applied research for doctoral thesis. (1+06U) EFFECT OF GROINS ON LITTORAL TRANSPORT. (e) Experimental and theoretical analysis to determine the influence of cross-section (b) Laboratory project geometry on the resistance to flow in con- (c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, duits. The channel under study is 70 feet Toronto 5> Canada. long with variable rectangular section and (d) Experimental; applied research for master's uses air as the fluid medium. Extensive thesis. tests have been made on head loss and shear (e) The motion of individual sediment particles stress distribution as a function of shape of various sizes and densities is being of section. studied on a model beach of 1:10 slope (h) Report in preparation. built at 1+5° to the wave direction. Di- rection and magnitude of the particle (3368) DIFFUSION OF GASEOUS PLUMES. velocities and the effect of groins upon particle motion patterns are being studied. (b) Laboratory project. (g) It has been found that the rate of longshore (c) Prof. W D. Baines, University of Toronto, transport is a maximum in the surf zone and Toronto 5j Canada. decreases rapidly in the offshore direction. (d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral Preliminary tests indicate that groins are thesis most effective if the length extends just (e) A jet of air is being injected normally beyond the surf zone. into an artificially thickened boundary

layer. Mean velocities and turbulence ( 1+065 ) FLOW AROUND OBJECTS IMMERSED IN A BOUNDARY parameters are to be studied. LAYER. (g) Photographs of diffusion of a smoke jet show large differences in spreading rates due to (b) Laboratory project. velocity gradient and non-isotropy of the (c) Prof. W. D. Baines, University of Toronto, turbulent field. Two contra-rotating vor- Toronto 5, Canada. tices with horizontal axes are produced due (d) Experimental; applied research for master's to interaction of jet and mean flow field. thesis. (e) An artificial, thick boundary layer has (U062) CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT OF DON RIVER AT YORK been produced on the floor of a wind tunnel. MILLS, ONTARIO. Pressure distribution and secondary flow phenomena are being studied with respect to (b) W. 0. Chisholm, Agincourt, Ontario, Canada, walls and cubes on the tunnel floor at for Metropolitan Toronto and Region Con- various orientations servation Authority. (g) A secondary flow down the velocity gradient (c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, has been observed on the upstream faces of

Toronto 5 , Canada. the object, resulting in higher pressures (d) Experimental; applied research for design. near the base. A linear combination of (e) Model investigation of optimum spillway pressure coefficient and local velocity pro- configuration. vides a fair approximation to the observed (f) Completed. distribution. On the downstream faces the (h) Reported to sponsor. pressure distribution is uniform with a very strong secondary flow up the velocity ( J+063) STACK HEIGHT DETERMINATION. gradient

208 SUBJECT INDEX

Accelerated motion Bridge piers cylinders (2265) 7 scour (1707) ... lOO spheres (3*+32) *+3 Bubbles spheres (3711) 25 vapor (15*1-8) 1 Air entrainment Canals mechanics of (3*1-05) 25 gravity flow bypass (3990) 179 pipes (1303) 5 irrigation Air-water flow (183*4) 13 Bentonite sealing (370*4-) 2*4- Apparatus linings (l5l) 109 observation well (3262) 165 linings (1966) 105 rainfall similator (2596) 71 linings rotating arm (1781) l8l seepage (l859) 31 sediment sampler (19*0 79 linings (l5l) 109 shallow streamgaging (3926) 166 linings (1837) 15 soil, measurement of hydraulic linings (1859) 31 conductivity (3213) ' 112 Canals, concrete-lined spray formation (2730) 18*4- discharge capacity (3985) 178 surface follower (3603) 166 Cavitation (3153) 77 turhulence prohe (297I+) 191 Cavitation water tunnel (79) *40 accelerating bodies (386*4-) 102 water tunnel (l52l) l8l baffle piers (993) ikl wave formation (2730) 18^4- basic research (993) 1*1-1 wave gages (977) 135 basic research Baffle piers Calif. Inst, of Technology (15*4-8) 1 "basic research (993) 1^1 David Taylor Model Basin (711) 180 cavitation (993) 1^1 Iowa State University (79) *4-0 Beach fills (2195) 136 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 1*1-1 Beaches cascades (3378) 3 artificial (976) 135 concrete surface irregularities (3278) 177 artificial (3995) 179 effect thermal properties (3OO9) 2 hy-passing sand, inlets (975) 13*1- gate slots (993) 1*4-1 equilibrium profile (l8l) 13*4- gate valves (2955) 176 littoral movement (3897) 137 mechanics of (2502) 2 particle movement (3897) 137 noise (1778) l8l profiles (372*0 29 offset joints (993) 1*1-1 wave action (l8l) 13*4- offsets (3278) 177 wave action (529) 5 outlet works, Glendo Dam (3280) 177 wave action (660) 13*4- pipe bends (993) 1*H wave action (1609) 50 sluice gates (79) *40 Bibliographies, water measurement (16I+3) 68 stilling basin steps (993) 1*1-1 Boundary layer (3788) 6*4 turbines, models (1133) 63 Boundary layer water tunnel (79) *40 plane surface (3799) 67 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 126 rectangular ducts (3*1-55) 55 Cavity resonance (2*4-70) 183 shear (367*+) 10 Cavity resonance (2833) 70 skin friction (3020) 8 Channel improvement stability (367*0 10 Bonneville Dam (3230) 138 surfaces (85*0 *H Don River (*4062) 208 three dimensional (3757) 56 flood control (2919) 138 turhulence (367*)-) 10 flood control, Hoosic River, Mass. (l21l).. 1*4-2 turbulent (1779) l8l flood control, Middle Miss. River (236).... 1*40 two phase (3791) 66 jetties (2*4-55) 175 Boundary layer development navigation effect vibrations (3822) 79 Delaware River, Pa. (*425) 1*4-1 Boundary layer flow Eraser River (l0*!-*0 198

submerged bodies ( 3*+8l) 66 St. Lawrence River (2*429) I**-**- wedges (3759) 56 Ogden Island Reach, St. Lawrence River (3325)199 Boundary layer, laminar (3765) 57 St. Lawrence River (332*4) 199 Boundary shear stress (2770) 18 St. Lawrence River (*40*45) 20*4 Breakwaters shoaling processes (3907) 156" floating (3022) 8 Channels floating type (3158) 77 advance of liquid front (3192) 96 hydraulic (2753) 7 aggradation (3967) 172 Mt. Louis (3650) 201 alluvial (2 50 5) 7 movable (280l) 50 conservation linings (1723) 106 pneumatic (357*0 137 conservation linings (380*4) 69 rubble-mound (9^9) 1*1-1 degradation (3967) 172 rubble -mound (2681) 1*1-6 enlargements (3922) l66 submerged (*t-056) 207 fluctuations (3792) 67

209 Channels Disks, rotating guide vanes in 90° tends (3852) 99 resistance of (37*4-9) 53 side flow (2073) 27 Dissipators, design (3596) 15*4- subcritical flows (3*4-00) 20 Distillation, sea water (155*0 5 surges (3925) 166 Drag

Channels , alluvial skin friction (31*4-3) 7*4-

aggradation (29*4-7) 16^4- unsteady flow (3*4-*(-0) k'J aggradation (3870) 108 Drag coefficient, cylinders (2265) 7 aggradation (3968) 172 Drag reduction (*t-000) 187 bed roughness (251*0 16 Drag resistance, piers (2396) 91 degradation (29*4-7) ^it- Drain tile

degradation (387O) 108 depth and spacing (2330) *4-*t- degradation (3968) 172 discharge measurements (27*4-0) 205 effect dams (3955) 170 flow characteristics (3*4-90)..... 71 effect diversion (3955) 170 junction losses (1929) 76 effect irrigation drains (3955) 170 sediment deposition (3**-90) 71 hydraulics of (303*4-) 18 sediment movement (3**-90) 71 Channels, curved, subcritical flow (361*1-).... 178 Drain tiles, cover material (*t-052).. 206 Channels, steep Drainage surface characteristic (382*4-) 79 alluvial flood plains (3557) 11*4- Climatology, Upper Colo. River Basin (3399).- 20 by pumping (2350) 59

Coefficients Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) It- hydrophobic disks and plates (2*4-36) 159 Florida (1966) 105

Conduits galleries, dams (77l) ,. ^it- circular, exit transitions (25*4-3) ^8 Illinois soils (2317) 37 condenser cooling water loss (22*4-1) 191 improvement surface (2333) **-5 entrance, pressure distribution (38*4-0).... 88 irrigated lands (1819) 103 exit pressure distributions (25*4-3) ^8 irrigated lands (1966) 105 pressure surges (3203) 13 irrigated lands (3*4-01) 21 vertical drop (*t-0*t-l) 203 subsurface (2126) 57 Conduits, non-circular, friction loss (38*4-9). 97 surface (2126) 57 Conduits, pressure surface (3*4-75) 65

friction factors (272*4-) 176 surface (37*+5) *t-8 friction factors (3275) 177 surface (3867) 105 Conduits, resistance, pressures (3778) 6l Drainage basin studies (3*4-21) 35 Contamination dispersion, rivers, harbors Drainage improvement, surface (2333) *<-5 and estuaries (3598) 155 Drainage installations, subsurface (3216) 112 Convection, forced Drainage systems, design (250*4-) 5 film boiling (3758) 56 Drains, filter Coriolis forces (3753) 55 operational characteristics (3060) 38 Corrosion, plumbing (*t-9) 13 Drains, subsurface Culvert inlets (3772) 60 durability (2127) 58 Culvert inlets, circular (377*4-) 60 plastic (3555) 113 Culverts stability (2127) 58 design criteria (3661) 206 Eddies, effect of boundary geometry (1875) **•! discharge characteristics (2*4-35) 159 Embankments (291) 29 drop inlet (ill) 75 Embankments, rock (37*4-1) kk

flow in (35**2) 100 Energy losses, bends ( 3*+*+l) **9 flow in (3667) 1 Erosion, wave action (3**-09) 28 inlets (38*4-1) 88 Erosion research nature of flow (3376) 1 arid regions (3969) 172

turbulence scaling (*4-008) 19 It- Boca Raton Inlet (3*4-10) 29 Cylinders canals, ditch linings (1966) 105 accelerated motion (2265) 7 canals, earth lined (2*4-57) 175 oscillating (3687) 12 canals, unlined (2*4-57) 175 Dams, gallery drainage (77l) 19*t- conservation farming (150) 106 Density currents conservation farming (2187) ^it- salt water intrusion, Delaware River (*t25) 1*4-1 curved open channels (3089) 51 sedimentation (307) ^9 dikes (37*4-*0 h-8 tidal estuaries (1986) lMt- effect logging (2912) 12*4- Density, mean effects tillage (2597) 71 slug flow (3756) 56 effect vegetation (26l) 125 Diffusers forest influences f 132 380J turbulent boundary layer (2320) 39 forest influences (657) 127 Diffusion Florida inlets (3*413) 29 atmospheric (3398) 20 hillslopes (3952) 169 atmospheric (3708) 25 Lake Michigan (1863) 36 jet (3081) *4-7 mountain watersheds (26l) 125 particles in fluid (l33l) 30 Oregon (3221) 125 salt water (3261) 165 range management (27) *+ waste water (25*4-8) 50 semiarid regions (3969) 172

210 Erosion research Flow semidesert vegetation (657) 127 single and two-phase in tube (237*0 7*^ soil (3k2k) 37 solid-liquid mixtures (3692) 1I4 Evaporation steady, viscous (31*48) 75 evapo-transpiration (1996) 105 three-dimensional (3721) 28

evapo-transpiration (2188) 129 two-phase in venturi ( 3*+03) 21 evapo-transpiration (3662) 206 turbulent (3827) 80 Illinois (555) 33 Flow characteristics, foam (3690) 1*4- lakes (19^) 80 Flow conditions, Renca Thermal Plant (3862).... 102 measurement (1015) 160 Flow, divided, mechanics of (37*43) *47 measurement (2179) 109 Flow junctions (37**-2) I47 measurement (3881) 117 Flow measurement (2925) 1*47 mechanics of (396*0 172 Flow non-steady, viscous (31*4-8) 75 moving surfaces (3393) 1**- Flow in porous media (318*4) 92 reduction (2828) 69 Flow studies, 3-dimensional forms (2969) 185 reduction (3508) 8l Flow studies, two-phase (376*4) 57 reservoirs (765) 19*+ Flow, two-phase, gas-liquid (3726) 31 reservoirs (2l8o) 109 Flow, unsteady, inertial forces (3250) 159 soils (2277) 15 Flow, unsteady, measurement (3700) 23 suppression, reservoirs (2703) 16k Flows, secondary (3761) 56

urban areas (56*0 37 Fluidization, sand beds (3669) *4- watersheds, tennessee Basin (765) 19*+ Fluid mechanics, educational films (3739) *4*4 Evapotransp irat ion Flumes, critical depth (37l8) 28 measurement (3963) 171 Flumes theory (3963) 171 flow measurement (2513) 16 Filtering (27*4l) 1 Parshall (2902) Ill Filtering, sand (38*4*4) 95 trapezoidal (2902) Ill Filtering, sediments (355*)-) 113 Flumes, metering, calibration (38*48) 97 Filters (2535) 3*+ Forces, wind-tunnel measurement (2832) 70 Filters (2837) 71 Gates, cavitation (993) 1*4-1 Fish ladders, dams, John Day (3578) 139 Gates Fishway model study jet flow (3998) 180 John Day Dam, ladder diffusers (3576) 139 lock (1*4-7*4) 1*43 Mayfield Dam (3536) 98 outlet (3997) 180 Vfe-napum facilities (3*+97) 77 Gates, control, Island Bend (3281) 177 Flashboards, dynamic forces (3068) *t-2 Gates, slide, hydraulic downpull (36IO) 177 Flood control (3682) 12 Gates, turbine, closure (*4020) 199 Flood control Geohydraulic theory (31*4-7) 73 crop rotation (1966) 105 Ground water discharge rates (3108) 60 aquifers (318*4) 92 discharge rates (*4-033) 202 aquifers (3188) 93 electric flood model (3385) 9 aquifers, evaluation (3733) 36

rivers ( 3*4-71 ) 60 aquifers, mechanics of (2688) 163 rivers, Mississippi Basin (236) 1*1-0 aquifer potential (2687) l62 structure design (3930) 167 aquifer productivity (3731) 36 Flood control systems aquifers, salt water encroachment (2689).... 163 design (3380) 9 Arkansas (2255) 1 design and operation (3019) 8 artificial recharge (559) 33 Flood forecasting, rating curves (3602) 162 artificial recharge (1966) 105 Flood frequency (3606) 166 artificial recharge (2255) 1 Flood frequency artificial recharge (2315) 3**-

arid areas ( 30*4-1 ) 19 artificial recharge (339*1-) 19 New England (3936) 168 artificial recharge (3676) 10 semiarid areas (30*4-1) 19 Chicago area (1335) 33 semiarid areas (3937) 168 Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) *4-

urban areas (3928) 167 contrasting media ( 39*+T) 169 Flood plane zoning, suburban areas (3935) 168 drawdown condition (3*+92) 73 Flood records, small-area (393*4) 167 East St. Louis area (561) 33 Flood routing (3*4-76) 65 effect forests (656) 123 Flow electric flow net (l22l) 162 accelerated (37*40) kh electrical analogue (2692) 163 accelerated (3732) 62 exploration (3658) 205 fibre suspensions (25*46) 50 flow problems (29*4-8) 16*4 fluctuating (3622) 187 flow in sediments (352*4-) 92 free surface (3720) 28 fluctuations (821) 1*4 free surface, disturbed (3*4-1*4) 30 hydrologic cycle (1092) 33 non-Newtonian (3390) 13 irrigation (1966) 105 non-Newtonian (3*482) 66 Lower Bijou Basin, Colo. (2761) 17 non-Newtonian fluids (3781) 62 non-homogeneous anistropic flow (3186) 93 pulsating (3689) 1*4- occurrence problems (326*4) 165 river under arch bridges (2839) 72 Peoria Area, 111. (560) 33

211 Ground water Hydrologic studies Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) *t-0 frequency (2319) 38 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) *tO Humboldt River Valley (3957) 170 Red River Valley, No. Dak. (3217) 113 New Mexico (3958) 171 stream flow (2063) 6 organic soil (3363) 205 Tennessee Valley (780) 195 Pacific Northwest (3959) 171 water table control (2835) 71 Waller Creek Watershed (2162) 91 wells, evaluation (3733) 36 water yield (3965) 172 Ground water drainage (3252) 16*4- Wyoming (3958) 171 Ground water flow, aquifers (3538) 100 Hydrology (3682) 12 Ground water storage (3263) 165 Hydrology, statistical procedures (3933) 167 Gutters, side flow (2073) 27 Hydromechanics problems Harbor improvement numerical solution (3**-9l) 73 Baie Comeau, Que., Canada (*4-0*4-7) 20*4- Infiltration Chemainus (I4-O36) 203 effect vegetation (1966) 105 Dingwall Harbor (*4-0*4-6) 20*4- soil (25) 103 Etang des Caps (1+04-9) 20*4- soil (1058) k Savannah, Ga. (2**28) ihk soil (2879) 96 Skinner's Pond (*4-038) 203 soil (3265) I65 Summerside (^037) 203 Infiltration studies (3507) 8l Harbor models, scale effects (1002) 1*4-2 Inlets

Harbor study, Kelly's Island, Lake Erie. ( 3905) 156 canals (3267) 176 Heat transfer culverts (ill) 75 boiling (3795) 67 depressed curb (3701) 23 fluidized beds (3*4-7*0 63 hydrodynamics of flow (3166) 8l packed beds (3*t-7*0 63 theory (2088) 38 thin liquid films (3728) 31 Instruments Highway drainage current meter (3802) 68 culverts (ill) 75 hydrograph, outflow (3679) 10 culverts (l59l) 38 pitot-tube calibration (378*4-) 63 culverts (2318) 38 precipitation gage, weighing type (3921)... 162 embankments (291) 29 pressure cells (100*4-) 1*4-2 energy dissipator (2318) 38 pressure fluctuation (25*4-1) *4-2 energy dissipators (3987) 178 radar raingage (29*4-3) l6l subway grating design (2087) 38 radio gages, rainfall (3629) 193 Hydraulic control systems, valves (2335) *+5 radio gages, stream (3629) 193 Hydraulic cyclone (35*4-5) 101 river gage, float-type (3920) 162 Hydraulic jump (2l6l) 90 sediment density gage (3227) 136 Hydraulic jump (399*0 179 soil moisture (1995) l62 Hydrodynamic forces soil moisture (3260) 165 cylinders (3853) 99 sonic wave probe (3829) 87 underwater bodies (27*1-6) 2 streambed analyzer (3*4-02) 21 Hydrodynamics, flow studies (3377) 2 turbulence indicators (2629) 91

Hydrofoil craft, seaworthiness (329*4-) 186 velocity meter ( 100*4-) lk2 Hydrofoils water level recorder (3527) 93 cavitating flow (3803) 68 wave gage (660) 13*4- design criteria (328*4-) 185 wave gage (977) 135

flutter (351*1-) 86 wave gage ( 100*4-) 1*4-2

forces on ( 350*+) 78 Intakes longitudinal stability (3*4-99) 77 Chute-des-Passes (3632) 197 propulsive force (*4-003) 189 Douglas Point (4023) 201 strut interference effects (3821) 78 Twin Buttes (3609) 177 study (l8l6) 2 Wilson Powerhouse (3299) 192 study (21*4-*0 76 Irrigation Hydrofoils, models, testing (3828) 80 application rates (310*4-) 58 Hydrofoils, submerged, flutter studies (3833). 87 canals Hydrofoils, supercavitating bentonite sealing (3558) 11*4- forces on (317*4-) 8*4- linings (1966) 105 hydroelastic instabilities (3173) 8*4- seepage (1966) 105 hydroelastic instabilities (383*1-) 87 concrete pipe (2*4) 103 Hydrologic data, telemetering (3056) 32 control systems, mechanized (3553) H3 Hydrologic processes, forest lands (388*4-) 120 control of water (1966) 105 Hydrologic studies (3929) 167 drainage design (321l) 112 Hydrologic studies drainage studies (1723) 106 arid regions (395l) 169 drainage studies (1819) 103 Colorado (3958) 171 drainage studies (1966) 105 Death Valley (3980) ^it- drainage studies (2651) 110 effects urbanization (3970) 173 drainage studies (3218) 113 flood frequency (3953) 170 efficiencies (2786) 32 Florida (150) 106 efficiencies (3550) 113 forest development (3953) 170 efficiency studies (3109) 6l

212 35 35

Irrigation Locks farm structures (2k) 103 Pike Island (3235) 1*48 farm structures (3556) 11*+ Manifolds, lock-filling (*405l) 205 infiltration (1966) 105 Manifolds, two dimensional (3806) 70 percolation (1966) 10 Meanders (176*4) 162 pipe friction (2*4) 10 Meteorology (2533) 3k precision (3102) 58 Meteorological observations (2760) 17 radial gates (3612) 178 Meters snow surveys (55) 1*+ air foils (*4007) 193 snow surveys (1966) 10 calibration (l2*+) 62 soil moisture (26) *4 calibration (1963) 101 soil permeability (1966) 105 calibration (3*406) 28 sprinklers (3*+70) 59 calibration (3857) 102 sprinklers, hydraulics of (3187) 93 calibration (3898) 102 sprinkling systems (2l) 102 critical flow (3713) 26 sprinkling systems (1966) 105 current, redesign Price(2*43*4) l62 structures (2^4-) 10 elbow (1602) k8 structures, low cost (38*+2) 9*+ elbow (362*0 188 surface (3185) 92 elbow, dynamic similarity (3872) 11 surface (3867) 10 flow (1963) 101 surface, hydraulics of (3552) 113 flow (kOkO) 203 surface systems, design of (3681) 12 flow, electromagnetic (3255) l6*+ water application (1966) 105 flow, performance characteristics (2769)... 17 water consumption (3209) Ill flow, ultrasonic (29*49) 16*4 water control (3*+l8) 32 high pressure-temperature (3623) 188 water measurement (2*4) 103 irrigation (2k) 10 water measurement (2650) 110 open channel (1589) 37

water measurement ( 3209 ) Ill water, irrigation (3529) 9*+ water supply (23) 103 Model distortion (99*0 ikl water supply (27) k Model laws, scale effects, harbors (1002) 1*42 water supply (55) 1*+ Model studies water supply ( 19 66) 10 5 Adam Creek control structure (*402*4) 201 water supply Arkansas River, navigation dam (3592) 153 Santa Barbara Co., Calif. (2653) Ill Arkansas River Channel (3582) 151 well drilling (2k) 10 Arkansas River navigation entrance (3908).. 157 Irrigation systems, surface (2866) 10*4 bed scour (3820) 78 Jets (3789) 66 Canacadea Creek (32*40) 1*1-9 Jets (385M 101 Carillon Power Project ( 33*4-6) 201 Jets Chattahoochee River (32*4*4) 150 axi symmetrical flow (3395) 19 Chunju (38*47) 97 mean pressure distributions (3075) *+3 Conneaut Harbor, Ohio (32*42) 150 mixing (3^29) *+3 breakwater, Morro Bay, Calif. (390*4) 155 mixing (3*+77) 65 dams Jets, annular Albenie Falls (3532) 97 mean velocity distributions (3075) *+3 Allegheny River, Pa. (3919) 158 Jets, submerged Melton Hill (3627) 192 turbulence characteristics (3790) 66 Opossum Creek, Ohio River (3909) 157 Jetties riprap requirements, Ice Harbor (359*+) •• 15*+ effect littoral drift (2190) 135 Snake River (3577) 139

effect wave action (529) 5 diversion tunnel intake, Guadalupe R. ( 35*+7) 101

effectiveness (3271) 177 Duluth-Superior Harbor ( 32*41 ) l*+9 Liquids, thermodynamics (957) 99 emptying-filling systems Locks Melton Hill Lock (*4005) 193 approaches (l738)(l739) l*+3 Wheeler Lock (3626) 192 filling, emptying systems Eufaula Dam (3238) l*+9 Barkley Dam (2673) 1*45 flow patterns, Delaware River (35*+6) 101 Carillon Lock (*4027) 201 Galveston Bay (3912) 157 Dardanelle Dam (2675) 1*45 generating station, Otter Rapids (36*4*4).... 200 John Day (3575) 139 Gulf Outlet Channel, La. (3913) 158 Louisville, Ky. (2678) 1*45 head gates (36*43) 200 Maxwell Dam (3236) ikd head losses in bends (3*4*4l) *+9 McAlpine Locks Ohio River (391*0 158 Hudson River, N. Y. (2932) l*+7 Monogahela River (32*43) 150 hurricane structures New Poe, St. Marys River (3585) 152 Lake Pontchartrain, La. (358l) 151 Old River Lock, La. (3232) 1*47 inlet structures Sacramento Barge Canal (2682) lk6 Uttarbhag Pumping Station (35*+0) 100

Watts Bar ( 179*0 191 Iroquois Control Dam (3320) 199 Wilson (2973) 191 John Day Dam (3901) l*+0 John Day (2662) 137 Karadj Re-regulating Dam (3152). 77 miter gates (ikjk) 1*43 Kingston, gas duct (3628) 193 navigation conditions (3909) 157 Lower Atchafalaya River (3910) 157 Model studies Orifice studies Matagorda Bay (3911) 157 high head (3996) 180 McNary Fish Ladder, Columbia River (toL)... 137 Orifices Necuima River diversion (3816) 78 basic research (lh-9) 99 New Cumberland Dam (3239) 1^9 constant head turnout (327*0 177 Niagara Control structure (36^5) 200 control valve (3UJ-8) 5I+ Niagara Power Project (3859) 102 design criteria (2^70) 183 Niagara Remedial Works (3580) 150 discharge measurements (2285) 27 Niagara River control Structure (h-026) 201 sharp edge (3719) 28 Noxon Flume (3533) 97 vortex flow (ll8l) 99 penstock water passages (36^6) 200 Outlet works

pier slip shoaling, New York Harbor (3579) • 150 dams pumping plant Bhumiphol (3397) 20 Charles River Basin (Boston) (3090) 51 Black Butte (3237) lkf Sarasota Bay (3722) 29 Foss (3276) 177 Red Rock Generating Station (3335) 200 Merritt (3986) 178 St. Lawrence River dewatering and Oahe, S. D. (l212) lk2 closure area (3326) 199 Shadehill (3993) 179 sluicegates, downpull forces (3900) lk-0 Sherman (3992) 179 Smith Mountain Hydroelectric Yellowtail (3988) 178 development (3860) 102 diversion dam, Navajo (3273) 177 spillways Glen Canyon Tunnel (295*0 176 John Day Dam (3901) ikO Twin Buttes (3608) 177 North Hartland Dam, Vt. (2918) 138 Outlets Oahe Reservoir, Mo. River, S. D. (3916). 158 canal (3267) 176 stream diversion, Smith Mountain (3861).... 102 pipe cantilevered (ll68) 76 tailrace improvement, St. Lawrence R.(3333) 200 Wheeler Lock ( 1+010 ) 19^

Wanapum Project, Columbia River (3531) 97 Particle entrainment (3670) Al- watershed, arid (38^5) 95 penstocks, Priest Rapids (2632) 96 Model tests, spillways Percolation studies (1966) 105 general tests (3917) 158 Percolation studies, California (2l8l) 110 Model verification Pipe fittings pressure measurement bends, elbows (l602) kQ penstocks, South Holston Dam (762) 190 cavitation (993) l^l sluices, Cherokee Dam (758) 190 Pipe flow (2759) 13 sluices, Douglas Dam (759) 190 Pipe flow, vortex effects (3752) 55 prototype confirmation (lW>7) 1^2 Pipe systems, air movement (3070) h2

Rocky Reach Site, Columbia River (2631) . . . . 96 Pipes Southwest Pass, Miss. River (2931) 1V7 aluminum, head loss (28OO) lfgf Wilson Lock (2^79) 191 cavitation (993) ikl Noise, hydrodynamic (1778) l8l concrete, resistance (3851) 98 Noise, research, hydrophone (3835) 88 couplings (3526) 93 Nozzles, annular (3677) 10 energy losses (3066) 39 Nozzles, mixing (^4-0) 5 flow measurement (3525) 93 Open channels flow straighteners (3786) 63 boundary shear distribution (392 3) 166 friction losses (37^7) ^9 constricted flow (2066) 15 heat transfer (1+0 ) 5 effect discharge (2700) 163 networks (1689) 96 effect grain size (27OO) 163 surges (1303) 5 effect load- (2700) 163 Pipes, corrugated effect slope (27OO) 163 roughness study (3597) 15^ flow characteristics (3839) 88 Pipes, flow of mixtures flow, right angle bends (3^07) 28 liquid-solid (2275) 13 free surface effect (3737) 39 solid-gas (1+0) 5 friction losses (2lk0) 75 Pipes, friction junctions (3805) 69 concrete (2*0 103 meanders (397^) 173 fluid-solid mixture (3773) 60 roughness (3OO3) 208 high pressure (956) 99 roughness (3183) 92 roughness (2619) 88 roughness (3668) k steady and unsteady states (26lk) 8l secondary flow (3663) 207 Pipes, inclined secondary motion (3725) 30 liquid-solid mixtures (3205) 13 stability (3253) l6k Pipes, pressure losses turbulence distribution (3*^6) 52 Widows Creek Steam Plant (3302) 192 uniform flow (2529) 30 Plumbing velocity distribution (2083) 39 backflow prevention (1+9) 13 velocity distribution (3^33) k-3 backflow prevention (!+0l+3) 203 velocity distribution (3^6) 52 corrosion (1+9) 13 velocity distribution (3715) 26 cross-connections (1+9) 13 Orifice meters fixtures (1+9) 13 effect pipe roughness (2731) 188 manual (3688) 13

21 1+ 5

Porous media (3030) 68 Rainfall Porous media rainfall-runoff (56I4-) 37

dispersion of fluid (2586) 65 rainfall-runoff (768) 19 1+ dispersion, mechanics of (37*+8) 53 rainfall-runoff (1078) 27 flow (2863) 81 rainfall-runoff (2162) 91 flow (3188) 93 rainfall-runoff (2561) 57 flow (3212) 112 rainfall-runoff (3808) 71 flow (3258) l6k rainfall-runoff (*4-O5*0 206 flow (3386) 9 rainfall-runoff relations (368) 99 fluid collector systems (31^6) 73 rainfall-runoff relations (2397) 91 microscopic flow (2690) 163 records (1636) 65 Pressure distribution records (253k) 3I4. "basic research (79) *+0 Tennessee River Basin (768) ^it- basic research (8l) *t-l Tennessee River Basin (779) 195

tube entrances ( 3*4-80 ) 66 Rainfall measurements, radar (36OI) l6l Pressure drop, two-phase flow (3727) 31 Rainfall, research Pressure fluctuation, flat plates (3836) 88 intensity (3251) l6l Pressure measurement intensity (3*H9) 35 sluices Southern California (26l) 125 Cherokee Dam (758) 190 United States (2*4-37) l6l

Douglas Dam (759) 190 Range management practices (27) it- Pressures, cavity collapse (3379) 3 Reservoirs Propellers evaporation (765) 19*+ blade forces (375*0 55 evaporation (2180) 109 blade frequency pressure (3512) 85 evaporation, retardation (2532) 3**- circulation (2727) 18*4- hydrologic effects (3977) 17I4- ducted (3865) 102 LeMay River development (*»-030) 202 flow distortion (3^87) 70 linings (1837) 15 performance, unsteady flow (3620) 187 sedimentation (2175) 107 pressure distribution, blades (3618) 187 sedimentation, measurements (233*0 **-5 sound level generation (3830) 87 silting, Illinois (552) 32 sound pressure (3511) 85 silting, temperature gaging (769) 19*4- supercavitating (3286) 186 silting, Tennessee River (785) 19*+ theoretical thrust distribution (3282) 185 silting, Texas (1966) 10 theory, lifting (2237) 183 silting, water travel (787) 195 thrust deduction (3509) 85 Resistance coefficient, friction factor (38*4-3) 9*4- thrust deduction study (3171) 81+- River flow (2698) 163 transient forces (2616) 83 River regime characteristics (3031) 69 ventilated (3617) 187 Roughness vertical axis, performance artificial channels (2950) 16*4- characteristics (3619) 187 artificial Prototype check tests flow of water (3383) 9 Garrison Dam (3906) 156 surface (2328) k2 Oahe Dam (3906) 156 surface, drag (85*4-) *t-l penstocks (762) 190 effect of water temperature (1988) 1*44 sluices (758) (759) 190 surface (3071) *+2 Pumps Runoff centrifugal (37*4-6) h9 annual, Upper Colo. River Basin (3710) 25 condenser water (3303) 192 Brandywine Creek Basin (39*^0) 168 dredge (308*0 *4-8 control of (2908) 119 impeller design (3*t42) h-9 denudation effects (23) 103 jet, for sediment (3673) 10 denudation effects (27) *4- tests (1132) 62 effect of forest (377) 127 tests (3111) 63 effect of forest (656) 123 turbine model tests (3300) 192 effects tillage (2597) 71 Pumps, dredging, hopper draghead (3586) 152 floods (2795) *42 Rainfall hydrologic cycle (1092) 33 collection and storage (3873) 115 infiltration determinations (2795) **-2 depth-area- intensity (3660) 205 rainfall-runoff (56k) 37 effect canopy cover (3*1-72) 6l rainfall-runoff (856) *t-6 effect forest cover (291l) 12*4- rainfall-runoff (959) 99 effect forest cover (3882) 118 rainfall-runoff (1078) 27 hydrologic cycle (1092) 33 rainfall-runoff (172 3) 106 intensity (3058) 35 rainfall-runoff (17M4-) (17**- 5) l60 intensity (3*4-2*0 37 rainfall-runoff (2162) 91 intensity hurricane (2*4*4-l) l6l rainfall-runoff (2165) 96 Lake Michigan (3*4-23) 36 rainfall-runoff (2331) hk maximum (779) 195 rainfall-runoff (233*4-) *4-5 maximum (l75l) 160 rainfall-runoff (2795) *+2 maximum (2788) 3*4- rainfall-runoff, peak rates(3698) 22 rainfall-runoff (68) kO rainfall-runoff relations (2397) 91

215 5

Runoff Sediment transportation rainfall-runoff, New Mexico and Wash. (3973) 173 density currents (307) *49 small areas ( 19*46) 80 measurement (19*4) 79 small areas (2316) 37 measurement (2125) 57 small watersheds (2*1-92) 205 reservoirs (1966) 105 small watersheds (28*4-1) 72 resistance to flow (3IO5) 58 stream (3252) 16*4 roughness elements (3105) 58 streams (3522) 92 sand bed streams (39*48) 169 surface, hydraulic characteristics (3559) •• suspended load urban areas (56*0 37 measurement (19*0 79 urban areas (856) k6 measurement ( 1966 ) 105 watersheds, Idaho (l862) 31 Sedimentation (307) I49 Lafayette, Ind. ( 19 66) 10 Sedimentation (3605) 166 Ohio (1966) 105 Sedimentation basins (35^1) 100 Ohio and Great Plains (150) 106 Sedimentation Pennsylvania (656) 123 reservoirs (552) 32 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) *+0 reservoirs (785) 19^ Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) *40 reservoirs (2175) 107 Tennessee River Valley (780) 195 rivers (2175) 107 Salt water intrusion velocity of particles (2583) 63 Delaware River (*425) 1*1-1 waves (2660) 136 Florida (1966) 105 Sediments Sand traps tagged by radioactive minerals (2755) 8 design (2279) 110 Seepage design (338*0 9 canal linings (1859) 31 Sand-water mixtures, shear (2062) 6 canals (1966) 105 Scour sheeted excavation (3*493) 73 bridge piers (1707) 100 soil sediments (1859) 31 bridge piers (316*0 77 streams (3*428) *43

bridge piers (3705) , 2*4- Servomechanisms (3207) *45 hridge piers (*401*4) 197 Servomechanisms (3^35) *t-5 bridge piers (*4015) 197 Servomechanisms (3^36) *46 bridge piers (*4017) 198 Servomechanisms, hydraulic (3^9*0 73 bulkheads (3898) 137 Sewer outfalls, ocean (3678) 10 culverts (1707) 100 Sewerage system, design (*4039) 203 mechanics of (3699) 23 Sewerage systems, design criteria (3^38) *46 riprap protection (3^96) 75 Ships seawalls (3898) 137 bending moment (2387) 82 Sediment bending moment (2393) 82 bed load, measurement (3257) 16U- bending moment (2865) 83 Brandywine Creek Basin (39^0) 168 bending moment f 35l6) 86

flow (3702) 23 bending moment (3621) , 187 radioactive tracer tests (3902) 155 control surfaces (2*463) 183 Sediment barrier, Sheep Creek, Utah (3976).... 17*4- design (2*472) 18*4 Sediment, cohesive fishing, design (336l) 20*4 scour resistance (287*4) ,91 forces (2091) *4l Sediment diffusion (3738) kh forces (3036) 18 Sediment load, variability of (3767) 58 forces, on bodies (2229) l82 Sediment particle size, distribution (3*431)... *i-3 hull form research (2729) 18*4- Sediment particles, velocities (*406*4) 208 hulls (3685) 11 Sediment research, diversion dams hulls (3721) 29 Kansas River Basin (3991) 179 injection scoops (7!°) 180 Sediment studies lateral motions in waves (3176) 85 Arkansas River (3503) 78 maneuvering (151*4) l8l New Mexico and Washington (3973) 173 mathematical lines (1783) l8l Sediment transport (3^75) 1° model techniques (1788) l8l Sediment transport (3871) 108 model testing facility (3292) 186 Sediment transport models artificial -channels (2950) 16*4 towing test maneuvering basin (1781).... l8l estuarial (3382).. 9 turbulence stimulation (1506) 180 natural channels (2950) l6*4 moments (3036) 18 natural streams (3392) 1*4 moorings (3519) 89 1 natural streams (3671) t- motion (2091) *H Sediment transportation (27*48) 3 motion (215*0 8l Sediment transportation motion (2155) 82 analysis (2701) 163 motion (2356) 6*4 beaches (529) 5 motion (2*462) 183 bed load (*40l6) 198 motion (2962) l8k bed load, Delaware River (*425) 1*4-1 motion (3686) 11 bed load, wave action (1823) 6 motions, restraint of (3035) 18 critical tractive force (1502) 175 pitching (2390) 82

216 Ships Spillways pressure distribution (2232) 183 basic research (1584) 30

pressure field (3831) .• 87 Big Bend Reservoir (3586)... 152 propellers Brokopondo hydroelectric project (3817) 78 contra-rotating (2471) l84 bulkhead, Greenup Dam (3233) 148 counter-rotating (2866) 83 Carillon (3655) 201 oscillating pressures (2236) 183 dams resistance (3026) 11 Carlyle, Kaskaskia River (3583) 151 resistance (3515) 86 Chief Joseph (3085) 48 resistance (3517) 86 Dez River (30 52) 30 resistance Everett, Piscataqua River (3591) 153 frictional (2231) 182 Flaming Gorge (2960) 176 models f90l) 62 Fort Patrick Henry (1534) 191 theory (709) 180 Glen Canyon (2719) 176 seaworthiness (2230) 182 John Day (3229) 138 seaworthiness (2235) 183 John Redmond (3587) 152 seaworthiness (3293) 186 Lower Monumental (3899) 140 slamming (1786) l8l Mangla, Pakistan (3502) 78 slamming (3685) 11 Markland, Ohio River (1739) 143 slamming, hydrodynamics of (3826) 80 Maxwell (3593) 154 stability (3024) 11 Mission (3160) 77 stability (3518) 86 Otesco (3548) 101 stabilization (3288) 186 Oxbow (3850) 97 thrust fluctuation (3831) 87 Peters (2151) 8l velocity distribution (2232) 150 Pike Island, Ohio River (3589) 153 vibration (2019) 182 Red Rock, Des Moines River (3584) 151 wake characteristics (3999) 187 Trinity (2705) 176 Shore processes (2192) 135 Wells (3534) 97 Shore protection Yellowtail (3989) 179 methods, techniques (2193) 135 discharge characteristics, taintor structures (529) 5 gates (4012) 197 Silting discharge coefficients (2159) 88 harbors north shore of Lake Ontario (3364). 206 drop design (1865) 34 reservoirs energy dissipator (2339) 48 Illinois (552) 32 energy dissipator (2878) 96 Tennessee Valley (785) 194 Grand Rapids Development (4013) 197 Siphons Ice Harbor, stop log (2921) 138 irrigation (24) 103 profiles (3768) 58 pumping plants (l475) 143 Rend Lake (3061) 38 Sluice gates reservoirs, Pearl River (3501) 77 cavitation (79) 40 side channel study (2790) 38 Lockport (3425) 39 siphon (1777) 175 Sluiceways South Saskatchewan River Project (3819) 78 dams tunnel, flip buckets (3615) 178 San Acacia (3270) 177 Wanapum Power Project (3156) 77 dams, pressure measurement weir type (1298) 207 Cherokee (758) 190 Wilson Powerhouse (3299) 192 Dowlas (759) 190 Sprinkling systems Snow surveys (3888) 121 jets, distribution (21) 102 Snow surveys (3895) 131 Spur dikes, design criteria (3086) 48 Snow surveys Stability Colorado (55) 14 dynamic (3730) 31 runoff forecasting (55) 14 static (3730) 31 runoff forecasting (1966) 105 Stilling basins Soil moisture (3888) 121 Big Bend Reservoir (3588) 152 Soil moisture dams conservation (3979) 174 John Redmond (3587) 152 effect denudation (23) 103 Keystone (294l) 147 effect timber cutting (377) 127 Markland, Ohio River (1739) 143 evaporation (2277) 15 Maxwell (3593) 154 forest influences (380) 132 Navajo (3272) 177 forest influences (657) 127 Pike Island, Ohio River (3589) 153 forest influences (2188) (2420) 129 design (1074) 15 measurement (26l) 125 dimensions (2959) 176 movement (IO58) 4 diversion dam movement (3079) 45 Navajo (3273) 177 prediction method (3226) 134 effects water jet (3775) 60 semidesert vegetation (657) 127 erosion below (1987) 144 Southern California (26l) 125 hollow- jet valve (2958) 176 Spheres Stratified flow accelerated motion (3432) 43 mechanics of (307) 49

217 Stratified flow, mixing (2791) 42 Turbines Stream gaging tests (3111) 63 Rio Grande River (3706) 24 tests (3787) 63 Tennessee Valley (769) 194 tip clearance (3763) 56 Streamflow vane moments (896) 62 effect reforestation (394l) 168 velocity profile (3785),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 63 low flow characteristics (3078) 45 Turbulence Streamflow forecasts (1744) (1745) 160 boundary layer (3798) 67 Streamflow forecasts created by fish (3537) 98 Colorado (55) l4 decay (2792) 42 snow surveys (55) l4 diffusion (3709) 25 snow surveys (1966) 105 gas phase, two-phase system (3729) 31 Streamflow gaging (3894) 131 measurement, apparatus (73) 40 Streamflow, low flows, duration (3420) 35 mechanism (2536) 39 Streamflow, low flows, frequency (3420) 35 mechanism of (2840 ) 72 Streamflow records, statistical analyses (3945) l6>9 rough surfaces (3427) 1+0 Streamflow variations (3716) 27 stimulation (1506) 180 Streams structure (3813) 74 depth-discharge relations (3927) 167 studies (3709) 25 discharge measurements (3942) 168 water measurements (3486) 70 discharge patterns (3949) 169 Turbulence control, screens (3495) 74 discharge records (2695) 163 Turbulence entrainment (3670) 4 dispersal patterns (3254) 164 Turbulence levels, measurement of (3539) 100 effect logging (969) 124 Turbulence, generation effects logging (3535) 98 pulsating viscous flow (3780) 62 glacier-fed (3954) 170 Turbulent flow, corners (3812) 74 sand channel (1755) 162 Valves stage discharge, Iowa (67) 40 butterfly (1603) 48 water quality (786) 194 butterfly (4044) 204 Structures check (3544) ' 101 conservation (1723) 106 jet-pipe (3092) 53 conservation (2789) 37 Valves, butterfly drainage (2789) 37 cavitation characteristic (3777) 6l flow stahilization (3672) 9 torque characteristic (3777) 6l sewer, drop (3161) 77 Velocities Structures, drop, Gering Valley, Nebr. (3915). 158 mass-transport (3666) 207 Submerged bodies, forces (2615) 83 Velocities, low Submerged bodies, moments (2615) 83 measurement of (3082) 47 Submerged bodies, pressure distribution Velocity distribution theoretical analyses (8l) 4l effect roughness (3539) 100 Surge tanks tube entrances (348o) 66 LeMay River Project (4029) 202 Velocity measurement (3074) 43 South Holston Dam (731) 90 Velocity measurement Surges, New England South Shore (2868) 89 electro-magnetic (73) 40 Surges, pipes (1303) 5 hot-wire (73) 40 Surges, elastic tube Virtual mass (2064) 13 dissipation rate (3080) 47 Virtual mass (3779) 62 propagation speed (3080) 47 Virtual mass (3782) 62 Thrust, propulsive (37&0) 56 Viscosity, oils (957) 99

Tidal estuaries, salinity intrusion (3751)-.. • 53 Vortex flow (3434) 44 Tidal flow, channels Vortex flow (3712) 26 Delaware River, Pa. (425) l4l Vortex formation (3776) 6l Tides, Narragansett Bay (2680) 146 Vortex motion (3391) l4 Tides Vortex shedding (2802) 51 storm (2873) 89 Vortices, standing (37^6) 57 storm and hurricane (3412) 29 Wake shapes, surface contours (3169) 83 storm prediction (2438) l6l Water conservation (3057) 32 Tornado model (3065) 38 Water consumption, residential (3437) 46 Transition Water, consumptive use (1966) 105 supercritical velocities (2386) 76 Water consumptive use vertical tubes (3755) 55 irrigated crops (2177) 109 Tubes (3689) 14 San Francisco Bay Area (2179) 109 Turbine characteristics vegetation (3560) 115 computer representation (3762) 56 Water control facilities, design (1723) 106 Turbines Water distribution systems, rate of flow (3422) 35 cavitation (1133) 63 Water exit cavitation (3783) 63 ellipsoidal bodies (2537) 40 flow gaging (3924) 166 ellipsoidal bodies (4002) 189 model tests (123) 62 Water flow tests, high pressure (4001) 188 model tests (2582) 63 Water hammer performance (123) 62 high friction condition (3771) 59

218 3

fater management, subsoil (3563) 118 Watershed studies ifater measurement Parker Branch (3307) 195

, irrigation (23} 10 Pine Tree (3309) 196

irrigation t 2^) 103 prediction methods (3561) 117 irrigation (26) k Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) ko stream flow (67) k0 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) *+0 technique development (312*0- 68 rehabilitation depleted slopes (3562) 118 Water movement, unsaturated soil (3868) 106 Sante Fe (389*0 131 Water relations, surface-ground (39-60) 171 Southern Rocky Mountains (3896) 131 Water resources swamp area (*4-053) 206 development (3680) 12 Tennessee River Valley (768) 19*4- Tennessee Valley (2975) 195 Tennessee River Valley (780) 195 Water supplies Texas (150) 106 Colo. River Basin of Nevada (2652) Ill Virginia (150) 106 Water use White Hollow (3308) 195

arid regions (3982) 175 White Mountains, N. H. ( 2^19 ) 123 industrial (373*0 36 Wisconsin (150) 106 Water utilization (769) 19^ Yazoo River, Miss. (3869) 108 Waters, surface Wave absorbers, evaluation of (3818) 78 characteristics (3059) 35 Wave action Watershed management beaches (181) 13^ Albuquerque, N. M. (3570)(357l) 130 beaches (529) 5 Arizona (657) 127 beaches (660) 13*4- Arkansas (3225) 133 beaches (I609) 50 Baltimore, Md. (3567) 123 breakwaters Beaver Creek (2913) 130 harbors, Duluth-Superior (2685) 1*4-6 Continental Divide (377) 127 rubble -mound (999) ikl Grand Junction, Colo. (2657) 129 East Passage, Narragansett Bay (3590) 153 Lake State research program (3885) 120 harbor (2870) 89 Laramie, Wyo. (3569) 130 harbors (3*4-69). 58 Laramie, Wyo. (3891) (3892) (3893) 131 Hilo Harbor, Hawaii (3903) 155 Michigan (3890) 122 Northumberland Strait Causeway (*40*)-8) 20*4- Newark, N. J. (3568) 12*4- shore protection works (529) 5 New Mexico (1969) 128 Wave forces Northern California (2*kL5) 126 harbors (3W0 52 Northern Minn. (3887) 121 inlets (3kkk) 52 Pennsylvania (656) (2910) 123 moored objects (3750) 53 research (2658) 129 Wave forecasting Southeastern United States (380) 132 methods (2916) 136 Southeastern Wisconsin (3889) 121 methods (3520) 90 Southern California (26l) 125 Wave propagation Tallahatchee Research Center (291*0 133 solid-liquid mixtures (3691) 1*4- Trout Creek Colo. (3223) 130 Wave research (2357) 6*4- Wayne County, Pa. (966) 123 Wave setup, beaches (3228) 137 Watershed-range management Wave studies (3120) 6*4- Albuquerque, N. M. (3572) 130 Waves Albuquerque, N. M. (3573) 131 forces, submerged structures (2659) 136 Watershed studies measuring techniques (226l) 7 Arizona (150) 106 pressure (3717) 27 Beaver Creek (3222) (322!+) 130 pressure generated (3023) 8 effects logging (969) 12**- propagation (368*0 H effects logging (265*0 117 refraction (3769) 59 Florida (150) 106 reproduction of (3029) 11

forest influences ( 377) 127 roll (3770) 59 forest influences (380) 132 runup (^058) 207 forest influences (656)(966)(ll88) 123 runup, shore structures (2661) 136 hydrologic cycle ( 176*0 162 slope measurement (3856) 101 hydrologic cycle (2162) 91 standing (3*4-*4-5) 52 Illinois (150) 106 three-dimensional (3*4*4-5) 52 Illinois (552) 32 ultrasonic (3528) 9*4- Illinois (657) 127 wind generated (3855) 101 Illinois (2316) 37 Waves, gravity Iowa (150) 106 axisymmetric (3^30) *4-3 Maine (150) 106 motion (366*0 207 management (26l) 125 Waves, internal Maryland (150) 106 generation (3825) 80 Michigan (150) 106 motion of cylinders (3599) 159 Nebraska (150) 106 propagation (3825) 80 New Jersey (150) 106 Waves, internal progressive oscillatory North Fork Citico Creek (*4-01l) 196 damping (36OO) 159 Oklahoma (2365) 69 Waves, surface, characteristics (660) 13*4

219 Waves, surface Weirs, adjustable energy losses (2298) 29 discharge capacity (36II) 178 gages (977) 135 Wells generation (1*4-78) 159 construction (2576) 59 resistance (709) 180 drilling (2*4-) 103 Weirs (3613) 178 Wells, irrigation Weirs sediment retention (3215) 112 basic research ( 1*4-9) 99 Wind, velocity (2*442) 161 tasic research (319) 59 Wind and water behavior (3051) 29 basic research (158*4) 30 Wind tides basic research (2578) 60 research (2*4*42) 161 low (3703) 23 Wind tunnel facility (3707) M sharp crested (232*4-) *4l Wind waves V-notch (1709) 100 canals (2953) 176

220

ft U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1961 0 — 597995 .

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Luther H. Hodges, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS A. V. Astin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover.

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements. Dielectrics. Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering Metrology. Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry. Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics. Radiation Physics. X-Ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics. Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard Reference Materials. Applied Analytical Research. Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology. Com- bustion Controls. Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research. Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics. Electrodeposition. Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Crystal Growth. Physical Properties Constitution and Microstructure. Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics. Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems. Analog Systems. Applications Engineering. Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instruments. Basic Instrumentation. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Molecular Kinetics. Mass Spectrometry. Molecular Structure and Radiation Chemistry.

• Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO.

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Gas Liquefac- tion. Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere Research. Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Service. Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measure- ments. Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics. Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Frequency and Time Interval Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Millimeter- Wave Research. Microwave Circuit Standards. Radio Systems. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Navigation Systems. Space Telecommunications. Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy. Hydraulic Research in the United States

Guides to projects conducted by various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and Canada during 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, and 1959. Project reports cover work done at 85 private or State laboratories in the United States, 24 Federal laboratories, and 10 Canadian laboratories. These publications outline individual projects on nearly 200 subjects in the field.

Order: NBS Miscellaneous Publication 201, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1951, 190 pages. Price $1.25. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 205, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1952, 200 pages. Price $1.00. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 208, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1953, 215 pages. Price $1.25. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 210, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1954, 207 pages. Price $1.25. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 218, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1956, 216 pages. Price $1.50. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 224, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1958, 168 pages. Price $1.25. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 227, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1959, 188 pages. Price $1.25. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 231, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1960, 190 pages. Price $1.00.