Hydraulic Research in the United States 1959

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Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1959

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 227 THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; in- vention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau's work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers. These papers appear either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishers three periodicals available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections, presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes. Information on the Bureau's publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards ($1.25) and its Supplement ($L50), available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Frederick H. Mueller, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1959

(Including Contributions from Canadian Laboratories)

Edited by Helen K. Middleton

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 227

Issued October 1, 1959

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price $1.25

FOREWORD

The information contained in this publication was compiled from reports by the various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and Canada. The cooperation of these agencies is greatly appreciated. The National Bureau of Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness for this publication. We must depend upon reporting laboratories for the completeness of the coverage of their own programs, as well as upon new laboratories engaged in hydraulics to bring their activities to our attention.

Projects are numbered chronologically, and the number once assigned is repeated for identification purposes until a project is completed. Numbers commencing with 3006 refer to projects which are reported for the first time. All projects are in active state, unless otherwise noted under (f).

The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of reports or detailed information regarding the research projects reported by other organizations. Such information may be obtained from the correspondent listed under (c) or immediately following the title of the organization reporting the work. It is of course understood that any laboratory submitting reports on its work will be willing to supply information to properly qualified inquirers.

A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research", compiled and published by the International Association for Hydraulic Research, contains information on hydraulic research being conducted in foreign countries. This bulletin is edited by Professor J. Th. Thijsse, Director of the Hydraulic Laboratory at the Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International Association for Hydraulic Research. Copies may be obtained from the Secretary at $6.00 each (postage included).

A. V. Astin, Director CONTENTS

Page Foreword iii List of contributing laboratories v Project reports 1 Subject index 178

Key to Projects

(a) Number and title of project (e) Description (b) Project conducted for (f) Present status (c) Correspondent (g) Results (d) Nature of project (h) Publications

iv LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS 1 CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF 87 Agricultural Engineering Dept. Civil Engineering Dept., Box U-37> Storrs, Conn. Fayetteville, Ark. Prof. Victor Scottron, Prof., Civil Engineering Prof. Kyle Engler, Head CORNELL UNIVERSITY 19 UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS 1 School of Civil Engineering Civil Engineering Dept. Applied Hydraulic Laboratory, Ithaca, N. Y. Fayetteville, Ark. Prof. Marvin Bogema, in Charge Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government) 3ALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORPORATION, THE 1 Hydraulic Turbine Laboratory FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF 20 Philadelphia k2, Pa. The Engineering and Industrial Experiment Sta.

Mr. A. W. Madora, Supervisor , Hydraulic Turbine Coastal Engineering Laboratory, Gainesville, Fla. Research Dept. Dr. Per Bruun

BEACH EROSION BOARD (see U. S. Government) GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 21 Hydraulics Laboratory, School of Civil Engrg. BONNEVILLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY (see U. S. Govern- Atlanta, Georgia ment ) Prof. C. E. Kindsvater

BROOKLYN, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF 2 HARVARD UNIVERSITY 22 333 Jay Street, Brooklyn 1, N. Y. Div. of Engineering and Applied Physics Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Civil Engineering Cambridge 38^ Mass. Prof. Harold A. Thomas, Jr. CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2 Engineering Division, Pasadena h, California HOUSTON UNIVERSITY 23 Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Applied Mechanics Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Houston h, Texas Dr. H. W. Prengle Jr., Chairman CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 3 Hydrodynamics Laboratory IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF 23 Pasadena h, Calif. Engineering Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho Dean Allen S. Janssen, Director CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY h Sedimentation Laboratory, Pasadena h, Calif. ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION 2h Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Professor of Hydraulics Box 232, Urbana, 111. Mr. William C. Ackerman, Chief CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF h College of Agriculture, Davis, Calif. ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION 27 Mr. Robert M. Hagan, Chairman Dept. of Irrigation Dept. of Public Works and Buildings 201 West Monroe St., Springfield, 111. CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 83 Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engineer College of Agriculture, Los Angeles 2h, Calif. Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 28 Dept. of Irrigation and Soil Science Dept. of Agriculture Engineering, Urbana, 111. Dr. Frank B. Lanham, Head CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 5 College of Engineering, Berkeley h, Calif. ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 28 Prof. J. W. Johnson, Prof., Hydraulic Engrg. Dept. of Civil Engineering, Urbana, 111. Dr. N. M. Newmark, Head CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 11 Dept. of Naval Architecture, Berkeley h, Calif. ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 31 Prof. H. A. Schade, Chairman Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 21 h Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, 111. CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 86 Prof. T. J. Dolan, Head Dept. of Civil Engineering, Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Dr. T. E. Stelson, Acting Head IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH 31 State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa CASE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 12 Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director Dept. of Civil Engrg. and Engineering Mechanics Cleveland 6, Ohio IOWA STATE COLLEGE 35 Dr> H. R. Nara, Head of Department Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ames,- Iowa Prof. Hobart Beresford, Head COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY 12 Hydraulics Laboratory IOWA STATE COLLEGE 36 Civil Engineering Section, Fort Collins, Colo. Dept. of Agronomy, Ames, Iowa Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief Prof. William H. Pierre, Head of Dept.

v IOWA, STATE UNIVERSITY (see Iowa Institute of NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK CO. 47 Hydraulic Research) Hydraulic Laboratory, Newport News, Va. Mr. C. H. Hancock, Director JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE 87 Applied Physics Laboratory, Silver Spring, M&. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 48 Mr. R. E. Gibson, Director Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Bronx 53> N. Y. Prof. John Happel, Chairman KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF 36 Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, Lawrence, Kansas NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 50 Dr. Kenneth C. Deemer, Chairman Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, New York 53.> N. Y. Dr. Glen N. Cox, Chairman LEFFEL AND COMPANY, THE JAMES 36 k26 East Street, Springfield, Ohio NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 50 Mr. J. Robert G-roff, Pres. and General Manager College of Engineering, Dept. of Meteorology and Oceanography LEHIGH UNIVERSITY 37 University Heights, New York 53, N. Y. Dept. of Civil Engineering Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Bethlehem, Pa. NO. CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND Prof. W. J. Eney, Director and Head of Dept. ENGINEERING 51 University of North Carolina, Dept. of Engineering MARYLAND, UNIVERSITY OF 37 Research, Raleigh, North Carolina Institute of Fluid Dynamics and Applied Math. Prof. N. W. Conner, Director, Engineering Research College Park, Maryland Prof. M. H. Martin, Director NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 51 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Fargo, No. Dak. MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 37 Mr. W. J. Promersberger, Chairman Dept. of Civil and Sanitary Engineering

Cambridge 39 , Mass. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 51 Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head, Hydrodynamics Lab. The Technological Institute, Evanston, 111. Dean Harold B. Gotaas MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1+1

Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Cambridge 39 > Mass. NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF 53 Prof. Ascher H. Shapiro, in Charge College of Engineering, Notre Dame, Ind. Fluid Mechanics Division Dr. M. J. Goglia, Dean

MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF hk OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 53 Engineering Research Inst., Amherst, Mass. Robinson Hydraulic Laboratory, Columbus 10, Ohio Dean George A. Marston, Director Prof. S. R. Beitler, Director

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY kh OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY 55 Dept. of Civil Engineering, East Lansing, Mich. Agricultural Engineering Dept., Stillwater, Okla. Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Asso. Professor Prof. E. W. Schroeder, Head

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF ^5 OREGON STATE COLLEGE 55 Dept. of Civil Engrg., 320 West Engrg. Bldg. Dept. of Civil Engineering, Corvallis, Oregon Ann Arbor, Mich. Dr. Charles E. Behlke Prof. E. F. Brater OREGON STATE COLLEGE 55 MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF 46 School of Forestry, Corvallis, Oregon Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg. Mr. C. W. Dane, Assistant to the Dean 1+50 W. Engineering Bldg., Ann Arbor, Mich. Prof. R. B. Couch, Chairman PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 56 Ordnance Research Lab., Garfield Thomas Water MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF (see St. Anthony Falls Tunnel, P.O. Box 30, University Park, Pa. Hydraulic Laboratory) Dr. Benjamin L. Snavely, Acting Director

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF 164 PURDUE UNIVERSITY 57 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind. St. Paul 1, Minn. Mr. H. J. Reed, Director Prof. A. J. Schwantes, Head PURDUE UNIVERSITY 58 MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY 46 School of Chemical Engineering Lafayette, Ind. Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Mo. Dr. Edward W. Comings, Head Prof. E. W. Carlton, Chairman PURDUE UNIVERSITY 58 MONTANA STATE COLLEGE 47 Civil Engineering Dept., Lafayette, Ind. Agricultural Experiment Station Prof. K. B. Woods, Head Bozeman, Montana Mr. 0. W. Monson, Head PURDUE UNIVERSITY 59 Agricultural Engineering Dept. Jet Propulsion Center, Dr. Maurice J. Zucrow, Dir.

vi REED RESEARCH FOUNDATION 59 FOREST SERVICE 101+8 Potomac St., N.W., Washington 7, D. C. ALASKA FOREST RESEARCH CENTER 98 REED RESEARCH INCORPORATED 59 Box 7hO, Juneau, Alaska 101+8 Potomac St., N.W., Washington 7, D. C. Mr. R. F. Taylor Mr. Stanley F. Reed, President CALIFORNIA FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STA. 98 ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 6l P. 0. Box 21+5, Berkeley 1, Calif. |Allenspark, Colo., Prof. C. J. Posey, Dir. Mr. R. Keith Arnold, Director (Winter address: State Univ. of Iowa, Iova City) INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STA. 101 ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 6l Forest Service Building, Ogden, Utah Miss. River at Third Ave., S.E., Minneapolis, Minn. Mr. Reed W. Bailey, Director Dr. Lorenz Straub, Director NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STA. 102 SOUTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF 67 102 Motcyrs Ave., Upper Darby, Pa. Civil Engineering Dept., Columhia, S. C. Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director Dr. Harold Flinsch, Head PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXP. STA. 103 STANFORD UNIVERSITY 67 P. 0. Box 1+059, Portland 8, Oregon Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford, Calif. Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Executive Head Hydraulic Laboratory ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STA.10U 221 Forestry .Bldg., Fort Collins, Colo. STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 68 Mr. Raymond Price, Director Experimental Towing Tank 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STA. 107 Mr. Hugh W. MacDonald, Acting Director P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C. Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director TEXAS, A AND M COLLEGE OF 6k Dept. of Oceanography and Meteorology SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STA. 107 College Station, Texas 2026 St. Charles Ave., New Orleans 13, La. Dr. Dale F. Leipper, Head Mr. Philip A. Briegleb, Director

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF 76 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS Dept. of Civil Engineering, Austin 12, Texas Dr. Walter L. Moore, Directing Head BEACH EROSION BOARD 108 5201 Little Falls Road, N.W., Wash. 16, D. C. UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY 78 The President Engineering Experiment Station, Logan, Utah Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND 111 Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory WASHINGTON, STATE COLLEGE OF 79 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Lab., Pullman, Wash The District Engineer Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL 111+ WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF 80 1217 U. S. Post Office and Custom House Dept. of Civil Engineering, Seattle 5, Wash. St. Paul 1, Minn. The District Engineer Prof. R. B. van Horn, Head WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION 115 WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION (see U.S. Government) P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. The Director WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE 81 Woods Hole, Mass. OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS 133 Dr. Paul M. Fye, Director Washington 25, D. C. Mr. F. B. Slichter, Chief, Engineering Div. WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 82 Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester 9, Mass. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS 13* Hydraulics Branch Mr. Carl F. Izzard, Chief U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 135 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE National Hydraulics Laboratory Washington 25, D. C. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE Soil and Water Conservation Research Division WEATHER BUREAU 135 Beltsville, Md. Hydrologic -Services Div., Wash. 25, D. C.

D . C. H. Wadleigh, Chief Mr. William E. HIatt, Chief

vii DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALBERTA, UNIVERSITY OF Dept. of Civil Engineering, Edmonton, Canada GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 138 Prof. T. Blench, Head Water Resources Division Washington 25, D. C. BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF Mr. Luna B. Leopold, Chief Hydraulic Engineer Hydraulics Lab., Vancouver 8, Canada Prof. H. C. Gunning, Dean BUREAU OF RECLAMATION lk3 Faculty of Applied Science Division of Engineering Laboratories Denver Federal Center, Denver 2, Colo. HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO Mr. Grant Bloodgood, Asst. Commissioner and 620 University Avenue, Toronto 2, Canada Chief Engineer Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY LaSALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

0250 St. Patrick St., Ville LaSalle, P.Q. , Can. DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN lk6 Mr. E. Pari set, Director Washington 7, D. C. The Commanding Officer and Director MONTREAL, ECOLE POLYTECHNI QUE DE Hydraulics Laboratory, 2500 Guyard Ave. U. S. NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY 157 Montreal 26, Canada Naval Base, Philadelphia 12, Pa. Prof. Raymond Boucher, Head, Div. of Hyd. Engrg. The Commanding Officer and Director NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION 157 Division of Mechanical Engineering 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif. Montreal Road, Ottawa 2, Canada The Commander Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH 158 ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Washington 25, D. C. Dept. of Engineering Science, Guelph, Canada Prof. C. G. E. Downing, Head TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY 159 Hydraulic Data Branch, Knoxville, Term. QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY Mr. Albert S. Fry Hydraulics Laboratory, Kingston, Ont., Canada Prof. R- J. Kennedy, Directing Head CANADIAN LABORATORIES UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY, LTD. l6k Department of Mechanical Engineering

Niagara Falls, Canada Toronto 5 5 Canada Mr. I, W. McCaig, Hydraulic Engineer Prof. G. Ross Lord, Head

viii .

HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Agricultural Experiment media; (k) effect of head of water on Station. filter bed; and (5) rate of filtration. Laboratory model investigations are com- (2255) GROUND WATER, RESOURCES AND RECHARGE, IN plete with long range field study under THE RICE GROWING AREA OF ARKANSAS. way for the past year. (f) Completed. (b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (g) Field studies have disclosed that turbidity cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey from normal surface waters may be substan- and U. S. Corps of Engineers. tially reduced by filtration, without prior (c) Prof. Kyle Engler, Head of Agricultural treatment, through a coarse grained mate- Engineering, Dept., University of Arkansas, rial such as pea gravel. With a l6-inch Fayetteville, Arkansas. bed of l/V-l/2" gravel as a filter media (d) Basic and applied research. and operation at a rate of l/lO gallon per (e) A l6-inch vertical recharge well is sur- sq ft per minute the average efficiency of rounded "by test wells for the purpose of turbidity removal is well in excess of 50 observing hydraulic information and for percent and has achieved 90 percent effi- sampling chemical quality and bacterial ciency on occasions. Such a filter has a analyses. A series of tests of short du- capacity for effective long range opera- ration have been run using treated sur- tion without development of appreciable face water as recharge media. This water head loss or the need for cleaning and has been copper sulphated to kill plankton, with minimum attention. Such filtration treated with alum to clock out collodial will also remove at least 50$ of total

materials, chlorinated to kill bacteria, bacteria present in normal waters . Fil- and areated to remove free air. This tration efficiency is most effective in treated water has given satisfactory re- low turbidity waters where particle size sults in the tests. The next step will is predominately colloidal. be removal of treatments to see what the (h) Several articles are now ready for release, minimum treatment will have to be. A but the date of publication has not been straight 26-inch, sand packed recharge determined. Such material may be avail- well has been completed and will be tested able upon request at a later date. (g) The project is not developed to a point for satisfactory reporting. (h) "Artificial Recharge Experiments in the Grand Prairie Region of Arkansas", R. T. THE BALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORPORATION, Hydraulic Sniegocki, WATER for Texas, Proceedings of Turbine Laboratory. the Third Annual Conference on Water for Texas, Sept. l6-l8, 1957, pp. 75-76. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 271, 2050, 2500, "Ground Water Recharge in Arkansas", Kyle 3006, and 3007, should be addressed to Mr. W. R. Engler, 55th Annual Proceedings Associa- MacNamee, Chief Engineer, Hydraulic Turbines and tion of Southern Agricultural Workers, pp. Marine Products Division and Mr. A. W. Madora, 52, 1958. Supervisor, Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Baldwin- "Plugging by Air Entrainment in Artificial Lima-Hamilton Corp., Philadelphia k2, Pa. Recharge Tests", R. T. Sniegocki, paper presented at National Water Well Associa- (271) ADJUSTABLE AND FIXED BLADE PROPELLER -TYPE tion Meeting, Wash., D. C, Nov. 6, 1958 HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODELS. (U. S. Geological Survey, Little Rock

Arkansas ) (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; applied research for design. (e) To improve performance of present designs, and to extend the range of application of UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Civil Engineering Dept. this type turbine. Propeller runners of various designs in combination with modi- (27^1) ROCKEFELLER FILTRATION PROJECT. fied turbine settings are methodically tested in the 11-inch cavitation flume. (b) Laboratory project. Efficiency output, cavitation, runaway (c) Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head, Civil Engineer- speed, hydraulic thrust, and hydraulic ing Dept., University of Arkansas, blade torque are measured. Fayetteville, Arkansas. (g) Results provide data for improvement of (d) Experimental and field investigation; existing design and information for de- applied research has been used for three signs which extend the range of applica- master's theses to date. tion. (e) This project involves a study of the removal of turbidity and bacteria from sur- (2050) PUMP TURBINE LABORATORY. face water supplies using coarse grained media (l/V to 1"). The variables inves- (b) Laboratory project. tigated included: (l) Depth of bed; (2) (d) Experimental; applied research. size of media; (3) shape and nature of (e) Pump-turbines of various specific speeds

1 have been designed and tested in settings CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Engineering hydraulically similar to proposed field in- Division. stallations. The performance characteristics of efficiency, discharge, runaway (15^8) SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS. speeds, horsepower, cavitation, thrust data for thrust hearing, and wicket gate torques, (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the (g) Results provide data for the design of fu- Navy. ture proposed installations and modifica- (c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, California Inst, tions to existing designs. of Technology, Engineering Div., Pasadena, California. (2500) AXIAL FLOW PUMP LABORATORY. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. (b) Laboratory project. (e) Studies of cavitating and noncavitating (d) Experimental; applied research. flow; dynamic behavior of cavitation (e) Axial flow pumps of various specific speeds bubbles; theoretical and experimental have been designed and tested. Investiga- studies of cavitation damage. tions pertaining to the number of impeller (h) "Physical Effects in Cavitation and Boiling blades, proper diffuser vane angle, and by M. S. Plesset, Symposium, Naval Hydro- intake conditions, have been completed. dynamics, National Academy of Sciences, Performance characteristics of efficiency, National Research Council, Publication 515 discharge, horsepower, runaway speeds and (1957), PP. 297-318. - blade torques have been obtained. "Ion Exchange Kinetics A Nonlinear Diffu- ( (g) Results provide data for the design of fu- slon Problem. I", by F. Helfferich and ture proposed installations, and modifica- M. S. Plesset, Journal of Chemical Physics, tions to existing designs. 28, No. 3, March 1958, pp. kl8-k2k. "Ion Exchange Kinetics - A Nonlinear Diffu- (3006) NIAGARA RIVER PROJECT, LEWISTON POWER PLANT. sion Problem. II. Particle Diffusion Controlled Exchange of Univalent and Bi- (b) Power Authority of the State of New York. valent Ions", by M. S. Plesset, F. (d) Official contract acceptance tests. Helfferich and J. N. Franklin, California

! (e) A complete homologous model has been tested Inst, of Technology, Engineering Div. Re- : encompassing the operating conditions ex- port No. 85-9, June 1958. pected in the field in its entirety. "Cathodic Protection in Cavitation Damage- (f) Completed. Tests of Mild Steel in a Salt Solution", (g) Results obtained generously exceed all by M. S. Plesset, B. C. Bass, and R. guaranteed conditions as requested by the Hickling, Calif. Inst, of Technology, En- customer in the specifications. gineering Div. Report No. 85-IO, Nov. 1958. "Unsteady Supercavitating Flows", by T. Y. (3007) AIR TEST FLUME. Wu, Calif. Inst, of Technology, Engineering Div. Report No. 85-11, (in press). (b) Laboratory project. "The Growth of Vapor Bubbles in Rapidly (d) Basic research. Heated Liquids", by S. A. Zwick and M. S. (e) The purpose of constructing an air test Plesset, Calif. Inst, of Technology, Engi- flume is for the expediency in obtaining neering Div. Report No. 85-12, in prepara- basic information pertaining to flow pat- tion. terns of model pumps, turbines, and pump turbines at both inflow and outflow and (l8l6) FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBMERGED HYDRO-

for other component parts . The informa- FOILS UNDER CAVITATING CONDITIONS. tion obtained will be utilized In determining blade shapes and contours, suitable (b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy. angles at entry and exit of model runners (c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, California Inst, of Technology, and pumps. Engineering Div., Pasadena, ji California. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN. (e) Studies of hydrofoils. (h) "A Note on the Cavity Flow past a Hydro- (3008) ORIFICE AND TUBE TESTING APPARATUS. foil in a Liquid with Gravity", by Blaine R. Parkin, Calif. Inst, of Technology, En- (b) Laboratory project. gineering Div. Report No. V7-9, Dec. 1957. (c) Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Brooklyn Poly- "Numerical Evaluation of the Force Coeffi- technic Institute, 333 Jay Street, cients for Supercavitating Hydrofoils", by Brooklyn 1, New York. Zora M. Lindberg, Calif. Inst, of Technolo- (d) Student experimentation. gy, Engineering Div. Report No. U7-11, in (e) An apparatus with transparent sides for the preparation. study of flow through various shaped tubes "Experimental Investigations of Three-Di- and orifices. Both submerged and free jet mensional Effects on Supercavitating Hydro- flow may be studied. foils", by R. W. Kermeen, Calif. Inst, of Technology, Engineering Div. Report No. ^7-12, in preparation.

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CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydrodynamics noncavitating conditions; (2) investiga- Laboratory. tions of the detailed mechanics of the fluid motions giving rise to the above (2502) MECHANICS OF CAVITATION DAMAGE. forces (h) "An Experimental Determination of Dynamic National Science Foundation. Coefficients for the Basic Firmer Missile (c) Dr. A. T. Ellis, Asso. Prof, of Applied by Means of the Angular Dynamic Balance", Mechanics, Calif. Inst, of Technology, by Taras Kicenluk, Hydrodynamics Labora- Pasadena, California. tory, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Report No. (a) Project includes field investigations (see E73-3, June 1957- ref. 1 under (e)), and is "both experiment- "An Experimental Determination of Dynamic al and theoretical. It is primarily basic Coefficients for the Basic Firmer Missile research, hut it is anticipated that it by Means of the Translational Dynamic will also have applications. The work Balance", by Taras KLceniuk, Hydrodynamics will be the basis of two doctoral theses. Laboratory, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Report (e) The purpose of the project is to determine No. E73-9j May 1958. the detailed mechanism of mechanical damage by cavitation and to attempt to corre- (3009) CAVITATION SIMILITUDE. late this with field results. Preliminary work has been completed by (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Prof. Khapp, showing details of high-speed Navy. photography while the damage was actually (c) Prof. A. J Acosta, Calif. Inst, of Tech., taking place. Pasadena, Calif. The following experiments are contemplated: U) Experimental program of basic unclassified (l) Generate spherical shock waves of work. known strength in water by the electric (e) To determine the effect of the various discharge method and record these photo- thermal properties on cavitation in a graphically by a high-speed Schlieren sys- venturi tube. It is known that cavitation tem; (2) determine reflection and refrac- similitude parameters based upon the vapor tion of these waves at the solid-liquid pressure of the liquid at the bulk temper- interface by means of photoelastic tech- ature are misleading since the pressure in niques; (3) record transient pressures by the cavity may be less or may exceed this means of piezoelectric pickups and oscillo- value depending on air content, speed, scopes presently available with a frequency size, thermal conductivity, etc. To inves- response to 25 megacycles; and (k) generate tigate this question, a simple test loop shock waves in water by collapse of simple with a venturi-section made with glass vapor or gas bubbles and record these as windows has been constructed and run with in Item 1, which will provide calibration. water. In the future, other fluids will High speed photographic equipment will be be used. Measurements of cavity pressure, used for combined photoelastic and air content, temperature, are being made. Schlieren pictures at framing rates up to (g) Results in water ranging in temperature one million per second. from 70° to 200° show that the cavity pres- (g) The physical manner in which aluminum is sure can depart appreciably from the value damaged by cavitation has been observed. at the bulk temperature. The results are Shock waves in water due to cavitation still incomplete and inconclusive. bubble collapse have also been observed, and quantitative measurements will soon be (3010; FULLY CAVTTATED HYDROFOIL NEAR A FREE made. Theoretical analysis describing the SURFACE. collapse of a cavitation bubble in contact with a solid boundary is nearly complete. 0>) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy. Strain waves in metals have been photo- (c) Prof. V. A. Vanoni, A. J Acosta, Hydrody- graphed by means of photoelastic bonded namics Laboratory, Calif. Inst, of Tech, apoxy resins. This technique will be Pasadena, California. applied later to studying the behavior of (a) Unclassified basic research. metals during cavitation damage. This is (e) Experimental investigation of the lift and a new technique of general interest which moment of a fully cavitating two-dimen- has never been accomplished before. sional flat plate hydrofoil near a free surface. Pressure distributions and cavity (27^6) HYDRODYNAMICS OF UNDERWATER BODIES. proportions for various angles of attack, cavitation numbers and depth in chords are 00 Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy. being found. Basic research, part of (c) Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Hydrodynamics Labora- which is being done as the thesis for an tory, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, advanced degree. California. (d) Experimental and theoretical investiga- (3011) CAVITATION IN AXIAL INDUCERS.

tions . Investigations of the mechanics of hydro- (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the dynamic phenomena involved in the motion Navy. of underwater bodies, including (l) studies (c) Prof. A. J. Acosta, Calif. Inst, of Tech., of forces on such bodies in cavitating and Pasadena, California.

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(a) Experimental; unclassified. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Division of Agricultural (e) A test circuit and associated equipment Sciences, Dept. of Irrigation and Soil Science. suitable for investigating the flow through two-inch diameter axial inducers (26) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATION IN COACHELLA VALLEY, was made. A large number of experiments CALIFORNIA. were conducted on inducers ranging in blade angle at the tip from 6° to 12°. (b) Cooperative between the Coachella Valley The solidity and tip clearance was also County Water District, Coachella, Calif.; varied over an appreciable range. The U. S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, objectives of these tests were to observe Calif.; U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, the cavitating flow patterns in the im- Boulder City, Nev.; and this laboratory. pellers studied so as to gain insight as (c) Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of to the detailed flow processes occurring Irrigation and Soil Science, Univ. of Calif.

in these devices , to obtain design infor- Los Angeles 2k, Calif. mation, and to see whether any simple (d) Field investigations; applied research and physical model of the cavitation break- design. down process could be found. (e) To develop and Improve techniques for ob- (f) Suspended for the present. serving shallow ground water levels and (h) "Experimental Study of Cavitating Axial movement, for reclamation of saline and Inducers", by A. J. Acosta. Second Con- sodic soils, and for drainage design. New ference of Naval Hydrodynamics, in experiments being planned to develop more preparation. rational criteria for drainage design. (g) Techniques and criteria developed have resulted in land being adequately drained before problems of salinization developed. CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Sedimentation Laboratory. (27) HYDROLOGY OF WATER SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

(27V7 STUDY OF THE DESIGN OF LOW DROPS AND THEIR Laboratory project coordinated with similar EFFECT ON THE CAPACITY OF FLOOD CHANNELS. work of Dept. of Irrigation, University of Calif., Davis, and with work of California (h U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conserva- Forest and Range Exp. Sta., U. S. F. S. tion Service, Berkeley, Calif. (c) Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of (c Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Sedimentation Labo- Irrigation and Soil Science, Univ. of ratory, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif., Los Angeles 2k, Calif. Calif. (d) Experimental; applied research. (d Experimental investigation carried on by (e) Factors in watershed management that in- graduate students. fluence the disposition of precipitation (e The work is carried out in a specially and yield of useable water. Soil and water designed tilted flume to obtain informa- factors in change of vegetation from brush tion for use in connection with the de- to grasses and forbs, control of consump- sign of flood control channels tion use by phreatophytes, experiments in Tests have been completed for two drop watershed paving. heights (g) Evidence found of modest increases in useable water supply with vegetation (27^8 STUDY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TRANSPORT manipulation on semi-arid watersheds. OF SEDIMENT AND THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTER- ISTICS OF STREAMS. (1058) SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION. (h U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. (h) Coordinated laboratory studies with field (c Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Prof. Norman H. observations of water transfer in soils. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, (c) Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of Calif. Irrigation and Soil Science, Univ. of (d Experimental and analytical basic re- Calif., Los Angeles 2k, Calif. search. (d) Continuing laboratory and field studies; (e ' This work, the experimental part of which basic and applied research. will be carried on in laboratory flumes, (e) Study of the soil properties and manage- is an extension of the program of sediment practices which affect the flow of mentation research which has been carried water into and through soils, the storage on by the Sedimentation Laboratory for of water in soils and evaporation from some time: The program is devoted prima- soil, and soil compaction. rily to a study of the roughness and sedi- (f) Inactive in 1958. Work will be resumed in ment transport in alluvial streams with 1959- anti-dunes and standing surface waves, (h) "Use of Infiltration Equation Parameters which are usually associated with Froude to Evaluate Infiltration Differences in numbers in the vicinity of one or slightly the Field", D. Swart zendruber and M. R. greater. Huberty, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 39: 8^-93, 1958.

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(1303) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRIGATION have a size distribution varying from par- DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ticles less than 10 microns to particles greater than 220 microns. Investigation on (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the metering of solids -gas mixtures by College of Engineering, Univ. of Calif., nozzle and Venturi -tubes has been carried Los Angeles 2k, Calif. out. Studies on the heat transfer to flow- (c) Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of ing gas-solids mixtures have been carried Irrigation and Soil Science, Univ. of out and are being continued. Metering and Calif., Los Angeles 2k, Calif. heat transfer studies are being continued (d) Basic and applied research. using fixed size glass spheres. (e) Continued analysis of the operational char- (g) Equipment for the study of the heat trans- acteristics of pipe water distribution fer characteristics of flowing mixtures

systems . Principally concerned with auto- has been modified to study the behavior of mation in the operation of low pressure very dense mixtures systems (h) "Heat Transfer to Flowing Gas-Solids Mix- tures in a Circular Tube", by Leonard Farbar and Morgan J. Morley, Industrial

(2504) DYNAMICS OF WATER FLOW IN SATURATED SOILS, Engineering Chemistry, Vol. k^ , p. 11^3j AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE DESIGN OF July 1957- DRAINAGE SYSTEMS. "Heat Transfer to Flowing Gas-Solids Mix- tures Using Solid Spherical Particles of (b) Laboratory project - coordinated with Fixed Size", by C. A. Depew, M. S. Thesis,

similar work of Dept . of Irrigation, Davis, 1957, University of California Library, Calif. Berkeley, Calif. (c) Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of Irrigation and Soil Science, Univ. of (280) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT. Calif., Los Angeles 2k, Calif. (d) Experimental; applied research. (b) Laboratory project and U. S. Corps of (e) Mechanics of flow of water through soil and Engineers into drainage facilities. (d) Experimental and theoretical. (g) Mid-point recession rates of water table (e) Various fundamental problems in relation between drain tile lines has been found to to sediment transport have been studied, be a good index of subsurface drainage and efforts have been made to apply the adequacy. results of research to solve practical (h) "Shallow Ground Water and Tile Drainage in problems the Oxnard Plain", by J. D. I Sherwood and (f) Suspended. A. F. Pillsbury, accepted for publication (g) The changes in the bed-load relationships In Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union. are studied as they result from high sedi- "Wetting Expansion of Drain Tile and ment concentrations near the bed. No re- Effects Upon Water Entry", by A. F. sults are available as yet Pillsbury, R. E. Pelishek, and Nathan (h) "Effects of Heavy Sediment Concentration Buras. Submitted to ASAE for publication. Near the Bed on the Velocity and Sediment Distribution", H. A. Einstein and Ning Chien, University of California Institute of Engineering Research Report, Series 33; UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. College of Engineering, Issue No. 2. Fluid Mechanics Laboratory. (529) LITTORAL SEDIMENT FLOW UPON A BEACH. Inquiries concerning the following projects should be addressed to Prof. J. W. Johnson, Dept. of En-, (b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army, gineering, Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Uni- Washington, D. C. versity of California, Berkeley k, California. (d) Field, laboratory; experimental and theoretical research. (h0) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS-SOLIDS MIXTURES. (e) The object of this investigation is to study the regimen of l8 beaches in the (b) Laboratory project. vicinity of San Francisco. The beaches (d) Experimental; basic and applied research, studied are Point Reyes Beach, Drakes Cove design. on the south side of the Point Reyes (e) The flow characteristics of a gas-solids peninsula, Stinson Beach near Bolinas Bay mixture (Alumina catalyst and air) have midway between Drakes Cove and the been investigated in a 17 mm I. D. glass Golden Gate, and several beaches along the conduit for various gas flow and solids coast south of the Golden Gate extending flow rates. Pressure drops across test from the Cliff House at the north end of sections have been accurately measured for Ocean Beach to Rockway Beach 11 miles to a series of air flow rates in which the the south. The beaches have been occupied solids to air ratio is varied from zero to at intervals from 2 weeks to 3 months for 11.0 pounds of solids per pound of air. the past two years. The beaches build The solids are introduced into the flow forward during spring and fall and erode system through a mixing nozzle fed by a back during winter and spring. The grain slide valve controlled weighing tank, and size is k0 to 75 percent coarser and the

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sorting about 10 percent poorer in spring Industry Conference, U. C, Davis, than in fall. The "beaches north of the January 27, 1958. Golden Gate may advance and retreat as "Status of Sea Water Conversion Research", much as 100 feet in the course of a year Trans, of the Amer. Geophysical Union, whereas those south of the Gate rarely mi- Vol. 39, No. 3, June 1958, pp. ^ho-kl. grate more than 50 feet in the course of a "Upgrading of Brackish Waters", Proceed- year. The berms are one to two feet ings on Conference on Quality of Water higher in winter and spring than in summer Irrigation, Jan. 1958, Water Resources and fall. The average grain size on Point Center Contribution No. lh. Reyes Beach is about 600 microns, at Drakes "Water for Industrial Use: Prospects of Cove and Stinson Beach, 200 microns, 275 its Being Obtained by De-Salinization of microns at the Cliff House and U25 microns Sea Water", prepared for the 2nd Annual at Rockway Beach. The sorting on all the Water Resources Conference, Montana State beaches ranges mainly between 1.25 and 1.30 University, Missoula, Mont., June 28, 29, except at Drakes Cove where the average is 1957- Paper prepared for publication but 1.18. Berm height averages about l6 feet exact title and publication date unknown. at Point Reyes Beach, 8 to 9 feet at "Progress in Conversion of Saline Water", Drakes Cove and Stinson Beach and 11 feet Journal American Water Works Association, at the Cliff House and 13 feet at Rockway Vol. 50, No. 3, March 1958. Beach. Sand on all the beaches evidently "Fresh Water from Saline Sources", Chapter migrates both up and down during the in book "An Introduction to Solar Energy", course of a year, but data are lacking as edited by A. M. Zarem, Pub. McGraw-Hill to which is the prevalent direction of Book Co. Also published in Natural Re- drift except at Point Reyes Beach where sources Volume 1957, UCLA. most of the drift comes from the mainland to the east of Tomales Bay. (1823) THE MECHANICS OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT MOVEMENT (h) "Beaches near San Francisco, California WITH OSCILLATORY WAVES. 1956-1957", by Parker D. Track, Univ. of California Publ. Inst. Engineering Re- (b) Beach Erosion Board. search, Series ik, Issue 21, 101 pages, (d) Experimental; basic research.

November 1958. ( e ) To obtain experimental information on the criterion for initial and general movement (155M SEA WATER RESEARCH. of bottom sediment by wave action. Proto- type conditions of the relative motion of (b) State of California. water and bed were simulated by use of an (c) Prof. E. D. Howe, 177 Richmond Field Sta., oscillating plate In still water. University of California, Richmond, Calif. (g) A theoretical solution has been found for (d) Experimental, theoretical, field investi- •the turbulent boundary layer flow along gation, and pilot plant; basic research, an oscillating surface and was empirically applied research, design and operation. checked for the smooth bottom. A solution (e) The purpose of this Investigation is to has been found for the rough wall, but discover whether there is available any must be checked for various different method for the large-scale, low-cost de- types of roughness. mineralization of sea water. (h) "Stability of Oscillatory Laminar Flow Operation of the solar stills was con- Along a Wall", by Huon LI, USA Corps of tinued, with an additional wick-type still Engineers B.E.B. Techn. Memo. No. W] in operation. Also, a small project was July 195^. carried out on the use of paraffin wax as "Mechanics of Bottom Sediment Movement due a heat absorber and -storage material. to Wave Action", by Madhav Manohar, USA The data on the large Low-Temperature- Corps of Engineers B.E.B. Tech. Memo No. Difference plant is being extended to the 75, June 1955. study of carry-over of gas and brine. "Turbulent Flow Near an Oscillating Wall", The U.C.L.A. program of work on the use by G. Kalkanis, USA' Corps of Engineers of reversed osmosis was continued and a B.E.B. Tech. Memo. No. 97, July 1957. larger unit has been constructed. Work was initiated at Berkeley on a means for (1825) WIND WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER. constructing high strength osmotic mem- branes. The Berkeley development con- (b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army. sists of the use of bundles of parallel (d) Experimental. fibers with flow parallel to the fibers. (e) To obtain experimental Information on the By using synthetic materials which swell factors of wind velocity, wind duration, in water, it has been possible to get water depth, bottom slope, and bottom down to pore sizes of the order of a few roughness as related to wave generation Angstroms. Present efforts are directed and wind tide produced in shallow water of toward reducing these pore sizes. limited extent. A glass-wall channel 70 (g) Detailed results may be obtained from the ft long, 15 inches deep, and 12 inches progress reports published by the Inst, wide has been constructed for this study. of Engineering Research. (f) Completed. (h) "Research on the Demineralizing of Water", (h) "Effects of Reefs and Bottom Slope on Wind Proceedings of the 1958 Annual Dairy Setup in Shallow Water", by E. G. Tickner,

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IER, University of California, Series 71, (b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. Issue 10, February 1958. (d) Experimental; applied research. "Transient Wind Tides in Shallow Water", (e) This study has as its objectives study of by E. G. Tickner, IER, Univ. of Calif., velocity variations observed in tracing Series 71, Issue 11, September 1958. the flow of liquids through porous media, development of methods and tracers for (1829) STUDY OF INCLINED GAS-LIQUID FLOW IN TUBES field determination of water movement underground, and application of these (b) Laboratory research project. methods to location and measurement of (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic. seepage from canals. (e) Collection and correlation of data on (g) A study was made of five sands to relate several diameters of tubing at inclina- the medium dispersion constants to pore tions from horizontal to vertical. size distributions, which were determined (f) Completed. from moisture tension curves. No well de- (g) One-inch diameter smooth and rough tubes fined relation could be established. tested. Paper in preparation. (h) "Studies of Flow Dispersion in Porous (h) "Two-Phase Flow in Rough Tubes", by D. Media", by Leung-ku Lau, W. J. Kaufman, Dhisholm and A. D. K. Laird, Trans. ASME, G. T. Orlob, and D. K. Todd, IER, Series Vol. 80, 276, 1958. No. 93, Issue No. k, Univ. of Calif., 67 pp., July 1958. (2058) STUDY OF EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS IN A TURBULENCE COLUMN. (2261) WAVE REFRACTION RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project, thesis study. (b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army, (d) Experimental. Washington, D. C. (e) Exchange of various properties are studied (d) Laboratory. and compared for various properties in a ( e ) In shallow water the velocity of a water column with reproducible turbulence pat- gravity wave depends upon the depth of tern. water as well as upon the length of the (f) Suspended. wave. When it travels in shoaling water (g) The column is constructed. Sediment dis- it bends. This refraction changes the tributions are observed for various de- wave height and direction. Powerful graphi grees of turbulence. One of the major re- cal and analytical tools are available for sults is the fact that a high velocity use by the engineers; however, there is an jet is much less efficient in creating almost complete lack of evidence as to large scale turbulence than wall friction their accuracy. The purpose of this con- in open channel flows tract has been to perform laboratory exper- ments to check the validity of the tech- (2059) STUDY OF BED-LOAD MOTION IN A FLOW SUB- niques used in practice. The first series JECTED TO COMPOSITE FRICTION. of tests was performed in a ripple tank; these showed that the techniques were (b) Laboratory project. fairly reliable from a practical stand- (d) Experimental; thesis study. point. A series of tests has been made in (e) A granular bed is developed between a a model basin 150 ft by 6k ft by 2-| ft deep system of obstructions such as piles. It The results of these tests have been pub- is attempted to determine the part of the lished. Tests have been conducted on the flow resistance which determines the rate formation of multi -crest waves as periodic of sediment motion. waves pass into shoal water, and the re- (f) Experimental work completed. sults have been found to compare favorably (g) In a thesis study limitations are inves- with theory. tigated to the independence of frictional (h) "Model Study of Wave Refraction", by R. L. drag forces. Wiegel and A. L Arnold, Tech. Memo. No. 103, Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engi- (2062) STRESS- STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS FOR SHEAR IN neers, U. S. Army, 31 PP-j Viec. 1957- A SAND-WATER MIXTURE. (2262) ANCHORING FORCES RESEARCH. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; basic research. (b) Shell Development Company.

(e) The relationship is determined in an es- ( d ) Laboratory pecially constructed rotating shear device (e) Model studies are being made of the forces for various normal pressures. The results in mooring lines of specially designed will be used to predict the behavior of a anchored vessels at sea. Tests are being granular stream bed subjected to high made with uniform wave conditions. shear by a flow. (g) Results have been obtained. Work is now (2265) FORCES ON ACCELERATED CYLINDERS. concentrating on the analysis of the re-

sults . (b) Engineering Foundation and laboratory project. (2063) METHODS OF DETECTING AND TRACING THE (d) Experimental; basic research. MOVEMENT OF GROUND WATER. (e) Measurement of drag coefficients and flow

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configurations about cylinders during ac- (f) Completed. celerated motion in fluids as related to (h) "Ship Waves in Navigation Channels", by wave forces as cylinders J. W. Johnson, Proceedings of the Sixth (h) "Forces on Cylinders in Constant Linear Conference on Coastal Engineering, pp. Acceleration and Uniform Motion in Water", 666-690, 1958. A. D. K. Laird, C. A. Johnson, R. W. Walker. Journal Waterways and Harbors (2509) NON-STEADY FLOW ANALOGY. Division, Am. Soc. Civil Engineers (in

press ) (b) Department of Water Resources, State of California. (2505) EFFECT OF SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN STREAM (d) Experimental; applied research. CHANNELS. (e) By means of an electric analog model of the San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento- (b) University project. San Joaquin Delta Region, the feasibility (d) Experimental; basic research. of barriers and channel works is being in- (e) Alluvial flows in channels with artifi- vestigated, with the purpose of providing cially secured banks are studied system- a greater flow of fresh water southward in atically for their tendency to meander as the Central Valley. expressed by the development of alternate (f) Completed. bars. It is the aim of this study to de- (g) The tidal amplitude changes which should' be velop criteria for stability. expected due to the imposition of each of (f) Suspended. several proposed salinity barriers have (g) The Important parameters seem to be the been predicted, and are in accordance with Froude's number, the depth-width ratio and analytic results where these are available. the size and uniformity of the bed sedi- Prototype tidal amplitudes, phases, and

ment . currents were duplicated in the analog model within three to five percent at all (2506) SEDIMENT MOTION IN SILT CARRYING STREAMS. major points. A new type of square-law resistor has been developed which takes (b) National Science Foundation. into account changes in the water depth. (d) Experimental; basic research. (h) "The Theoretical Basis for Non-Linear (e) An alluvial stream with a bed material in Electric Analogs for Open Channel Flow", the sand sizes or coarser follows relation- James A. Harder, Inst, of Engineering Re- ships generally called bed-load formulas. search, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley k, Calif. This study tries to find what the corre- "An Electric Analog Model Study of Tides sponding laws are if the bed sediment con- in the Delta Region of California", James sists mainly of particles in the silt A. Harder, Inst, of Engineering Research, sizes as fines. Univ. of Calif., Berkeley k, Calif. (g) The transport of silts coarser than 5 nii- crons seem to follow laws very similar to (2750) DROP STRUCTURE WITH SELF-DRAINING STILLING those for fine sand. BASIN.

(2507) SAND DEPOSITS IN CANALS. (b) U. S. Department of Agriculture. (d) Experimental; development.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. ( e ) Stilling basins with permanent pools are (d) Experimental; basic research. dangerous to playing children and make (e) The relationships are sought governing the mosquito breeding places, both undersirable deposit of various sediment sizes and in inhabited areas. A stilling device Is types of lined canals under various flow developed which is self draining and which conditions. Of particular interest is any is efficient at widely varying tailwater resulting change of the effective channel conditions roughness and of its flow capacity. (f) Completed. (g) The case of fine sediment on a rough bottom (g) Solutions for a range of cases have been has been solved. The case of coarse sedi- found and some have been constructed. ment on a smooth bottom is being investi- (h) "Tailwater Characteristics of Drop Struc- gated. tures", by G. Kalkanis, IER Series ES6o¥+, Issue No. 1, April 1958. (2508) SHIP WAVES IN WATERWAYS. (2751) DEVELOPMENT OF A TRASH RACK AND INTAKE (b) Laboratory project. STRUCTURE TO BARREL TYPE SPILLWAYS. (d) Experimental. (e) To obtain experimental information on the (b) U. S. Department of Agriculture. characteristics of waves generated by (d) Experimental; development. ships in shallow water. Such information (e) Barrel type spillways can highly increase is of value in the problem of wave wash the effectiveness of small flood control and bank erosion in waterways. Ship models retaining basins, if they can be prevented are towed at various speeds in water of from plugging by floating trash. An effec- various depths and the wave characteristic tive intake and trash rack is developed measured at various distances from the from the viewpoint of clogging. sailing line. (f) Completed.

8 . ) . .

(g) A syphon-type intake with low intake veloc- Obtain from author at U.C.E.F.S., 1301 South ity appears to provide for the most desir- h-6 Street, Richmond, California. able hydraulic and trash conditions.

(h) Project report in preparation. ( 3012 ) RADIAL FORCES IN A RADIAL FLOW CENTRIFUGAL PUMP. (2752) REVOLVING FISH SCREEN. 0>) Laboratory project. (b) California Dept. of Fish and Game. (a) Theoretical and experimental; basic and (d) Experimental. applied research. (e) Development and testing of a revolving (g) Radial forces on the impeller of a radial fish screen which continuously rotates in flow centrifugal pump were measured and front of a hydraulic cleaning device. were correlated with forces evaluated from (f) Completed. the measured pressure distribution in the (g) Head-loss coefficient found to he about volute of the pump. A mixing analysis was 6.0. made of the flow conditions in the volute. (h) Final report forwarded to Dept. of Fish The volute pressure distributions and re- and Game, Sacramento 19, Calif. sulting radial forces were predicted. The analysis was extended to show the influence (2753) HYDRAULIC BREAKWATER. of the mixing In the volute on the pump performance. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the 00 "Centrifugal Pump Radial Load", by R. E. Navy. Rolling, M.S. Thesis, January 1958. (d) Experimental; applied research. "Pressure Distribution in the Volute of a (e) Determination by model tests of the mecha- Radial Flow Centrifugal Pump", by J. J. nisms by which hydraulic breakwaters Carlson, M.S. Thesis, June 1958. dampen water gravity waves. Three-dimensional tests in a model basin ARTIFICIAL INCREASE OF FRICTION IN ALLUVIAL (g) ; 3013 show that the effect of wave refraction CHANNELS. due to the currents generated by the hydraulic breakwater is of primary impor- oo U. S. Department of Agriculture. tance. For certain conditions the area in (a) Expe riment al the lee of the breakwater can be made to (e) Decrease of flow velocities and conse- be almost free of waves, while for other quently prevention of erosion in alluvial conditions the waves behind the breakwater channel with limited capacity can be will be higher than if there were no hy- effected by Increasing artificially the draulic breakwater in operation. friction. (g) Low sills placed on the banks at properly (275I+) UNDERWATER MISSILES. determined intervals, result to a uniform dissipation of the excess energy along the (b) U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China channel Lake, California. (a) Experimental; applied research. (3014) ENERGY DISSIPATION IN LINED CHANNELS. (e) The determination of the trajectories of missiles fired vertically under the influ- 00 California State Dept. of Public Works, ence of water gravity waves and currents Division of Highways, San Francisco Office. Completed. (a) Experimental. Analysis of data has been completed. (e) Drops on the bed of lined channels to reduce longitudinal slopes proved uneffec- (2755: DEVELOPMENT OF METHOBS TO TRACE SEDIMENTS tive. The purpose of the study was to USING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS. develop a type of structure which would dissipate the excess energy more effec- (b) U. S. Corps of Engineers. tively. (c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Univ. of Calif., (f) Completed. College of Engineering, Berkeley h, Calif. (g) An arrangement consisting of three pairs (d) Experimental; theoretical and field. of sills placed on the banks of the channel (e) Radioactive materials are sought which can at equal spacings of about 30 feet down- be permanently attached to sediment grains stream from each drop proved satisfactory. from the sand to the clay sizes. The in- (h) Project Report "Los Gatos Channel Energy strumentation is to be developed by which Dissipators" in preparation. these tagged sediments can be observed in prototype water courses, particularly in (3015) EDDY DIFFUSION IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW. the San Francisco Bay. (g) Scandium-^6 and gold-198 have been found (b) Water Resources Center and Sanitary Engi- to be the best suited materials. The in- neering Research Laboratory, Univ. of Calif., strumentation for field detection of radio Berkeley, Calif. activity has been developed, and some (c) Prof. G. T. Orlob, U12F Hesse Hall, Univ. field tests are completed. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. (h) "First Annual Progress Report on the Silt (d) Experimental verification of theories of Transport Studies Utilizing Radioisotopes", eddy diffusion in statistically homogeneous by R. B. Krone, 117 pp., December 1957- flow. Basic research for doctoral thesis.

514561 0 - 59 - 2 - . . .

(e) Objectives of investigation included de- through of chloride tracer. A pressure- velopment of technique of determining volume apparatus has been constructed and scale of eddies and turbulence intensity tested for separating and analyzing dis- and the experimental verification of the solved helium gas concentrations of 0.00^ Kolmogoroff-von Weizsacher similarity to 1.5 ppm in water. principle and the Richardson "Four-thirds Law. " The theory of eddy diffusion by (3018) GROUND WATER INFLOW. continuous movements as originally derived by Taylor provided the basis for the ex- (b) Laboratory project. perimental determination of scale and tur- (d) Experimental; applied research. bulence intensity. A broad open channel (e) Investigation of seepage from leveed with a rough bottom served to produce a rivers during high stages into adjacent turbulence which was statistically homo- agricultural lands. An electric analogy geneous in two dimensions. Dispersion model is being constructed to study flows patterns of floating polyethylene discs under various boundary conditions, through were analyzed in relation to scale, tur- layered soils, and through anisotropic bulence intensity, energy dissipation, media. Reynolds number, and Schmidt number. The coefficient of eddy diffusion was related (3019) ANALOG MODELS FOR HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS. to each of these factors (g) A simple method of determining eddy scale (b) Committee on Research in Water Resources, and turbulence intensity from particle University of California. dispersion patterns was developed. The (d) Experimental and theoretical; design and Kolmogoroff-von Weizsacher similarity development principle was verified experimentally. (e) Electric analog elements to represent all (h) "Eddy Diffusion in Open Channel Flow", major hydraulic features of a flood con- Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University, Jan. trol project are being designed and con- 1959- structed, with the purpose of devising a "Eddy Diffusion in Open Channel Flow", tool enabling hydraulic engineers to op- contribution No. 19 Water Resources timize the design and operation of flood Center, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif., c ont rol syst ems January 1959- (3020) BOUNDARY LAYER FRICTION IN THE DOLPHIN. (3016) ARTIFICIAL ROUGHNESS IN OPEN CHANNELS, (b) Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; basic research. (d) Experimental thesis for Master of Science. (e) Purpose is to elicit whether there is an

( e ) The purpose of the study was to determine anomaly in skin friction of dolphins. the effect of the spacing of a center row

of piles on the carrying capacity of a ( 3021 ) A HYDRAULIC STUDY OF SUSPENSION AND TRANS- channel and to compare the friction PORT OF ORGANIC SEDIMENTS IN HIGH-RATE losses of a solid wall to those obtained PONDS. from the above series of tests. (f) Completed. (b) Laboratory project. (g) The drag force obtained by computation (c) Field Station, University of California, from theory was compared to the actual Richmond, California. measured force per linear foot and a pres- (d) Field investigation; design and operations. entation of the separation and vortex for- (e) The velocity of flow is to be varied from mation theory was made. The mutual inter- 0 to 2 feet per second in a high rate ference due to the spacing of the piles sewage stabilization pond. Observations has been found and given in relation with will be made of the formation, sedimenta- the dimensionless parameter, spacing over tion, suspension, transport, and ultimate diameter, of the central row of piles. oxidation of organic sediments as a func- (h) "Artificial Roughness in Open Channels", tion of flow velocity. by Aristides C. Liukopoulos, Master of (g) New project--upper limiting velocities for Science Thesis in Engineering. total sediment transport appear to be about 1 foot per second. Studies of lower (3017) HELIUM AS A GROUND WATER TRACER, velocities are in progress. (h) "Studies of Photosynthetic Oxygenation (b) Laboratory project. Pilot Plant Experiments", William J. (d) Experimental and field; applied research. Oswald, Edwin M. Lee and H. B. Gotaas, (e) The purpose of this work is to determine Univ. of Calif., I.E.R. Series kk No. 9, the feasibility of helium as a ground pg. 115, January 1958. water tracer. Included in the study have been methods of adding helium to water, (3022) FLOATING BREAKWATER. methods of recovery and analysis, and rate of loss of helium from ground water. (b) U. S. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory.

) traced through 188 feet of con- ( g Helium was (d) Analytical and experimental; applied refined aquifer. The breakthrough curve of search. helium was found to lag behind the break- (e) Analytical and experimental studies of

10 . . . .

new concepts of floating breakwaters. (3026! SHIP RESISTANCE IN UNIFORM WAVES AS A (g) Several new concepts have been Investigated. FUNCTION OF WAVE STEEPNESS. One of these systems consisted of a series of long plastic tubes (slightly buoyant) (V) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy. connected side by side and filled with (c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Dept. of Naval Architec- water. The effectiveness of the system ture, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley 4, Calif.

was remarkable for wave lengths of the (a) Experimental ( laboratory ) order of one-half the tube length, or less. (e) A series of experiments were performed to study the effect of wave steepness on the (3023) PRESSURE GENERATED WATER WAVES. resistance of the ship. The 5-foot model, Series 60 of 0.60 block coefficient, was National Science Foundation. towed in waves five feet long at nine (a) Experimental; basic research. different wave heights so that the wave (e) This is a study of the coupled waves gen- steepness H/X. varied between 0.0684 erated by a pressure area moving over the (1:14.6) and 0.0146 (1:68.5). The resist- water surface, both two dimensional and ance of the ship in still water was meas- three dimensional; in addition, analytical ured in a separate experiment so that the studies are being made of long waves. added resistance due to the oncoming waves (s) The cnoidal wave theory has been reduced could be computed. to the form that rapid calculations can (f) Completed. be made with it, using curves and tables. (g) The results indicate that the added re- Laboratory tests in three dimensions have sistance coefficient depends upon the Froude been made to determine the limit of the number and the steepness of the waves. The effect of surface tension. Tests are now lower the Froude number, the higher the being conducted well within the gravity added resistance coefficient. For a given wave regime. Froude number, the added resistance coefficient increases as the 1.9 power of the wave height. "Ship Resistance in Uniform Waves as a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Department of Naval Function of Wave Steepness", by 0. J. Sibul Architecture and G. Reichert, Univ. of Calif., IER Re- port, Series 6l, Issue 14, June 1957- (3024 STABILITY OF VESSELS IN A SEAWAY. (3027; MOTION OF SHIPS OF SHALLOW DRAFT IN LONG- (b Society of Naval Architects and Marine CRESTED PROGRESSIVE WAVE SYSTEMS. Engineers (c Mr. John R. Paulling, Jr., Room 224, Bldg. David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy. T-3, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. (c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Dept. of Naval Architec- (a Experimental and theoretical; applied re- ture, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley 4, Calif. search. (a) Theoretical; basic and applied research. (e A study of the effect of the seaway on the (e) An investigation was made of the oscilla- transverse stability and capsizing of tions of a long ship of shallow draft ships placed broadside to a long-crested pro- (g Studies of stability of a ship in a longi- gressive wave system. Later the methods tudinal seaway have been completed. developed were applied also in case the (h "Stability and Rolling of Ships in a ship is subject to a uniform translational Following Sea", by J. R. Paulling, Jr., motion in a direction perpendicular to the Univ. of Calif., IER Report, Series 121, wave crest. The method used is based on Issue 1, August 1958. an integral equation approach. (f) Completed. (3025 STABILITY OF TUNA CLIPPERS. (h) "Motion of Ships of Shallow Draft", by R. C. MacCamy, Univ. of Calif., IER, Series (* University of California. 6l, Issue 10, December 1956. (c Mr. J. R. Paulling, Jr., Room 224, Bldg. "Motion of Ships of Shallow Draft with For- T-3, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. ward Velocity", by R. C. MacCamy, Univ. of (a Theoretical and experimental; applied re- Calif., IER, Series 6l, Issue 15, May 1958. search. (e A study of the transverse stability of a (3028) A GAGE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE class of fishing vessels while operating DISTRIBUTION ON 5 -FOOT SHIP MODELS IN WAVES. in a seaway. The transverse stability of tuna clippers David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy. while operating in a seaway may be appre- (c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Dept. of Naval Architec- ciably less than that computed by the de- ture, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley 4, Calif. signer using conventional methods. (a) Applied research; design. (h "Certain Factors Influencing the Trans- (e) The gage is flush-mounted so that the flow verse Stability of Tuna Clippers", to be around the model is not disturbed. The presented at the Second World Fishing Boat active diameter of the gage is 1/4 inch; Congress sponsored by FAO of UN, Rome, the frequency response from 0 to 2,500 Italy, in April 1959- cps, and sensitivity from 0.1 inch up to

11 12 inches of water. The gage is of capaci- (b) Laboratory project. tance-type and is to be used in conjunc- (d) Basic research. tion with an ionization transducer patented (e) Research is based on long range flow and and manufactured by Decker Aviation Co. meteorologic record. Flow and precipita- (f) Suspended. tion data on U. S. and Canada stations (h) Report is in preparation. were statistically investigated in order to obtain river regime characteristics.

( 3029 ) REPRODUCTION OF RECORDED OCEAN WAVES IN A Other climatic, geologic and botanic data, SHIP MODEL TOWING TANK. will be included, depending on availability. (g) Classified discharges and precipitation (b) National Science Foundation (a grant for for long range gauging and meteorologic

the purchase of equipment ) and University stations are calculated. Characteristic of California research funds. parameters for river classification of (c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Dept. of Naval Architec- the area are obtained. ture, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley k, Calif. (d) Basic research; applied research, design. (3032) REGULATION OF SEVERAL RIVERS FOR COMBINED (e) The work undertaken under this program was MAXIMUM FIRM POWER ON SEVERAL STATIONS. the design and construction of a power and control system for the existing wave gen- (b) Laboratory project. erator, such that a recorded ocean wave in (d) Theoretical; applied research. a desired scale could be reproduced in the (e) A study is made to facilitate economic towing tank. The system utilizes a mag- design of hydro-power developments and netic tape input to servomec nanism which storage dams in cases outlined above. makes the wave -generator follow a pre- (g) A graphical method is obtained to deter- scribed time-distance curve. mine the theoretical regulation of flow (h) "Reproduction of Recorded Ocean Waves in simultaneously on several rivers by reser- a Ship Model Towing Tank", by M. H. Dost, voirs of given volumes in order to obtain Univ. of Calif., IER, Series 6l, Issue 16, maximum combined firm power on several May 1958. stations working in a single system.

CASE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Dept. of Civil Engi- COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, Civil Engineering Sec. neering and Engineering Mechanics. (55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST Inquiries concerning the following projects should ANALYSIS. be addressed to Prof. Boris S. Browzin, Case In- stitute of Technology, Cleveland 6, Ohio. (b) Soil Conservation Service, Colorado Agri- cultural Experiment Station. (3030) TRANSIENT FLOW THROUGH POROUS INCOMPRESS- (c) Mr. Homer J. Stockwell, Soil Conservation IBLE MEDIA WITH VARIOUS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. Service, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins Colo. (b) National Research Council of Canada. (d) Field investigations; applied research. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- (e) Systematic measurements of depth and water search. content of snow at high elevations in (e) The unsteady laminar flow was reproduced Colorado mountain areas for the purpose of by a highly viscous liquid flowing between forecasting the runoff of the principal closely spaced translucid plates on a rivers of the state in the interest of number of models with geometric boundaries irrigation, power, domestic supplies, and representing various types of earth dams other uses. The use of electrical resist- on impervious foundations and earth mas- ance soil moisture units is being tested sives crossed by open channels, when hy- to determine a factor of soil moisture draulic boundary conditions are of tran- deficiency for water supply forecast pur-

sient character with respect to the time. poses . (g) An approximate function, relating by di- (g) Snow measurement data are correlated with mensionless parameters the shape and the runoff. Once the relationship is estab- position of free surface of flow through lished, the snow measurement data are used an earth dam following rapid reservoir to predict the runoff for the coming sea- drawdown, the degree of drainage and the son. time to the geometry of an homogeneous (h) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station dam, was obtained theoretically and con- General Series Papers --Monthly Snow Sur- firmed by experiments. vey Reports for the Rio Grande, Colo, and (h) "Transient Flow Through Earth Dams", pre- Platte-Arkansas Drainage Basin.

liminary report . Proceedings of the 10th Canadian Soil Mechanics Conference, Sec- (821) GROUND-WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELA-

tion ll+, p. 59 j Ottawa. TION TO PUMPING.

(3031) THE VARIATION OF HYDR0L0GIC FACTORS AND (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. THEIR INFLUENCE ON RIVER REGIMES IN THE (c) Mr. M. Bittinger, Civil Engineering Sec, GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE DRAINAGE AREA. Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

12 . .

(d) Field investigation. (c) Mr. R. D. Dirmeyer, Jr., Asst. Geological (e) The work consists of semi-annual measure- Engineer, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, ments of the depth to the water table in Colorado. about 260 observation wells in the Arkansas (d) Applied research and development; both and South Platte Valleys in Colorado. Ob- field and laboratory investigations.

servation wells are strategically located ( e ) Research and development investigations are in pumping areas. Data on power consump- being carried on at five field sites in tion are also gathered for comparison with operating canals: (l) Twin Lakes (Colo,) water-table elevations. The work is co- site in fractured rock; (2) Coors Farm ordinated with the Ground Water Branch, U. (Colo.) site in sand and gravel; (3) S.G.S. Coachella Canal (Calif.) site in dune sand; (g) Favorable weather in 1957 and 1958 has re- (k) Lateral 1 (Wyo. ) site in dune sand; sulted in significant recoveries of the (5) Lateral 19-3 (Nebr. ) site in loessial water table in nearly all areas of the soil. Purpose of research and development South Platte and Arkansas Basins. However, activities is to develop practical and areas with limited recharge possibilities effective canal sealing methods for irri- continued to decline. gation canals in a representative range of (h) "Water Table Fluctuations in Eastern pervious materials and operational condi-

Colorado", by W. E. Code, Colo. State Univ. tions . Agr. Expt. Sta. Bulletin 500-s, 3k pp., (g) As a result of development work to date, August 1958. two normally satisfactory methods for seal- "Leaky Reservoir Aids Water Table", Colo. ing irrigation canals have been developed. Farm and Home Research, Vol. 9> No. 1, Additional development work is needed, but

pp. 3~^> summer 1958. in general the two methods are : ( 1 ) For fractured rock- -multiple dam method in-

( 107*0 HYDRAULICS OF STILLING BASINS. volving use of bentonite and saw-dust, and (2) for sandy and loessial soils --Wyoming (b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. method involving use of bentonite-water (c) Mr. G. L. Smith, Civil Engineering Sec, mixture with harrowing of canal bottom and Colorado State University, Fort Collins, sides during the bentonite ponding and Colorado sealing procedure. (d) Experimental; applied and fundamental. (h) "Interim Report on the Bentonite Sediment (e) This study consists of several phases. Sealing Activities in the Trans-Mountain The first phase, which has been completed, Diversion System of the Twin Lakes Reser- was development of generalized design voir and Canal Co.", by R. D. Dirmeyer, Jr., criteria for stilling basins for canti- Colo. State Univ., Civil Engineering Sec, levered pipe flow. The stilling basin is Report No. CER58RDDI5, April 1958. a pre-shaped scour hole in an alluvial bed "Interim Report on Bentonite Sediment armorplated with well graded riprap. The Sealing Activities in Lateral E-65-19-3 second phase of the study, which is in of the Central Nebraska Public Power and progress, is to investigate the efficiency Irrigation District", by R. D. Dirmeyer, of the armorplated, pre-shaped stilling Jr., Colo. State Univ., Civil Engineering basin in scour control for different Section, Report No. CER58RTS25, Aug. I958. boundary geometry. "Report on Laboratory Testing of the (g) Scour in alluvial beds increases with an Sediment -Sealing Method", by E. C. Newman, increase in channel width. The contribut- Colo. State Univ., Civil Engineering Sec, ing factor to the increased rate of scour Report No. CER57ECN19, August 1957- is growth and vortex action of secondary "Report on Laboratory Testing of the currents transverse to the direction of Sediment -Sealing Method", by R. T. Shen, jet flow. Armorplating of channel banks Colo. State Univ., Civil Engineering Sec, is essential to stability of alluvial Report No. CER57RTS20, August 1957- channels. Decreasing the slope of the channel banks increases the effectiveness (2066) STUDY OF OPEN CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS IN A in scour control of the armorplated, pre- SLOPING FLUME. shaped stilling basins and banks (h) "Analytical Study of the Mechanics of Scour (b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. for Three-Dimensional Jet", by Y. Iwagaki, (c) Dr. H. K. Liu, Civil Engineering Section, G. L. Smith and M. L. Albertson, Colorado Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. State University, Civil Engineering Dept., (d) Experimental; applied. (in preparation). (e) The study is divided into two stages. "The Manifold Stilling Basin", by G. R. The first stage, which has been finished, Fiala and M. L. Albertson, Colo. State was to study the backwater caused by the University, Civil Engineering Dept., Re- construction of a channel constriction in port No. CER58MLA35. a tilting flume having a rigid bottom. The second stage of the study, which is in (I837) SEALING OF IRRIGATION CANALS BY BENTONITE progress, is to study the effect of an SEDIMENTING. alluvial bed on the backwater and also the maximum scour around the model highway (b) U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, abutments making up the constriction. The several irrigation companies. experiment work is conducted in a 150 foot

13 . : .

long, 8 foot wide flume. Both the sedi- (h) "Factors Affecting Evaporation from Soils ment and the water are recirculated in this in Contact with a Water Table", by R. A. system. A uniform flow is established Schleusener, Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado before the abutments are placed in the State University, 1958. system. The change of water surface con- "The Role of Hysteresis in Reducing figuration and the change of bed configu- Evaporation from Soils in Contact with a ration are measured throughout the testing Water Table", prepared for American Geo- period. The degree of contraction caused physical Union by R. A. Schleusener and by the abutments varies from 0.5 to 0.1 A. T. Corey, 1958. The hydraulics of open channel flow through constrictions has been classified as a (2278) METHODS OF GENERATING A COMPLEX SEA. result of this research. The energy loss has been subdivided into three parts (b) David Taylor Model Basin. normal, mixing, and excess. The distribu- (c) Mr. Robert E. Glover, Civil Engineering tion of these three losses is known. Sec, Colorado State University, Fort Empirical curves were derived for esti- Collins, Colorado. mating the maximum backwater found in the (a) Theoretical; applied research. laboratory. A practical method for esti- (e) The research is directed toward the develop- mating the maximum backwater for prototype ment of ways and means to produce in a conditions is presented. The maximum wave basin seas which will permit the scour depends primarily upon the degree of testing of model ships under conditions contraction, the Froude number and the representing those encountered by ships on normal depth of the unobstructed flow and the ocean under storm conditions. the geometry of the abutments. (g) A new type of wave generator was developed which promises to have the ability to pro- (2277] STUDY OF EVAPORATION FROM SOIL SURFACES IN duce a replica of an actual storm sea in TERMS OF SOIL AND MICR0METE0R0L0GICAL a circular or rectangular wave basin. The FACTORS replica sea would cover essentially the entire area of the wave basin. (b) Contributing project to Western Regional (h) Final report in preparation. Research Project W-32, "Basic Hydrological Factors Relating to Water Conservation." (2279) LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDY OF THE VORTEX (c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Civil Engineering Section, TUBE SAND TRAP. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural research, part of which has been used for Experiment Station and Agricultural master's and doctoral theses. Research Service. See U. S. Department of (e) The project is a comprehensive study of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, moisture transfer from soil by evaporation page 95- from the soil surface. The immediate objectives of the investigation are to (2510) RESEARCH DIRECTED TOWARD THE STUDY OF LOW evaluate the variables known to affect LEVEL TURBULENCE. evaporation from soil in order to determine those that are most important in the field, (b) Air Force Cambridge Research Center. and secondly to search for relationships (c) Prof. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Sec, among the pertinent variables which will Colorado State University, Fort Collins, permit quantitative estimates of evapo- Colorado ration from a given soil under prevailing (d) Experimental; basic research to be used ambient conditions. towards a doctoral thesis. (g) There is a critical water-table depth for (e) Measurements of mean velocity, mean temper- soils. When the water-table is below this atures, turbulence intensities and turbu- depth, the rate of upward movement of the lent shear stress profiles were made for water is greatly reduced and is only turbulent air flow over a plane, rough slightly affected by ambient variables. boundary which was heated. A new wind The critical depth can be related to mois- tunnel with low ambient turbulence level ture characteristics of the soil. and a test section 6 x 6 x 72 ft was de- When the surface of the soil becomes dry signed and partially completed. (for any reason), the rate of evaporation (g) For the rough, heated surface the velocity is only slightly affected by ambient defect law for the outer regime of the variables and may even be inversely related boundary layer follows the same law for a to the corresponding evaporation rates smooth boundary provided the displacement from a free water surface. thickness includes the variation of density The rate of water loss from a soil profile with temperature. The temperature distri- can be reduced by any surface treatment bution can be expressed by a wall law and that reduces the capillarity of the surface a temperature-defect law analogous to the pores. One effective treatment Is a gravel velocity- distribution laws. mulch, another is an application of some (h) "Turbulent Boundary Layer Over Heated and types of surfactents. Unheated, Plane, Rough Surfaces", by G. At present no economical treatment for Chanda, Ph.D. Dissertation, Scientific large scale use has been found. Report No. 1, AFCRC TN-58-1+28 (Astia-AD

ik . , .

152599). May 1958, Report No. CER58BC21, the different approach conditions, 131 PP- (h) "Trapezoidal Flumes for Open Channel Flow "Wind Tunnel for the Study of Turbulence in Measurement", by A. R. Robinson and A. R. the Atmospheric Surface Layer", by J. E. Chamberlain, Colorado State Univ., Report Cermak, (in preparation). No. CER58ARR39, November 1958.

(2512) MODEL STUDIES FOR BOCONO DAM. (2514) STUDY OF RESISTANCE TO FLOW AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS. (b) R. J. Tipton Associated, Engineers, Inc., Denver, Colorado. (b) U. S. Geological Survey. (c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engi- (c) Mr. D. B. Simons, Hydraulic Engineer, U. S. neering Sec, Colorado State Univ., Fort Geological Survey. Collins, Colorado. (d) Experimental, theoretical and field investi- (d) Experimental model study; applied research. gation; basic and applied research. Some (e) The purpose of the model studies was to phases of the study are being used to obtain information concerning the action develop masters and doctoral theses; how- of water flowing over and through the ever, the investigation is basically a U.S. proposed dam and appurtenant works. Pre- G.S. research project. liminary studies of the stilling basin (e) This investigation consists of a laboratory were made in a 2-ft wide glass-walled study which will be followed by a field flume and over-all performance of the spill- study of (a) resistance to flow in alluvial way examined on a general model; both channels, (b) sediment transport theory, models were constructed to a scale of including the effect of very fine sediment 1:49-2. For the river-outlet studies a on resistance to flow and sediment trans- separate model was built to a scale of port, and (c) the theory of rapid flow 1:20 with a transparent plastic end sec- phenomenon in alluvial channels. tion for the elbow. (g) Relationships describing alluvial channel

( f ) Completed. flow phenomenon and the regimes of flow (g) A suitable stilling basin was developed and forms of bed roughness have been de- for spillway flows up to 10,000m3/s. The veloped based on flume data. The effect of piers on the spillway crest were modified small concentrations of very fine sediment to minimize fin formation on the spillway on resistance to flow and silt-sand sedi- face, and a rating curve was obtained for ment transport has been and is being in- free and gate controlled flows. The flow vestigated. An equation for bed load characteristics and pressure distribution transport, applicable when ripples or dunes = - in the vicinity of the downstream end of exist, of the form % (l ^)Vs h/2 has the river outlets were examined and found been developed and verified in which: satisfactory. An evaluation was made of is the bed load, \ is the porosity of bed the effect of stilling basin operation on material, Vs is the average velocity of pressures within draft tubes which dis- the ripples and/or dunes, and h is the charge directly into the stilling basin. average amplitude of ripples and/or dunes. (h) "Model Studies for Bocono Dam, Venezuela, (h) "A Study of Roughness in Alluvial Channels", South America", by Kersi S. Davar and M. by D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson and M. L. Sh. Amin, Colorado State Univ. Research Albertson will be published as U.S. G.S. Foundation, Report No. CER58ARC2U, May Circular. 1958. "A Study of Roughness in Alluvial Channels", by D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson, (2513) WATER AND SEDIMENT MEASURING EQUIPMENT FOR presented to A.S.C.E. for publication, EPHEMERAL STREAMS. November 1958.

(b) Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta. (2516) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF ALLUVIAL CHANNEL Agricultural Research Service, Colorado ROUGHNESS. Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engi- (b) National Science Foundation. neering Sec, Colorado State Univ., Fort (c) Dr. H. K. Liu, Civil Engineering Section,

Collins , Colorado Colorado State University, Fort Collins, (d) Experimental; applied research. Colorado (e) The continuing phases are to further de- (d) Analytical; applied research. velop measuring flumes of trapezoidal (e) The purpose of this research is to establish shapes for the purpose of measurement on a suitable discharge formula for flow in steep slopes and for a large range of flows. alluvial channels. Considerable field and Test results from models are being compared laboratory data have been analyzed. Liter- with prototype behavior. ature on turbulent shear flow near rigid (g) Very good correlation of model prototype boundaries has been critically reviewed. results have been obtained. Examination (f) Completed. of prototype data reveals that the approach (g) A new formula for mean velocity of alluvial velocities change from super-critical to streams has been formulated. It can be subcritical for increasing discharges. The written as V = CaD5^ where V is the relationship of depth in the contracted mean velocity, D the depth of flow, S section to discharge does not change for the energy gradient, Ca, x and y are

15 .. 1 . )

functions of the bed configuration and the Valley has been chosen for this study. The mean size of the bed material. The formula economic phase will be concerned with the can be reduced to BlasluB 1 formula for implications of various types of legislative turbulent flow near rough plane bed. In controls which may be applied to the situ- most cases the formula yields satisfactory- ation.

result . (g) Investigation of surface rights and pumping (h) "Analytical Study of the Roughness of Al- plants indicates that the potential capacity luvial Channels", by Shoi-Yean Hwang, M.S. of aJ irrigation pumps in the study area Thesis, Colorado State Univ., August 1958. is considerably greater than allowable sur- "A Discharge Formula for Steady, Uniform, face water diversions from the river. These Turbulent Flow Carrying Granular Bed- pumps all draw upon underground water that Material Load in Open Channels", by H. K. would otherwise contribute to river flow, Liu and S. Y. Hwang presented at Portland and under previous court decisions are Convention of A.S.C.E. and submitted to therefore subject to injunction if surface A.S.C.E. for publication. rights are injured. Nearly all wells were drilled at least 50 years after the most (26^9) DEVELOPMENT OF DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA junior surface right. FOR IRRIGATED LANDS. (h) "Engineering Aspects of Ground Water Con- ditions in Bijou Valley, Colo., Together Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural with Comments on Applicable Types of Experiment Station and Agricultural Re- Legislation", by W. E. Code, W-k2 Progress search Service. See U. S. Department of Report, 22 pp., 1958. Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, "Understanding Colorado's Ground Water Page 95. Problems, The Physical Picture", by M. W. Bittinger, "The Legal Picture", by E. J. (2760) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. Farmer, "The Economic Picture", by I. F. Davis. (To be published by the Colorado

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Agri. Expt. Sta., 1959 . and U. S. Weather Bureau. (c) Mr. Maxwell Parshall, Civil Engineering (2762) CURRENT METER INVESTIGATION. Section, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado (b) U. S. Geological Survey. (d) Field investigation. (c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil

precise , (e) The work is being done to obtain a Engineering Sec . Colorado State University, long time record of climatological elements. Fort Collins, Colorado. The elements observed are: maximum, minimum (d) Experimental; applied. and current air temperature, wet and dry (e) To determine the effect on the performance bulb temperatures for dew point temperature of various types of current meters of: and relative humidity, soil temperatures at (l) Several intensities and scales of tur- 3, 6, 12, 2k, 36 and 72 inches, wind di- bulence; (2) proximity of the current meter rection and velocity at 65 ft and 15 in. to a water-air interface; (3) proximity of above surface, barometric pressure, evapo- the bed to the meter; and (h) the orien- ration from a free water surface, water tation of the meter with respect to the temperature at surface (maximum, minimum flow. The meters being tested are the and current), precipitation, cloud cover, standard Price and Pygmy and several models dew and frost. of a new vane meter which have various (g) New extreme values of temperature have been numbers and shapes of vanes. The vane recorded recently. The long time mean meters were designed by Mr. Frazier, U.S. temperature is increasing. Precipitation G.S., Columbus, Ohio. varies widely with no long time trend ap- (f) Suspended.

parent . (h) "Behavior of Experimental Current Meters (h) Summary of 70 year's record of Meteoro- in Still Water and Turbulent Flows", logical Data in process of publication. Administrative Report by A. R. Chamberlain and C. B. Ham, February 1958. (2761) A STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC EFFECT OF CON- TROLLING WATER USE IN AN AREA WHERE SUR- (2763) EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS IN OPEN CHANNELS. FACE AND GROUND WATER RIGHTS APPLY TO A SINGLE SUPPLY. (b) National Science Foundation and laboratory project (b) Colorado Agri. Expt. Sta. and U.S.D.A. (c) Dr. M. L. Albertson, Director, Colorado Region Project W-i-2, (revised). State University Research Foundation, (c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Civil Engineering Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. Sec, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic Colorado research. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (f) Completed. (e) The engineering phase of this study has as (h) "Meandering Characteristics of Alluvial its purpose the determination of the inter- Rivers", by H. Nagabhushanaiah, Masters relationships of ground water and surface thesis, Colo. State Univ., May 1958. water in an area where both are used for "Secondary Circulation in Open Channels", irrigation. An area in the South Platte by Y. W. Wang, Colo. State Univ., May 1958.

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§27610 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A TILTING FLUME. (b) The Martin Company, Denver, Colorado. (c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engi- (b) National Science Foundation. neering Sec, Colo. State Univ., Fort (c) Dr. A. E. Chamberlain Chief, Civil Engi- Collins, Colo. neering Section, Colorado State University, (d) Experimental; applied. Fort Collins, Colorado. (e) The purpose of the project is to carry out (d) Design and construction. tests on the dynamic, kinematic, and gener- (e) A 2-ft wide, 2|--ft deep, by 60-ft long al performance characteristics of various steel- frame flume has been designed and con- types of flowmeters to be Inserted in pipe- structed. The flume is supported so that lines. The flowmeters to be considered are any slope from horizontal to a maximum of the Gulton, Gentile Tube, and Maxson Ultra- about 10 percent can be easily obtained. sonic, impact strain gauge, turbine rota- Flow is recirculated through a 4,000 gpm meters. The fluids under consideration are centrifugal pump. The walls of the flume water, liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, are clear plastic the full length of the JP-k fuel, RP-1 fuel, and MEL-O-5606 hy- flume and the floor is l/4-inch stainless draulic fluid. steel plate. (h) ."Evaluation of the Effect of Approach Design completed and construction is nearly Tubing Size Upon the Calibration of 3/4- completed. Inch Turbine Flowmeters", by M. W. Bittinger, CER57MWB32, November 1957- (2765 FLOWMETER CALIBRATION. "Evaluation of the Effect of Viscosity on the Calibration of Several Flowmeters", by (b The Martin Company. Fred Videon, CER58ARC5, February 1958. (c Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engi- neering Section, Colorado State University, (2770) DETERMINATION OF SHEAR STRESS BY MEASURE- Fort Collins, Colorado. MENT OF THE ELECTROKENETI C POTENTIAL. Experimental; applied research. Calibration of turbine type flowmeters (b) Research Corporation of New York. which range in size from 3/l6 in. to 12 in. (c) Prof. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Sec, for the Titan ICBM program. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (2767 EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON OPEN CHANNEL FLOW. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research for doctoral thesis. U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. (e) Electrokinetic potentials between two elec- Mr. J. R. Barton, Civil Engineering Section, trodes placed in the wall of a precision Colorado State University, Fort Collins, glass pipe are amplified after passing Colorado through an electrometer tube circuit and (d Laboratory and field. displayed on an oscilloscope. The dis- (e Project involves the making of a color film played signal frequencies are being studied on open channel flow in connection with for the cases in which the water flowing highway drainage problems for educational through the tube is in a laminar state, purposes transition state, and turbulent state.

(2768 CUMBAYA BYPASS STRUCTURE. (2771) DISTRIBUTION OF A WETTING AND NON-WETTING FLUID PHASE IN A POROUS SOLID. R. J. Tipton Associated Engineers, Inc., Denver, Colorado. (b) National Science Foundation. (c Mr. S. Karaki, Civil Engineering Section, (c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Civil Engineering Section, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. (d Experimental; applied research. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- (e The bypass is a unique underground struc- search. ture which conveys water around a power- (e) The primary objective of this project is to house into a tunnel 7^ meters below for use determine the effect of rate of displace- at such times as the powerhouse units may ment on the distribution of wetting and not operate. The model study is to check non-wetting fluid phases in porous solids. adequacy of original design of manifold Particular emphasis is placed on the situ- stilling basin, a basin which dissipates ation occurring when a non-wetting phase kinetic energy of flow by diffusion of sub- displaces a wetting phase at various rates. merged jets. The ultimate aim is to obtain basic infor- (g) The stilling basin as designed would per- mation which will enable better techniques form satisfactorily, however modifications to be devised whereby field situations in- are necessary in the conduit approaching volving flow in porous media can be studied the stilling basin. by laboratory models (h) "Report on a Hydraulic Model Study of the (f) Project is in a preliminary stage involving Bypass of the Cumbaya Project, Quito, design of equipment and incidental experi- Ecuador", by S. Karaki and S. Ayoub, Report ments to characterize the porous solids No. CER58SSK30. employed.

(2769) EVALUATION OF FLOWMETERS FOR THE MARTIN (2901) LABORATORY STUDY OF GRAVEL FILTER DESIGN COMPANY, DENVER DIVISION. FOR IRRIGATION WELLS.

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Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural model caused by the waves will be measured. Experiment Station and Agricultural Re- A new type wave probe will be used to search Service. See U. S. Department of measure the wave field in the vicinity of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, the model. page 96. (g) Activity to date has been confined to development of instrumentation. These in- (2902) DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF WATER clude the improvement of a capacitance MEASURING DEVICES. probe which does not touch or disturb the water surface. Six transistorized probe Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural units will be used to measure the waves In Experiment Station and Agricultural Re- the vicinity of the model. Comparison of search Service. See U. S. Department of the records with a record of the undis- Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, turbed wave will yield information on the page 96. influence of the ship on the waves. A six component balance has been constructed to (3033) DETERMINATION OF PROPER IRRIGATION WELL measure the forces and moments on the re- CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAINTENANCE strained model. PRACTICES FOR OBTAINING MAXIMUM ECONOMICAL LIFE AND PERFORMANCE. (3036) THE LONGITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES AND MOMENTS ON A RESTRAINED MODEL IN WAVES. (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Civil Engineering (b) S-3 Panel of Hull Structure Committee, Sec, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. Society of Naval Architects and Marine (d) Experimental and field investigations; Engineers applied research. (c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Civil Engineering Sec, (e) The study is to determine the extent and Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. causes of partial and complete failures of (d) Experimental; applied research. irrigation wells in Colorado and to develop (e) The primary objective of this project is recommendations for construction methods, to impose pitching and heaving displace- materials, maintenance and repairs of irri- ments (separately) varying sinusoidally In gation wells. time upon a model ship and to measure the (g) Review of literature available indicates a forces and moments as a function of time. wide variance in recommendations for ma- The models are segmented and attached to terials in irrigation-well construction, an oscillating strongback by means of a and in maintenance methods stiff spring. The force on each end of the segment is sensed by means of an SRh (3034) EFFECT OF FLUVIAL HYDRAULICS ON TRANSPORT strain gage. The simultaneous records of OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS. the forces on the seven segments may be used to construct a longitudinal shear (h) U. S. Geological Survey. curve. The longitudinal bending moment is (c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engi- found by graphical integration.

, University, on neering Sec . Colorado State (g) The pitching and heaving experiments a Fort Collins, Colorado. five- foot model of a T2-SE-A1 tanker have (d) Office research; applied and basic. been completed. The model was oscillated (e) The purpose of the study is to bring to- at seven frequencies at rest and at three gether knowledge from the fields of dif- speeds of advance. The results are being fusion of heat, mass and momentum, ad- analyzed and will be compared with the sorption and absorption of radioactive analytical findings of Haskind, Havelock materials to sediments In streams, and and Grimm. alluvial channel hydraulics. The results of these studies will be used in developing (3037) STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER a program of experimental and theoretical PHENOMENA IN A WIND TUNNEL. research on the relationships of fluvial hydraulics to the movement of radioactive (b) National Science Foundation. materials in alluvial channels. (c) Mr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Sec, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. (3035) CONSEQUENCIES OF RESTRAINT ON MOTIONS OF A (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- MODEL SHIP. search. (e) Measurements of mean velocities and mean (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the temperatures together with turbulence in- Navy. tensities and correlations have been made (c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Civil Engineering Sec, over a smooth, plane, heated or unheated Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. surface. The objective of the program is (d) Experimental; applied research. to relate the turbulent boundary layer (e) The purpose of this project is to obtain structure to the thermal stratification experimental data on the influence of obtained by heating. restraint on the model motions resulting (g) Heating of the turbulent boundary layer at from wave trains acting on a model ship. low Reynolds number has been found to pro- Initially the model motions will be reduce the following effects: (l) Increase strained and the forces and moments on the the coefficient of drag; (2) increase the

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eddy viscosity; and (3) increase the corre- MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS IN ARID lation between vertical and horizontal AND SEMI -ARID AREAS. velocity fluctuations. (b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Department of (3038) SCOUR BELOW CULVERT OUTLETS. Commerce (c) Mr. R. A. Schleusener, Civil Engineering (b) Association of American Railroads. Sec, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. (c) Mr. G. L. Smith, Civil Engineering Section, (d) Experimental; applied research. Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. (e) The purpose of the study is to develop pro- (d) Experimental and theoretical; fundamental. cedures for estimating the frequency and (e) Systematic measurements were made of the magnitude of peak rates of runoff from velocity profile of a submerged jet im- watersheds in arid and semi-arid areas. pinging upon a normal boundary to determine (g) Basic data have been collected and analysis its influence on jet diffusion. The ve- is being continued to delimit the basic locity profile was measured for the various factors that control flood events In arid zones of diffusion and along the boundary. and semi -arid areas. The pressure profile was measured radially along the boundary from the point of stagnation to a point where the mean radial velocity is approximately zero. CORNELL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering. (g) The behavior of the water jet was the same

as that found by others for an air jet Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 2285, 2777, impinging upon a normal boundary. The 30^2 to 301+5, incl., should be addressed to Prof. error curve serves as a satisfactory repre- Marvin Bogema, School of Civil Engineering, Applied sentation of diffusion profiles for water Hydraulic Laboratory, Lincoln Hall, Cornell Univ., jets. Ithaca, New York.

(3039) MAKEO DAM SPILLWAY. (2285) QUADRANT EDGE ORIFICE STUDIES.

(b) Erik Floor and Associates, Inc., Chicago, (b) ASME Research Committee on Fluid Meters; Illinois laboratory project. (c) Mr. S. Karaki, Civil Engineering Sec, Colo. (d) Experimental. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. (e) Study of the quadrant edge orifice for (d) Experimental; assist design. discharge measurements at low Reynolds (e) The purpose of the model study of the Makio numbers. Reproducibility. Effect of size. Dam spillway, to be constructed in Japan, Effect of diameter ratio. Influence of is to check the hydraulic performances of pipe roughness. Tap location. Both oil an original and alternate spillway design and water used. and to introduce changes as required. The (h) "Studies on the Quadrant Edge Orifice", spillway is for a reservoir impounded by a Peter L. Monkmeyer, M.S. Thesis, Cornell rockfall dam 80 meters high; located on University, September 1956. the left bank of the river. (g) Modifications to the spillway approach and (2773) ROLL WAVES AND SLUG FLOWS. chute have been made. The choice of stilling basin has been made with modifi- (b) Basic Research. cations thereto. (c) Dr. Paul G. Mayer, School of Civil Engi- neering, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (30^0) STUDY OF SPUR DIKES FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGE (d) Theoretical and experimental. OPENINGS. (e) The cause and subsequent development of intermittent flows in open channels are (b) State Highway Departments of Mississippi studied and analyzed. Two distinctly and Alabama. different wave train phenomena are noted. (c) Mr. S. Karaki, Civil Engineering Section, These are designated as Roll Waves and Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. Slug Flow. Roll Waves result from the (d) Experimental; applied research. interaction of surface tension and gravity (e) Spur dikes in connection with highway forces and are characterized by transverse bridge openings are used to eliminate ridges of high velocity and intermittent scour adjacent to abutments and piers. The quiescent zones. Slug Flows result from flow which would normally cause an eddy instabilities which cause the transition near the abutment is made to approach the from supercritical laminar flow to turbu- bridge opening as normal as possible. The lent flow and are characterized by a purpose of this phase of the study is to succession of highly agitated surges. determine the best shape and location as (g) A theory has been established. The experi- well as length of spur dike for a given mental data is analyzed and the pertinent set of conditions which might be prevalent characteristics of Roll Waves and Slug at a bridge opening. Flow are presented in terms of significant (g) An apparent shape and location has been de- dimensionless parameters. termined for one set of conditions in the (h) "A Study of Roll Waves and Slug Flows in testing flume. Inclined Open Channels", Paul G. Mayer,

19 ... .

Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell Univ., Sept. 1957. factors to the controlling depth and shoaling tendencies of tidal inlets. (2777) FLOW NOZZLES AND ORIFICE PLATE CALIBRATION. (2297) FIELD STUDY OF BEACHES, (b) Public Service Electric and Gas Co.

( d ) Expe riment al (b) Laboratory project. (e) Calibration of four 2.8-inch, four k.$- (d) Field investigation; applied research.

inch flow nozzles, and one 7-5 orifice ( e ) Beach profiles and configurations of shore plate. All meters installed in 12-inch line on protected and unprotected coasts pipe and calibrated with two sets of up- in Florida are being investigated. The stream and downstream pipe. purpose is to obtain data from the Florida (f) Completed. shore line. From these data basic information will be derived and they will be (301+2) VARIABLE AREA FLOW METER. used as a basis for practical coastal protection design. (b) ASME Research Committee on Fluid Meters; laboratory project. (2298) MODEL STUDY OF DESTRUCTION OF WAVE ENERGY (d) Experimental. BY VERTICAL WALLS. (e) Calibration of variable area flow meter with floats of different weights. (b) National Science Foundation. (f) Completed. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (30^3) ORIFICE PLATE CALIBRATION. (e) The destruction of wave energy by vertical walls is being studied in the Laboratory's (b) General Electric Company. new wave tank.

( d ) Experimental (e) Calibration of six orifice plates in 2k- (2781) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT DEERFIELD inch pipe, p = .2, .3, .k, .5, .6, and .7. BEACH.

(30kk) FLOW NOZZLE CALIBRATION. (b) City of Deerfield Beach. (c) City Manager, Deerfield Beach, Florida. (b) Ingersoll Rand. (d) Field investigations; applied research. (d) Experimental. (e) The purpose of the investigations was to (e) Calibration of 1.250 and 1.500-inch long secure information about the actual situ- radius ASME flow nozzles. ation of the erosion of Deerfield Beach (f) Completed. and to secure some technical data based upon which recommendations could be made (3045) SUBMERGED FLOW UNDER A SLUICE GATE. for immediate relief of the acute erosion problem. The plan of research involved (b) Laboratory. investigations of changes in the shore line

( d ) Expe riment al and beach profiles ( e ) A study of the effect of rounding the (f) Completed. sluice gate lip on the discharge coefficient when operating under low head differ- (2782) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT BAKER'S entials. Eight conditions of entrance HAULOVER. rounding were considered. (f) Completed. (b) Dade County Park Department. (h) "Submerged Flow Under a Sluice Gate: The (c) Dade County Park Department, Miami, Fla. Effects of Entrance Rounding", William Don (d) Field investigation; applied research. Lash, M.S. Thesis, Cornell Univ., June 1958. (e) The purpose of the investigations was to secure information about the actual situation of the erosion of Baker's Haulover and to secure some technical data based UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, The Engineering and In- upon which recommendations could be made dustrial Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering for immediate relief of the acute erosion Laboratory. problem. The plan of research involved investigations of changes in the shore Inquiries concerning the following projects should line and beach profiles. be addressed to Dr. Per Bruun, Coastal Engineering (f) Completed. Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FLa (2783) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT FT. PIERCE (2296) INVESTIGATION OF EXISTING DATA ON TIDAL BEACH. ENTRANCES. (b) Ft. Pierce Beach Erosion District. (b) Beach Erosion Board, Washington, D. C. (c) Ft. Pierce Beach Erosion District, Ft. (d) Field investigation; basic research. Pierce, Florida. (e) To analyze existing data on tidal inlets, (d) Field investigation; applied research. including estuaries in order to relate (e) The purpose of the investigations was to tidal characteristics, tidal prism, Inlet secure information about the actual situ- area, littoral drift, and pertinent ation of the erosion of Ft. Pierce Beach

20 -

and to secure some technical data based ( c ) County Engineer, Dade County, Florida. upon which recommendations could be made (d) Field investigation and model study; applied for immediate relief of the acute erosion research. problem. The plan of research involved in- (e) Investigate possibilities of Improving navi- vestigations of changes in the shore line gation conditions at Baker's Haulover Inlet and beach profiles, caused by high current velocities and to (f) Completed. evaluate the situation in regard to the (h) Results are published in Technical Progress inlet's contribution to the erosion of the Report No. 7, Vol. XII, EIES, Univ. of Fla. sea shore on both sides of the inlet. (f) Field study has been completed. Model (30k6) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT CASEY KEY. under construction.

(b) Board of County Commissioners, Sarasota (3051) BASIC STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN WIND County, Florida. AND WATER BEHAVIOR IN COASTAL WATERS. (c) Board of County Commissioners, Sarasota County, Florida. (b) National Science Foundation. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (d) Field and laboratory study; basic research. (e) The purpose of the investigations is to (e) A combined field and laboratory research secure information about the actual situ- program analyzing the effect of sloping ation of the erosion of Casey Key and to offshore profiles as compared with bodies secure some technical data based upon which of water with constant depth; study of the recommendations can be made for immediate combined setup by waves and wind for differ- relief of the acute erosion problem. The ent standard profiles. Experiments will plan of research Involved investigations of be carried out in the new wave tank of the changes in the shore line and beach pro- Coastal Engineering Laboratory. files. (f) Actual tests will be started early in 1959- (f) Field study and analysis hare been completed.

(30^7) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT LIDO KEY. GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydraulics Lab. (b) City of Sarasota. (c) City Manager, City of Sarasota, Florida. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 291, 158^, 1852, (d) Field investigation; applied research. I855, and 2529, should be addressed to Prof. C. E. (e) The purpose of the investigations is to Kindsvater, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia secure information about the actual situ- Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. ation of the erosion of Lido Key and to secure some technical data based upon which (291) FLOW OF WATER OVER HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS. recommendations can be made for immediate relief of the acute erosion problem. The (b) Laboratory project. plan of ^research involved investigations (d) Experimental; partly sponsored by U.S.G.S.

( of changes in the shore line and beach pro- e ) Experimental data are being obtained on files. the discharge characteristics of an embank- (f) Field study and analysis have been completed. ment-shaped weir. Emphasis has been placed on free discharge over smooth- surfaced em-

( 30U8 ) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT RAGGED KEYS. bankments. Data have been obtained on the influence of embankment height and tail- (b) J. W. Moore, Attorney-at-Law. water submergence. Detailed velocity sur- (c) J. W. Moore, Attorney-at-Law, Miami, Fla. veys have been made to define the boundary (d) Field Investigation; applied research. layer between the upstream edge of the up- (e) To secure information as basis for recom- stream shoulder and the crown. Tests are mendations on establishment of fills at being made on a l:9.-scale model in a 3-ft Ragged Keys and to furnish Information on wide flume. the influence of channels in the develop- (f) Experimental work on effect of roughness

ment . underway. (f) Field study has been completed. (g) It has been established that the discharge characteristics of an embankment can be (301+9) MODEL STUDY OF THE APPLICABILITY OF FIBER- related to the theoretical equation of dis- GLASS MATERIAL IN COASTAL STRUCTURES. charge for a broad-crested weir by means of the discharge-displacement boundary- (b<) Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., Newark, Ohio. layer thickness. Data and procedures for (c) Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., Newark, Ohio. computing the thickness of the boundary (d) Experimental basic research. layer at the control section have been de- (e) Study of applicability of Fiberglas ma- termined as a means of generalizing the terial in coastal structures. discharge equation for various shapes, (f) First tests scheduled for December 1958. sizes and roughness of embankments. (h) "Discharge Characteristics of an Emban kment (3050) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF BAKER'S Shaped Weir", Master's Theses by Gunnar HAULOVER INLET. Sigurdsson, 1956; Sherwood P. Prawel, 1959; available on loan from Price Gilbert Library, (b) Dade County, Florida. Georgia Institute of Technology. Third

21 . .

Master's Thesis, by J. Davidian, in prepa- AN OPEN- CHANNEL WIDTH CONSTRICTION. ration. Summary report also in preparation. (b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water (1331) THE DIFFUSION OF FOREIGN PARTICLES IN A Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. FLUID. (d) Experimental; basic research. (e) Objective is to establish principles of (b) Laboratory project; sponsored by the flow division at a multi-opening width con- National Science Foundation. striction. A l4-foot wide by 80-foot long (c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engi- flume is being used in the experimental neering, Georgia Institute of Technology, investigation. Channel shape, degree and Atlanta, Georgia. pattern of boundary roughness and constric- (d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral tion geometries will be varied. Boundary dissertation. conditions considered will be governed by (e) The diffusion of macroscopic foreign highway bridge practice. particles is being studied In a diffusion (h) Final report in preparation. column in order to determine the difference in diffusion of the foreign particles (2529) UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS. and the fluid. The diffusion mechanism is created by a pattern of pulsing jets. The (b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water amplitude and frequency of the pulse of Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. the jets is controlled. The foreign parti- (d) Re-analysis and correlation of existing cles are ion-exchange resin beads to which data; original experimental research and are attached radioactive cesium molecules. analysis Particle concentration within the column (e) A fundamental investigation of the me- is determined by gamma- ray radiation count. chanics of uniform flow in open channels, (f) The diffusion measurements with the foreign with emphasis on the influence of channel particles is nearly complete. shape. Experimental work is being conducted in a variable -slope 90-ft long (1584) FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS. flume, 18 in. deep and 3-5 ft wide.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water (3052) DEZ RIVER DAM SPILLWAYS. Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. (d) Library search re-analysis and correlation (b) Resources and Development Corp., 50 Broad- of published data, plus original research way, New York, New York. as required. Original experimental work (c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engi- for one thesis (F. H. Ruggles). neering, Georgia Institute of Technology, (e) A comprehensive study of the discharge Atlanta 13, Ga. characteristics of practical forms of (d) Experimental; design. weirs and spillways. Initial phase in- (e) An arch dam, 600 feet high is being de- cludes the preparation of bibliography and signed for a narrow gorge of the Dez River the collection and analysis of experimental in Iran. Two circular conduit spillways are data from all known sources. Objectives placed on one side of the canyon. The include the publication, in generalized horizontal portions of the two spillways form, of available experimental data. are placed one above the other and discharge a free jet from the canyon wall. (1852) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR The inlet is a typical ogee section with PLATE WEIRS IN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS. Tainter gates followed by a horizontal passage which discharges into a vertical (b) Laboratory project; partly sponsored by shaft. All hydraulic features of the the U. S. Geological Survey. spillways are being investigated with the (d) Experimental and analytical; research for model. two master's theses and one graduate research problem. (e) An investigation of the comprehensive discharge characteristics of the basic sharp- HARVARD UNIVERSITY. edged, rectangular-notch weir. An attempt to evaluate by experimental means the (3053) MODEL STUDIES OF HYDRODYNAMIC SMALL SCALE influence of the several variables ex- DELTAS. cluded by restrictions on the standard weir formulas. Tests cover a full range (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with U. S. of notch widths, weir heights, and heads. Geological Survey. Investigation limited to free flows of (c) Prof. H. A. Thomas, Jr., Civil and Sanitary

, water at normal temperatures Engineering Dept . Harvard University, (h) "Discharge Characteristics of Rectangular, Cambridge, Mass. Thin-Plate Weirs", by Carl E. Kinds vater (d) Experimental, supplemented by field studies and Rolland W. Carter, American Society of for a doctor's thesis. Civil Engineers Journal of the Hydraulics (e) The salient objective of the investigation

1 Division, Paper No. 1 4-53 J December 1957- is to elucidate the hydrodynamic environment controlling the formation of inclined (1855) TRANQUIL FLOW THROUGH SEVERAL OPENINGS IN bedding in sedimentary strata. Studies

22 . . .

are being made to determine the inter- Horizontal Two-Phase Flow of Air and Water", relationship between current velocity, by Moye Wicks, III, M.S. Thesis, 1958. Ob- depth of water, thickness of cross-strati- tainable on interlibrary loan. fied units, particle texture, and the mechanism of turbulence at the site of (3055) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FILM FLOW AND HEAT TRANS- deposition. Information is also being FER IN FILM CONDENSATION. sought on the mechanics of the formation of "scour and fill" structures in sedi- (b) Laboratory project. mentary rocks. (c) Prof. A. E. Dukler, Chemical Engineering Dept., University of Houston, Houston, (3051+) HYDR0L0GIC ASPECTS OF OVERALL DESIGN OF Texas MULTI-PURPOSE, MULTI-UNIT, WATER RESOURCE (a) Theoretical; basic research. SYSTEMS. (e) The velocity distribution equations of Deissler are redeveloped for thin films (b) Research project in Graduate School of and applied to the prediction of film Public Administration, Harvard University. thickness and film coefficients for con- (c) Prof. Harold A. Thomas, Jr., Division of densation in turbulent and laminar flow. Engineering and Applied Physics, Room 223, (g) Differential equations have been developed. Pierce Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Solutions using an electronic computer are Mass now in progress for a wide range of con-

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- ditions . search. (e) Examination of various approaches to analysis of physical input-output relationships in complex multi-unit, multi-purpose UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Sta. river basin systems. Includes feasibility of determining optimum system design through Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. l859> 2080,

use, singly or in combination, of (l) simple 3056, and 3057 5 should be addressed to Associate mathematical models applied to the deter- Director, Prof. C. C. Warnick, College of Engi- ministic case, (2) queuing theory for the neering, and Projects Nos. l86l, 1862, 230U, and stochastic aspects, and (3) simulation of 2786, should be addressed to Prof. G. L. Corey, system operations on high-speed electronic Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, University of computers. Also, includes analysis of use Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. of synthetic hydrology in simulation operation in obtaining meaningful data on (1859) A STUDY OF EFFECTIVENESS OF CANAL LININGS system yields and shortages for a combi- AND SOIL SEDIMENTS IN CONTROLLING SEEPAGE nation of different outputs. The role of LOSSES. the operating policy on system design, including the effect of forecasting, is also (b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. being studied. Bureau of Reclamation. (g) Only preliminary results obtained thus far (d) Field investigation; basic and operational on simulation procedures and simple mathe- research. matical model for deterministic case. (e) Different types of canal linings are being studied and various ways of evaluating performance are being considered especially ideas for measuring canal seepage from both UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON, Dept. of Chemical Engineering. lined and unlined canals. (g) Six years of field work have been completed (2303) ENTRAINMENT IN TWO-PHASE GAS-LIQUID FLOW. on seepage loss characteristics and performance of experimental canal linings. (b) Laboratory project. New devices for seepage measurements are (c) Prof. A. E. Dukler, Chemical Engineering being developed. Dept., University of Houston, Houston, (h) Annual progress report is available for Texas limited distribution. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research, master's thesis. (1861) THE IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF STREAM- (e) A study of the factors which control the FLOW MEASURING DEVICES. entrainment of liquid into a concurrent gas phase for annular flow. Purpose of (b) Laboratory project; cooperative with the study is to gain an understanding of Agricultural Research Service, being carried the entrainment mechanism and to relate on under the Agricultural Experiment Sta. the entrainment and the drop size distri- (d) Experimental; applied research. bution to system geometry, fluid proper- (e) A gage to measure flow over a weir which ties and flow rates. has approach velocity is being developed. (g) A probe technique has been developed and (g) Several gages have been laboratory tested. data obtained over a wide range of fluid Relationships between gage height and dis- rates in one- and three-inch tubes for the charge is being evaluated. system air-water. A preliminary correlation has been prepared. (1862) DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM WATER- (h) "Entrainment and Pressure Drop for SHED CHARACTERISTICS.

23 . . .

(b) Laboratory project, being carried on under LOCATIONS. Agricultural Experiment Station. Experimental; applied research. (b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with A study of the hydrological factors affect- federal agencies and power companies ing the Moscow Mountain Watershed as it (d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic applies to the total water use in the area. and applied operational research. Completed. (e) A complete system for reporting six or more "A Water Balance Study of Two Small Water- hydrologic data is being studied and basic sheds", G. L. Bloomsburg, University of parameters of snow are being considered Idaho, M.S. Thesis, 1958. for conversion into time delay circuits for transmission by radio. A STUDY OF RIME ICE AND SNOW CAPPING ON (g) Preliminary circuit designs have been HIGH ALTITUDE PRECIPITATION GAGES. worked out and mock up models of the system's developed prototype installation Laboratory project; in cooperation with U. has been started. S. Weather Bureau, Bureau of Reclamation, (h) "Preliminary Design of Hydrologic Data Corps of Engineers, Soil Conservation Telemetering Equipment", L. A. Beattie, Service and City of Moscow. G. G. Hespelt, and L. M. Maxwell. A Field investigation; basic and applied progress report not for public disclosure. operational research. Several experimental gages have been in- (3057) CONSERVATION OF WATER FOR RANGE STOCK. stalled to obtain basic data on snow capping. An electrical means of heating Laboratory project. the orifice of the gage is being studied. U) Field investigation; applied operational Field gages have been in operation for research. three years and new special heated-orifice (e) Experimental stock watering ponds in desert gages have been placed in operation. areas will be lined and evaporation control Several pieces of weather measuring equip- measures applied to see if extension of ment have been incorporated into the water supplies can be developed economi- project the past year. cally. Annual progress report is available on (g) Project was activated in October and sites limited loan basis. have been selected for testing work.

MECHANICS OF WATER CONTROL ON STEEP IRRI- GATED LAND. ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION. Laboratory project; under investigation in Agricultural Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 556 to 56O, incl. Field investigation; applied research for 2315, 2535, and 3059, should be addressed to Mr. R.

mast er ' s the si s H. Harmeson, Peoria Lab., Box 717, Peoria, 111. To test the characteristics and effectiveness of water control structures and de- (552) SEDIMENTATION OF ILLINOIS RESERVOIRS vices used on farms. To evaluate the resistance to erosion of irrigated soils. To (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Agri- develop improved devices and techniques for cultural Research Service, Soil Conserva- control of erosion and to Increase ef- tion Service, and University of Illinois ficiency in application of water. Agricultural Experiment Station. Field tests were made on furrow erosion (c) Mr. R. L. Corinth, Illinois State Water with varying slopes in discharges. Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. A publication is being prepared in the (d) Field investigation; applied research. form of an M.S. Thesis. (e) For design of water-supply reservoirs, measurements of sediment accumulation on FARM IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES. lakes in Illinois. Sediment samples are analyzed and complete surveys of watershed Laboratory project; cooperative with Bureau soil type, slopes, land use, and conserva- of Reclamation under the Agricultural Ex- tion practices are made. periment Station. (g) Results of Lake Decatur, 111., show corre- Field investigation; basic and applied relation between rate of sedimentation and search. land use on watershed. To evaluate irrigation efficiencies on (h) Reports of Investigation Nos. k, 7, 8, 9, actual farms to aid in planning of a water 10, 12, 15, l6, and 18; sedimentation use on irrigation projects. To consider surveys of Spring Lake, Ridge Lake, Lake efficiency from aspect of farm operations Chautauqua, Carbondale Reservoir, Lake and not just consumptive use of crops Bracken, West Frankfort Reservoir, Lake Project has been in progress about one Calhoun, Lake Springfield, and Lake year by C. Tyler in a new irrigation tract Carthage, respectively. near Rupert, Idaho, called the Northside "Water and Land Resources of Crab Orchard Pumping Division of the Minidoka Project. Lake Basin", Bulletin 1+2. "Correlation of Reservoir Sedimentation TELEMETERING HYDROLOGIC DATA FROM MOUNTAIN and Watershed Factors, Springfield Plain,

2k ......

111.", Report Investigation 37- but further work is needed to obtain a correlation with screen analysis. 553) RADAR-RAINFALL PROJECT. (558) STUDY OF CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SAND BOILS. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with U. S. Army Signal Research and Development Lab. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Sur- (d) Field investigation; basic research. vey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. (e) Sand boils occurring during floods in vd) Field investigation; basic research. levied districts are mapped, classified, (e) Radar is being used to determine precipi- and sampled. Also sampled are river and tation quantitatively. Emphasis is being nearby well waters concentrated on the measurement of rain- (f) Suspended. Dependent upon flood conditions drop size distribution at Miami, Fla.; in river. Corvallis, Ore.; Champaign, 111.; Bogor, (g) From chemical analyses and temperature Indonesia; and Majuro, Marshall Islands, measurements, it was found that the water to determine climatic variation of drop flowing in typical sand boils (those free size from pipe connections towards the river) is (g) Data being collected. different from the river water and similar

(h) Reports of Investigation Nos. 13, 19, 21, to well water in neighboring wells . Such 27, 29, and Circular k9 of Water Survey; sand boils can be stopped from flowing by final report dated March 31, 1958. damming them up to a level that is below that of the river stage. They are not 555) EVAPORATION IN ILLINOIS. caused by leaks through the levee

(b) Laboratory pro ject (559) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER, (c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, 111. State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (d) Experimental laboratory and field investi- (e) Measurements are made of evaporation at gation; basic research. four stations in northern, central, and (e) Experimental pilot plant consists of river southern Illinois. Vapor pressure gradients intake, control tower with chlorination are obtained at Urbana. Evaporimeters con- equipment, flow-measuring devices, and structed and installed adjacent to pans pumping equipment; two pits. One pit is for year-round records gravity fed, has kO x 62.5 ft bottom area, (h) Measurements published in Climatological 1:2 side slopes, surface at bottom is 8 ft Data, Illinois Section. below river pool stage. Second pit is fed by 3 mgd. pump, has 20 x 75 ft bottom area, 556) PERMEABILITY OF GRADED SAND MIXTURES. 1:3 side slopes, bottom surface is 5 ft below river pool stage. A model of 1/8 (b) Laboratory project. pit (centerline to diagonal) is being used (d) Experimental; basic research. to study different types of pits and vari-

( e ) Permeabilities of known mixtures of graded ations in ground water gradients. sand are measured to determine functional (g) Pits in operation for eighth winter. changes Present season is third successive without (f) Suspended; to be resumed in 1959 or i960. intermediate cleaning of pea gravel filter (g) Sand mixtures containing 60 to 70 percent media. Filter media calculated to have of fine material in ko to 30 percent of sufficient unsilted capacity remaining to

coarser from 2 adjoining sieves of the \f~2~ complete season's operation. Operating series have less permeability than the data show slight decrease in average rate material of the fine screen alone. Evi- of Inflow due to silting of filter media. dence accumulates that the permeability is (h) Report covering all operations since in- not much influenced by the amount of voids ception is being prepared. but greatly by the size of the smallest opening between sand grains. (560) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE PEORIA, ILLINOIS, DISTRICT. 557) TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH GRANULAR MEDIA. (b) Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Field investigation; basic research. (d) Experimental; basic research. (e) To determine the ground water resources of (e) Critical flow is determined to define con- the district; inventory of wells made, in- ditions under which turbulent flow occurs cluding construction and logs of wells. outside well screens. Ground water levels are measured continu- (f) Suspended; to be resumed in 1959 or i960. ously, pumpage data collected, river stages (g) In flow through granular media, the and rainfall recorded, physical and chemi- Reynolds number cannot be calculated from cal analyses for changes in composition of ordinary formulas. By assuming a critical ground water are made, areas of infiltra- Reynolds number as existing at the de- tion are determined, and all data are termined critical flow conditions, the correlated with consideration of local corresponding pore size can be calculated. ground conditions.

This has done in tests, ) measures have shown been preliminary ( g To date conservation

25 - 514561 o - 59 - 3 . . .

more effect than artificial recharge. data for future prediction. Collection of data continuing, (56l) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN EAST ST. (h) Progress report in preparation. LOUIS AREA. (1342) STUDY OF CORROSION AND DEPOSITION RATES (b) Laboratory project. WITH DIFFERENT FLOW RATES. (c) Mr. W. J. Walton, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Field investigations; applied research. (c) Dr. T. E. Larson, Illinois State Water i (e) To evaluate the ground water resources of Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. American Bottoms (E. St. Louis region). (a Experimental. Ground water levels are measured continu- (e One-half inch pipes of different materials ously. Pumpage, river stage, and rainfall are In service. Changes in flow due to data are collected; chemical quality of corrosion and at constant head are being ground water is measured. Areas of infil- measured. tration are to be determined and all data (f Abandoned; lack of personnel. correlated with consideration of local conditions. Statistical studies have been (1865) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DROP-INLET SPILLWAY made of the service lives of municipal STRUCTURES FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS. wells (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with (843) GROUND WATER RESOURCES IN JO DAVIESS, Agricultural Research Service, Soil Con- STEPHENSON, AND CARROLL COUNTIES. servation Service, and University of 111. Agricultural Experiment Station. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water (c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. (d) Experimental; generalized applied research ' (d) Field investigation; applied research. for development and design. (e) To determine ground water resources of (e) To determine the most desirable proportions area, water level contours of sandstone and shapes of drop-Inlet spillway struc-

aquifers, transmissibility and storage tures that have unique flow characteristics : coefficients of aquifers, and quantity of and to develop anti-vortex devices. To pro- water available were obtained. vide the necessary information on flow re- (f) Suspended. lations and discharge coefficients so that (g) Data Indicate piezometric surface conforms these structures may be economically generally with topography, with a 500-foot designed. Initial phases of study concerned drop in about 30 miles with no apparent with hydraulics of square risers with free withdrawal. Sandstone aquifers overlain discharge. Effect of lip or crest shape by 100 to 300 feet and more of impervious and anti-vortex devices being studied.

limestone Second phase to include the complete spill- ! way. Experimental apparatus constructed (1092) HYDR0L0GIC CYCLE EVALUATION. and tests are being conducted on the complete spillway, (b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. (g) Hydraulics of various types of flow possi- Geological Survey. ble in square risers are well defined as (c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water well as some of the effects of non-square Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. crest shape. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Data from rain gage networks (gathered (231^) ELECTRICAL ANALOGUE OF CHICAGO GROUND WATER under Project 553) together with informa- CONDITIONS. tion from 5 stream gaging stations and 5 ground water level recorders are being (b) Laboratory project. maintained. Data will be used in analyzing (d) Experimental; applied research. storm rainfall-runoff relationships on (e) Tap water about 2 inches deep is held on a small watersheds and effect of runoff on paraffin base. The boundary of the dewater table. Analysis in progress. pression cone is given by a metal band. Wells or well groups are marked geographi- (1335) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE CHICAGO cally by metal rods. These are charged by AREA. electrical voltage in proportion to existing

or planned pumpage . A separate probe (b) Laboratory project. measures the location of equal potential (c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. lines which correspond to equal heights of (d) Field study on variations of natural re- ground water levels. Variations in perme-

sources . Investigation of artesian well ability are represented by variations in field with wells 1200 to 2200 feet deep, water depth and determined by comparison locally heavily pumped. Study of ground with the actual ground water levels as water level recession, interferences, found in observation wells. transmissibilities, effect of additional demands (2315) INTERFERENCE BETWEEN RECHARGE PITS. (g) Results determine recession and give good

26 .

(b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, (d) Field investigation; basic research. Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. (e) A recharge pit has been built about 200 ft (d) Applied research. from the pit mentioned in project 559 and (e) Recurrence intervals of heavy precipitation the mutual influence of the two pits is in periods of 1 to 10 days duration are studied by a series of observation wells being determined on an annual and seasonal between the pits. basis for Illinois, using data from 39 sta- (g) Two pits in operation. To date no inter- tions for a UO-year period. Average reference has been detected. lations with definition of their reliability are being calculated for sections of similar (2532) EVAPORATION RETARDATION. storm climate. Several statistical approaches used for frequency analysis are (b) Laboratory project. being evaluated. (c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Box 232, Urbana, 111. (f) Analysis completed and report written. (d) Field investigation; applied research, (h) "Frequency Relations for Storm Rainfall in design. Illinois", State Water Survey Bulletin U6. (e) Experiments with monomolucular chemical films to retard evaporation from a 3-acre (2788) METEOROLOGY OF FLOOD-PRODUCING STORMS. pond and a 230-acre lake in Illinois. Laboratory studies continuing on smaller (b) Laboratory project. containers (c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, (g) Analysis in progress. Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. (d) Applied research. (2533) MOISTURE INFLOW STUDY. (e) Investigation of meteorological conditions associated with flood-producing storms in (b) Laboratory project. Illinois to obtain basic data for reliable (c) Mr. R. G. Semonin, Illinois State Water definition of time and space distribution Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. of such storms and for calculation of (d) Applied research. probable maximum rainfall. (e) Computation of moisture inflow of Illinois (f) Analysis progressing on storm area-depth and subsequent correlation with precipi- relations, orientation of storms, seasonal tation. Moisture and wind data obtained and geographic distribution, synoptic from RAOB data. weather types, topographic influences. (f) Analysis nearing completion. (3058) HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SEVERE (253U) DENSE RAIN GAGE NETWORK PROJECTS. RAINSTORMS.

(b) Field and laboratory project. (b) Field investigation; applied research. (c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water (c) Mr. D. M. A. Jones, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (d) Applied research. (e) Data from four rain gage networks, con- (e) Field surveys and detailed analyses of sisting of 50 gages in 1+00 square miles, severe rainstorms in Illinois. Analyses 10 gages in 100 square miles, 51 gages in based upon radar, synoptic weather, and 'ykk square miles, and 11 gages in 8 square field survey data and includes area-depth- miles. Obtained to study: (l)Rainfall duration relations, antecedent rainfall variability; (2) frequency of point and evaluation, isohyetal for peak periods of areal mean rainfall; (3) area-depth re- storm, etc. lations; (k) variation of point rainfall (f) Continuing project. with distance; (5) areal representative- (g) Analyses completed on 11 storms since 1951- ness of point rainfall; and (6) reliability (h) Illinois Water Survey Reports of Investi- of areal mean rainfall estimates. gation Ik, 2h, 27, and 35- (f) Static; awaiting new data. (3059) THERMAL LOADINGS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF (2535) FILTERING THROUGH COARSE MATERIALS, SURFACE WATERS.

(b) Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Various sizes of rounded gravel and of (d) Experimental laboratory and field investi- broken limestone have been studied in tile gations; applied research. rings in the bottom of both recharge pits (e) To determine the relationships between under field conditions, to determine limit temperature, water usage, stream assets, of coarseness of filter material. Further and stream recovery capabilities. work is planned in the laboratory with control of the variables involved. (g) Field studies indicate filtering occurs through materials up to 3/^-inch size. ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION, Springfield.

(2787) PRECIPITATION FREQUENCY. (1863) EROSION CONTROL, ILL. SHORE OF LAKE MICH,

(b) Laboratory project. (b) State of Illinois.

27 . . )

(c) Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engi- Crop yields are determined laterally from neer, Division of Waterways, Dept. of Public the tile lines. Works and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street, Springfield, Illinois. (2789) LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF CONSERVATION (d) Field investigation; applied research. AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES. (e) To obtain and correlate basic data on the erosion processes along the Illinois Shore (b) Laboratory project. of Lake Michigan to the end that future (d) Experimental investigation in the laboratory efforts toward the prevention of erosion applied and basic research. might he founded upon a more definite and (e) To investigate the performance of soil and factual basis with a consequent greater water conservation structures by means of degree of assurance that the works will hydraulic model studies, to study water serve the intended purposes flow patterns Into surface drains and to determine the cause of failures and remedial measures of certain conservation structures under flood conditions. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Soil and Water Conservation (g) Three subprojects were completed during Engineering Laboratory, Department of Agricultural 1958 and are reported in the publications Engineering. listed in "h" below. (h) "A Study of the Effect of Crack Width at Inquiries concerning the following projects should Tile Joints on Soil Movement into Drain be addressed to Prof. B. A. Jones, 100 Agricultural Tile Line", by B. A. Jones, Ph.D. Thesis,

Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. University of Illinois, June 1958. (Avail- 1

able on loan ) (2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN "A Study of the Critical Flow Criteria for ILLINOIS. the Determination of Discharge from Circulai Conduits", by J. A. Replogle, M.S. Thesis, (b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS, University of Illinois, August 1958. U. S. Department of Agriculture. (Available on loan. (d) Experimental and field investigation; basic "Hydraulics of Single Outlet Surface Inlets" research. by R. D. Black, Paper 58-506 presented at (e) To determine frequencies of peak rates and the Winter Meeting of the American Society total amounts of runoff from agricultural of Agricultural Engineers, December 1958. watersheds of 25 to 1,500 acres; to deter- "The Effect of Crack Width at Tile Joints mine maximum rates of runoff from agri- on Soil Movement into Drain Tiles Lines", cultural watersheds in different soil asso- B. A. Jones, Paper 58-508 presented at the ciation areas in Illinois; to compare run- Winter Meeting of the American Society of off from agricultural watersheds under Agricultural Engineers, December 1958- accepted soil conservation practices with watersheds cultivated without soil conservation practices. Watersheds of ^5-5; 63, 82, and 390 acres near Monticello, 111. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Civil Engineering Dept. are covered with a rain gage network, and

runoff is measured at weirs and spillway Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 1589, 2085 to structures by water level recorders. Maxi- 2088, incl., 2318, 2790, 3060 to 3062, incl., should mum stage recorders are installed at field be addressed to Prof. J. C. Guillou, Civil Engi- structures on 8 watersheds in Champaign, neering Dept., University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. Piatt, Vermilion, and Ford Counties on

watersheds ranging in size from U5 to 1,1+00 ( 56U ) HYDROLOGY OF URBAN AREAS. acres. Model studies and field calibrations are made on the field structures. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois State Water Survey. (2317) A STUDY OF DRAINAGE OF SOME ILLINOIS SOILS. (c) Prof. V. T. Chow, Univ. of 111., Urbana, 111 (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field in- (b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS, vestigation; applied research and design. U. S. Department of Agriculture. (e) Rainfall-runoff study of an urban watershed,

(d) . Field Investigation; applied research. having an effective drainage area of h.k'y (e) To determine on different soil types the square miles and a population density of effect of tile spacing and depth on (l) lh persons per acre. Runoff is measured by water table as measured by drawdown wells, a U.S.G.S. stream gage and precipitation (2) on crop yields; to verify present tile by a network of fourteen rain gages stra- depth and spacing formulas for soil types tegically located In and out of the water- investigated; and to compare physical labo- shed. New types of evaporimeter are being ratory measurements with field measure- developed and check results are being made,

ments . (h) "Hydrologic Studies of Urban Watersheds, The rate of water table drawdown is Rainfall and Runoff of Boneyard Creek, measured in wells perpendicular to tile Champaign-Urbana, Illinois", by Ven Te Chow, lines. Field permeability and laboratory Civil Engineering Studies, Hydraulic Engi- permeability measurements are made as well neering Series No. 2, University of Illi-

as physical analysis of the soil type. nois .

28 . " . " : . ,

(1589) OPEN CHANNEL METER. (b Departmental graduate study. (d Laboratory investigation; basic research. (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with (* Scale model tests of a pool -type fishway Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Dept. to investigate efficient orifice design (d) Experimental and analytical. and ladder pool length. (e) This study is concerned with a critical (f Completed. depth meter which may he economically (h Laboratory report has been completed. built in a sewer after the sewer has been in service. Preliminary tests and analyses (2087 EFFECTIVENESS OF SUBWAY GRATINGS FOR have been completed. Tests are underway HIGHWAY DRAINAGE. using a l6-inch diameter pipe, with adjustable slope, and lucite test section. (b Departmental special study. Laboratory results agree favorably with (d Laboratory investigation; applied research. theoretical indications. (e Full scale model tests of two subway grating designs are being tested in (1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS. standard Illinois Division of Highways, Type II inlet frame. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with (f Suspended temporarily. Illinois Division of Highways and Bureau of Public Roads. (2088 DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR (c) Prof. V. T. Chow, University of Illinois, TYPE INLET BOXES. Urbana 111 (d) Analytical and field investigation; (b Departmental study. applied research and design. (d Laboratory investigation; basic research. (e) To determine the discharge of water which (e Scale model investigation of rectangular will reach openings of highway drainage inlet box with long lucite discharge pipe structures, such as bridges and culverts to verify or disprove the weir-orifice and to provide a simple but scientific discharge theory. procedure for use of engineers in estab- (f Suspended temporarily. lishing the economical and adequate size of opening. (2318 FAUBER BRIDGE MODEL STUDY. (g) Six preliminary reports and two field reports have been prepared. The field (b Departmental graduate study. reports are: (d Laboratory investigation; applied research. "Preliminary Report of the Study of (e A design has been developed whereby a Culverts at Petersburg, 111. " three tube culvert and an energy dissipator "Preliminary Report of the Study of may replace an inadequate highway bridge. Channel Relocation and Culvert Problem at Model studies have been conducted to Florence, Illinois." verify the proposed design. The preliminary reports are (h Final report in preparation. "A Compilation of Formulas for Waterway Area Determination." (2319 FREQUENCY STUDY OF HYDROLOGIC DATA. "A Historical Review of Engineering Studies of Waterway Area Determination." (b Departmental study. "Annotated Bibliography of Waterway Area (c Prof. V. T. Chow, University of Illinois, Determination. Urbana, 111 "A Survey of the Current Practice of Water- (d Basic and applied research. way Area Determination Employed by Differ- (e A survey of existing literature and ent State Highway Agencies in the United applications of the probability law to the States. distribution of hydrologic data. The "The Development of a Tentative Procedure method of analysis -thus developed is being for the Determination of Waterway Areas." applied to small watersheds in the State "Simplification of a Tentative Procedure of Illinois in order to expose the runoff for the Determination of Waterway Areas." characteristics of the watersheds. (h) Publications not yet available to the (g) Results include development of theoretical public procedure of analysis, derivation of characteristic values of the probability (2085) CALIBRATION AND USE OF CERTAIN INLET law, plotting of actual data, and deriva- GRATES. tion of characteristic indexes of the runoff data. (b) Illinois Division of Highways. (h) "Discussion of Frequency of Discharges (d) Laboratory investigation; applied research. from Ungaged Catchments," by Ven Te Chow, (e) Full scale model tests of four standard Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, Vol. 38, Division of Highways inlets. Original and No. 6, pp. 963-966, Dec. 1957- revised inlet grate designs have been "Discussion of a Nomogram for Lognormal tested. Frequency Analysis," by Ven Te Chow, Trans. (h) Publication as a Bulletin of the Engineer- Amer. Geophys. Union, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. ing Experiment Station is in progress. 962-963, Dec. 1957- "Frequency Analysis in Small Watershed

(2086) A STUDY OF FISHWAYS. Hydrology, " by Ven Te Chow, Agri . Engrg.

29 . . . . .

Vol. 39, No. h, pp. 222-225 and 231, April Prof. E. J. Monke. Prof. T. Chow, of Illinois, 1958. '(c) V. University , Urbana, 111. (2790) SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAY STUDY. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic

research for doctoral thesis. !

("b) Departmental graduate study. ( e ) A study of the flow patterns around a (d) Laboratory investigation; applied research. circular drain. In the study use was made (e) Model investigation of flow conditions on of an electrical analog model, a physical

the apron below the spillway crest and hydraulic model for one half the tile in e]» above the spillway channel. The purpose sand bed, and a mathematical analysis with of the investigation is to determine the numerical approximations. geometries of the apron and the necessity (f) Completed. of a critical depth control at the entrance (g) The results indicate: Darcy's law is appl- to the spillway channel. cable to the surface of seepage existing along the peripheral opening of a nearly (3060) OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FILTER empty five-Inch circular drain; the effec- DRAINS. tive gain in head in the empty drain was slightly greater than the diameter of the (b) American Association of Railroads. drain which was located in a saturated, (d) Experimental; applied research. homogenous medium k ft. deep, 100 ft.

(e) Literature study and experimental investiga- apart , and 8 ft . above an impervious layer tion of characteristics of flow through when the outer boundary was circular, the granular filters and perforated drain pipe. effective potential gain was less than the diameter of the drain and varied with the (3061) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF REND LAKE SPILLWAY. nearness of that boundary; the efflux from the medium of a three-dimensional model (b) Laboratory project and class problems. varied, not only with drain-opening width, (d) Model investigation of uncontrolled apron but also with the hydraulic conductivity t ype s pi llway of the flow medium; and the unsymmetrical (e) 1:50 scale model of approach section, drain opening effected by sealing part of spillway and energy dissipator. the circumferential drain opening gave higher discharges near the drain than in (3062) INVESTIGATION OF INFILTRATION THROUGH the cases where the openings were symmet- GRANULAR MEDIA. rical.

(b) Post doctoral research by Dr. Shigeru ( 3065 ) STUDY OF A TORNADO MODEL FOR DESIGN Tanaka PURPOSES. (d) Theoretical and experimental. (e) Investigation of advance of wetted front (b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for and attendant pressure temperature and Mr. G. E. Martin. moisture conditions. The test apparatus (c) Prof. V. T. Chow, University of Illinois, consists of an instrumental vertical Urbana, 111. cylinder filled with Ottawa Sand and sub- (d) Analytical and field investigations; basic ject to rates of infiltration. research for doctoral thesis. (e) An attempt is being made to correlate the (3063) THEORETICAL STUDY OF PROFILES OF GRADUALLY laws of thermodynamics, atmospheric VARIED FLOW. physics, dynamic meteorology, and fluid mechanics with the available data from (b) Departmental study. actual tornados and to construct a model (c) Prof. V. T. Chow, University of Illinois, tornado from these data for design pur- Urbana, 111. poses that is compatible with the theory. (d) Theoretical; basic and applied research. The facilities of both the Civil Engineer- (e) Mathematical analysis of the profiles of ing Department and the Illinois State Wate. gradually varied flow in artificial open Survey, including a weather radar, are channels available for use in this study. (f) Completed. (g) A mathematical method of integration was (3066) THE MECHANICS OF SQUARE ELBOW LOSSES. developed. Bakhmeteff's varied- flow function table was extended to cover the range (b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for of application required by the new method. Mr. R. D. Black. (h) "Integrating the Equation of Gradually (c) Prof. V. T. Chow, University of Illinois, Varied Flow," by Ven Te Chow, Proceedings, Urbana, 111 ASCE, Vol. 8l, No. 838, pp. 1-32, Nov. 1955 (d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

and discussion in Vol. 83, No. HY1 , pp. thesis 9-22, Feb. 1957- (e) This is a study of the factors that contribute to the loss in energy experienced (306U) FLOW PATTERNS NEAR THE CRACK IN TILE by the flow of water as it passes through DRAINS. an abrupt angle and size reduction such as that of a plugged "tee." The study will (b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for be conducted by means of hydraulic models.

30 .

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and (66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED. Hydraulics Laboratory. (b) Cooperative with Department of Agriculture, Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 13^3 and 2083 U. S. Geological Survey. should be addressed to Prof. W. M. Lansford, 219 (c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics Talbot Laboratory, and Projects Nos. 2320, 2536, and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, and 2537 should be addressed to Prof. J. M. Iowa City, Iowa. Robertson, 125 Talbot Laboratory, University of (d) Field investigation; applied research, and Illinois, Urbana, 111. masters theses. (e) Study being made of relation between rain- (131*3) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION STUDY IN A FLOOD- fall and runoff over a small area. Dis- PLAIN CHANNEL. charge from a 3-square-mile area measured by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall (b) Laboratory project, records at five automatic recording sta- (d) Basic research. tions collected by Soil Conservation Serv- (f) Inactive - being reactivated. ice. Continuous records since 1924 of precipitation, runoff, groundwater levels, (2083) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN CHANNEL and vegetal cover. HAVING A TRIANGULAR CROSS SECTION. (g) Yearly records available for examination a't Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. (b) Laboratory project. (h) Reports prepared annually since 1924 (d) Basic research. available in files at the Iowa Institute (e) Data were obtained from a channel artifi- of Hydraulic Research. Summary of 33 year cially roughened. record in progress. (g) Investigation reactivated, additional data being taken. (67) COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN IOWA. (2320) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER IN A DIFFUSER. (b) Cooperative with Geological Survey. b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of d) Experimental and analytical; basic research, Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (e) Effect of adverse pressure gradient on the (d) Field investigation; collection of basic development of a turbulent boundary layer stream-flow data. is being studied in a 10-degree conical (e) Stream- flow and sediment measuring stations diffuser. Air is the fluid medium being maintained throughout the State of Iowa used. cooperatively on a continuous basis. (g) Thesis completed; additional tests in Records collected by standard methods of progress U. S. Geological Survey. (g) Records of stream flow and sediment dis- (2536) STUDY OF HOMOLOGOUS TURBULENCE. charge computed yearly. (h) Records contained in Water-Supply Papers (b) National Science Foundation. available through offices of the Geological (d) Basic research. Survey. (e) The nature of turbulence, its production and dissipation, are to be studied in the (68) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED. simplest possible shear flow. This is to be produced in plane Couette flow in which (b) Cooperative with Geological Survey. the shear is constant and tbe turbulence (c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of homogeneous but not isotropic. Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (g) Tests and analysis under way; report being (d) Field investigation; applied research and written. masters theses. (e) Study being made of relation between rain- (2537) WATER EXIT HYDROBALLISTICS. fall and runoff over a small area. Dis- charge from a 25-square-mile area measured (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the and flood runoff on main sub-basins deter- Navy. mined by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall (d) Basic research; experimental. records at four automatic recording sta- (e) Information on water exit behavior of tions collected by U. S. Weather Bureau. ellipsoidal bodies of fineness ratios k to Continuous records since 19^1 of precipita- 12 is being obtained photographically. tion, runoff and ground-water levels. (g) Tests underway. Effects are found to be (g) Rainfall records published in Weather small, velocity first increases and then Bureau Climatological Bulletins and surface decreases as body exits. Significant runoff and ground-water levels published amounts of water are carried out with the in Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers. body. (73) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING WATER.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, State Department of the Navy. University of Iowa. (c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

31 ) .

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. been completed and a description of the (a) Experimental and theoretical. method will be submitted for publication. (e) Instruments, primarily electrical in (3) An analog computer for potential flow, operation, are being developed to measure consisting of an array of electrical the charcteri sties of turbulent flow under resistances, has been constructed. A manua] a wide range of laboratory and field con- describing its application has been prepared ditions. Both sensing and computing elements are involved. (85M BOUNDARY-LAYER DEVELOPMENT ON SMOOTH AND (g) Complete analysis of the sensing element ROUGH SURFACES. operation and the circuit performance and descriptions of finished instruments are (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, presented in the publications below. Department of the Navy. 00 "Operating Manual for the IIHR Hot -Wire (c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of and Hot-Film Anemometers", P. G. Hubbard, Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. S.U.I. Bulletin 37, 1957- (a) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (79) CAVITATION. (e) Purpose of work is to determine the relations between boundary-layer characteris- (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, tics for smooth and rough boundaries of Department of the Navy. arbitrary shape. A critical study of the (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydrau- boundary layer on a smooth flat plate in lic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. zero pressure gradient has been completed (a) Experimental and theoretical; basic research and a report written. The boundary layer and graduate thesis. on a smooth circular cylinder with axis (e) Basic information is sought on cavitation parallel to the stream, in a zero pressure for systematically varied boundary condi- gradient, has also been investigated. tions. Tests are conducted in two variable- (h) "Effect of Transverse Curvature on Turbu- pressure water tunnels and a special cavita- lent-Boundary-Layer Characteristics", tion tank. Studies of high-velocity sub- Y. S. Yu, Journal of Ship Research, Dec. merged jets are being continued, with 1958. supplementary measurements of pressure fluctuations in air; instrumentation is (1102) HISTORY OF HYDRAULICS. being developed for measurement of the correlation between the velocity and pres- (b) Institute project. sure fluctuations to make possible predic- (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of tion of the incipient cavitation index for Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. given mean-flow conditions. Previous (e) To trace the historical development of the measurements of the pressure distribution important theories of hydraulics, covering around cavitating rounded, blunt, and hol- the fundamental ideas of the science, the low head forms are being extended in one critical periods of its development, and tunnel to various angles of yaw. Previous the personalities whose contributions were measurements on a grid of normal cylinders of major importance. are being extended through use of dynamometer in other water tunnel. Cavitating flow (1107) TRANSPORTATION OF SEDIMENT AS SUSPENDED about a rotating cylinder in a normal AND TOTAL LOAD. strenm is being investigated. 00 "Pressure and Velocity Fluctuations in a (b) Laboratory project; formerly cooperative Submerged Jet", S. 'r. Carr, M. S. Thesis, with Office of Naval Research, Department February 1958. of the Navy. "The Drag of Cavitating Cylinders Arranged ( c Dr. Lucien Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of in a Straight Grid", J. J. Geist, M. S. Hydraulic Research; Iowa City, Iowa. Thesis, February 1959- (a) Experimental; basic research. (e) To determine the suspended and total load (81) MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE DISTRI- as a function of hydraulic and sediment BUTION. parameters (f) Completed. (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research (g) An empirical relationship has been found and David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the for both suspended and total load as a Navy. function of the velocity and depth of flow, (c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of the shear velocity, the sediment size, and Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. the fall velocity. (a) Theoretical; basic research, 00 "The Total Sediment Load of Streams", by (e) (l) A theory of stream functions for E. M. Laursen, Amer. Soc. Civ. Engrs., Vol. general three-dimensional flow has been 8k, No. HY1, February 1958. developed and published. (2) The development of a method for the determination of (1875) CHARACTERISTICS OF STABLE EDDIES. flow about bodies of revolution and symmetrical two-dimensional forms in arbitrary (b) Laboratory project, partially supported by states of motion, based on solutions of Office of Naval Research, Department of integral equations of the first kind, has the Navy.

32 . .

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of indicated, Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (h) Bulletin in press. (d) Experimental; basic research for master's thesis (2322) EFFECT OF RESERVOIR STORAGE UPON SUPER- (e) Distributions of velocity, pressure and FLOODS. turbulence are being measured in an air tunnel throughout the vicinity of separa- (b) Graduate project. tion zones produced by abrupt changes in (c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Dept. of Mechanics and flow section to the end of establishing Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa the primary eddy characteristics as func- City, Iowa. tions of the boundary geometry. (d) Theoretical, master's thesis. (g) Mean eddy patterns behind normal plates (e) To find what effect reservoirs of various have been investigated. Preliminary characteristics will have in decreasing study has also been made of the flow pat- the peak of Increasingly greater super-

tern produced by a normal wind curtain. floods . Mean eddy patterns at pipe inlets and be- (g) A. quick approximate method has been devised hind bluff bodies. Additional measurements which takes the principal variables into on the hydraulic jump have also been made. account (h) "Penetration of a Jet into a Counterflow", (h) "Investigation of Storage Effects of by T. R. Krishna Rao, M. S. Thesis, State Reservoirs Subjected to Superfloods", University of Iowa, Feb. 1958. Available Yuan-po Kou, M. S. Thesis, State University on loan. of Iowa, Feb. 1958. Available on loan. "Discussion of Turbulence Characteristics of the Hydraulic Jump", by P. G. Hubbard, (2324) ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERNS FOR SHARP-CRESTED Journal of Hydraulics, ASCE, Nov. 1958. WEIRS.

(2091) RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydrau- (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, lic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Department of the Navy and Society of Naval (d) Analytical and experimental; basic research Architects and Marine Engineers. for doctor's and master's degrees. (c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of (e) Determination of streamline configuration Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. by means of relaxation process and electri- (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- cal analog computer for various relative search. heights of weirs, supplemented by experi- (e) To determine the laws governing the forces, mental study for relatively low weirs and moments, and motions of ships in smooth and sills. disturbed seas, in order to furnish design (f) Experimental study of low weirs and sills data to the naval architect. A towing tank completed. 10 feet wide, 10 feet deep, and 300 feet long has been constructed. Theoretical (2328) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS. work on the added-mass coefficients and the forces and moments on bodies is under way. (b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey, The rolling of ships is being investigated. Department of the Interior. (h) "Irrotational Motion of the Liquid Sur- (c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydrau- rounding a Vibrating Ellipsoid of Revolu- lic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. tion", E. 0. Macagno and L. Landweber, (d) Experimental research. Journal of Ship Research, June 1958. (e) Initial purpose is to determine effect of "A Three-Parameter Family of Two -Dimensional areal distribution of roughness elements Forms Oscillating in a Free Surface", L. on resistance in both subcritical and super- Landweber and Matilde Macagno, Journal of critical flow. Tests are being conducted Ship Research; to be published. on cubical elements cemented to floor of "The Added Masses of Prolate Spheroids 30-foot tilting flume in varying concen- Accelerating Under a Free Surface", M. R. tration. Bottaccini, Ph. D. Dissertation, to be (h) "The Effect of Free Surface Instability on available as an IIHR report. Channel Resistance", by Herman J. Koloseus, Doctoral Dissertation, Aug. 1958, State (2320) A STUDY OF THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF University of Iowa. Obtainable from Uni- HIGHWAY CULVERTS. versity Microfilms, 313 N. 1st St., Ann Arbor, Mich. (b) Iowa Highway Research Board and U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. (25^0) SCOUR AT BRIDGE CROSSINGS. (c) Prof. D. E. Metzler, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (b) Cooperative with Iowa Highway Research (d) Experimental; applied research. Board and U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. (e) The purpose is to determine the flow char- (c) Dr. Lucien Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of acteristics of box culverts. Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (f) Completed. (d) Experimental; applied research. (g) Variation in culvert performance described. (e) To investigate the pattern of general scour Advantages of "broken back" culvert caused by contracting the flow section at

33 a 'bridge crossing. DISTRIBUTION ON FLAT ROOFED RECTANGULAR Completed. BUILDINGS. Depth and shape of the scour hole are a function of the geometry of the bridge site Laboratory project. and the ratio of the flow in the normal Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and stream and on the floodplain. Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa "Scour at Bridge Crossings", by E. M. City, Iowa. Laursen, Iowa Highway Research Board Bul- (d Experimental, basic research, master's letin, submitted for publication. thesis. (e Rectangular, flat-roofed building models DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN having height :width ratios from 1/2 to 6 ANALYZING APERIODIC SIGNALS. and length: width ratios from 1 to k exposed to uniform wind velocity in tunnel. Pres- Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, sure variations at 3 orientations observed. Department of the Navy. (f Completed. Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of (g Negative pressures over roof increase until Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. building height is six times its down wind Experimental; applied research. width. The purpose is to improve the analysis of (h M. S. Thesis by Wm. S. Hartley, 1958. turbulent velocity and pressure fluctuations . (2797 OPTIMUM SHAPE OF 90° BEND IN RECTANGULAR CHANNEL. THE DECAY OF TURBULENCE IN A ZERO -MOMENTUM WAKE. (b Laboratory project. (c Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and Cooperative with the Office of Naval Re- Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa search, Department of the Navy. City, Iowa. Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of (d Experimental for M. S. thesis. Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (e Bend width varied through 50-percent in- Primarily experimental. crease to determine optimum proportions. Powered models are driven through a towing basin, and the wake is explored with a hot- (3067 A STUDY OF THE FACTORS WHICH AFFECT INFIL- wire anemometer. TRATION RATES ON THE RALSTON CREEK AND In the initial stages. Only sample RAPID CREEK WATERSHEDS. measurements are available. Laboratory project. STUDY OF BACKWATER CURVE DATA. Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa Graduate project. City, Iowa. Prof. C. J. Posey, Dept. of Mechanics and (a Analytical, statistical correlation. Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa (e To determine the effects of antecedent City, Iowa. precipitation, rainfall duration and in- Analysis of experimental data; basic, tensity, temperature, and season on infil- master's thesis. tration rates on Ralston and Rapid Creeks. Analysis of backwater curves incidentally (f Completed. obtained in UOO-foot variable-slope flume (g Graphical correlations with above variables. of Rocky Mountain Hydraulic Laboratory. (h M. A. Thesis by Merwin D. Dougal and M. S. "Study of Backwater Curves in a Triangular Thesis by Jyuh Sheng Chang, 1958. Channel", by K. P. Singh, M. S. Thesis, State University of Iowa, Aug. 1958- Avail- (3068 DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC FORCES ON FLASH- able on loan. BOARDS.

PREDICTION OF RUNOFF FREQUENCY FROM PRECIPI- (b Laboratory project. TATION AND INFILTRATION FREQUENCIES. Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa Laboratory project. City, Iowa. Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and (a Experimental for M. S. Thesis. Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa (e Measurement of dynamometer of moment City, Iowa. exerted by water flowing over flashboard. Statistical. Exploration of possibility of estimating (3069 INSTALLATION OF GRADED RIP-RAP FOR PROTEC- frequencies of rare floods based on combi- TION OF PIERS AND ABUTMENTS AGAINST SCOUR. nation of observed frequencies of precipitation and infiltration. (b Graduate project. First phase complete. (c Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, Good correlation for a small, a medium, and Iowa City, Iowa. a large watershed found. (d Experimental; applied, for master's thesis. M. S. Thesis, by M. A. Chowdhury, 1958. Methods of placement and areal extent necessary for effective protection will be EXTENSION OF WIND TUNNEL STUDIES ON PRESSURE studied.

3^ . . ..

(3070) ASPIRATIVE EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS CHIMNEY annular jet impinging against a rigid SHAPES. ground plate; (2) an annular jet impinging against a rigid ground plate in the (b) Graduate project. presence of an ambient transverse flow (c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, (wind tunnel study); (3) a stationary Iowa City, Iowa. annular jet directed against a nearby (d) Experimental; applied, for master's thesis. water surface; and (k) an annular jet (e) Investigation of possibility of using winds traveling over water. to move air through pipe systems for evapo- rative stabilization of pavement subsoils (3076) EFFECT OF EAVES ON PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION makes it necessary to test efficiency of AROUND RECTANGULAR BUILDING MODELS. "chimney" shapes. 00 Laboratory project. (3071) MEASURING EQUIPMENT FOR SURFACE ROUGHNESS. (c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa (h Graduate College, Civil Engineering Dept. City, Iowa. (c Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, (a) Experimental; basic research. Iowa City, Iowa. (e) Varying widths of eaves on roofs having (a Developmental; applied. several different pitches tested in wind Design and construction of equipment to tunnel. evaluate roughness parameters for range of surface roughness of interest to hydraulic engineers IOWA STATE COLLEGE, Department of Agricultural (3072 SCOUR AT RELIEF BRIDGES. Engineering.

(h Laboratory project. Inquiries concerning the following projects should (c Dr. Lucien Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of be addressed to Mr. H. P. Johnson, Dept. of Agri- Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. cultural Engineering, Iowa State College, Ames, la. Experimental; master's thesis. (e To determine the amount and rate of scour (2330) DEPTH, SPACING AND HYDRAULICS OF TILE at relief bridges. DRAINS.

.3073 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN MEANDERING CHANNELS. 00 Laboratory project. (a) Theoretical and field investigation; basic (b) Laboratory project. and applied research; master's and doctor's (c) Dr. Lucien Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of thesis Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. (e) Analytical and physical approach is being (d) Experimental; basic research and graduate studied to determine depth and spacing of thesis tile drain by analyzing geometry of systems (e) To determine the amount of transport occur- and soil characteristics. Work is coopera- ring in meandering channels of different tive with that of Dr. Don Kirkum, Soil curvature Physics Department of Agronomy, and which is primarily analytical nature. Studies (307*0 WAKE OF ZERO MOMENTUM FLUX. of effect of tile misalignment and observations of nature of flow in experimental (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, field tile lines are being made. Department of the Navy. (c) Mr. Arthur Toch, Iowa Institute of Hydrau- (2331) ESTIMATIONS OF SURFACE RUNOFF FROM lic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS. (d) Experimental. (e) Distribution of velocity, mean and turbu- 00 Laboratory project. lent, and of pressure is to be measured in (a) Theoretical; applied research; doctoral the field of flow created by flow past a thesis bluff, axisymmetric body with a centrally (e) The surface runoff volume for individual located jet for the particular condition storms is being estimated by superimposing of zero momentum flux. infiltration curves on the rainfall histo- gram. Data from point rainfall records (3075) ANNULAR JETS IN GROUND PROXIMITY. are being analyzed. Hydrographs from watersheds of up to 25 square miles are (b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, being analyzed. Department of the Navy. (c) Dr. Lawrence R. Mack, Iowa Institute of (2333) IMPROVEMENT OF SURFACE DRAINS WITH TILE Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. BLIND INLETS. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research and graduate theses. 00 Laboratory project. ( e ) The distributions of mean velocity and (a) Field Investigation; design. mean pressure in the flow and on the (e) Field study is being made to determine the boundaries near an annular jet are being effect of different tile backfill materials studied for four cases: (l) A stationary on the flow of water into the tile drains.

35 ......

(233 1+) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS. Engineering Mechanics, University of Kansas, Lawrenc e , Kans as (t>) Laboratory project, cooperative with ARS, USDA. (3080) TRANSMISSION AND DISSIPATION OF SURGES IN (d) Field Investigations; applied research, ELASTIC TUBES. design. (e) Measurements are being made of watershed (b) Sohio Pipe Line Company and Department of rainfall and surface runoff on ten agricul- Engineering Mechanics. tural watersheds. Sediment measurements (d) Basic research; theoretical and experimental are being made in six small reservoirs in investigation. Also M. S. thesis. the gaged watersheds. (e) This is a basic study of the speed of propagation and rate of dissipation of surges (3077) INFILTRATION CAPACITIES OF FAYETTE SILT in liquid- filled elastic tubes. Comparisons LOAM FROM HYDROLOGIC DATA. are being made between theoretical evaluations of these characteristics and observed (b) Laboratory study. yalues on long oil pipe lines. Additional (d) Analytical statistical study, master's data are to be obtained from laboratory thesis experiments on tubes having very elastic (e) Correlation of antecedent moisture and walls cover with infiltration rates based on data (g) The celerity of both positive and negative taken from La Crosse, Wisconsin, runoff pressure surges was found to be independent plots of surge amplitude in an oil pipe line. The losses in transmission of surges were found (3078) LOW FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAM IN NORTH to be greater than predicted theoretically CENTRAL AND WESTERN IOWA. for viscous dissipation alone, though of the same order of magnitude. The results (b) Laboratory project indicate that a surge technique may be used (d) Analytical study, master's thesis. for locating leaks in oil pipe lines. (e) An analysis of the frequencies of given discharges from selected streams in the (308i; DIFFUSION OF A JET FORMED AT AN ABRUPT above area. An attempt is being made to ENLARGEMENT IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW. relate parameters such as rainfall to the flows at times of the year when pumping (b) Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neemah, Wis. from streams for irrigation may have (d) Experimental; basic research. detrimental effects. (e) The characteristics of the mean flow through abrupt two-dimensional expansions are to be determined in a recirculating water tunnel. The stability of the eddy IOWA STATE COLLEGE, Department of Agronomy. formed in the corner of the expansion is also to be investigated. (3079) MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOIL. (3082) MEASUREMENT OF LOW VELOCITIES IN WATER. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Prof. Don Kirkham, Soil Physics, Dept. of (b) Laboratory project.

( Agronomy, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. d ) Development (d) Theoretical and applied research. (e) An instrument is being developed for (e) Work is being done on the movement of measuring low velocities in small, hydraulic ground water in soil, particularly in the models which will utilize the known rela- saturated phase. Work has also been tionship between frequency of shedding of initiated on the use of the mass spectrome- vortices in the wake of a circular cylinder ter for studying the movement of water and the velocity of flow. through soil and plants using deuterium as a tracer. (h) "Potential and Capacity of Concentric Coaxial Capped Cylinders", Journal of THE JAMES LEFFEL AND COMPANY. Applied Physics, Vol. 28, pp. 724-731, 1957- "Graphs and Formulas for Cross Product (3083) HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTING. Bessel Functions", Journal of Mathematics and Physics, January 1958. (b) Laboratory project. "Seepage of Steady Rainfall Through Soil (c) Mr. J. Robert Groff, The James Leffel and into Drains", Trans. Amer. Geoph. Union. Company, k26 East St., Springfield, Ohio. Vol. 39, pp. 892-908, October 1958. (d) Experimental and applied research. (e) Model turbines using Francis, propeller and impulse design, testing for power and efficiency at various speeds; and under UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, Department of Engineering wide range of conditions and requirements Mechanics pertaining to performance and installation setting. Study of draft tubes design and Inquiries concerning the following projects should improvements possible by this means. be addressed to Dr. David W. Appel, Dept. of (f) Active.

36 . . .

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering. DIKES.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should (A Laboratory project. be addressed to Prof. W. J. Eney, Head, Dept. of (a) Theoretical and experimental. Civil Engineering, Director, Fritz Engineering (e) The project has been divided into three Laboratory, or Prof. J. B. Herbich, Chairman, phases; (l) literature survey; (2) theo- Hydraulics Division, Fritz Engineering Laboratory, retical analysis; and (3) experimental Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. study to determine the proper proportions and alignment of the dikes. (1602) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN CONDUIT BENDS. (f) Phase 1 active.

(b Laboratory project. (d Experimental; undergraduate special problem. MARYLAND UNIVERSITY, Institute for Fluid Dynamics (e Study of a rectangular bend with a central and Applied Mathematics. dividing wall, by means of electrical- analogy has been completed. Inquiries concerning the following projects should (f Inactive be addressed to Dr. M. H. Martin, Director, Inst, for Fluid Dynamics and Applied Mathematics, Univ. (1603 BUTTERFLY VALVE STUDY. of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.

(b CDC Controls Services, Inc., Hatboro, Pa. (3087) EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON TURBULENT (d Experimental; applied research. SHEAR FLOWS. (f Completed. (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. (2339 BUCKET-TYPE ENERGY DISSIPATOR CHARACTER- (d) Experimental. Francis R. Hama, Principal ISTICS. Investigator. (e) Investigate systematically the effect of (b Gannett, Fleming, Corddry and Carpenter, spacing of two-dimensional roughness Inc., 600 North Second Street, Harrisburg, elements on the drag increase in a two- Pennsylvania. dimensional wind tunnel. (d Experimental; for general design. (g) Velocity distribution and drag formula for (e Suspended. smooth plate have been determined with excellent correlations (25^3 STUDY OF CONDUIT EXIT PORTALS. (h) "Experiment on Turbulent Shear Flows in Smooth Two-Dimensional Tunnels", M. (b Laboratory project. Stevenson, Progress Report No. 1, Institute (d Experimental; M. S. Thesis. for Fluid Dynamics and Applied Mathematics, (e General pressure-distribution study Tech. Note BN-IV7, July 1958. completed. Tests of square and circular conduit with (3088) TRANSITION FLOW PATTERNS. free-jet, horizontal apron, and three different wall flares, have been completed. (b) Air Force Office of Scientific Research. (a) Basic experimental and theoretical re- (3081+ STUDY ON IMPROVING DESIGN OF A HOPPER search. John R. Weske, Principal Investi- DREDGE PUMP. gator. (e) Results of initial experimental work have District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer furnished a basis for the theoretical District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engrs. treatment of three-dimensional transition (d Experimental and applied research. patterns and related behavior of vortices. (e The project has been divided into four (f) Completed. phases: (a) Model tests of the existing (h) "Calculation of the Cross-Stream Wave dredge pump; (b) recommendation for design Length of the Three-Dimensional Transition Pattern in the Boundary Layer Along a Flat changes of the dredge pump; ( c ) model investigation of the modified design of Plate" and "On the Origin and Mechanism of the dredge pump; and (d) analysis of the Vortex Motion at the Inlet of Intakes investigation and final recommendations. Placed Near a Flat Surface." In prepara- (f) Phase A active. tion.

:3085) STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND PROTOTYPE SPILLWAYS. MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department (b) Laboratory project. of Civil and Sanitary Engineering, Hydrodynamics (d) Graduate students project. Laboratory. (e) 1:100 scale two-dimensional model built of Chief Joseph Dam. Prototype crest pres- Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 577, 25^6, 25^7, sures will be compared with the data 25 U8, 2801, 2803, and 3089, and requests for re- obtained on the model prints and Technical Reports should be addressed to Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Prof, of Hydraulics, (3086) INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA OF SPUR Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute

37 . . . . .

of Technology, Massachusetts. (b) Office of Naval Research, Department Cambridge 39 .> of the Navy (307) STABILITY OF FLOW STRATIFIED DUE TO (c) Professor J. W. Daily, Hydrodynamics Lab., DENSITY DIFFERENCES. Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass. (d) Experimental; basic research. (b) Laboratory project. (e) Study of cavitation inception for steady (c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Hydrodynamics Lab. motion for systematic variation in boundary

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 3 Mass. layer development and in the turbulence (d) Theoretical and experimental; graduate level in the zone of minimum pressure. research. (f) Completed. (e) 1. Theoretical and experimental investiga- (g) The working section of a closed jet water tions have been made on steady-state uniform tunnel is arranged so that the boundary density current flows including determina- layer growth is controlled by a systematic tion of velocity distributions, resistance change of its shape. Provision is also laws and interfacial stability. 2. Investi- made for control of turbulence level, pres- gation of control structures for stratified sure intensity and air content. flow. 3- Investigation of vertical intake Experiments Involving the effect of velocity structures for stratified flow. variation on incipient cavitation and on (g) Phases (l) and (2) have been completed. the influence of dissolved air content have In phase 3 vertical intakes for a two layer been completed. Information on the turbu- stratified system having a density differ- lence of the flow in the cavitation region ence of the order of one percent are being has been obtained by high-speed photographs investigated experimentally. Interface of the cavitation bubbles. drawdown curves and critical discharge Explorations in the boundary layer were rates have been obtained for various intake made to determine the local mean pressure geometries intensities and their relation to the local (h) "Submerged Sluice Control of Stratified velocity and turbulence. This investiga- Flow," by D. R. F. Harleman, R. S. Gooch, tion included one case of uniform boundary and A. T. Ippen, Proc. A.S.C.E., Journal roughness of Hydraulics Division, No. 2, April 1958, (h) "The Influence of Roughness on the Incep- paper No. 1584. tion of Cavitation," by D. Benson, S.M. Thesis, September, 1958. (577) CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLITARY WAVES. (l609) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE SORTING OF BEACH (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the SEDIMENTS BY WAVE ACTION. Navy. (d) Experimental; basic research. (b) Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Army Corps of (e) Experimental investigation of solitary wave Engineers characteristics in a horizontal channel. (c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Hydrodynamics Lab.

Measurements of attenuation for various Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 > Mass. bottom roughnesses. Investigation of (d) Experimental; basic research. amplitude change, profile deformation and (e) Quantitative study of the sorting action breaking characteristics of the solitary and selective transport of beach material wave on a sloping beach. Measurement of by shallow water waves moving on a granular unsteady velocities in the boundary layer beach. region. Experimental investigation of (g) Equipment consists of a wave channel 30 in. wave characteristics in the transition wide, 36 in. deep and 100 ft. in length between oscillatory and solitary waves. together with a piston-type wave generating Investigation of the unsteady boundary mechanism. The wave generator is controlled shear due to the passage of a solitary by a hydraulic servomechanism which permits wave continuous variation of both wave amplitude (f) Completed. and frequency during operation. (g) Instantaneous force measurements by means A systematic series of observations of of a shear plate on the channel bottom velocities of spherical bottom sediment have been made. A comparison with average particles for a horizontal bottom and two resistance coefficients obtained from beach slopes has been completed for various attenuations records was made and satis- surface roughnesses including a smooth factory correlation was found. Due to the beach. The data are shown to verify a unsteady nature of the flow under the derived equation of net sediment motion. solitary wave, the instantaneous shear Studies of smooth bottom resistance involv- stresses cannot adequately be described by ing direct measurement of boundary shear steady state relations except at the point stress and boundary layer velocity dis- of zero acceleration under the crest. tribution have been completed. Measure- (h) "The Damping of the Solitary Wave from ments of the equilibrium characteristics Boundary Shear Measurements," by A. T. of sand beaches are currently being made Ippen, and M. M. Mitchell, M.I.T. Hydro- (h) "Motion of Discrete Bottom Sediment Parti- dynamics Laboratory Technical Report No. 23, cles due to Shoaling Waves," by P. S. June 1957. Eagleson, L. A. Peralta, and R. G. Dean, Beach Erosion Board, Tech, Memorandum No. (1355) CAVITATION INCEPTION FOR STEADY MOTION. 104, February 1958.

38 . . . .

(l88l) WAVE FORCES ON OFFSHORE STRUCTURES. (231+1 FLUID MECHANICS OF TURBOMA.CHINERY COMPONENTS.

(b) Humble Oil and Refining Company, Houston, (b Office of Ordnance Research, Department of Texas the Army. (c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Hydrodynamics Lab., (c Prof. J. W. Daily and Prof. R. E. Nece, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39> Mass. Hydrodynamics Lab., Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

(d) Experimental; basic research. Cambridge 39 > Mass. (e) Objective is the determination of the (a Experimental; basic research. design forces to be expected on offshore (e Investigation of problems connected with structures subjected to shallow water wave the several secondary effects in a turbo- action. machine such as seal ring friction and (f) Completed. leakage, rotor-to-wall clearance effects, (g) Tests have been completed on a series of and vane tip clearance. vertical cylinders in waves of various (f Completed. characteristics. Lift and drag measurements The investigation was concerned with the have also been made on horizontal and verti- effect of roughness, chamber dimensions and cal cylinders with variable submergence and disk shape on disk friction. Torque tests on basic shapes such as spheres and cylin- were conducted over a wide range of disk

ders . Reynolds numbers for smooth and rough disks Various configurations of buoyancy members of 19 3/1+ inches diameter rotating within for a movable platform have been tested to a symmetrical casing at various disk-to- obtain dynamic forces when the platform is wall clearances at a constant small tip rigidly fixed. Tests have been extended clearance. Both plane and tapered disks to include a study of mooring cable forces were tested. Pressure and velocity dis- on a floating platform subjected to wave tribution measurements within the chamber forces were made for correlation with theoretical An experimental and analytical study of and experimental determinations of friction- the dynamics of a submerged hollow sphere al torque. moored by a cable have also been made (h) "Effects of Roughness and Chamber Dimensions Measurements of horizontal and vertical on the Induced Flow and Surface Resistance components of the cable tension have been of Enclosed Rotating Disks," by R. E. Nece, obtained as a function of wave frequency Sc.D. thesis, 1958. and length. Particular attention was de- "Roughness and Chamber Dimension Effects on voted to conditions near resonance where Induced Flow and Frictional Resistance of the natural frequency of the moored object Enclosed Rotating Disks," by J. W. Daily equals the forcing frequency of the wave. and R. E. Nece, Technical Report No. 27, (h) "Experimental and Analytical Studies of M. I.T., Hydrodynamics Laboratory, 1958. Wave Forces on Offshore Drilling Structures. Part II: Buoyancy Components for Floating (25^6; CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW WITH DILUTE FIBER Platforms," by D. R. F. Harleman, W. C. SUSPENSIONS. Shapiro, and T. A. Marlow, II, M.I.T. Hy- drodynamics Laboratory Technical Report No. (b) Technical Association of Pulp and Paper 2k, June 1957- Industries "Investigation on the Dynamics of Moored (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research. Structures in Waves," by D. R. F. Harleman, (e) Basic investigation of the hydrodynamic and W. C. Shapiro, Hydrodynamics Laboratory features of paper fiber suspensions. Technical Report No. 28, July 1958. (g) Following a survey of existing knowledge of the fluid mechanics of the flow of (2103) ENERGY DISSIPATION IN STILLING BASINS AND fiber suspensions as related to the flow DOWNSTREAM EROSION. in paper making machines, an experimental program was initiated for investigating (b) Laboratory project. the hydrodynamic characteristics of fiber (c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Hydrodynamics Lab., suspensions in fully developed shear flows

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 > Mass. and in non-shear fields for both the (d) Experimental; graduate and undergraduate laminar and turbulent ranges. Measure- theses. ments of energy loss were made for wood (e) General study of energy dissipation in pulp fibers and synthetic fibers flowing stilling basins and erosion conditions through circular tubes of different downstream. diameters. This data was correlated with (g) Hydrodynamic forces on a single baffle velocity distributions and turbulence pier have measured as a function of the records obtained with one wood pulp fiber. initial Froude number and the distance (h) "Techniques for Velocity and Turbulence between the toe of the hydraulic jump and Measurements in Fiber Suspensions," W. W. the pier. Additional studies have also Troutman, S. M. Thesis, Sept. 1958. been made on the effect of arrangement and "The Characteristics of Flow with Dilute position of baffle piers in stilling per- Fiber Suspensions; A Progress Report on formance. Work under TAPPI Project 93", by J. W. (h) "Application of Baffle Pier Hydrodynamics Daily and G. Bugliarello, M.I.T. Hydrody- in Stilling Basin Design, " by D. W. namics Laboratory Technical Note No. 2, McDougall, S. B. Thesis, June 1958. December 1957-

39 . . . . .

(25V7) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CIRCULAR HYDRAULIC (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- JUMP. search. (e) Analytical and experimental study of the (b) Laboratory project. interaction of floating bodies and waves. (d) Theoretical and experimental; graduate Results to be applied to development of theses movable breakwaters for shallow and deep (e) A study of the characteristics of the cir- water waves cular hydraulic jump which is formed by (g) Initial studies were concerned with experi- axially symmetrical supercritical flow mental verification of wave-maker theory from a source or to a sink. and a precise determination of the reflec- (g) A lucite water table has been constructed tion characteristics of the 100 ft. wave to obtain supercritical flows issuing tank used in this program. The following radially outward from a source or directed problems are currently under experimental inward toward a sink. By proper control investigation: (a) Breakwater efficiency of tailwater hydraulic jumps circular in of a semi-immersed circular cylinder in a plan view are created. Measurements of train of regular waves; (b) wave genera- depths and velocities are being made for tion characteristic of a circular cylinder comparison with the momentum equations for oscillating vertically about a semi- the two types of jumps described above and immersed position. Corresponding analytical with analytical expressions for water sur- solutions of these problems are being face profiles in the supercritical radial obtained by means of a high speed digital flow regime. computer (h) "Transition Phenomena in Radial Free Sur- (h) "Forced Small -Amplitude Water Waves: A face Flow," by W. B. Davis, S. M. Thesis, Comparison of Theory and Experiment," by September 1958. F. Ursell, R. G. Dean and Y. S. Yu, M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical Report (2548) MECHANICS OF WASTE WATER DIFFUSION. No. 30, July 1958.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service. (2802) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WAKE MECHANICS. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. (b) Office of Naval Research, David Taylor

( e ) An investigation of various turbulent Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy. diffusion processes- for application to (d) Experimental; basic research. waste disposal in tidal estuaries. (e) A study of the effect of trailing edge (g) Experimental facilities have been con- geometry on the characteristics of the structed to study the diffusion of salt wake of a thin flat plate with particular concentration in a one -dimensional field emphasis on transverse plate vibrations. of uniform turbulence. Turbulence is (g) The water tunnel is complete and contains created mechanically in a body of water a 7 l/2 in. by 9 in. closed jet test section. contained in a 32 foot long channel by Instrumentation for force and turbulence means of a stack of expanded aluminum measurement is under development sheets oscillating vertically with ampli- (h) "Design of a Closed Jet, Open Circuit Water tudes up to one inch and frequencies up to Tunnel for the Study of Wake Mechanics," six cycles per second. by G. H. Toebes, F. E. Perkins, and P. S. Concentrations versus time are measured Eagleson, M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory and recorded electrically at various Tech. Note No. 3, April 1958. stations by means of probes sensitive to the changes in resistivity of the saline solu- (2803) PROXIMITY EFFECTS ON DRAG COEFFICIENTS. tion. Experiments have been made to determine: rate of energy dissipation, (b) Laboratory project. longitudinal and vertical turbulent diffu- (c) Prof. R. E. Nece, Hydrodynamics Lab., Mass. as function of ampli- Mass. sion coefficients, a Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 .> tude and frequency of oscillation. (d) Experimental, undergraduate theses. Experiments are being made to determine (e) Study of resistance of submerged objects the longitudinal distribution of salinity due to variations of geometry of group in a uniform basin with fresh water inflow spacing. at one end and a constant ocean salinity (f) Completed. maintained at the other end. Salinity (g) Drag coefficients for the center one of distributions are determined for various three equally spaced circular cylinders fresh water inflow rates and turbulence aligned normal to the free stream velocity levels in the flume and compared with were determined at a Reynolds number of solutions of the diffusion equation. 2 by 10^ for a range of lateral spacings (h) "Mass Transfer Rates in a Turbulent Fluid Tests were performed in a free surface Body," by J. M. Jordaan, Sc. D. Thesis, water channel. Experimental procedures June 1958. check the drag coefficient of a single cylinder in an infinite fluid. (2801) INTERACTION OF WAVES WITH FLOATING BODIES. (h) "Variation of Drag Coefficient for a Circular Cylinder due to Geometrical (b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Arrangements," by G. Mueller and R. Navy. Tweedie, B. S. Thesis, June 1958.

ho . . ,

(3089) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EROSION IN CURVED work. CHANNELS. (g) A theoretical study of the dynamics of break-up of a large liquid droplet in a gas (b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. stream predicts that such break-up will of Agriculture. occur at a critical value of the Weber (a) Experimental; basic research. number. Experimental verification has been (e) Investigation of boundary shear stress achieved. distribution in curved, open channels to A photometric device for measurement of determine degree and extent of protection mean droplet size in high velocity gas required in natural streams. streams has been developed. A high-speed, (g) Study is concerned with the effects of rotating mirror camera is also being flow rate, channel slope, shape, roughness, developed to study detailed size spectra. and curvature upon the boundary shear stress distribution in curved, open chan- (2550) BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW NEAR THE CORNER OF TWO nels. A trapezoidal channel of variable INTERSECTING PLANES. slope is being constructed as the test facility; initial testing will be with a (b Office of Ordnance Research. 0 single 60 curve. (c Prof. A. H. Shapiro, M.I.T., Room 3-261+ Cambridge 39? Massachusetts. (3090) MODEL OF PUMPING PLANT FOR CHARLES RIVER (a Experimental and theoretical; basic re- BASIN (BOSTON) DRAINAGE CONTROL. search for doctoral thesis. (e The laminar boundary near the corner of a (b) Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Metropolitan rectangular duct is being investigated District Commission. from the point of view of velocity profiles, (c) Prof. D. R. F Harleman, Hydrodynamics Lab., skin friction, transition, and effects of

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 , Mass. pressure gradients. (a) Experimental. Experimental work completed. Analytical (e) Model study to determine forebay and pump work nearing conclusion. suction intake geometry for high capacity, low head axial flow pumps (2552 TWO-PHASE FLOW STUDIES IN PIPES. (g) Model reproduces portion of Charles River Dam and Ship lock through which flow is (b Babcock and Wilcox Research Center, admitted asymmetrically to pumping station Alliance, Ohio. forebay. Methods of uniformly distributing (c Prof. S. W. Gouse, Jr., Mechanical Engineer- flow to six pump units are under investiga- ing Dept., Mass. Inst, of Technology, Room

tion. Problems of air-entrainment at the 3-161+ , Cambridge 39, Massachusetts. suction intakes will also be studied. (a Experimental and theoretical; basic research for Master's and docotr's thesis. (e Determination and prediction of pressure drop in two phase flow in a vertical tube. MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department Investigation of flow regimes. of Mechanical Engineering. (2560 INVESTIGATIONS OF HEAT TRANSFER TO FLUIDS (1901) THREE-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER FLOWING IN RECTANGULAR DUCTS. IN A FREE VORTEX DIFFUSER. Laboratory project. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. Prof. L. C. Hoagland, Mech. Engineering Prof. Y. Senoo, Mechanical Engineering Dept., Mass. Inst, of Technology, 77 Mass. Dept., Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge Ave., Cambridge, Mass. 39 > Mass. (a Analytical and experimental studies of Theoretical and experimental; applied re- laminar flow heat -transfer. Experimental search. studies of turbulent flow in rectangular Theoretical and experimental study of the ducts

flow in a free vortex diffuser. Overall objectives : To provide a means Gas Turbine Laboratory Report No. 1+2. of predicting the heat transfer characteristics of flows in rectangular tubes with (234U AT0MIZATI0N STUDY. specific interest in application to compact heat exchanger surfaces. Analytical (b Laboratory project. studies of laminar flow problems, both (c Prof. K. R. Wadleigh, Mechanical Engineer- fully developed and entrance region flows. ing Dept., Mass. Inst, of Technology, Experimental velocity investigations for

Cambridge 39 .> Massachusetts. turbulent flow with heat transfer-momentum Experimental and theoretical; applied analogy solution for heat transfer char-

research for S.M. and Sc.D. Theses. acteristics . Study of the atomization of liquid streams (g) Laminar Flow: Fully developed laminar injected into high-velocity gas streams. flow with heat flux numbers to be 2.9 and Simplified theoretical models of the vari- independent of aspect ratio. ous phenomena are used to guide experimental (h) "The Secondary Flow in Rectangular Ducts", programs. Considerable instrument develop- by Raphael Moissis, S. M. Thesis, M.I.T., ment has been accomplished in course of June 1956.

1+1

514561 0 - 59 -4 . .

"Fully Developed Laminar Flow Forced Con- study of the complex two-dimensional field vection Heat Transfer in Rectangular Ducts at the nozzle exit has been limited but with Uniform Heat Flux", Henry Cheng, S. M. has shown good qualitative correlation wHj Thesis, M.I.T., September 1957. experimental data. In order to explore wide ranges of design point, blading geom< (2805) LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER IN OSCILLATORY FLOW. try, nozzle design and shroud configurati( ; the use of photo-stereo techniques with (b) General Electric, Westinghouse, Allison machine reduction of water height data is Division of General Motors. being experimentally explored. (c) Prof. P. G. Hill, Mechanical Engineering (g) The water table has been shown to be an Dept. Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge accurate reproduction of the compressible 'I 39 > Massachusetts. flow gas case. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- (h) "Nonsteady, Two -Dimensional Flow in a search, Sc. D. thesis. Partial Admission Turbine - The Hydraulic- (e) Apparatus to produce a flow consisting of a Analogy", by Helge Kolbjorn Heen, Sc. D. steady flow plus a sinusoidal oscillation, Thesis, Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Mass. with and without adverse pressure gradient. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., (g) Good agreement between theory and experi- September 5, 1958. ment for intermediate frequencies. "Fuels and Prime Movers for Rotating (h) Gas Turbine Laboratory Report No. k^, Auxiliary Power Units", by Robert W. Mann, available after April 1959- Report No. 121, Dynamic Analysis and Con- trol Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology (2806) GEAR PUMP STUDY. Cambridge, Mass.

(b) Chandler Evans Company. (3091) FLUIDIZED FLOW OF GAS-SOLID SUSPENSIONS I! (c) Prof. K. R. Wadleigh, Mass. Inst, of Tech., ACCELERATING AND DECELERATING PASSAGES.

Cambridge 39 > Massachusetts. (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- 00 Laboratory research. search and design. (c) Prof. A. H. Shapiro, Mass. Inst, of Tech., (c) Study of the performance characteristics Room 3-264, Cambridge, Mass. and losses in aircraft gear pumps to permit (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- optimization of designs for specific per- search for doctoral thesis. formance requirements. (e) Experiments and theory for the flow of (g) Predictions of mechanical friction and fluidized suspensions in nozzles and dif- fluid friction losses and of fluid leakage fusors losses agree well with experimental data. Techniques of using these models and experi - (3092) JET-PIPE VALVE STUDY. mental data to optimize design variables have been developed. (b) Wright Air Development Command, U. S. Air Force. (2807) THE HYDRAULIC ANALOGY APPLIED TO COMPRES- (c) Prof. S. Y. Lee, Dept. of Mechanical Engrg SIBLE FLOW IN THE PARTIAL ADMISSION TURBINE. Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39 > Massachusetts (b) Office of Naval Research and United States (d) Research. Naval Underwater Ordnance Station. (e) Study the pressure flow characteristics of! (c) Prof. Robert W. Mann, Room 3-U82, Mass. conventional and unconventional jet-pipe Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39 > Mass. valves for both compressible and incompres (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- ble fluids. Study the effect of geometry search for master's and doctoral theses. to the steady-state characteristics. De- (e) In a partial admission turbine the nozzle termine optimum design for a given applica flow through the rotor blading constitutes tion. an unsteady flow field. The purpose of (g) Jet-pipe of conventional design was con- this Investigation is to study this flow structed. The steady-state characteristic; with the ultimate goal of recommending were measured as the relative sizes of the design improvements. The flow field is jet and receiving holes were varied. Modi] varying both in time and in space and is fied jet-pipe was designed with the aim of therefore very complex. In order to ex- improving the performance. plore theoretical approaches to the flow (h) "Steady-State Characteristics of a Short- field the feasibility of experimental Stroke Jet-Pipe Valve", W. R. Brown, S. B. models based on Interferommetry and the Thesis, Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Mass. hydraulic analogy to compressible fluid Inst, of Technology, May 1958. flow is here explored. The hydraulic analogy proved a superior approach and an (3093) FLOW BEHAVIOR IN AN ANNULUS FORMED BY TWO unsteady flow water table simulating the CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS WITH THE INNER CYLIN- turbine flow has been constructed and suc- DER IN ROTATION. cessfully tested. The water flow experimental data has been very successfully (b) Lincoln Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Tech., correlated with the theoretical analysis Cambridge 39 > Massachusetts. of shock and rarefraction wave propagation (c) Prof. Joseph Kaye, Mechanical Engineering in the rotor channels. The theoretical Department, Room 1-210, M. I.T., Cambridge

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39 j Massachusetts. experimental results will be generated in (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- order to generalize the experimental data. search for M. S. and Sc. D. degrees. (g) Experimental work under way. (e) The objective of this research study is to "Fuels and Prime Movers for Rotating determine the type of flow behavior which Auxiliary Power Units", by Robert W. Mann, exists in an annulus between two concentric Dynamic Analysis and Control Laboratory, cylinders when the outer cylinder is sta- Report No. 121, Mass. Inst, of Tech., tionary and the inner cylinder is set in Cambridge, Massachusetts. rotation. Both adiabatic and diabatic flow in the axial direction will be superimposed (3096) REFLECTION OF A MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMI C SHOCK on the rotation. The entrance region of BY A MAGNETIC "WALL". such differential flow will also be examined experimentally and theoretically. (b) Cambridge Air Force Research Center. (g) Adiabatic and diabatic flow measurements (c) Prof. Osman K. Mawardi, Dept. of Mechanical have been made for the fully- developed flow Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Technology,

region. Cambridge 39 , Mass. (h) "Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Between Con- (a) Thesis work. centric Rotating Cylinders ", E. C. Elgar, (e) This is an experimental investigation of September 1956. the behavior of a strong- shock wave as it "An Experimental - Theoretical Study of penetrates a region within which an intense Heat Transfer in an Annulus with an Inner magnetic field has been established. It is Rotating Cylinder", K. Becker, Sept. 1957. proposed to study the interactions proces- "Modes of Adiabatic and Diabatic Fluid ses (reflection and transmission of the Flow in an Annulus with an Inner Rotating wave) at the boundary. The apparatus is Cylinder", J. Kaye and E. C. Elgar, Lincoln now being constructed. Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology, February 15, 1957- (3097) STUDIES OF MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMI C SHOCKS.

RESEARCH. (b) Cambridge Air Force Research Center. ; 309*0 CYCLONE SEPARATOR (c) Prof. Osman K. Mawardi, Dept. of Mechanical (b) Laboratory project. Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Technology,

(c) Mr. Joseph L. Smith, Jr., Room 3-266, Mass. Cambridge 39 > Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. (d) Thesis work. (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- (e) A preliminary theoretical study, on the search for master's and doctoral degrees. basis of continuum theory, has been com- (e) The research is directed toward an under- pleted in order to establish the dynamics standing of the vortex flow in cyclone and structure of a hydromagnetic shock separators and of the relation between the wave. The analysis indicates the depend- flow and the overall pressure and separa- ence of the state of the gas upstream and tion parameters of the cyclone. downstream of the shock as a function of (g) Understanding has been gained from experi- the magnetic field, the pressure and tem- mental observations and particularly from perature of the ionized gas. A prediction an application of the previously developed has also been made for the expected be- theory of rotating flows. havior of the electric and magnetic fields in the vicinity of the shock. The appara- J095) WINDAGE AND PUMPING LOSSES IN GAS PARTIAL- tus required for the experimental verifi- ADMISSION TURBINES cation of this analysis is now being constructed. (b) Office of Scientific Research, U. S. Air Force (3098) FILM CONDENSATION OF VAPOR IN HORIZONTAL (c) Prof. Robert W. Mann, Room 3-W32, Mass. TUBES.

Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39 > Mass. (d) Experimental; applied research for master's (b) American Society of Mechanical Engineers, thesis Whirlpool Corporation. (e) Experimental evaluation of windage losses (c) Prof. A. L. Hesselschwerdt, Jr., and Prof. in a partial admission turbine. The wind- John C. Chato, Dept. of Mech. Engineering, age losses in a partial admission turbine Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39? can be a controlling factor in their Mass design, especially since shroud and blad- (d) Theoretical and experimental research for ing geometry most suitable for increasing doctoral thesis. the efficiency of active flow from one or (e) The purpose of the work is to analyze the several nozzles is such as to cause high fluid mechanics, heat and mass transfer windage losses in those portions of the phenomena occurring during condensation in rotor not in the active flow. In this a horizontal tube; and to develop a com- investigation experimental torque measure- plete description of the process that will ments will be made over a wide range of correlate reasonably well with the data Reynolds numbers for progressive varia- obtained by experiments. The experimental tions in blading aspect ratio and solidity work is designed primarily for the study and shroud axial and radial clearance. of the fluid mechanics of the system. Analytic models which conform to the (g) No complete results are available yet on

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the present phase of the work (d) Experimental; field and laboratory; for (h) "Film Condensation of Vapor in a Horizontal design of watershed yield, flood peak re- Tube", J. B. Chaddock, Refrigerating Engi- duction, and general information. be neering, 65, No. k, 31, 1957- (e) Rainfall and runoff studies will made on small drainage areas in western Massa- AXIAL INDUCERS FOR TURBO-PUMPS. chusetts which when combined with other hydrologic factors such as temperature, General Electric, Westinghouse, and Allison evaporation, vegetal cover, ground water, Division of General Motors. etc., will provide a better basis for Prof. E. S. Taylor, Dept. of Mech. Engi- design of small reservoirs with regard to neering, Mass. Inst, of Technology, yield and flood peak reduction. Cambridge 39? Mass. Theoretical and experimental; applied research. Tests to determine the suitability of a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil procedure for designing an anti -cavitation Engineering. inducer. Design theory developed. Tests being made. (2122) DEVELOPMENT OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER IN THE Gas Turbine Laboratory Report No. kk. ENTRANCE TO A PIPE. Available after February 1959- (b) Laboratory project. THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW IN COMPRESSOR (c) Prof. H. R. Henry, Dept. of Civil Engineer CASCADES. PART I: EFFECT OF SKEWED FLOW ing, Michigan State University, East AT BLADE EXTREMITIES. Lansing, Michigan. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- General Electric, Westinghouse, Allison search. Division of General Motors. (e) Velocity and pressure measurements obtaine Prof. E. S. Taylor, Dept. of Mech. Engi- to determine flow conditions at the entran neering, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, of a pipe. Mass (f) Completed. Theoretical and experimental; applied re- (g) Present theories corroborated. Assymetry search for Sc.D. thesis. of velocity profiles appears to be a Study of the effect of the flow approaching permanent characteristic. a blade row which occurs near the walls. (h) Publication forthcoming. Gas Turbine Laboratory Report No. k6. Available after September 1959- ( 2125 ) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN RUNOFF WATER FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS. THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW IN COMPRESSOR CASCADES. PART II: EFFECT OF INCREASED (b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. DIFFUSION AT BLADE EXTREMITIES. (c) Prof. R. Z. Wheaton, Agricultural Engineer ing Dept., Michigan State University, East, General Electric, Westinghouse, Allison Lansing, Michigan. Division of General Motors. (d) Field investigation; for design. Prof. E. S. Taylor, Dept. of Mechanical (e) Samples of runoff water are collected at Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Technology, periodic intervals and more frequent Cambridge 39, Mass. intervals during flood flow to determine Theoretical and experimental; applied re- the concentration of sediment being trans- search for Sc.D. thesis. ported. Runoff gaging stations serviced b; Flow in a compressor cascade with retarded USGS. Dense network of 22 recording rain- axial velocity. Measurements of velocity, gages for 25 square mile area in two water pressure distribution and boundary layer. sheds Predictions of flow angles and stall appear (g) Sediment content of runoff is low. to be possible. (h) "Hydrologic Studies of Small Watersheds In: Gas Turbine Laboratory Report No. kd. Agricultural Areas of Southern Michigan", [ Available after October 1959- Report No. 1, Deer-Sloan Basin, A. D. Ash,,; et al. Water Resources Commission, State jj of Michigan, 77 PP, 1958.

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS ENGINEERING RESEARCH (2126) SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE. INSTITUTE. (b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. (256l) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS. (c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineer-j Ing Dept., Michigan State University, East (b) Cooperative with the U. S. Soil Conserva- Lansing, Michigan. tion Service, U. S. Weather Bureau, and U. (d) Experimental; field investigation, applied ; S. Geological Survey. Student assistance research. financed by Faculty Research Grant. (e) To study the effect of bedding, bedding an (c) Prof. George R. Higgins, Engineering Re- moling, bedding and tile, and tile drain- search Institute, University of Mass., age on crop yields in a submarginal farm- Amherst, Mass. ing area. Crop yields in a grain-grain

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hay-hay rotation are measured in increments of a closed conduit away from the drainage feature. Two rod tile lateral spacing has given the (31010 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION FOR FROST PROTECTION highest crop yields. A 60-foot tile OF PLANTS. spacing ranks second. 00 Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. (2127) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY AND DURA- (c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineer- BILITY OF SUBSURFACE DRAINS PLACED IN MUCK. ing Dept., Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 00 Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. (d) Experimental, laboratory and field investi- (c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineer- gation; applied research. ing Dept., Michigan State University, East (e) To determine the application rates and re- Lansing, Michigan. peat frequency of water application to give (d) Experimental, field investigation; applied effective protection to plants against research. frost damage. (e) Four lateral underdrains were placed in (g) Application rates of 0.1 inch per hour, muck (Ph6.5). Concrete and clay tile in repeat frequency of 12 to 20 seconds has one- and two-foot lengths. Perforated protected truck crops against minimum steel pipe in eight-foot lengths and per- temperature of 19° F. forated fibre pipe in six-foot lengths 00 "Frost Protection with Sprinkler Irrigation", were installed in 1952. E. H. Kidder and J. R. Davis, Extension Elevations of the ground surface and the Bulletin No. 327, Michigan State University, underdrains are taken annually. Quality Cooperative Extension Service, 12 pp, 1956. of material is checked at four-year inter-

vals . (3105) SHEAR AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON DUNE- (g) The soil surface subsided 0.8 to 0.9 feet SHAPED BOUNDARIES. the first year, with little subsidence since. The underdrains settled about 0-3 00 Laboratory project feet the first year. Negligible since. (c) Dr. E. M. Laursen, Dept. of Civil Engineer- Concrete drain tile from three manufac- ing, Michigan State University, East turers deteriorated by acid action. Con- Lansing, Michigan. siderable rusting was noted on galvanized (d) Experimental; basic research. steel. Hay blinding material was in (e) Since the bed of alluvial channels commonly excellent condition. consists of ripples or dunes, the distribu- (h) "Stability and Durability of Underdrains tion of shear and pressure over these in an Organic Soil", R. Z. Wheaton, et roughness elements is of interest in regard al. Quarterly Bulletin, Michigan Agri- to both sediment transportation and re- cultural Experiment Station, Michigan sistance to flow. A 44- foot Lucite conduit State Univ., Article No. 40-63, pp 555- with schematic triangular dunes and air as 560, February 1958. the fluid will be used in the experimental investigation. (3102) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF PLANTS.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) Prof. R. Z. Wheaton, Agricultural Engineer- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Dept. of Civil Engineering ing Dept., Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.^ (2129) DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW CONTROL. (d) Experimental, field investigation; applied research. 00 Rackham Research Grant. (e) Four" areas are protected against natural (c) Prof. V. L. Streeter, 322 W. Engineering rainfall during the cropping season. Pre- Bldg., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, cision irrigation is practiced to maintain Mich. four levels of available water in the soil. (d) Experimental and analytical. Meteorological, evapotranspiration and (e) Determination of effectiveness of the evaporation data is also collected. principle of single-orifice flow control (g) The highest level of available water with a non-linear spring resistance as (range between 70 and 100$ in the surface applied to open channels foot) gives the highest yield of potatoes. (f) Completed. Consumptive use peak rate of 0.18 inches (g) The general principle of a spring force per day. varying exponentially with displacement and an orifice area varying exponentially (3103) A STUDY OF SECONDARY FLOW IN THE BEND OF A with spring displacement yielding sub- CLOSED CONDUIT. stantially constant flow control over the design head range has been confirmed. (b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. 00 "A Flow Controller for Open or Closed (c) Mr. Chung-sheng Cornelius Shih, Agricul- Conduits", V. L. Streeter, Trans. ASCE, tural Engineering Dept., Michigan State pp. 883-907, 1958. University, East Lansing, Michigan. (d) Theoretical; basic Ph.D. thesis. (2809) ELIMINATION OF WAVE MOTION IN MENTOR (e) Mathematical analysis of flow in the bend HARBOR, OHIO.

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The Mentor Har"bor Yachting Club. Continuing studies confirm the previous (c) Prof. E. F. Brater, 320 W. Engineering results Bldg., Ann Arbor, Michigan. '(h) "Velocity Studies in a Pipe Flowing Full", (a) Model study. R. F. Tindall. Master's Thesis, Missouri

(e) A 1:50 model of the harbor area was con- School of Mines, 1950. (Available on loan. Je structed. Prototype wave conditions were reproduced in the model and methods of (319) WEIR STUDIES. eliminating the objectionable conditions were tested. (b) Laboratory Project. (f) Completed. (c) Prof. E. W. Carlton, Civil Engineering (g) Three plans were found which reduced wave Department, Missouri School of Mines and heights in the harbor by amounts varying Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo.

from 78 to 65 percent. (d) Experimental; basic research -for master ' (h) Report supplied to sponsor. thesis (e) Tests on rectangular weirs were made to determine effect of velocity of approach on the relation between crest depth and UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ship Model Tank. critical depth of an imaginary open channel having same dimensions as the weir (3106) BARGE RESISTANCE. opening (g) Study produced a simple, accurate and quick (b) Laboratory project. solution for plotting of M function. (c) Prof. L. A. Baler, Naval Architecture and Relationship between the M function and Marine Engineering, U50 West Engineering the critical depth is logarithmic. This Building, University of Michigan, Ann greatly simplifies determination of criti- Arbor, Michigan. cal flow where the critical depth is known (d) Research. or vice versa. A relationship exists (e) Effect of proportions and rakes in re- between M function of channels of same stricted waters. shape but different dimensions. The velocity of approach does not affect the (3107! EXT. OF TMB SERIES 60, BULBOUS BOW relationship between physical depth and INVESTIGATIONS crest depth. (h) "Calibration of weirs by means of critical Project conducted for Student Research flow and specific energy," R. A. Rapp, Project sponsored in part by the Society Master's Thesis, Missouri School of Mines, of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. 1950. (Available on loan. (c) Mr. R. B. Couch, Chairman, Naval Archi- tecture and Marine Engineering, k^O West (2578) CORRELATION OF WEIR CREST DEPTH AND WEIR Engineering Building, University of Mich.. FLOW CHARACTERISTICS. Ann Arbor, Michigan. m An experimental project of applied re- (b) Laboratory Project. search for graduate student courses. (c) Prof. Clifford D. Muir, Civil Engineering (e) Parent models of TMB Series 60, block Department, Missouri School of Mines and coefficients of O.65, 0.70 and 0.75 are Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo. being fitted with bulbous bows of yjo, Gf>, (d) Experimental. and 9$ area. Resistance tests are being (e) Tests on several cipoletti weirs were made run and flow studies made. Reports will in order to determine the effect of weir be prepared on completion of the work. thickness, H/P ratio, and Froude's Number on the ratio of crest depths to the critical depth of an imaginary open channel having the same dimensions as the weir MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY, Depart- flow section. ment of Civil Engineering. (g) This study indicated a definite relationship between the crest depth to critical (317) VELOCITY STUDIES IN A VERTICAL PIPE FLOW- depth ratio and the Froude Number of the ING FULL. imaginary channel. However, the ratio tended to become constant at either high (b) Laboratory Project. or low Froude Numbers. The H/P ratio had (c) Prof. Clifford D. Muir, Civil Engineering no noticeable affect on this relationship. Department, Missouri School of Mines and A continuation of this study indicates Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri. probable superiority of crest depth flow (d) Experimental; basic research for master's relationships, when weirs having a narrow thesis width with respect to head are being used. (e) Tests were conducted on vertical flow in (h) "Correlation of Weir Crest Depth Froude 1/2 inch hard-drawn copper pipe to investi- Number, H/P Ratio, and Weir Thickness." gate flow with pipe flowing full and Paul Harrawood, Master's Thesis, Missouri under positive pressure. School of Mines, 1956. (Available on (f) Suspended. loan. (g) The experimental results obtained were in agreement with theoretical computations.

k6 .

SDNTANA STATE COLLEGE, Agricultural Experiment NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY. Itation. Inquiries concerning the following projects should inquiries concerning the following projects should be addressed to Mr. C. H. Hancock, Hydraulic ie addressed to Mr. 0. W. Monson, Head, Agricul- Laboratory, Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock ural Engineering Dept., Montana State College, Company, Newport News, Virginia. iozeman, Montana. (123) HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTS. 3108) FORECASTING OF WATER SUPPLY BASED ON WATER EQUIVALENT OF SNOW AND OTHER HYDROLOGIC (b) Laboratory pro ject FACTORS. (d) Experimental; for design data. (e) Scale model turbines, using either Francis (b) Conducted for Montana Agricultural Experi- or propeller type runners, are tested for ment Station in cooperation with Soil power and efficiency at various speeds. Conservation Service, USDA. (d) Experimental; applied research. (12k) METER CALIBRATION TESTS. (e) The present objective is to (l) forecast maximum or peak discharge for flood con- (b) Laboratory project trol and (2) to forecast recession from (d) Experimental. peak to "base, or mean, flow as an aid to (e) To establish calibration curve for deter- water commissioners and water users whose mining correction for various rates of water rights are based on priorities. flow. Meters are tested at various rates (g) Progress up to present time indicates that of flow by weighing tank method. Time is maximum or. peak discharge can he forecast recorded electronically by decade counters. approximately. Forecasting of recession has not yet proved reliable. (896) VANE MOMENT TESTS ON ADJUSTABLE BLADE (h) Annual reports to Western Regional Research RUNNERS. Conference and to Federal Examiner, O.E.S. (b) Laboratory project. 3109) IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY STUDIES. (d) Experimental; for design data. (e) Tests are to determine vane moment diagrams. (h) Montana Agricultural Experiment Station in The turbine load is applied by an elec- cooperation with U. S. Bureau of Reclama- trical dynamometer and the gate openings tion. are controlled by a governor. The blades (d) Experimental; applied research. adjust automatically and the blade moment (e) Development of a formula to guide irrigator is measured by a spring dynamometer. in the application of the amount of water which can he stored within root zone for (901) SHIP MODEL RESISTANCE TESTS. use by crop. Intended for irrigation by surface flooding methods of irrigation. (b) Laboratory project. (g) Formula gives size of stream Q (cfs) in (d) Experimental; for design data. terms of length and width of strip, rate ( e ) Scale ship models are towed to determine of water intake, slope or gradient of the effective horsepower, bare hull, field, and a roughness factor depending required by the ship. Because of their on density of vegetation. small size, several models may be towed in Formula: a short period of time thus allowing much preliminary work to be done on the choice 5/2 3/2 w of lines . The final lines are checked by Q [ 36OOKD ] 37* the David Taylor Model Basin. To eliminate a large portion of this preliminary testing, (h) Annual reports to Western Regional Research a schedule of systematic models was Service and to Federal Examiner, O.E.S. arranged in which the beam- draft ratio, the displacement-length ratio, and the 3110) REDUCTION OF SEEPAGE IN CANALS BY APPLICA- prismatic coeffident are varied over a TION OF BENTONITE. wide range. Towing this set of models is continuing and when completed will provide (b) Laboratory project in cooperation with design data for a standard offset series Cameron Ditch Co. covering a wide range. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) Bentonite applied in a slurry by sedimenta- (1132.) HYDRAULIC PUMP TESTS. tion method proved inefficient when canal was constructed through coarse gravel with (b) Laboratory project. insufficient fine material to trap the (d) Experimental; for design data. bentonite. (e) Scale model pumps, centrifugal and propel- (g) Four miles of ditch in coarse gravel was ler types, are tested at constant speeds treated with 12 inch compacted earth for head developed, power consumption, and lining reduced seepage by about 75$. efficiency at various rates of discharge. Bentonite treatment may be necessary. Cavitation tests are sometimes conducted by lowering the suction head to a point where the developed head and efficiency

hi break down. (f) Completed. (g) At low Reynolds numbers the experimental (1133) CAVITATION TESTS OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE results indicate very good agreement with MODELS. existing theoretical treatments; however, at high Reynolds numbers marked deviations (t>) Laboratory project. occur. Equations are presented which pre- (d) Experimental; for design data. dict the drag on the sphere and the pres- (e) Scale model turbines are tested on cavita- sure drop due to the presence of a sphere. tion stand to determine sigma at which It has been established that the boundary cavitation starts. By the use of a Plexi- effect is constant at increasing fluid glas throat ring and a Strobolux light velocity and that the deviation from theory synchronized with the shaft rotation, at high Reynolds number is due solely to visual observations are made to determine inertial effects. An equation is presented the location on the blade where cavitation which predicts the drag on one sphere in starts. Tests also run to determine runa- the presence of a second sphere as a func- way speeds at low sigma values. tion of the center-to-center distance between the two spheres. (2582) AIR TESTS ON HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODEL. (2583) EFFECT OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION ON PRES- (b) Laboratory project. SURE DROP AND SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY IN (d) Experimental; for design data. DILUTE BEDS OF PARTICLES. (e) Plexiglas hydraulic turbine model is tested with air. Smoke and tufts are used in the (b) Grants from Texas Company and American flow visualization studies. Velocity and Chemical Society; laboratory project. pressure distribution studies are made (d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral using a sensitive differential manometer. thesis. The gate moments obtained from the pres- (e) The slow translational motion of dilute sure distribution will be checked with a beds of particles settling through a vis- strain gage dynamometer. cous fluid subjected to the influence of cylindrical boundaries Is being studied. (3111) PUMP-TURBINE TESTS. This will ultimately enable a theoretical prediction of the effect of particle con- (b) Laboratory project. centration on pressure drop and sedimenta- (d) Experimental; for design data. tion velocity in beds of particles. (e) Pump-turbine models are to be tested on (g) The fluid velocity for a large number of this new facility. A previously tested field points within a cylindrical containei pump model has been tested to verify cali- has been computed for a spherical particle brations. A previously tested turbine settling at six evenly spaced locations model is now being readied for this stand along the cylinder radius. The velocity to further correlate calibrations. This field for all locations has also been stand will be adaptable for either pump or obtained from the computed points by turbine model tests as well as pump-turbine interpolation.

model tests . Cavitation as well as performance tests can be made on this facility. (25 84) THE MOTION OF TWO SPHERES FOLLOWING EACH OTHER IN A VISCOUS FLUID.

(b) Grant from the American Petroleum Research NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engi- Fund of the American Chemical Society; neering. laboratory project. (d) Experimental; basic research for master's Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2135, 2583, 2584, thesis. 2812, 3113, and 3118 should be addressed to Prof. (e) Determination of the terminal settling J. Happel, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, New York velocity of two equal size spheres moving University, University Heights, New York 53* N. Y. parallel to their line of centers as a function of the ratio of sphere diameter m (2135) EFFECT OF A CYLINDRICAL BOUNDARY ON RIGID center-to-center distance, and Reynolds SPHERES SUSPENDED IN A MOVING VISCOUS number. An attempt to verify existing FLUID. theoretical solutions of this problem for the case of "creeping motion" as well as (b) Grant from Texas Company; Laboratory pro- to determine the magnitude of inertial ject. effects which are present at higher (d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral Reynolds numbers. thesis. (f) Completed. (e) A study of the effect of a cylindrical (g) At Reynolds numbers less than 0.2 the boundary on rigid spheres suspended in a experimental results agreed closely with moving fluid as a function of the Reynolds existing theory and showed that the termi- number, sphere to cylinder diameter ratio nal velocity of a sphere falling in the and sphere eccentricity by measurement of presence of another equal sphere in a drag on spheres and pressure drop caused viscous fluid is greater than the velocity

by their presence. of one sphere falling alone. This .

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phenomenon is due to interaction forces (b) Laboratory project. between the two spheres which become greater (d) Experimental; basic research for the as the distance between spheres becomes master's degree. less; the interaction forces reach a maxi- (e) This work will continue previous studies on mum when the spheres are touching. the motion of two spheres in a viscous At Reynolds numbers greater than 0.25 where fluid. Experiments will be conducted in a inertial effects cannot be neglected, the five foot tall, sixteen inch diameter glass two spheres were found to attract each column. These large dimensions will mini- other; the contribution of the inertial mize any errors due to the wall and end effects to the drag on each sphere was effects. Two one-quarter inch spheres will found to be approximately equal to (l + be dropped side by side and the forces of 0.11 Re) in the Reynolds number range from repulsion between them will be measured; .3 to .7- the study will be carried out using spheres (h) "The Motion of Two Spheres Following Each of various densities and fluids of various Other in a Viscous Fluid", Robert Pfeffer, •viscosities Master's Thesis, 1958 (available on loan). (3114) SLOW VISCOUS FLOW PAST A SPHERE IN A (2812) THE MOTION OF A RIGID SPHERE IN A FRICTION- CYLINDRICAL TUBE. LESS CYLINDER. (b) Laboratory project. (b) Grant from the American Petroleum Research (c) Professor Howard Brenner, Department of Fund of the American Chemical Society; Chemical Engineering, New York University, laboratory project. New York 53, N. Y. (d) Theoretical; basic research for the (d) Theoretical; basic research. master's degree. (e) A theoretical treatment is developed for (e) Investigation was undertaken to develop a the slow flow of a viscous fluid through a sphere and cylinder model which will serve cylindrical container within which a small as a basis for further theoretical studies particle is confined; the sphere is situ- of assemblages of particles. Stokes ated in an arbitrary position within the equations of viscous flow were assumed to cylinder and moves at constant velocity apply to the motion of a rigid sphere parallel to the walls. cylin- along the axis of an infinitely long ( f ) Completed. der. Solution of the problem was carried (g) Approximate expressions have been derived out under the postulate that the fluid which give the frictional drag, rotational shear on the cylinder wall is everywhere couple, and permanent pressure drop caused zero. by the presence of the obstacle in the (f) Completed. original Poiseuillian field of flow as a (g) An exact solution has been obtained in the function of the ratio of sphere to cylinder form of an infinite set of linear simul- radius and fractional distance of the parti- taneous equations for the coefficients in cle from the longitudinal axis of the the Stokes stream function. Experimental cylinder. The results are directly appli- work involved the measurement of the drag cable to devices such as the falling ball on a sphere suspended in a fluid having a viscometer when the sphere is eccentrically parabolic velocity distribution at in- located. finity. Results show that the measured (h) Brenner, H. and Happel, J., Journal of drag is in good agreement with the theo- Fluid Mechanics k, Part 2, 195 (1958). retical predictions. (h) "The Motion of a Rigid Sphere in a Fric- (3115) SOLUTION OF OSEEN'S EQUATIONS FOR FLOW PAST tionless Cylinder", Paul A. Ast, Master's AN OFF- CENTERED SPHERE IN A CYLINDER. Thesis, 1958 (available on loan). (b) Laboratory project. (3112) DISSIPATION OF ENERGY DUE TO SOLID PARTI- (c) Professor Howard Brenner, Department of CLES SUSPENDED IN A VISCOUS LIQUID. Chemical Engineering, New York University, New York 53, N. Y. (b) National Science Foundation Grant. (d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral (c) Professor Howard Brenner, Department of degree Chemical Engineering, New York University, (e) It is the purpose of this project to deter- New York 53, N. Y. mine the sidewise force exerted on an off- (d) Theoretical; basic research. centered sphere in a cylinder. This will (e) Establishment of the conditions of appli- be obtained by satisfying the boundary cability of Einstein's viscosity equation; condtions in the solution to Oseen's applicability of relation between pressure equations for fluid flow. drop and weight of a fluidized bed. (f) Completed. (3116) FLOW FROM A POINT SOURCE INTO A PIPE. (h) "Dissipation of Energy Due to Solid Parti- cles Suspended in a Viscous Liquid", H. (b) Laboratory project. Brenner, Physics of Fluids 1, 338-^6 (1958). (c) Professor Howard Brenner, Department of Chemical Engineering, New York University, (3113) THE MOTION OF TWO SPHERES PERPENDICULAR TO New York 53, N. Y. THEIR LINE OF CENTERS IN A VISCOUS FLUID. (d) Theoretical; basic research for the

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master's degree. (g) A test program has been completed that The development of laminar flow in a pipe included tests of two widths of channel two from a symmetrically placed point source, lengths of crest and two crest heights. at low Reynolds numbers, has been investi- The analysis of this data is underway. gated as a basis for further theoretical studies of assemblages of such point (3119) VELOCITY AND BOUNDARY LAYER DISTRIBUTION sources. Stokes equation of viscous flow OF FLOW IN A SMOOTH CIRCULAR PIPE. were assumed to apply to the case of axi- symmetrical motion in an infinitely long (b) Laboratory project. cylinder. The solution of the problem was (c) Prof. Glen N. Cox, Chairman, Engineering obtained under the assumption that there Mechanics Dept., New York 53, New York. is no motion' of the fluid with respect to (a) Experimental; basic research for master's the wall and that at large distances from thesis the source (i.e. at infinity) the field (e) The purpose of this investigation was to must be parabolic. study the velocity distribution and the An exact solution has been derived by the mixing length for flow of water in a 2.5 method of reflection resulting in an infi- diameter brass pipe having a well rounded nite series expressing Stokes stream func- entrance. Velocity traverses were made at tion as a function of position. A plot of numerous sections using a small pitot tube. constant stream lines versus position (f) Suspended. along the cylinder was obtained. (g) The experimental data showed that the mixing length extended for a distance of (3117) NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS THROUGH A FLUIDIZED approximately k-6 pipe diameters from the BED. entrance. 00 "Velocity and Boundary Layer Distribution Laboratory project. of Flow in a Smooth Circular Pipe," John F.

Dept. , , , (c) Prof. Howard Brenner, of Chemical Farrell Jr . New York Univ . New York 5 3 , Engineering, New York University. New York, June 1958 (unpublished thesis). (a) Experimental; basic research for master's thesis (e) To determine the pressure drop in a fluidized bed by using a fluid that gives Bing- NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Meteorology and ham flow. A thick suspension of Illinois Oceanography. yellow clay In water is being used as a fluid. The data will be used in the (2356 SHIP MOTIONS PROJECT. designing of fluidized beds. (b David Taylor Model Basin, Department of th (3118) VISCOUS FLOW IN MULTIPARTICLE SYSTEM: SLOW Navy. MOTION OF FLUIDS RELATIVE TO BEDS OF (c Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Jr., Research SPHERICAL PARTICLES. Associate Professor of Meteorology, New York University, University Heights, New 00 Laboratory project. York 53, New York. (d) Theoretical; basic research. (a Theoretical and experimental; basic and (e) A mathematical treatment is developed on applied research. the basis that two concentric spheres can (e Studies of the theory of a stationary serve as the model for a random assemblage Gaussian process as applied to the motions of spheres moving relative to a fluid. By of ships in waves; experimental and theo- using appropriate boundary conditions retical determination of co-spectra and which apply to the model a closed solution quadrature spectra. was obtained which satisfies the Stokes- Theoretical studies of cross spectra, and Navier equations omitting inertia terms. theoretical papers on wave theory and ship (f) Completed. motion theory. (g) The analytical solution enables the rate (h "Certain Probabilities Associated with Bow of sedimentation or alternatively pressure Submergence and Ship Slamming in Irregular drop to be predicted as a function of Seas," Leo J. Tick, Journal of Ship Re- fractional void volume. search, 1958. 00 Happel, J., AIChE Journal, k, 197 (1958). (2357 WAVE PROJECT.

Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory. Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Jr., Research Associate Professor of Meteorology, New (1912) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SIDE WEIR. York University, University Heights, New York 53, N. Y. (b) Laboratory project. (a Theoretical and experimental, and basic (c) Prof. A. H. Griswold, New York University, and applied. New York 53, N. Y. (e Attempt to formulate the zero crossing (d) This is an applied research project In problem of a stationary Gaussian process which a theoretical analysis is being and solve it for spectra like those of checked experimentally. ocean waves.

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(g) Excellent results have been obtained. NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Agricultural (h) "Theoretical and Observed Results for the Engineering Department Zero and Ordinate Crossing Problems of Stationary Gaussian Noise with Application (3121) PREFABRICATED DITCH LININGS. to Pressure Records of Ocean Wave", by S. Ehrenfeld, N. R. Goodman, S. Kaplan, E. (b) Laboratory project. Mehr, W. J. Pierson, R. Stevens, and L. F. (c) Mr. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural Tick, Tech. Report, College of Engineering, Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., New York University, 1958. North Dakota Agricultural College, Fargo, North Dakota. (3120) OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH OCEAN ATMOSPHERE (d) Experimental; applied research. WAVE INTERACTION AND PROJECT ( e ) Four mil polyethylene lining was used in irrigation ditches to determine its (b) Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Re- durability and usefulness in preventing search, Department of the Navy. seepage. (c) Prof. Gerhard Neumann, Professor of (g) Results of one year's work indicate that Oceanography, and Prof. Willard J. Pierson, surface linings must be well anchored and Jr., Research Associate Professor of Mete- may last more than one season. One half orology, New York University, University of the linings were removed at the end of Heights, New York 53, N. Y. the season and showed some damage. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research. (e) Study of the generation and propagation of waves in deep water; of wave observation NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological and forecasting techniques, of waves as a Institute three variable stationary Gaussian process, and of non-linear random models of waves (2361) FATE OF FISSION PRODUCTS IN SURFACE WATERS. Study of the circulation of the oceans as described last year is continuing. A (b) U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. study of the capillary wave spectrum is (c) Prof. Carlos G. Bell, Jr., Northwestern still under way. University, Evanston, Illinois. (g) A study of swell records obtained by J. E. (d) Theoretical and experimental; doctoral Dinger at N.R.L. at Barbados is under way. research of Mr. Ivor Thomas. Important non-linear results are being (e) Study of the fate of fission products when applied to the study of the Project SWOP injected into the Chicago Sanitary Ship data. Canal near Lemont, 111. Two injections (h) "The Directional Spectrum of a Wind Gener- have been made and the data have been ated Sea as Determined from Data Obtained analyzed to obtain longitudinal dispersion by the Stereo Wave Observation Project", coefficients by Joseph Chase, L. J. Cote, W. Marks, E. (h) Final report to A.E.C. being prepared at Mehr, W. J. Pierson, Jr., F. C. Ronne, G. present Stephenson, R. C. Vetter, and R. G. Walden. Revised report to appear in Journal of (2586) DISPERSION OF FLUID IN POROUS MEDIA. Marine Research. "A Non-linear Random Model of Gravity (b) Laboratory project. Waves", by Leo J. Tick, 1958. Technical (c) Professor Robert B. Banks, Northwestern Report for the Office of Naval Research. University, Evanston, Illinois. (d) Theoretical, experimental. (e) Packed column apparatus permits sampling of fluid flow to determine effects of disper- NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND sion, diffusion and convection on the change ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, in solute concentration. One-dimensional Department of Engineering Research. studies have been completed; experiments in progress on radial flow apparatus. (1636) RAINFALL, INTENSITY, DURATION, FREQUENCY, (g) A theoretical analysis of the problem CURVES FOR NORTH CAROLINA. indicates that the phenomena is described by an equation similar to the heat conduc- (b) Laboratory project. tion equation. A correlation between the (c) Prof. Chas. Smallwood, Dept. of Engineer- longitudinal dispersion coefficient and ing Research, North Carolina State College, Reynolds number has been obtained. Raleigh, N. C. (h) "Dispersion in Porous Media", Akio Ogata, (d) Experimental work consists of collecting Ph.D. Thesis, Northwestern University, information on rainfall. August 1958. (e) The collection and analysis of data pertaining to intensity, duration and fre- (28lU) TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF A BUTTERFLY GATE. quency of rainfall in North Carolina. (h) Information will be published later. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, 111.

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(d) Theoretical and experimental; master's Evanston, Illinois. thesis (d) Experimental. (e) Pressure patterns were obtained for a (e) Photographic study of an approximate two- "butterfly sluice gate "by model tests, flow dimensional bed to observe bubble growth nets and conformal mapping. factors and the onset of slugging. (f) Completed. (g) Theoretical and experimental pressures in (2821) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDIZED BEDS. agreement; a suitable mapping function was found. (b) Laboratory project. (h) "Pressures on a Curved Sluice Gate - An (c) Prof. W. T. Brazelton, Northwestern Univ., Application of Conformal Mapping", Fuat Evanston, 111 Odar, M.S. Thesis, Northwestern University, (d) Experimental; doctoral thesis.

August 1958. ( e ) Use of radiation absorption to determine density variations and describe particle (28l6) UNSTEADY FLOW ABOUT CYLINDERS AND SPHERES. motion and agglomerative tendencies. Physical characteristics as a function of (b) Laboratory project. bed position to correlate and explain heat (c) Prof. Robert B. Banks, Northwestern Univ., and mass transfer. Evanston, Illinois. (g) Bed densities from gamma ray absorptions (d) Theoretical, experimental; master's degree available research. (e) An experimental apparatus is under con- (2822) HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN FLUIDIZED BEDS. struction which will allow determination of unsteady forces on submerged bodies. (b) Laboratory project. Velocities, accelerations and forces will (c) Prof. W. T. Brazelton, Northwestern Univ., be measured for flows around cylinders and Evanston, 111. spheres (d) Experimental, basic research. (f) Commencing. (e) A study considering usual variables of particle size, gas rate, settled bed height (2818) DIFFUSION IN TIDAL ESTUARIES. but giving particular attention to parameter of bed position. Similar conditions (b) Laboratory project. are maintained for heat and mass transfer (c) Prof. Carlos G. Bell and Prof. Robert B. for comparative purposes. Banks, Northwestern University, Evanston, (g) Effect of longitudinal position has been Illinois. demonstrated for case of heat transfer. To (d) Theoretical and experimental; doctoral test same for mass transfer. thesis. (e) Experimental work is being conducted in (2824) RANQUE -HILSCH VORTEX TUBE. long, variable slope channel, modified to simulate a tidal estuary. Test results (b) Laboratory project. will be interpreted in the light of turbu- (c) Prof. G. M. Brown, Northwestern University, lent diffusion coefficients obtained by Evanston, 111. measurement of the longitudinal distribu- (d) Experimental, basic research; for doctoral tion of fluid tracers thesis (h) "Diffusion in a Vertically Homogeneous (e) Investigate flow pattern, pressure, tempera- Tidal Estuary", P. J. Huiswaard, Ph.D. ture, velocity vector throughout vortex Thesis, Northwestern University, Aug. 1958. flow region. Explain resulting temperatures (h) "The Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube", William (2819) NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW. Alfred Scheller and George Martin Brown, Ind. Eng. Chem. h9, 1013-16 (1957)- (b) Laboratory project. (c) Prof. Robert B. Banks, Northwestern Univ., (3122) TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN THE FLOW OF GASES Evanston, 111. AROUND SINGLE SPHERES. (d) Theoretical; for master's thesis. (e) Analysis of existing data of flow of non- (b) Laboratory project. Newtonian fluids in pipes. (c) Prof. George Thodos, Northwestern Univ., (f) Completed. Evanston, 111. (g) A correlation has been obtained between the (d) Experimental applied research; doctoral pipe friction factor and a modified research for Mr. Yin-Chao Yen. Reynolds number. (e) Studies are to be initiated for obtaining (h) "Correlations of Newtonian and Non-New- experimental data associated with the tonian Fluid Flow Behavior", by J. W. simultaneous transfer of momentum, heat and Curtis, M. S. Thesis, Northwestern Univ., mass from single spheres surrounded by a August 1958. gas flowing past it. In this connection it is proposed to utilize a suspended (2820) OBSERVATIONS IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLUIDIZED sphere made of a diatomaceous earth and BEDS. capable of absorbing significant quantities of liquids. In addition this material (b) Laboratory project. should be capable of permitting the fluid (c) Prof. W. T. Brazelton, Northwestern Univ., to flow to the surface by means of capillary

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action. With this condition, a constant (c) Dr. K. T. Yang, Dept. of Mechanical Engi- rate of drying should prevail. Consequent neering, University of Notre Dame, Notre measurements of temperature and buoyant Dame, Indiana. effects, in conjunction with the rate of (d) Theoretical investigation. mass transfer should permit the evaluation (e) Project deals with solutions to unsteady of the transport processes which occur laminar boundary-layer equations with simultaneously, special attention to the effects of variable (f) Commencing. physical properties and surface suction or injection on laminar boundary-layer char- (3123 FLOW PARAMETERS IN HYDROSTATIC LUBRICATION acteristics. Exact solutions are first FOR SEVERAL BEARING SHAPES. obtained for a specific unsteady freestream velocity distribution. The results 0> Laboratory project. may then be generalized to any free-stream (c Prof. S. Raynor and Prof. A. Charnes, velocity distribution by means of an inte- Technological Institute, Northwestern gral procedure. University, Evanston, 111. (hj "On Certain Similar Solutions to Unsteady (a Theoretical; basic. Laminar Boundary-Layer Equations in Low- (e In the case of hydrostatic lubrication the Speed Flow", by K. T. Yang, Journal of the designer of thrust bearings has to make Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 7, decisions regarding the shape of pads, July 1958. location of oil holes, and configuration of oil grooves. In this paper several pad shapes and associated oil inlets were In- vestigated using conformal mapping tech- THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Mechanical Engineering niques to obtain the total load carrying Department capacity, flow rate of oil, oil film thickness, pressure and velocity distribution. (3126) FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE TO THE FLOW OF AIR (f) Completed. THROUGH DUCTS LINED WITH INSULATING (g) The pressure and velocity distribution as MATERIAL. well as the total load carrying capacity were computed for: (l) Circular plates (b) The Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., Newark, with central hole; (2) square plates with Ohio. central hole; (3) elliptical plates with (c) Mr. Aubrey I. Brown, Mech. Engineering Dept., oil groove; and (k) infinite strip with Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. central hole (e) Use of high air velocities in insulated ducts of modern air-conditioning systems calls for data on the friction factor and the relative and absolute roughness of UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Dept. of Civil Engrg. various duct liners at air velocities up to 6000 feet per minute. Results of the tests (2827) OBLIQUE RATINGS OF A CURRENT METER, show characteristic variations in those factors at various air velocities to be (f) Completed. slightly different than for air flow (h) "The Use of a Current Meter in Turbulent through unlined metal ducts. The results and Divergent Channels", by S. Kolupaila, of these tests have contributed to the .Comptes Rendus et Rapports, AIGG, Assemblee development of a duct liner which offers a Generale de Toronto, 1957- Gentbrugge frlctional resistance to air flow that com- 1958, Vol. 1, pp. 1+37-W)-. Some reprints pares very favorably with that of ordinary available galvanized-iron ducts of similar inside cross-sectional dimensions. (312*0 HISTORY OF HYDROMETRY IN THE UNITED STATES. (3127) CAPACITY TESTS OF SAFETY AND RELIEF VALVES. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Dr. S. Kolupaila, Dept. of Civil Engineer- (b) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee, ing, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, National Board of Boiler and Pressure Indi ana. Vessel Inspectors. (d) Applied research. (c) Mr. Paul Bucher, Mech. Engineering Dept., (e) Development of water measurement technique The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. by U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, U. S. (e) A research and test program which has Geological Survey, U. S. Lake Survey, developed standardized methods of testing universities and power companies. Com- and rating pressure relief valves which has parison with the European development. been adopted by The ASME Power Boiler Con- (f) Completed. struction Code, The ASME Low Pressure (h) Publication pending. Heating Boiler Construction Code and The Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels. The (3125) UNSTEADY LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYERS ON Code requires that the above tests be con- ARBITRARY CYLINDERS WITH VARIABLE PHYSICAL ducted in an approved laboratory by ap- PROPERTIES AND SUCTION OR INJECTION. proved personnel. The Mechanical Engineer- ing Department of the Ohio State University (b) Laboratory project. has participated in this program for twenty

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years Dept., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. (3128) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE INLET REGION (d) M.Sc. Thesis, Paul Schumann. OF TWO CO-AXIAL CYLINDERS WITH THE INNER (e) Equations based upon Deissler's variation ONE ROTATING. of the Reynold's Analogy for the Heat- and Momentum-Transfer are developed and they (c) Mr. L. S. Han, Mech. Engineering Dept., are being compared with extensive experi- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. mental data obtained with high temperature (d) M.Sc. Thesis, L. Powers. (up to 800° F) air, flowing through a 1-3/1+ (e) An analytical investigation using the in. diameter tube at Nre up to 10^. It it method of von Kannan's integral equation. anticipated that the results will be useful for predicting temperature profiles in cir-

( 3129 ) TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN A HOMOGENEOUS cular ducts with heat-transfer between the MATRIX CONTAINING HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS. duct wall and the flowing fluid.

(c) Mr. S. M. Marco, Mech. Engineering, Dept., (3133) CALIBRATION OF PRIMARY FLOW METERING. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. (d) M.Sc. Thesis, Charles K. Smith. (c) Mr. Charles F. Sepsy, Mechanical Engineering (e) This investigation accomplished the devel- Dept., The Ohio State University, Columbus, opment of equations for the description of Ohio. temperature fields in a matrix containing (d) Calibrations conducted for various indus-

heat sources and sinks such as a homogeneous tries . fuel -moderator nuclear reactor cooled by (e) Facilities are available in the Dept. of tubes through which a coolant flows. The Mechanical Engineering for conducting cali- resulting equations are so arranged that brations on orifices, flow nozzles, and they may be used for design purposes. other types of primary elements used for flow metering purposes. Water is used as (3130) NATURAL CONVECTION BOILING HEAT TRANSFER OF the calibrating medium. Calibrations are WATER IN VERTICAL RECTANGULAR DUCTS. made on a weight-time basis. The maximum capacity of the equipment is approximately (c) Mr. S. M. Marco, The Mech. Engineering Dept. ten cubic feet of water per second. In The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. determining the coefficient of discharge an (d) Ph.D. Dissertation, Hi Chang Chai accuracy of 0.25 percent of the average (e) An experimental investigation of the effect determined by calibration is held. Upon of temperature difference, ratio of the completion of the calibration a complete length of the sides of the rectangular engineering report is prepared and submittec openings, additive agents, water level, to the sponsor. feedwater temperature and scale on the heat transfer rate was conducted. It was found (313^) STUDY ON 10 -INCH MULTI -PLATE STRAIGHTENING that two distinct ranges of the variable At VANE. exist. Two equations for the heat transfer coefficient as a function of the tempera- (b) Bailey Meter Company. ture difference At were developed. One (c) Mr. Charles F. Sepsy, Mechanical Engineerin equation is valid for one range of the Dept., The Ohio State University, Columbus, function At/De where De is the equiva- Ohio. lent diameter. (e) Flow measurement as used in acceptance test and performance monitoring must be accom- (3131) FREE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS plished with an accuracy considerably bette FOR HEATED HORIZONTAL FLAT PLATES ADJACENT than present commercial limits, in fact, TO A HEATED VERTICAL FLAT PLATE. within a fraction of 1$. This means the flow itself must be uniformly turbulent at (c) Mr. S. M. Marco, The Mech. Engineering the measuring point. If whirls, swirls or Dept., The Ohio State University, Columbus, other disturbances are present because of Ohio. the geometry of the preceding piping, they (d) M.Sc. Thesis, V. Torbert. must be eliminated completely before reach- (e) The heat transfer coefficient on a hori- ing the orifice, flow nozzle, or other type zontal flat plate is affected by the of primary element installed for metering heated column of air flowing over the purposes. A study was made on a new type vertical heated plate which is adjacent to of flow straightener, the Multi-Plate Vane, it. The results are applicable to the which provides a uniformly turbulent flow computation of heat transfer from small at the primary element. The flow straight- prismatic bodies such as transformers used ener was developed by the Bailey Meter Co. in electronic circuits.

( 3135 ) THE EFFECT OF OBLIQUETY ON THE COEFFICIENT (3132) TEMPERATURE AND VELOCITY PROFILES FOR HEAT OF DISCHARGE OF A THIN PLATE ORIFICE. TRANSFER TO AIR IN TURBULENT FLOW IN A CIRCULAR DUCT WITH CONSTANT WALL TEMPERA- (c) Mr. R. H. Zimmerman, Mechanical Engineering TURE. Dept., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. (c) Mr. S. M. Marco, Mechanical Engineering (d) M.Sc. Thesis, S. W. Angrist. . .

(e) To determine what effects (if any) thin W. 0. Ree and F. R. Crow, Oklahoma Agricul- plate orifices set at angles not perpendic- tural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin ular to the direction of flow will have on (in press). the coefficient of discharge. The test work included 3 angles from the vertical (2828) THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MONOMOLECULAR FILMS

20°, k0° , and 65° and 3 different ratios FOR REDUCING EVAPORATION FROM RESERVOIRS. of orifice size to pipe size. The Reynolds number range over which these data were (b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. collected were from 50,000 to 1+00,000 with (c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ., water as the flowing medium. This work Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Still- will he of interest in the metering and gas water, Oklahoma. turbine fields. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) Studies are being made on evaporation pans, (3136) COEFFICIENTS OF DISCHARGE FOR ANNULAR existing farm reservoirs and plastic lined ORIFICE PLATES. experimental evaporation reservoirs to develop methods of application and deter- (c) Mr. R. H. Zimmerman, Mechanical Engineering mination of effectiveness of hexadecanol Dept., The Ohio State University, Columbus, and octadecanol films for reducing evapora- Ohio. tion. Effect of wind on stability of mono'- (d) M.Sc. Thesis, C. W. Wolgemuth. layers is being studied in low-speed labo- (e) An experimental investigation of the coef- ratory wind tunnel. ficient of discharge of various types of (g) Evaporation reductions of hcrfo have been ob- annular orifices and of orifices mounted tained using a slurry method of applying oblique to the flow. The influence on the film to experimental pond. Curves have coefficient of discharge of various geo- been developed relating wind speed and re- metrical properties of the orifice. The quired film application rate. flow Reynolds number and tap location are (h) "Chemicals for Controlling Evaporation from being evaluated. Open Water Surfaces", F. R. Crow and E. R. Daniel, Trans. ASAE, First Edition, 1958. (3137) SUPERSONIC INTERNAL FLOWS WITH HEAT ADDITION.

(c) Mr. R. H. Zimmerman, Mechanical Engineering OREGON STATE COLLEGE, School of Forestry. Dept., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. (3138) SAMPLE ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS FOR USE IN (d) M.Sc. Thesis, Floyd Bridge. DETERMINING MAXIMUM FLOW IN WESTERN OREGON (e) An analytical investigation to predict the STREAMS. flow characteristics, total pressure loss and required area change during supersonic (b) Project conducted for partial completion of flow with heat addition. Various special requirements for Master of Science degree. cases of constant area, constant density, (c) Mr. C. W. Dane, O.S.C. School of Forestry, constant velocity, etc. are to be studied. Corvallis, Oregon. (d) Experimental. (e) Sample roughness coefficients for use in Manning's formula were computed from field OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engineering measurements on 28 stream bottoms in central Department western Oregon. Streams varied from 50- 5,000 cfs maximum flows. (2365) HYDR0L0GIC STUDIES ON SMALL GRASS-COVERED (f) Completed. WATERSHEDS. (g) Values of the roughness coefficient computed and photographs of stream bottoms at low (b) Agricultural Experiment Station coopera- water levels taken. tive with Agricultural Research Service. (h) "Sample Roughness Coefficients for Use in (c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ., Determining Maximum Flow in Western Oregon Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Still- Streams", thesis filed in Library, Oregon water, Oklahoma. State College, Corvallis, Oregon. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Measurements are being made to provide hydrologic data on total watershed runoff and peak rates of runoff from three small OREGON STATE COLLEGE, Hydraulic Laboratory. grass-covered watersheds (17 to 206 acres) In north central Oklahoma. Highway cul- (2829) MODEL INVESTIGATION OF AN ARTIFICIAL OUTLET verts, modified by the addition of weir FOR DOWNSTREAM MIGRATING FISH AT PELT0N sills, are being used as runoff measuring DAM, OREGON. devices (g) Intensive model tests of culverts equipped (b) Portland General Electric Co., Portland, Ore. with weir sills completed. Eight year (c) Dr. Roy H. Shoemaker, Jr., Dept. of Civil data on precipitation and runoff completed. Engineering, Oregon State College, Corvallis, (h) "Runoff from Small Watersheds in the Oregon. Reddish Prairie Grasslands of Oklahoma", (d) Experimental; applied research, design.

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(e) Scale model of artificial outlet tested in Oregon. model reservoir to determine: (l) Typical (d) Experimental; design, development. patterns of flow in reservoir as affected (e) Tests to determine nature of flow into by discharge from penstocks; (2) effect of pump suction well and pump suction bells at artificial outlet upon magnitude and direc- various flows and operating combinations of tion of forebay currents; (3) effective six vertical circulating pumps. limits of zone influence of the artificial outlet in the forebay and; (k) optimum (311*2) HYDRAULIC MODEL TESTS OF PROCESS PUMP SUC- flows into the artificial outlet for satis- TION LINES. factory operation. (f) Completed. (b) General Electric Co. (g) Unstable flow patterns observed in reser- (c) Dr. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engineer- voir but reasonably consistent trend dis- ing, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Ore. covered in surface laying. No measureable (d) Experimental; development. effect of artificial outlet flow upon fore- (e) Tests to determine flow patterns at suction

bay current patterns . Limits of zone of flanges of certain process pumps at the influence of artificial outlet was limited Hanford Atomic Energy Plant. to area in which no appreciable circula- (g) Developmental results. tion currents existed. Cptimum flow into (h) Information may be obtained from the sponsor skimmer was maximum design flow of 200 cfs. to whom a limited number of reports have (h) Limited number of final reports submitted been submitted. directly to sponsor. No additional copies available.

(3139) BULL RUN DAM NO. 2 SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES. THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Ordnance Re- search Laboratory, Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel. (b) City of Portland, Oregon. (c) Dr. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engineer- (259U) SCALE EFFECTS ON THE INCIPIENT CAVITATION ing, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Ore. CONNECTED WITH LOCAL SURFACE IRREGULARITIES. (d) Experimental, development. (e) Model studies to determine flow patterns (b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau at the suction flanges of several process of Ordnance. pumps were performed. Models were princi- (c) Mr. J. William Holl, Ordnance Research Lab- pally constructed of 5-inch I.D. lucite oratory, Pennsylvania State University, tubing. University Park, Pennsylvania. (f) Completed. (d) Theoretical and experimental. (g) Design Improvements. (e) The inception of cavitation on isolated surface irregularities were investigated (311*0) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FALL experimentally and theoretically. The CREEK FISHWAY. prime variable was the relative height of roughness, h/8, where h is the height (b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Division 8, of roughness and S the boundary layer Portland, Oregon. thickness in the vicinity of the roughness. (c) Dr. Roy H. Shoemaker, Jr., Dept. of Civil Circular arc and triangular- shaped, two- Engineering, Oregon State College, dimensional roughnesses were studied. The Corvallis, Oregon. roughness varied in height from .002 to (d) Experimental; design. .500 inches. (e) Model studies of fishway carrying water (f) Completed. from outlet of 5-foot square box culvert. (g) Results of tests showed significant varia- Studies were made to determine wall tions of the incipient cavitation number heights of fishway when carrying flows with both size and velocity. The experi- equal to and exceeding culvert design mental results also showed that when the capacities boundary layer thickness is 70 times (f) Completed. greater than the height of a triangular (g) Required wall heights found to be only roughness, the Incipient cavitation number slightly greater than those estimated in can be as great as 0.3- Thus for comparable preliminary design. Pier in diverging conditions the incipient cavitation number outlet of fishway was found to provide of any smooth streamlined body of practical- satisfactory distribution of flow across interest would be increased very significant crest of outlet baffle. when an irregularity is located in the re- (h) Limited number of reports submitted gion of minimum pressure. directly to sponsor. No additional copies (h) "The Effect of Surface Irregularities on available Incipient Cavitation", J. W. Holl, 0RL TM 5.31+10-03, June 1958. (311*1) HYDRAULIC MODEL TESTS, PRIMARY PUMP SUCTION WELLS HANFORD WORKS. (2832) MEASUREMENT OF FORCES ON A MODEL IN A WATER TUNNEL. (b) General Electric Co. (c) Dr. Roy H. Shoemaker, Dept. of Civil Engi- (b) Laboratory project. neering, Oregon State College, Corvallis, (c) Messrs. T. E. Pierce and G. B. Gurney,

56 . . . .

Ordnance Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania (31^3) REDUCTION OF SKIN FRICTION DRAG. State University, University Park, Pa. (d) Experimental; developmental. (b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau (e) The problem concerns the measurement of of Ordnance. forces on models in a water tunnel over a (c) Mr. A. F. Lehman, Ordnance Research Labora- velocity range up to 80 fps, pressure tory, Pennsylvania State University, ranges of 3 to 60 psia. University Park, Pennsylvania. (g) Methods for waterproofing strain gages (d) Experimental. permitting application to flooded internal (e) Investigations into the reduction of skin balance systems satisfactorily developed. friction drag on submerged bodies through A three-component internal balance (lift, boundary layer control. Actual test inves- pitching moment, and roll) for use with tigations scheduled for summer 1959- 8-inch diameter models has been successfully used under cavitating and non-cavitating conditions. The drag link now incorporated in the pylon mounting strut is PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Experiment Station. being incorporated in the internal system. A smaller balance measuring lift, drag, (2595) A MODEL STUDY OF BREATHERS IN TILE LINES. pitching moment, and rolling moment for use with string-mounted models up to about k (b) Laboratory project. inches in diameter is under construction. (c) Prof. E. J. Monke, Agr. Engineering Dept., Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. (2833) EXCITATION OF CAVITY RESONANCE BY WATER FLOW. (d) Field investigation; applied research; master's thesis. (b) Laboratory project. (e) Investigations were made to determine (c) Mr. R. E. Bland, Dr. E. J. Skudrzyk, Ord- whether breathers are necessary in tile nance Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania lines State University, University Park, Pa. (f) Completed. (d) Primarily experimental, some theoretical; (g) An advantage of not using breathers in tile basic research. lines 'Is that greater discharge can be (e) Experiments involving the excitation of obtained for heads in the range between cavity resonance by water flow past an open channel flow and pipe flow. opening will be undertaken in both the (h) "Effect of Breathers on Flow Characteristics large and small water tunnels. Test inves- in Tile Drains Laid on Steep Slopes", by tigations to begin early in 1959- H. R. Honeyfield, M.S. Thesis, (available

at Purdue Library ) (2d3h) INCIPIENT CAVITATION UNDER UNSTEADY CONDITIONS. (2596) THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF A RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT (b) Laboratory project. STUDIES. (c) Mr. J. J. Eisenhuth, Ordnance Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, (b) Agricultural Research Service, SWC, ESW, University Park, Pa. USDA and Purdue University. (d) Theoretical; experimental. (c) Mr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS, Agr. Engr. Bldg., (e) This investigation is concerned with the Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. unsteady interaction between propeller (d) Experimental; development; operation. blades and the wakes of stationary control (e) Methods of simulating rainfall, using the surfaces. The particular goal is to learn kinetic energy of the drops as the primary the effects on incipient cavitation of pro- comparison, have been investigated. A peller blades when passing through these portable rainfall simulator has been de- wakes signed, constructed, and is in use as a (f) Completed. tool to aid in the rapid evaluation of (g) Theoretical predictions were made of the factors that influence runoff, erosion, and influence on the non-steady pressure per- infiltration. Commercial spray nozzles are turbations on a blade row as a result of used to apply intensities of 2jt and 5 inches periodic wakes shed from an upstream blade per hour to standard runoff study plots. row. These predictions were compared with Construction of the simulator in units some cavitation experiments on a propeller. makes it possible to vary the number and The results indicate that the experimental size of plots that are covered simultane- values of pressure perturbations are some- ously. Present use of the simulator is what lower than theoretically predicted primarily for qualitative evaluations of values. The general trend, e.g., the in- various topographic soil, water, crop, and fluence of wake width and wake spacing, is management factors under controlled field in substantial agreement between theory conditions and experiments. (h) "Rainfall Simulator for Runoff Plots", by (h) "The Unsteady Wake Interaction in Turbo- L. Donald Meyer and Donald L. McCune in machinery and its Effect on Cavitation", Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 39, pp. 6kk Hsuan Yeh, J. J. Eisenhuth, ASME Paper to 61+8, October 1958. No. 58-A-llU, December 1958. "An Investigation of Methods for Simulating

514561 0-59-5 . , .. .

Rainfall on Standard Runoff Plots and a temperature, velocity, and concentration Study of the Drop Size, Velocity, and of milk on the particle size and quality Kinetic Energy of Selected Spray Nozzles ", of the dried product are currently under by L. Donald Meyer in Special Report Wo. investigation.

8l, Eastern Soil and Water Mgmt . Research Branch, SWC-ARS, U. S. Dept. of Agri., (311+5) FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS. Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. (b) Shell Fellowship Committee of the Shell (2597) THE EFFECTS OF TILLAGE ON RUNOFF AND Companies Foundation, Inc. EROSION. (c) Prof. C. 0. Bennett, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, (b) Laboratory project. Indiana. (c) Prof. Helmut Kohnke, Agronomy Dept ., Purdue (d) Experimental and theoretical investigation; University, Lafayette, Indiana. basic research for Ph.D. thesis. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) A survey of the literature on the fluid (e) Runoff and soil erosion will "be measured mechanics and the heat transfer phenomena from 15 watersheds in five different of non-Newtonian fluids is under way, and

tillage systems . These systems involve plans for the experimental apparatus are two surface soil treatments and three sub- being completed. soil treatments, including subsoil fertilization and vertical mulching. A complete hydrologic analyses of these small watersheds will be used to evaluate the effects PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering. of tillage on soil moisture, evapo-transpiration, crop growth and yield, runoff, (2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES. and soil losses. (b) State Highway Department of Indiana and (2835) PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF WATER TABLE Bureau of Public Roads. CONTROL IN SANDY SOIL. (c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engineer- ing, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; for design, for master's (c) Mr. Walter D. Lembke, Agricultural Engi- theses

, is neering Dept . Purdue University, (e) The purpose of the research to study Lafayette, Indiana. systematically the hydraulic efficiency of (d) Field investigation; applied research. waterways under arch bridges, to provide (e) At two sites where water table control is a criterion for determining the proper clear being practiced, the distance from the span of arch bridges so as to compensate soil surface that the water table can be for the loss of efficiency at high flows, held is being measured. and to provide a method for computing the backwater upstream of arch bridges. (2837) TREATMENT OF SURFACE WATERS FOR DOMESTIC (g) Testing of small scale models in 6 in. wide USE ON THE FARM. 12 ft. long tilting flume in progress. Design of 5 ft. wide 6k ft. long tilting (b) Laboratory^ project flume completed. (c) Prof. A. C. Dale, Agr. Engineering Dept., (h) Monthly progress reports. Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (28i+0) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE IN FREE SURFACE FLOW. (e) The effectiveness of treating pond water through slow sand and diatomaceous earth (b) Purdue Research Foundation. filters is being determined. (c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engrg., (h) "Treatment of Pond Water for Farmstead Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Use", by C. R. Amerman, M.S. Thesis. (d) Theoretical and experimental; for Ph.D. theses (e) Analytical and experimental investigation of the mechanism of turbulence in free PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Chemical and surface flow. The analytical part of the Metallurgical Engineering. project will investigate important flow characteristics such as the spectrum of (31 MO JET SPRAY DRYER. turbulence, correlation of velocities in the turbulent field, degree of isotropy, (b) Swift and Company and the Purdue Research and the various velocity functions. The Foundation. experimental portion of the program will (c) Prof. Stanford W. Briggs, Dept. of Chemi make tests coincident with theoretical cal Engineering, Purdue University, studies Lafayette, Indiana. (g) Precision test flume designed. The flume (d) Experimental; applied research for master's has variable longitudinal slope and changea- thesis ble cross section. The cross section may (e) The application of the jet spray dryer to be triangular, rectangular or trapezoidal the drying of milk is being studied. The with different widths and side slopes. effect of operating variables including Other instruments specified.

58 .. . . .

(2841) STUDY OF RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS FOR film on the inside wall of a vertical cir- HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DESIGN IN INDIANA. cular tube with co-current gas flow in the core of the tube. The gas static pressure (b) State Highway Department of Indiana. drop caused by the liquid film, and the (c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engi- magnitude and frequency of the waves on the neering, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. surface of the liquid film have been de- (d) Analysis and field Investigation. termined experimentally, (e) The purpose of the research is to study the (h) "Project Squid Progress Report," April 1958, hydrology of watersheds less than 100 sq. and October 1958 and references therein. miles throughout the State of Indiana, to improve the existing methods for estimating the runoff from small watersheds, and to improve the present methods of design of REED RESEARCH FOUNDATION. highway drainage structures servicing small watersheds (31^8) THE STREAMING OF BLOOD IN VEINS AND (f) Temporarily inactive. ARTERIES OF LIVING ANIMALS. (g) Runoff and rainfall data have been collected. (b) National Heart Institute, under Grants H-2402 and H-2^03(c). (31^6) HYDROMECHANICS OF FLUID COLLECTOR SYSTEM (c) Mr. Johann Martinek, Reed Research Founda- IN POROUS MEDIA. tion, 10U8 Potomac Street, N.W., Washington 7, D. C. (b) Purdue Research Foundation. (d) Theoretical; basic research. (c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engi- (e) Steady and non-steady flow of viscous neering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. liquid in rigid and elastic tubes. (d) Theoretical, and experimental; for Ph.D. (g) It was considered premature to analyze the thesis rheological aspects of the blood of the (e) Analytical and experimental investigation veins and arteries in the beginning of this of the hydrodynamics of flow patterns study. Hence the blood is considered around horizontal fluid collector systems throughout as a viscous fluid described by in porous media. Theoretical investiga- the Navier-Stokes equations. The veins and tion will include two- and three-dimensional arteries are described as either rigid or analyses. Theoretical considerations will elastic tubes. In Part 1., the mathematical be based on existing data and concepts nature of the tube walls in steady and un- drawn from investigation with electrical steady flows is critically examined. Only analog. The analog instrument is designed solutions compatible with the initial con- to indicate equipotential curves for various dition and giving resistance (drag) are water table and permeability conditions. acceptable physically. Such acceptable (g) Extensive European literature is being solutions are given for unsteady flow in compiled. rigid and elastic tubes respectively. (h) "The Streaming of Blood in Veins and

( 31^7 ) GEOHYDRAULI C S Arteries of Living Animals", by H. de Beaumont, Johann Martinek, and Gordon C. K. (b) Laboratory project. Yeh, Progress Report, Research Grants H- (c) Messrs. J. W. Delleur and A. L. Simon, 2^02 and H-2402(c) for the period Aug. 1. School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., 1956 to Oct. 31, 1957, Nov. 1, 1957. Lafayette, Indiana. (d) Theoretical; basic research. (e) Geohydraulic theory is being developed as a science based on Fluid Mechanics and REED RESEARCH INCORPORATED. Hydrogeology. Quantitative analyses are developed. A bibliography includes prin- (2850) RESEARCH TO WORK OUT A THRUST DEDUCTION cipal works of European scientists and EVALUATION OF THE SUBMARINE ALBACORE (THE others CONSTRUCTION OF THE TOTAL HARMONIC VELOCITY FIELD AROUND A GENERAL ELLIPSOIDAL SUB- MARINE WITH ONE PROPELLER).

URDUE UNIVERSITY, Jet Propulsion Center. (b) David Taylor Model Basin (Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Pro- (237J+) THE MECHANISM OF TWO PHASE FLOW OF ANNULAR gram). LIQUID FILMS IN A VERTICAL TUBE. (c) Mr. J. Martinek, Reed Research Inc., 10^8 Potomac Street, N.W., Washington 7, D. C.

(b) Project Squid, Contract Nonr-l858(25 ) (d) Theoretical; basic research. (c) Dr. M. J. Zucrow, Jet Propulsion Center, (e) The construction of the exterior Neumann Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. function, sometimes called Green's function (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- of second kind, is reported. search for doctoral thesis. (f) Completed. (e) This problem Is concerned with the ana- (g) The construction of the Green's function lytical and experimental study of the of the second kind was possible because the mechanism of the downward flow of a liquid Green's function of first kind was secured

59 .

in Final Report I. The result of Final and the Neumann problem. The last phase of Report I is here applied in the general this study presents the Green's function of form of the expansion for the case of the first kind for the ellipsoid in a form exterior Neumann problem related to the suitable for numerical computations. general ellipsoid. Thus the construction (f) Completed. of the Neumann function amounts in fact in (g) The exterior' Green 's function of first kind this case to the consideration of a unique (Dirichlet problem) for the general ellips- sink at a running point exterior to an oid has been derived for the first time. ellipsoid with the hydrodynamic boundary (h) "Final Report I on The Construction of the conditions. In view of this, additional Total Harmonic Velocity Field Around a necessary details are given not contained General Ellipsoidal Submarine with One Pro- in Final Report I in reference to the peller", by Johann Martinek, Henry de Green's function of first kind pertaining Beaumont and Gordon C. K. Yeh, Contract to the Dirichlet problem. Then the Neumann Nonr lM+5(00), to David Taylor Model Basin, function for the general ellipsoid is de- Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics rived. Final Report II is terminated with Research Program, December 31, 1957. considerations of general nature and interest which are concerned with the construc- (2852) THEORETICAL STUDIES ON STEADY FLUID MOTION tion of the most general types of solutions UNDER A FREE SURFACE in terms of the derived Green or Neumann function. (b) David Taylor Model Basin (Bureau of Ships (h) "Final Report II on Research to Work out a Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Pro- Thrust Deduction Evaluation of the Sub- gram). marine Albacore (The Construction of the (c) Mr. J. Martinek, Reed Research Inc., 1048

Total Harmonic Velocity Field Around a Potomac Street, N. W. , Washington 7, D. C. General Ellipsoidal Submarine with One Pro- (d) Theoretical; basic research. peller)", by Johann Martinek, Henry de (e) Theoretical studies leading to applications Beaumont and Gordon C.K. Yeh, Cont. No. on steady and certain unsteady fluid mo- Nonr 2192(00) to David Taylor Model Basin, tions under a free surface. August 1, 1958. (g) The first part of this study establishes a new theorem for expressing the disturbance (2851) THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TOTAL HARMONIC function of an n-dimensional field satis- VELOCITY FIELD AROUND A GENERAL ELLIPSOIDAL fying the Helmholtz equation due to the SUBMARINE WITH ONE PROPELLER. presence of a hyperplane boundary in terms of the undisturbed function. In the spe- (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the cial case of a field satisfying the Laplace Navy (Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydro- equation in three dimensions, the boundary mechanics Research Program). conditions include those in hydrodynamics, (c) Mr. J. Martinek, Reed Research Inc., 1048 heat, magnetism, and electrostatics. In Potomac Street, N.W., Washington 7, D. C. the second part of this report, the dis- (d) Theoretical; basic research. turbance potential due to the presence of (e) The Green's function for a Dirichlet pro- a slightly curved free surface (approxi- blem related to ellipsoids has been con- mating a plane free surface) is expressed structed. So far, only bodies of simple in terms of the potential due to any simply shape with certain idealized propellers harmonic oscillatory motion of an Inviscid have been solved by the authors and others incompressible and irrotational fluid flow in an ideal fluid field obeying the Laplace in an unlimited domain. By superposition equation. These self-propelled bodies have of such oscillatory potentials, time-depend- been essentially confined to shapes of ent potentials for a more general fluid point or axial symmetry (spheres, sphe- motion under a free surface are obtained. roids). In this study solutions for the A special case of the theorem derived in more general problem of self-propelled Part I expresses the disturbance velocity bodies with plane symmetry such as ellip- potential In an unli mi ted domain due to the soids in ideal fluid fields which have been presence of a plane boundary complying to non-existent so far have been derived. the radiation condition with the constant Such plane symmetry is the least idealized factor zero or positive. case with regard to submerged vessels of (h) "Final Report on Theoretical Studies on real shapes. A summary of known classical Steady Fluid Motion under a Free Surface", results is given and clarified. A new by J. Martinek and G. C. K. Yeh, Contract method pertaining to homothetic ellipsoids Nonr 2^73(00) (Bureau of Ships Fundamental was then developed and some of the classi- Hydrodynamics Research Program, NS 715-102). cal results are rederived. This was done "Disturbance of a Many-Dimensional Field in order to find if possible a formulation Satisfying the Helmholtz Equation Due to which may lend itself to the construction the Presence of a Hyperplane Boundary", by of theorems of the same nature as the G.C.K. Yeh and J. Martinek. Proceedings of several sphere theorems developed by the the Royal Society, Series A, Mathematical authors in previous reports. A discussion and Physical Sciences, Vol. 246 No. 1246 follows dealing with the homothetic ellips- (August 19, 1958) pp. 423-428. oid study, with the aim of elucidating clearly the difference between the Dirichlet (2853) ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF SHIP SLAMMING.

60 . .

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the (e) Formulation of force experienced by a Navy (Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydro- deeply submerged prolate spheroid in a mechanics Research Program). potential flow due to an axially symmetric (c) Dr. Gordon C.K. Yeh, Reed Research Inc., vortex ring located exterior to the 10U3 Potomac Street, N.W., Washington 7, spheroid. Computation of a numerical D. C. example by the use of data corresponding to (d) Theoretical; basic research. one of Weitbrecht's test models. (e) A survey of existing literature has been Several investigations in the literature carried out pertaining to analytical work deal with the forces on obstacles due to on slamming with or without consideration discrete sources, sinks, and higher order of ship elasticity, and on transverse im- singularities, as well as spreads of such pact on beams and plates. The differential singularities in steady and also particu- equation has been established for the pure lar cases of unsteady flows. All those pitching motion of an elastically supported investigations, however, apply only for cantilever beam according to the principle cases where the singularity representation of work and energy. The analysis of the of the body in the given fluid field is motion and stresses of a free-free beam known. A generalization of Lagally's subjected to various impact loads has also theorem to a spread of axially symmetric been formulated in terms of the character- singularities in the presence of a istic functions representing the normal spheroid is now under study. modes of vibration of a uniform beam. Further analysis which is now in progress pertains to equations of motions for plates under impact and in particular solutions ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY. for both beams and plates which simulate certain aspects of ship slamming. (2ll+0) EVALUATION OF OPEN- CHANNEL FRICTION LOSSES.

(31J+9) THEORETICAL STUDIES ON STEADY FLUID MOTION (b) National Science Foundation, Water Re- UNDER A FREE SURFACE - II. sources Division of the U. S. Geological Survey, and the State University of Iowa (b) David Taylor Model Basin. cooperating. (c) Dr. Gordon C. K. Yeh, Reed Research Inc., (c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Director, Rocky Mountain 10U8 Potomac Street, N.W., Washington 7, Hydraulic Laboratory, Allenspark, Colorado D. C. (summer), State University of Iowa, Iowa (d) Theoretical; basic research. City, Iowa, (winter). (e) Theoretical studies leading to applications (d) Experimental; basic. on steady and certain unsteady fluid mo- (e) Variable slope flume long enough to permit tions under a free surface. accurate evaluation of open-channel fric- (g) In Final Report I on Steady Fluid Motion tion losses is being tested at slopes into under a Free Surface, a theorem of con- the steep range, determining normal depth siderable generality pertaining to the and velocity distribution for batten and Helmholtz equation in the presence of a rolled natural-type roughnesses in triangu- hyperplane boundary was derived. A spe- lar and trapezoidal cross-sections. cial case of the theorem expresses the (f) Active experimentation during summers, disturbance velocity potential in closed (h) "Resistance Experiments in a Triangular form in terms of any given potential in an Channel" by R. W. Powell and C. J. Posey, unlimited domain due to the presence of a presented at the Hydraulics Division meet- plane boundary with the radiation boundary ing, Oct. 1958 ASCE Convention, and pending condition with the constant k zero or posi- publication in Proceedings. Preprints tive. For problems where k is negative in available the boundary condition, the general sphere theorem derived by Yeh, Martinek and Ludford in a previous report has been used for slightly curved free surface boundary ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY conditions. The study which is in progress OF MINNESOTA. now is to complete the general theorem mentioned above by extending It to include Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 100, 21 1+3, 2lkk, the plane boundary with conditions cover- 2l!+8, 2603, 26o4, 2606, 2607, 2610, 2855, 2857, ing the negative values of k. 2858, 2859, and 3151 to 3165, inclusive should be addressed to Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, Director, St. (3150) INTERACTION FORCE BETWEEN A PROLATE Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi SPHEROID AND AN AXIALLY SYMMETRIC VORTEX River at Third Avenue S.E., Minneapolis ih, Minn. RING IN POTENTIAL FLOW. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1398, (b) David Taylor Model Basin (Bureau of Ships 1929, 2386 and 2860, which are conducted in co- Fundamental Hydromechanics Research operation with the Agricultural Research Service,

Program ) should be addressed to Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, (c) Mr. J. Martinek, Reed Research Inc., 101+8 Project Supervisor, Watershed Technology Research Potomac Street, N. W., Washington 7, D. C. Branch, Soil and Water Conservation Research Divi- (d) Theoretical; basic research. sion, Agricultural Research Service, St. Anthony

61 f . .

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis ik, Minn. January 1952, revised February 1958. "Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillway,

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 985 , 2923, and Parts II through VII, Results of Tests on 292i+, which are conducted in cooperation with the Several Forms of the Spillway", by Fred W. Corps of Engineers, should "be addressed to the Blaisdell, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Laboratory Technical Paper No. 18, Series B, St. Paul, Corps of Engineers, St. Paul, Minnesota. March 1958. "Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways, (100) AIR ENTRAINMENT RESEARCH. Part VIII, Miscellaneous Laboratory Tests, Part IX, Field Tests" by Fred W. Blaisdell, (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Tech. the Navy. Paper No. 19, Series B, March 1958. (d) Theoretical and experimental. "Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways, (e) Investigation of self-aeration of high Part X, The Hood Inlet" by Fred W. 'Blaisdell velocity open-channel flow. Air concentra- and Charles A. Donnelly, St. Anthony Falls tions distributions in the flow have been Hydraulic Laboratory, Technical Paper No. measured for equilibrium aeration condi- 20, Series B, April 1958. tions in smooth channel for discharges up to 10 cfs and slopes up to and in (985) FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR HIGH-LIFT artificially roughened channels for dis- LOCKS. charges up to 15 cfs and slopes up to 75 °- (f) Discontinued. See U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul, (g) Air concentration distribution in both Minnesota, page Ilk. rough and smooth channels indicates that the flow consists of two parts: (l) Open (ll68 A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS. channel flow in lower region with air distributed by turbulent mixing, (2) an upper (b Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. region consisting of water clumps and drop- of Agriculture, in cooperation with the lets carried through nominal surface by Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station intense transverse velocity fluctuations. and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Mean air concentration is a function of (d Experimental; generalized applied research slope and discharge. Both effective depth for design. and mean velocity increase with air con- (e Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways cent rat ion. are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe of the earth dam. Attempts will be made to (ill) CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY. determine quantitatively the size of the scour hole to be expected under various (b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. field conditions. of Agriculture, in cooperation with the (f Suspended. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. (1398 STRAIGHT DROP SPILLWAY. (d) Experimental; generalized applied research for development and design. (b Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. (e) Tests have been made on three different of Agriculture, in cooperation with the sizes of Lucite pipe set on slopes ranging Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station from 2.5$ to 30$ to verify the similarity and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. relationships. Information on discharges, (d Experimental; generalized applied research pressures, and flow conditions has been for design.

obtained. Characteristics , performance, (e This spillway is used as a grade control losses, and pressures in the hood drop structure in ditches and streams. The inlet are currently being studied. study will result in general design rules (g) Theory has been developed, verified, and for the spillway and outlet. Outlet studies published. Generalized methods for analy- have been completed. Present studies are sis and reporting results have been devel- to determine spillway performance and ca- oped. Pipe culverts laid on steep slopes pacity with various approach channel shapes

will flow completely full even though the ( Suspended. outlet discharges freely. A conduit on (g No method has yet been found by which the either steep or flat slopes will flow full discharge coefficient can be related to the if the hood inlet is used, the hood being variables formed by cutting the pipe so that the crown projects beyond the invert by 3/^ of (1929 DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES. a pipe diameter. Minimum circular and square drop inlet sizes and heights have (b Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station been determined for a conduit slope of 20$. in cooperation with the Agricultural Re- Entrance loss coefficients vary with drop search Service, U. S. Department of Agri- inlet size and height. culture and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic (h) "Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways, Laboratory. Part I Theory and Its Application" by Fred (c Prof. Philip W. Manson, University of Minn., W. Blaisdell, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic St. Paul Campus, St. Paul, Minnesota. Laboratory Technical Paper No. 12, Series B, (d Experimental; generalized applied research

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for design. (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the (e) The junction losses in drain tile flowing Navy. full are determined for laterals of differ- (d) Experimental research and analysis. ent sizes entering mains of different sizes (e) Horizontal conduits involving flow of air at various angles. The laterals enter the bubbles in water are considered. Both a main at the center line. Additional tests straight conduit and conduit with two godet have been made with the crowns (or inverts) bends were studied experimentally. Bubble of both main and lateral in the same plane. distribution, friction factor and velocity (g) Tests have been completed on sharp edge profile were examined. junctions entering the main at angles (f) Completed. varying in 15 degree increments from 15 (g) A method for predicting pressure drop in degrees to 165 degrees. Both the lateral, horizontal pipes with bubble, separated and the main are completely full. The and slug flows has been developed which is tests cover all possible combinations of probably more useful than the existing discharge in the lateral and the main. Lockart-Martinelli correlations for these Laterals having areas l/l, l/2, l/i+, l/T flow regimes. Information was also ob- and l/l6 that of the main have been tested. tained on bubble size distribution and The data are being analyzed and a compre- velocity profiles in bubble-type flows. hensive report is planned. A sound color (h) "Two-Phase Flow Studies in Horizontal motion picture film is in process of pre- Pipes" by Walter James and Edward Silber- paration. man, University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report (21^3) EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SURFACE WAVE No. 60, September 1958. ABSORPTION. (2386) GENERALIZED DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS FOR (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the SUPERCRITICAL VELOCITIES. Navy. (d) Experimental; basic research. (b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

( e ) Procurement of experimental data on per- of Agriculture, in cooperation with the formance and power requirements of pneu- Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station matic and hydraulic breakwaters. and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Labora- (g) Hydraulic breakwater tests have been com- tory. pleted. Pneumatic breakwater tests of two (d) Experimental; generalized applied research

geometrically similar models are under way. - for development and design. Preliminary results indicate that the (e) Studies will be made to develop a transi- pneumatic breakwater is somewhat more tion and to determine the rules for its efficient than its hydraulic counterpart design. The transition will be used to for attenuations up to 70 per cent change the flow cross section from circular to rectangular when the velocities are (2lhk) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF supercritical HYDROFOILS. (f) Suspended.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of (2603) WATER TUNNEL AIR CONTENT STUDIES. the Navy. (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research. (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the (e) Investigation of the basic mechanism of Navy. the ventilation of surface-piercing bodies, (d) Experimental and analytical. such as circular cylinders and streamlined (e) Evaluation of Improved method for control- lifting struts. Scale effect is of particu- ling content of free air contained in water lar interest. tunnel. System involves separation and (g) Fundamental studies of the ventilation of extraction of large circulating air bub- streamlined, lifting struts indicated that bles, controlled maintenance of small air the submergence Froude number and submer- bubbles (cavitation nuclei) and measurement gence ratio can be used for correlating of the free air content. Influence of air ventilation data at high yaw angles. At content control on cavitation inception low angles, ventilation inception was also and acoustic noise is sought. dependent on the character of the water (h) "A Study of the Influence of Gas Nuclei on surface, and minimum velocities were de- Cavitation Scale Effects In Water Tunnel termined for which ventilation would not Tests" (with an Appendix, A Sonic Method occur even for very severe conditions. of Measuring the Concentration of Undis- Hysteresis effects were investigated and solved Gas Nuclei in Water), by J. F. correlated satisfactorily with the Froude Ripken and R. M. Olson, University of Minn., number and submergence ratio. St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory (h) "Ventilation of Bodies Piercing a Free Project Report No. 58, February 1958. Surface" by J. M. Wetzel. Paper presented at Second Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, (260^) FULL-SCALE TEST OF CONCRETE PIPE. Washington, D. C. August 1958. (b) State Road Department of Florida and (2ll+8) AIR-WATER MIXTURES IN CLOSED CONDUITS. Bureau of Public Roads.

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(d) Experimental; applied. additional error due to the relative motion (e) Procure experimental data on frcition coef- of the carriage with respect to the water. ficient for 2k-inch and 36-inch concrete pipe with (l) joints similar to field con- (2855) PRIEST RAPIDS EAST BANK FISH FACILITIES ditions and (2) smooth joints. Tests were MODEL. performed on both machine-made and Vibro- cast pipe (b) Public Utility District of Grant County, (f) Completed except for report. Ephrata, Washington. (g) Results indicate that 36-inch machine-made (d) Experimental; design and operation. pipe with joints similar to field installa- (e) A 1:24 scale model of Priest Rapids fish tions had Darcy f value of about 0.0155 ladder, junction pool, gravity intake (n = 0.011); with smooth joints f was about system, and attraction water supply channel 0.0150 (n = 0.0108). In tests of 36-inch including experimental design of all dif- Vibro-case pipe f varied as a function of fusion chambers, also a 1:48 model of the Reynolds number for both "field" and smooth gravity intake system. For design and joints; resulting curves were approximately •operational studies. parallel to smooth-pipe curve. Field (f) Completed. joints produced f value about 3 percent (g) Report in preparation. higher than smooth joints. (2857) EFFECT OF BLOCKS ON HYDRAULIC JUMP, (2606) PRIEST RAPIDS MODEL STUDIES. (b) Laboratory project. (b) Public Utility District of Grant County, (d) Experimental and analytical; master's Ephrata, Washington. thesis

(d) Experimental; design and operation. ( e ) To measure force on sills and blocks in (e) A 1:120 scale model of the Priest Rapids hydraulic jump for generalized design Development Project on the Columbia River criteria for stilling basins. is reproduced to study the hydraulic design (f) Completed. of the spillway, powerhouse and fish facili- (g) Blocks and sills of various shapes and

ties . arrangements permit a reduction in the downstream depth. Theory and analysis of

(2607) PRIEST RAPIDS ( COFFERDAM MODEL). data provide criteria upon which to base design. (h) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Public (h) "The Hydraulic Jump in a Horizontal Flume Utility District of Grant County, Ephrata, With Obstructions" by Torkild Carstens, Washington; Merritt-Chapman and Scott, con- Master's Thesis, 1958, on file at the

tractors . University of Minnesota Library. (d) Experimental; design and operation. (e) A distorted model, scale 1:60 vertical and (2858) DESIGN OF WEIR FOR CONSTANT CHANNEL l:l80 horizontal is used to determine the VELOCITY. placement of the various stages of cofferdam construction. Measurements of channel (b) Laboratory project. velocities to assure passage of fish mi- (d) Experimental and analytical; master's grants during all phases of construction. thesis (f) Completed. (e) Investigation of weir shape to provide (g) Good correlation between distorted model arbitrary approach velocities in weir and prototype has been confirmed. channel. (f) Completed. (2610) LABORATORY WAVE PROFILE RECORDER. (g) Results indicate that a weir can be designed for a specified constant approach (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of velocity throughout the range in head. The the Navy. research included designs of weir to pro- (d) Experimental; applied. vide specified approach velocities as a (e) Study of sonic-ranging type profile re- function of head. corder for specialized laboratory use. (h) "Weirs for Controlling Velocities in Chan- (g) A developmental program is in progress to nels With Sides Sloped Part of the Depth" produce a water surface-wave recording by Robert L. Gordier, Master's Thesis, instrument based on the sonic ranging prin- March, 1958, on file at the University of ciple in air. Preliminary tests show the Minnesota Library. equipment capable of recording the profile of a simulated wave, constructed of solid (2859) RESISTANCE TO FLOW THROUGH STRATIFIED material, to within 6 percent under extreme GRANULAR MEDIA. conditions. This error can be reduced to less than 1 percent through a simple geo- (b) Laboratory project. metric construction. Many common wave (d) Experimental; master's thesis. conditions can be recorded directly within (e) To measure additional loss occurring at the 2 or 3 percent over the entire wave. Peak interface of a stratified medium. and troughs are within 1 percent under all (f) Completed. conditions. It is expected that tests on (g) An additional loss occurs at the interface a moving towing carriage will produce small of two media differing in size above that

6k . .

which occurs in the separate media. The (g) Theoretical results for lift and drag on additional loss is a function of the sizes flat-plate hydrofoils and for drag on such of the media and upon the flow discharge, bodies as wedges and circular cylinders in (h) "Flow Through Permeable Media With An a free -jet at cavitation numbers down to Interface" by Junn-Ling Chao, Master's zero have been verified experimentally. Thesis, 1958, on file at the University of (h) "Experimental Studies of Supercavitating Minnesota Library. Flow About Simple Two-Dimensional Bodies In a Jet", by Edward Silberman, to appear in (2860) CALIBRATION OF MEASURING WEIRS. an early issue of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics (b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, in cooperation with the (315U) SHIP TOWING. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the (d) Experimental; determination of rating Navy. curves (d) Experimental; applied. (e) A portion of the stream and the weir used (e) Measure (l) pitching of ship model in regu- to measure the flow in certain steep lar head seas and (2) pitch damping coeffi- streams of Northern Vermont are being cient for model towed in still water. modeled to experimentally design and cali- (f) Completed. brate the installations. (g) With Froude number of 0.2 maximum pitch angle achieved with relative wave lengths

(2923) FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR WALTER F. ( \ /L) of 1.3. With Froude number of 0.1 GEORGE LOCK, CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER. a peak pitch angle occurred for \ /L=l.l after which the angle decreased and then See U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul, increased to a higher peak at \ /L = l-55j Minnesota, page Ilk. the second peak was probably due to wall interference. Declining angle tests (292k) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS indicated that pitch damping coefficient FOR BARKLEY LOCK, CUMBERLAND RIVER. varied inversely with towing speed.

See U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul, (3155) FLUID JETS. Minnesota, page 115. (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the (3151) DERBENDI KHAN MODEL STUDIES. Navy. (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research. (b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, Govern- (e) This project Involves study of the disper- ment of Iraq. sion of a jet discharged into a stream of (d) Experimental; design and operation. moving fluid, the angle between the jet and (e) A 1:100 scale model of the Derbendi Khan fluid being a right angle or other angle Project on the Diyala Sirwan River in Iraq and the jet and stream being of the same or to study and Improve the operation of the different fluids. The associated loss of flip bucket spillway and the irrigation energy and diffusion of momentum are also release valves. A 1:25 scale model of 96- of interest. inch "Howell Bunger" fixed cone release valve to arrive at optimum design of the (3156) WANAPUM SPILLWAY STUDIES. deflector hood. (f) Completed. (b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Public (g) Ski jump deflector designed that will Utility District of Grant County, Ephrata, handle a kO to 1 range of discharges. Washington. (d) Experimental; design and operation. (3152) KARADJ REREGULATING SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES. (e) A l:lM+ scale sectional model of spillway for Wanapum Power Project on Columbia River (b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Govern- to arrive at optimum stilling apron design. ment of Iran. Authorization for a 1:120 scale comprehen- " (d) Experimental; design and operation. sive model of project. (e) A 1:60 scale model of Karadj Reregulating Dam and Spillway to study the operation of (3157) PASSAMAQUODDY INTERNATIONAL TIDAL POWER the spillway. SURVEY.

(3153) FLOW ABOUT BODIES AT SMALL CAVITATION (b) New England Division, Corps of Engineers. NUMBERS. (d) Experimental; applied. (e) Investigate stability, shape and permea- (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of bility of dams constructed in deep water the Navy. with tidal currents. (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research. (f) Complete except for report. (e) The project is currently being directed (g) Preliminary results indicate that rock fill toward study of two-dimensional, supercavi- dams with either relatively impermeable tating bodies. A two-dimensional free- jet core or impermeable blanket can be con- tunnel is being used for experimental work. structed. Permeability of core type is

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dependent on velocity of tidal current, Geological Survey; laboratory project. depth of water, available materials and (d) Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis. method used to deposit core materials. (e) The eventual purpose of this project is the Both "barge dump and truck dump methods are development of a field instrument capable feasible for placement of main quarry-run of measuring sediment concentration, mean material in blanket type dam. Except for size, and size distribution. The thesis final closure barge dumping of the main investigation was confined to the laboratory rock fill was necessary for core type dams. phase of this work. Water depths up to 275 feet were considered (f) Completed. in the study. (g) A laboratory method for determining concentration, mean size, and size distribution (3158) FLOATING BREAKWATERS. of an unknown sediment sample was developed for use with particle diameters above about (b) U. S. Naval Civil Engineering, Department 50 microns. The method is based on the of the Navy, Eleventh Naval District. assumption that attenuation of a sound wave (d) Experimental and analytical. is a linear function of concentration and, (e) Primarily a study whose objective is to for the particular experiments used in the develop new ideas for floating type devices thesis, that the particle diameters are intended to attenuate ocean type incident distributed in accordance with the log- waves normal law. The method involves measuring the attenuation in a given sample at two or

( 3159 ) HYDRAULIC STUDIES OF BAIE COMEAU PAPER more frequencies in the range from 2.5 to MACHINE. 25 megacycles. From the measured attenuations, the desired properties of the sedi- (b) The Ontario Paper Company, Ltd., Thorold, ment can be found through a process of Ontario, Canada. curve fitting. The method is very rough at

(d) Experimental; for design. present and needs to be extended to smaller ill (e) To study flow patterns resulting from com- particles bination cascaded miter bends and vaned (h) "The Use of Ultrasonics in the Measurement dividers of Suspended Sediment Size Distribution and Concentration", by Gordon H. Flammer, Ph.D. (3160) MISSION DAM SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES. Thesis, August 1958, on file at the Univ. of Minnesota Library. (b) British Columbia Engineering Company, Vancouver, B. C, Canada. (3164) SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS. (d) Experimental; design and operation. (e) A 1:80 scale comprehensive model of the (b) Laboratory project. flip bucket spillway for the Mission Dam on (d) Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis. the Bridge River in British Columbia to (e) Prediction and measurement of ultimate study the operation of the spillway. depths of scour around known shape and size \ of pier. (3161) HYDRAULICS OF SEWER DROPSHAFTS. (f) Experiments just started.

(b) City of St. Paul, Minnesota. ( 3165 ) CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH A I (d) Experimental.; applied. RECTANGULAR- BAR BAFFLE. (e) Investigate relative merits of sewer drop structures for discharges up to 1000 cfs (b) Laboratory project. and drops up to about 100 feet (d) Experimental and analytical; master's thesis.

( e ) To determine the head loss in a bar baffle (3162) PIT0T TUBE TESTS. as governed by the clear spacing, bar width, and bar depth. (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Louisville. (f) Experimental study in progress. (d) Experimental; applied. (e) Calibration tests have been made on four INTER-AGENCY SEDIMENTATION PROJECT IN COOPERATION large Pitot tubes in a towing channel at WITH ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY. speeds ranging from 2 to 15 feet per second. (f) Completed. (19k) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN THE MEASUREMENT (g) Information was obtained on the coefficient, AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS. effect of supporting-strut geometry, and effect of nose shape. Data yielded high (b) Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Inter-Agency values of and excessive variation in the Committee on Water Resources. Personnel of Pitot tube coefficients, apparently due to the Corps of Engineers and U. S. Geological the short spacing between static holes and Survey are actively engaged on the project. both the blunt support strut and conical (d) Experimental; applied research and develop-

nose. Fairing of leading edge of strut ment . resulted in considerable improvement. (e) Plans and specifications to facilitate the manufacture of suspended sediment and bed (3163) SEDIMENT ANALYSIS BY ULTRASONICS, material samplers, particle-size analyzers and associated laboratory apparatus have (b) U. S. Department of the Interior, been prepared. Approved designs available

66 . . . . .

include a hand-operated sediment sampler laboratory and in nature, for stationary weighing 4 pounds, a medium-weight sediment and moving ships, in -still water and under sampler (62 pounds), heavy sediment samplers wave action, (100 and 300 pounds), a sediment sample (g) Model experiments have been assembled in a splitter, a bottom withdrawal tube, a hand- brief report. Additional data under wave operated bed material sampler, a heavy bed " action are being assembled. material sampler (100 pounds), and a particle-size analyzing apparatus using visual-accumulation sedimentation tubes for sand samples STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineer- (g) Tests are in progress on an automatic ing. single-stage suspended sediment sampler for

flashy and intermittent streams . Prototype Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1944, 1945, and tests on an intermittent pumping and set - 19^6, should be addressed to Prof. Ray K. Llnsley; tling-type sampler were started at a field Projects Nos. 2150, 2151, and 26l4 to Prof. John K. testing station. Tests are progressing on Vennard; and 2863, 2864, and 3166 to Prof. Byrne experimental apparatus developed for de- Perry, Stanford University, Department of Civil termining suspended sediment concentration Engineering, Stanford, California. and particle-size distribution by means of pressure differential and acoustical de- (1944) STUDY OF METHODS OF ESTIMATING RESERVOIR

vices . EVAPORATIONS. (h) "Some Fundamentals of Particle Size Analy- sis", Report No. 12, 55 pages, 1957- (b) U. S. Weather Bureau. (d) Field investigation; applied research; Engineer Thesis. (e) A small-scale radiation integrator patterned UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Civil Engineering after Cumming's model is being designed and Department tested. (g) Previous field work at campus reservoir is Inquiries concerning the following projects should complete. Analysis of data underway. be addressed to Dr. Harold Flinsch, Civil Engineer- Tentative analysis of reservoir study ing Dept., University of South Carolina, 745 Sumter indicates no significant difference from St., Columbia, South Carolina. conclusions of Lake Hefner study.

(4) THE DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE WAVES BY WIND. (1945) ESTIMATING RAINFALL INTENSITY FROM TOPO- GRAPHIC PARAMETERS. (b) Laboratory project. (d) General theoretical and experimental re- (b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. search. (d) Statistical analysis; applied research.

( e ) Research on the theories of surface wave (e) Hourly rainfall intensities in Northern origin and growth, on measurements in the California for a two-year period are cor- laboratory and in nature, and on the com- related with various topographic and parative results of theory and measurement climatological parameters. Experimental equipment has been developed (f) Completed. particularly for the recording of wave (g) A relation having a correlation coefficient height and period, and is being developed of 0.88 and standard error of 0.77 inch for the recording of wave direction. per hour was derived. A rainfall intensity (g) A device for telemetering wave direction map for Northern California was completed. records has been completed. (1946) SYNTHESIS OF HYDR0GRAPHS FOR SMALL AREAS. (1631) THE EFFECT OF WAVES ON BEACHES. (b) National Science Foundation. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic (d) General theoretical and experimental re- and applied research; Ph.D. Thesis.

search. ( e ) An attempt to develop a universal method (e) Research on beach slopes and contours, in for estimating the runoff hydrographs from the laboratory and in nature. small areas A new wave tank for 8 directions is under (g) A simplified theory for non-equilibrium construction, conditions has been compared with experi- (g) General formulas have been developed, which mental results taken under controlled are now being applied to the Carolina capes laboratory conditions. A statistical and shores analysis of data from several typical basins has been started. A more compre- (1907) SHIP STABILITY AND ROLLING PERIOD. hensive analysis for non-equilibrium flow with lateral inflow is underway. (b) Laboratory project. (d) General theoretical and experimental re- (2150) STUDY OF FLOW FROM A SLOTTED PIPE. search. (e) Rolling period and metacentric height (b) Laboratory project. relationships are studied, in the (d) Experimental; Engineer Thesis.

67 Extension of manifold port problem to con- (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research. tinuous slot. (e) A continuous series of theoretical and ex- Experimental work completed; thesis being perimental studies of the basic hydrodynamic written. processes involved in the planing action of seaplane hulls and seaplane alighting gear MODEL STUDY OF PETERS DAM CHUTE SPILLWAY. such as hydroskis and hydrofoils. In particular, the pressure distribution, wake Laboratory project. main spray formation, steady and unsteady

Experimental ; engineer thesis. state loads and dynamic stability are being Comparison of spillway performance and studied. design predictions. (g) Basic studies have been completed on the Experimental work completed; thesis being pressures, wake, loads, and main spray asso- written. ciated with simple prismatic planing surfaces and hydroskis. Studies are currently PIPE FRICTION IN UNSTEADY FLOW. underway on the steady and unsteady forces on surface piercing supercavitating hydro- Laboratory project. foils, and on the longitudinal dynamic Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. degree. stability of hydrofoil systems suitable for Comparison of friction processes for steady water-based aircraft. and unsteady states. (h) Seventeen papers on the results of research Experimental work completed; thesis being conducted under the subject contract have written. been prepared and published. The titles of the two most recent publications are: FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA. "On the Main Spray Generated by Planing Sur- faces", by Daniel Savitsky and John P. National Science Foundation. Breslin, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Theoretical and experimental; basic re- Institute of Tech. Report No. 678, Jan. 1958 search. "The Force Characteristics of Surface Pierc- An attempt is being made to develop more ing, Super Cavitated, Dihedral Hydrofoils", general analytical methods than are now by Peter Ward Brown, Experimental Towing available for non-steady seepage flow with Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology Report a free surface, e.g., the seepage through No. 698, November 1958. an earth dam. Theoretical work now in progress. (2153) EVALUATION BY COMPUTATIONAL METHOD OF THE THRUST DEDUCTION AND WAKE FRACTION OF A GRAVITY EFFECT ON POTENTIAL FLOW WITH A SHIP PROPELLER. FREE SURFACE. (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, Laboratory project and Office of Naval Department of the Navy. Research. (c) Dr. Stavros Tsakonas, Experimental Towing Theoretical; basic research. Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Extension of two-dimensional potential Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. flow analysis to include the effect of (d) Theoretical; applied research. gravity in the free surface boundary con- (e) The purpose of this investigation is to dition. develop a working computational method on Analysis complete. a sound physical basis for the evaluation "Methods for Calculating the Effect of of the wake fraction and thrust deduction Gravity on Two -Dimensional Free Surface of a ship propeller. This work, which is Flows", B. Perry, Ph.D. Dissertation 1957. carried out on a "Victory" ship is restricted to the potential flow case, where HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOW INTO CURB INLETS. the wavemaking effects as well as the viscous effect are omitted. By represent- U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. ing the hull by a discrete sink-source Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis. distribution and using the inflow propeller Attempt to develop analytical methods for velocities based on a doublet representa- predicting phenomena observed. tion of the propeller with cylindrical (f) Experimental program started. vortex sheets, a general expression for the evaluation of the strength of the hull singularity is developed. Furthermore under the assumption of a sink disc dis- STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Experimental tribution for the propeller, expressions Towing Tank. for the thrust deduction and wake fraction are developed in closed form. Numerical (3^0) HYDROFOILS AND HYDROSKIS. work was carried out on a Victory ship. (f) Suspended since the results of the strength (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of of singularity obtained by the solution of the Navy. a system of 51 (or 31 or 25) linear algebraic (c) Mr. Daniel Savitsky, Experimental Towing equations do not actually represent the Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 afterbody of the hull. Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (g) General expressions for the evaluation of

68 . . .

the strength of the singularity system degrees of freedom. representing the hull are developed taking (g) A new apparatus for measuring model motions into account the inflow propeller veloci- at oblique headings to waves has been ties (for circumferentially uniform and non- tested and has performed satisfactorily.

uniform thrust distribution) , the presence The six motions of a model in regular waves of the free surface and forward velocity. are obtained over a range of speeds. These expressions give the essential (h) "New Facilities at Stevens for Research on material for the evaluation of thrust de- Seakeeping Qualities of Ships", E. Numata, duction and wake fraction which have "been P. G. Spens and A. L. Muley, International expressed in closed form results as func- Shipbuilding Progress, September 1958. tions of complete elliptic integrals, (h) "Analytical Expressions for Thrust Deduc- (2156) MOTION AND STABILITY OF HYDROFOIL SYSTEMS. tion and Wake Fraction for Potential Flows", by Stavros Tsakonas, Experimental Towing (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, Tank Report No. 717, Dec. 1957, Journal of Department of the Navy. Ship Research, Vol. 2, No. 1, June 1958. (c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson (215*0 INVESTIGATION OF SHIP MOTIONS. Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. ( e ) To determine the longitudinal stability (c) Prof. B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Experimental characteristics of tandem hydrofoil con- Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Tech., figurations in waves, including the effects 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. of unsteady forces and moments. The re- (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic resulting motions of the system and the search. loadings on the foils can then be deter- (e) The development of a method of calculation mined. for predicting ship motions caused by head (g) A theoretical analysis of motion in smooth or following seas. Towing tank tests of water has been completed. An analysis of ship forms differing widely from the forms the forces and moments in waves has been currently used in practice, in search of completed and tests have been made, the re- considerable improvement in seakeeping sults of which compare well with the theory. qualities of ships. The results have been incorporated into a (g) The linearized theory of ship motions in study of motions in waves, which has been head or following seas was completed and completed. A study has also been made of computations were made for eight ship the drag of hydrofoils in unsteady motion, models for comparison with experimental together with a study of the surface waves results. These results were reported in a created by oscillating and translating paper by B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky and surface pressure distributions. Further Winnifred R. Jacobs at the Nov. 1957 meet- studies of motion in waves using unsteady ing of the Society of Naval Architects and flow theory haye been carried out Marine Engineers. The work is being organ- (h) "The Drag of Hydrofoils in Unsteady Motion", ized for the continuation of this project by Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank with the objectives of investigating non- Report No. 6l7, June 1958, submitted to the linear effects on ship motions and also to Journal of Ship Research. investigate the motions with six degrees of freedom in oblique seas. (2387) BENDING MOMENTS OF SHIPS IN WAVES.

(2155) SEAKEEPING QUALITIES OF SHIPS AT ALL HEAD- (b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine INGS TO WAVES. Engineers (c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing (b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 (DTMB Technical Supervision). Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing (d) Experimental and analytical; applied re- Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 search. Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (e) Calculation of bending moments in waves, (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- taking into account dynamic effects of ship search. motions and forward speed, for comparison (e) To investigate the coupled responses of with experimentally determined bending ship models at all headings to waves in moments. Prediction of bending moments in order to assist in the prediction of sea- irregular waves and comparison with ir- keeping qualities and to evaluate means of regular tank wave results. Extension to reducing or controlling ship motions so as measurements of model bending moments at a to increase sea speeds. Two self-propelled range of headings to long-crested regular and rudder-controlled ship models of the waves same proportions but different forebody (g) Fairly good agreement has been obtained form are being tested at various headings between calculated and observed bending to regular long-crested waves. Coupled moments in head seas, giving theoretical motion responses are being measured and confirmation of reduction of moments under parallel analytic studies are being made dynamic conditions of forward speed and of equations of motion for ships with six pitching and heaving motions. Tests at

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oblique headings to waves have shown that (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, horizontal "bending moment can become large Department of the Navy. in relations to vertical bending moment (c) Dr. John P. Breslin, Technical Director, while torsional moments are relatively Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute small of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N.J. "The Analytical Calculation of Ship Bending (d) Theoretical; applied research. Moments in Regular Waves", Winnifred R. (e) Theoretical studies of the hydrodynamic Jacobs, Journal of Ship Research, June 1958. field about propeller-like singularities A report on bending moment tests at oblique have been undertaken because of the in- headings to waves is in preparation. creasing concern of naval architects with propeller-excited ship vibration, parallel (2389: PERFORMANCE AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF to the axis. HYDROFOIL CRAFT. (f) Project continuing. (g) Studies utilizing doublet distributions to Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. represent the thrust and torque loading (c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, have been completed and through the efforts Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson of Dr. S. Tsakonas of the ETT Staff the Street, Hoboken, N. J. results are expressed in terms of tabulated (d) Theoretical; applied research. elliptic integrals. The effect of blade (e) To investigate the scaling of performance thickness has been recently included and is of hydrofoil craft of different sizes in found to be essential in explaining the different seas and to develop a general character and magnitude of experimental method for the evaluation of the stability results obtained with a ship model proof various hydrofoil configurations while peller. in the preliminary design state. Calculations of the vibratory forces and (g) Three different scaling methods have been moments on a doubly infinite flat-plate applied to representative craft, and a parallel to the axis of a propeller have measure of their performance in different been completed. These show that for a seas has been obtained. Motion spectra in propeller having three blades or more, the different irregular seas were determined force and moment on the plate are zero. A for each scaling and probabilities of thin elastic plate will, nevertheless, vi- broaching determined. Derivation of the brate and a formula to calculate the equations of longitudinal and lateral dy- amplitudes is given. namic stability has been accomplished for (h) "A Theory for the Vibratory Effects Pro- tandem systems employing either flat foils duced by a Propeller on a Large Plate", or dihedral surface-piercing foils. ETT Preliminary Report 689. (h) "Methods for Estimating the Longitudinal A final paper on the free-space pressure and Lateral Dynamic Stability of Hydrofoil field is in preparation. See also Pro- Craft", by P. Kaplan, P. N. Hu, and S. ceedings of Third U. S. National Congress Tsakonas, Experimental Towing Tank Report of Applied Mechanics, June 1958. No. 691, May 1958. (2393) MOTIONS AND BENDING MOMENTS OF SHIPS IN (2390) CONTROLLED FINS FOR REDUCING SHIP PITCHING. WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy ( DTMB ( b ) Bureau of Ships , Department of the Navy Technical Supervision). (DTMB Technical Supervision). (c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing (c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied re- (d) Experimental and analytical; applied research. search. (e) To determine the most desirable action of (e) Measurements of motions and external bend- controllable fins at the bow or stern of ing moments and shear of a jointed model a ship to reduce pitching in regular and of a high-speed naval vessel underway in irregular head seas. irregular head waves in a towing tank. (g) Analytical studies indicate that a combina- Results will be analyzed by cross-spectral xion of fixed fins at the bow and oscillat- techniques to determine frequency response ing fins at the stern seems most promising functions "in reducing ship pitching motions; model (g) Pilot studies indicate that when cross- experiments have verified these findings. spectral techniques are applied to the (h) "Pitch Reduction by Oscillating Stern Fins", analysis of moderate irregular wave data, P. G. Spens, Ship Behavior at Sea, Second the resulting frequency response functions Summer Seminar, Experimental Towing Tank show good agreement with response functions Report No. 708. obtained from regular wave tests. Final report In preparation. (h) "Ship Model Tests in Irregular Waves with a Broad Spectrum", J. F. Dalzell, Experi- (2391) THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC PRES- mental Towing Tank Note No. V7I, April 1958. SURE FIELD NEAR A ROTATING PROPELLER BLADE "The Analysis of Model Test Results in AND FORCES APPLIED TO CERTAIN SIMPLE, NEAR- Irregular Head Seas to Determine the Ampli- BY BOUNDARIES. tude and Phase Relations to the Waves", by

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J. F. Dalzell and Y. Yamanouchi, Second PRODUCED BY A SHIP PROPELLER OPERATING IN Summer Seminar on Ship Behavior at Sea, THE WAKE OF A HULL. Experimental Towing Tank Report No. 708. ite (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, '•4 (2615) FORCES AMD MOMENTS ON SUBMERGED BODIES Department of the Navy. BELOW WAVES. (c) Dr. John P. Breslin, Technical Director, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Inst, of (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. Department of the Navy. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, (e) Existing methods for computing the axial,

1 Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson vibratory thrust produced by a ship pro- Street, Eoboken, N. J. peller operating In a circumferentially (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and variable wake, assume that the forces on applied research. the blade elements are developed instan-

( e ) To measure the forces and moments acting on taneously, i.e., only quasi-steady forces ts submerged bodies moving obliquely to the are considered. This study attempts to crests of regular waves, and to compare the determine the influence of unsteady effects

:d ! results with available theory. on the accuracy of the predictions of ex- (g) Slender-body theory has been applied to isting methods.

Is determine the forces and moments acting on (f) Completed. a submerged body and also on a surface ship (g) "A Theory for the Quasi-Steady and Unsteady moving normal to the crests of regular Thrust and Torque of a Propeller in a Ship waves. Additional work has been carried Wake", by Paul D. Ritger and John P. Breslin, out for a submerged body moving obliquely Report No. 686, July 1958. with respect to the waves, and the results check with those obtained by more refined (2865) EFFECT OF SPEED AND FULLNESS ON HULL BEND- theories. The forces have also been found ING MOMENTS IN WAVES. on body- appendage combinations by application of the same theory. Further theoreti- (b) American Bureau of Shipping. cal studies of forces and moments on other (c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing configurations are continuing. The model Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 and balance system to be used in the experi- Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. mental study have been prepared. Dynamic (d) Experimental; applied research. calibrations are being carried out in prep- (e) To determine to what extent, if any, dif- aration for the tests in the new three- ferent longitudinal strength standards dimensional wave facility. should be adopted for ships of different (h) "Application of Slender Body Theory to fullness and service speeds. The hull mid- Forces Acting on Submerged Bodies and Sur- ship bending moments of three models with ' face Ships in Regular Waves", by Paul block coefficients ranging from 0.68 and Kaplan, Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 1, 0.80 were measured in regular and irregular- No. 3, November 1957. head and following seas. "The Forces Acting on Slender Submerged (g) Experimental results show that dynamic mid- Bodies and Body-Appendage Combinations in ship hull bending moments in regular model Oblique Waves", by Paul Kaplan and Pung length waves vary with fullness at low Nien Hu, to be published in Proceedings of speeds according to the trend predicted by the Third U. S. National Congress of standard static calculations. Applied Mechanics, 1958. (h) Report in preparation.

(2616) THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE TRANSIENT FORCES (2866) AN ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE PRESSURE FIELD PRODUCED BY A SHIP PROPELLER. NEAR COUNTER-ROTATING PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy. Department of the Navy. (c) Dr. John P. Breslin, Technical Director, (c) Dr. John P. Breslin, Technical Director,

Experimental Towing Tank, , Stevens Inst Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Inst, of of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) Theoretical study of the forces produced (e) In regard to the problem of mitigating the by a rotating propeller as represented by vibratory hydrodynamic forces applied by rotating bound vortices in the neighborhood a ship propeller, the free-space field of of bodies representable by doublet distri- a counter-rotating propeller has been butions and source-sink distributions; studied. The study is divided into two analysis limited to first order effects. parts: (l) The effects from each propeller (g) Formulas for the transverse vibratory force are summed as though they were Independent; generated by an m-bladed propeller (offset and (2) an approximate treatment of the from a body of revolution) have been found. effect of blade interaction is attempted, Numerical evaluations have been made; (h) Report in preparation. report in preparation. (3167) THRUST DEDUCTION IN VISCOUS FLOW FOR A (2617) THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE VIBRATORY THRUST BODY OF REVOLUTION.

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(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, with the model. Department of the Navy. (c) Dr. Stavros Tsakonas, Experimental Towing (3170) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE INCEPTION OF Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 VENTILATION ON SURFACE PIERCING BODIES. Hudson Street. Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical applied research, (b) National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (e) Approximate methods for the rapid evalua- Washington, D. C. tion of the viscous component of the thrust (c) Dr. John P. Breslin, Technical Director, deduction for a body of revolution. The Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Inst, of viscosity will be taken into account by Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. modifying the- shape of the body by the (d) Experimental research. corresponding displacement thickness, (e) Interest in the phenomena of ventilation of the flow on the "suction" side of surface- (3168) STUDY OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHIP DAMPING. piercing bodies has stemmed from the fairly recent interest in the behavior of seaplane (b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine alighting gear and the strut and foils on Engineers hydrofoil boats. Tests on two different (c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, surface piercing struts have been conducted Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson to determine the way in which ventilation Street, Hoboken, N. J. starts and to obtain force measurements in (d) Theoretical; basic research. both the ventilated and rion-ventilated condition. ( e ) To evaluate the damping force acting on a local strip of an oscillating ship, includ- (f) Completed. Report submitted for approval. ing all the three-dimensional flow contri- (g) Identification of modes of inception for butions. The effect of forward speed on ventilation has been made and conditions the total damping will also be determined. for both Inception and closure determined (g) Study has shown that local force and moment for two strut models. Analysis of side on a submerged oscillating spheroid differ loads on ventilated model shows applica- appreciably from that found using two- bility of fully cavitating theory to the dimensional flow values, depending upon prediction of the behavior of this force frequency and location of local observation and Froude number. point. Work is continuing to find infor- (h) "An Exploratory Study of Ventilated Flows mation for the Michell (thin) ship, and About Yawed Surface-Piercing Struts", by curves of two-dimensional damping values J P. Breslin and R. Skalak, Report No. were prepared. Since all of the above is 668, Oct. 1957. (NASA Memorandum of same for zero speed of advance, the investiga- title will appear early in 1959). tion of speed effects is being pursued. (h) "Progress Report on Research: Three- (3171) THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THRUST DEDUCTION OF Dimensional Strip Damping of Ships", by A PROPELLER WORKING BEHIND A THIN SHIP. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank Note No. October 1958. (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

( Dr. Stavros Tsakonas, Experimental Towing ( 3169 ) WAKE FORMS BEHIND HIGH SPEED PLANING c ) SURFACES. Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the (d) Theoretical; applied research. Navy. (e) It is intended to study analytically the (c) Mr. Robert L. Van Dyck, Experimental Towing importance of the parameters involved in Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 the thrust deduction problem. Functional Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. relationships of thrust deduction with the (d) Experimental; basic research. axial clearance and vertical position of (e) An experimental study is being conducted the propeller will be developed for various in order to determine the surface contours thin ship configurations and compared to of the wake shapes developed by planing each other. forms associated with high-speed water- Project is in the process of development. based aircraft. This work was undertaken (g) Mathematical procedures have been developed because of the lack of accurate informa- for the thrust deduction force in the case tion concerning the wakes of planing forms of a thin ship having a longitudinal wedge operated at high speeds, high angles of shape with a flat plate bottom, as well as attack, and heavy loadings. The effect of with a wedge cross-section when the pro- vee-bottom angle, chine flare, and step peller is situated at the maximum sub- shape will be evaluated in addition to the mergence of the stern. above-mentioned parameters, (g) The first tests are currently underway. (3172) LIFT ON A SLENDER BODY OF REVOLUTION. Small, longitudinally- curved models of two- inch beam are being towed at a thirty-foot (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, radius on a large rotating-arm apparatus Department of the Navy. Towing Tank, Measurements of the wake cross-sections ( c ) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental are made with vertical probes which are Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson manually adjusted by an observer riding Street, Hoboken, N. J.

72 . . . .

(d) Theoretical; "basic research. overestimates experimental virtual mass, (e) Analytical study of the lift force acting thereby leading to probable source of on a slender "body of revolution at an angle errors in comparison of computed and ex- of attack, assuming the flow about any perimental natural frequencies for low cross section on the after portion of the modes "body contains a vortex separation region. Methods of slender-body theory and integral (3176) THEORY OF LATERAL MOTIONS OF SHIPS IN WAVES. equations used to determine the force and the variation of the force with the "body (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, form parameters Department of the Navy. (c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, L73) HTDROELASTIC INSTABILITIES OF SUPERCAVI- Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson TATING HYDROFOILS Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; basic research. ("b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, (e) Analytical study of the lateral motions of Department of the Navy. surface ships with three degrees of free- (c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, dom in oblique waves. This will Include Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson the evaluation of the virtual mass, damp- Street, Hoboken, N. J. ing, and dynamic coupling for a surface (d) Theoretical; basic research. ship in oscillatory motion, as well as the (e) Theoretical analysis of the conditions for hydrodynamic excitation forces and moments the occurrence of hydroelastic instabili- due to the oblique waves. The free surface ties (i.e. divergence and flutter) of influence on the hydrodynamic forces will supercavitating hydrofoils (two-dimensional be included in the above case) as functions of angle of attack, cavitation number, elastic axis location, (3177) STUDY OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC STATIC AND elastic spring constant, and other perti- DYNAMIC FORCE AND MOMENT RATE COEFFICIENTS nent physical characteristics. FOR SURFACE SHIPS.

(317^) SUPERCAVITATING HYDROFOILS WITH GENERALIZED (b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, OSCILLATORY MOTIONS. Department of the Navy. (c) Dr. Stavros Tsakonas, Experimental Towing (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Navy. Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J (c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, (d) Experimental; basic research. Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson (e) To determine the hydrodynamic character- Street, Hoboken, N. J. istics which are essential in the course (d) Theoretical; basic research. stability of surface ships. This problem (e) Analytical studies of the forces acting on leads first to the investigation of whether supercavitating hydrofoils with any type or not the rotating arm facilities are re- of oscillatory motion. Techniques of liable sources for the determination of mapping are to be used, in the two-dimen- the dynamic as well as the static hydro- sional case, and consideration will be dynamic characteristics. Secondly, to given to the infinite cavity case and also study the hydrodynamic behavior of a flat to the finite cavity case, taking account plate having a profile area and geometry of cavity volume changes. of that of the surface ship and compare results with that of the corresponding (3175) STUDY OF VIRTUAL MASS FOR VERTICAL SHIP configuration of the surface vessels. VIBRATION. Finally, to correlate experimental results with that of the existing theories on low (b) David Taylor Model Basin (Structural aspect ratio thin airfoils. Mechanics), Bureau of Ships, Department of (f) Project is almost at the stage of comple- the Navy. tion, pending the question of the Inter- (c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, ference effect of hull and skeg configura- Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson tion. Shortly, a preliminary report will Street, Hoboken, N. J. be sent to the David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Review of theory and experiment. (g) The comparison of the results obtained by (e) Reviews of the basic literature, both interpolation of the rotating arm with theory and experiment, related to the that obtained by a straight course experi- virtual mass associated with vertical ship ment shows excellent agreement in all five vibration. Object is to indicate valid cases of surface ships as well as the formulas for determining virtual mass from corresponding flat plate configurations. available data, and if this is insufficient It can be decisively concluded that the or inaccurate, to recommend appropriate straight course motion can be considered test program for proper determination. as intermediate between a large turn to (g) Extensive literature survey carried out the right and large turn to the left. and results discussed in draft of report. Therefore, the hydrodynamic static and dy- Effects of gravity waves, viscosity, sur- namic coefficients can be obtained by the face tension and compressibility were con- rotating arm facilities as well. The hy- sidered. Results of study show theory drodynamic behavior of the flat plate

514561 0 - 59 -6 . .

compared with that of the surface ship con- fit of the numerical results with the con-; figuration shows interesting similarity. trol data, In particular, the yawing moment results (h) Final report in preparation. show good agreement in the general trend

and in magnitude, whereas the lateral force ( 2869 ) INVESTIGATION OF PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH shows some general trend but an increase PREDICTION OF STORM- INDUCED WATER LEVELS. [ in magnitude. This increase in magnitude can be explained in the light of the (b) U. S. Weather Bureau, Dept. of Commerce, boundary layer separation at the leading Contract CWB-9559. edge of a thin and slowly moving plate. (c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Project Supervisor. The comparison of the obtained results (d) Theoretical with verification from existini with that of the low aspect ratio wing data; applied and basic research. theories reveals the existing analogy of a (e) The generation of two-dimensional surges i surface ship to a low-aspect ratio wing, deep water for a moving radially symmetric

with the load-waterline length as chord storm, including the effects of the earth : and twice the draft as the span, rotation, is being investigated analytical; (h) Preliminary report will be submitted short- In addition the modification and generatio' ly to David Taylor Model Basin. of surges on a continental shelf of variab? depth is being investigated numerically, with the aim of comparing computed water levels at shore with those observed for TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE, Department of Oceanography past hurricanes along the U. S. coast (Eas and Meteorology. coast and Gulf coast areas). (g) Analytical and numerical methods of evalua> (2868) INVESTIGATION OF STORM SURGES ALONG THE tion of storm surges for deep and coastal

[ SOUTH SHORE OF NEW ENGLAND. waters have been investigated for several simplified mathematical models. The (b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers, coastal models include the cases of con- U. S. Army, Contract DA-49-055-clv-eng-56-4. stant depth and linear variation of depth

(c) Professor Robert 0. Reid, Project Super- with distance from shore. The effect of t' visor. earth's rotation is included in these

(d) Numerical analysis ; applied research. studies (e) Numerical and graphical procedures are (h) "Effect of Coriolis Force on Edge Waves: utilized in the evaluation of storm surge I. Investigation of the Normal Modes" by behavior in schematic (mathematical) models R. 0. Reid, Journ. Mar. Res. (in press). of Narragansett Bay, Long Island Sound and "Effect of Coriolis Force on Edge Waves: Buzzards Bay, particular attention being II. Specific Examples of Free and Forced devoted to Narragansett Bay. The numerical Waves", by K. Kajiura, Journ. Mar. Res. work is being carried out using an IBM 650 (in press). computer. Numerical studies of astronomi- cal tides in Narragansett Bay are also (2870) MODEL STUDY OF SURGE ACTION IN A PORT. being carried out (g) A numerical procedure for computation of (b) Office of Naval Research, U. S. Navy water level changes in coastal bays and Project NR O83-O36, Contract N7 onr-48702. estuaries has been utilized for estimating (c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Principal Investigator. the potential storm surges in Narragansett (d) Experimental; basic and applied research. Bay, Long Island Sound, and Buzzards Bay (e) To collate results and conclusions from a for a selected design hurricane. The nu- model study of long period wave action in merical calculations are based upon the Table Bay Harbor, Cape Town, South Africa. quasi-linear, one-dimensional equations of (f) Complete. motion and continuity. In the numerical (g) The nature of the surge phenomenon has evaluation of storm surge generation over been uncovered. Its reproduction in an the continental shelf, the equations are engineering model and experiments to con- modified so as to allow for long shore trol it are described. It is shown that dispersion of energy in an approximate effects on shipping can be brought under manner. The calculations for the modifica- control by suitably containing the existir tion of the surge as it enters the bay harbor within an outer basin of tight mole include the provision for energy loss by construction. bottom friction and energy gain by wind (h) "Research and Model Studies on Range Actic stress over the bay. In the calculations in Table Bay Harbour, Cape Town", by B. W. for Narragansett Bay, the latter is regard- Wilson. Paper due for presentation to ed as a network of interconnecting channels, S. A. Inst. C. E. (Johannesburg, S. A.), each of which are considered to be of uni- June 1959 (publication pending). form width and depth. The method of calculation has been "calibrated" by using the (2871) DIFFRACTION OF PLANE GRAVITY WATER WAVES known data for the September 21, 1938, IN THE PRESENCE OF A HORIZONTALLY SUB- hurricane as a control. The calibration MERGED CIRCULAR CYLINDER. involves the selection of appropriate friction, reflection, and refraction conditions (b) Department project. for the system, which will allow the best R. 0. Reid, Chairman (Faculty Comm. (c) Prof. ) . . .

(a) Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. Disser- mouth of New York Bay with antecedent storm tation (R. Ellis). characteristics (wind stress and pressure

(e) To determine the nature of the pressure gradient ) at a number of off-shore stations changes brought about at the bed boundary has been undertaken with data for four by the presence of a horizontally submerged storms, tabulated at 20 minute intervals. circular cylinder, fixed transversely in The derived coefficients of correlation the path of a uniform train of waves in have been used in the prediction formula water of uniform depth. to predict the time-sequences of water level (g) Experiments have been conducted in a wave change at the bay-mouth for each of the tank for generating water waves in which four storms as a check on the validity of wave pressures have been measured at a the formula. The formula has then been number of locations at the bottom of the applied to the case of a design hurricane tank relative to a horizontally submerged travelling on a given path at six possible circular cylinder, fixed transversely at speeds. High speed digital computer tech- different elevations in water of various niques have been used for this study, depths. The ratio of the root -me an-square (h) "The Prediction of Hurricane Storm-Tides pressure in the presence of the cylinder to in New York Bay", by B. W. Wilson, Pre- that in the absence of the cylinder is liminary Report No. 165-1, Texas A and M found to vacillate with distance symmetri- Research Foundation, January 1959- cally on either side of the cylinder. An

empirical formula which satisfactorily ( 3178 ) WAVE VARIABILITY AND WAVE SPECTRA FOR WIND- predicts the pressure change has been de- GENERATED GRAVITY WAVES. rived but the theoretical solution of the problem has not yet been attained. (b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engrs., U. S. Army. '2872) LONG WAVES GENERATED BY ATMOSPHERIC (c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Chairman (Faculty Comm.). DISTURBANCES IN AN OPEN OCEAN. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research; Ph.D. Dissertation (C. L. 00 U. S. Weather Bureau, Contract No. CWB-9071. Bretschneider ) (c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Project Supervisor and (e) To analyze ocean wave records both for the Chairman (Faculty Comm.). marginal and joint distributions of heights, (d) Theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. Disserta- lengths, and periods of the waves. Thence tion (K. Kajiura). to investigate the wave energy spectrum (e) To determine the nature of long waves and Its relation to the wind speed and the generated in an open ocean by travelling wave age. To revise wave forecasting atmospheric disturbances. relationships in the light of the findings (f) Completed. and compare derived spectra with other (g) The nature of the response of the water known forms surface and layered interface of a two- (f) Completed. layered ocean of infinite expanse to the (g) It was found that both wave height and wave wind and pressure effects of a radially length variability conformed to a Rayleigh symmetric storm such as a hurricane or distribution. A derived distribution func- typhoon has been determined. Important tion for period variability was verified by parameters are the ratio of the storm speed the data. A theoretical summation function to the free wave speed and the scale of for joint distributions was also verified the storm. The corlolis force is shown to by the data. From this a family of theo- be important in shallow water. In deep retical energy spectra was derived. Wave water the influence of atmospheric pressure height, length, and frequency spectra were dominates that of wind stress; in shallow evolved in terms of generation parameters water the reverse is true. such as wind speed and fetch. Wave fore- 00 "Response of a Boundless Two-Layer Ocean casting relationships were re-examined and to Atmospheric Disturbances" by K. Kajiura, revised. Ph.D. Dissertation, A and M College of (h) "Wave Variability and Wave Spectra for Texas, May 1958. Wind Generated Gravity Waves" by C. L. Bretschneider, Ph.D. Dissertation, A and M COMPUTATION OF DESIGN STORM-TIDE FOR THE College of Texas, August 1958, 219 PP- NEW YORK BAY AREA. (3179) MOORING OF SHIPS EXPOSED TO WAVES. 00 Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army and New York District, Corps of (b) Office of Naval Research, U. S. Navy, Engineers, Contract DA-l+9-055-civ-eng-58-9 Contract No. NR O83-O36. (c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Project Supervisor. (c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Principal Investigator. (a) Numerical analysis; applied research. (d) Theoretical; basic and applied research. (e) This project concerns the correlation of (e) To investigate the motion of a drifting observed effects in New York Bay with the ship under the influence of waves in head characteristics of known storms and its and beam seas in water of various depths; application to the prediction of storm- hence to determine the kinetic energy that tides for a design hurricane. must be absorbed through the tendency of a (g) Least squares multiple regression correla- ship to drift in contact with offshore tion of known storm-tide elevation at the structures in exposed locations; finally

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to in consider the nature of ship motion of oscillation in relation to the forcing I I waves when restrained by mooring ropes. frequency. The wave length- frequency (f) Completed. relationship of the waves in the fundamen- has on the basis tal mode was found to agree j Problem been investigated satisfactorily' : (g) ; that a ship can be simulated by a rectangu- with Kelvin's analysis for gravity-capil- lar block of equivalent displacement. lary waves of small amplitude,

Treatment determines ship surge, heave and (h) "Transverse Gravity-Capillary Waves near (j pitch in a head sea of uniform long-crested Vibrating Boundary", by C. S. Wells, M. S,i waves and sway, heave and roll in a beam Thesis, A and M College of Texas, January sea. Most critical conditions of approach 1959- of a ship to a berth in an exposed location apply in broadside on-movement in a beam sea. The kinetic energy to be absorbed depends on whether structure is permeable UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineer:^. to the waves or reflects them. The non- linear problem of the surging of a moored Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 9hQ, 2l62, 239i ship under mooring restraints is analyzed. 2397, 2629, and 287U, should be addressed to Dr. (h) "The Energy Problem in the Mooring of Ships Walter L. Moore, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. Exposed to Waves", by B. W. Wilson. Paper of Texas, Austin 12, Texas. presented at The Princeton University Con- ference, Oct. 20-21, 1958 (publication (9^8) DIFFUSION OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUBMERGED

pending ) JET.

(3180) PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE LAYING OF A SUB- (b) Laboratory project. MARINE LIQUID-SULPHUR PIPELINE IN THE GULF (d) Basic experimental. OF MEXICO. (e) An investigation is being made of the dif-j fusion of momentum in a two-dimensional j€ (b) Freeport Sulphur Company, New Orleans, La. as influenced by the proximity to a plane j

: (c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Principal Investigator. boundary. Apparatus was constructed for i (d) Theoretical; applied research. measuring the velocity field in the diffu-3" j (e) Sponsor required information on four ques- sion region of an air jet 0.05 ft. thick

tions: (l) History of bottom erosion in and 3-0 ft . wide with a plane parallel the area of proposed pipeline near Grand boundary at various distances from the axij Isle, La.; (2) effects of hurricane waves of the jet. on pipeline and desirable depth of burial (f) Inactive. of latter; safe elevations of shore establishments; (3) vertical and lateral stabili- (2l6l) CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP AT AN ty of the pipeline in the sediments; and ABRUPT CHANGE IN BOTTOM ELEVATION.

( k ) longitudinal stability of the pipeline under thermally induced forces. (b) University of Texas Research Institute and:: (f) Completed. Bureau of Engineering Research. (h) "Coastal Engineering Problems in the Lay- (c) Prof. C. W. Morgan, Department of Civil ing of a Submarine Liquid-Sulphur Pipeline Engineering, University of Texas. in the Gulf of Mexico", by B. W. Wilson, (d) Experimental. Final Tech. Report No. 187-I, Texas A and M (e) Experimental determinations are made of til Research Foundation, December 1958, 153 PP- flow characteristics at two-dimensional channel drops and rises. The velocity (3181) GRAVITY- CAPILLARY WAVES IN WATER AT A distribution and surface profile will be VIBRATING BOUNDARY. deteunined throughout the length of the jump for various relative changes in bottc (b) United Gas Pipeline Co. Fellowship. elevation. The longitudinal location of (c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Chairman (Faculty Comm.). the jump in relation to the change in bot-

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research; tom elevation will be varied over a broad If M.S. Thesis (C.S. Wells). range in distinction to previous related (e) To examine the nature of gravity- capillary Investigations In which relative location waves in water developing transversely to of the jump was held constant. a vibrating boundary. (g) Results for the abrupt drop are complete (f) Completed. and have been published. For a given (g) The oscillation of cone and wedge-shaped entering Froude number lying between 2 and cylindrical plungers in water at high fre- 8 three types of jump may form, the type 1 quency was found to induce standing edge and its longitudinal location depending waves transverse to the water-plunger only on the relative downstream depth. boundary. It was found that this phenome- The velocities near the bottom below the non had been discovered by Faraday and drop are always less than the mean velo- interpreted by Rayleigh as a non-linear city in the downstream channel for the mechanism capable of existence in several jump type of maximum height. Experimental! distinct modes. It was found that the measurements have been made on the relatedl resulting standing water-wave system was investigation for an abrupt rise. unstable and capable of developing sub- (h) "The Hydraulic Jump at an Abrupt Drop", by) harmonic as well as super-harmonic modes W. L. Moore and C. W. Morgan, Proceedings,!

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A.S.C.E., Vol. 83, No. HY6, pp. 1 1+49-1-21, development are being analyzed. The rela- Dec, 1957- tions obtained for this period will be applied to the rainfall records after the 2162) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED. upstream development and the predicted runoff compared with the actual runoff, (b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey. (g) Sources of data have been located, the (d) Field investigation; applied research. available information tabulated, and a (e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a method of evaluating the runoff devised

1+ square mile and a 2 square mile portion that appears to be reasonable . Multiple of the Waller Creek watershed are "being correlation diagrams have been developed made to provide basic information for esti- which may be used with storm rainfall re- mating runoff from small urban watersheds cords to predict the annual runoff of the in the Southwest area. Two streamflow selected watershed for the period before stations and a rain gage net are in opera- upstream development tion. Studies of the correlation between runoff, rainfall, and the characteristics (2629) A MECHANICAL TURBULENCE INDICATOR FOR of the drainage basin are being made by LIQUIDS. various proposed methods to serve as a base for comparison with the data as it is col- (b) Bureau of Engineering Research, University lected from the stream. of Texas. (f) Active (M.S. Thesis on analysis). (d) Experimental instrument development. (g) Careful estimates of the peak discharges at (e) There is need for a relatively simple de- the gaging station were made by various vice to give a quantitative measure of the proposed methods based on measurable char- degree of turbulence in a flowing fluid. acteristics of the basin. These results Electrical instruments commonly measure the will be of interest to compare with observed root mean square of the turbulent fluctua- peak discharges in later years when the tions as an indication of the intensity. record is long enough to be significant. The instrument being developed measures the (h) "Peak Discharge Predictions for Waller maximum turbulent fluctuation as an indica- Creek at 23rd Street at Austin, Texas", by tion of the intensity. The instrument is William H.S. Diehl, M.S. Thesis, Jan., 1959. similar to a l/2-inch diameter Prandtl velocity tube except that it has two stag- i) RESISTANCE OF PIERS IN FREE SURFACE FLOW. nation openings; the conventional one which gives the mean stagnation head and an addi- (b) Laboratory project. tional one which leads through a sensitive (d) Theoretical and experimental (thesis). check valve and accumulator to a manometer (e) An investigation Is being made of the drag tube. The check valve and accumulator resistance of piers as a function of shape, elements are located in the tube less than relative submergence, spacing, and Froude 3/8 of an inch from the stagnation opening numbers. The pier resistance is being cor- to minimize inertia effects. related with the head loss for flow in a (g) The instrument has been built and a mem- channel brane for the check valves developed. Tur- (g) A phase of the investigation has been com- bulence data measured in a hydraulic jump pleted for Froude numbers less that 0.5 and in a circular jet appear reasonable in with cylindrical piers at various submer- relation to published data for similar gence and spacing. An investigation of the flows. Calibration of the instrument with resistance of H section piers at various controlled pressure fluctuations at various orientations and longitudinal spacings has frequencies indicate satisfactory response been completed. Another phase has been provided the instrument itself is prevented completed which demonstrates that the velo- from vibrating. Turbulence measurements city gradient along a cylindrical pier ef- in a hydraulic jump and a circular jet are fects the drag coefficient. The local drag to be repeated. coefficient decreases along the pier in the direction toward the end of the pier where (287I+) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SCOUR RESISTANCE the velocity is high. The reduction in OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS. drag coefficient is related to a dimensionless measure of the velocity gradient along (b) Bureau of Engineering Research, University the cylinder. of Texas. (h) "An Experimental Investigation of the Drag (d) Analytical and experimental (laboratory). Characteristics of Model H-Section Bridge (e) An attempt is being made to evaluate the Piers", Donald R. Van Sickle, M.S. Thesis, scour resistance of cohesive sediments by May 1958. means of a standardized scour test. An approximate analysis indicated that a nomi- (2397) EFFECT OF UPSTREAM DEVELOPMENT ON THE RUN- nal value of the shear stress at sediment OFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHWEST. surface could be obtained for radially outward flow between a circular disc and the (b) Laboratory project. sediment sample. An apparatus was con- (d) Field investigation (thesis). structed with which the net force on the

( e ) For a selected watershed rainfall and run- circular disc and the rate of flow could off relations before the period of upstream be adjusted to desired values and measured.

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Tests showed that the measurement of the Laboratory research. net force on the disc became inaccurate at Dean F. Peterson, Jr., Dean of Engineering low rates of scour, thus giving an unre- Utah State University, Logan, Utah. liable determination of the shear at incipi- (a) Experimental, theoretical, and field inves ent scour. The apparatus was revised to tigation; basic research. A doctoral measure the rate of scour beneath a verti- thesis is now under way. cal circular jet. A correlation of the (e) A basic study of parameters involved in variables based on a dimensional analysis flow in steep, rough channels where the shows promise of giving consistent results. roughness is a relatively appreciable part A third test to measure the shear stress of the depth, and where flow may be in on the soil -at incipient scour has been channels sufficiently steep that critical devised but not tested. It is planned that or super critical flow becomes an importar results from this test can be correlated factor. The work is basic, however, it with various soil parameters commonly used could have widespread application to steep in soil mechanics. It is hoped that as a mountain streams, especially in the westei minimum an arbitrary scale can be set up United States. A forty-eight foot long for comparing the scour resistance of vari- sloping flume, two feet wide, has been ussj ous cohesive sediments and that possibly to study flow conditions under a number oi this scale can be related to flow parame- roughness arrangements and for slopes rang ters for other situations and to other ing from one percent to eight and a half measurable soil properties percent for various discharges. (g) Three regimes of flow seem to be involved, (3182) LONG TIME FLUCTUATIONS IN STREAM RUNOFF. One, a regime of relatively tranquil flow;: two, a regime in which the roughnesses (b) Laboratory project. begin to act as distributed free overfallf! (c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Dept. of Civil Engi- and may exercise control; and three, a neering, Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas. regime in which the roughnesses are essen^ (a) Analytical and field study. tially skimmed over by super critical floi (e) Values of runoff from selected drainage Tentative parameters delineating these

areas in the lower Mississippi River basin three regimes have been proposed as have 1, and in basins of the rivers emptying partial set of parameters for describing directly into the Gulf of Mexico were flow in the tumbling regime. studied. Variations in the runoff values

for each stream were considered and these ( 3181+ ) FLOW TO A PARTIALLY PENETRATING WELL IN A]i trends compared with solar variations UNCONFINED AQUIFER. The relative sunspot numbers were used as the measure of solar variations and were (b) Laboratory project. correlated with the mean annual runoff. (c) Dean F. Peterson, Jr., Dean of Engineerin Further correlations are being made with Utah State University, Logan, Utah. different "lag" periods between solar (d) Experimental; basic research. A doctoral activity and surface runoff. thesis is under way. (g) The gradual shifting of the centers of run- (e) The effect of drawdown relative to depth off excess and deficiency is consistent of penetration, well diameter, and rela- : rather than random and appears to represent tive thickness of aquifer on flow into am a gradual cyclic change in the runoff pat- idealized well system is being studied tern. It appears that the locations of using a combination electrical and mem- the centers of runoff deficiency is follow- brane analogue and an electrical resistan: ing roughly the same path that it did some analogue computer. 22 to 2h years previously. Correlation (g) The various factors have been arranged in coefficients of +0.2 to +0.5 are obtained dimensionless form and curves showing the, for selected rivers in Mississippi, Alabama, functional relation between these parame- Georgia and Arkansas when sunspot numbers ters developed. in the 11-year sunspot cycle are correlated with runoff. Texas streams do not give (3185) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION. significant correlation with the 11-year sunspot cycle but give better correlation Laboratory research. if runoff is compared with the double sun- (c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineer- spot cycle in which sunspot numbers are ing Experiment Station, Utah State Univ., assumed as negative in alternate cycles. Logan, Utah. (h) "Surface Runoff in the Gulf Coast Area in (a) Experimental, theoretical; basic research Relation to Solar Activity", by Carl W. (e) A basic study of the phenomenon of water Morgan, Ph.D. Dissertation, June 1958. advance over the soil where the intake varies with time. (g) A doctoral thesis has been completed and the report is being written. The .study UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY, Engineering Experiment was based primarily upon the phenomenon Station. observed by using considerations . A second study is currently under way where a mathematical approach is used and com- (3183) DYNAMICS OF FLOW IN STEEP, ROUGH, OPEN j CHANNELS. puting machines are used to evaluate the I

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complex differential equations. be addressed to Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head, 00 "Hydraulics of Irrigation Water Application The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Laboratory, as Affected by Soils and Other Factors ", Division of Industrial Research, State Proceedings, First Intersociety Conference College of Washington, Pullman, Washington. on Irrigation and Drainage, April 1957- Publication pending. "The Importance of (1689) STUDY OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS. Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation", Paper 1788, Journal of the Irrigation and Drain- (b) Designers and managers of water and gas age Division, Proceedings, American Society distribution systems. of Civil Engineers, September 1958. (d) Analyses by analogue and digital computers. (e) Studies of distribution systems by the 3186) EVALUATION OF GROUND WATER IN A NON-HOMO- Mcllroy Pipeline Network Analyzer. Analy- GENEOUS, ANISOTROPIC MEDIA. ses have been made of the water supply systems for over 30 cities. Gas systems 00 Laboratory research. have also been analyzed as well as the cool- (c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering ing system of a large hydro plant. An Experiment Station, Utah State University, analysis has been developed whereby some Logan, Utah. of the problems not readily solvable by the 00 Experimental, theoretical; basic research. Mcllroy Analyzer can be carried out on an Two masters theses have been completed. IBM 65O digital computer. (e) A variable resistance network has been developed wherein problems of non-homogen- (2165) THE INFLUENCE OF LOGGING OPERATIONS ON ous anisotropic flow can be evaluated. RUN-OFF FROM PRECIPITATION. This network has been used to establish the procedure, validity, and accuracy of solu- 00 Laboratory project. tions which can be expected from this (d) Analytical with field investigation. approach. ' Boundary conditions necessary (e) The run-off from watersheds on which exten- before unique solution and the method of sive logging has been made is being con- application of boundary conditions have ducted to determine the correlation between been studied. run-off and logging in regions where the "The Development of an Electrical Analog rainfall is heavy and regrowth rapid. for Non-homogeneous Anisotropic Soils" by (f) Inactive. Kenneth Craig (Master Thesis). (2631) ROCKY REACH HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT. INVESTIGATION OF THE HYDRAULIC AND MECHANI- CAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRINKLERS. (b) Chelan County Public Utility District No. 1. (d) Experimental; design. Laboratory research. (e) A 1:75 model 109 ft by hO ft has been con- Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering structed of 7500 ft of the Columbia River Experiment Station, Utah State University, to study construction phases and the opera- Logan, Utah. tion of the complete development of the (d Experimental Rocky Reach site. Studies have been com- (e The basic criterion in the study was to pleted on the cofferdam layouts and tests "reduce the turbulence in mechanical sprink- are now underway on the operation of the lers in order to improve the range. spillway and fishway entrances. In addi- (f Completed. tion, a ±:kk.9 scale model of two bays of Several rather simple modifications in the the spillway has been constructed in a commercial product could be modified to large glass sided flume to determine materially increase the range specifically the design of baffles on the apron and skip buckets on the ogee. STEADY FLOW TOWARD AN UNCONFINED WELL. (h) Status reports to the client.

Laboratory research. (2632) PRIEST RAPIDS PENSTOCK GATE STUDIES. Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering Experiment Station, Utah State University, (b) Pacific Coast Engineering Company. Logan, Utah. (d) Experimental; design. Theoretical. (e) A 1:18 model of fixed wheel intake gates Unconfined flow toward a well i s extremely for the Priest Rapids Hydroelectric Project complex because of the existenc e of a free has been constructed to determine the hy- surface. The objective of this is to ar- draulic downpull for several lip designs rive at a more sound mathematic al evalua- A generalized study has also been made to tion o"f the flow which will des cribe the investigate various designs of intake gates streamline distribution. with a view toward a more economical design of gates and gantry cranes, (h) Report to client.

THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, The R. L. Albrook (2633) WATER WALL FOR ATOMIC REACTORS. J Hydraulic Laboratory. (b) General Electric Company, Hanford Atomic Inquiries concerning the following projects should Products Operation.

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(a) Experimental; design. Products Operation. (e) A 1:3 model of a large manifold has "been (a Experimental; design and operation. constructed to determine the hydraulic sta- (e A 1:6 model of a downcomer for cooling bility, flow patterns, and pressure losses. water from atomic reactors has been built (f) Completed. to study methods of increasing the capacity (h) Final report to client. of existing units. (h Status report to client. (2876) BROWNLEE FISH BARRIER. (3190 PUMP SUCTION WELLS. (b) Idaho Power Company. (d) Analytical and experimental. (b General Electric Company, Hanford Atomic (e) An analytical development was pursued to Products Operation. determine the forces and three-dimensional (a Experimental; design. shape of a 2800 feet long and 120 feet deep (e A 1:10 model of a multiple pump suction fish harrier that was built in the Brownlee well is being built with model pumps instal- hydroelectric development reservoir. The led to study flow patterns into and through- solution of the differential equations out the walls at various depths of pools developed was carried out on an IBM 650 digital computer. In order to check the (3191 TRES MARIAS SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES. theory, a 1:150 scale model of the fish barrier was built. The model was also used (b Centrals Electricas de Minas Gerais S.A. to design the anchorage system. State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. (f) Completed. (d Experimental; design. (h) Final report being published by the Idaho (e A 1:100 model was built of the Tres Maria's Power Company. Project to Investigate the design, of the spillway chute and to perfect a suitable (2877) FISHWAY MODELS. energy dissipating bucket at the downstream end of the spillway chute. (b) Chelan County PUD No. 1. (f Completed. (d) Experimental; design. (h Washington State Institute of Technology. (e) Two 1:12 scale models have been built of Technical Report No. 10, November 1958. the fish transportation facilities for the Rocky Reach Hydroelectric Development. One (3192 ADVANCE OF A SHALLOW LIQUID FRONT DOWN A model is of the upper end of the ladder and DRY CHANNEL. orifice section of the facility and the second model is of the tri furcation at the National Science Foundation Grant. junction of the powerhouse and spillway. (a Theoretical and experimental; basic researcl (h) Report to client. (e Mathematical analysis of equations is being conducted. Experiments will be conducted (2878) HYDRODYNAMICAL STUDIES. in a tilting flume to supplement and verify the theoretical approach. 00 Laboratory project. (a) Theoretical (e) A mathematical analysis of segmental flip buckets has been developed using free UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Charles W. Harris streamline theory. Analysis shows the Hydraulics Laboratory. relation between the dimensions of the bucket, the thickness of the nappe, the (2637) INFLUENCE OF PROXIMITY OF ORIFICES TO EACH face angle of the dam, and the exit angle OTHER ON THEIR DISCHARGES. of the jet. Evaluation of the integrals arising from the conformal transformation 0> Laboratory project. is being made using an IBM 650 digital (c Dr. Joseph C. Kent, University of Wash., computer. Seattle 5 > Washington. (d Experimental; for master's thesis. (2879) HYDRAULICS OF LEVEL IRRIGATION. (e Discharge of orifices placed close together compared to similar orifices placed (b) Laboratory project cooperative with the remotely. Department of Agricultural Engineering. (f Completed. (a) Theoretical and experimental. (h Thesis by Tsu Kai Chu is on file at the (e) Analysis is being developed to define rate University of Washington Library. of advance and recession of the water front on a level irrigation border taking into (2884 A MODEL STUDY OF THE SPILLWAY SYSTEM FOR account the infiltration. A tilting flume THE SOUTH FORK T0LT RIVER DAM. 75 feet long, 3 feet wide and 2 feet deep has been erected. A mechanical apparatus City of Seattle, Board of Public Works. to simulate infiltration is being installed. Dr. E. P. Richey and Prof. H. S. Strausser,: Univ. of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.; (3189) D0WNC0MER FOR ATOMIC REACTOR. (d Experimental; for design. (e A 1:1+8 scale model study of a spillway (b) General Electric Company, Hanford Atomic system composed of a morning-glory

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spillway, a horseshoe conduit, steep chute (2k08) OCEAN WAVE MEASUREMENTS. and stilling basin. The conduit was to operate with a free surface throughout the (b) Office of Naval Research and National design flow range. Science Foundation. (f Completed. (c) Mr. Harlow G. Farmer, Woods Hole Oceanogra- (g Design was completed on basis of tests. phic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. (d) Experimental; basic research. (2887 COMPARISON OF RIGID PLATE WAVE GENERATOR (e) Measurements have been made in the open WITH FLEXIBLE PLATE WAVE GENERATOR. ocean of wave elevation and slopes in the two directions, up-down wind and crosswind. Engineering Experiment Station, Univ. of A special buoy was used which supported, Washington, Seattle 5> Washington. vertically, three resistance wire sensing (c Dr. Joseph C. Kent, Univ. of Washington, elements. Data to be analyzed so as to

Seattle 5 5 Washington. indicate the average asymmetry of ocean

(4 Experimental, theoretical; master's thesis. waves under various wind conditions . ( In (e Performances of flexible plate wave genera- particular, the departures of the elevation tor analyzed and compared with rigid plate and slopes from the Gaussian distribution

wave generator are to be studied. ) Initial results have (f Completed. been reported. Measuring circuits are now (h Thesis by Takao Hirota is on file at the being redesigned for Improved and more University of Washington Library. reliable operation and data presentation being made more suitable for analysis by (2888 ANALYSIS OF STATUS OF LONG-TERM PREDICTION hi-speed computers. Future measurements OF STREAMFLOW. are to be made from fixed installations such as towers In bays or other inshore Laboratory project. areas Prof. T. H. Campbell, 201 More Hall, Univ. (g) Initial results were subject to considera- of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington. ble experimental error. Slope distributions Experimental; basic research. agree roughly with other reported works Comparative study of approaches which have Elevation distributions and elevation-slope been proposed for a long-term forecasting correlations are qualitatively as expected. of streamflow, with a view to determining (h) "Some Recent Observations of Sea Surface usefulness of each. This study probably Elevation and Slope", by Harlow G. Farmer. will continue over a long period of time. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech- nical Report Ref. No. 56-37, June 1956. (3193; A MODEL STUDY OF THE SECOND STAGE DIVERSION

FOR THE HIGH GORGE DAM. ( 3195 ) TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPECTRUM OF WIND GENERATED WAVES. 00 City of Seattle, Department of Lighting. (c) Dr. E. P. Richey, Profs. H. H. Chenoweth (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of and W. M. Miller, Univ. of Wash., Seattle 5, the Navy. Washington. (c) Mr. Harlow G. Farmer, Woods Hole Oceanogra- (d) Experimental; for design. phic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. (e) A 1:50 scale model of the diversion works (d) Experimental; basic research. to be used during the second-stage construc- (e) One- and two-dimensional spectra are to be tion of the Gorge High Dam was built to de- obtained for wind generated waves in the termine a diversion plan that would be safe vicinity of Buzzards Bay, Mass., and from with respect to water surface elevations, some other installations where larger velocities and other open-channel phenomena. ocean waves may be obtained. Comparison (f Completed. of the above spectra are to be made in order (g Design was completed on basis of tests. to determine usefulness of the small wind seas as models of the large seas character- (319U MINOR LOSSES IN VISCOUS FLOW. istic of the open ocean. Present plan is to use arrays of sensing element detectors (b Engineering Experiment Station, University for determining the directional spectrum. of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington. (c Prof. H. K. Moritz, Univ. of Washington, (3196) EVALUATION AND USE OF NIO SHIP BORNE WAVE

Seattle 5 3 Washington. RECORDER. (d Experimental, theoretical; master's thesis. (e Theoretical expansion loss in viscous flow 00 Office of Naval Research, Department of compared to experimental results. the Navy. (f Completed. (<0 Mr. Harlow G. Farmer, Woods Hole Oceanogra- (g Excellent agreement obtained between the phic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. theoretical and experimental analyses. (d) Experimental; applied research. 00 Thesis by S. H. Siddiqul is on file at the (e) Experiments are to be conducted to deter- University of Washington Library. mine the expected overall accuracy of the instrument. To be investigated are the effects of the presence of the ship, the effect of the ship motion on the indicated WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION. pressures and accelerations and the best

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way to combine the data to arrive at the (d) Experimental; for design. wave spectrum. The instrument has been ( e ) Calibration of both open flow nozzles and used on the Atlantis and is now being venturi meters from 6" to 30" diameter installed on a larger and more serviceable pipe. ship for the above tests. (g) From observations aboard the Atlantis, a (26U5) ELMHURST DAM - WATER SUPPLY. comparison was made with hindcasts for a number of sea conditions. Observed wave Thomas H. Wiggin. records were consistently and appreciably (a) Experimental; for design. lower than the hindcasted seas. The dif- (e) A 1/50 model of the original spillway, ferences may result in part from both section of dam, new spillway and river bed sources downstream was constructed. Flow studies Auswertung van Seegangsregistrlerungen des were conducted on walls, deflectors and Forschungsschiffes "Atlantis" mit dem "Ship energy dissipators. borne wave recorder" sowie Verglelch mit (f) Completed. entsprechenden Seegangsberechungen aus den Windverhaltnissen (hindcasting). Van H. (2647) SHERMAN HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT. Walden und H. G. Farmer, Deutschen Hydro- graphischen Zeitschrift, Band 10, Heft k, (b) New England Power Service Co. 1957- (e) A l/kO model of the dam, spillway, spillway chute, powerhouse and river bed was con- (3197) HYDRAULIC MODELS. structed. Studies included means of increasing capacity of spillway and allied (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the structures as well as results of same Navy. (f) Completed. (c) Dr. Alan J. Faller, Woods Hole Oceano- graphic Institution Woods Hole, Mass. (2889) POTOMAC PROJECT. (a) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation. (e) The study of thermally and mechanically (d) Experimental; for design. driven circulations in rotating systems (e) A distorted model with a vertical scale of with special emphasis upon analogy with l/80 and horizontal scale of l/20 was con- geophysical phenomena. structed of a section of the Potomac River. (g) Models representing certain features of the The velocity distribution and heat transfer ocean circulation such as western boundary characteristics of the river in the area currents. Thermally driven models resem- near the intake and outlet of the power bling the large-scale atmospheric circula- plant were studied. tion. (h) Report being written. (h) "Some Examples of Stationary Planetary Flow Patterns in Bounded Basins"; Stommel, (2897) ELRAMA POWER PLANT. Arons, and Faller; Tellus, 10, 2, 179-187. (b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) A distorted model with vertical scale of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Hydraulic l/90 and horizontal scale of 1/30 was con- Laboratory. structed of a section of the Mbnongahela River upstream and downstream of the power Inquiries concerning the following projects should plant. Velocity distribution in the area be addressed to Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director, of the intake and outlet as well as heat Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Polytechnic transfer characteristics of the river were Institute, Worcester 9> Mass. determined. (f) Report being written. (1963) METER CALIBRATION. (2890) NEW JERSEY ZINC COMPANY. (b) Foxboro Company. (d) Experimental; for design. (*) Albright and Friel, Inc. (e) Laboratory calibration of various sizes (a) Experimental; for design. from 1" to 36" diameter magnetic flow (e) A 1/250 horizontal scale and l/80 vertical meters scale model of a section of the Delaware River was constructed to study the flow (21+11) METER CALIBRATION. pattern in the area of the New Jersey Zinc plant (b) Foster Engineering Company. (g) Tests in progress. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Laboratory calibration of various sizes (2891) PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. from 2" to 2k" diameter. (b) Pennsylvania Railroad. (2638) METER CALIBRATION. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) A 1/200 horizontal scale and a l/60 verti- (b) Penn Instrument Div. - Burgess-Manning Co. cal scale model of a section of the

82 Deleware River was constructed. The flow (21) STUDY OF HYDRAULICS OF SPRINKLING SYSTEMS. pattern in the river near the Pennsylvania Railroad pier is being studied. (b) California Agricultural Experiment Station. (g) Tests in progress. (c) Prof. V. H. Scott and Prof. J. R. Davis, Department of Irrigation, University of (3198) METER CALIBRATION. California, Davis, California. (d) Experimental; operation. (h) Simplex Valve and Meter Company. (e) To evaluate sprinkler irrigation vs sur- (d) Experimental; for design. face irrigation with respect to water (e) Calibration of venturi meters in lV pipe. application, relative production, and (f) Completed. effect of fertilizers, a field comparison of these two methods for production of (3199) 10- INCH SWING CHECK VALVE. mountain hay was made on two adjacent 27- acre established hay fields. Rate of (b) Atwood and Morrill Company. advance and recession were measured in (d) Experimental; for design. irrigated borders, and uniformity of (e) Evaluation of pressure transients due to water distribution determined for the variation in operation of the valve. The sprinkler system. Field performance and test series included several modifications annual costs of the two systems were then of both valve and piping. A 10" centrifu- compared. Laboratory studies were also gal pump in the test line was used for conducted on sprinkler nozzles to evaluate producing flow opposite to the gravity (l) present methods of measuring discharge system of the laboratory. from sprinkler nozzles, (2) the effect of (f) Completed. nozzle geometry on the coefficient of discharge, and (3) the influence of Im- (3200) 10- INCH SWING CHECK VALVE. pinging jets on the uniformity of distribution of water. (b) Westinghouse Electric Company. (g) Comparisons of sprinkler and surface (d) Experimental; for design. irrigation methods on mountain hay showed (e) Evaluation of pressure transients due to that surface methods of irrigation are operation of the valve. Several types of more economically feasible than sprinkler valve internals were studied during the methods for the conditions studied. Water program. A 10" centrifugal pump was in- application efficiency for irrigated

cluded in the piping to produce flows in a borders reached 77 percent . The method of reverse direction to the gravity system of measuring sprinkler discharge by fitting the laboratory. a tightly fitting hose over the nozzle (f) Completed. proved inaccurate, by as much as 15 percent. Water must discharge freely into (3201) 10-INCH CENTER GUIDED CHECK VALVE. atmospheric pressure if reliable measurements are required. (b) Westinghouse Electric Company. The effect of the ratio of the length of (d) Experimental; for design. the converging section of a nozzle to the (e) A series of tests will be performed to length of the straight bore on the coef- measure pressure surges during operation of ficient of discharge was apparent only at the valve. A centrifugal pump in the line ratios less than 3:1 for four nozzle sizes will be used to reverse the flow during tested. Generally, the smaller the ratio, part of the tests. the smaller the coefficient of discharge. A system of three impinging jets allowed (3202) NIAGARA POWER PROJECT (PASSNY). the creation of many shapes of distribution patterns, by merely changing the (b) Uhl, Hall and Rich. geometry of the system. Performance of (d) Experimental; for design. this system was superior to that of a (e) A l/50 scale model of a section of the single circular nozzle. Niagara River has been reproduced including (h) "Spray Characteristics of Water From the area for the water intakes for the Three Impinging Jets", by J. M. Langa, and development. The model intakes are dupli- J. R. Davis. Paper presented at Annual cated along with gate structures and the Winter Meeting, Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin., two underground conduits leading to the Chicago, December 1958. outlet structure at the power canal. The "Spray Characteristics of Water From power canal along with the Tuscarora pump- Three Impinging Jets", by J. M. Langa. generating station and the Lewiston power Unpublished Master of Science thesis, station are represented. Studies of water Department of Irrigation, 1958. level in canal and conduit for various operating conditions are being made. (23) HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIED IN (g) Tests in progress. CALIFORNIA.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture, (c) Prof. R. H. Burgy, Department of Irriga- Department of Irrigation. tion, University of California, Davis,

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California. indicated that an eccentric orifice plate (d) Experimental and field investigation; could be easily installed in a pipe or a applied research and operation. pressed-on coupler fitting resulting in an (e) Studies were continued on the hydrologic accurate inexpensive method of measurement. effects of various watershed practices. Rational equations for flow of water in Additional data were collected from several forrows and borders have been developed and large storms during the latter part of 1957- evaluated during the year. Measurements of 58 season. Structural modifications were furrow infiltration showed that the rate of made to several gaging stations to permit water movement into soil depends on the greater accuracy in measurements of total furrow size and shape, the condition of the outflow from the test areas. Work is near- soil surface in the furrow, and the time of ing completion on a new electrical control season or number of prior irrigations. system which provides timing synchroniza- Furrow shape and hydraulic roughness depend- tion for rainfall and runoff measurement on ed upon either flow rate or velocity of a series of major watersheds. Further flow. Data are also being collected and instrumental work has included the instal- analyzed from artificial roughness studies lation of soil moisture units and of access in irrigation borders. Performance parame- tubes for neutron meter measurements of ters of irrigation systems have been defined soil moisture. Frequency studies of longer to establish standard and more realistic precipitation records have been started methods of evaluating the performance of together with other intensive studies of irrigation systems changes in hydrologic characteristics on Evaluation of seepage control, weed control, managed small watersheds installation procedure, and economic feasi- (g) Analysis of data is continuing to determine bility of polyethylene ditch liners indi- the hydrologic responses attributable to cated that in general, films k mils and vegetation management on pilot watersheds. thicker appear to be economically feasible Methods and procedures to isolate specific as ditch liners on coarse textured soils hydrograph changes are being selected and and to have an effective life of 3 years or will be applied to determine the redistri- longer. Hydraulic studies of these ditch bution of runoff under altered conditions liners Indicate that considerable reduc- on the watershed. These data support con- tions in ditch size may be possible with clusions as to the effectiveness of con- plastic liners due to the relatively low verted vegetation on managed watersheds in hydraulic roughness, controlling soil movement and in increasing (h) "Performance Parameters of Irrigation the quantities of water yield. Systems", by W. A. Hall, paper submitted (h) "The Erosion Hazard in Obtaining Increased for publication in Agricultural Engineering. water Yields on Dry Lands ", by R. H. Burgy, "Characteristics of Flow in Irrigation

presented at Amer. Soc . Agr. Engineers, Furrows", by J. R. Davis, Ph.D. thesis, 51st Annual Meeting, Soil and Water Erosion Michigan State University, 1958. Session, Santa Barbara, June 23-25, 1958. "Plastic Films for Lining Irrigation Ditches "Interception Losses in Grassy Vegetation", by J. A. Corry, paper presented at 51st by R.H. Burgy, C.R. Pomeroy, Amer. Geophys. Annual Meeting, ASAE, Santa Barbara, June Dec. Union Trans. 39(6 ) :1095-HOO, 1958. 1958. "Water Yield as Influenced by Watershed Management", by R. H. Burgy, Jour, of the (25) PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING Irrigation and Drainage Division, Proc. SOIL INFILTRATION RATES. Amer. Soc. Civ. Engin., Paper 1590, April 1958. (b) California Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) Prof. L. D. Doneen, Prof. D. W. Henderson (2k) MEASUREMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER AND IMPROVE- and J. W. Biggar, University of California, MENT IN FARM IRRIGATION STRUCTURES. Davis, California. (d) Experimental and field; basic and applied (b) California Agricultural Experiment Station. research. (c) Prof. V. H. Scott, Prof. W. A." Hall, and (e) Investigations on soil and water management Prof. J. R. Davis, Department of Irrigation, practices have been continued in the field University of California, Davis, California. and laboratory. A new lysimeter experiment (d) Experimental; design. has been initiated concerned with salt (e) The project on measurement of rate of flow balance and leaching requirements of in aluminum sprinkler pipelines was com- chloride and bicarbonate waters. Infiltra- pleted. Attempts were made to devise an tion rates will be measured and composition inexpensive totalizing meter for use on of the leachate made at regular intervals. pump discharge pipes by the use of a small A new investigation has been started on by-pass meter. water quality in relation to irrigation of Investigations of plastic ditch liners were peat and muck soil. Studies on the addition also continued during 1958. A comprehen- of amendments to water for its improvement sive study on the hydraulics of furrow are continuing. Salt removal from a diato- irrigation systems was conducted in the maceous soil by leaching into tile drains field and laboratory, has been investigated in the field. (g) Results of the studies on measurement of Field investigations concerned with causes rate of flow in aluminum sprinkler pipelines of phytophthora root rot of tomatoes were

8k .

continued. Methods of improving slow rates basic and applied research, of water penetration were investigated. (e) A field study of drainage problems in the (g) Results of the investigation concerned Tulelake lease lands, Tulelake, California, with the effect of changing from one water has be en underway since 1953* this area quality to another show that these changes high water table levels and subsequent in water quality often impair infiltration. salinity build-up has become apparent over This study is designed to predict when this the years since irrigated agriculture was will occur and procedure necessary for initiated. Experiments have been made to improvement or prevention. Changes in determine the most effective method of salinity "before and after leaching are draining this area in order to relieve "being evaluated by the saturation extract this situation. A cooperative study was technique. Studies concerned with the started during the summer of 1958 in fixation of boron by soils and its rela- Solano County to determine the effect of tion to the boron concentration in irriga- introducing surface water to an area for- tion water indicate that wetting and dry- merly nonirrigated or irrigated by pumped ing drastically change boron fixation by supplies. An investigation was conducted soils. Field investigations show that .at the Imperial Valley Field Station to most Phytophthora root rot of tomatoes is determine drainage characteristics of the caused by slow internal drainage of the soils and other factors relative to the soil, largely because of naturally occur- high water table situation found in cer- ring dense subsoils at depths of 2 to h tain areas. In addition to this field feet. Chemical amendments and subsoiling study, a voltage network laboratory study show little promise of improving slow has been started on analyzing ponded water rates of water penetration into soils flow rates into tile lines which are according to field studies. Evaluation of placed at various depths in profiles typi- rotation experiments showed significantly cal of those found In the soils of the low infiltration rates with continuous Imperial Valley. A drainage study to de- potatoes and double cropped (mostly green- termine the best way to reclaim tidal lands manured) treatments than with single crop- was continued during 1958. ped. In a field test, yields of corn, (g) The drainage-salinity study during 1958 on castor beans and cotton were improved by the Tulelake lease lands indicated that double furrowing between, rows or flood tile drains would effectively control irrigation as compared to conventional water table levels but would be hindered single furrow irrigation. A permanent by inadequate outlet facilities. The grass cover crop for four years has im- soils In the lease lands are unique be- proved the infiltration rate of a sandy cause of very high permeability in the soil in a peach orchard as compared to first five feet. However, since they clean tilled. Improved water management cover about 20,000 acres, drainage is an is often the best approach to problems of important feature of their management slow water penetration and internal drain- Data are being gathered from areas in age in soils planted to field crops. Solano County where drainage problems are (h) "Studies on Water Quality Criteria", by developing. By this means corrective L. D. Doneen, Proc. Quality of Water for measures can be instigated before such Irrigation, Water Resources Center Contri- problems reach serious proportions. bution No. 1^, University of California, Most of the soils at the Imperial Valley 1958. Field Station are permeable and permit "The Relation of Fertilizers to Soil and efficient operation of tile. Salt build- Ground Water Salinity, " by J. W. Biggar, up was indicated in some areas. Lined Proc. Quality of Water for Irrigation', ditches have been recommended to reduce Water Resources Center Contribution No. ik, seepage contributions. The data obtained University of California, 1958. during the investigation at the Field "Influence on Soil Permeability of Total Station will aid planners of future drain- Concentration and Sodium in Irrigation age systems. The analog studies will have Waters", by D.W. Henderson, Proc. Quality more widespread use in the Valley in giv- of Water for Irrigation, Water Resources ing more reliable criteria for specifying Center Contribution No. Ik, University of the most efficient depth for drains in California, 1958. these soils. "Effect of Rotation with Green Manuring (h) "Machinery For Soil Drainage", by P. A. and Irrigation on Physical Characteristics Boving, California Agriculture 12(6), 1958. of Hesperia Sandy Loam", by W.J. Flocker, "Drainage Problems in the San Joaquin J. A. Vomocil, M.T. Vitum and L.D. Doneen, Valley", by L. G. Wilson, J. N. Luthin and Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 50:251-25^, 1958. F. B. Clendenen, University of California, Davis, California, 1958. (1819) DRAINAGE IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION. (2055) THE PHYSICS OF SOIL MOISTURE MOVEMENT. (b) California Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) Prof. J. N. Luthin, Department of Irriga- (b) California Agricultural Experiment Station. tion, University of California, Davis, (c) Prof. J. N. Luthin, Department of Irriga- California. tion, University of California, Davis, (d) Experimental and field investigation; California.

85 (d) Laboratory and theoretical studies; basic (g) Tables for estimating electric power cost research. for pumping irrigation water were revised. (e) Analog studies were made to determine the optimum depth for drains in stratified

soils under ponded water conditions . The water table drawdown relationships of CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Kirkham-Gaskell were modified to account Civil Engineering. for the change of drainable porosity with tension giving a more realistic approach Inquiries concerning the following projects should to studies of falling water tables. Water be addressed to Dr. T. E. Stelson, Dept. of Civil table shapes have been predicted with Engineering, Carnegie Institute of Technology, greater accuracy when using this modified Pittsburgh 13, Pennsylvania. relationship. The resistance network analog has been used to study the water (183U) AIR-WATER FLOW. table shape and rate of drop. In studying soil drainage the relationship (b) Laboratory project. between water removable and water table (d) Theoretical and experimental. depth must be known with a degree of ac- (e) An investigation to determine the amount of curacy which is not usually obtained by air that can be carried by flowing water. ordinary techniques. An improved technique Experiments are conducted with air-water for obtaining this information has been mixtures flowing in pipes at different devised by utilizing the outflow data ob- slopes past various transition sections. tained from soil columns during drainage. This technique is quite useful when such (206U) VIRTUAL MASS. liquids as glycerine are used in tank model investigations. The new technique is more (b) Laboratory project. time consuming than established ones. (d) Experimental and analytical. (g) The evaluation of maximum flow rates into (e) Measurement of virtual mass of bodies in drains will be useful in determining the fluids with free and fixed boundaries. capacity of tile drains which are located (h) "The Virtual Mass of Cylindrical Bodies at at variable depths in a stratified soil. a Free Surface", T. E. Stelson and J. P. The adaptation of rapid analog techniques Murtha, Proceedings of Fifth Midwestern to evaluate water table drawdown will pro- Conference on Fluid Mechanics, p. 330-336, vide information leading to better design 1957. of drainage facilities. "Dynamic Response of Floating Bridges to (h) "The Falling Water Table in Tile Drainage, Transient Loads", J. P. Romualdi, E. Part II. Proposed Criteria for Spacing of D'Appolonia, T. E. Stelson, Proc. Third Tile Drains", by J. N. Luthin, submitted U. S. National Congress of Applied Mechan- for publication in Agr. Engineering. ics, p. 227-232, 1958. "The Falling Water Table in Tile Drainage, Part III. Factors Affecting the Rate of (2275) FLOW OF LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES. Fall", by J. N. Luthin, and R. B. Worstell, submitted for publication in Agr. Engineer- (b) Laboratory project - Freeman Fellowship. ing. (d) Basic experimental and analytical research. "An Improved Resistance Network Analog for (e) Determination of energy losses, solid and Drainage Studies", by R. V. Worstell, sub- liquid velocities, concentration of solids, mitted for publication in Soil Science. and characteristics of flow. "Flow Into Drain Tubes in Soils Whose Con- ductivity Decreases with Depth -- an Analog (2276) UNSTEADY FLOW THROUGH CONDUITS, WEIRS AND Study", by G. S. Taylor and R. V. Worstell, ORIFICES. manuscript prepared to be submitted to Proceedings of Soil Science Society of (b) Laboratory project. America. (d) Experimental and analytical for under- graduat e the sis. (2056) THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WELL (e) Analysis of steady- flow characteristics CASING PERFORATIONS. from measurements with unsteady flow.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station. (2759) FLOW INTO VERTICAL SHAFTS. (c) Prof. V. H. Scott, Department of Irriga- tion, University of California, Davis, (b) Laboratory project. California. (d) Experimental and analytical. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) Evaluation of the characteristics of flow (e) Static and pumping condition differences of entering a vertical shaft for various geo- individual aquifers at various depths were metric and hydraulic conditions. studied in relation to drainage, water quality and water supply. Analyses of (3203) PRESSURE SURGES IN CLOSED CONDUITS. several well waters were made to determine possible causes of corrosion in steel and (b) Laboratory project - National Science aluminum pipe lines and in well casings. Foundation Fellowship, (f) Temporarily suspended. (d) Experimental and analytical for Master's

86 . . . ,

Thesis. (2073) A STUDY OF SIDE FLOW INTO GUTTERS AND (e) Determining the effect of pipe geometry on CHANNELS. the transmission and reflection of pressure surges (b) Laboratory project. (c) Prof. V. Scottron, Box U-37, University of (3204) EFFECT OF AIR ENTRAPMENT ON FLOW THROUGH Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. ROUGHENED PIPES. (d) Experimental and analytical. (e) Work is continuing on the hydraulics of (b) Laboratory project. rectangular channels with sloping bottoms (d) Experimental and analytical. and uniformly entering side flow. (e) A model study to determine the effect of entrapped air on the flow characteristics of unlined tunnels (h) "A Basic Model Study Simulating Effects of THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Applied Physics Air Entrapment in Unlined Water Tunnels Laboratory. Through Rock", F. T. Mavis and F.Bustamante, Trans. Seventh General Meeting I.A.H.R. p. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1876, 2335, 3207 c6 1-5, 1957- and 3208, should be addressed to the Director, Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins Univ., (3205) FLOW OF LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES IN INCLINED 8621 Georgia Avenue, Silver Spring, Md. Inquiries PIPES. concerning Project l877 should be addressed to the McDonnell Aircraft Corp., Box 5l6, St. Louis 3, Mo. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental and analytical. (1876) ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC OPERATION OF HYDRAULIC (e) Determination of energy losses, slurry (FORCE) AMPLIFIER TRANSFER VALVES. velocities, concentration of solids, and characteristics of flow in inclined pipes. (b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy. (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied (3206) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INCLINED research and development. ELLIPTICAL WEIRS. (e) Designed to develop a set of linearized differential equations to describe the (b) Laboratory project. operation of single and double nozzle type (d) Experimental and theoretical. hydraulic force amplifier, transfer valves. (e) An investigation to determine the head- (f) Suspended. discharge and head-pressure relationships (g) The linearization of differential equations for sharp-crested inclined elliptical weirs. complete. Have been completed and compare favorably with experimental results. (h) Present phase completed; refer to APL/JHU TG-198 "Electro -Hydraulic Valve Study", by UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Hydraulic Research Ahrendt Instrument Co. Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department. (1877) ANALYSIS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC OPERATING (1078) HYDR0L0GIC FACTORS INFLUENCING RAINFALL- CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC SERVO- RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS ON SMALL WATERSHEDS IN MECHANISMS. EASTERN CONNECTICUT. (b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy. (b) Laboratory project, State Highway Dept. (d) Theoretical and experimental, applied (c) Prof. K. C. Tippy, Box U-37, University of research and design. Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. (e) Phase (l) covers derivation of equations (d) Field investigation; applied research. required in Item 1876 above. Phase (2) (e) Rainfall and runoff measurements are being covers the application of simple linearized taken on small watersheds varying In size equations to study the effects of complex from h to hOO acres mechanical loads and oil compressibility. Phase (3) covers the use of more sophisti- (1080) STUDY OF HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CURB INLETS. cated describing function techniques to analyze the nonlinear characteristics of (b) Laboratory project, State Highway Dept. transfer valve while operating in a closed (c) Prof. V. E. Scottron, Box U-37, University loop and driving complex mechanical loads of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. and including the effects of oil compressi- (d) Experimental; for design. bility. Phase (3) includes single stage (e) Tests are continuing on the influence of and two-stage hydraulic transfer valves. plan form of parallel bar gratings on The work under Phase (3) is being carried hydraulic capacity. Field tests are also out by McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, being conducted. St. Louis, Mo., under technical cognizance (g) A report has been issued to the Connecticut of APL/JHU. Highway Dept. on the design of parallel bar (f) Phase (2) completed. Phase (3) single gratings. A paper covering a portion of stage valve completed, two-stage valve this report is published in Annual Report suspended. of the Connecticut Society of Civil Engi- (g) Phase (2), linearized differential equa- neers, Hartford, Conn., March 1955- tions produce reasonable correlations

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between experiment and theory for small room temperature value. Extensive work is changes In variables. Phase (3) describing necessary to replace all elastomeric seals function techniques have been successfully in this system. Further effort in this applied to transfer valve hysteresis, spool servo area awaits completion of a high ~ reaction forces, and square root character- temperature test facility at APL/JHU. istics, etc. (h) "Hydraulic (Acceleration Switching) Servo (h) Phase (2) no unclassified report. Phase Dynamic Performance Under Extreme High (3) Contract NOrd 12826. Single Stage Temperature Environment" by W. Seamone and Valve; McDonnell Aircraft Corp. reports K. E. W. Dunlng. APL/JHU CF-2737 dated 1+580 and I+58I. Two Stage Valve; McDonnell June 17, 1958. Aircraft Corp. reports 5278 and 5279- (3208) HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISM CHARACTERISTICS (2335: APPLICATION OF SWITCHING TECHNIQUES TO UNDER EXTERNAL FORCE DISTURBANCES. HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS. (b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy. (b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy. (d) Theoretical and experimental, applied re- (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied de- search. velopment and design. (e) Hydraulic Servomechanisms are primarily (e) Study of the dynamic properties of an ac- used in high power devices subjected to celeration switching hydraulic servo while external force disturbances of random operating in a closed loop under the pres- nature. Typical servomechanisms using ence of various external loads and environ- linear proportional hydraulic servovalves mental conditions on the transfer valve and as well as acceleration switching valves output actuator. were loaded by an external dynamic force

(g) The use of a two stage transfer valve and (up to 50 cps ) and the reaction of the actuator as' a double integrating switch has servo noted. been found to have superior static and (f) Completed. dynamic performance characteristics under (g) The servo torque stiffness is a decreasing normal and adverse environmental conditions function of frequency for a linear servo (ambient temperature to 700° F) over the using a transfer valve with good low signal- proportional flow control valve. level performance. The limiting value of (h) "Acceleration Switching Hydraulic Servo", stiffness is that of a blocked actuator APL/JHU CM-843, by Jdhn Chubbuck. with only the oil and actuator compliance "Design and Performance Criteria of the contributing to the servo stiffness at the Acceleration Switching Hydraulic Servo" high frequencies. Some of the linear valve , APL/JHU CF-2652, by W. Seamone. servos had low stiffness in the low fre- "Performance Characteristics of the Accelera- quency region but approached the nominal tion Switching. Hydraulic Servo" APL/JHU CM- limiting stiffness of the blocked actuator

9^+5 > by W. Seamone. condition at high frequencies The acceleration switching servo shows very (3207) ACCELERATION SWITCHING HYDRAULIC SERVO- high stiffness in the low frequency region, MECHANISMS UNDER EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL appears slightly softer in the Intermediate CONDITIONS. frequency range, and approaches the nominal limiting stiffness of the blocked actuator (b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy. for the high frequency condition. Repeata- (d) Experimental, applied development and bility was good between two valves. design. The effect of dither on servo stiffness may (e) Extend to regions of extreme high tempera- either Increase or decrease the stiffness ture, a servomechanism capable of high depending on valve tolerance and frequency force or horsepower requirements. The in question. power amplifier, prime mover and feedback (h) "An Experimental Study of Hydraulic Servo transducer must operate under the environ- Torque Characteristics as a Function of mental conditions, while electronic ampli- Frequency" by W. Seamone and L. A. Wenrich, fiers and associated circuitry are placed APL/JHU CF-2753 dated September 23, 1958. in a protective area. (g) Three sets of tests have been completed, two being at North American Aviation Co. in Downey, California, while one was held at Boeing Aircraft Co., in Witchita, Kansas. These tests had oil temperatures up to 500F° and ambient air temperatures up to 750F°. The acceleration switching valves used performed reliably and relatively bias free under the condition of oil varnishing and sludging in these high temperature ranges. These valves, as well as hydraulic cylinders and feedback trans- ducers were commercially procured and as a servo system showed dynamic stability and servo closed loop bandpass within 15$ of

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M. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURE cards for machine and graphical correlation

j RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation analysis Research Division. (g) A universal method for estimating field soil loss has been developed. The erosion EASTERN SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH BRANCH. potential of rainfall using first order Weather Bureau Station data has been com-

Runoff and Erosion Control Section . puted for about half of the humid region. Additional data on runoff and soil loss (1966) IMPROVED SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL OF RUNOFF AND under different soil management methods was EROSION. secured during the year. Part of this was secured with the recently developed field (b) Cooperative with the following state plot rainfall simulator. Agricultural Experiment Stations and other (h) "Surface Mulch, Mulch Tillage Help Control agencies for use throughout the 31 Eastern Erosion on Corn Fields", H. L. Borst and States: Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, H. J. Mederski, Ohio Farm and Home Research Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, 42(305); 26-27 (1957). Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Wiscon- "Conservation and Tobacco", C. S. Britt and sin. Some studies under this project are C. S. Slater, What's New in Crops and Soils reported in more detail as cooperative lO(U): 9-10 (1958). research under the respective states. "Mulch Tillage Definitely Cuts Runoff", (c) Dr. L. B. Nelson, Eastern Soil and Water J. R. Carreker, Whats New in Crops and Management Research Branch, Plant Industry Soils, 10(5): 13(1958). Station, Beltsville, Maryland. "Effects of Good Management Following Soil (d) Experimental and field investigations, Erosion", G. R. Free, Soil Sci. Soc. Proc. both basic and applied for development and 21:1*53-^56 (1957). design. "Conservation Methods for the Upper Missis- (e) The purpose of these studies is to obtain sippi Valley (Fayette Soil Area)", 0. E. fundamental information on the mechanics Hays and R. E. Taylor, U.S.D.A. Farmers' of rainfall runoff and erosion, to deter- Bui. 2116, 12 pp. (1958). mine the effects of the basic factors - "A Fertility Survey of Exposed Subsoils climatic, topographic, soil and cover on from Highway Roadbanks of Northwest Georgia runoff and soil loss, and to evaluate B. F. Hendrickson, Jour. Soil and Water various soil and water management practices Conserv. 13: 27-28 (1958). from the standpoint of runoff and erosion "Spacing of Level Terraces in Western Iowa" control in the humid region. Erosion con- W. E. Larson and F. W. Schaller, Agr. Engin trol practices including terracing and 39:20-23 (1958). strip cropping are developed and improved "Rainfall Simulator for Runoff Plots", L.D. to function effectively in the present day Meyer and D. L. McCune, Agr. Engin. 39: multiple -row-power system of fanning. The 6U+-61+8 (1958). relationships and evaluations secured from "Development of a Rainfall Simulator", L. D the studies are combined into equations or Meyer and D. L. McCune, Purdue Univ. Engr. graphs for estimating runoff and individual Bui. Res. Series No. 136 (1957). field soil loss for use in the design of "Building Sounder Conservation and Water conservation farm plans and in determining Management Research Programs for the Future probable sediment production for use in L. B. Nelson, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. watershed protection programs. Grass Vol. 22, No. k, July-August 1958. waterways are studied from the standpoint "Highway Erosion Control Problems in North- of establishment and maintenance and their west Georgia", E. C. Richardson, E. G. use coordinated with grade stabilization Diseker, and B. H. Hendrickson, Soil Con- structures and supporting erosion control servation, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, October 1958. practices. Methods for the establishment "Factors Affecting. Rainfall Erosion and and maintenance of vegetation for erosion Their Evaluation", D. D. Smith, Inter. Un. control on areas of exposed subsoil, in- Geod. and Geo., 11th Gen. Assembly, Toronto cluding roadside areas are under develop- Canada 1957, 1: 97-107, 1958. ment. The integration of soil and water "Factors Affecting Sheet and Rill Erosion", management and erosion control practices D. D. Smith and W. H. Wischmeier, Trans. are studied on individual fields and in Amer. Geo. Un. 38(6): 889-896 (1957). farm-sized units to determine and improve "Winter Cover Crops", Russell E. Uhland, their practicability for farm use. Im- Jour. Soil and Water Conserv. 13: 207-21*+ proved techniques and devices are develop- (1958). ed to facilitate the making of required "Effect of Rainfall Characteristics on

research measurements. The work is carried Erosion", W. H. Wischmeier, et . al., Purdue on in carefully controlled laboratory and University Engr. Bui. Res. Series No. 136 fractional acre plot studies and on pri- (1957). mary unit or field sized watersheds in "Evaluation of Factors in the Soil Loss different erosion control and management Equation", W. H. Wischmeier, D. D. Smith practices. Both meteorological and hydro- and R. E. Uhland, Agr. Engin. 39(8): 1+58- logical measurements are made. The basic 1+63, hik, (1958). data are assembled In a central statisti- "Rainfall Energy and Its Relation to Soil cal laboratory for placement on punch Loss", W. H. Wischmeier and D. D. Smith,

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Trans. Amer. Geo. Un. 39(2): 285-291, (2900) ENTRY OF WATER INTO SOILS. (1958). "Current Concepts and Developments in (b) Laboratory project. Rainfall Erosion Research in the United (c) Dr. W. R. Gardner, P. 0. Box 672, River- States", D. D. Smith and W. H. Wischmeier, side, California. Proc. Fifth International Congress of Agr. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- Engr., Brussels, Belgium, 1958. search. (e) The diffusion equation is applied to the

Soil-Plant Relationships Section . movement of water into soil. The effect of water content and soil properties on (26) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN COACHELLA intake rates is determined. The influence VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. of exchangeable sodium and salinity of irrigation water is also included. See University of California, College of (h) "Solutions and Tests of the Diffusion Agriculture, Division of Irrigation and Equation for the Movement of Water in Soils, page h. Soil", W. R. Gardner, and M. S. Mayhugh, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 22:197-201, (2172) MOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND 1958. SALTS IN UNSATURATED SOIL. "The Effect of Electrolyte Concentration and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage on the (b) Laboratory project. Diffusivity of Water in Soil", W. R. (c) Dr. L. A. Richards, P. 0. Box 672, River- Gardner, M. S. Mayhugh, J. 0. Goertzen, side, California. and C. A. Bower, (in preparation). (d) Field investigation; basic research. (h) "Soil Moisture", L. A. Richards and S. J. WATERSHED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH BRANCH. Richards, Year book of Agriculture (USDA) 1957, SOIL, p. 1+9-60. (150) EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHEDS STUDIES. "Analysis of Soil Water-Content Changes Following the Irrigation of Alfalfa", Gen See also Stanford University Project 19^6, Ogata, L. A. Richards and W. R. Gardner, page 67. manuscript "Solutions of the Flow Equation for the (b) Cooperative with State Agricultural Experi- Drying of Soils and Other Porous Media", ment Stations, Soil Conservation Service, W. R. Gardner, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. U. S. Weather Bureau, U. S. Geological 23: 1959 (in press). Survey, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Stanford University,

( 2173 ) EVAPORATION FROM FIELD SOILS IN THE PRES- University of Iowa, St. Anthony Falls Hy- ENCE OF A WATER TABLE. draulic Laboratory, Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District, and the (b) Laboratory project. Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company. (c) Mr. Ronald C. Reeve, P. 0. Box 672, River- (c) Mr. Austin W. Zingg, Watershed Technology side, California. Research Branch, Plant Industry Station, (d) Experimental; applied research. Beltsville, Maryland. (e) A study that is being conducted at selected (d) Experimental; field and laboratory; for field sites to develop a reliable method design of Watershed Protection and Flood for measuring evaporation from soils in Prevention Projects and general informa- the field and to determine the application in planning farms for soil and water bility of the theory for evaporation from conservation. soils in the presence of a water table to (e) Rainfall and runoff are measured on water- the solution of field problems. sheds ranging from 1 to 75,000 acres. In addition to rainfall and runoff measure- (261+8) EVALUATION OF THE LEACHING REQUIREMENT ments, studies are made on small Govern- THEORY FOR CONTROLLING SOIL SALINITY. ment-operated areas of evapotranspiration, moisture storage, moisture transmission (b) Laboratory project. through the soil, hydrologic effect of (c) Mr. R. C. Reeve, U. S. Salinity Laboratory, physiography, tillage, and ground surface P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California. conditions, vegetal covers and soils and (d) Experimental; basic research. geology, and the effect of conservation (e) Involves the measurement of both inflow farming on runoff, erosion and the hydro-

[| and outflow of both water and salt from logic performance of underlying aquifers, ! soil columns in lysimeters in which crops as well as the characteristics of flood are grown under varying water table depths runoff from agricultrual watersheds. Hy- and irrigation regimes. To test the va- drologic records of various kinds are lidity of the leaching requirement theory being obtained on some 130 watersheds at for controlling soil salinity and to de- Safford and Tombstone, Arizona; Ft". Lauder termine the effects of soil salinity and dale and Vero Bea.ch, Florida; Watkinsville water table conditions on the growth of Georgia; Iowa City, Iowa; College Park and crops Hagerstown, Maryland; East Lansing, Michi- (g) Experimental results add support to the gan; Oxford, Mississippi; McCredie, leaching requirement theory. Missouri; Hastings, Nebraska; Newell,

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South Dakota; Albuquerque and Santa Rosa, unusually heavy rainfall In these areas, New Mexico; Cohocton and Dutchess County, the effects of conservation practices on New York; Coshocton, Ohio; Stillwater, volumes of storm runoff are relatively Oklahoma; Eiesel (Waco), Texas; Blackshurg, insignificant once the soil profile is Virginia; Moorefield, West Virginia; Colby, thoroughly wetted. At the Tombstone, Ari- Fennimore and LaCrosse, Wisconsin; Mont- zona experimental watershed, where the 60 pelier, Vermont. Other studies include (l) square mile watershed is served by about analysis and interpretation of accumulated one raingage per square mile and where records and (2) development of procedures coverage has been made with the radar for generalizing synthetic unit hydrographs equipment of the Institute of Atmospheric for watersheds primarily under 3000 acres Physics, studies have shown that the aver- in size and (3) unit established at Lincoln, age diameter of "single cell" storm areas Nebraska cooperatively by U. S. Soil Con- is less than a mile. This finding is of servation Service, U. S. Bureau of Reclama- considerable significance in understanding tion and U. S. Agricultural Research Serv- the rainfall patterns and rainfall-runoff ice to develop methods for estimating the relations in the Southwest. From the data influence of watershed protection programs of several experimental watersheds in upon water yields. Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado a method Processing of the large backlog of accumu- was developed for synthesizing stream flow lated hydrologic data has been continued. hydrographs for small arid land watersheds. During 1958 a publication entitled "Annual The Cooperative Water Yield Procedures Maximum Flows From Small Agrigultural Water- Study at Lincoln, Nebraska, initiated in sheds in the United States" was distributed. 1957> was continued. This study has in Tabular data in this publication includes some Instances made clear the need for the maximum discharge for each year and the longer and more detailed hydrologic records annual maximum volume for periods of 1, 2, and data. 6, and 12 hours and 1, 2, and 8 days for Additional watersheds have been instrumented each of more than 300 experimental water- on range land areas near Newell, South sheds. This publication is a supplement Dakota; on mixed use areas in the Piedmont to the document entitled "Monthly Precipi- Area and Ridges and Valleys Area in Vir- tation and Runoff From Small Agricultural ginia; on pasture near Moorefield, West Watersheds in the United States" distribut- Virginia in the shale area; and on mixed ed in 1957- Summarization for the third land use areas near Danville , Vermont document to be entitled "Selected Runoff (Headquarters for the Vermont work were Events" from approximately 50 watersheds moved from ^Montpelier to Danville). Collec- is in process. It will give precipitation tion of hydrologic records were reinitiated and runoff detail for selected major storm on a 4380 acre watershed at Riesel, Texas, events on each of the watersheds. With the (h) "Leaching Loss", F. R. Dreibelbis and J. L. completion of the last publication, process- McGuinness. What's New in Crops and Soils, ing of the large backlog of hydrologic data 10(7): 2k, kk (1958). will be substantially completed. Only data Discussion of "The Effect of Non-representa- from a few watersheds requiring special tive Sampling on Linear Regressions as Ap- studies for weir calibrations, etc. will plied to Runoff", by D. W. Potter (Trans. remain. The detailed data for substantially 38: 333-3^0, 1957), J- L. McGuinness and all watersheds is available to all users at D. L. Brakensiek. Amer. Geophys . Union the offices of the various project loca- Trans. 39: 1+97-^98 (1958). tions. No further processing and distribu- "Runoff from Small Watersheds", J. A. Allis tion in quantity of data obtained prior to and L. L. Kelly, Soil Conservation, pp l6k- 1955 will be necessary after the third pub- 66, March (1958). lication is completed. Some progress has "Fitting a Generalized Log-Normal Distribu- been made in the analysis of data. Riesel, tion to Hydrologic Data", D. L. Brakensiek Texas analysis resulted in development of and J. L. McGuinness. Amer. Geophys. Union a promising method of estimating antecedent Trans. 39: U69-U73 (1958). soil moisture for use in the prediction of "Raindrops and the Watershed - A Coshocton runoff by means of rainfall runoff rela- Story", L. L. Harrold. Land and Water - tionships. At Coshocton, Ohio it has been Friends of the Land Jour. 3(3): 3-7, (1957)- found that of the water infiltrating into "Plant Nutrient Losses in Lysimeter Perco- the small upland fields about 11 inches lates", F.R. Dreibelbis and J. L. McGuinness. i+9 reappears as streamflow below drainage Agron. Jour, : 523-527, (1957). areas of about 1,000 acres, thus demonstrat- "Average Monthly Percolation from the Cosh- ing the importance of the underlying octon Monolith Lysimeters, I938-I955", F.R. aquifers in the functioning of watershed Dreibelbis. Jour. Soil and Water Conserv. protection measures. Analysis of data 12: 85-86 (1957). from small gaged watersheds in California "Lysimeter Checks on Empirical Evapotrans- resulted in a method for predicting the piration Values", L. L. Harrold. Agri magnitude and frequency of flows from un- Engin. Vol. 39, PP- 9^-97, Feb. (1958). gaged upstream watersheds in certain areas "Least Squares Fitting Equations for a in that State. Studies of records from Normal, Log-Normal and Extreme Value Dis- experimental watersheds in Texas, Nebraska, tribution", D. L. Brakensiek. Research and Ohio have shown that, in periods of Report No. 30h. Jan. (1958).

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"Discussion of the Various Methods Used to for field use. At the Stillwater, Oklahoma Determine Plotting Positions, Following the Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory tests are being Logarithmic -Normal (Hazen) Theory of Dis- made to establish friction coefficients of tribution of Hydrologic Data", E. L. Neff. various crops for use in the Manning chan- Research Report No. 308. Feb. (1958). nel flow formula, and studies are being "We're Losing a Fanning Empire - South continued on the use of highway culverts

Florida's Organic Soils are Sinking Fast", for measuring flow rates . At the St D. S. Harrison and J. C. Stephens. What's Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory studies New in Crops and Soils, Vol. 10, No. (k): were continued on the capacity and perform- 35, (1958). Also Fla. Agri. Exp. Sta. Sun- ance of the hood inlet to the closed conduit shine State Research Report 3 (l): 10 (1958) spillway and on the hydraulic design char- illus acteristics of drain tile. Cooperative "Annual Maximum Flows from Small Agricul- studies on drop inlets were initiated with tural Watersheds in the United States", the Illinois State Water Survey at Urbana, distributed by SWCRD as a working tool, Illinois. (1958). (g) Investigations of a drop inlet entrance and "Evaluation of Dew Amounts", L. L. Harrold a combination anti-vortex baffle and debris and F. R. Dreibelbis. Internatl. Geod. guard for the entrance were carried out at Geophys. Union, 12th Assem. Gen. Toronto, the Outdoor Laboratory at Stillwater, Okla. 1957, 2: 1+60-U65, (1958) illus. The tests were run on a 30-inch square drop "A Retention Index for Rainfall Runoff inlet entrance to a 2l+-Inch diameter closed Relationship", Ralph W. Baird, M. A.Hartman, conduit spillway. The combination anti- and J. B. Pope. Research Report No. 309- vortex baffle and debris guard consisted April (1958). essentially of an 8-foot square wood box "The Effects of Land-Use Practices on Run- with 2-foot sides, inverted over the drop off, Erosion and Crop Yields as Evaluated inlet, and with the lower sides of the box by Small Single-Crop Watersheds", J. L. supported one foot below the crest of the McGuinness, L. L. Harrold, F. R. Dreibelbis. drop inlet. A wood grid prevented trash Research Report No. 310. June (1958). from entering the inverted box from the "Antecedent Soil Moisture Index from Daily bottom. This design is in current use by Precipitation", M A. Hartman, R. W. Baird, the Soil Conservation Service in Oklahoma. J. B. Pope, and W. G. Knisel. Research Tests showed that, when clean, the guard Report No. 312. July (1958). had little adverse effect on the weir coef- "Runoff -- How Fast and How Much", J. B. ficient. However, when trash had accumu- Burford and J. H. Lillard, Soil Conserva- lated about the guard, there were substan- tion, 2U-l+:8l-83 (II-I958). Paper presented tial reductions in discharge. Complete before meeting of Soil Conservation Society information on the tests is being distribut- of America by R. V. Keppel and Joel E. ed in a Research Report. Fletcher at Asheville, N. C, Oct. 1958. The theory and results of tests conducted at the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory on (1723) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES. closed conduit spillways were assembled in a four-volume publication which has been See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory supplied to pertinent Soil Conservation Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1398, 1929, page Service offices and is available for all 62; 2386, page 63; and 2860, page 65. agencies and individuals interested in (b) Cooperative with the Oklahoma and Minnesota closed conduits. Studies of the hood drop Agricultural Experiment Station, the St. inlet for closed conduit spillways were Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, and initiated at the St. Anthony Falls Hydrau- Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, 111. lie Laboratory. This inlet consists of a (c) Mr. Austin W. Zingg, Watershed Technology drop box which discharges through a hood Research Branch, Plant Industry Station, entrance to the conduit. In the study, Beltsville, Maryland. the premise is that the drop box will con- (d) Experimental; applied research for develop- trol the head and the hood entrance insure 1 ment and design. a full flowing conduit. Preliminary tests (e) Research dealing with the design, construc- show that the performance of the spillway tion, and testing of structures for control- was related to both the size and height of

' ling and conserving soil and water are car- the drop inlet. Further tests are neces- ried out under this project. Field studies sary to develop recommendations for the are made to determine the causes of dete- best dimensions of the various elements. rioration of drainage ditches, terrace out- At the outdoor hydraulic laboratory near lets, and hydraulic structures that have Stillwater, Oklahoma, further information failed in service. Laboratory experiments was obtained for design of diversion and in methods of preventing such deterioration terrace channels to carry specified flows are supplemented by field tests of those when planted to crop vegetation. Using two, measures or devices that appear promising. channels of 0.1 percent slope and row di- Models of hydraulic structures are built rection parallel to the channel length and tested in the laboratory; and when the axis, tests were conducted to determine design has been developed to seemingly differences in retardance values of wheat satisfactory operation, full-scale struc- at heading stage due to row spacing. tures are tested before they are recommended Manning's N values were O.38 for 7-inch

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row spacing and 0.20 for lU-Inch spacing conservation, at flows of 0.25 cfs/foot of width. At (e) Field and laboratory studies are made to 1.5 cfs/ft of width, hoth conditions had determine sediment sources in watersheds N values of about 0.l6. Applicability of the character and amount of sediment car- the "N vs VR" method of design developed at ried out of watersheds, the nature and rate Stillwater was further tested using the of movement in channels, the nature and same two channels, one planted in short rate of streambank erosion, and the nature "common lespedeza" and the other in medium and rate of deposition of sediment in chan- length "weeping lovegrass." Analyses of nels, on flood plains and in reservoirs and these data are not complete, but a report harbors. Field studies generally are con- covering the 16 different experiments dur- fined to watersheds of less than 100 square ing the last h years is under preparation miles in area. Evaluation studies are made for release within the next several months of various types of control measures to de- Model studies were conducted to test the termine their effectiveness in reducing suitability of selected road culverts for sedimentation damages. The work is oriented use in streamflow measurement. It was to meet the immediate and specific needs found that a combination of a small V notch for information for planning and design of and the culvert entrance made a satisfacto- watershed treatment programs in connection ry control for both low and high flows. with soil conservation and flood prevention The culvert capacity was reduced 5 percent work. Studies are being carried on from or less depending upon the height and loca- field headquarters at Oxford, Miss.; Lincoln tion of the V notch. This may have an and Hastings, Neb.; and East Aurora, New important bearing on lessening costs of York.

flow measurements. ( g ) Computations based on surveys of soils and Studies are being initiated in cooperation land use, indicate an average annual gross with the Illinois State Water Survey Divi- erosion rate of about ik tons per acre on sion at Urbana on horizontal circular plate a sub-watershed of 5l8 acres in the Pigeon anti-vortex devices on drop inlets. The Roost Creek Experimental Watershed, near experimental apparatus has been designed Oxford, Mississippi, while 3-^ tons per and is being installed. Plans for the ex- acre were measured as the sediment yield perimental program have been completed and from this area during the first year of the models are under construction, sediment sampling., suggesting a sediment (h) "Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways - delivery rate of about 2k percent for this Part X, The Hood Inlet", F. W. Blaisdell sub-watershed. During the same year the and C. A. Donnelly. Tech. Paper No. 20, sediment yield from a sub-watershed of Series B. University of Minnesota, St. 35-6 square miles in size was 7.^- tons per Anthony Falls Hyd. Lab., April (1958). acre. These are some of the first data to "Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways - become available from the recently expanded Parts II through VTI. Results of Tests on research location in Mississippi, and al- Several Forms of the Spillway", F. W. though not conclusive with respect to long- Blaisdell. Tech. Paper No. 18, Series B, term trends, they do indicate something of University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls the magnitude of sediment quantities de- Hydr. Lab. March (1958). livered to downstream points. "Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways - Resurveys of selected gullies in Lafayette, Part VTII, Miscellaneous Laboratory Tests; Carrol and Tallahatchie Counties, Miss., Part IX, Field Tests", F. W. Blaisdell, indicate 1 to 9 inches erosion per year on Tech. Paper No. 19* Series B by University the bare area above catchment structures of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls, Hydr. Lab. This is considerable variation from 2-inch- March (1958). per-year rate commonly used in estimating "Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways - this type of erosion for design of sediment Part I Theory and Its Application", F. W. storage requirements in flood-water deten- Blaisdell, Tech. Paper No. 12, Series B by tion structures in the Loess Hills and University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls Terraces Problem Area. Further refinement Hydr. Lab. Revised, Feb. (1958). in gully classification is needed for determining the significance of gullies as (2175) SEDIMENTATION IN RESERVOIRS, STREAMS AND sediment sources. VALLEYS. Streamgaging and stream bed observations on Pigeon Roost Creek have revealed a very (b) Cooperative with State Agricultural Experi- pronounced discontinuity in the depth- ment Stations in Mississippi, Nebraska and versus-flow relationship. At one of the New York, with the Univ. of Mississippi and gaging stations, for instance, there are with Massachusetts Institute of Technology two distinct stage -discharge relationships at Boston, Massachusetts. which overlap at stages between k and 5 (c) Mr. Austin W. Zingg, Watershed Technology feet. Within this transition range of Research Branch, Plant Industry Station, stage the flow at times may be twice what Beltsville, Maryland. it is at other times at the same gage (d) Experimental; field and laboratory, for height, with no perceptible change in design of Watershed Protection and Flood stream cross-sectional area. The discon- Prevention Projects and general information tinuity is clearly due to much lower re- in planning farms for soil and water sistance to flow at some stages than at

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other and appears to be related to the type W. C. Ackermann. Trans. AGU 38: 925-927 of sand dune formations on the stream bed. (1957). It has not been possible thus far to col- "Importance of Sheet Erosion as a Source lect a sufficient number of sediment sam- of Sediment", L. M. Glymph, Jr. Trans. AGU ples to describe changes in sediment load 38: 903-907 (1957). with respect to the stage hydrograph but "Preliminary Report on the Stage-Discharge the phenomena of the shifting rating curve Relationship for Pigeon Roost Creek Near may prove to be an important point in Byhalia, Mississippi", Bruce R. Colby. Re- understanding process of sediment movement search Report No. 311. July (1958). in sand bed channels . Ten stock ponds in the Pieree, South Dakota Land Utilization WESTERN SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH BRANCH. Area, were resurveyed during the past year to determine sediment yield from their (151) LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS. watersheds since the Soil Conservation Precipitation Service survey of June 19^5- (b) Laboratory project; Agricultural Research ; and rainfall intensity data for the period Service, Utah State University, and Bureau 1939 through 1955 have been plotted and of Reclamation cooperating. studied for relating sediment yield to (c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Agricultural Research precipitation parameters. Service, Box 177, College Hill, Logan, Utah' Sedimentation surveys were made on 8 stock (d) Experimental; basic and applied research. water ponds in the Bluestem Hills Problem (e) Linings for irrigation canals and reser- Area near Emporia, Kansas, in cooperation voirs are being tested to develop more ef- with the Soil Conservation Service to es- fective and lower cost methods of reducing tablish a base for estimation of sediment seepage losses in irrigation systems. The yields from various range sites in this investigation includes: (l) Evaluation area. of physical properties of lining materials. Studies to compile information on the (2) model testing of linings in an outdoor! volume-weight of reservoir sediment were laboratory; and (3) field testing at se- continued in Illinois and Kansas. The lected sites to determine relative dura- radioisotope sediment densitometer developed bility under varying subgrade and climatic by the Bureau of Reclamation under auspices conditions of the Federal Interagency Committee on (g) A built-up asphalt lining, consisting of Water Resources, Sedimentation Subcommittee, alternate layers of sprayed asphalt and in was field tested on Sabetha Reservoir treated jute burlap, has shown good dura- ; Kansas for comparison with the standard bility as an exposed lining. Installation'! mechanical sediment sampler. Some opera- costs vary with site conditions but have tional difficulties were encountered but been lower than costs for concrete or pre-j the experience indicated that an instrument fabricated asphalt linings. Installations! embodying a source of nuclear radiation can have been made at a number of locations to be used successfully in measuring the spe- test durability under widely varying cli- 1 cific density of reservoir sediments. Fur- matic conditions. Additional installation 1 ther work along this line is projected. to extend the range of test site condition; About seven miles of Buffalo Creek channel, are planned. near Buffalo, New York, were Investigated (h) "Built Up Asphalt Linings for Canals and in connection with periodic appraisal of Reservoirs", C. W. Lauritzen and F. W. the effectiveness of stone riprap on this Haws, American Society of Agricultural stream as a means of streambank erosion Engineers paper, December, 1957- control . Areas of bank erosion and damage to revetments were measured, classified as (2177) WATER REQUIREMENTS IN IRRIGATED AREAS OF to extent and located relative to stream THE PACIFIC SOUTHWEST. bends. Deposition areas were also noted and their positions located with respect (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with West- to the descriptive elements of channel ern States' Agricultural Colleges, State geometry. The results were summarized Engineers, Soil Conservation Service, and with observations of other years and pre- Bureau of Reclamation. sented in a technical paper. (c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, Room 1131, Bartlett Studies on the variation of fluid shear Bldg., 215 W. 7th Street, Los Angeles, stress along the perimeters of channels of California. varying alignment were initiated under a (d) Field experiments and office analysis.

Massachusetts Insti- ( ) consumptive use I research contract with e ) ( 1 To determine the of tute of Technology. This research is dewater by agricultural crops and native signed to provide basic information on the vegetation and water requirements for distribution and magnitude of forces which irrigated crops. (2) To compile and pre-, cause stream channel erosion and to develop pare for publication available data relat improved criteria for designing channel ing to irrigation requirements and con- stabilization measures. The investigation sumptive use as determined by field exper: is being carried on primarily by means of ments. (3) To estimate water requirement model studies in simulation of conditions from climatological and other data. encountered along Buffalo Creek Channel. (g) Normal rates of consumptive use and irri- "Needed Research in Sedimentation", by gation water requirements have been

9 h .

estimated and provisional reports prepared the percolation rate. In some soils the for several western states and Colorado percolation rate decreased during spread- River Basin. These values have been coming, and the objectives are to determine puted by the Blaney-Criddle formula: the cause of the decrease and to find U = KF. Where U is a consumptive use in practical methods of maintaining the high inches, K is an empirical coefficient Initial rates. Field tests are being made based on experimental measurements and F on test ponds and strips, is a factor determined from monthly mean (h) "Some Methods of Alleviating Surface Clog- temperatures and percent day-time hours. ging in Water Spreading with Emphasis on Fillers", Leonard Schiff and C. E. Johnston, (2179) EVAPORATION AND CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER American Geophysical Union Transactions INVESTIGATIONS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND 39:2, p. 292-297, April, 1958. ADJACENT AREA.

( 2185 ) SPRINKLING AS A METHOD OF APPLYING WATER 00 Laboratory project, cooperative with Div. TO IRRIGATED FARM LANDS, ITS PROBLEMS AND of Water Resources, State of California; LIMITATIONS. and the Corps of Engineers, San Francisco Bay District, U. S. Army. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, P. 0. Box 180, Berkeley, (c) Mr. C. H. Pair, P. 0. Box 835, Boise, Idaho. California. (d) Experimental; applied research. (a) Field investigation. (e) The objectives of this study are: (l) To (e) To determine rates of evaporation from obtain more precise information for the fresh water surfaces, the consumptive use design, layout, Installation and operation of fresh water by marshland vegetation of sprinkler irrigation systems on various (tules and cattails), and the consumptive soil types, slopes and crops under various use of water by salt grass at varying weather conditions; (2) to determine the depths to water table in the San Francisco effect of sprinkling upon various soils Bay and adjacent areas. and crops; (3) to determine the economic limitations in the use of sprinkler irri- (2180) EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS. gation systems; and (k) to assist in the development and testing of better sprink- (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the ler equipment and more efficient operating

State of California and County Flood Con- procedures . Work is continuing on items trol Districts. (l) and (2) of (e) along with testing pres- (c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, Room 1131, Bartlett sure regulating valves for use In sprinkler Bldg., 215 W. 7th Street, Los Angeles, systems California. (h) "Design is Important with Sprinklers", (d) Field investigation. Idaho Farmer, p h, June, 1958. (e) To determine evaporation losses from reservoirs and lakes in California and compile (2279) LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDY ON THE VORTEX and prepare for publication reliable evapo- TUBE SAND TRAP. ration and related data measured since 19^+5 in cooperation with the State Engineer of (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Calif. Field measurements are being made and Agricultural Research Service, USDA. in cooperation with the State and local (c) Mr. A. R. Robinson, Colorado State Univ., agencies on fifteen stations ranging in Fort Collins, Colorado. elevation from 240 feet below sea level at (d) Experimental; applied research; field Salton Sea to 9,19^4- feet at Kaiser Pass in evaluation; for design. the Sierra-Nevada Mountains. (e) Tests will be continued on methods and de- (g) Monthly evaporation from pans, temperature, signs of sand traps. Tests have been com- humidity, wind movement, and precipitation pleted on full scale vortex tubes using are being compiled for the various stations. laboratory facilities. Efficiencies of

Evaporation from Lakes ' surface is being trapping sediment under various conditions computed by reduction factors. In the are being computed. Tubes of different mountain areas, records are being kept at shapes and sizes were tested. Field Shaver Lake (elevation 5,376 feet); Hunt- evaluations of existing sand trap instal- ington Lake (elevation 6,954 feet); Flor- lations are being planned. ence Lake (elevation 7,3^5 feet); Kaiser (g) Tubes of different shapes seem to operate Pass (elevation 9,19^ feet). equally well. The critical points of design seem to be the size and length of :2l8l) STORAGE OF WATER UNDERGROUND FOR IRRIGATION tube. The efficiency of trapping varies IN CALIFORNIA. with the velocity of flow and the size of material being moved. (b) Laboratory project. (h) Report in progress. (c) Mr. Leonard Schiff, P. 0. Box 513, 3813 Chester Avenue, Bakersfield, California. (26J+9) DEVELOPMENT OF DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA (d) Experimental applied research. FOR IRRIGATED LANDS. (e) To determine the factors affecting the percolation rate on water-spreading areas, (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with and to devise ways and means to increase Colorado State University.

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(c) A. R. Robinson, R. W. Nelson, R. E. Brooks, (2652) UTILIZATION OF AVAILABLE WATER SUPPLIES IN Agricultural Research Service, Colorado THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN OF NEVADA. State University, and N. A. Evans, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, Fort Col- (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Nevada

lins , Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and the (d) Experimental; applied research for field Soil Conservation Service. design. (c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Nevada Agricultural (e) Both field and laboratory studies are being Experiment Station, Reno, Nevada. made to determine the relationship of dis- (e) A study to determine the present disposi- charge, farm water supply, physical fea- tion of water in the Colorado River Basin tures of the drain systems, and drainage within Nevada and to evaluate the potential characteristics of the soil. Another ob- water supply available for beneficial use jective is to check the theoretically de- in this basin. rived relationships between soil drainage properties and the shape of the water table (2653) CONSUMPTIVE USE, WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGA- after drainage. Work is underway to deter- TION STUDIES IN SANTA BARBARA COUNTY, mine if a detailed knowledge of the geome- 'CALIFORNIA. try and hydraulic conductivities of the soil system in a small area can be extra- (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the polated to a large area to enable the U.S.B.R., the U.S.G.S., and the Santa Bar- rational design to be made. This study bara County Water Users Association. makes use of electric analog technique. (c) Mr. Paul Nixon, USDA Agricultural Research (g) Present indications are that a relationship Service, Lompoc, California. exists between the variables listed in (e) (d) Basic and applied research. so that the water yield from a drainage (e) Objectives are: (l) To obtain basic data system can be predicted with reasonable on consumptive use of water by irrigated accuracy. An electronic computer is being crops and native vegetation; (2) to deter- utilized to determine relative hydraulic mine the contribution of rainfall and re- conductivities over an area of known geome- turn waters from irrigation to the ground try and piezometric head distribution. water supply; (3) to make irrigation effi- (h) "Drainage Research in Colorado", N.A. Evans ciency studies to improve irrigation prac-

and A. R. Robinson, ASAE paper, Dec, 1957- tices . "Laboratory Research and Interceptor Drains", Jack Keller and A. R. Robinson, ASCE, Irri- (2901) LABORATORY STUDY OF GRAVEL FILTER DESIGN gation and Drainage Division paper, June, FOR IRRIGATION WELLS. 1958. "Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity in (b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S.D.A. Unstable Soils with the Piezometer Method", cooperative with Colorado State University. R.W. Nelson, ARS Special Report, Oct., 1958. (c) Mr. E. Gordon Kruse, Agricultural Research Service. (2650) EFFECT OF WATER TABLE DEPTH ON IRRIGATION (d) Experimental; applied research. REQUIREMENTS AND YIELD OF LAHONTAN ALFALFA. (e) Laboratory studies are being conducted to: (l) Determine the relationship of pack- (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Nevada aquifer ratios and pack and aquifer grada- Agricultural Experiment Station. tions for stable conditions, and (2) de- (c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Nevada Agricultural velop generalized criteria for the selec- |j Experiment Station, Reno, Nevada. tion and placement of gravel pack material (d) Experimental; applied research. (g) Preliminary results indicate pack-aquifer

(e) The water use and growth of alfalfa as re- ratios ranging from h to 12 are satisfac- j lated to varying water table depths, soil tory for uniform materials. Non-uniform texture and irrigation regimes are being gravel packs make it possible to use evaluated in field lysimeters larger pack-aquifer ratios.

(2651) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NORTH SHORE (2902) DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF WATER AREA OF CARSON LAKE, NEVADA. MEASURING DEVICES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Nevada (b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, i Agricultural Experiment Station, Soil Con- Agricultural Research Service, USDA. servation Service and Truckee -Carson Irri- (c) Mr. A. R. Robinson, Agricultural Research gation District. Service, Colorado State University, Fort (c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Nevada Agricultural Collins, Colorado. Experiment Station, Reno, Nevada. (d) Experimental; applied research. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) The present phases of this project are (e) Drainage investigations are being conducted concerned with the development and cali- in an irrigated area north of Carson Lake bration of trapezoidal measuring flumes. to determine the causes for drainage prob- It is anticipated that flumes of this de- lems in the study area and to develop im- sign will find wide use for both irriga- proved equipment and procedures for con- tion and general hydrologic measurements. ducting investigations and methods for (g) Preliminary tests have shown that these alleviating drainage problems. flumes may be superior to those with

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rectangular cross-sections. They will Irrigation, University of California, Davis, operate under higher degrees of submergence California. without connections to the free -flow rela- (c) Mr. Charles T. Bourns, Department of Irri- tionships being necessary. The general gation, University of Calif., Davis, Calif. shape tends to more closely fit that of a (d) Experimental, field research. natural or irrigation channel so that con- (e) The objectives are: (l) To determine the struction problems are simplified, hydraulics of flow from cylinder Infil- (h) "Trapezoidal Flumes for Open Channel Flow trometers; (2) to evaluate and describe the Measurement", A. R. Robinson and A. R. necessity for use of buffer zones both in Chamberlain, ASAE paper, December, 1958. uniform and stratified soils as related to depth and method of installation; (3) to 3209) CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY CROPS IN evaluate the effects of various procedures ARIZONA. or techniques of installation and of test conditions on the hydraulics of flow from (b) Cooperative with the Arizona Agricultural cylinder infiltrometers. Experiment Station. (c) Mr. Leonard J. Erie and Mr. Karl Harris, (3213) DEVELOPMENT OF A DEVICE FOR FIELD MEASURE- P.O. Box 232U, Phoenix, Arizona. MENT OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOIL (d) Experimental, field research. STRATA. (e) The objectives of this project are to: (1) Determine consumptive use of new crops; (b) Cooperative with Calif. Dept. of Water Re- (2) Keep consumptive use measurements up to sources, Soil Conserv. Serv. and Irrigation date as varieties and production changes and Soil Conserv. Districts. (c) Mr. W. W. take place and; ( 3 ) Develop better infor- Donnan and Mr. V. S. Aronovici, mation on peak period uses and to obtain Pamona Irrigation Laboratory, Pamona, Calif. soil moisture tensions at certain stages (d) Experimental, applied research. of plant development. (e) The research objectives of this project are to develop a relatively simple field device 3210) RECHARGE OF UNDERGROUND AQUIFERS USING for use in measuring hydraulic conductivity GRAVEL FILLED SHAFTS. of soil beneath a water table and to test the device under field conditions. Methods

(b) Cooperative with the Calif . Agr. Exp. Sta. and techniques for use in the field are to and the Calif. Dept. of Water Resources. be developed. (c) Mr. Eldred S. Bliss, P.O. Box 513, 3813 (h) "Drainage of Agricultural Lands Using Inter- Chester Avenue, Bakersfleld, California. ceptor Lines", W.W. Donnan, ASCE Irrigation (d) Experimental, field research. and Drainage Division paper, June, 1958. (e) Project objectives are: (l) To determine the feasibility of injecting water directly (321*0 BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR EROSION CON- into aquifers through gravel filled shafts TROL AND WATER CONSERVATION ON THE IRRIGAT- as a means of recharging underground reser- ED LANDS OF WESTERN NEBRASKA. voirs; (2) to study the factors affecting the injection rate through such shafts; (3) (b) Project cooperative with the Nebraska to study how clogging can be prevented or Agricultural Experiment Station. alleviated. (c) Mr. N. P. Swanson, 201 Agr. Engrg. Bldg. (h) "Infiltration and Permeability under Pro- Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr. longed Submergence as Influenced by Chemi- (d) Experimental, field research. cal Characteristics of Water", E. S. Bliss, (e) The objectives of the study are: (l) To C. E. Johnson and Melvin Jons, Paper, West- determine the design requirements for a ern Society of Soil Science f>feeting, Logan, basin irrigation system on a field slope Utah, June, 1958. of three percent or more, to prevent damage to the irrigation system and eliminate 3211) THE RATE OF ADVANCE OF IRRIGATION WATER IN erosion from high intensity rains of a 5- FURROWS AS A FUNCTION OF MEASURABLE PHYSI- year frequency; (2) to measure intake CAL FACTORS. rates, rates of advance, irrigation application efficiencies and distribution ef- (c) Mr. H. Schull, Southwest Irrigation Field ficiencies with various crops at different Station, Brawley, California. times during the growing season and; (3) (d) Experimental, field research. to determine what facilities are needed to (e) The project has as its purposes: (l) To dispose of the excess precipitation. develop a mathematical expression, either

numerical or graphical, from which the rate ( 3215 ) DETERMINATION OF THE QUANTITY AND EFFECTS of advance of irrigation water down furrows OF PLAYA LAKE SEDIMENTS RETAINED IN MULTI- may be accurately predicted; (2) to outline PLE PURPOSE WELLS USED FOR GROUND WATER a procedure by which the expression devel- RECHARGE AND IRRIGATION IN THE HIGH PLAINS oped may be utilized in the design of fur- OF TEXAS. row irrigation systems. (b) Cooperative with the High Plains Under- 3212) THE HYDRAULICS OF CYLINDER INFILTROMETERS ground Water Conservation Dist. No. 1, Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. and the Soil Conserva- (b) Cooperative with the Department of tion Service.

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(c) Mr. M.E. Jensen and Mr. W. Clyma, USDA is being studied. Some of the variables Southwestern Great Plains Field Station, being considered are cropping practices, Bushland, Texas. moisture levels and slope. The variation (d) Experimental, field research. of the roughness coefficient (Manning N) ( e ) The primary objectives of the study are is being studied. (l) To determine the quantity of sand, silt (f) Active. and clay entering recharge wells during the (g) "Influence of Soil Management and Water recharge operation from Playa flakes; (2) to Intake on Erosion under Furrow Irrigation", determine the quantity of sand, silt and S. J. Mech, ASAE paper, June, 1958. clay pumped from multiple -purpose wells during the pumping cycle of a recharge

operation and; ( 3 ) to determine the changes in specific yield of study wells resulting U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, from retained sediments. Alaska Forest Research Center. (h) "What Happens to Sediments in Playa Lake Waters when used for Underground Recharge (2654) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON PHYSICAL CHARACTER- in Multipurpose Wells", M.E. Jensen and W. ISTICS OF SALMON STREAMS IN SOUTHEAST Clyma, publication in the Cross Section ALASKA. (Texas Hi-Plains Underground Water Conser- vation District Paper). (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. R. F. Taylor, Forester in Charge, (3216) PERFORMANCE OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE INSTAL- Alaska Forest Research Center, P.O. Box 7^0, LATIONS IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF Juneau, Alaska. TEXAS. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) In developing the timber resources of the (h) Cooperative with the Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. region, it is essential that adequate steps Soil Conservation Serv. and the Lower Rio be taken to safeguard the important fish- Grande Valley Soil Conservation Districts. eries resource. The objective is to deter- (c) Mr. L. R. Ussery, Texas Agr. Ext. Sta., mine whether logging, carried out in accord' P.O. Box 157, Weslaco, Texas. ance with provisions required by the Forest (d) Experimental, field research. Service to protect salmon spawning streams, (e) The purpose of the study is to measure the causes physical changes to the watershed influence of drains on depths to and fluc- and stream regimen which might be harmful tuation of ground water tables. Actual to the stream for salmon protection. The field data will be related to present de- following factors are being investigated: sign criteria and empirical drain spacing (a) Changes in the stream regimen; (b) formulas erosion and sedimentation; (c) stream channel change; (d) accumulation of debris in (3217) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES OF GROUND WATER IN RED streams; (e) change in stream bottom ma- RIVER VALLEY OF NORTH DAKOTA. terial; and (f) water temperature and pH. (g) The first, or calibration, phase of this (b) Project cooperative with the North Dakota study has resulted in information on the Agricultural Experiment Station. hydrological characteristics of undisturbed (c) Mr. Rome Mickelson, Henry Bldg.,Room 19, streams in a glaciated region with heavy P.O. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota. precipitation (d) Field research. (h) "Effect of Rainfall on Stream Flow in (e) The objectives of the study are: (l) To Southeast Alaska", L.W. Zach, Alaska Forest determine the water table levels in a seg- Research Center Technical Note No. k, 3 PP- ment of the problem area; (2) to evaluate 1950. artesian and downward flow condition in the "The Relationship Between Precipitation and

area; ( 3 ) to determine the direction of Stream Flow on a Typical Southeast Alaska ground water flow and extent and benefits Stream", G.A. James, Alaska Forest Research of natural and artificial drains existing Center Technical Note No. 2h, 3 pp., 1955- in the area; (h) to study ground water "The Physical Effect of Logging on Salmon quality in observation wells in the area Streams of Southeast Alaska", G.A. James, and; (5) to study and analyze the physical Alaska Forest Research Center Station Paper and chemical properties of soils in the No. 5, U9 pp., 1956. area as related to the water transmissibill- ties of the soil substrata.

(3218) SOIL EROSION AND ROUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, UNDER FURROW IRRIGATION. California Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(b) Project cooperative with the Washington (26l) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, SOUTHERN Agricultural Experiment Station. CALIFORNIA. (c) Mr. S. J. Mech, Irrigation Experiment Sta- tion, Prosser, Washington. (b) Laboratory pro ject (d) Field research. (c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director, California ( e ) The influence of soil management and water Forest and Range Experiment Station, P. 0. intake on erosion under furrow irrigation Box 2V5, Berkeley 1, California.

98 (d) Experimental; field investigations; basic partial removal of woodland-riparian vege- and applied research. tation in Monroe Canyon increased summer

( ) how water- test to compare soil mois- e ) Purposes are ( 1 to determine streamflow. A sheds function: what happens to the pre- ture measurement with a neutron probe, Col- cipitation, and how water and soil move- man electrical resistance units, and gravi- ment are influenced by conditions of vege- metric sampling was conducted at the San tation, soil, geology, and topography; and Dimas lysimeters. The homogeneous soil in (2) to develop methods of watershed manage- these tanks provides ideal test conditions. ment, including treatment of areas denuded Total water content in six feet of soil by fire, to insure maximum yield of usable under grass cover as determined by the water and satisfactory flood runoff and three methods referred to above was 17-7) soil erosion control. Major work center is 17. 7j and 17.6 inches respectively. These the San Dimas Experimental Forest situated results indicate the accuracy of the new in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern neutron probe technique. A study in brush- California. Here rainfall and runoff are covered plots before and after killing the measured on two major drainage areas, on 10 shrubs with 2,4,5-T has shown that evapora- large and 7 small watersheds within these tive losses were greatly reduced as a re-

areas, and on 2k experimental plots. Sedi- sult of the treatment . The brush was dense mentation is measured from the major drain- scrub oak-chaparral with a good litter ages, small watersheds, and plots. Vegeta- cover on 12 feet of soil. Available mois- tion cover on the watersheds is mostly mature at the start of the wet season and ture brush or chaparral, unburned for 39 annual rainfall were nearly the same during years or more. However, in 1953 about one- each of the years immediately before and third of one large watershed was burned- after treatment. Water losses were reduced over by wildfire and in 1938 one-fourth of to about one-half during the wet (winter) another large watershed, 3 small watersheds, season and to about one-third during the and 9 plots were denuded by wildfire. Fif- dry (summer) season by killing the brush. teen other plots are equipped to obtain de- Average daily evapo-transpiration was re- tailed information on the disposition of duced from O.Oi+6 to 0.02^ and from 0.052 rainfall from annual grass, native scrub to 0.018 inches per day for the wet and dry oak- chaparral, and 30-year-old Coulter pine seasons respectively. Studies of soil ero- plantation. Twenty-six large lysimeters sion (soil, rock, and organic debris) were furnish comparisons 'of water use and sur- made during 5 years on brush-covered slopes face runoff control by five species of na- in the San Gabriel Mountains. Debris mov- tive shrubs, one species of pine, and a ing down the slopes was caught in troughs bunch-grass associatelon. Climatic data placed on contour and flush with the ground are obtained from several meteorological surface. Amounts and rates of debris move- stations. Measurements to determine kinds, ment varied widely between seasons and rates, and volume of soil movement (soil, sites. The primary debris sources con-

rock, and organic debris ) are made at eight tributing to sediment problems in the Los study sites on brush covered slopes in the Angeles River drainage proved to be the Los Angeles River watershed. After normal steep southerly slopes above rejuvenated

erosion rates have been established, the stream channels ( channels in which down- above sites will be used to evaluate ef- cutting has been renewed by geologically fects of promising cover improvement prac- recent uplift of the mountain fault block). tices upon soil stability. These slopes produced an average of U.3 (g) New tests of applied watershed management tons of material per acre annually. Dry

to increase water yield from mountain wild season ( summer and fall ) movement averaged lands were carried forward on the San Dimas about twice that of the wet season (winter) Experimental Forest. Vegetation is being during the period of study, changed on selected portions of two cali- (h) "Research by the U. S. Forest Service, San brated watersheds. Two adjacent watersheds Dimas Research Center", by P. B. Rowe, Pro- are being mainatained as untreated controls. ceedings, Conference on Sediment Problems In Monroe Canyon, a watershed of 875 acres, in California, Committee on Research in the trees and large shrubs on about 15 Water Resources, University of California, acres of the woodland-riparian zone along Berkeley, California, pages 23-25, Nov. the main channel were removed, stumps were 26-27, 1956. poisoned, and the remaining broad-leafed "More Good Water-Research at San Dimas Ex- vegetation was sprayed with silvicides. perimental Forest Applying Fundamentals to About 65 additional acres of canyon bottom Entire Watersheds," by Walt Hopkins, Calif. vegetation is being treated similarly dur- Forest and Range Exp. Station, Misc. Paper ing the current winter. In 100-acre Bell No. 22, 6 pp., illus., March 1958. watershed No. 2, kO acres of brush on the "Reversal Indicator for a Water Leval Re- side slopes having soil over 2-1/2 feet corder, " by Lowell A. Andrews, Engineering deep was sprayed with silvicides by heli- News -Record, June 19, 1958. copter. Good coverage and excellent leaf 'Growth of Native and Exotic Plants Under kill was accomplished but it is expected Controlled Temperatures and in the San additional annual sprayings will be requir- Gabriel Mountains California, " by Henry ed to kill the resistant brush species. HelLmers and William C. Ashby, Ecology 39 Preliminary observations indicate that the (3): tL6-428, July 1958.

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"From Forest Influences to Applied Water- plots shed Management in Southern California, " by (g) Electronic computer was used to test vari- Walt Hopkins, J. D. Sinclair, and P.B. Rove. ous measures of forests as they affect snow To he published in Proceedings, 1958 Annual- accumulation. The measures tested ranged Meeting Society of American Foresters. from a single-valued index of forest cover "Tests of Applied Watershed Management to (cover density) to 7-variable expression Increase Water Yield - San Dimas Experiment- of the same forest cover. The evidence was al Forest," by P. B. Rowe. To be published that forest variables were improved when we in Proceedings of Second Annual Meeting, specifically designed them to index the Arizona Watershed Program. separate effects of forests on solar radia- "Summer Slides and Winter Scour - Dry Wet tion received at the snow surface, back Erosion in Southern California Mountains," radiation from the trees, and interchange by H. W. Anderson, G.B. Coleman, and P. J. of energy between forests, clouds and sky. Zinke, California Forest and Range Experi- Many of the forest effects are not linear; ment Station Technical Paper No. ikk, 1958. forest effects are much better indexed when "Improved Determination of Rainfall Rates this is taken into account in the analysis, in Mountain Watersheds." (Abstract) Bull. tests were made of ways of simplifying snow Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 39(3): 176, 1958, by sampling at snow courses. For the test E. L. Hamilton. course the Onion Creek course we found that the median snow water equivalent of five (2U15) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NORTHERN points was found to be practically as good CALIFORNIA. a measure of snow at snow course as is the mean of 17 points, both in estimating the (b) Laboratory project. "true" mean of the course and for predict- (c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director, Calif. For- ing the flow of a nearby stream. est and Range Expt. Sta., P.O. Box 2k5 Evaporation from snow was measured in small Berkeley 1, California. polyethyline pans near Wishon Dam in the (d) Experimental; field investigations; basic Kings River Basin. Evaporation for the and applied research. winter 1957-58 was 2.3 inches for a large (e) The aim is to develop a hydrologlc base for exposed open area and 0.2 inches for small land management decisions. The hydrologlc forest openings; 2.2 inches of condensation effects of wildfires, of attempts at con- was measured under forest canopies. version of brushlands to grass, and of log- Snow measurement in red fir stands at Swain ging and other land uses are to be evaluated. Mountain Experimental Forest showed most Present studies emphasize development of snow left on June U-5, 1958 in small forest methods of management of high elevation openings, next most in mixed old and young snowpacks for maximum control and yield of forests, next most in open old red fir, and water. Major work center is in Berkeley lesser amounts In denser stands and a large with 18 studies being conducted throughout opening; no snow was left In an open snow northern California in the headwaters of course the Kings, American, Yuba, Truckee, and A study of the relation of sediment produc- Feather Rivers. At Teakettle Snow Labora- tion of 75 watersheds to soil erodibility tory in the Kings River Basin five small and other sediment causes was started. watersheds are under calibration for evalua- Measurements of summer soil moisture losses tion of streamflow and sedimentation. at the 56 forest and brush plots were made In the Onion Creek Watersheds in the Ameri- using the nuclear soil moisture device. can River Basin, five streams are being With two complete outfits one was always gaged and sediment measured. Snow accumu- in operation. lation and soil moisture are being measured (h) "Progress in Snow Management Research in in logged and unlogged forest and in brush California," Henry W. Anderson, 26th Annual areas, at both Onion Creek and Castle Creek. Western Snow Conference Proc. 1958. Castle Creek in the Yuba River Basin is "Progress Report 1957-58, Cooperative Snow being gaged, suspended sediment measured, Management Research," Henry W. Anderson, and basic snow physics studies are under Calif. Forest and Range Expt. Sta. 56 pp. way. Daily meteorological measurements are illus., processed. June 30, 1958. being taken at three stations and radiation "Rain-Snow Flood Sources, Meteorologically and snow physics at the headquarters sta- Defined," Henry W. Anderson, (Abstract). tion. Bull. Amer. Meteorological Soc. 39(3): 17U- At Sagehen Creek in the Truckee River Basin 5, 1958. sediment and streamflow and their effects "Forest Effects on Floods in the Northwest, on fishlife are being studied in coopera- Henry W. Anderson and Robert L. Hobba, (AbS' tion with the Department of Zoology, Univ. tract), Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 39: 50^ of Calif. Also the effects of conversion 1958. of brushfields to forest are being studied. "Forest Shade Related to Snow Accumulation, At Swain Mountain Experimental Forest in Henry W. Anderson, Raymond M. Rice and the Feather River Basin snow and soil mois- Allan J. West, 26th Annual Western Snow ture are being measured in forests to be Conference Proc. 1958. cut in strips and blocks this year. In all, "Decrease in Lightning-Caused Forest Fires snow accumulation is being measured at 68 Through Cloud Seeding," Arnold Court, (Ab- special snow courses, soil moisture at 56 stract). Bull. Amer. Meteorological Soc.

100 . "

39(3): 179, 1958. which north aspects are represented by the "Selection of Best Snow Course Points, high point of inflection and south aspects Arnold Court, 26th Annual Western Snow Con- by the low point describes these relation- ference Proc. 1958' ships. Evapotranspiration losses in moun- "Watershed Management - An Annotated Bibli- tain-brush for one year exceeded that of ography of Erosion, Streamflow, and Water aspen by 1.5 inches based on the depletion Yield Publication by the California Forest of soil mantle moisture at the end of the

and Range Expt . Sta. " Clark H. Gleason, CF growing season. and RES Tech. Paper 23, 79 pp. illus., January, 1958. (2905) IMPROVED WATERSHED MEASUREMENTS AND EVALUA- "Soil Vegetation Survey of a Central Sierra TION TECHNIQUES FOR FOREST, BRUSH, AND Snow Zone. Watershed, " Robert E. Nelson, RELATED RANGELANDS. Calif. Forest and Range Expt. Sta. Misc. Paper 21, pp. illus. December, 1957. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental and field investigations; basic and applied research. (e) This study is to develop and test an in- U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, strument to detect and record the occurrence Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. of free-water in snow and its ponding on the soil surface during the snowmelt period. Inquiries concerning the following projects should (g) A successfully operating instrument was be addressed to Mr. Reed W. Bailey, Director, Inter- constructed and tested in a limited number mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, of situations. Utah. (2907) METHODS OF PREVENTING WATERSHED DETERIORA- (2903) STUDIES OF HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES ON FOREST, TION ON OPERATED FOREST, BRUSH, AND RE- BRUSH, AND RELATED RANGELANDS IN CENTRAL LATED RANGELANDS IN IDAHO AND MONTANA. AND NORTHERN UTAH AND SOUTHWESTERN IDAHO. (b) Laboratory project. Laboratory project. (d) Experimental and field investigations; (a) Experimental and field investigations; basic and applied research. basic and applied research. (e) Studies to develop, apply, and evaluate the (e) Studies include the determination of varia- hydrologic and soil stabilizing effects of bility and probability of amount, rate, modified logging practices and improved duration, time of occurrence, and depth- post -logging measures on sediment produc- area and depth-area-intensity relations of tion from operated ponderosa pine forests gross rainfall and snowfall; determination on granitic soils in southwestern Idaho of forces and factors affecting water con- and on peak flow discharges and sediment tent, accumulation, movement, and melting production in dense snowpack forests in of snow; determination of forces, factors, northern Idaho and Montana. and soil profile characteristics affecting (g) Sediment production measurements over a k- the capacity of soil and rock mantles to year period show that careful road location absorb and store soil water and the extent coupled with adequate safequards in skid- to which storage functions can be altered trail stabilizing treatments apparently by modifying the soil, vegetation, and as- will permit logging operations consistent sociated soil organisms and animals; deter- with good watershed management in areas of mination of forces and factors involved in loose granitic soils on steep topography. water loss by evaporation and evapotranspi- In 16 logged compartments the areal extent ration processes and the effects of alter- of logging disturbance ranged from 3.6 to ing vegetation and site conditions on these 9.1 percent of the total areas. Haulroads processes constituted 58 percent of the disturbed (g) Maintained seasonal records at 20 rainfall area, skidtrails 29 percent, and landings recording stations and on three snow courses 13 percent. and yearlong precipitation records at eight stations in northern Utah. Records show a (2908) METHODS OF REHABILITATING FLOOD AND SEDI- marked correlation between increases in MENT SOURCE AREAS ON DAMAGED FOREST, BRUSH, elevation and precipitation: from 21 inches AND RELATED RANGELANDS. at i+,300 feet to 53 inches at 8,000 feet. Operated ten precipitation storage gages, Laboratory project. ten seasonal and one yearlong recording (a) Experimental and field investigations; rain gage, and conducted snow surveys at basic and applied research, five locations in central Utah. Analyses (e) Studies to develop and evaluate methods and of snow accumulation data in northern Idaho techniques of controlling excessive surface show that maximum snow water equivalent ac- runoff and sheet and rill erosion from cumulation increases with and is most in- seriously depleted or inadequately protect- fluenced by elevation. Significantly lower ed sloping forest, brush, and related range- amounts of water accumulate under increas- lands; and to develop and evaluate methods ing densities of forest canopy. Snowpack of stabilizing eroding cut and fill slopes water equivalent on north aspects exceeds bared by construction or other disturbances

that on south exposures . A sine curve on to lessen sediment production.

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(g) Following treatments of contour trenching, and U. S. Geological Survey. fertilization, and reseeding, ground cover (d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- re-establishment showed marked improvement search. in southern Idaho. Game-proof exclosures (e) A study was started in 19^8 on the Delaware-! on depleted and eroding range in Montana Lehigh Experimental Forest, Monroe County,

were established to test the effects of Pa. , to determine the water economy for a natural recovery of vegetation, contour 1,530-acre watershed covered with scrub oak.

trenching and reseeding, and reseeding The cover i6 now being converted by plant- 1 without trenching. Soil movement plots ing and fire protection to conifers and the equipped with catchment tanks were installed. effect on water relations is being measured.; Analyses of. records from l6 plots for the (g) A 5 -year planting program was started in past 11 years show that overland flow is 1956. The watershed was calibrated on the related inversely to ground cover, and sedi- basis of the first six years' daily cli- ment eroded is directly related to the matic and streamflow record by relating amount of overland flow. These new data monthly, seasonal, and annual discharge to confirm earlier findings that ground cover rainfall and air temperature. A paper densities of 65 percent or more are re- describing these relationships is in prepa- quired to prevent soil erosion and hold ration. runoff to a safe level of about 5 percent under the impact of major summer storms. (966) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, P0C0N0 (h) "Parrish Canyon, Utah: A lesson in Flood EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, PENNSYLVANIA. Sources", Richard B. Marston, Jour, of Soil and Water Cons. 13: 165-167, 1958. (b) Laboratory project. "The Davis County Experimental Watershed (d) Field investigation; basic and applied Story", R. B. Marston, Intermountain Forest research. and Range Experiment Station Publication. (e) Studies have been started on the Pocono Processed 37 pp. 1958. Experimental Forest, Wayne County, Pa., to determine effects of forest management (2909) METHODS OF IMPROVING WATER YIELDS FROM practices and logging operations upon the FOREST, BRUSH, ALPINE, AND RELATED RANGE- quantity and quality of water yielded by a

LANDS. small watershed. Installations have been 1 established to measure precipitation, (b) Laboratory project. streamflow and rainfall interception. (d) Experimental and field investigations; basic and applied research. (1187) FROST STUDIES IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED (e) Studies to develop and evaluate methods of STATES. converting vegetation types on well-drained slopes to increase amount or improve time- (b) Laboratory project. liness of water yields, without accelerat- (d) Field investigation; applied research. ing erosion, increasing flood and sediment (e) To determine the effect of land use and discharges or impairing water quality; to condition upon type and depth of frost develop and evaluate methods for artificial- formation. Periodic observations of frost ly controlling snow accumulation snd melt type and depth, snow depth, and water con- to improve timeliness of water yields from tent were made on 186 plots throughout the subalpine range areas Northeast during the winters 1950-51 and (g) Continued calibration of paired watersheds 1951-52. for the vegetation conversion study. A (f) Completed. snowdrifting fence constructed In the sub- (h) "Influence of Land Use and Forest Condi- alpine zone induced snowdrifts that per- tions on Soil Freezing and Snow Depth, sisted 10 days later than undrifted adjacent Robert S. Pierce, Howard W. Lull, Herbert snowfields. The induced drift was short and C. Storey, Forest Science k: 246-263, 1958. mounded in appearance, which suggests that variable cross-winds may have reduced its (1188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FERNOW length. EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA.

(b) Laboratory project. (d) Field investigation; basic and applied U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, research. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. (e) Studies were started in 1951 on the Fernow Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va. ; Inquiries concerning the following projects should to determine the effect of different level! be addressed to Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director, of cutting practices, different logging Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors methods, and different forest uses upon | Avenue, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania. water quantity and quality. Nine watersheds have been equipped with streamgaging (656) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, DELAWARE- stations and rain-gages. LEHIGH-EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, PENNSYLVANIA. (g) Following six years of record taking, and

analysis for calibration, treatment of one ' 1 (b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with the group of five watersheds was started in Pennsylvania Dept. of Forests and Waters May 1957- I

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Treatments will be completed in 1958 and in virgin Douglas-fir has been measured the study to determine their effect on for five years by means of trapezoidal streamflow. flume stream gates. These observations (h) "Calibration of Five Small Forested Water- provide a pretreatment calibration which sheds/' K. G. Reinhart, Trans. Amer. Geo. will be carried on for three years or more. Union 38: 933-936, 1958. Planned treatments will test effect of two systems of timber cutting on water yield (2kl9) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HUBBARD and erosion. BROOK EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, NEW HAMPSHIRE. In i960 it is planned to construct roads in one of the three watersheds to supply (b) Laboratory project. information on sediment yields. Survey for (d) Field investigation; basic and applied these roads began in 1957 and the timber research. sold in 1958. (e) The objective is to determine the effect of Bull Run watershed in cooperation with City forest type, condition, and treatment on of Portland Water Bureau. Pretreatment quantity and quality of streamflow. Studies calibration measurements now being taken on are conducted in plots and experimental three small watersheds within the Bull Run watersheds on the 7500-acre experimental watershed, source of Portland's water sup- forest in the White Mountains at West ply. Cover is virgin Douglas-fir. Stream- Thornton, New Hampshire. flow is being measured by trapezoidal (g) Three weirs have been constructed and cli- flumes. Results of this study will help matic stations established. determine the future management policy on (h) "How Type of Soil Frost Affects Infiltra- the watershed. tion," George R. Trimble, Richard S. Sartz, Robert S. Pierce, Jour. Soil and Water (2911) INFLUENCE OF FOREST COVER ON INTERCEPTION Conserv. 13: 8l-82. OF PRECIPITATION.

(2910) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LEADING (b) Laboratory project. RIDGE WATERSHED, PENNSYLVANIA (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. A study (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the of interception in old-growth Douglas-fir School of Forestry, Pennsylvania State was begun in the summer of 1957- Net pre- University and the Pennsylvania Department cipitation is measured by moving rain gages of Forests and Waters. located at six representative sites; (d) Field investigation; basic and applied measurements of gross precipitation are research. being made in adjoining cutover areas. (e) A cooperative study was started in 1957 to determine the effect of forest cover and (2187) EFFECT OF CATTLE GRAZING ON EROSION. treatment on quantity and quality of streamflow in the oak-hickory type in Pa., (b) Laboratory project. and to study associated and basic soil- (d) Field investigation; applied research. water relationships (e) Starkey Experimental Forest and Range, (g) Three experimental watersheds have been northeast Oregon. Study to determine the selected, weirs have been constructed, and effect of heavy, moderate and light graz- a climatic station established. ing on erosion, sediment production and (h) "Forest Watershed Management Research in runoff. Sediment catchment basins have the Ridge and Valley Section of Penn.," been constructed in small drainages, one Irvin C. Reigner, William R. Byrnes, E. F. in each of six pastures in which are tested McNamara, Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta. three rates of grazing and two systems of

7 pp., 1958. management : deferred-rotation and season- long use. Major effect on erosion will be determined by volume of sediment accumulat-

ed in the basins . Study now in its fourth U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, year.

1 Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment

; Station. (2912) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON EROSION.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should (b) Laboratory project. Jj be addressed to Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director, Pacific (d) Field investigation; basic and applied Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, research. u P.O. Box i+059, Portland Oregon. (e) Wenatchee River drainage, central Washing- ; ; 8, ton. Soils derived from three major parent (969) EFFECT OF LOGGING, CLEARCUTTING AND OTHER materials were sampled and are being ana- FOREST OPERATIONS ON STREAMFLOW. lyzed to determine their basic physical

1 and chemical characteristics. Parent (b) Laboratory project. materials are Swauk sandstone, basalt and

'. (d) Field investigation; applied research. granite (e) H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, McKenzie River drainage, west central Oregon. Stream- (3219) INFLUENCE OF OPENINGS IN CONIFEROUS FOREST flow from three small experimental watersheds ON SNOWMELT.

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("b) Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (d) Field Investigations; applied research. (e) Northeastern Oregon. A study to relate (e) (l) To determine influence of lodgepole maximum snow accumulation and rate of snow pine and spruce-fir forests and of the melt to several physiographic and vegeta- management of these forests on the yield of I tive factors. Fifty plots in each of two water. (2) To evaluate the alpine snow- elevational ranges (1+000-5000 ft. and 5000- fields of the Colorado Rockies with respect

6000 ft.) studied in the winter of 1957-58. to their contribution to summer streamflow. -J (3) To measure the rate of snow accumula- (3220) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION, tion in natural catchment basins under alpine conditions. This is the pretreatment (b) Laboratory project. calibration of a series of drift sites, part (d) Field investigation; applied research. of which will be supplemented by drift (e) A study to test the efficacy of hexadecanol fences at a later date to test the effective in reducing evaporation. Two standard ness of such structures in enlarging and Weather Bureau pans used; one treated, the deepening such alpine snow drifts. other a control. (g) The cutting and removal of half of the tim- (f) Completed. ber from one 71^-acre watershed was com- (g) Hexadecanol reduced evaporation by k.2 per- pleted in 1956. Eighty percent of this cent during the spring and summer months treatment was complete in 1955- For the near Portland, Oregon. years 1956 and 1957 the increase in water yield attributable to the timber harvest (3221) EROSION FROM TRACTOR SKID ROADS, was 30 percent or 2^0 acre-feet. The 3 years of 1956-58, taken together, show no (b) Laboratory project. statistically confirmable affect on the (d) Field investigation; applied research. annual peak rate of discharge. The follow- (e) A study in southwest Oregon to relate ero- ing data were taken for the third summer on sion and runoff from tractor skid roads In an alpine snowfield in the Front Range of logged forests to several soil, physiograph- Colorado: Water equivalent, rate of deple- ic and climatic variables. The essential tion and relation between depletion rates purpose of the study is to determine under and weather factors. A study of the mois- what conditions tractor logging results In ture exchange between an alpine snow sur- excessive erosion. face and the atmosphere showed that under conditions prevailing during the last of August 1957) the snow pack gained moisture at the rate of 1,300 gallons of water per U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, acre of snow per week. This study also Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. showed a close agreement between the volume of melt water as computed from ablation and Inquiries concerning the following projects should density and that measured from plastic lysi- be addressed to Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky meters . A repeat of this experiment during Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room very dry weather in July 1958 showed a net 221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colorado. loss from the snow of about l600 gallons on water per acre of snow per week. In neither (376; WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, MANIT0U case did moisture exchange exceed k percent EXPERIMENTAL FOREST. of the total weight of snow available for ablation. (b) Laboratory project. (h) Annual report, 1951, Rocky Mountain Forest (d) Field investigations; applied research. and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, (e) Studies of the influence of grazing, timber Colorado cutting, and revegetation of depleted watershed lands upon water supplied, erosion and (657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, TEMPE, sedimentation, to solve problems in manage- ARIZONA. ment of watershed lands of the Rocky Moun- 1 tain Front Range such as: (l) Runoff and (b) Laboratory project. erosion from natural storms on bunchgrass (d) Experimental; basic and applied research. plots; (2) runoff and erosion from natural (e) The purpose is: (l) To study the disposi-

storms on young pine plots; (3) effect of tion of rainfall as influenced by watershed I type conversion on runoff and erosion from vegetation; (2) to determine the influence (k) small watersheds; effect of logging of various types of forest and grassland I intensities on snow accumulation in pondero- vegetation as well as vegetation modified sa pine-Douglas fir type; and (5) character- by cultural treatment such as grazing and istics of runoff from cloudburst storms on timber harvest, on streamflow, water use, watershed, a large water loss, and erosion and sediment yield; j: (h) Annual report, 1957? Rocky Mountain Forest (3) to determine for phreatophytic vegeta- and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, tion (water-loving plants) the amount of Colorado water used, methods for reducing water use them with by phreatophytes or for replacing j (377) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FRASER more useful plants; and (k) for mixed coni- I HYDR0L0GIC LABORATORY. fer and chaparral types of vegetation to

101+ . . : -

determine the hy&rologic characteristics of (e) Evaluation of range-watershed conditions on natural watersheds and the effect of cover small watersheds in the San Luis drainage modification upon water yields, soil sta- of the Rio Puerco. Three contiguous water- bility and other resource values. sheds, ranging from 338 to 555 acres locat- At Sierra Ancha Experimental Watersheds in ed about 8 mi. north of the San Luis commu- central Ariz., rainfall, runoff, and ero- nity and west of the Rio Puerco main chan- sion are measured on three watersheds in nel provide the study area. Water and sedi- the pine-fir vegetation type at high eleva- ment inflow are measured in small reservoirs tion, on two watersheds in the ponderosa- formed by earthen dams. Precipitation a- chaparral type, and from four watersheds in mounts and vegetation changes are periodi- the grassland- chaparral type at intermedi- cally measured over the watersheds. The ate elevation, and on nine small watersheds preliminary survey and investigation phase in the semidesert-chaparral type at low ele- is completed; and watershed boundary fences vations. Water use by different types of installed and four years of data have been plants in various soils is studied on elev- collected under uniform grazing conditions

en large lysimeters . Three watersheds have during the six month over-winter period also been established in the pure ponderosa (Nov.l to May l). Soil elevation measure- pine type and two in the mixed conifer type ments have been obtained on the three water- to test the effects of logging practices sheds for purposes of determining soil loss- upon water yield and soil stability. Gag- es from the alluvial soils. Rising stage ing stations for four watersheds in the sediment samplers have been installed on pure chaparral type are also available to the three watersheds evaluate watershed-game interrelations. (h) Annual reports of the Rocky Mountain Forest One cluster of two watersheds and another and Range Experiment Station. cluster of three watersheds are available for testing the effect of manipulating chap- (1971) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND JUNC- arral cover. Supplemental studies are de- TION, COLORADO. termining the proper use of chemicals, fire and mechanical treatment for manipulating (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Bu- shrub in the type. Ecology of Tamarlx pen- reau of Land Management, Bu. of Reclamation, tandra is under investigation. Germination, USGS, and Fish and 'Wildlife Service. seedling survival, and rate of spread stud- (d) Experimental; applied research. ies were continued. A field apparatus em- (e) To determine the effect of exclusion of ploying the infrared analyzer for detecting livestock grazing on erosion and runoff moisture has been used for detailed measure- from semidesert lands in western Colorado. ments of evapo-transpiration of phreatophyte (g) Pretreatment measurements were made in 1953 types. and '54 of infiltration and erosion, using (g) Pine-fir, bottom vegetation was removed on the Rocky Mtn. infiltrometer . Measurements 80 acres af an experimental watershed. The during the treatment period started in 1958 cleared area was planted to perennial grass and will be continued at 5-yr. intervals. in the interest of comparing consumptive (21+20) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND JUNC- use from forest and grassland types . Chap- arral watersheds were found to yield stream- TION, COLORADO. flow from February until May. Sporadic, intermittent small flows following rains (b) Laboratory project. during July, Aug., and Sept., produced (d) Field investigation; applied research. gravel loads indicating up to 200-300 cubic (e) To compare the amount of soil moisture with- yards per section.* Sampling in representa- drawal under aspen, spruce, and mixed grass-

tive Arizona chaparral stands indicates weed type. Measurements were taken in 1955 > total shrub canopy densities ranging from 1957 and 1958. Three sites were sampled in each type. Seven gravimetric samples were 40 to 65 percent ; with shrub live oak (Quercus turbinella) making up from 55 to taken at random on' a 30-ft grid superimposed 80 percent of the total shrub cover. on each site. Samples were taken approxi- Sprouting rarely occurs from tamarisk roots; mately July 1 and Nov.l, the difference in therefore, if plants are initially cut be- water content representing gross use by vege - low the root crown, sprouting will be avoid- tation. Water use values will be adjusted ed. This fact is of considerable import- for current precipitation. Samples were ance in mechanical clearing. taken in 1-ft increments to a depth of 8 ft.

(h) "An Infrared Apparatus for Measurement of ( g ) Preliminary findings are as follows Transpiration", by J. P. Decker and J. D. Wein, in Symposium for Phreatophytes by Inches of Water Used* Mixed Phreatophyte Subcommittee of PSIAC, 1958, if grass (Processed) ear Aspen Spruce Idaho Thurber fescue fescue weed (I969) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, 1955 20.94 15-30 10.14 9.86 NEW MEXICO. L957 17.14 13-70 9-34

(b) Cooperative study with Bureau of Land *Based on sites where moisture content was Management and Geological Survey, at or above wilting point both spring and (d) Applied research. fall.

105

514561 0-59-8 . :

(h) Annual reports of the Rocky fountain Forest thinning influences amount of water availa- and Range Experiment Station. ble for streamflow. The study involves measurement of precipitation in the open, (2188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, throughfall precipitation under thinned and NEW MEXICO. unthinned pine, stem flow, and soil moisture. (3) To establish Black Hills pre- (d) Laboratory project. cipitation and streamflow characteristics (d) Applied research. from existing records. (e) Soil moisture studies. Colman soil elec- (f) Active; Items 1 and 3 data being prepared trical units were installed at 3-inch depth for publication, item 2 continuing. intervals from the 1-1/2 inch soil depth to (h) Annual Report, 1957, Rocky Mountain Forest j bedrock or to a depth beyond any anticipated and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, moisture penetration. Recording and stand- Colorado. ard gages were used to measure precipita-

tion. Moist pinyon- juniper zone ( 17-inch (2913) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT. annual precipitation). A record of precipitation and soil moisture was maintained (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Coco- under three ground-cover conditions; under nino National Forest, Flagstaff, Arizona. pinyon trees and in a woodland opening; in (d) Field investigation; basic research. grassland; and in a bared area kept free of (e) Calibration of 12 small watersheds, 6 in vegetation by chemical spraying. Dry pin- ponderosa pine type, 3 in alligator juniper yon- jumiper-sagebrush zone (13-inch annual type, and 3 in Utah juniper type. A newly precipitation). A record of precipitation designed modified trapezoidal Venturi flume and soil moisture was maintained under four is being used to measure discharge from conditions: native sagebrush under protec- these steep ephemeral streams. Precipita- tion from livestock grazing; and in crested tion measurements are being taken. wheatgrass under 25 percent utilization, (g) The following amounts of precipitation were under 75 percent utilization, and under full measured on the watersheds protection from cattle grazing.

(f ) Field study terminated at Pine Flat (moist Water Type pinyon- juniper zone) on July 1, 1958, and Year Ponderosa Alligator Utah Juniper at Cebolla Mesa (dry pinyon- juniper sage- Pine Juniper brush zone) in the Spring of 1958. 1957 31.5^ 23.91 20.63 (h) Annual reports of the Rocky Mountain Forest 1958 36.95 29.00 22.87 and Range Experiment Station.

Annual Report, 1957 5 Rocky Mountain Forest (2657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND JUNC- and Range Experiment Station, pp. l6-l8. TION, COLORADO. (3222) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with (e) To determine the effect of range conditions Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, Ariz. and related factors on sediment production (d) Field investigation; basic research. and runoff on three mountain grassland (e) Study of the disposition of precipitation water-sheds in western Colorado. Range in the Utah juniper type, including measure- condition is being measured by means of 20 ments of precipitation, interception, sur- or more 3-step transects on each watershed. face runoff, and soil moisture budget by Ninety degree V-notch weirs are used to stand density class. gage the watersheds which vary in size from 86 to 272 acres. Water samples are taken (3223) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH FORT COLLINS, several times daily during snowmelt and COLORADO. periods of storm runoff for determination

of suspended sediment; bed load is measured (b) Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Expt . Sta. in the weir ponds (e) A physical evaluation of mechanical erosion (h) Annual Reports of the Rocky Mountain Forest control practices, established on the Trout and Range Experiment Station. Creek Watershed, Salida District, San Isabel National Forest, Colo., on depleted (2658) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, RAPID CITY, lands in the Colorado Front Range. The fol- SOUTH DAKOTA. lowing soil associations are represented: Edloe-Stecum association derived from gran- (b) Laboratory project. ite, Chubbs-Laporte (limestone). Trout (d) Experimental; basic and applied research. Creek-gano-Heath (shale and sandstone), (e) (l) To determine how heavy grazing of blue- Buena Vista-Rods-Outcrop (Trachyte). grass range in the Black Hills has influ- (g) Exploratory studies finished. The main

enced soil structure . The study involves field investigations will start in' spring measurement of bulk density and pore space 1959- of soil inside and outside of livestock enclosures. (2) To study basic soil-water (3221+) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT. relationships under dense ponderosa pine in the Black Hills and to determine how (b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

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Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, Ariz. Appalachian watersheds, (5) soil moisture (d) Field investigation; basic research. regime in relation to evapotranspiration, (e) Rainfall interception by nine densities of and (6) operating forest pilot watersheds pole-size ponderosa pine. to demonstrate proper location and layout of (f) Completed. logging roads (h) Report in preparation. (g) Studies of woodland grazing, mountain farming and improper logging have demonstrated the extremely detrimental effects of poor land management on water quality and storm U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, peaks. Ten to fifteen years data furnish Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. information on the time required for adverse effects to show up. Various types of forest (380) WATER RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT cuttings on selected watersheds have yielded RESEARCH. information on annual and seasonal water balance, storage and depletion of ground- (b) Laboratory project. For general public use water, and the use of water by forest vege- and information. tation. For example, removing all forest (c) Mr. J. F. Pechanec, Director, Southeastern vegetation from a small watershed gave in- Forest Experiment Station, U. S. Forest creases in streamflow equivalent to 60 per- Service, P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C. cent of the average pre -treatment flow, (d) General investigation of forest influence with increases gradually subsiding as the in the southeastern United States, includ- forest regrew. ing fundamental hydrologic research and Piedmont studies are showing that the or- applied research in watershed management ganic layers of forest soil are a valuable (e) To determine the effect of forest vegeta- diagnostic tool for timber and watershed tion and land management practices on the management. Also through studies of soil components of the hydrologic cycle, includ- moisture under different types of cover, ing the effects on water yield and quality. information is being obtained regarding con- To develop methods of watershed management sumptive use of water, percolation rates, which will result in the greatest benefit and seasonal storage potentials of forest from the land and water resources of the soils southeastern United States. (h) "Pine and Hardwood Forest Water Yield" by Most of the experiments and hydrologic data John D. Hewlett. Jour. Soil and Water Con- collection is carried out on the 5600-acre servation, v. 13, No. 3} May 1958. Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, located in "Timber, Water and Stamp Creek" by P. E. the zone of maximum precipitation in the Black and P. M. Clark. Southeastern Forest eastern United States (Nantahala Range of Expt. Sta. 1958. (Processed). the Southern Appalachians). Eighteen indi- "Interception in an Old-Field, Cove-Hard- vidual watersheds whose streamflow is being wood Stand" by P. E. Black. Manuscript in continuously gaged provide the basis for preparation, 1958. the experimental program. The laboratory "Moisture Held in Pine Litter" by Louis J. has 10 recording and 6l non-recording Metz. Jour. Forestry v. 56, No. 1, Jan. (standard) rain gages, 1 recording ground- 1958. water well, k recording hydrothermographs, "The Calhoun Experimental Forest" by Louis 1 recording anemometer, and 1 evaporation J. Metz. Southeastern Forest Expt. Sta. pan. Water samples for quality analysis (1958). (Processed). are collected from selected watersheds on a dally and storm period basis. On the Calhoun Experimental Forest, near Union, S.C., research is concerned with the U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, problems and factors involved in rehabili- Southern Forest Experiment Station. tating Piedmont soils. Studies include measurement of the soil moisture regime Inquiries concerning the following projects should under different cover types, and different be addressed to Mr. Philip A. Briegleb, Director, densities of vegetation, hydrologic pro- Southern Forest Experiment Station, 2026 St. Charles perties of forest soils, and index values Avenue, New Orleans 13, Louisiana. of runoff and sediment production from several small watersheds. The forest has (291k) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, Tallahatchie 5 recording and 15 standard rain gages as Research Center, Oxford, Mississippi. well as a standard Weather Bureau weather station. (b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Research projects include: (l) Evapotran- Soil Conservation Service, Agricultural spiration from forest land, hydrologic ef- Research Service, and Univ. of Mississippi. fects of reducing basal area 50 percent, (d) Field investigation of runoff and erosion (2) rehabilitation treatment of experiment- from small experimental watersheds on for- al watersheds formerly used In studies of est and potential forest lands; basic and mountain farming, woodland grazing, and ex- applied research.

( catch- ploitive mountain logging, ( 3 ) type conver- e ) A total of 12 small natural headwater sions on drained slopes, (k) precipitation' ments, two to four acres in size, have been network requirements for small Southern installed in batteries of three to determine

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runoff and erosion from old fields , deplet- (l8l) EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES AND STUDY OF ed upland hardwoods, mature upland hardwood- MODEL SCALE EFFECTS. pine, and loblolly pine plantations. The watersheds will he calibrated some years (b) Laboratory project.

( before treatments are applied. Related d ) Expe riment al studies include soil moisture-tree growth (e) Equilibrium beach profiles will be deter- relationships mined experimentally for waves up to 6 feet (g) Watershed studies - operative only one full in height in a prototype tank; the waves year. Radial growth of shortleaf pine cor- will be modeled at a 1 to 10 scale in small related with number of days after start of laboratory tanks for various median diameter spring growing season and available mois- sand sizes to determine scale effect. ture in upper four feet of soil. (g) Some light specific gravity material (coal) (h) "Soil Moisture Content and Shortleaf Pine has been obtained for use in a small wave Radial Growth in North Mississippi," D. C. channel in tests of beach deformation under McClurkin, Forest Science M3): 232-238, wave action to compare with large scale 1958. tests using sand in the large tank. The "Hydraulic Inserter for Soil Moisture Units," specific gravity of the coal (average 1.5)

J. L. Thames, Soil Science 86 ( 3 ) :156-159, has been modeled by the settling velocity 1958. relationship to give corresponding characteristics of the material- in the large tank. (3225) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, CENTRAL OZARKS RESEARCH CENTER, HARRISON, ARKANSAS. (660) OBSERVED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with (b) Laboratory and field project. Soil Conservation Service and Univ. of Ark. (d) Field investigation; basic research.

(d) Field investigations of hydrologic effects ( e ) To secure a more thorough knowledge of the of land conversion from hardwood forest to characteristics of ocean waves. A number of native range, applied research. electrical recording wave gages have been (e) Duplicate runoff plots 12 x 100 feet were installed in coastal waters and these re- installed on woodland not grazed, woodland cords are analyzed for significant height grazed, and woodland converted to range by and period. aerial spraying and grazed. The study will (g) The new plastic wave gages, replacing neo- measure effects of conversion and grazing prene coated aluminum channel type have on runoff and erosion, changes in litter- been installed for two months. Satisfactory humus character, soil moisture, and surface operation is being experienced. The new soil physical properties. plastic gage at Steel Pier, Atlantic City, New Jersey has been treated with anti-foul (3226) SOIL MOISTURE RESEARCH, VTCKSBURG RESEARCH ing paint in an effort to provide longer CENTER, VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI. operating periods before sea-growth fouls and thereby reduces the gage accuracy. A

(b) Waterways Expt . Sta., Corps of Engineers, wave spectrum analyzer utilizing a revolv- U. S. Army. ing tape head (rather than forming a segment (d) Field and laboratory investigations, basic of the tape into a loop, and repeatedly and applied research on factors affecting cycling the loop) is being constructed and soil moisture. tested. (e) Project is aimed at development of a soil- (h) "Hurricane Wave Station for the Gulf of moisture prediction method based on field Mexico," BEB TM No. 98, June 1957. studies throughout the United States and possessions. Present studies include re- (975) METHODS OF BY-PASSING SAND PAST INLETS. finement of prediction methods, environmental factors, problem soils, and methods (b) Laboratory project.. and techniques. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (g) A workable soil-moisture prediction method (e) To study methods and requirements for pump- has been developed for use in vehicle traf- ing sand past inlets and to determine the ficability ratings without previous contact applicability of the methods in stabiliza- with the soil. tion of beaches adjacent to inlets. A (h) "Summary of the Development of a Soil Mois- study is being made of the sand by-passing ture Prediction Method, " by Arthur W. operations carried out at Port Hueneme, Krumbach and Forest W. Stearns, Vicksburg California and Lake Worth, Florida. Data Research Center, Southern Forest Experiment are being obtained on the operation of a Station, 1+0 pp., Nov. 1957- stationary sand transfer plant located on the north jetty of Lake Worth Inlet, Fla. These data include periodic hydrographic surveys south and north of the inlet, wave U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, data, sand samples, detailed records of Beach Erosion Board. pumping operations, and detailed records of entrance channel maintenance. Additional Inquiries concerning the following projects should survey data taken at Hueneme are being ana- be addressed to the President, Beach Erosion Board, lyzed and a report prepared. Study is being 5201 Little Falls Road, Washington l6, D. C. made of the possibility of adapting

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commercial instruments utilizing a radio- downdrift end. active source to measure density of material pumped in "by-passing. (2192) REGIONAL STUDIES OF THE SOUTH SHORE OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK; ATLANTIC COAST OF NEW (976) ESTABLISHMENT OF CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION JERSEY; AND THE DELAWARE-MARYLAND- VIRGINIA OF ARTIFICIAL BEACHES. SHORE LINE FROM CAPE HENL0PEN TO CAPE CHARLES. (b) Laboratory.

(d) Theoretical ; applied research. (b) Laboratory project. (e) To develop criteria for construction of (d) Field investigations; basic research. teaches by artificial means. The present (e) To compile all existing factual data perti- phase of this general study involves the nent to shore processes on a regional scale. measurement of a natural beach slope and Report to consist of four chapters; geomor- determines its response as a function of phology and shore line histories, littoral those forces normally incident upon the forces, littoral materials, and summary and shore such as wave height and period, angle conclusions. Subject matter to include of wave approach, tide, and direction and physiography, geological development of the magnitude of littoral current. By statisti- shore region, sources of littoral materials, cal methods the relative importance of the waves, tides or water level fluctuations, forces or combinations of forces may be currents, physical characteristics of the evaluated. littoral materials, interrelation of sedi- (g) Computing machine techniques are being ap- mentary properties, relation to properties plied to the statistical evaluation of the of littoral materials to position in the importance of the forces. Preliminary re- littoral zone, and changes in shore line sults indicate that this technique for ana- con fi gurat ion. lyzing and evaluating data will determine (g) All chapters for New Jersey completed ex- the relative importance of the variables cept for editing. Geomorphology, shore involved. line history, and littoral forces, of south shore of Long Island completed except for (977) DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DIREC- editing. TION GAGES. (2193) SHORE PROTECTION PLANNING AND DESIGN. (b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Experiment al ; development (b) Laboratory project. (e) To develop wave height and wave direction (d) Design. gages for use In securing accurate records (e) The purpose of this project is to supple- of wave characteristics. ment and revise the Beach Erosion Board's (g) The plastic type wave gages, replacing the Technical Report No. h, "Shore Protection neoprene coated aluminum channel type, have Planning and Design" as new data and tech- been installed in all Beach Erosion Board niques are developed for use in the solu-

ocean wave gage recording stations ( 5 station of coastal engineering problems. tions). The first six months of use indi- (g) The first addenda sheets to Technical Re- cate satisfactory operation. port No. k were compiled and dispatched to recipients of this report. The second ad- (2190) STUDY OF EFFECT OF A GROIN SYSTEM ON THE denda sheets are being compiled which in- RATE OF LITTORAL MOVEMENT. clude revised or supplemental data on dune stabilization, beach fill design, sand by- (b) Laboratory project. passing plants, forces on pilings, hurri- (d) Experimental; basic research. cane design data, wave run-up and overtop- (e) To study the effect of groins on the rate ping data, and breakwater design data. of littoral drift passing a groin system. Installation of test set-up in the Shore (2195) RE-EXAMINATION OF ARTIFICIALLY NOURISHED Processes Test Basin has been completed. AND CONSTRUCTED BEACHES. Initial tests consist of waves generated at a 30-degree angle to the sand beach. Meas- (b) Laboratory project. urement of material movement is being made (d) Field investigation; applied research. at the down beach end. (e) To study the behavior of beach fills placed (g) A new series of tests, starting from a 1 on to nourish and protect adjacent shores. A 10 beach slope, show that the drift rate selected number of beach fills are being along a 1 on 10 slope is about 1,200 pounds re-examined. per hour before the slope has adjusted to (g) Survey and sand sample data taken at Harri- the imposed wave conditions. After slope son County, Mississippi were analyzed to adjustment the drift rate is reduced to determine the behavior of beach fill placed about kdO pounds per hour. These tests in- along 25 miles of shore from an offshore dicate that introduction of a small amount borrow source. Material losses since place- of clay into the beach material increases ment of beach fill in 1951 have been slight. the drift rate slightly. Also the rate at Shoaling of the borrow area has been slow which sand is fed on to the updrift end of and limited to material to silt sizes. a beach 100 feet in length affects the rate (h) "Behavior of Beach Fill and Borrow Area at of sand movement into the traps at the Harrison County, Mississippi," G. M. Watts,

109 Beach Erosion Board Tech. Memo. No. 107, data will then be compared with data from Ik pages, August 1958. small scale studies to determine the possible existence of a scale effect. Large (2659) WAVE FORCES ON PILES, scale tests on run-up on Lake Okeechobee Levees (see project 2917) have shown that a (b) Laboratory project. definite scale effect exists, at least for (d) Experimental; applied research, design. smooth Impermeable slopes. These tests show (e) To determine the nature and magnitude of an increase in run-up over that observed forces on piles caused by breaking and non- for small scale laboratory tests of up to breaking waves. 25$ depending upon sixe of wave and slope, (g) First draft of report completed. The re- (h) "Wave Run-Up on Composite Slopes", Thorndike port gives the forces on a 3-foot section Saville, Jr., Proc. Sixth Conference on of a 12-inch pipe pile caused by waves, Coastal Engineering, Council on Wave Re- both breaking and non-breaking. Wave peri- search, Engineering Foundation, 1958. ods were varied from 3-75 to 16 seconds; wave heights from 2 to 6 feet, and water (2916) WAVE AND SURGE FORECASTING RELATIONSHIPS

depths from 5 to l6 feet . The position of AND TECHNIQUES. the sensitive section of the pile was varied

from 5 • 3 feet above the bottom of the wave (b) Laboratory project. tank to above the still water level. (d) Theoretical; basic research. (e) To determine methods of predicting wave and (2660) WAVE TANK STUDY OF QUANTITY OF SAND IN SUS- storm surge characteristics. PENSION IN THE SURF ZONE (INCLUDING TEMPER- (g) Methods of developing surge predictions for ATURE EFFECTS). hurricanes have been reviewed, extended and summarized. Revisions to previously adopted (b) Laboratory project. wave forecasting relationships have been de- (d) Experimental; basic research. termined to better account for additional (e) A vacuum pump type suspended sediment sam- wave data. Wave records from a wide variety pler has been used to collect suspended of locations have been utilized in a statis- sand samples under various laboratory con- tical analysis of the probability distribu- ditions of waves, water temperature and tions of wave heights and wave periods; and sand. A large field sampler has been used a family of wave spectra which allows for to obtain suspended samples in the proto- an arbitrary linear correlation between type wave tank. The purpose of the study wave height and wave period squared is is to determine the relationships between suggested. wave, water, and sand characteristics and (h) "Revisions in Wave Forecasting: Deep and the amount of material maintained in sus- Shallow Water", by C. L. Bretschneider. pension and hence available for longshore Proceedings Sixth International Conference transport by currents. on Coastal Engineering, Ch. 3, PP- 30-67, (g) A first draft of a report on suspended 1958. sampling tests through 1957 has been com- "Engineering Aspects of Hurricane Surge", by pleted. Additional tests of temperature C. L. Bretschneider. Proceedings Technical effects on suspended sediment were carried Conference on Hurricanes, Miami Beach, Fla., out during 1958. One purpose of these American Meteorological Society, Nov. 19-20, warm water tests was to determine the effect 1958. of sand ripples on suspended sediment. Comparison of the results of these 1958 (2917) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING tests and of previous cold water tests show ON LAKE OKEECHOBEE LEVEES. that the shoreward displacement (creep) of sand ripples Is faster in cold water than (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville, in warm water. The tests also show that Fla. coarser and heavier material is in suspen- (d) Model study; for design. sion near the sand ripple crest. (e) A 1 to 2.5 scale model of the proposed Lake Okeechobee levee design (l on 3 and 1 on 6

(2661) WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES. slopes ) has been tested under wave action up to k feet in height (10 feet prototype) (b) Laboratory project. to determine heights of wave run-up and (d) Experimental; design. quantities of wave overtopping for two crest (e) Wave run-up is determined experimentally elevations. Results will be compared with by various waves for different types of those in smaller laboratory flumes (l to 30 shore structures. Effect of both structure model) to determine existence of any scale roughness and permeability is being inves- effect. tigated. (g) Testing has been completed, the results are (g) A method was derived for determining wave being analyzed, and a report prepared. The run-up on composite slope structures and results indicate a 10$ increase in wave run- structures with berms. Relatively large- up for the 1 on 6 slope over that observed scale data are being taken (with waves with small-scale laboratory tests, and a

about 3 to ^ feet in height ) in the large 20$ increase for the 1 on 3 slope. A por- I wave tank on run-up on rubble structures tion of this increase is due to different in connection with another study. These roughness conditions in the two laboratory

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tests, the absolute roughness of hoth scale Office, Chief of Engineers, July 1958. tests being the same, as smooth board slopes were used for both scales. A few tests were run at the large scale using the smooth slope roughened with a single U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, layer of O.U-mm sand to give an indication Portland, Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory. of the degree of this effect. This rough-

ness for the 1 on 3 slope decreased the Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 405, k06, ^-07, scale effect increase from 20$ to 15$. The 2662, 2665, 2666, 2919, 2920, 2921, and 3229 should increase in scale for the large scale test be addressed to District Engineer, U. S. Army was about ten times that of the small scale Engineer District, Walla Walla, Bldg. 602, City- test and the actual prototype conditions County Airport, Walla Walla, Wash., and Projects are 2-1/2 times larger than the large scale Nos. 1462, 1466, 3230, and 3231 should be addressed test; consequently the run-up must again to District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, be proportionately increased to take ac- Portland, 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon. count of this further increase in scale.

( Accounting for this added increase and h.05 ) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR DAM, assuming the observed roughness correction SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON for the 1 on 3 slope applies to all slopes, and considering data previously obtained (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, on a 1 on 15 sand beach, the results may Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash. be extended to give an increase in run-up (d) Experimental; for design. over that observed for laboratory tests (e) A l:100-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model for Lake Okeechobee prototype conditions reproduces 2.7 miles of the Snake River at of Ojo for a 1 on 15 slope, 9$ for a 1 on 6 the dam site. The proposed structures in-

slope, l8$ for a 1 on 3 slope, and 27$ for clude a 6-unit powerhouse ( 3-unit initial a 1 on 1-1/2 slope. Prototype conditions installation), 10-bay (tainter-gate con- for which these increases would be appli- trolled) spillway, 86- by 675-foot naviga- cable are for waves of about 8 to 10 feet tion lock and facilities for migrant fish. in height. The tests indicate the exist- The latter include two fish ladders, 16 ft. ence of a very large scale effect for over- wide on north bank and 2k ft. wide on south topping measurements, amounting to an bank, and a powerhouse collection system. average increase of 40$ for some of the Auxiliary flow for both ladders and collec- large scale tests. The scale effect for tion system will be provided by low-head

overtopping generally increases with a de- pumps . Studies will be made to determine crease in overtopping rate. flow conditions during various construction stages and with proposed structures in- (3227) DEVELOPMENT OF INPLACE SEDIMENT DENSITY stalled. GAGE. (f) Tests completed. (g) Tests of first-step cofferdam were com- (b) Laboratory project. pleted. Results indicated that realignment (d) Field, development. of upstream corner of cofferdam would reduce (e) To develop an inplace gage to determine backwater effect and lower water-surface density of material under water in shoal elevations along face of cofferdam. Movable areas (navigation channels, reservoirs, bed studies were made to assist in estimat- etc. ). ing amount and location of erosion in pro- (g) A gage has been developed consisting of a totype. Effect of rock groins along river probe housing a radioactive source and a bank opposite cofferdam were investigated counter. The gage has been field tested as an aid to fish migration during first- in several areas, and performed satisfac- stage construction. General flow conditions torily. A report is being prepared. were observed with the proposed structures installed. Three tailrace alignments were (3228) MODEL TESTS OF WAVE SETUP ON BEACHES. investigated and tests were made to determine best alignment of north fish ladder (b) Laboratory project. wall. Two-foot sills installed in end bays (d) Experimental; basic research. of spillway provided downstream flow at

( e ) To relate increase in water level at the spillway entrances to fishways. Second- shore due to wave action alone to the stage cofferdam tests showed that realign- incident wave characteristics and shore ment of downstream leg of cofferdam improved hydrography conditions for fish passage and reduced (g) Laboratory data taken on a relatively velocities along toe of downstream fill. gentle slope (about 1 on 70) show a wave Conditions for fish passage at low flows setup as great as 3 feet for 30-foot waves. were Improved by additional forebay exca- Data on steeper slopes (l on 3 and. 1 on 6) vation and using skeleton units to pass a show no wave setup at all. Tests are con- portion of river flow. Tests of final de- tinuing on intermediate slopes. sign structures were made to provide project (h) "Model Study of Wave Setup Induced by operating data. Uniform spillway operation Hurricane Waves at Narragansett Pier, produced the best over-all conditions Rhode Island", John C. Fairchild, The Tests of several designs of the river out- Annual Bulletin of the Beach Erosion Board, let to navigation lock were made to

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determine probable wave heights and tall- navigation lock, a rock-fill nonoverflow water variation during lock emptying, section, and facilities for passing fish (h) Five memorandum reports have been issued; over the dam. Maximum head was 90 feet. others are in preparation. Revised layout had a straight 23-bay spillway. Purposes were to study the structures (1+06) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR SPILLWAY, SNAKE alignment and flow conditions affecting RIVER, WASHINGTON. navigation, power generation, cofferdam placement, rock-fill dam construction, and (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, fish passage. Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash. (f) Tests completed. (d) Experimental; for design. (g) Four major layout plans were tested and the (e) The l:40-scale model consists of a 3-bay most economical plan that effected satis- section of the 10-bay spillway. Tests were factory hydraulic conditions was selected. made to determine hydraulic performance of Tests indicated ability to reduce length of the proposed spillway and stilling basin spillway and to reduce forebay excavation and to develop revisions in design that by 30 feet. Data relative to water-surface would improve performance or reduce con- elevations and velocities in the tailrace, struction and maintenance costs. and the effects of excess fill placed in (f) Tests completed. the forebay have been obtained. Flow con- (g) Satisfactory design of spillway and still- ditions during various stages of construc- ing basin and determination of crest rating, tion and with the project completed have pressure data, and method of gate operation been observed with special attention given were accomplished. to navigation and fish migration problems. (h) Memorandum reports are in preparation. Tests were conducted to compare flow conditions in model and prototype with the (1+07) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR NAVIGATION LOCK, 1957 peak discharge of 643,500 cfs when all SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON. flow was through spillway. Test was repeated with five powerhouse units operating, (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, expected Installation at time of 1958 high Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash. water. Additional studies of flow condi- (d) Experimental; for design. tions In downstream approach to navigation

( e ) Two models are being used to test perform- lock were made with extensions to contract ance of the proposed design for the hydrau- plan guard wall of 200, 400, and 600 feet. lic system and develop modifications for (h) Thirty memorandum reports have been issued; improvement if necessary. A l:25-scale one is in preparation. model will reproduce the 86- by 675 -foot

lock chamber, culvert systems, and portions ( 1466 ) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM NAVIGATION of the upstream and downstream approach LOCK, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON. channels. A l:l6-scale model of a single lateral culvert of the lock filling system (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, was used to determine designs that will Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon. produce uniform flow distribution from the (d) Experimental; for design. culvert ports. (e) A l:25-scale model of the 86- by 675-foot (g) Offsets in lateral culvert walls were re- lock chamber including its culvert systems vised to improve flow distribution. Con- and portions of the upstream and downstream struction of lock model was completed and approach channels was reproduced. Maximum tests begun. At maximum initial head, 103 lift Is 90 feet. Studies were made of vari- ft, the lock chamber fills in approximately ous types of filling and emptying systems 11 min and empties in 13 min with a 4.0- to determine the most advantageous design min filling valve schedule and 2.2-min from the standpoints of rate of operations, emptying valve schedule. Maximum hawser degree of turbulence, and economy. The forces of 4 to 6 tons, depending on reso- several proposed plans included lateral nance, have been observed with 11 040-ton culverts within the lock chamber combined barge tow at maximum initial head. Posi- with several locations of intake ports, tive pressures exist downstream from the longitudinal culverts, and outlet ports. filling valves. Final design tests are in (f) Tests completed. progress (g) Designs have been selected for all features (h) Memorandum reports are in preparation. of the lock. A valve-opening schedule of 4 minutes resulted in a filling time of (1462) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM, 12.5 minutes and a maximum hawser force of COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON. 8 tons without supplemental use of the upstream lock tainter gate. The lock emptied (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, in 16 minutes. Studies have shown that Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon. staggered valve operation will reduce maxi- (d) Experimental; for design. mum hawser stresses. Operational tests of (e) A l:80-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model the final design were made with several reproduced 2.7 miles of the Columbia River heads and barge positions using a 4-minute at the dam site. The original layout con- valve-opening schedule. One combination sisted of a circular-arc, 30-bay spillway, of head and barge position corresponds to a 22 -unit powerhouse, and 86- by 675 -foot conditions of prototype tests performed in

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December 1957. orifice control section of the south fish (h) Seven memorandum reports have been Issued; ladder. Investigations are concerned with one is In preparation. fish ladder surge and its elimination and the size and locations of orifices in the (2662) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF JOHN DAY LOCK AND control section (no overflow) to function DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON. with a 5 -foot change in pool elevation without creating undesirable flow conditions. (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, Model was modified to include l6-foot-wide Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. orifice control section and pools of 16- (d) Experimental; for design. foot -wide 1 on 16 slope fish ladder to check (e) A fixed-bed model constructed to an undis- design of orifice control section and deter- torted l:80-scale will reproduce the mine flow characteristics in typical fish Columbia River from Mile 213-7 to 216.8. ladder pool. The structures will be at approximately (g) Results with 2U-foot-wide fish ladder indi- Mile 215.6. Investigation of flow condi- cated that surge would occur within operat- tions will be conducted for construction ing range of fish ladder unless a weir stages and for completed project in the crest approximating a sharp edge was used. interests of design, navigation, fish mi- Surge was reduced with a contracted weir. gration, and power. Uniformity of heads in control section was" (g) First-stage cofferdam tests indicated that obtained by varying the spacing of orifices cofferdam should be raised to protect in alternate baffles. Flow conditions in against 700,000 cfs design flow; one cell typical pool of l6-foot-wide ladder were could be eliminated at downstream end of satisfactory and plunging flow continued to cofferdam; and one cell should be added at a head of approximately 15 inches on a weir. upstream end to protect the toe of the up- Uniformity of heads in control section of stream fill. Second-stage cofferdam studi® l6-foot-wide ladder was obtained by varying are in progress the spacing of the two orifices in each (h) Memorandum reports are in preparation. baffle. Model was revised to reproduce 16- foot-wide, 1 on 10 slope fish ladder. Flow (2665) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR POWERHOUSE INTAKE patterns in typical pools were observed and GATES, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON. surge studies made. Tests are in progress to determine effect of reducing length of (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, weir in l6-foot-wide fish ladder. Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash. (h) Two memorandum reports have been issued; (d) Experimental; for design. others are in preparation. (e) The l:25-scale model contains a test unit consisting of intake and scroll case with (2919) MODEL STUDY OF CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT PLANS, emergency closure gates and gate slots. PAL0USE RIVER, COLFAX, WASHINGTON. The middle closure gate is reproduced in plastic with a synchronous -motor-operated (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, lifting mechanism to simulate prototype Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash. operating speed. Provision was made to (d) Experimental; for design. measure pressures on the gate lip with (e) A l;i+0-scale flume model will be used to several lip designs. Tests are being made determine the extent of channel enlargement to determine the gate design producing the and modification, levees, flood walls, and least downpull force during emergency clo- revetments necessary to protect the town of

sure . Colfax, Washington, from the following (g) Tests have been made on a l:25-scale model higher-than-record discharges: 14,500 cfs of one unit of Chief Joseph powerhouse to in the South Fork, 16,800 cfs in the correlate model downpull forces on intake Palouse River above the mouth of the South gate with tests made at Chief Joseph power- Fork, and 28,000 cfs in Palouse River below house during 1955- Correlation was made to the mouth of the South Fork. Space limi- obtain a basis for evaluating tests of Ice tations require sharply curved channels of Harbor powerhouse intake gates. The power- varying cross section which are further re- house intake gate for Ice Harbor Project stricted by bridge piers at several loca-

has been tested with 12- and 20-inch lip tions . extensions and with 30- bxi^- ^-5 -degree lips. (g) Model design and construction were contin- (h) Memorandum report on Chief Joseph tests has ued. been issued. Report of Ice Harbor tests is in preparation. (2920) MODEL TESTS OF SERVICE GATE SEALS, EAGLE GORGE DAM, GREEN RIVER, WASHINGTON. (2666) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR DAM FISH LADDERS, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON. (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle, Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington. (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, (d) Experimental; for design. Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington. (e) A square bulb, "J" type rubber seal with and (d) Experimental; for design. without a brass chafing strip cast into the (e) A l:10-scale model reproduces a Ul-pool bulb was tested to determine: (l) Maximum tangent of the 1 on 16 slope, 2 1+-foot-wide, satisfactory clearance between retainer bar south fish ladder in addition to the 6-pool and sealing plate; (2) maximum seal and

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support plate clearance that will be Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon. closed by the force from the top seal; and (d) Experimental; for design. (3) friction factors. Heads of 100, 150, (e) A l:25-scale model includes 10li-5 feet of and 200 feet were tested. 13.5-ft-dia. regulating tunnel, portal and (g) Apparatus for determining seal clearances transition to 20-ft-wide open concrete was constructed and tests made. It was chute, transition from chute to 30- ft -wide found that l/2-in. clearance could be used stilling basin through 150-ft-radius bucket betwen the retainer bar and seal plate. and 1500 feet of downstream channel and To prevent leakage around the side seal at overbank topography. Tests are being made its point of intersection with the top seal to check the adequacy of the original de- it was found necessary to eliminate clear- sign and develop modifications if required. ance between the side seal and support (g) Flow conditions in tunnel and through portal plate. Friction tests performed by Los and transition to 20-ft-wide chute were Angeles District Laboratory indicated that satisfactory for the design flow of 6000 friction factors were higher for the brass- cfs. However, the 30-ft-wide stilling clad seal. basin did not dissipate the energy of the (h) Memorandum report is in preparation. flow sufficiently to prevent considerable wave run-up on riprapped walls of the down- (2921) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR SPILLWAY STOP LOG, stream channel. Various baffle sizes, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON. arrangements, and positions and designs of end sill have been investigated to reduce (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, wave run-up. Tests are in progress with a Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash. 50-ft-wide stilling basin. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) A l:20-scale model of a single bay of Ice Harbor spillway dam will be installed in an existing Laboratory flume. Structural U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, features of stop log will be reproduced St. Paul. and facilities will be provided for direct measurement of hydraulic load on stop log IN COOPERATION WITH ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LAB. as it is lowered into place in high velocity flow. Inquiries concerning the following projects should (g) Design was completed. be addressed to the District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul, Corps of Engineers, (3229) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR JOHN DAY DAM, 1217 U. S. Post Office and Custom House, St. Paul 1, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON. Minn.

(b) U. S. Army Engi neer District, Walla Walla, (985) FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR HIGH-LIFT Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash. LOCKS. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1 : 1+1. lit— scale model of three bays of the (b) Office, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, spillway dam will be used to determine the Washington, D. C. hydraulic characteristics of the proposed (d) Experimental; applied research. spillway and stilling basin and to develop (e) To develop adequate criteria for the design revisions in design to improve performance of filling and emptying systems for high- or reduce construction costs. lift locks. Tests will be conducted in (g) Design and construction of model were com- prototype locks, in model locks for definite pleted. projects, and in a general lock model simulating a maximum lift of 150 feet. (3230) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL IMPROVE- (f) Discontinued; the project has been trans- MENT AT BONNEVILLE DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, ferred to the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways OREGON AND WASHINGTON. Experiment Station. (g) Construction of a recorder unit for use on (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, prototype lock studies was started. Work Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon. was limited to units for measurement of (d) Experimental; for design. pressure and stage. These measurements (e) A l:130-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model will be transmitted by means of a compressed reproduces 5-6 miles of the Columbia River air medium and an electronics system to the at the dam site. The original layout in- recorder unit cludes existing structures and river bed

( survey made in summer and fall of 1958 ) • (2923) FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR WALTER F. Tests will be made to study methods of im- GEORGE LOCK, CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER. proving navigation conditions in the approaches to Bonneville Lock, (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Mobile, Ala. (g) Model design and construction were initiated. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) The Walter F. George lock will be 82 feet (3231) MODEL STUDY OF COUGAR DAM OUTLET STILLING wide by lt-50 feet long with a lift of 88 ft. BASIN, SOUTH FORK, McKENZIE RIVER, OREGON. The filling and emptying systems include sill intakes, side-wall culverts, a split (b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, system of chamber laterals, and discharge

Ilk .

outlets located riverward of the lock and recirculation and pressure rise. downstream from the spillway section of the dam. Because of poor foundation material at the site, lock culverts will not he located at a low elevation relative to U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, the downstream pool. It is planned to have Waterways Experiment Station. the culverts submerged only 8 feet helow tailwater Inquiries concerning the following projects should A section of the culvert at the valve was he addressed to The Director, Waterways Experiment tested in a pilot model at a scale of 1 to Station, Corps of Engineers, P. 0. Box 631, Vicks- 2k. 2k to determine whether the culvert hurg, Mississippi. Immediately downstream should he modified to alleviate low pressures. The complete (218) CONDUIT INTAKE MODEL TESTS. hydraulic system was tested in a general model at a scale of 3 "to 100. (h) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of (f) Tests completed. .the Army, Washington, D. C. (g) Tests in the general lock model indicated (d) Experimental; applied research. that the lock could he filled in 13 min. (e) Scale models are heing used for a general and that the maximum hawser pull on a tow study of the hydraulic characteristics of would he 5 tons. The size of the culvert entrance curves for (l) a gated tunnel downstream from the filling valves was not having a rectangular entrance with floor changed. Negative pressure in each side- at same elevation as approach channel wall culvert, which had occurred when the (entrance flared in three directions), and filling valve was partially open, was (2) a rectangular conduit in which parallel raised to positive "by a reduction in ca- side walls are extended upstream from the pacity of the chamber lateral system and entrance and only the roof is flared (en- hy having the region of low pressure lo- trance floor at same elevation as approach cated near the first chamher lateral. A channel). Tests involve determination of partial recirculation occurred during the pressures and discharge coefficients. A period of critical pressures. Vortex study of rectangular conduits with entrance action in the upper approach was stopped flared in four directions has "been com- hy fins located perpendicular to the flared pleted. Tests are in progress on an en- guard wall Hoisting forces were measured trance in which only the roof is flared. on a tainter valve in the pilot model. The (g) In the investigation of entrances flared in effect on force of variations in the size three directions hest performance was oh- of the gap at the top seal of the valve tained with an entrance, designated as type was determined. L, the upstream portion of which follows the elliptical curve (292k) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR BARKLEY LOCK, CUMBERLAND RIVER. *! + _ii_ = i D2 (0.32 D)2 (h) U. S. Army Engineer District, Nashville, Term. while the downstream portion followed the (d) Experimental; for design. curve, (e) The Barkley lock will he 110 feet wide and *! = 800 feet long with a dual culvert system + _ii_ i D2 (0.16 D)2 and a maximum lift of 73 feet. Intake port manifolds will he located in the upstream where D is the dimension of the conduit approach walls and hottom lateral culverts in the direction concerned. in the lock chamher. Both culverts will discharge into the stilling hasin of the (236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL. adjoining spillway. Tests in the model, huilt to a scale of 3 "to 100, determined (h) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the adequacy of the hydraulic system and the Army, Washington, D. C. developed necessary improvements. (d) Experimental; for design. (f) Tests completed. (e) The project provides for construction and (g) Model tests indicated that at the normal operation of a model of the Mississippi lift of 57 feet the lock could he filled River Basin including the Mississippi, Ohio, in 11.5 minutes and emptied in 13 minutes Missouri, White, Arkansas, and Red Rivers, with a maximum of ahout 5 tons hawser pull and their principal trihutaries. All exist- on "barge tows in the lock and with satis- ing and proposed flood-control reservoirs, factory conditions in the hydraulic system. dikes, floodwalls, and other pertinent Two methods were used to eliminate nega- works will he reproduced. The model area tive pressures downstream from the filling comprises 200 acres, and measures lj-,500 feet valves in the partially open position. A east and west, and 3,900 feet north and relatively slow valve time of 8 minutes south. Completed construction consists of huilt up the chamher water surface and the the Upper Mississippi River from Hannihal, downstream culvert pressure, and the loca- Missouri, to Helena, Arkansas; the Missouri tion of each filling valve near the first Riv.er from SIdux City, Iowa, to the mouth; chamher lateral caused a partial the Arkansas River from Blackburn Dam Site,

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Oklahoma, to Pine Bluff, Arkansas; the Ohio Effects of Proposed Channel Enlargement be- River from Louisville, Kentucky, to the tween Philadelphia and Trenton; Appendix A:

mouth j the Cumberland River from Old Hickory Tests of Alternate Alignments of Specific Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth; and the Ten- Reaches and Closure of Burlington Island nessee River from Pickwick Dam to the mouth. Back Channel." U. S. Army Engineer Water- The topography of the streams and flood ways Experiment Station Technical Memoran- plains are "being reproduced to a horizontal dum No. 2-337 (in publication). (Will be scale of 1:2,000 and vertical scale of available on loan. 1:100. Water-surface elevations are measured by electrically operated stage devices (67U) MODEL STUDIES OF FORT RANDALL DAM, MISSOURI with the recorders located in central con- RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA. trol buildings. Stream flow is introduced and controlled by automatic instruments (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist,

called inflow controllers . The model was Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska. designed to aid in the development of co- (d) Experimental; for design. ordinated basin-wide plans for flood con- (e) A 1:100 comprehensive model was used to de- trol and operation of flood-control struc- termine effects on velocities of depth and

tures . curvature of the approach channel; to in- (g) The extent of model operation each year is vestigate flow over the chute-type, tainter- determined by the testing programs requested gate- controlled spillway, and develop a by Districts and Divisions that have opera- good stilling basin design; and to study ble sections on the model. Tests were con- flow conditions in the exit area. A 1:50 ducted during the current year for the U.S. outlet stilling basin model was used: To Army Engineer Divisions, Missouri River, develop a satisfactory stilling basin below Ohio River, and Lower Mississippi Valley. the eight 28-foot-diameter conduits which Verification tests of the Missouri, Ohio, were being used for diversion during con- Tennessee, and Mississippi Rivers were construction and which will' eventually be in- ducted, and some special tests made to de- corporated in the powerhouse substructure; termine the effects of installing a highway to verify the design of the stilling basin fill in the flood plain of the Mississippi for the four 22-foot-diameter flood-control River near St. Louis, Missouri. conduits to insure satisfactory operation under present and future tailwater condi- (425) COMPREHENSIVE MODEL STUDY, DELAWARE RIVER, tions; and to determine the limit of re- PENNSYLVANIA. quired tailrace paving and the necessity for bank protective works by study of cur- (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer rents and wave action. A 1:25 intake and District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers, flood-control conduit model was used to de- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. termine the character of flow for various

(d) Experimental j for design. reservoir levels; measure loss coefficients (e) To develop and test plans for reduction of of the intake structure; Investigate pres- shoaling in several ranges of the naviga- sures in the transition section; and deter- tion channel, the entire Delaware River es- mine the effects of partial gate operation tuary from the Atlantic Ocean to Trenton is upon downpull and oscillation of the gates reproduced in the model which is of the and upon air requirements. fixed-bed, silt-injection type, with scale (f) Completed. ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100 (h) "Spillway and Outlet Works for Fort Randall vertically. Tides and tidal currents are Dam, Missouri River, South Dakota; Hydraulic reproduced by automatic tide generators. Model Investigation, " final report in pub- Observed prototype salinities are reproduced lication. (Will be available on loan. in the Delaware Bay portion of the model, and provisions made for the injection of (993) CAVITATION RESEARCH. silt, and for measuring silt deposits. Studies are also made of salinity intrusion (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- and the dispersion and dilution of wastes ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. discharged into the estuary. (d) Experimental; applied research. (f) Active. (e) The cavitation characteristics of such ele- (g) Proposed channel realignments in three ments as baffle piers, steps in stilling reaches of the river above Philadelphis basins, spillway and conduit gate slots, were tested by observing surface and sub- and offset joints are studied in either a surface current directions and shoaling vacuum tank or a variable -pressure, closed- characteristics in each. It was concluded jet water tunnel. A review of literature that the channel alignments in each reach is under way to evaluate the many variables should be selected primarily on the basis of that affect cavitation results. construction costs and proximity of navigation facilities to the channel. Should (99*0 EFFECTS OF MODEL DISTORTION. these considerations be equal for all plans tested for each area, one realignment in (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- each reach appeared to afford a slight ad- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. vantage over the others. (d) Experimental; applied research. (h) "Delaware River Model Study; Report No. 3, ( e ) A general study was made to determine the

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hydraulic effects of various types and de- will allow more accurate determination of grees of model scale distortion on velocity optimum scales for wave models, and the ef- distribution and other hydraulic conditions, fects of different scale and operating with the ultimate aim of establishing lim- techniques on the accuracy of model results. its of permissible distortion for the vari- The efficiency of flexible-element wave fil- ous types of models. Tests are in progress ters is being investigated to facilitate of a rectangular flume having a 90-degree continuous operation of wave flumes. Reso- bend with provisions for changing the ver- nant chambers for harbor entrances and at- tical scale to provide a distortion of 0 tenuation of waves in a three-dimensional to 10. model are being studied.

STUDY OF WAVE FORCE (998) ON BREAKWATERS. ( 100k ) INSTRUMENTATION.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. ment of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research. ( d ) Experiment al ; development (e) A general investigation of wave phenomena (e) Various types of measurement and control and resulting forces is to be conducted in equipment for use in hydraulic studies are a wave tank to develop formulas, supported being developed. These include equipment by experimental data, from which wave pres- for measuring direction of water flow and sures on impervious surfaces, vertical and an acoustic flow meter. inclined, can be determined. (f) Inactive.

(999) STABILITY OF RUBBLE -MOUND BREAKWATERS. (1207) MODEL STUDY OF PENSTOCK INTAKE AND SLUICE COASTER GATES. (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- (d) Experimental; applied research. ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (e) Rubble-mound structures are studied in a (d) Experimental; applied research. 5- by k- by 119- foot wave tank to develop (e) A general study of relative merits of vari- formulas, supported by experimental data, ous penstock intake and sluice coaster gate from which the design of safe and economi- lip shapes, seals, and recesses is being cal breakwaters can be determined. In ad- conducted. The investigation includes de- dition to quarry stone, tetrapods, tetra- termination of downpull effects of changes hedrons, tribars, and other specially mold- in gate lip shape, length and shape of ed armor units are being studied. seals, size and shape of the recess in the (g) The results of stability tests in pell- face of the dam, and need for an air vent mell -placed protective cover layers of in the entrance. The 1:20 model of the quarry stone, tetrapods and tribars are sluice coaster gate is being tested in com- represented with very good accuracy by the bination with a typical sluice which in- formula cludes a slide gate, standard entrance 7 H curves conforming to the elliptical equa- r tion r 3 2 2 2 2 K. (S - l) cot a (x /D ) + /(D/ = 1. A r (y 3 ) ) where W is weight of individual armor (1211) MODEL STUDY OF H00SIC RIVER, NORTH ADAMS, units, 7 is the specific weight of the MASSACHUSETTS. armor uni?s, H fs height of selected design wave, Sr is the specific gravity of (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., armor units relative to the fluid in which New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, N.Y. the structure is (d) Experimental; for design. located (7r/7w ), a is the angle of the breakwater face, measured (e) A 1:30 model was used to verify the hydrau- from the horizontal, and K^ is a dimen- lic design for improvement of certain sec- sionless coefficient, tions of the North and South Branches of (h) "Design of Quarry-stone Cover Layers for Hoosic River in North Adams, Massachusetts, Rubble-Mound Breakwaters; Hydraulic Model and to determine whether changes should be Investigation," U. S. Army Engineer Water- made for safety, increased efficiency, or ways Experiment Station Research Report economy. The flow In the major portion of 2-2, July 1958. (Available on loan or for these channels will be below critical depth. purchase at 75 cents per copy. The model was used to check such design features as channel alignment, transitions, (1002) EFFECTS OF SCALE AND OPERATING TECHNIQUES superelevation in bends, characteristics of ON HARBOR WAVE ACTION AND BREAKWATER weirs, stilling basins, drop structures, MODELS. the treatment of intakes and outlets, wall heights, and elevations of bridges. (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (1212) MODEL STUDIES OF OUTLET WORKS, OAHE DAM, (d) Experimental; applied research. MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA. (e) Tests are conducted in flumes and harbor model basins to obtain information that (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

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District , Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, (h) "Velocity Forces on Submerged Rocks," "Pro- Nebraska. totype Spillway Crest Pressures, Chief (d) Experimental; for design. Joseph Dam, Columbia River, Washington, " and

( e ) Hydraulic performance of the outlet works "Index to Hydraulic Articles, 'Civil Engi- for Oahe Dam was studied on three models neering, * 1930-1955/' U. S. Army Engineer A 1:60 model reproducing the downstream Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous ends of the six 18. 25-foot-diameter outlet Papers 2-265, 2-266, and 2-291, issued in tunnels, the stilling basin, and portions April, July, and Oct. 1958, respectively.

of the discharge and pilot channels; a 1:25 (Available on loan. ) "Hydraulic Design Cri- model of the portion of one tunnel upstream teria" Issue No. 8. (Available for purchase of the central control shaft, including the in limited quantities. intake; and a 1:25 model of one of the control shafts, containing tandem vertical -lift ik'jk) OPERATING FORCES OF MITER-TYPE LOCK GATES. gates, and the tunnel downstream therefrom. (g) A two-stage stilling basin utilizing a 22- (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department foot -high weir was developed for dissipa- of the Army, Washington, D. C. tion of flows from the six tunnels. Hy- (d) Experimental; applied research. draulic conditions were suitable for a sin- (e) A general study to collect basic data on gle stage basin but foundation conditions operating forces of miter-type lock gates dictated use of the two-stage basin with and to determine the effect of various ele- its lower walls. Tests demonstrated unde- ments upon these forces is being conducted sirable conditions to be caused by flow in a 1:20 model. A lock chamber 110 feet down the bulkhead slot in the intake struc- wide is reproduced with provisions for vary- ture and resulted in provisions being made ing the length up to 600 feet on each side for sealing this slot. The horizontal curve of the gate. Forces required for operation in the upstream section of tunnel did not of miter gates were measured for variations cause sufficient unequal flow distribution of the following elements: gate leaves, to create problems in the control section. speeds and accelerations of operation, sub- Consideration was given to use of a gate merged depths, recess shapes, bottom clear- having upstream seals in tunnels 5 and 6 ances, chamber lengths, and nonsynchronous which are to provide fine regulation. How- operation of gate leaves. Variations in ever, uncertainties as to possible harmful the type linkage driving the gate were also effects of violent vortex action in the investigated. gate slots led to adoption of a downstream (g) Three types of linkages were used in deter- seal gate with a U5 -degree lip. mining the operating forces of miter-type (h) Final report in preparation. lock gates: the Panama Canal, the Ohio River, and the modified Ohio River linkages. (1467) ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENTAL DATA In all tests the maximum recorded torque (MODEL AND PROTOTYPE) AND DEVELOPMENT OF occurred as the gates entered the mitered DESIGN CRITERIA. position in the closing cycle. The Ohio River linkage developed torques greater (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- than did the other two linkages. The maxi- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. mum torques of the modified Ohio and Panama (d) Analytical (model and prototype) and field linkages were practically equal which seems investigations; for design. logical since both linkages have no angu- (e) A general study to develop, analyze, and larity between strut and sector arms in the disseminate to Corps of Engineers estab- mitered position. lishments, hydraulic design criteria to in- In all tests, the recorded torques decreased sure adequate capacity, economy of con- as the submergence was lowered by l/2-foot struction, and safe and satisfactory opera- increments from k.O feet to 1.0 foot in the tion. Criteria are developed from model models and prototype tests relating to the design The recorded torques decreased as the time of spillways, outlet works, gates and of operation was increased in increments of valves, channels, and navigation structures. 6.7 seconds from 10.1 and 13 -^ seconds to Program also includes prototype tests in kO.Z seconds. cooperation with other Corps of Engineers The effect of chamber length for the modi- establishments fied Ohio River linkage was determined by (g) "Hydraulic Design Criteria" charts have varying the model length from 15 to 30 feet been prepared on torque and discharge coef- in the 5-foot increments. In general the ficients for butterfly valves, friction torque decreases as the chamber is length- factors for concrete-lined channels, and ened. In model tests the effect of wave hydraulic forces on vertical lift gates. action upon torque was negligible except Design aid charts have also been prepared for the 30 -foot chamber where waves of on sequent depths for rectangular channels small amplitude but great length caused and the effects of altitude on barometric torques equal to or greater than those re- pressure. Prototype measurements were made corded as the gates entered the mitered of piezometric pressures along the Enid position. Dam flood control conduit, sluice gate vi- Barges simulating a 9-foot draft were in- bration at Pine Flat Dam, and miter gate stalled at 25, 50, 75, and 100 feet below operating forces at Cheatham Lock. the gates in the 600-foot chamber of the

118 modified Ohio River linkage. The barges of the study involved measurements of hy- aided in reducing wave action and torques draulic forces acting on a submergible-type as the gates entered the mitered position. spillway tainter gate and a girder-type emergency gate in the lock, both construct-

( 11+75) SIPHON ACTION AT PUMPING PLANTS. ed to a scale of 1:25. (f) Testing completed. (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- (g) Tests indicated a stilling basin consisting ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. of a horizontal apron with a single row of (d) Experimental; applied research. baffle piers and a stepped end sill to be (e) This study is being conducted to aid in de- the most satisfactory of the basins investi- veloping design criteria for pumping plants gated. Maximum bottom velocities in the that depend on development of siphonic ac- exit area below this basin did not exceed tion in the discharge side of the pumps in k feet per second for normal tailwater con- order to yield the required discharge. ditions. Tests of the submergible tainter Full-size models of a 6-inch and 12-inch gate revealed satisfactory performance of plastic discharge line were tested. Varia- the original design. Maximum downpull on bles investigated during the tests were: the gate was approximately 100 kips and no rates of flow, water levels in the discharge uplift forces were recorded. Maximum verti- side of the pumps, slope and length of the cal displacement of the gate was in the riverward leg, and venting conditions at range of 0.15 inch (prototype) at random the crown. frequencies in the range of 0.0 to 2.0 cy- (f) Testing completed. cles per second. Tests of the emergency (h) Final report in preparation. lock gate revealed unsatisfactory performance for the curved crest gate of original (1735) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUC- design. At high tailwater conditions, the TURES. gate oscillated violently in a vertical direction and was uncontrollable. Of the (b) Resident Member, Beach Erosion Board, Corps many revisions to the emergency gate tested, of Engineers, Washington, D. C. the most satisfactory consisted of a tri- (d) Experimental; applied research. angular-crest-shaped gate with a l-on-3 (e) Tests are being conducted in a wave flume, sloping upstream crest. This gate was sta- using a scale of 1:17 , to investigate the ble throughout the range of operation and relation between water level, crown eleva- tailwater. Maximum downpull was in the tion, wave height, wave period, and beach range of 215 kips and maximum uplift was slope and wave run-up on selected types of about 50 kips. Vertical displacement of shore structures used to prevent erosion this gate was about 0.l6 inch (prototype) caused by wave action. with random frequencies in the range of 1.0 (f) Suspended. to 2.5 cycles per second. (g) Tests of the vertical-wall structure indi- (h) Final report in preparation. cate that small changes in wave period do not affect appreciably the height of wave (1739) MODEL STUDY OF GATE AND STILLING BASIN, run-up. Also, test data indicate that in- MARKLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER. creasing the depth of water at the top of the beach (base of structure) has little ef- (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., fect on the height of wave run-up. For wave Louisville, Corps of Engineers, Louisville, steepness values (H/L) between 0.01 and Kentucky. 0.11 relative run-up values decrease from (d) Experimental; for design. about 3-5 "to 0.7. Methods of determining (e) A 1:25 section model reproducing hOO feet run-up on composite slopes (including slopes of the approach area, a portion of the

with berms ) were developed. Run-up on rub- spillway crest and stilling basin, and 800 ble slopes was found to decrease with an feet of the exit area was used to examine increase in either roughness or permeability the hydraulic performance of the spillway for the conditions tested. A scale effect weir and stilling basin. A second phase of is indicated by the large-scale tests, run- the study involved measurements of hydra- up and overtopping being larger than values lic forces acting on a submergible-type predicted from small-scale tests. spillway tainter gate. (f) Tests completed. (1738) MODEL STUDY OF GATES AND STILLING BASIN, (g) Tests indicated that a stilling basin con- GREENUP LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER. sisting of a sloped apron with a single row of baffle piers and a dentated end sill (b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer performed most satisfactorily of the various District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers, basins investigated. Maximum bottom velo- Huntington, West Virginia. cities in the exit below this basin did not (d) Experimental; for design. exceed 6 feet per second for normal tail- (e) A 1:25 section model reproducing kOO feet water conditions. Tests of the submergible- of the approach area, a portion of the type tainter gate revealed that the original spillway crest and stilling basin, and 800 design gate performed satisfactorily. Maxi- feet of the exit area was used to examine mum downpull on the gate was about 100 kips the hydraulic performance of the spillway and no uplift forces were recorded. Maxi- weir and stilling basin. Additional phases mum vertical displacement of the submergible

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gate was in the range of 0.22 inch (proto- Arkansas type) and random frequencies in the range (d) Experimental; for design. of 0.0 to 3-0 cycles per second were en- (e) A 1:50 section model of the stilling basin countered, was used to determine the adequacy of the (h) Final report in publication. basin for spillway flow, and a 1:12 model of one conduit and about 150 feet of the still- (1979) MODEL STUDY OF STILLING BASIN, BULL SHOALS ing basin width was used for tests of the

DAM, WHITE RIVER j ARKANSAS. basin under conduit flow. Current patterns and velocities around the training walls (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., and in the powerhouse area were studied in Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little a 1:100 general model. A 1:20 conduit mod- Rock, Arkansas. el was used to develop an effective outlet (d) Experimental; for design. portal. (e) The spillway was constructed with a stepped- (f) Completed. type stilling basin designed to spread the (g) Tests showed that stilling basin action jets issuing from the conduits. After a under spillway flow would be improved by period of operation the steps were damaged alterations In the size and arrangement of by cavitation. A 1:12 model was used to the baffle piers. One training wall can be develop a satisfactory method of repairing made 10 feet lower and as much as 50 feet the basin for conduit discharges; a 1:50 shorter without affecting basin action ma- section model was used to check the perform- terially. With the low tailwaters that will ance of the modified basin with spillway be present during conduit discharges, the discharges jet emerging from the conduits was poorly (f) Completed. dispersed and the baffle piers were subject- (g) The most feasible measures developed in the ed to relatively high velocities. Increas- models to p'revent further damage to the ing the flare of the side walls at the out- stilling basin consisted of an upward-slop- let and use of upward sloping deflector and ing ramp replacing the first three of the splitter blocks in the portal improved flow four steps of the horizontal basin, but conditions. Serrations in the spillway with it installed the original k- foot -high bucket were tested but did not contribute end sill did not satisfactorily dissipate materially to stilling action; therefore, conduit -flow energy. With an adequate end the conduit outlet portals were made flush sill height (10 or 12 feet), a row of 8- with the adjacent surfaces of the spillway foot-high baffle piers and a short apron bucket just below the original basin were neces- (h) "Spillway and Conduits for Table Rock Dam, sary to prevent erosion of the exit channel White River, Arkansas; Hydraulic Model In- at low flows. vestigation, "final report in publication. (h) "Stilling Basin Modifications, Bull Shoals (Will be available on loan. Dam, White River, Arkansas." U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Tech. (198*0 MODEL STUDY OF CONTROL GATE FOR TUNNEL NO. Report No. 2-488, Nov. 1958. (Available on k, FORT PECK DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, MONTANA. loan. (b) Dist. Engr., U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Garri- (1982) MODEL STUDY OF OLD RIVER LOW-SILL CONTROL son, Corps of Engrs., Riverdale, North Dak. STRUCTURE, OLD RIVER, LOUISIANA. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Tests to study methods of eliminating cavi- (b) President, Mississippi River Commission, tation on the port liner and vibration of Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi. the cylinder gate in the main control shaft (d) Experimental; for design. of tunnel No. k were conducted on a 1:25 (e) The Old River low-sill control structure model. Discharge capacities, pressures, will control flow into Old River, which air demand, and gate vibration were deter- links the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Riv- mined for the existing cylinder gate instal- ers, so that Mississippi River flows will lation. be divided between the lower reaches of the (f) Completed. Mississippi and Atchafalaya. Flow through (g) The most satisfactory alterations to the the structure will be regulated by eleven, existing structure consisted of addition of multiple-leaf, vertical-lift gates. Tests a 12- or 15-inch offset below the discharge of a 1:36 model were made to study the ports with six 12-inch-diameter vents below over-all performance of the structure with the offset. This design eliminated the special attention to flow conditions at the negative pressures noted in the port areas abutments and the effectiveness of the of the existing structure, and greatly im- stilling basin in dissipating energy under proved pressure conditions in the area be- all tailwater conditions. low the offset. Pressure surges at the cy- (h) Final report in preparation. linder gate also were reduced. (h) "Control Gate Tests for Fort Peck Dam Tun- (1980) MODEL STUDIES OF TABLE ROCK DAM, WHITE nel k, Missouri River, Montana; Hydraulic RIVER, MISSOURI. Model Investigation, " final report in publication. (Will be available on loan. (b) Dist. Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, (I985) DEVELOPMENT OF TURBULENCE METER.

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("b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- (21+26) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION LOCK, PORT ALLEN, ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. LOUISIANA. (d) Experimental; development. (e) The investigation is being conducted to de- (b) President, Mississippi River Comm., Corps velop instruments that will: (l) Indicate of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi. the speed and direction of fluid currents () Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of 1,250 feet of lock chamber, culverts, lat-

Engineers ( correspondence should be ad- eral ports, outlet manifolds, and 1,000 feet dressed to Mr. C. F. Wicker, Chairman, of downstream topography. Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, U.S. Army (f) Completed. Engineer Dist., Philadelphia, Corps of (g) Revised designs were developed for the In- Engineers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). take and discharge manifolds. A 2-foot- (d) Experimental; applied research. deep recess was installed in front of each (e) To determine the effects of salinity and of the k6 lock chamber wall ports to reduce related phenomena on the vertical distribu- hawser stresses during filling operations. tion of currents and shoaling character- A two-speed valve schedule for filling, and istics in estuaries, tests are being made a single-speed valve schedule for emptying in a lucite flume 327 feet long, 1.5 feet the lock were developed. The final design deep, and 0-75 foot wide. One end of the permits the lock to be filled or emptied flume is connected to a 25 -foot -square tidal under all possible head conditions (includ- basin in which any desired tide may be pro- ing a maximum head differential of k-5 feet) duced and in which the salinity may be con- with hawser stresses within the 5-ton limit. trolled. The opposite end is connected to At average operating head (ll feet), the a fresh-water source. Combinations of tid- filling time with tow in lock chamber will al range, tidal period, source salinity, be 6 or 7 minutes; emptying time, approxi- mean depth, and fresh-water inflow are mately 6 minutes. studied. A total of five tests were made (h) "Port Allen Navigation Lock, Gulf Intra- during the year. The results are being coastal Waterway, Plaquemine-Morgan City analyzed; however, no conclusions have been Route, Louisiana; Hydraulic Model Investi- reached at this time. gation, " final report in publication.

(Will be available on loan. ) (1987) MODEL REPRODUCTION OF PROTOTYPE EROSION

BELOW STILLING BASINS. ( 2hZJ MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS, ABIQUIU DAM, RIO CHAMA, NEW MEXICO. (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. Dist. Engr., U.S. Army Engr., Dist., Albu- (d) Experimental; applied research. querque, Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque, (e) Initially, the investigation to develop a New Mexico. model technique for simulating scour below (a) Experimental; for design. stilling basins will be conducted on a mod- (e) A 1:20 model reproduced the 12-foot-diame- el of a selected dam with provisions for ter outlet tunnel including the control studying sands of different sizes in the section consisting of twin gate passages channel below the stilling basin. Later, and a flip-bucket energy dissipator. Of models with two or more different linear particular interest were the transitions scales will be constructed to verify find- between the rectangular gate passages and ings using suitable bed materials. the circular tunnel. (f) Testing completed. Final report in pre- (1988) WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BED FORMS AND paration. ROUGHNESS [2k2Q) MODEL STUDY OF SAVANNAH HARBOR, GEORGIA. (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., (d) Experimental; applied research. Savannah, Corps of Engineers, Savannah, Ga. (e) A laboratory flume, in which water tempera- (a) Experimental; for design. tures can be varied to simulate normally (e) The investigation is being conducted in a experienced summer and winter temperatures, model which reproduces the following; (l) is being constructed for investigating the That portion of the Atlantic Ocean, adjacent effects of water temperature on stream-bed to the harbor entrance, from Caliboque Sound forms and roughness of various types of on the north to Was saw Sound on the south; bed materials. (2) the Savannah River and its flood plain

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514561 0-59-9 . . .

to the head of tide at Ebenezer Landing; 2U31) MODEL STUDIES OF STILLING BASIN, WARRIOR and (3) that portion of the Intracoastal DAM, WARRIOR RIVER, ALABAMA. Waterway which crosses the area included in the model. The model is of fixed-hed con- (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., struction with scale ratios, model to pro- Mobile, Corps of Engrs., Mobile, Alabama. totype, of 1:800 horizontally and 1:80 ver- (d) Experimental; for design. tically. Automatic tide generators are (e) Two section models were used to study the used to reproduce tides and tidal currents hydraulic characteristics of the spillway throughout the harbor, and salt water is and stilling basin designs for this pro- used in the model ocean to reproduce the posed navigation structure: (l) A 1:20 mod- effects of density difference on current el reproducing 1+00 feet of the approach

velocities and distrihutions . Shoaling area, a portion of the spillway crest, left studies are made by injecting finely ground embankment, and stilling basin (2 full gate gilsonite into the model to reproduce the bays and adjacent half bays), and 800 feet patterns of shoaling as observed in the of the exit area; and (2) a 1:60 model of prototype, following which the effects of the center section of the spillway and proposed improvement plans on shoaling pat- stilling basin reproducing one full gate terns may he observed and evaluated. Stud- bay and adjacent half bays. The studies ies are also made of the effects of pro- were particularly concerned with length and posed improvement plans on dispersion and elevation of stilling basin, type and spac- dilution of contaminants discharged into ing of baffle piers, end sill height, and the harbor riprap protection below stilling basin. (g) Tests of plans designed to reduce shoaling (f) Completed. in the harbor, or to shift the location of (g) The model test revealed that, although the major shoals to areas where dredged spoil performance of the spillway and stilling disposal can be accomplished without diffi- basin as originally designed was generally culty, indicate that diversion of fresh satisfactory, some improvements could be water would greatly reduce shoaling, and effected. Tests on the 1:20 model indicat- off-channel sediment traps, used in con- ed that flow at the upstream abutment of junction with tide gates, would be effec- the spillway was improved by addition of a tive in localizing shoaling, thus reducing curved training wall. The capacity of the maintenance dredging costs. original spillway crest was found to be in close agreement with the computed capacity. (2U29) MODEL STUDIES OF THE CORNWALL ISLAND AND However, the use of straight-line construc- BARNHART ISLAND-LAKE ST. FRANCIS REACHES, tion (revised design) gave similar discharge ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. capacity and effected economies in construction. (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., The most satisfactory stilling basin design Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. consisted of a horizontal apron with two (d) Experimental; for design. rows of baffle piers and a stepped end sill. (e) Two fixed-bed models were used to study Tests of the stilling basin training wall plans for navigation improvement in the indicated that the wall height can be re- lower portion of the International Rapids duced 10 feet, and the radius of its curved section of the St. Lawrence River. A 1:100 downstream end can be reduced 15 feet with- model of the Cornwall Island Reach repro- out affecting flow conditions below the duced all features of the river from just structure. Tests also were conducted with below the tailrace of the proposed Bamhart the curved portion of the wall removed en- Island powerhouse to about the mid-point of tirely, and little change in flow conditions Cornwall Island, and included portions of was noted. However, erosion at the end of both the north and south Cornwall Island the straight wall was somewhat greater than channels, Polly's Gut, and the entrance to with the flared walls. Tests indicated Grass River locks. A model of the Barnhart that the riprap blanket below the end sill Island-Lake St. Francis Reach, built to can be horizontal and shortened Ik feet. scales of 1:300 horizontally and 1:100 ver- Bottom velocities measured in the approach tically, reproduced a greater area upstream to the spillway revealed a need for some and downstream of Cornwall Island. Both riprap protection immediately upstream from models were used to study navigation con- the structure ditions in the approach to the Grass River Hydraulic forces measured on one of the locks, proposed plans for excavations in spillway tainter gates revealed maximum up- both Cornwall Island channels to effect lift and downpull values of about 8 kips. navigation improvement in South Channel, Visual observation revealed no vibration off and to determine conditions that will be the model gate. Tests of stop logs to be encountered by navigation during the con- used for emergency gate repairs and in struction of the project features in the passing drift indicated that they will Cornwall Island Reach. create no adverse conditions in the still- (f) Tests completed. ing basin. (g) A satisfactory navigation channel and (h) "Stilling Basin for Warrior Dam, Warrior stage-construction steps covering various River, Alabama; Hydraulic Model Investiga- I work phases were developed. tion." U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Expt (h) Preparation of final report in progress. Station, Tech. Report No. 2-1+85, July 1958.

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(Available on loan.) Bay into agreement with that of the other hays (2^32) MODEL STUDIES OF WALTER F. GEORGE (FORMERLY A fixed-bed model, to linear scales of FORT GAINES) LOCK AND DAM, CHATTAHOOCHEE 1:100 vertically and 1:2,000 horizontally, RIVER, GEORGIA. reproduced a part of the Gulf of Mexico, Vermilion, East Cote Blanche, West Cote (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., Blanche, and Atchafalaya Bays, and portions Mobile, Corps of Engrs., Mobile, Alabama. of the tributary streams. Provisions were (d) Experimental; for design. included for reproducing salt-water, as (e) Two models were used to study the hydraulic well as fresh-water, flow. characteristics of the spillway and still- (f) Completed. ing basin, orientation of spillway and (h) "Effects of Proposed Closure of Southwest powerhouse in the river channel, excavation Pass on the Regimen of Vermilion Bay, La.; required above and below powerhouse and Hydraulic Model Investigation", final report spillway, and the alignment and location of in publication. (Will be available on loan). the lock from the standpoint of satisfactory entrance conditions. A 1:80 model re- (2673) MODEL STUDIES OF BARKLEY LOCK AND DAM, produced the entire prohlem area, Including CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENNESSEE. 1,500 ft of the approach area, the spillway, and navigation lock and 3>500 ft of the (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., exit area; and a l:kO model of the center Nashville, Corps of Engrs., Nashville, Term. section of the spillway and stilling basin (d) Experimental; for design. reproduced one full gate bay and adjacent (e) A 1:120 model, reproducing the Cumberland half hays River from mile 29. k to 32.2, the lock, (f) Completed. dam, and powerhouse, is being used to in- (g) The orientation and alignment of the lock, vestigate flow characteristics in the ap- dam, and powerhouse were found to he satis- proaches to the lock. A 1:36 model, re- factory. The spillway as originally de- producing the riverward downstream lock signed was not as efficient as computations wall including the culvert manifold which had indicated, and an underdeslgned weir discharges into the spillway stilling basin, was developed that provided the desired ca- a discharge manifold discharging through pacity. A split-level stilling basin that the stilling basin, five spillway bays, 32U takes advantage of natural foundation con- feet of approach channel, and 596 feet of ditions was demonstrated to provide as exit channel, was used to investigate flow satisfactory stilling action as the origi- characteristics in the stilling basin and nal level, horizontal basin. Tests showed exit channel. The proposed design for the that one stilling basin training wall could lock filling and emptying system was tested be eliminated and the height and length of in a 1:33 model simulating the upper ap- the other considerably reduced. Economies proach channel, Intake manifolds in both in the excavation of the exit area were walls serving culverts 16 feet square, lat- also found to be feasible eral culvert diffusers in the lock chamber (h) "Walter F. George Lock and Dam, Chattahoo- floor, and port manifolds In the spillway chee River, Alabama and Georgia; Hydraulic stilling basin for discharging flow from Model Investigation", final report in pub- hoth culverts. The emergency lock gate is lication. (Will be available on loan. being studied in a 1:25 model which reproduces the gate, gate sill, and portions of (21+3*0 MODEL STUDY OF VERMILION BAY, LOUISIANA. the upstream lock approach and the lock chamber downstream from the gate. This mod-

(b) Department of Public Works, State of La. el will be used to determine : ( 1 ) Hydraulic (d) Experimental; for design. forces on and stability of the gate under (e) Vermilion Bay, on the Louisiana coast, is various flows including free flow over the connected with the Gulf of Mexico through lock miter sill; (2) hydrostatic forces on the deep and narrow channel of Southwest the gate in various positions; (3) gate Pass, and is part of a bay system consist- wheel reactions and sill roller reactions ing of East Cote Blanche, West Cote Blan- at given positions; and (k) head loss che, and Atchafalaya Bays. The Vermilion through the bridge decking. River and several smaller streams flow into (g) A satisfactory stilling basin and lock cul- Vermilion Bay, but their combined dis- vert discharge manifold were developed. charges are too small during the summer to prevent intrusion of saline Gulf waters (267I+) MODEL STUDY OF CALUMET RIVER LOCK, SOUTH into the bay through Southwest Pass, thus CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. ruining the bay for irrigation purposes. On the other hand, because of barrier reefs (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., and the discharge of the Atchafalaya River, Chicago, Corps of Engrs., Chicago, 111. the waters of East Cote- Blanche, West Cote (d) Experimental; for design. Blanche, and Atchafalaya Bays are fresh (e) The Calumet River Lock in South Chicago is enough for irrigation purposes during most part of a project for widening and deepen- of the year. The plan of improvement con- ing the Calumet -Sag Channel, and important templates closure of Southwest Pass in an link in the Great-Lakes-to-the-Gulf-Water- attempt to bring the salinity of Vermilion way. The lock will be 1,000 feet long,

123 . . )

110 feet wide, and will provide a depth of weir and stilling basin design. This model 12 feet over the sills. Normal lifts will has a glass side so that flow patterns can be of the order of 5 feet; however, extreme be observed directly. A 1:25 model repro- conditions can produce head differentials ducing 700 feet of upstream lock approach as great as 9 feet. Also, normal opera- channel, the guide wall, the lock culvert tion will require lifts from the navigation intakes, the lock culverts through the fill- pool to lake elevation but reversal in head ing valves, and three adjacent spillway during periods of low lake level is possi- bays (the downstream portions of the lock ble. Filling and emptying of the lock will culvert and lock chamber are reproduced be accomplished between the leaves of sec- schematically) is being used to develop a tor gates, supplemented by loop culverts satisfactory lock intake system and approach around the lakeside sector gates. Filling channel. Provisions were made for mechanical and emptying characteristics were studied operation of the culvert valves and auto- on a 1:20 model which reproduced the imme- matic recording of pertinent data. diate approaches and entire lock. Provi- (g) Tests in the general model have established sions were made for mechanical operation the best relative locations for the lock, of the sector gates and automatic record- spillway, and powerhouse and the best lock ing of pertinent data. wall arrangement. Stilling basin length (f) Completed. and end-sill height and two crest pier nose (g) A schedule of operation for combined cul- designs were investigated in the section vert and sector-gate filling was developed model. A satisfactory lock intake design which permits the lock to be filled in has been developed in the 1:25 model, but about 6.5 minutes, with hawser forces less vortex conditions in the approach channel than the 5-ton limit, under a normal head have not been completely eliminated. (5 feet), and in about 8.5 minutes with maximum hawser stresses of 6.4 tons under (2678) MODEL STUDY OF LOCKS AND DAM NO. 4l, LOUIS- maximum (9 feet) head. The lock can be VILLE, KENTUCKY. emptied through the sector-gate center opening in 6.4 minutes, with a maximum haw- (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., ser stress of 4.2 tons, under a 5-foot Louisville, Corps of Engineers, Louisville, head. Under reverse head conditions, the Kentucky. lock can be filled satisfactorily through (d) Experimental; for design. the sector-gate center opening if the gates (e) A fixed-bed, 1:120 model reproduces a six- ar.e stopped 2 minutes after they have mile reach of the Ohio River including ad- started opening. However, this results in jacent overbank areas, the locks and dam a long filling time which can only be structures, and all bridges and other struc- shortened by permitting hawser stresses of tures that might affect flow conditions.

7 or 8 tons Investigations are being made to : Deter- (h) "Filling and Emptying Characteristics of mine the effects of location, size, and Calumet River Lock, Calumet-Sag Project, alignment of the dam on stages and currents Illinois; Hydraulic Model Investigation," in the upper pool; determine the effects of final report in publication. (Will be location, size, and alignment of a new ap- available on loan. proach channel on navigation and surge conditions; determine the best location for a

( 2675 ) MODEL STUDIES OF DARDANELLE LOCK AND DAM, new navigable span on the Pennsylvania Rail- ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS. road bridge; determine a method of operating the dam for optimum navigation condi- (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., tions; study navigation conditions in the Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little lower approach as affected by flow through Rock, Arkansas dam, powerhouse, and lock-emptying system; (d) Experimental; for design. and provide a means for navigation inter- (e) Three models are being used for the in- ests to satisfy themselves as to the ac- vestigation. A 1:120 model reproduces the ceptability of the proposed plan by observ- structures and 4,000 ft of approach channel ing the model in operation. and 8,000 ft of exit channel. The approach (g) Tests indicate that replacing the two pro- channel is molded in concrete to overburden posed beartraps with a gated structure contours while the exit channel is molded would have no effect on flow conditions. in concrete to bedrock contours but has the The effect on flood stages of raising the overburden topography molded in pea gravel dam 2 ft would be small. to facilitate revision of the channel configuration. Currents are measured around (2679) MODEL STUDY OF PANEL GATES, OLD RIVER OVER- the lock approaches for all arrangements BANK STRUCTURE. of structures; forces against barge tows in the lock approaches are recorded; and some (b) President, Mississippi River Commission, type of lightweight material is introduced Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi. into the model to reveal sedimentation (d) Experimental; for design. tendencies. A 1:50 section model reproduc- (e) The Old River overbank structure will help ing one full and two adjacent half bays of to control diversion from the Mississippi the spillway and stilling basin is being River to the Atchafalaya River during flood utilized for studies of the adequacy of the stages. The structure will consist of a

124 . ) .

low weir with crest elevation of 52.0 msl ing salinity meters, recording dye meters surmounted by piers and panel gates for for observing pollution and/or flushing controlling discharge. The spillway will characteristics, current velocity meters, contain 73 gate bays with clear widths of and equipment for simulating shoaling of hk feet. Each bay will be fitted with 15 the channels and other navigation facilities, panels measuring 2 ft 10-1/2 inches by 18 (g) Results of supplementary tests to determine ft. The panels will be hinged to the super- the effects of the most satisfactory plan structure above the weir and will seal developed for reducing hurricane-tide against the weir at the lower ends. The heights in the bay area on salinity, pollu- gates will be operated by a crane cable tion, and shoaling indicated that: (l) Sa- attached to the lower ends of the panels. linities would be slightly reduced at the A 1:8 section model of the spillway and surface and increased at the bottom; (2) stilling basin, reproducing one full bay the plan would have no measurable effect on and about 36 percent of each of the two ad- shoaling within the bay system; and (3) pol-

jacent bays , was used to determine the lutants discharged into surface strata maximum lifting cable stresses that may be would move downstream more rapidly than induced under any of the possible operating under existing conditions, while those dis- conditions, to measure the maximum hinge charged at or near the bottom would move pin reaction, to observe whether the panels downstream more slowly than under existing will seat properly when operated in flowing conditions water, and to determine the effectiveness of the stilling basin under maximum flood (2681) LARGE SCALE TESTS OF RUBBLE - MOUND BREAK- conditions WATERS. (f) Completed. (g) Tests confirmed the computed cable stresses, (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- and revealed a maximum hinge pin stress of ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. ^0,300 pounds on the left pin of the center (d) Experimental; applied research. panel when all panels to either the right (e) Tests are being conducted by the Beach Ero- or left of the center panel were raised. sion Board, under the supervision of the The panels tended to float at the larger Waterways Experiment Station, to investi- openings. Stilling basin action was im- gate the effects of model scale on the re- proved by relocating the baffle piers down- sults of experimentally determined criteria stream from their original position. for the design of rubble-mound breakwaters. (h) "Old River Overbank Structure, Forces on Stability tests will be made of breakwater Panel Gates; Hydraulic Model Investigation," slopes of 1 on 1-1/2 and 1 on 2-1/2, using final report in publication. (Will be wave periods of 3-36, 5-60, and 7-87 sec- available on loan. onds. Tests in the Beach Erosion Board

wave flume ( 15 ft by 20 ft by 635 ft) are (2680) MODEL STUDY OF HURRICANE TIDES IN NARRAGAN- being conducted using a linear scale of 7-5 SETT BAY, RHODE ISLAND. to 1 based on the tests conducted in the Waterways Experiment Station 5- by k- by (b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Div., 119-foot wave flume. Stability tests have New England, Corps of Engrs., Boston, Mass. been conducted in the Waterways Experiment (d) Experimental; for design. Station small wave flume (l ft by 1.5 ft by (e) A fixed-bed model, 1:1,000 horizontally and 9h ft) using a scale of 0.5 to 1 based on 1:100 vertically, reproduces all of Narra- tests conducted in the 5- by h- by 119-ft gansett Bay and an ^adjacent portion of the wave flume. Therefore, data on the sta- Atlantic Ocean. An automatic tide genera- bility of rubble-mound breakwaters will be tor reproduces normal tides throughout the available for three different linear scales, model, and a separate, manually operated 0.5 to 1, 1 to 1, and 7-5 to 1. generator reproduces hurricane tides of the desired characteristics at the bay entrance. (2682) SACRAMENTO BARGE CANAL LOCK MODEL STUDIES, Numerous barrier plans for prevention of SACRAMENTO RIVER, CALIFORNIA. hurricane-tide damage have been proposed. The relative and absolute effectiveness of (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer, Dist., these plans in reducing hurricane-tide Sacramento, Corps of Engrs., Sacramento, elevations throughout the bay system were California. determined and the effects of the best plan (d) Experimental; for design. on such important factors as tidal circula- (e) The Sacramento Barge Canal Lock is part of tion, pollution, salinity, and shoaling for the proposed improvement for the Sacramento normal conditions are under investigation. River Deep Water Ship Canal. The project Fresh water only was used in the model dur- plan consists of (a) a deep water channel ing tests of the proposed barrier plans, from Suisan Bay to Washington Lake, 30 ft but both salt and fresh water are being deep at mean low water, 200 feet wide in used in the tests to determine the effects tangents, and 300 ft wide in curves and of the best barrier plan on all significant through existing channels, (b) a 70-acre, factors for normal conditions. Model ap- 30-foot-deep harbor at Lake Washington, (c) purtenances consist of automatic tide gages a connecting barge canal from Washington to record both hurricane-tide and normal- Lake to Sacramento River, 13 ft deep and tide elevations at critical points, record- 120 ft wide with a navigation lock 86 by

125 jj

600 ft , and a combination highway and rail- normal pool elevation, road bascule bridge. The maximum antici- (h) "Surges in the Intermediate Pool of Long pated lock lift is 21.1 ft. A minimum Sault Canal, St. Lawrence River; Hydraulic depth of 13 ft is provided over the upper Model Investigation." U.S. Army Engineer and lower gate sills. Because of the pos- Waterways Experiment Station Technical Re- sibility of a reversal of head, sector port 2-1+89, Nov. 1958. (Available on loan.) gates were selected for the lock and also

are to be used as the means of filling and ( 2685 ) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, SUPERIOR ENTRY, emptying the lock. Flow will pass directly DULUTH- SUPERIOR HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR. into or from the lock between the gate leaves as they are opened. In addition the (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,. gate leaves and recesses have been designed St. Paul, Corps of Engrs., St. Paul, Minn. so that flow will pass between the faces of (d) Experimental; for design. the leaves and the walls of the recesses, (e) A 1:150 fixed-bed model reproduces all the | thereby providing three flow passages at navigation approach channel and harbor each end of the lock. The immediate ap- breakwater structures as well as the inner proaches and entire lock were reproduced in harbor dock area serving Superior, Wiscon- a 1:20 model. Provisions were made for sin, and includes adjacent lake and shore- mechanical operation of the sector gates line areas to permit reproduction of storm and automatic recording of pertinent data. waves from all critical directions. In- (f) Tests completed. vestigations are being made: to determine (g) A sector-gate-opening schedule was developed the reasons for the wind-wave problems that which reduced longitudinal hawser stresses exist and cause ship damage in the vicinity on a ^-barge tow to about 5 tons for nor- of the Superior Entry; and to develop the mal lifts of 12 ft or less and 6 tons for a most effective remedy possible so that navi- maximum lift of 21 ft. The time of filling gation and docking hazards now prevailing for a full range of heads varied from 9-6 will be adequately remedied. to 10.2 minutes. Emptying the lock was (g) Results of a wave -re fraction study indicate less critical than filling and a single that storm directions between N5^°E and rate of operation was found to be satisfac- N62°30'E are critical for this harbor. tory. Emptying could be accomplished for Tests performed to date show that severe all tows under a full range of heads in wave action now obtains along the Great 12.8 minutes with hawser stresses of less Northern Railway ore docks during storms than the 5 -ton limit. from these directions. Remedial plans (h) Final report in preparation. studied involve detached breakwaters at twoi

separate plan locations . Each of these (2683) MODEL STUDY OF SURGES, LONG SAULT CANAL, plans had its southeast limit 300 ft south- ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. east of the center line of the navigation approach channel. The southeast limit of (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., the inner breakwater is located 2,100 ft Buffalo, Corps of Engrs., Buffalo, New York. lakeward and the southeast limit of the (d) Experimental; for design. outer breakwater is located 2,800 ft lake- (e) Surges that could occur in the intermediate ward of the existing harbor entrance. Pre- pool of Long Sault Canal between Eisenhower liminary analysis of test results indicates and Grass River Locks through accidental that if the inner breakwater location is failure of the upstream lock (Eisenhower suitable from the standpoint of navigation,.; Lock) gates were studied in a fixed-bed a breakwater section about 1,150 ft in model built to linear scale ratios of 1:200 length will provide adequate protection to horizontally and 1:100 vertically. The the harbor. However, if the outer break-

model reproduced all pertinent features of water location is selected, the breakwater ! the portion of Long Sault Canal extending length required will be approximately 1,35C from just upstream of Eisenhower Lock to feet. Plan alignments resulted from analy-j the downstream end of the Grass River Lock. ses which established minimum volume of Included in the model were Eisenhower and material with respect to length. Grass River Locks, Dike No. 6, and the 18, 000- foot -long intermediate pool. (2686) MODEL STUDY OF W00NS0CKET FALLS DAM, BLACK- (f) Completed. STONE RIVER, RHODE ISLAND. (g) Tests showed that the maximum height of the surge above normal pool elevation would be (b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Div.

U.5 feet at the downstream lock when clos- New England, Corps of Engrs . , Boston, Mass j ing of the emergency lift gate of Eisenhower (d) Experimental; for design. Lock was started 10 minutes after the miter (e) A 1:50 fixed-bed model reproduced the Blacl: gates failed and closure was completed in stone River from about 1,600 ft above to

19 additional minutes. For these condi- about 600 ft below the dam, and included , tions, the design height of the Grass River provisions for measuring pressures on the Lock walls is adequate to contain the downstream side of the dam. The flood- surges produced. However, if water were control project channel improvement include; prevented from flowing onto overbank areas reconstruction of the dam and rock excava- adjacent to the canal, surges at Grass tion between the toe of the dam and a brid^ would increase to ih.k ft above just downstream to minimize submergence of River Lock j!

126 ) . . .

the dam. Tests were made to check the de- and velocities within the main channel, and sign for the reconstruction, determine the on water-surface elevations upstream during most effective plan for the rock excavation, floods determine head losses in the reach above (f) Inactive. the dam, adequacy of the channel upstream of the dam, and capacity of the hridge (2927) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, TROY openings downstream. LOCK AND DAM, HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK. (f) Completed. Model tests indicated that the original de- (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., sign would provide adequate protection New York, Corps of Engrs., New York, N. Y. against the design flood. It was found (d) Experimental; for design.

that the proposed design would result in ( e ) Navigation conditions at Troy Lock are ad- less head loss below the dam and under the versely affected by the facts that the lock South Main Street hridge than had been com- and dam are the upper limit of tidewater in puted, resulting in lower water-surface the Hudson River, and a branch of the Mohawk elevations upstream of the dam for the de- River enters the Hudson in an upstream di- sign discharge. Tests also showed that rection just above the lock. Tests to de- the amount of rock excavation below the termine the most effective and economical dam could be reduced without affecting plan for eliminating the hazardous naviga- water-surface elevations above the dam, and tion conditions at the upper entrance to that the head losses between the dam and the lock were conducted in a 1:100 model of the bridge could be increased appreciably the pertinent reach of the Hudson and the before flood stages upstream of the dam lower 1,800 feet of the Mohawk branch. The would be affected seriously. Although the model included the lock and dam, all bridge design of the improvement plan within the piers within the model limits, and suffi- reach was controlled to a large extent by cient overbank area to reproduce flood existing structures, any improvement that flows. A remote-controlled towboat with could be effected in the banklines immedi- tow was used to determine the effect of ately upstream of the dam would tend to currents on tows entering and leaving the improve flow distribution over the dam and locks lower headwater elevations (f) Testing completed. (h) "Blackstone River Flood-control Project at (g) Tests indicated that plans for the improve- Woonsocket, Rhode Island; Hydraulic Model ment of navigation in the upper approach Investigation." U.S. Army Engineer Water- should include the removal of the west ways Experiment Station Technical Report guide wall, increase in the length of the No. 2-468, December 1957- (Available on guard wall, and the lowering of the top loan. elevation of the ports in the guard wall. (h) Preparation of final report in progress. (2925) ULTRASONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT. (2928) MODEL STUDY OF LOWER REACHES, ARKANSAS (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- RIVER NAVIGATION PROJECT. ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; for design. (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., (e) Various types of ultrasonic equipment will Vicksburg, Corps of Engrs ., Vicksburg, Miss. be investigated in a 24-inch by l4-inch con- (d) Experimental; for design. duit, with full and partial flow, to deter- (e) Several alternate routes have been proposed mine the relative accuracy of each type. for the lower miles of the navigation Tests to date have been concerned with the project between Pine Bluff, Arkansas, and adjustment and modification of test equip- the Mississippi River. A fixed-bed model

ment . with scales of 1:600 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, and reproducing pertinent por- (2926) FLOOD-CONTROL MODEL, LOWER MISSISSIPPI tions of the Mississippi River channel, the RIVER. White River channel, and the Arkansas River channel, and adjacent overbank areas, will (b) President, Mississippi River Commission, be used to determine the effects of stage Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi. fluctuations, overbank flow, channel align- (d) Experimental; for design. ments, and other hydraulic features on the (e) The Mississippi River flood-control model proposed routes for the lower reaches of is of the fixed-bed type with a horizontal the navigation channel and on the location scale of 1:2,000 and a vertical scale of and alignment of the entrance from the 1:100, and reproduces the Mississippi River Mississippi River. The investigation will from Helena, Arkansas, to Donaldsonville, also serve to determine the necessity for Louisiana, the Arkansas -White, Yazoo, and special studies in connection with the pro- Red-Ouachita backwater areas, the Old ject. River channel from Angola to Barbre Land- (f) Suspended. ing, Louisiana, the Atchafalaya River and Basin to the Gulf of Mexico, and the Mor- (2929) MODEL STUDY OF NEW RICHMOND LOCKS AND DAM, ganza and West Atchafalaya Floodways. OHIO RIVER. Tests were conducted to determine the effects of side-channel closures on slopes (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

127 . .

Huntington, Corps of Engineers, Huntington, for tows passing over the fixed-crest weir. West Virginia. Studies in the lock model showed that the (d) Experimental; for design. lock can be filled in 11 minutes with tows (e) A 1:120 model reproducing three miles of in the chamber, and In 8 minutes with no the Ohio River and the main and auxiliary tows, and emptied in 9-5 minutes. Hawser locks together with the dam structures was stresses were less than the 5 -ton limit,

used to : determine the best arrangement of and turbulence during filling was not ob- the locks and appurtenant walls; study ap- jectionable, proach conditions under various river flows (h) Final reports in preparation. and methods of operation of dam control gates; develop modifications required to (2931) MODEL STUDY OF SOUTHWEST PASS, MISSISSIPPI overcome any undesirable conditions; and RIVER. demonstrate to navigation interests the acceptability of the proposed design from a (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., navigation standpoint New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New Orleani (f) Testing completed. Louisiana. (g) Results indicate that the locks and lock (d) Experimental; for design. walls could be moved 50 feet landward with- (e) To determine the effectiveness of proposed out affecting navigation conditions within improvement works (jetty extensions, chan- the approaches nel realignments, and contraction works) in (h) Preparation of report in progress. eliminating or reducing the periodic maintenance now required In order for deep- (2930) MODEL STUDIES OF SPILLWAY AND STILLING draft vessels to navigate the jetty and bar BASIN, LOCK, AND NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, channels of Southwest Pass; the lower 12 JACKSON LOCK AND DAM, TOMBIGBEE RIVER, ALA. miles of the Pass and the adjacent area of the Gulf of Mexico are reproduced in a (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dlst., fixed-bed model to scale ratios of 1:500 Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama. horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tides, (d) Experimental; for design. tidal currents, littoral currents, and wave

( e ) Four models were used to develop profiles action in the Gulf of Mexico, and salt- and and capacities of a fixed-crest and a gated fresh-water flows in Southwest Pass and the spillway, dimensions of the stilling basins bar channel are reproduced in the model. below each, to study currents and veloci- Shoaling studies are made by introducing ties in the lock approaches, and to inves- various mixtures of plastic materials into tigate the lock filling and emptying system the model to simulate prototype shoaling and effect of lock operation on conditions materials and thus reproduces in the model in the approaches. A 1:36 model of a sec- the patterns and distribution of shoaling tion of the approach area, fixed-crest that occur in the prototype. spillway, stilling basin, and exit area, (g) Tests of proposed plans for reducing shoal- and a 1:50 model of a like section of the ing in the jetty and bar channels indicate gated spillway were tested. Navigation that plans involving a curved realignment conditions at the locks were investigated to the jetty channel, and plans involving in a 1:120 model of a 2.2-mile reach of the relocating the bar upstream from ends of river including the lock and dam and ap- the jetties, would greatly reduce or elimi- proach channels. The effects of currents nate shoaling for the existing depth of -35 and velocities on tows entering or leaving feet. However, these plans would not be as the lock were observed, and modifications effective for the authorized project depth in lock or channel configurations were of -kO feet without additional works in tested to modify any undesirable conditions Southwest Pass. noted. A 1:25 model of the complete filling and emptying system with an outlet sys- (2932) MODEL STUDY OF HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK. tem discharging riverward of the lock was used to study various locations, designs, (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.

and numbers of lock chamber New York, Corps of Engrs , New York, N. Y. wall ports. . Filling and emptying times were determined, (d) Experimental; for design. and culvert pressures, surging, hawser (e) A fixed-bed model, 1:100 vertically and stresses, and vibration of the valves were 1:1,000 horizontally, is being used to de- |j measured. termine the source of material shoaling the: (f) Tests completed. Hudson River in the vicinity of Edgewater (g) The original designs of the gated and fixed- and Weehawken piers and the most effective crest spillways were satisfactory. A hori- means of reducing or eliminating this shoal zontal stilling basin with sloped end sill ing. The model reproduces Upper and Lower was selected for the gated spillway; be- New York Bays, Raritan Bay, Hudson River to] cause of the relatively deep tailwater be- Hyde Park, East River to Throg's Neck, and low the fixed-crest spillway, no basin is tributaries flowing into the modeled bodiesi required. Tests in the navigation model of water. Provisions are made to reproduce showed that navigation within the approaches tides, fresh-water discharge, salinity in- to the locks would be satisfactory but that trusion, and shoaling. some dredging along the left bank would be (g) Tests made to date indicate that excessive j required to improve navigation conditions shoaling in the navigation channels of

128 . . .

Hudson River, including the Edgewater- Currents caused by discharge from Lake .Weehawken channel, is attributable to Erie into Niagara River are simulated. (1) a predominance of upstream flow along (f) Tests completed. the "bottom, for all fresh-water discharges (g) Tests performed to date indicate that a up to and including 30,000 cubic feet per detached breakwater about 1,800 feet in second, from the Battery to or upstream length having its southeast limit along from the George Washington Bridge, which the west edge of the proposed navigation causes a progressive upstream movement of approach channel, about 2,500 feet lake- sediment, and (2) the effects of the ward of the outer harbor breakwater, will Hudson River, together with the restricted provide adequate protection to the harbor cross section at the George Washington against storm-wave action. Bridge, the combination of which tends to (h) Final report in preparation. locally destroy the progressive upstream movement of sediment, thus resulting in a (2936) MODEL STUDY OF BARCELONA HARBOR, LAKE ERIE. high shoaling rate. Tests of improvement plans indicate that a sediment basin in (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., the upstream portion of the Edgewater- Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. Weehawken channel would be effective in (d) Experimental; for design. localizing shoaling, a similar basin in (e) The site of the proposed harbor, located the 48-foot project channel would not be on the south shore of Lake Erie, is ex- very effective in reducing shoaling else- posed to waves from west-southwest clock- where, and closure of the Hudson River to wise to north-northeast. A fixed-bed, 1:6b westward flow would reduce shoaling in model was used to develop a system of the Hudson River navigation channels breakwaters to protect pleasure and fishing craft from these wind-generated waves (2933) STUDY OF HARBOR DESIGN. The model reproduces a sufficient area in the harbor vicinity, upshore and downshore (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- and lakeward, to permit generation of waves ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. Various breakwater schemes were installed (d) Experimental; applied research. in the model and wave heights measured. (e) A testing program is being prepared to Currents generated by waves breaking near determine general criteria for designing the navigation opening were studied. harbors and harbor works to obtain opti- (f) Tests completed. mum protection from wave action. Program * (g) Tests indicate that wave action In the pro- will include both wind waves and seiches, tected area is appreciably lessened by re- and wave refraction and diffraction as ducing the width of the navigation opening applied to harbor and breakwater planning from the proposed 200 ft to 150 ft. Also will be investigated. it was determined that an arrowhead-type breakwater system would provide adequate (293k) DESIGN OF RUBBLE WAVE ABSORBERS. protection for small craft, but the west leg should be realigned, and the east leg (b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- shortened 200 feet from that originally ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. proposed, (d) Experimental; applied research. (h) Final report in preparation. (e) Rubble wave absorbers are to be studied in a wave flume to determine criteria for (2937) MODEL TESTS OF CULVERT TAINTER VALVES FOR the design and construction of such struc- NEW LOCK NO. 19, MISSISSIPPI RIVER, KEOKUK, tures. The study will include investiga- IOWA. tion of the effects of slope and shape of face of the structure, and size, shape, (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., volume, and porosity of materials on the Rock Island, Corps, of Engineers, Rock wave-absorbing characteristics of the Island, Illinois. structure. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Flow through the 14.5- by 14. 5 -foot longi- •(2935) MODEL STUDY OF BUFFALO HARBOR, LAKE ERIE. tudinal culverts In each wall is regulated by reverse talnter valves. Trial opera- (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., tion in the prototype disclosed that when Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. the valves are operated at greater than (d) Experimental; for design. two-thirds angular opening, a pulsating (e) A 1:125 model was used to determine (l) load is transmitted through the strut arm, the feasibility of relocating the naviga- resulting in reversal of load on the gear tion approach channel to the harbor, and train of such severity that remedial action (2) whether a detached breakwater is nec- is necessary if normal valve operation to essary to reduce storm-wave action at the the completely open position is to be tol- proposed new entrance of the approach erated. A 1:12 model was utilized to de- channel. The model reproduced about 13-2 termine causes of hydraulic downpull, up- square miles, including nearly all of lift, and load pulsations and to develop Buffalo Harbor and sufficient adjacent modifications which would reduce these hy- lake area to permit reproduction of storm draulic loads to acceptable magnitudes. waves from all critical directions. (f) Inactive pending results of field tests on

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proposed modifications. Miscellaneous Paper 2-293, November 1958. (g) Modifications to structural members of the (Available on loan. valve resulted in elimination of load re- versals on the hoist and reduction in load (29^+0) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, McGEE BEND DAM, variations ANGELINA RIVER, TEXAS.

(2938) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, TOWNSHEND DAM, (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., WEST RIVER, VERMONT. Fort Worth, Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth, Texas (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., (d) Experimental; for design. Garrison, Corps of Engineers, Riverdale, (e) To verify spillway discharge coefficients North Dakota. and computed length of weir, tests were con- (d) Experimental; for design. ducted on a 1:12 model of a section of the (e) A 1:50 model reproducing a portion of the spillway and approach and exit areas. spillway approach channel, a section of the (f) Completed. dam, the spillway and its outlet channel, (g) Two basin designs for the spillway weir and the outlet tunnel, including intake and were tested, one having a 30-foot-wide outlet, was used to: (a) calibrate the paved surface providing a two-way road side-channel spillway and determine the ef- across the spillway, and the other a 15- foot- fectiveness of its upstream portion; (b) wide, one-way road, paved surface. In both study flow conditions in the approach, over designs the upstream edge of the paved sur- the spillway, and in the outlet channel; face formed the crest line and was 0.5 foot (c) determine the effect of submergence of higher than the downstream edge. Flow con- the crest on the discharge; (d) determine ditions were satisfactory and capacity was the minimum amount of rock excavation nec- slightly greater than had been computed

essary in the approach area; ( e ) determine with both designs. The greater slope of if the spillway channel wall properly con- the 15 -foot-wide weir probably caused the fines the flow to the discharge channel; discharge coefficient at heads up to k feet (f) study the effects of tunnel discharges to be slightly greater than that of the downstream of the dam; and (g) determine wider weir. At heads greater than 5 feet, the water-surface profiles throughout the a more favorable coefficient was obtained model with the wider weir; this Is attributed to (f) Completed. use of a l-on- 1! sloping upstream face with (h) "Spillway and Outlet Works, Townshend Dam, this weir. Tests indicated that erosion of West River, Vermont; Hydraulic Model In- the exit channel, expected under relatively vestigation," final report in publication. high flows, will not affect the capacity of (Will be available on loan. the structure (h) "Spillway for McGee Bend Dam, Angelina (2939) MODEL STUDY OF STILLING BASIN, EAST BARRE River, Texas; Hydraulic Model Investigation." DAM, WIN00SKI RIVER, VERMONT. U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-26U, (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., April 1958. (Available on loan.) New York, Corps of Engrs., New York, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design. (29^1) MODEL STUDIES OF KEYSTONE DAM, ARKANSAS (e) A 1:8 model that reproduced the downstream RIVER, OKLAHOMA. end of the outlet tunnel, the outlet portal, stilling basin, and about 80 ft of (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., the outlet canal was used to study means Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Oklahoma. of increasing the discharge capacity of the (d) Experimental; for design. existing East Barre Dam so that it will (e) Several models are being used to determine pass safely a maximum probable flood of the adequacy of design of the stilling 900 cubic feet per second based on recently basin, weir, and training walls; the best revised meteorological and hydrological spacing for the nine flood-control sluices; data. and the alignment and outlet design of the (f) Completed. sluices. A 1:100 general model is being (g) Tests revealed the existing stilling basin used to study flow patterns in the approach to be inadequate for discharges greater and exit channels, develop a satisfactory than U50 cubic feet per second. Satisfac- alignment of the right training walls, and tory performance was obtained by widening determine the required spacing of the flood- the downstream end of the control sluices. A 1 spillway section basin by increas- : 36 ing the flare of the side walls, deepening model is being used for the stilling basin

it about 5 ft > adding a row of 2.67-foot- and sluice alignment tests. Final refine- high baffle piers, and terminating the ments in the sluice outlet design, if need- basin with a stepped rise to the exit chan- ed, will probably be developed in an exist- nel. These revisions increased the length ing conduit model at a scale of about 1:20 of the basin by 11. 5 ft. or 1:25. (h) "Outlet Works Stilling Basin, East Barre (g) The section model tests established the Dam, Winooski River, Vermont; Hydraulic height, location, and spacing of the baf- Model Investigation," final report, U. S. fles; the height and location of the end Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station sill; the elevation of the basin floor; and

130 the shape of the conduit outlets. Satis- bulkhead and lifting beam as they are low- factory flow conditions around the abutments ered in flowing water. and training walls have been established (f) Tests completed. by revisions developed in the general model. (g) The bulkheads and lifting beam when tested as single units were unsatisfactory. Force (2942) OLD RIVER ROCK-FILL CLOSURE DAM MODEL variations as the bulkhead neared the spill- STUDIES. way sill resulted in vertical oscillation of the bulkhead. However, when four bulk- (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., heads were coupled as a unit as proposed New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New for prototype usage, satisfactory perform- Orleans, Louisiana. ance obtained. Downpull forces did not ex- (d) Experimental; for design. ceed 25 kips with the bulkheads vented and (e) Initial closure of the present Old River 85 kips with no venting of the bulkheads. channel will be accomplished by dumping The unit was stable for all conditions in- rock, weighing more than two tons, into low vestigated. velocity water. A 1:10 section model re- (h) Final report in preparation. producing 100 ft of the length of the fill was used to test the stability of the down- (323^) MODEL STUDY OF PASNY INTAKE, NIAGARA RIVER. stream slope under critical flow conditions and to determine the maximum amount of (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., seepage that will occur. Carefully graded Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. limestone rock with a specific weight of (d) Experimental; for design. about 168 pounds per cubic foot was used (e) The hydraulic investigation of the PASNY in the tests. intake structure was conducted on an exist- (f) Completed. ing model used previously to study the de- (g) Minimum section required for stability was velopment of power and the preservation and determined. Seepage data were obtained. enhancement of the scenic spectacle at (h) Final report in preparation. Niagara Falls. The model was constructed to linear scale ratios, model to prototype, (3232) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM, of 1:360 horizontally and 1:60 vertically OLD RIVER LOCK, LOUISIANA. and reproduced that portion of the Niagara River from the Falls upstream to and include (b) President, Mississippi River Commission, ing part of Lake Erie. Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi. (f) Completed. (d) Experimental; for design. (g) Tests showed that the proposed PASNY intake (e) Old River lock will be 1,250 by 75 ft with would not affect the distribution of flow a minimum depth of 13 ft over the sills. between the American and Canadian channels Under normal operating conditions, lifts around Grand Island and between the Ameri- are not expected to exceed 15 ft but pro- can and Canadian Falls. Flow velocities in visions were made for a lift of 32 ft which the vicinity of the intake would be slight- could occur with the low- sill control ly increased. structure inoperative. Manifold intakes (h) Preparation of final report in progress. in the approach walls lead to longitudinal wall culverts which discharge into the lock (3235) MODEL STUDY OF PIKE ISLAND LOCKS AND DAM, chamber through side ports at the bottom OHIO RIVER. of the chamber. The discharge manifold consists of two floor laterals with side (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., ports from each of the two longitudinal Pittsburgh, Corps of Engrs., Pittsburgh, Pa. wall culverts. Reverse tainter valves are (d) Experimental; for design. used for flow regulation. A 1:25 model (e) A 1:120, fixed-bed type, comprehensive was used to study the hydraulic character- model, reproducing about k miles of the istics of the filling and emptying system. Ohio River and the locks and dam structures, (f) Tests completed. will be used to select the most favorable (g) Optimum number and location of ports, valve site location by studying approach condi- schedules, and manifold designs were de- tions under various river flows, and to determined. velop modifications required to overcome (h) Final report in preparation. any undesirable conditions at selected site.

(3233) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY BULKHEADS, GREENUP (3236) MODEL STUDY OF MAXWELL LOCKS AND DAM, DAM, OHIO RIVER. M0N0NGAHELA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineers, U.S. Army Engineer (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., Districts, Huntington and Louisville, Corps Pittsburgh, Corps of Engrs., Pittsburgh, Pa. of Engineers, Huntington, West Virginia, (d) Experimental; for design. and Louisville, Kentucky. (e) A 1:120 fixed-bed type, comprehensive model, (d) Experimental; for design. reproducing about 2.5 miles of the Mononga- (e) A 1:25 model of a solid, girder-type bulk- hela River and the locks and dam structures, head with upstream and downstream skin will be used to study approach conditions plate and lifting beam was used to deter- under various river flows and methods of mine the vertical forces acting on the operation of control gates; to determine

131 . . .

effects of design modifications; to develop submergible-type spillway talnter gate. A modifications required to overcome any un- 1:25 model of a truss-type bulkhead with an desirable conditions; and to demonstrate to upstream skin plate and lifting beam is navigation interests the acceptability of being used to determine the vertical forces the proposed design from a navigation acting on the bulkhead and lifting beam as standpoint they are lowered in flowing water, (g) Stilling basin tests revealed unsatisfactory (3237) MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS, BLACK BUTTE basin action for certain tailwater condi- DAM, STONY CREEK, CALIFORNIA. tions. Alteration to the baffle piers and end sill had no apparent effect in improv- (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., ing performance, but unsatisfactory basin Sacramento, Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, action could be avoided by proper gate California. operation. The submergible-type spillway (d) Experimental; for design. tainter gate performed satisfactorily, (e) A l:l6 model, reproducing 160 ft of the downpull forces did not exceed 70 kips, and tunnel, the energy disslpator, irrigation maximum vertical displacement of the gate diversion outlets, and 560 ft of the exit was approximately 0.05 inch (prototype). channel, is being used to determine: (a) Random frequencies in the range of 0.0 to The most economical dimensions for the com- 1.5 cycles per second were encountered. bination energy disslpator and irrigation Tests of the bulkhead indicated that the diversion structures; (b) the extent of original design bulkhead and lifting beam armor plating required at the south side are satisfactory for all conditions in- canal intake slot for protection against vestigated. Maximum hydraulic forces cavitation forces; (c) the inside dimen- ranged from 250 kips downpull to 50 kips sions and lip elevation of a flip bucket uplift. The bulkhead and lifting beam were that will give a satisfactory flow and ero- very stable with no tendency for vertical sion pattern in the downstream exit channel; movement (d) pressures on the irrigation outlet gates; and (e) the effect of irrigation di- (3240) MODEL STUDY OF CANACADEA CREEK, H0RNELL, version schemes on flow conditions with and NEW YORK. without diversion. (g) The performance of the energy dissipator as (b) Department of Public Works, State of New originally designed was not satisfactory in York. that a partial hydraulic jump formed in the (d) Experimental; for design. bucket over a wide range of flows. Energy (e) A highway bridge is proposed for construc- dissipation in the partial jump was incom- tion across Canacadea Creek just upstream plete and high velocities boiled over the from the existing Seneca Street bridge. In bucket lip. Proper flip bucket action de- order to pass flood flows under the new veloped only at very high heads bridge, the existing Seneca Street weir, located just upstream from the existing (3238) MODEL STUDY OF EUFAULA DAM, CANADIAN RIVER, bridge, should be removed and a similar OKLAHOMA. structure constructed just upstream from the proposed bridge. Principal problems (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., to be resolved by the model study are de- Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Oklahoma. termination of the optimum crest elevation (d) Experimental; for design. for the replacement weir and the need for (e) A 1:36 section model, reproducing one full superelevation of the channel bottom in a bay and two flanking half bays of the 520- bend downstream of the bridge. foot-long, gated spillway, the horizontal stilling basin, and approach and exit chan- (321+1) MODEL STUDY OF SEICHE ACTION, DULUTH- nels, will be used to determine the ade- SUPERI0R HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR. quacy of design of the stilling basin elements, and to investigate pressure condi- (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., tions on the spillway crest. St. Paul, Corps of Engrs., St. Paul, Minn. (d) Experimental; for design. (3239) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY CREST GATE, STILL- (e) To determine whether a practical plan can ING BASIN, AND BULKHEAD, NEW CUMBERLAND be developed for reducing the resonant re- LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA. sponse to lake seiches that occurs in Duluth-Superior Harbor and entrance chan- (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., nels, tests will be made on a fixed-bed Pittsburgh, Corps of Engrs., Pittsburgh, Pa. model constructed to scales of 1:1,000 (d) Experimental; for design. horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Waves (e) A 1:25 section model reproducing kOO feet and currents will be simulated. of the approach area, a portion of the gated spillway crest and stilling basin, (32U2) MODEL STUDY OF C0NNEAUT HARBOR, OHIO, ON and 800 ft of the exit area is being used LAKE ERIE. to examine the hydraulic performance of the spillway weir and stilling basin. A (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., second phase of this study involves meas- Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. rements of hydraulic forces acting on a (d) Experimental; for design.

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(e) A 1:125 fixed-bed model will be used to de- Sacramento, California. termine the influence of seiche currents (d) Theoretical Investigations; basic research. individually and in combination with short- (e) Procedures and generalized criteria are de- period wind-wave action in causing damage veloped which will facilitate rapid and rela- to ships navigating or berthed in Conneaut tively accurate determinations of flood Harbor (located on the south shore of Lake volume frequencies where recorded data are Erie about 30 miles southwest of Erie, Pa.). unavailable to support separate frequency The model reproduces about 7-3 square mi. determinations. Special emphasis is being including all the area within the harbor placed on low-flow frequency analysis. and sufficient adjacent lake area to permit Procedure development will include synthet- reproduction of storm waves from all criti- ic determinations for ungaged areas. cal directions. A circulating system in- (h) "Analysis of Flood Frequencies by Seasons", stalled in the model will permit simulation by Sacramento District, Technical Bulletin of currents through and past the harbor No. 1, October 195k. which result during periods of seiche on "Coordination of Flood Volume Frequency the lake. Statistics", by Sacramento District, Tech- nical Bulletin No. 2, July 1955- 32^3) MODEL STUDY OF LOCKS AND DAM NO. h, "Flood Volume Frequencies for Pacific Coast I MONONGAHELA RIVER. Streams," by Sacramento District, Technical Bulletin No. 3, March 1956. (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., "Ten-Year Storm Precipitation in California Pittsburgh, Corps of Engrs., Pittsburgh, Pa. and Oregon Coastal Streams", Sacramento (d) Experimental; for design. District, Technical Bulletin No. h, May (e) A 1:120 fixed-bed, comprehensive model, re- 1957- producing about 2.5 miles of the Mononga- "Long-Duration Runoff Volumes", by Sacra- hela River and the locks and dam structures mento District, Tech. Bulletin No. 5, July will be used to determine the effects of 1958. modifications to the existing locks and "Stream Flow Volume-Duration-Frequency dam on navigation conditions, and to de- Studies", by Wash. Dist., Tech. Report No. velop modifications required to overcome 1, June 1955. any undesirable conditions. (32^6) RUNOFF FROM SNOW MELT. (324*0 MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA LOCK AND DAM, CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER. (b) Office, Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C. (b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., (c) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Div., Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Ala. North Pacific, Portland, Oregon. (d) Experimental; for design. (d) Theoretical investigations; basic research. (e) A 1:100 fixed-bed-type, comprehensive mod- (e) Research studies involving application of el, reproducing about 1.5 miles of the an electronic computer (IBM 650) in the Chattahoochee River and the lock and dam forecasting of flow of streams in which structures will be used to study navigation snow melt is a dominant factor. Deriva- conditions within the lock approaches and tions of basin runoff storage constants in the head on lower lock gate during lock- areas of heavy snow accumulation will be emptying operations, and to develop modifi- used in developing procedures for routing cations required to overcome any undesira- snow melt contributions by means of the ble conditions found. The following two 65O computer in connection with day to day section models are also being used in the regulation of multi-purpose reservoir pro-

investigation to develop final spillway jects . profiles and stilling basin dimensions: a (h) "Snow Hydrology, " prepared by the U. S. 1:36 model of the fixed-crest spillway re- Army Engineer Division, North Pacific Div., producing 250 feet of the approach area, a June 1956. 36- foot-wide portion of the spillway and

stilling basin, and 300 ft of the exit ( 32^7 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGIC EQUIPMENT. area; and a 1:27-2 model of the gated spillway, hOO ft of the approach area, a (b) Office, Chief of Engineers, Department of portion of the spillway crest and stilling Army, Washington, D. C. basin (one full gate bay and two half (c) Director, Waterways Experiment Station, piers), and kOO ft of the' exit area. Vicksburg, Mississippi. (a) Field and laboratory investigations; basic research. (e) Development or adaption of instruments and I S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, equipment for hydrologic purposes, includ- (ffice of the Chief of Engineers. ing radio facilities, when such needs cannot be satisfactorily met through normal 32^5) FLOOD VOLUME STUDIES. procurement and contracting procedures Information is assembled regarding charac- (b) Office, Chief of Engineers, Department of teristics and costs of equipment available Army, Washington, D. C. for hydrologic use, and investigations are (c) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., conducted to improve or adapt available

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equipment to meet hydrologic requirements. well will closely approximate reservoir

Involves development of a precipitation temperatures , ( 3 ) simultaneous measurement gage capable of several months unattended of water temperatures in stilling well and operation in remote areas where rain and reservoir, and the determination of neces- snow data are required promptly for use in sary correction factors, and (4) improve- reservoir regulation. Also involves devel- ment of means of making accurate reservoir opment of a water stage keyer device for level measurements without use of stilling use in remote unattended stations requiring wells very little power. The keyer is required to convert water stage readings into a form suitable for automatic radio transmission. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC (h) "Development of Hydrologic Equipment," U.S. ROADS. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River, Techni- cal Bulletin No. 1, June 1957- (1074) HYDRAULICS OF STILLING BASINS. "Telemetering Hydrologic Data," by Francis P. Hanes, Journal of the Waterways and Cooperative with Colorado State University. Harbors Div., ASCE, Vol. 83, No. WW3, Sept. See page 13. 1957.

"Operating Characteristics of Keyer P-8, ( 1945 ) ESTIMATING RAINFALL INTENSITY FROM TOPO- Waterways Experiment Station, CW-173 Pro- GRAPHIC PARAMETERS. ject Bulletin 58-2, June 1958. Cooperative with Stanford University. See (3248) FREEBOARD CRITERIA FOR DAMS AND LEVEES. page 67.

(b) Office, Chief of Engineers, Department of (2066) STUDY OF OPEN CHANNEL RESTRICTIONS IN A Army, Washington, D. C. SLOPING FLUME. (c) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Div., Missouri River, Omaha, Nebraska. Cooperative with Colorado State University. (d) Theoretical Investigations; basic research. See page 13- (e) Development of rational procedures and generalized criteria for use in estimating (2320) A STUDY OF THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF freeboard requirements for dams and levees, HIGHWAY CULVERTS. giving due consideration to wind characteristics, configuration and depth of water Cooperative with Iowa Institute of Hydrau- body involved, characteristics of embank- lic Research. See page 33- ment affected, and other important factors. Generalized charts will be prepared from (2435) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS. which design wind conditions over water surfaces may be obtained. Pertinent prob- Cooperative with National Bureau of lems will be reviewed, factors that govern Standards. See page 135- freeboard determinations will be discussed, and procedures and criteria will be pro- (2540) SCOUR AT BRIDGE CROSSINGS. posed for use in estimating freeboard al-

lowances . Cooperative with Iowa Institute of Hydrau- lic Research. See page 33. (32U9) RESERVOIR WATER LEVEL RECORDER. (2604) FULL-SCALE TEST OF CONCRETE PIPE. (b) Office, Chief of Engineers, Department of Army, Washington, D. C. Cooperative with St. Anthony Falls Hydrau- (c) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., lic Laboratory. See page 63. Sacramento, California. (d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic (2767) EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON OPEN CHANNEL FLOW. research. (e) Development of a more accurate and satis- Cooperative with Colorado State University. factory method of measuring and recording See page 17. water levels at high dams, in order to facilitate more accurate measurement of low- (2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES flow releases. The principal problem is to overcome substantial measurement errors Cooperative with the Oregon State College. occasioned by differences in water tempera- See page 56. ture in recorder wells of high dams and coincident temperatures at various levels (3041) MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS IN ARID in the reservoir. Studies will include AND SEMI -ARID AREAS. (l) design standards to insure provision of sufficient intakes to keep the differ- Cooperative with Colorado State University. ential between reservoir levels and still- See page 19. ing wells insignificant, (2) installation of a circulating device in the stilling (3140) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FALL CREEK well to insure that temperatures in the FISHWAY.

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Cooperative with the Oregon State College. (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the See page 56. Navy. (d) Experimental; basic research. (3166) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOW INTO CURB INLETS. (e) Determination of inertia and drag coefficients of cylinders and plates when sub- Cooperative with Stanford University. See jected to a varying monotonically varying page 68. flow.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU. STANDARDS, Fluid Mechanics Section. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1011, 1015, 17^, Inquiries concerning the following projects should 171+5, 1751, 2U37, 2hk0, 2kkl, 2kk2, 2hh3, 29U3, he addressed to the Chief, Fluid Mechanics Section, 29I+U, 29^5 and 3251, should be addressed to Mr. National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C. William E. Hiatt, Chief, Hydrologic Services Div. U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington 25, D. C. (159) MODEL LAWS FOR DENSITY CURRENTS. (1011) SHORT RANGE SNOWMELT FORECASTING. (h) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Theoretical and experimental; hasic and (d) Field investigation; operation and applied applied research. research. (e) To determine model laws for models involv- (e) To develop relations between streamflow ing the motion of stratified liquids. The resulting from melting snow and appropriate two major problems are (l) the motion of a meteorological parameters using a statisti- heavy liquid initially confined in a "lock" cal approach. when released into a long channel contain- (g) Testing has been limited due to scarcity of ing a stationary, lighter liquid, and (2) required data. the motion of a heavy liquid from a "sea" into a long channel with either still or (1015) MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION. flowing lighter liquid. (h) "Form Characteristics of Arrested Saline (b) Laboratory project. Wedges," hy Garbis H. Keulegan, NBS Report (d) Theoretical and field investigation; ap- 5^2, October k, 1957. plied research. "The Motion of Saline Fronts in Still Wa- (e) Studies are directed toward the derivations ter, " by Garbis H. Keulegan, NBS Report of reliable procedures for estimating

5831, April 1, 1958. evaporation from reservoirs ( existing and "The Mixing Action of Wind Induced Waves," proposed) and land surfaces, utilizing by Garbis H. Keulegan (in preparation). readily available meteorological data and pan evaporation observations. (1V78) WIND WAVES. (g) Water-loss project at Lake Mead applying methods and techniques developed at Lake (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Hefner has been completed and the final Navy. report has been published. This project, (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- like the Lake Hefner study, was a coopera- search. tive investigation involving Bureau of (e) Includes mathematical and experimental Reclamation, Navy, Geological Survey and studies of (l) wind tides (setup), (2) Weather Bureau. growth of wind waves, and (3) surface trac- Another such study was made at Felt Lake, tion of wind on wavy surfaces on contract with Stanford University, and the observational program has been com- (21+35) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS. pleted. These data have been analyzed and a report is being prepared for publication. (b) Bureau of Public Roads. An average annual lake evaporation map was (d) Experimental; applied research. prepared for the Delaware River basin area (e) To determine hydraulic characteristics of and will be published in the Hydrologic various types of culvert entrances and to Investigations Atlas series of the U. S. develop inlets of improved design. Geological Survey. An evaporation atlas is being prepared for (2^36) FLOW OVER HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS. the United States. The atlas will include maps of (l) average annual Class A pan (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the evaporation, (2) October-May Class A pan Navy. evaporation as percent of annual, (3) aver- (d) Experimental; applied research. age annual free-water (lake) evaporation, (e) To determine augmented dissipation of hy- (k) October-May free-water evaporation as drophobic disks and plates oscillated in percent of annual, (5) annual Class A pan various fluids. coefficients, and (6) coefficient of variation for Class A pan evaporation. (3250) INERTIAL FORCES IN UNSTEADY FLOW. Evaporation studies are being made at the

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Silver Hill Observatory , Md. An insulated utilizing statistical methods to correlate BPI pan has been installed to study the precipitation during the winter with runoff transfer of heat from the pan to the ground; during the melting season. heat flux plates have been attached to the (g) Water Supply Forecasts are prepared for standard BPI pan in order to obtain a con- about 350 points in the Western United tinuous record of the heat flux. Class A States. These forecasts of water-year and pans made of monel metal and stainless steel residual flow are released in Monthly Water are being compared with the standard gal- Supply Forecast Bulletins, January through vanized iron pan. May. This research program is of a con- A study of evapotranspiration has been tinuing nature designed to improve and ex- initiated. The purpose is to develop an tend the present forecasting service. accounting method for estimating soil-moisture deficiency. Test on two basins has (1751) MAXIMUM STATION PRECIPITATION. indicated that the soil-moisture deficiency provided an improved antecedent index for (b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army. rainfall-runoff relations. The procedure (d) Analysis of data. is being tested on a third area and then a (e) Tabulations of maximum recorded 1-, 2-, 3-, report will be prepared. 6-, 12-, and 24-hour precipitation, for automatic recording rain gage stations, by (Yjhh) DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS. states (h) Twenty-one states completed and published (b) River Forecast Centers for: Ohio River as parts of Weather Bureau Technical Paper Basin, Cincinnati, Ohio; Susquehanna and No. 15; California, Arkansas, Texas and Delaware River Basins, Harrisburg, Pa.; Minnesota in process. Lower Missouri River Basin, Kansas City, Mo.; Tennessee River Basin, Knoxville, (1993) PRESSURE JUMP LINES. Tenn.; Columbia River Basin, Portland, Ore.; Middle and Upper Mississippi River Basin, (b) Laboratory project. St. Louis, Mo.; Arkansas and Red River (c) Dr. Morris Tepper, Office of Meteorological Basins, Tulsa, Okla.; New England and Hud- Research, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington son River Basins, Hartford, Conn.; South 25, D. C. Atlantic and East Gulf Basins, Augusta, Ga.; (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic and Middle Atlantic Basins, Washington, and applied research. D. C. (e) Investigate the properties of and the (d) Theoretical and field investigation; opera- mechanisms producing pressure jump lines tion and applied research. in the atmosphere. These lines, identified (e) The purpose of these investigations is to by means of discontinuities in microbaro- develop modern river forecast procedures grams, have been found to be correlated for all ranges of flow for various streams very stongly with severe local storms. of each basin. Procedures include: (l) The study is based on (l) observational Rainfall-runoff relations involving con- data collected from a special field pro- sideration of the physics of soil moisture, gram, and (2) theoretical models in which vegetative reception, transpiration, evapo- the pressure jump line is interpreted as a ration and geological features of the ba- gravity wave propagating on an inversion sins; (2) snowmelt forecasting relations surface between stratified atmospheric involving consideration of the physics of layers snow and heat transfer; (3) unit hydro- (g) Medium scale atmospheric disturbances graphs; and (h) stream flow routing proce- (Mesostructures ) are consistently found dures, based upon adaptations of basic which are well ordered and move with hydraulic principles, using electronic or chronologic continuity from one hour to the mechanical analogues. next. Local weather is directly associated (g) Forecasting procedures have been developed with the passage of these mesostructures. for key points; refinement of these proce- (h) "History and Measurement of the Two Major dures and development for other basins are Scottsbluff Tornadoes, June 27, 1955," by under way. W. H. Hoecker, Jr., accepted for publication in the Bulletin of the American Me- (17U5) WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS FOR WESTERN UNITED teorological Society. STATES. "Mesoanalysis of a Tornado-Producing Situa- tion in Texas, May 25-26, 1955," by W. Smitt (b) Work being conducted in following field accepted for publication in the Bulletin offices: River Forecast Center, Portland, of the American Meteorological Society. Oreg.; Water Supply Forecast Unit, Salt "Squall Lines, Pressure Jump Lines and Lake City, Utah; River Forecast Center, Atmospheric Gravity Waves," by M. Tepper, Kansas City, Mo., and Weather Bureau Office, Swiss Aero Review, January 1958. Sacramento, California. "Tornadoes," by M. Tepper, Scientific (d) Theoretical and field investigation; opera- American, May 1958. tion and applied research. "Mesometeorology - the Link Between the (e) The purpose of these investigations is the Macroscale Atmospheric Motions and Local development of precipitation-runoff rela- Weather," by M. Tepper, in publication, tions for water supply forecasting the Bulletin of the American Meteorological

136 . • .

Society. waters adjacent to coasts, (f) Completed.

:ff t UNITED STATES STORM CHARACTERISTICS PROJECT. (h) Report to sponsor in preparation. j i /

(b) Soil Conservation Service , Department of (241+1) HURRICANE RAINFALL AND ITS QUANTITATIVE Agriculture FORECASTING. IS Theoretical and field investigation; ap- ter plied research and design. (b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, 8i (e) Studies to provide rainfall data for de- (d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied sign criteria in estimating required ca- research and design. x- pacities of hydraulic structures. Work in- (e) Collection, analysis, and effective pre- cludes: (l) Development of a generalized sentation of existing data on hurricane relationship between depth, area, duration rainfall and development of methods of and frequency for areas up to 1+00 square forecasting the intensity and quantity of miles, durations of 20 minutes to 2k hours, rainfall from future hurricanes for design and return periods from 1 to 100 years; and of protective works, planning of evacuation (2) development of a generalized portrayal procedures, etc. of the probable maximum precipitation for areas up to hOO square miles, and durations (2kh2) HURRICANE WIND ANALYSIS. up to 2k hours in the United States west of longitude 105 Corps of Engineers, Department of Army. (h) "Rainfall Intensity-Frequency Regime - Part U) Theoretical and field investigation; ap- I - The Ohio Valley" (actually the quad- plied research and design. rangle bounded by longitude 80 and 90 W, (e) Development of methods for obtaining de- and latitude 35 and ho N. ), U.S. Weather tailed wind speeds and directions in hur- Bureau Technical Paper No. 29. Part 2 is ricanes just above the sea-surface indi- Southeastern United States; part 3 is Mid- rectly from available data, which Is mostly dle Atlantic Region, part- k will be North- on land. Also construction by indirect eastern United States, and part 5 will be means of detailed analyses of the winds Great Lakes Region. over specific areas of the sea where the energy of the wind develops waves and tides U38) STORM TIDE PREDICTIONS. damaging to specific coastal areas.

(b) Laboratory projects. (21*3) RADAR-RAINFALL PROJECT. (c) Mr. D. Lee Harris, Scientific Services Div., U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington 25, D. C. (t>) Laboratory project in cooperation with (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla., and and applied research. Texas A and M College, College Sta., Texas. (e) The differences between the observed and (d) Experimental operation. predicted tides during storms are being (e) Integration of the instantaneous PPI scope studied with the goal of improving the ac- image over time by photographic process to curacy of storm tide forecasting. provide a pattern of accumulated rainfall (g) Empirical methods of forecasting these over an area that can be calibrated with inundations are being developed and used key rainfall observations for the period of in the Weather Bureau's hurricane and storm integration. To be used in flood forecast- warning service. Continued improvement in ing with other radar intelligence. these forecasts is expected to result from (*: "Applications of Radar Weather Observations this research. to Hydrology," by Stuart G. Bigler and "The Hurricane Surge," by D. Lee Harris, Richard D. Tarble, Texas A and M Research Proceedings of Sixth Conference on Coastal Foundation, College Station, Texas, Nov. Engineering, pp 96-llU, 1958. 1957. "Ocean Surface Waves Produced by Some Re- "Use of Radar in Field of Hydrology, " by cent Hurricanes," by Arthur Pore, Monthly Richard D. Tarble and Leslie F. Conover. Weather Review, Vol. 85, pp 385-392. Proceedings, Sixth Weather Radar Conference "Hurricane Audrey Storm Tide," by D. Lee (Supplement), Cambridge, Mass., 1957- Harris, National Hurricane Research Pro- "The Use of Radar in Determining Flood ject Report No. 23, Washington 25, D. C. Potential Precipitation Areas," by Richard D. Tarble and Stuart G. Bigler. Paper kkO) REGIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SELECTED HURRICANE presented at 158th National Meeting of the CHARACTERISTICS. American Meteorological Society, Monterey, California, June 1957 (b) Corps of Engineers, Department of Army. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; ap- ^2943) RADAR BEACON FOR REPORTING RAINFALL. plied research and design. (e) Collection, analysis, and presentation of (b) Laboratory project. available observations pertinent to hurri- (d) Experimental; development. cane minimum pressure, direction of move- (e) A compact device capable of being installed ment, speed, wind- structure and other char- In relatively remote areas within line of acteristics, and their relationship to each sight of a radar. Activated by a tipping other, over Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico bucket rain gage and pulse signal from the

137

514561 O-59-10 . .. .

radar, instrument transmits delayed pulse U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. which appears on radars cope indicating accumulated amounts of precipitation. Ad- (69O) DISCHARGE THROUGH MULTIPLE OPENINGS ditional investigations underway for applying beacon principle to the reporting of 00 Laboratory project. river and tide stage, and radioactive snow (c) Mr. H. J. Tracy, U. S. Geological Survey, water equivalent gage. Atlanta, Georgia. Experimental; applied research. (g) Initial field installation now operational, (a) additional "beacons being built. (e) Laboratory studies to define the distribu- (h) "The Use of a Radar Beacon for Reporting tion of flow through multiple bridge open- Precipitation", by Richard D. Tarble and ings with any given natural distribution Dewey R. Soltow, paper presented at Annual and varied number, size, and location of Spring Meeting of American Geophysical openings Union, Washington, D. C, May 1958. (g) Laboratory tests and analyses completed; report in preparation. PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION OVER CALIFORNIA BASINS. (1221) STEADY STATE ELECTRIC FLOW NET MODELS.

00 Corps of Engineers, Dept. of the Army. (b) Laboratory project. (a) Design and applied research. (c) Mr. R. R. Bennett, U. S. Geological Survey, (e) Estimate of probable maximum precipitation Washington 25, D. C. over basins in California based on simple (d) Applied research. model of wind flow up orographic slopes, (e) Preparation of electric flow net models checked against December 1955 flood- using graphite paper, conductive paints, producing storm, combined with non-oro- etc. Includes design and construction of a graphic storm precipitation. variable resistor grid analogous plotter. (g) Estimates furnished sponsor. Methods being refined. (1755) CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND CHANNEL STREAMS.

(291+5) MECHANICAL FLOOD ROUTING ANALOGUE. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Mr. R. W. Carter, U. S. Geological Survey, 00 Laboratory project. Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; operation and applied (d) Field investigation; applied research. research. (e) Compilation and analysis of the data col- A mechanical analogue has been developed lected in a 1,900-foot reach of the Elkhorn which will solve flood routing based on a River in Nebraska to evaluate bed roughness, variable lag and variable storage factor extent of scour and fill, and sediment (K). The analogue can be operated by one movement person and the size is such that it can be (h) Report in preparation. placed on a desk. (g) The pilot model has been constructed and (176U) COMBINED PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND HYDRAULIC will be tested thoroughly in order to de- STUDIES. termine refinements necessary. 00 "Mechanical Analogs and Graphical Flood 00 Laboratory project. Routing, " by Max A. Kohler, Proceedings of (c) Dr. Luna B. Leopold, U. S. Geological Sur- the American Society of Civil Engineers, vey, Washington 25, D. C. Journal of Hydraulics Division, Paper No. (d) Field and office research. 1585, April 1958. (e) Hydraulic and physiographic factors controlling slope and pattern of natural river (325i; RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION AS DETERMINED BY channels RADAR. (1995) COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOIL MOISTURE EQUIP- 00 U.S. Geological Survey. MENT. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) Using time-lapse film of the radar PPI (b) Laboratory project. scope, various methods of determining the (c) Mr. Irwin Remson, U. S. Geological Survey, areal distribution of rainfall intensity Trenton, N. J. are being tested. A 50- square -mile basin, (d) Field investigation; applied research. heavily instrumented with recording rain (e) A comparative study of all commercially gages, is used as a control basin. To be available instruments for measuring soil used for flood forecasting and storm moisture, possible design of new instru-

studies ments . Radar intelligence can considerably improve the estimates of areal distribution (1998) DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES | of rainfall over large areas. Special FOR SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION OF GROUND WATER. techniques will have to be developed for areas as small as 50 square miles or less. (b) Cooperative with the State of Arizona. (c) Mr. H. E. Skibitzke, U.S. Geological Survey, Tucson, Arizona.

138 . . .

(d) Applied research. involved in the strain, deformation, and (e) To adapt instruments and techniques for compaction of water-bearing rocks resulting solving problems of the occurrence of water chiefly from changes in hydrologic environ- in alluvial fill; including electrical re- ment .

sistivity methods , electric logging, and deep well current meters (2689: DIFFUSIONAL PROCESSES AND HYDRODYNAMICS OF SALT-FRESH WATER INTERFACE IN AQUIFERS. 2000) GHYBEN - HERZBERG LENS. w. Laboratory project. (b) Laboratory project. (c Mr. H.H. Cooper, U.S. Geological Survey, (c) Mr. Dan A. Davis, U. S. Geological Survey, Tallahassee, Florida. Honolulu, T. H. (a Field and laboratory investigation; basic (d) Field investigation. and applied research. (e) Study of ground-water body in marine is- (e To determine the factors affecting the dis- lands, to determine the relationship of tribution of salt water in coastal aquifers fresh water storage to the geology of the subject to salt water encroachment. island, rainfall, head, tidal fluctuations, leakage, and draft. (2690 MICROSCOPIC FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

[2khh) REDESIGN OF PRICE CURRENT METER (INSTRUMENT ('b Laboratory project. DEVELOPMENT). (c Mr. E. S. Simpson, U.S. Geological Survey, Mineola, L. I., New York. (b) Laboratory project. (a Laboratory investigation; basic research. (c) Mr. A. H. Frasier, Equipment Development (e To determine the factors affecting the pat- Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, 1509 tern of microscopic flow of water and other Hess Street, Columbus 12, Ohio. liquids through porous media. (h Report now being written. ( d ) Development (e) To design a vane-type rotor for the Price current meter that can be mass-produced (2691 ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE THROUGH WELLS. with identical rating calibration and be affected little or not at all by vertical (b Cooperative with Arkansas Agricultural Expt. velocity components and proximity to the Sta. and Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. water surface. (c Mr. P. E. Dennis, U.S. Geological Survey, (g) Type and shape of rotor has been selected. Little Rock, Arkansas. (a Field investigation; applied research. (21+V7) RECORDING CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER. (e Study of the physical and chemical factors affecting the introduction of water in (b) Laboratory project. aquifers through recharge wells. (c) Quality of Water Branch, USGS, Washington, D. C. (2692 ANALOGUE COMPUTER FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUND- (d) Laboratory and field study; applied re- WATER FLOW SYSTEMS. search. (e) Study of performance and utilization of a Laboratory project. meter for determining and recording con- (c Mr. H E. Skibitzke, U.S. Geological Survey, ductivity of water in a stream under field Tucson, Arizona. conditions (a Theoretical study and instrument development. (f) Inactive. (e Development of the physical and mathematical (h) "A Study of the Field Performance of a Con- theory of ground-water flow systems and continuous Conductivity Recorder, " by J. D. struction of an analogue computer for ana- Weeks, open file release. lyzing ground-water flow systems under transient conditions. (2687) AQUIFER ANALYTICAL METHODS. Basic analog unit completed.

(b) Laboratory project. (2694 FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS. (c) Mr. R. H. Brown, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. (b Laboratory project. (d) Analytical; applied research. (c Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, Georgia Institute Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. ( e ) To develop more versatile and comprehensive of methods of determining and evaluating aquifer Library search, re-analysis and correlation and ground-water reservoir hydrologic char- of published data, plus some original re-

acteristics . search. (e A comprehensive study of the discharge (2688) MECHANICS OF AQUIFERS. characteristics of practical forms of weirs and spillways. Objectives include the pub- (b) Laboratory project. lication, in generalized form, of available (c) Mr. J. F. Poland, U. S. Geological Survey, experimental data. Sacramento, California. (h "Discharge Characteristics of Rectangular (a) Field investigation; basic and applied re- Thin-Plate Weir," by Carl E. Kindsvater and search. Rolland W. Carter, Paper 1^53, Journal of Division, Proceedings of ( e ) To determine the principles and factors Hydraulics

139 514561 O-59-ll . . .

American Society of Civil Engineers, Dec. included are studies on sampling techniques; 1957- the effect of water temperature on sediment "Discharge Characteristics of Broad-Crested transport; the relationship of roughness to Weirs," by H.J. Tracy, Circular 397, U. S. sediment discharge, slope, and width-to- depth Geological Survey, 1957- ratio; the effect of Kolk action on the vertical distribution of velocity and sedi- (2695) CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE RECORDS IN TIDAL ment; the revaluation of Von Karman's Uni- STREAMS. versal Constant of momentum exchange for sediment -laden flow; the influence of sus- Laboratory project. pended sediment on vertical distribution of Mr. R.A. Baltzer, U.S. Geological Survey, velocity; the influence of ice cover on k08 Capital Savings and Loan Building, sediment transport; the influence of cobble- Lansing 68, Michigan. bed streams on total sediment transport; Theoretical and applied research. and other related sediment transport pro-

The objective of this study is to develop blems . methods of obtaining continuous discharge (g) Evaluation of the equal -trans it -rate (ETR) records in tidal streams. Equations de- method of measuring suspended-sediment dis- veloped from theoretical considerations charge indicates the method is satisfactory will be checked by field observations. when properly used. Tests of a new (petro- Several sets of field data are now being latum-type) surface bed-material sampler used to verify the theoretical results. give results that compare favorably with Report in preparation. the core-type of sampler. The modified Einstein procedure is adequate for computing EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF CHANNEL STORAGE ON total load when water temperature is near PEAK DISCHARGE. freezing. In general low values of roughness are associated with low temperatures Laboratory project. and high sediment loads on Middle Loup Mr. W.D. Mitchell, U.S. Geological Survey, River at Dunning, Nebraska. Champaign, Illinois. (h) "Investigations of Some Sedimentation Char- Analytical and experimental. acteristics of a Sand-bed Stream, " by D. W. The objective of the project is to develop Hubbell and others, open file release. One parameters that describe channel storage additional report completed, to be published effectively in an areal correlation of in the near future. peak flow. Report in preparation. (2702) ROUGHNESS AND WATER- SEDIMENT MOVEMENT IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS. UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS. (b) Laboratory project. Laboratory project. (c) Dr. D. B. Simons, Geological Survey, Colo. Mr. H.J. Tracy, U.S. Geological Survey, State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Atlanta, Georgia. (d) Basic and applied research. Theoretical and experimental; basic re- (e) Attention is currently directed to the de- search. termination and correlation of factors A comprehensive laboratory study of uniform which influence water- sediment movement and flow in open channels roughness in alluvial channels under se- Data collection is in process. lected laboratory conditions. Subsequent studies will be conducted for the purpose PARAMETERS CONTROLLING THE SHAPE AND PAT- of defining (l) variation in roughness pro- TERN OF NATURAL STREAM CHANNELS. perties with the range in standard deviation and skewness exhibited by bed material Laboratory project. in natural streams; (2) influence of fine Mr. M. G. Wolman and Dr. L. B. Leopold, suspended sediments on roughness and sedi- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D.C. ment transport; (3) relation of these find- Basic research. ings to channel geometry; and (k) adapta- The effect of discharge, load, grain size, tion of findings to conditions in natural and slope will be studied in a small chan- streams nel free to adjust both bed and side walls. (h) Progress report in preparation. Report in preparation. (2703) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION. SEDIMENT TRANSPORT INVESTIGATIONS. CD) Work coordinated with, and executed in con- Field project (cooperative with Bureau of junction with that of "t^ie Southwest Research Reclamation) Institute and various local groups.

Mr. D.M. Culbertson, U.S. Geological Sur- (c) Mr. G. E. Harbeck, U. S. Geological Survey, 1 vey, Lincoln, Nebraska. Denver, Colorado. Field observations and theoretical analysis. (a) Basic and applied research. Field and theoretical investigations of the (e) Evaporation from test reservoirs, both with 1 methods, equipment, and computations used and without monomolecular surface films, is ' for determining sediment movement and the being measured. Laboratory tests will be theory of sediment transport. Specifically made to determine the effects of

ihO . . .

monomolecular films on emlssivity and re- drainage flectivity and on the vertical humidity (h) Report in preparation. profile. (3253) CHANNEL STABILITY IN AN EPHEMERAL STREAM. (291+7) STUDY OF AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Dr. Luna B. Leopold, U.S. Geological Survey, (b) Laboratory project. Washington 25, D. C. Dr. Lucien M. Brush Jr., U.S. Geological (d) Field investigation; basic research. Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (e) In an ephemeral stream (arroyo), measure- (d) Basic research. ments are being made on the following: (e! A study of channel and hydraulic parameters stress on rocks during a flow, extent of associated with aggradation and degradation scour and fill, location of bars, and in Muddy Creek, near Baggs, Wyoming. cross-sections at certain locations.

(29^8; ANALOGUE MODEL ANALYZER FOR STEADY - STATE (325I+) DISPERSION IN NATURAL STREAMS. GROUND-WATER FLOW PROBLEMS. (b Atomic Energy Commission. oo Laboratory project. (c Mr. R. G. Godfrey, U.S. Geological Survey, Cc] Mr. R.W. Stallman, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. Washington 25, D. C. (d Field and analytical studies. (d) Theoretical study and instrument develop- (e To measure and relate dispersal patterns to

ment . channel geometry, fluid properties, and (e) Design and development of a variable- flow characteristics. resistance grid analyzer for use in ana- Initial field tests in progress. lyzing steady-state ground-water flow problems in which the transmissibility varies (3255 ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER. in space. Basic unit completed. (b U. S. Geological Survey. (c Mr. R.W. Carter, U.S. Geological Survey, (29U9; ULTRASONIC FLOW METER. Washington 25, D. C. (d Instrumentation. U. S. Geological Survey. (e To redesign, adapt, and repackage the (c; Mr. R.W. Carter, U.S. Geological Survey, electromagnetic flow meter currently used Washington 25, D. C. by the U.S. Navy to measure velocities in (d) Experimental; equipment development. an open channel. (<0 The objective is to investigate the feasi- The Navy instrument has been field tested. bility and build one meter to measure discharge^ in a natural stream by ultrasonic (3256 EFFECT OF ROUGHNESS CONCENTRATION ON OPEN means CHANNEL FLOW. Feasibility study completed. (b Laboratory project. (2950) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND CHANNEL ROUGHNESS (c Mr. J.H. Koloseus, U. S. Geological Survey, IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS. Iowa City, Iowa. (d Analytical and experimental. 00 Laboratory project. (e To investigate the effect of bed roughness c Mr. Thomas Maddock Jr., U.S. Geological ( ; on open channel flow by increasing the con- Survey, Washington 25, D. C. centrations of 3/l6-inch cubes cemented on (d) Basic research. the flume floor. (e) Field and laboratory studies, original and Laboratory tests in progress. other investigations will be analyzed in terms of sediment movement, channel rough- (3257 MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL SEDIMENT DISCHARGE OF ness, shear distribution in channel prism COARSE SEDIMENTS. and other effects on shape of natural channels (b Laboratory project. 00 Report in preparation. (c Mr. D. W. Hubbell, U. S. Geological Survey, Lincoln, Nebraska. (3252) INTERRELATIONS OF LANDFORM MORPHOLOGY, (d Analytical; applied research. DIRECT STREAM RUNOFF AND GROUND WATER (e A review of the types of equipment current- DRAINAGE. ly used to measure sediment moving as bed load and the preparation of a report cover- 00 Laboratory project. ing criteria for sampler design and use. (c) Dr. Charles W.C. Carlston, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (3258 TRANSIENT FLOW IN A POROUS MEDIUM. (d) Basic research. (e) Evaluation on the effects of geology on (b Laboratory project. drainage density and groundwater drainage; (c Mr. W. 0. Smith, U. S. Geological Survey, the effects of relief on runoff character- Washington 25, D. C. istics; and the relations of drainage (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- density to direct runoff and ground water search. ) . .. . .

(e) To determine validity of Darcy's law under adapted to water-stage recorders on small- non-steady state conditions of flow. diameter wells; evaluation on model well in (f) Laboratory apparatus under development. progress (h) "Powered Float for Recording Water Levels (3259) FLOW THROUGH UNSATURATED POROUS MEDIA. in Wells of Small Diameter," by F.C.Koopman and W. N. Palmquist, Water Resources Bul-

(b) Laboratory project. letin (internal publ. ) . (c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado. (3263) SPECIFIC YIELD AND RELATED PROPERTIES. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research. (b) Cooperative with the State of California. (e) To determine by hydraulic model experiments (c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab. the liquid flow pattern resulting from flow U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado. from a simulated disposal pit at the sur- (d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic face to the water table. and applied research. (f) Laboratory apparatus constructed; prelimi- (e) Theoretical laboratory and field study of nary tests run. specific yield, and related properties, such as moisture equivalent, field capacity (3260) SOIL-MOISTURE EQUIPMENT. moisture tension, relative permeability and time-drainage relationships, as related (b) Laboratory project. to ground-water storage. Evaluation of (c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Labo- existing, and possible development of new, ratory, U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado. methods for determining these properties

( Library research; d ) Laboratory and field investigation; applied (g) laboratory study in pro- research. gress or completed of factors affecting

( e ) Laboratory model and field comparative column drainage, centrifuge moisture study of techniques and of various com- equivalent, moisture tension and relative mercially available instruments for meas- permeability uring soil moisture. New equipment may (h) The following reports are in process of also be designed as result of study. review: (g) Field and laboratory calibrations of neu- "Specific Yield and Related Properties - tron meter, tensiometers, moisture blocks An Annotated Bibliography, Part I," A. I. and sampling equipment. Design of some Johnson, D. A. Morris and R. C. Prill. new equipment. Library research. "Specific Yield and Related Properties - (h) "References on Soil-Moisture Measurement Research Progress Report, July 1, 1957 - Under Field Conditions," by A.I. Johnson June 30, 1958," A.I. Johnson, R.C. Prill (mimeo. and D. A. Morris.

(3261) MODEL STUDY FOR SALT WATER DIFFUSION. (326k) SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES. (b) Laboratory study. (c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab., (b) Laboratory project. U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado, or Mr. H. H. (c) Mr. A.I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab., Cooper, Jr., Research Engineer, U.S.G.S., U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado. Tallahassee, Florida. (d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied (d) Experimental; applied research. research.

(e) Model study is being used to study diffu- ( e ) Evaluate and adapt subsurface exploration sion at the interface between fresh and equipment and techniques, such as gamma ray salt water. Variable movement of interface and electric loggers, fluid velocity and simulates effects of various amplitudes and conductivity loggers, temperature loggers, periods of tidal action. power augers and core samplers, for solving (g) Design and construct plastic model and con- ground-water occurrence problems. ductivity-recording equipment; one test run (g) Portable temperature logger nearly complete! with fine-sand size glass beads completed. core samplers designed and commercial model: procured and compared under field condi- (3262) SMALL-DIAMETER OBSERVATION-WELL EQUIPMENT tions; power augering equipment and tech- AND TECHNIQUES. niques evaluated; evaluation in progress of gamma-ray, conductivity and temperature (b) Laboratory project. logging equipment for salt-water encroach-

U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado. gress . (d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied (h) "References on Laboratory and Field Methods research. in Ground-Water Hydrology," by A. I.Johnsor

and evaluate equipment (mimeo ) (e) Design for record- . ing depth-to-water in small-diameter wells; test in model well in laboratory and on (3265) MOVEMENT OF WATER ABOVE THE WATER TABLE. ground-water wells under field conditions (g) Design and construct model well; construct (b) Laboratory project. small -diameter observation wells in field; (c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab., design and construct equipment to be U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado.

Ik2 . . . .

(a) Experimental; "basic and applied research. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, (e) Laboratory model study of infiltration of American Society of Civil Engineers, Oct. fluids from surface pits into a thick un- 1958- Formal report to be prepared. saturated zone above the water table. (g) Model tank designed and constructed; sever- (2U5IO GATE SLOT STUDIES. al test runs with beds of different particle size completed; library research; test (f) Completed. runs photographed by slide and movie. (h) "Hydraulic Characteristics of Gate Slots", Progress report in review. Silent lapse- by J. W. Ball. Paper delivered at American time movie on second phase of model study Society of Civil Engineers convention in completed. Portland, Oregon, June 1958. Reprints are available JOINT INTER-AGENCY INVESTIGATION (2^55) CASA COLORADO CHANNEL ALINEMENT - MIDDLE 12951) A STUDY OF THE DENSITY OF SEDIMENTS DE- RIO GRANDE. POSITED IN RESERVOIRS. (f) 'Completed. (b) Inter-Agency Committee on Water Resources, (h) Report in preparation. Subcommittee on Sedimentation. (c) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, (2^57) EROSION AND TRACTIVE FORCE STUDY OF UNLINED Colorado AND EARTHLINED CANALS. (d) Experimental; applied research and develop-

ment . (f) Field data and laboratory testing completed, (e) Development of a radio-isotope-densitometer (h) Report in preparation. to determine density of deposited sediments in place. (2705) TRINITY DAM - MORNING-GLORY SPILLWAY. (f) Laboratory tests completed. Field tests are now being made by interested agencies. (f) Both model studies completed, (h) "Density Measurement of Saturated Submersed (h) Reports in preparation. Sediment by Gamma. Ray Scattering", Chemical Engineering Laboratory Report No. SI -11, (2712) VAQUERO DAM OUTLET WORKS. U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. (f) Completed. (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Twitchell (Vaquero) Dam Outlet Works." Report Hyd- U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF ^9, by D. Colgate. RECLAMATION. (2718) TRINITY DAM OUTLET WORKS. Inquiries concerning the following projects should be addressed to Mr. Grant Bloodgood, Assistant Com- (f) Completed. missioner and Chief Engineer, Bureau of Reclama- (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Trinity Dam tion, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado. Outlet Works", Report Hyd-^39, by G. L. Beichley. (1502; STABLE CHANNEL STUDIES - TRACTIVE FORCES CANYON DAM SPILLWAY. iea i REQUIRED TO MOVE NONCOHESIVE MATERIALS. (2719) GLEN

(f) Completed. (b) Laboratory project (h) Preparation of report suspended. (d) Experimental; design. (e) The model, built to a scale of 1:63.5, in- (1777) SIPHON SPILLWAY STUDIES, cludes the tunnel spillways on both sides of the river, the curved arch dam, the out- (b) Laboratory project. let works, the powerhouse and a section of (d) Combined field investigation and applied the Colorado River upstream and downstream research; for design. from the dam. The tunnel spillways are (e) Develop an improved design for lower prim- modeled in transparent plastic so that flow ing head and short priming time. Attempts conditions can be thoroughly investigated. be made to design a partialization Other features being studied are the ap- i will device to regulate the discharge of the si- proach channels to the spillway, the dis- phon by means of a self- regulating air in- charge capacity of the spillways, the pres- take, thereby enabling the siphon to oper- sures throughout the spillways, the flip ate more or less continually at reduced buckets and scour at the downstream portal flow rather than intermittently at full of the tunnels, and the effect in the river capacity. when all structures are discharging. (g) Priming head for minimum operating dis- (g) Alinements for the excavated spillway ap- charge has been reduced to 25 percent of proach channels, tunnel transitions between the required in standard design; corre- the spillway crest and the inclined tunnel, sponding discharge is about 20 percent of new type flip buckets in new locations, standard design. and other recommended features and proce- (h) "Some Experiments with Emergency Siphon dures have resulted from the studies. Spillways", by W. B. McBirney, Paper 1807, (h) Report to be prepared.

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(2724) FRICTION FACTOR TEST IN LARGE PRESSURE (2957) PAONIA DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS. CONDUITS - WEBER-COULEE SIPHON. (f Completed. (f) Completed. (h Report in preparation. (h) Report to be prepared. (2958 HOLLOW-JET VALVE STILLING BASINS FOR OUTLET (2952) WOODSTON DIVERSION DAM - GENERAL STUDIES OF WORKS. HEADWORKS AND SLUICEWAY STRUCTURES. (f Completed. (f) Completed. (h Report in preparation. (h) Report in preparation. (2959 STILLING BASINS FOR SLIDE GATE CONTROLLED (2953) STUDIES OF WIND WAVES ON CANALS. OUTLET WORKS.

(t>) Laboratory and field project. (f Tests in progress. (d) Experimental; for design. (h Report to be prepared. (e) Laboratory and field studies are being conducted to develop relationships to predict (2960 FLAMING GORGE DAM SPILLWAY. erosion produced by surface waves on canal, banks. (b Laboratory project. (g) Waves have been measured on field canals, (d Experimental; for design. and wave characteristics have been correlat- (e A 1:36 scale model has been constructed to ed with channel characteristics, and wind develop a satisfactory approach channel, velocity and direction. Tests on earth crest section, tunnel transition and spill- material from one canal have been completed way, flip bucket, and outlet works. in the laboratory flume, and the' data have Tests in progress. been analyzed. Plans are being made to in- A satisfactory approach channel has been de- stall wave and wind recording equipment on veloped, and good flow conditions through

a field canal. . the crest section and transition and through (h) Progress report being prepared. out the spillway have been obtained by the use of an unusual center spillway pier. (2954) GLEN CANYON TUNNEL PLUG OUTLET WORKS. Tests are being continued to determine other hydraulic characteristics of the tunnel spill (b) Laboratory project. way, flip bucket, and outlet works. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Air and hydraulic model studies are being (3266) GRAND VALLEY DIVERSION DAM. made to develop the rectangular bellmouth entrance, the alinement of the 3 conduits (b) Laboratory project. containing 7-x 10.5-foot regulating slide (d) Experimental; for rehabilitation of an gates, and the shape of the flip bucket at older type stilling basin. the end of the 4l-foot diameter tunnel. (e) A 1:30 scale sectional model of the spill- (g) The bellmouth entrance shape and the con- way was constructed to study the adequacy duit alinement have been established. Per- of several methods of placing riprap at the formance is good with symmetrical or unsym- end of the spillway apron to prevent possi- metrical gate operation at heads up to the ble undermining of the spillway apron. maximum of hlO feet. Tests on the flip (f) Completed. bucket are continuing. (g) The tests showed that well graded riprap, (h) Report to be prepared. with at least 75 percent o.f the individual pieces 2 feet or larger in diameter, placed (2955) CAVITATION IN SUDDEN ENLARGEMENTS DOWN- to a depth of about k feet would provide STREAM FROM GATE VALVES. adequate protection. (h) Memorandum report prepared. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; for design. (3267) CANAL INLET AND OUTLET TRANSITION STUDIES (e) Tests are being made at heads from 200 to U00 feet to determine the critical cavita- (b) Laboratory project. tion indexes for gate valves operating at (d) Experimental; for design. partial openings and discharging into pipe (e) Tests are in progress to determine the sections 1.5, l-75> and 2.0 times the nomi- angle of divergence or convergence from nal valve diameter. pipe to canal or vice versa, and the effects (f) Testing in progress, of the slope and elevation of the pipe with (h) Report to be prepared. respect to the canal. (g) Testing in progress. (2956; MURRUMBIDGEE-EUCUMBENE TUNNEL FIXED-WHEEL (h) Report to be prepared. GATE AND STILLING BASIN. (3268) PRINEVTLLE SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS. (f) Completed. (h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Tantangara Dam (b) Laboratory project, Outlet Works," Report Hyd-M+1, by D.Colgate. (d) Experimental; for design. .

(e) A 1:2^ scale model has been constructed and develop the design of the spillway entrance, tested to develop a single stilling "basin the spillway chute, the stilling basin, and satisfactory for both spillway and for out- the auxiliary outlet works tunnel junction let works discharges. Tests on the spillway with the spillway chute. were made to insure optimum flow conditions (f) Testing in progress. throughout the spillway, in the outlet con- (g) Tests are being made to correct the unequal duit, and in the downstream river channel. distribution of flow entering the stilling (f) Testing completed. basin. The poor flow distribution is caused (g) A basin using two dividing walls to direct by the spillway entrance shape and the the outlet works flow through the basin was steep and diverging spillway chute. found satisfactory for either spillway or (h) Report to be prepared. outlet works flows. Pressure cells were used to measure the pressure fluctuation (3273) NAVAJO DAM DIVERSION AND OUTLET WORKS acting on the stilling basin dividing walls STILLING BASIN. and on the chute blocks and baffle piers. (h) Report in preparation. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; for design. (3269) EFFECT OF SHADE PRODUCED BY SUSPENDED SEDI- (e) A 1:24 scale model was constructed to de- MENTS ON THE GROWTH OF AQUATIC WEEDS. velop the stilling basin which will be used first for river diversion flows during the (b) Laboratory project. construction period and, second, as the (d) Experimental; for operation and maintenance. permanent outlet works stilling basin. (e) Three types of aquatic weeds have been (f) Completed. grown in eight 55-gallon drums under vary- (g) A satisfactory basin was developed for the ing concentrations of suspended sodium base diversion flows which could be made over bentonite. Weeds were grown in two drums into the permanent outlet works stilling containing clear water for control and com- basin by the addition of certain concrete parison purposes. features. It will not be necessary to re- (f) It is planned to make tests using a natural move first stage concrete to obtain the reservoir sediment during next growing permanent basin. season. (h) Report to be prepared. (g) Results of completed tests show that sodium base bentonite had little effect on reduc- (3274) CONSTANT HEAD ORIFICE TURNOUT, ing growth of the aquatic weeds tested. (h) Progress report in preparation. (b) Laboratory project. (d) Experimental; applied research for design. (3270) SAN ACACIA DIVERSION - HEADWORKS AND (e) A 24-inch slide gate turnout is being cali- SLUICEWAY. brated by means of a 1:2 scale model. De- sign changes resulting from use of the (b) Laboratory project. turnout have necessitated an analysis and (d) Experimental; for design and rehabilitation. calibration of the variables affecting the (e) A 1:20 undistorted scale, movable bed, hy- discharge capacity. draulic model is proposed to study the (g) Results show that submergence of the ori- headworks and sluiceway. Tests will be fice or of the upstream gate of the two- made to determine the arrangement of struc- gate turnout has a major effect on the dis- tures that will reduce sediment inflow to charge coefficient. A calibration curve a minimum. for a 9-cfs standard turnout and several (f) Model being constructed. comparative calibrations of modified turn- outs have been obtained. (3271) CHANNELIZATION IN ALLUVIAL RIVERS USING (h) Report in progress. STEEL JACKS AND JETTIES. (3275) FRICTION FACTOR TESTS IN LARGE PRESSURE (b) Laboratory project. CONDUITS - EKLUTNA TUNNEL, ALASKA. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Tests are being made on a 1:140 horizontal (b) Laboratory project. and 1:22 vertical scale movable bed model (d) Field investigation; design. to extend studies made under project (2^55)- (e) Extension of data to provide information on The model will have nearly constant jetty friction factors for smooth interior fin- field, channel, and flood plain widths. ishes of concrete that can be consistently Tieback jetties spaced at 500 feet will be produced with present day construction compared with those of lesser spacing to methods. Tests have been completed on a determine their effectiveness. 9-foot inside diameter concrete lined tun- (f) Active; model study being started. nel. Head losses were measured over a length of 2,53^ diameters. Average veloci- (3272) NAVAJO DAM SPILLWAY AND AUXILIARY OUTLET ties of flow were determined from calibrat- WORKS. ed pressure taps in two turbine scroll cases (b) Laboratory project. (f) Tests and data analyses completed. (d) Experimental; for design. (g) Data were obtained for seven test dis- (e) A 1:48 scale model was constructed to charges over a Reynolds Number range of

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5 (a) Experimental; for design. 7.1 x lO to 4.6 x 10 . Friction factors computed from the Darcy-Weisbach equation (e) A l:lQ.k scale model is being used to deter; ranged from 0.017 to O.OlU, respectively. mine the cause of cavitation-eroslon .ex- (h) Report in preparation. perienced on the deflector blocks and flared walls of the stilling basin, and to (3276) FOSS DAM OUTLET WORKS. develop corrective measures (g) Preliminary tests show that cavitation was Laboratory project. caused by excessive flare of training walls (a) Experimental} for design. and by insufficient streamlining of the (e) The design of the outlet works stilling chute blocks "basin was developed on a 1:15 scale model (h) Report to be prepared. This basin must operate satisfactorily for the high tail water which will exist during (3281) ISLAND BEND CONTROL GATES. initial operation of the basin, and for extremely low tail water anticipated after (b) Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Authority, degradation of the downstream channel. Australia. (f) Completed. (a) Experimental; for design. (e) and hydraulic model studies are being (g) Special appurtenances in the basin provide Air satisfactory performance for a tail water made : ( 1 ) to develop a constri cted section range of from 7 to 2k feet. downstream from the gate leaf to permit (h) Report in preparation. control of relatively low flows under high heads, and (2) to determine the cavitation (3277) HYDRAULIC DOWNPULL ON LARGE GATES, index of a fixed-wheel gate. (g) Air tests indicate that a sharp edged ori- (b) Laboratory study. fice is preferable to a constri cted section (d) Compiling past data; for research paper. having a curved entrance. (e) Discussed in the paper are model studies in (h) Report to be prepared. which both the weighing method and the pressure-area computation method were used to determine hydraulic downpull. A detailed account is presented of one model study U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL in which the pressure-area computations BASIN. method alone was employed. Also, methods and results of field measurements are dis- Inquiries concerning the following projects should s cussed. be addressed to the Commanding Officer and Director; (f) Completed. David Taylor Model Basin, Washington 7j D. C. (h) Paper presented at ASCE convention, Port- land, Oregon, June 1958. (709) THEORY OF WAVE RESISTANCE.

(3278) CAVITATION OF CONCRETE SURFACE IRREGULARI- (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. TIES. (d) Hydrodynamic research. (e) A mathematical study of the theory of wave (b) Laboratory project. resistance for the purpose of establishing (d) Experimental; for research. methods for extending the theory to the analysis of ship resistance. Studies will ( e ) The cavitation producing potential of concrete surface irregularities such as abrupt include the general theory of waves in offsets, protruding filler material, bug liquids and will encompass a review of ex- holes, etc., is being investigated. The isting theory and comparisons with existing test apparatus employs full-scale veloci- experimental data. ties and pressures. (g) A synopsis has been written on the applica- (f) Tests are continuing. tion of theory to the calculations of wave resistance. (3279) LITTLE WOOD RIVER SPILLWAY. Calculations were made to obtain general information about wave resistance of sub- (b) Laboratory project. merged bodies of revolution. The forms (a) Experimental; for design. considered are ellipsoids, Rankine ovoids, (e) A 1:2k scale model was used to develop a and a simple family of streamlined bodies. riprap lined trapezoidal stilling basin. A report of this work is to be published. (f) Completed. (h) "The Wave Resistance of a Floating Slender dissertation pre- (g) A minimum stilling basin was developed to Body", by W. E. Cummins, provide satisfactory energy dissipation of sented to American University, May 1956- a nearly horizontal jet emerging from a spillway chute located above the basin (710) RESEARCH ON MAIN INJECTION SCOOPS AND OVER- water surface level. Jet velocities ranged BOARD DISCHARGES. from 30 to 63 fps. (h) No report available. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Hydrodynamic research. (e) Investigations to determine the character- ( 3280 ) GLENDO DAM OUTLET WORKS istics of a broad series of injection (b) Laboratory project. scoops and discharges to provide design

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data for use in design of future high-speed with the results obtained by the English ships tanks. The evaluation of the stimulators (g) An improved method for estimating the used is still continuing. velocity profile and thickness of a ship's boundary layer is being developed. (1511) SERIES 60 SEAWORTHINESS. (h) "Boundary Layer Investigation on the USS ) TIMMERMAN EAG152 ( ex-DD828 ", by C. L. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. Sayre, Jr. and R. J. Duerr, TMB Report (a) Experimental and theoretical. 1170, to be published. (e) Experimental and theoretical investigation "Estimating the Thickness of the Boundary of the effect of changes in certain fea- Layer on the Hull of a Ship", by C. L. tures of hull shape on the seaworthiness Sayre, in preparation. characteristics of a series of ship models. Three single screw ship forms of 0.60, 0.70 (711) CAVITATION RESEARCH. and 0.80 block coefficient have been adopted for this purpose. Tests to determine (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. ,the motion and speed reduction character- (d) Hydrodynamic research. istics of the 0.60 block model were com- (e) Research on the mechanism and effects of pleted. cavitation phenomena including the physics (g) The phase between pitching and heaving mo- and analytical description of steady-state tion affects the seaworthiness character- cavities in real and ideal fluids and in- istics such as wetness, slamming, and vestigations of the inception of cavita- speed reduction. Consequently this phase tion, the growth and collapse processes of relationship was further studied both ex- transient cavities, and the effects of perimentally and theoretically. cavitation on the forces on underwater bodies. Studies will be made on the appli- (1512) EFFECTIVENESS OF BILGE KEELS. cation of linearized theory to problems in cavitation. Additional studies will be (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. made on the effects of roughness elements (d) Experimental testing. on cavitation inception and of body form (e) Measurements of the amplitudes of roll ver- on cavitation and degassing. Cavitating sus rolling moment and frequency at or near vortex cores as produced by shear flows resonance for a ship model with and without will be investigated. Such cavitating bilge keels; the increase in resistance of sources have been observed on appendages a model due to rolling and roll-induced to ships and may be responsible for flow yawing; and the lift, drag, and torque de- noise excitation at high speeds. veloped by fins. Data will be used in (g) In one case the excitation of vibration of arriving at criteria for the design of fin a ship has been traced to cavitation on stabilizers rudder. (See DTMB Report 1188). (f) Completed. (h) "An Investigation of Flow Excitation of (g) Roll tests have been made in the basin on Vibration of the USS FORREST SHERMAN, DD931", a ship model with and without bilge keels by M. S. Mocovsky, R. J. Duerr and D. A. Also, wind tunnel measurements have been Jewell, TMB Report No. 1188, August 1958. made to determine the effect of variation in fin stabilizers on lift, drag, and (1506) STIMULATION OF TURBULENCE ON SHIP MODELS. torque characteristics.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. MANEUVERING CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE-SCREW (d) Frictional resistance research. VESSELS. (e) Development of a turbulence stimulating device which will insure adequate turbulence Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. in the boundary layer over the entire length (a) Experimental testing. of any ship model. Empirical and theoreti- (e) Measurements of side forces on propeller, cal studies will be conducted to evaluate rudder, and hull of a single-screw ship the relative effectiveness of turbulence model during successive phases of starting, rods, trip wires, sand roughness, isolated stopping, and backing maneuvers. stubs, noise makers and vibrators. Their (f) Inactive. relative effectiveness will be calculated (g) A test program has been formulated. A side- by studying the model resistance and the force dynamometer has been designed and character of the boundary layer flow around completed. Testing is expected to begin ship models as determined by the dye-method, when priority considerations permit. the chemical compound, and the hot-wire survey method. (1517) VORTEX-EXCITED BODIES IN A MOVING STREAM. (f) Suspended. (g) The work of the previous year was devoted (b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin. to the study of the stimulating effect of (d) Experimental; basic research. studs and the development of the technique (e) Measurements have been made of fluctuating of the chemical compound. The effect of lift and drag forces on 2 in. and k in. various stimulators on the BSRA model has circular cylinders towed in miniature Model been established and the evaluations work Basin. Further work will include wind will compare the results for each stimulator tunnel investigations of the relationship . " .

between Strouhal number and shape for a (a) Hyaroaynamic research. family of struts in an attempt to correlate (e) Investigations of the characteristics of

wake frequency and shape parameters . In unaerwater noise associatea with various addition, an investigation will be made of hyaroaynamic phenomena such as cavitation, the spanwise correlation of vortex shedding bubble oscillation, turbulence ana splash- on circular cylinders as a function of ing. Reynolds number. (g) Experimental ana theoretical studies have (f) Completed. Further work being performed been maae of noise proaucea by cavitation, under new item entitled, "Hydroelastic splashing, oscillating air bubbles, ana Problems . turbulence. (g) For a rigid cylinder fluctuating lift coef- (h) "Measurements of Noise from Cavitating ficients of the same order of magnitude as Submergea Water Jets," by D. W. Jorgensen, the steady drag coefficient have been found November 1958, TMB Report 1126. in the sub-critical range of Raynolds num- "Pressure Fluctuations on a Wall Aajacent bers. There is evidence for lack of two- to a Turbulent Bounaary Layer, " by M. dimensionality in the vortex shedding. Harrison, TMB Report 1260, December 1958. (h) "Vortex-Induced Vibration Studies," by M.S. Macovsky, TMB Report 1190, July 1958. (1779) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS.

(1521) 36-INCH VARIABLE PRESSURE WATER TUNNEL. (b) Bureau of Ships; Davia Taylor Moael Basin. (a) Frictional resistance research. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin, (e) A theoretical ana experimental investiga- (a) New facility. tion of the velocity profile ana wall (e) Design ana construction of a 36-inch varia- shearing stresses in turbulent bounaary ble pressure water tunnel for investigation layer. In oraer to proviae a simple ana of propulsion, cavitation, ana noise char- accurate aetermination of shear stress at acteristics of propellers as well as tests the wall, the use of surface tube technique on sub-surface boaies. Interchangeable for measuring this characteristic has been test sections o.f open ana closea jet type investigatea in both zero ana aaverse pres- will be proviaea. The maximum aesign speea sure graaients. is 85 f.p.s. (g) Estimatea completion is summer of 1959- (1780) BUBBLE FLOW STUDIES.

(1522) WAVEMAKER STUDIES. (b) Bureau of Ships; Davia Taylor Moael Basin. (a) Hyaroaynamic research. 00 Bureau of Ships; Davia Taylor Moael Basin. (e) Theoretical computations of bubble paths (a) Hyaroaynamic research ana facility aevelop- for various shapes to aetermine points of ment collision ana conaitions for non-collision (e) Theoretical ana experimental studies of will be maae. The validity of the theory surface wave generators to aevelop criteria will be checkea experimentally in a few for the aesign ana construction of a large- cases scale wavemaker installation. A program (h) "Motion of Rigia ana Fluia Spheres in Sta- of research on wave absorbers is also unaer- tionary ana Moving Liquias Insiae Cylindri- way. Prerequisite to this latter investi- cal Tubes," by W.L. Haberman and R.M. Sayre, gation is the aevelopment of practical TMB Report 11^3, October 1958. means for evaluating the effectiveness of a given absorber. (1781) ROTATING -ARM AND MANEUVERING BASIN. (f) Completea. (g) A small pilot moael of a pneumatic wave- (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. maker has been aevelopea ana successfully (d) New facility. operatea. Improvement has been maae in (e) Design ana construction of a circular basin the means of controlling amplituae ana fre- of 260-foot diameter with a rotating arm quency of generatea waves. A much larger whose raaius can be variea from 18 to 120 pneumatic wavemaker has been installea in feet. To be usea for towing tests of sur- the 1^0- foot moael basin, ana has been in face ana sub-surface moaels. Also, aesign regular operation generating waves for ana construction of a maneuvering basin 350 ship moael tests. A 51-foot wiae pneumatic feet long ana 230 feet wiae, equlppea with wavemaker has been installea in the aeep traveling briage ana towing carriages, ana water basin. A methoa of making measure- wavemakers for the purpose of making maneu- ments ana aetermining wave absorption char- vering tests on ship moaels. acteristics therefrom has been aevelopea (g) Construction contract awaraea in May 1956 analytically. The accuracy with which wave with a completion aate in early 1959- height can be aetenninea has been improvea by the aevelopment of an electronic wave- (1782) SHIP MOTIONS. height recoraer which operates on a change of capacitance principle. (b) Bureau of Ships; Davia Taylor Moael Basin, (a) Appliea research. (1778) HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE. (e) Determination of ship motions in a regular seaway when coupling exists between heave (b) Bureau of Ships; Davia Taylor moael Basin. ana pitch. The work is to be basea on the

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linear theory and is a continuation of "Experiments on Rotational Impact," by F. N work on uncoupled motion. It is intended Schwartz and M. D. Bledsoe, TMB Report 111+5 to extend the applicability of the linear (in review). theory to a larger number of vessels of various type. (1788) WAX DEVELOPMENT. (f) Inactive. (b) David Taylor Model Basin. (1783) MATHEMATICAL SHIP LINES. (d) Experimental testing. (e) Development of a wax composition and manu- (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. facturing techniques for the manufacture of (d) Theoretical research. ship models up to 30 ft. on water-line (e) Development of a suitable method for the length mathematical determination of ship lines (f) Completed. which can he applied to a wide variety of (g) The blend developed is entirely suited to ship forms especially to those of modern the climatic conditions existing in Wash., design. D.C. The strength of this material is such (g) A method has been developed for the mathe- that all types of models, including sub- matical fairing of graphical lines. This marines, may be constructed and handled is a first step toward the development of with no greater care than is given to corre a flexible system of mathematical ship sponding wood models. Ninety-one models, lines. Future work is directed toward the varying in length between 19 and 2k ft. and development of a system of mathematical in weight between 1,000 and ^+,500 lbs., and lines which will permit the derivation of four 30 ft. models have been successfully a hull form for a given set of parameters manufactured and tested since the development of this new wax blend. The introduc- (1786) STUDIES OF THE SLAMMING OF SHIPS. tion of wax model construction technique has resulted in a substantial saving in (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. time and cost of ship model manufacturing (d) Experimental and theoretical. at TMB. (e) Computations and measurements of the maxi- (h) The following reports are being reviewed mum pressure and impact forces on the bot- prior to publication: toms of slamming ships for the purpose of "The Development of a N-Butyl Methacrylate developing design criteria to effect their Wax Blend for Manufacturing Wax Models at reduction. TMB," by W. Hinterthan. (g) Studies with ship models were made to de- "Development and Application of a Wax Com- termine hydrodynamic impact forces on position for the Manufacture of Experiment Ship Models," Hinterthan. ships . Regular and confused seas were al by H. studied to determine conditions favorable "Methods to be Followed in the Blending of for slamming. Wax for TMB Wax Model Production, " Memo- (h) "Preliminary Experimental Investigation of randum, by W. Hinterthan. Slamming," by V.G. Szebehely and S. H. Brooks, July 1952, TMB Report 812. (1789) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON SHIP MODELS. "Hydrodynamics of Slamming Ships," by V. G. Szebehely, July 1952, TMB Report 823. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. "Hydrodynamic Approach to the Slamming of (d) Experimental and theoretical research. Ships," V.G. Szebehely, Second Midwestern (e) Measurements of pressure distribution and Conference on Fluid Mechanics, Proceedings, resistance with photographs of wave pro- page 89-97, 1952. files and flow lines for a series of ship "Slamming Due to Pure Pitching Motion, " by models . Attempt will be made to develop M.A. Todd, January 1955, TMB Report 883. methods of calculation suitable for high "Ship Slamming in Head Seas," by V. G. speed computors. Szebehely and M.A. Todd, February 1955 (g) A bank of diaphragm type pressure gages TMB Report 913. has been constructed to determine the "Model Experiments of Slamming of a Liberty pressure distributions, and tests on a Ship in Head Seas," V.G. Szebehely and specific model are in progress. S.M.Y. Lum, February 1955, TMB Report 91I+. "Progress in Theoretical and Experimental (2018) SERIES 60 - RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS RELATED Studies of Ship Slamming," V.G. Szebehely. HULL FORMS. Conference on Ships and Waves, Council on Wave Research, 195^- (b) Bureau of Ships; Maritime Commission; David "On Slamming," by V.G. Szebehely, M.A. Taylor Model Basin. Todd, S.M.Y. Lum. Seventh International (d) Experimental testing. Conference on Ship Hydrodynamics, 195^- (e) The dependance of resistance upon the coef- "Slamming Pressures on Series 60 Forms," ficients of hull form for a practical range by M.D. Bledsoe (to be published), TMB of single-screw ship forms is to be deter- Report 99^. mined. The history of the project, the "Hydrodynamic Impact Measurements," by scope of the proposed series is given in V.G. Szebehely and E.E. Zarnick, First (h) for Series 57. The resistance results Conference on Coastal Engineering Instru- of the original Series 57 models were some- ments, 1955- what disappointing and therefore careful

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thought was given to the problem of improv- (2230) THEORY OF SEAWORTHINESS ing the original parents. As a result, new parent forms have "been drawn out, together (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. with necessary contours and models run for U) Hydrodynamic research. resistance. The new family was designated (e) A theoretical and experimental study of number Series 60. factors affecting the seaworthiness of (f) Completed. ships, for the purpose of developing pro- (g) It is believed that the new Series 60 con- cedures for predicting their motion. tours now are such as to justify their use (g) Tests have been completed on two geomet- as a starting point for future research in rically similar ship models of different a number of fields. Suggestions as to such lengths. The analysis of these tests will systematic research were made in the earlier aid in estimating the validity of model paper, and include the evaluation of the tests for predicting full scale behavior. effect of LCB position, L/B and B/H ratios A ship model has been oscillated in heave etc and pitch to determine the dependency of the damping and added mass forces on speed, (2019) PROPELLER EXCITED VIBRATION. frequency and amplitude of oscillation. Comparisons will be made with theoretical (b) David Taylor Model Basin and Society of methods currently used to compute these Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. forces (d) Experimental; basic research. (h) "A Study of the Transient Pitching Oscilla- (e) Investigation, measurement and prediction tions of a Ship," Thesis, Univ. of Maryland, of propeller excited vibratory forces on August 1957. ship models (g) Development of instrumentation and testing (2231) HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS STUDIES. techniques for a single screw vessel is nearing completion. During the past year 00 Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. tests were conducted to measure the hydro- (d) Frictional resistance research. dynamic transmission to the hull of vibra- (e) Theoretical and experimental research on tory forces induced by the propeller of a methods for analyzing and predicting the model of the "Gopher Mariner." The primary frictional resistance of arbitrary rough objective was to refine the instrumentation surfaces, especially the painted surfaces and techniques sufficiently to obtain re- of ship hulls. The geometrical character- petitive results. This has been accom- istics of arbitrary rough surfaces are to plished and it should now be possible to be analyzed by amplitude- frequency spectra compare the vibratory characteristics of while the hydrodynamic characteristics are models of similar type and dimensions. An to be analyzed by similarity laws extrapolation of data, using the third (g) The low frequency characteristics of the power of the linear ratio yields higher roughness records necessitate the develop- values of force than were measured in full ment of a low frequency spectrum analyzer. scale trials of the Gopher Mariner. The analytical procedures for predicting Measurement of instantaneous pressure have the frictional resistance of arbitrary been made on the hull of the USS TIMMERMAN rough surfaces from similarity laws have and on the hull ci' a 30 foot model of that been completed. A method has been derived vessel. Preliminary data Indicates that for predicting full scale resistance of the model measurements when similarly ex- arbitrary rough surfaces from tests of mod- trapolated also produce higher values than el plates. Relations for the local skin were measured on board ship. friction and shape parameter have been derived for use in calculating the develop- (2229) NEAR SURFACE EFFECTS. ment of turbulent boundary layers in pressure gradients for rough surfaces. Bounda- (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. ry layer measurements are being made in a (d) Hydrodynami c research. wind tunnel on randomly rough surfaces (e) A mathematical study of the forces and mo- using a floating element dynamometer. ments acting on bodies due to the proximity 00 "The Frictional Resistance and Turbulent of a free surface. The studies will in- Boundary of Rough Surfaces," by P. S. clude both the case in which the surface Granville, TMB Report 1024, June 1958. is initially undisturbed and the case in which there are disturbances originating (2232) PRESSURE AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS ON TWO- at a distance. DIMENSIONAL AND AXISYMMETRIC THREE- .(g) Methods have been developed for computing DIMENSIONAL FORMS. the forces and moments acting on bodies of revolution, both due to waves generated by 00 Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. the body itself and to regular trains of U) Potential flow research. waves (e) Investigate analytic techniques for deter- (h) 'The Forces and Moments Acting on a Body of mining the pressure and velocity distribu- Revolution Moving in an Arbitrary Potential tion on two-dimensional and axisymmetric Stream," by W.E. Cummins, Journal of Ship three-dimensional forms. The solution is Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1957, TMB Report to be amenable to coding for UNIVAC compu- 780. tation.

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(g) An iterative solution has been developed research. and coded for the UNIVAC. The pressure (e) Studies of the oscillating pressures on distribution for a number of bodies whose boundaries and in the free space produced pressure distribution is known have been by propeller operation. The purpose of the completed and verified. Some difficulty is work is to determine the magnitude of the experienced however, with convergence in hydrodynamic propeller excited vibratory certain portions of the calculations. forces acting on ship's hulls and the effect of operating parameters. (2233) THE STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE IN BOUNDARY (f) Completed. LAYERS AND WAKES. (g) Experimental results have been completed. (h) "The Measurement of Thrust Fluctuation and (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. Free-Space .Oscillating Pressures for a (d) Turbulence research. Propeller," by A. J. Tachmindji and M. C. (e) A study to investigate the behavior of the Dickerson, DTMB Report 1107, January 1957. basic turbulence quantities in boundary "The Measurement of Oscillating Pressures layer and wake flows. Investigations of in the Vicinity of a Propeller, " b^ A. J. the effect of background turbulence level Tachmindji and M. C. Dickerson, DTMB Report on the turbulence characteristics of the 1130, April 1957- wake behind two-dimensional forms and circular disks will be continued. Systematic (2237) LIFTING SURFACE THEORY OF PROPELLERS. measurements of a turbulent boundary layer in adverse pressure gradients will be (b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships. undertaken. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (g) Experimental results indicate that the in- (e) Studies of the corrections on lifting line tensity decay and width increase of the theory which arise from the finite extent turbulent wake in its downstream course of the blades. behind three-dimensional bluff bodies (f) Application of an approximate lifting sur- (discs and plates) are in agreement with face theory is completed. Development of those theoretically predicted. Future a rigorous theory temporarily inactive. tests will be extended to include practical (g) The available results are being applied to configurations which will be investigated propeller design methods. in both unpowered and powered conditions (h) "Propeller Induction Factors," by W. B. Measurements of a turbulent boundary layer Morgan, TMB Report 1183. in adverse pressure gradients include precise velocity profiles, local skin-friction (2238) THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF SHIFTING measurements with surface tubes, and hot- THE LONGITUDINAL CENTER-OF-BOUYANCY (LCB) wire anemometry. UPON THE RESISTANCE AND PROPULSIVE CHARAC- TERISTICS OF VARIOUS RELATED HULL FORM OF (2234) SURFACE WAKES BEHIND TOWED STRUTS. SERIES 60.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (b) David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Hydrodynamic research. (d) Experimental testing.

(e) Research on the mechanism of plume and ( e ) Four models for each of the five block wake formation of surface piercing struts, coefficients, to which the parent models including the determination of wave drag, were built, were constructed from the Se- spray drag, and induced drag for geometri- ries 60 contours. Resistance tests were cally varied series. conducted for each of these hulls to find (f) Inactive. the effect on resistance of varying the (g) Tests on a series of struts have been com- LCB. Concurrently, the relation between pleted. the propulsion coefficients and LCB position was obtained from propulsion tests. (2235) LIBERTY SHIP SEAWORTHINESS. (f) Completed. (g) The effect of the LCB positioning on the (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. propulsive coefficients has been obtained. (d) Experimental and theoretical. Also an optimum location of LCB for each (e) Thorough seaworthiness investigations of a block coefficient, of this series, has been Liberty Ship and a modified Liberty Ship established from the resistance character- Hull. The aspects of this investigation istics of this hull. includes speed reduction, ship motion, and slamming. Model experiments have been con- (2239) PROPULSIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS ducted with 5-foot models in waves. This RELATED HULL FORMS - SERIES 60. work will be extended to 20-foot models and full-scale sea trials. (b) Bureau of Ships; Maritime Commission; David (f) Inactive. Taylor Model Basin. (d) Experimental testing. (2236) OSCILLATING PRESSURES IN THE VICINITY OF (e) The dependance of propulsion characteristics PROPELLERS upon the coefficients of hull form and propeller diameter for a practical range of (b) David Taylor Model Basin. single-screw ship forms are to be determin- (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied ed. Series 60 parent models are used for

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this project. INSTRUMENTATION FOR SHIP MODEL TESTS IN (f) Completed. WAVES. (g) The dependance of wake, thrust deduction, propulsive coefficient, etc. upon the block (b) David Taylor Model Basin laboratory project; coefficient, propeller diameter, trim etc. specifically for TMB's proposed Maneuvering has been obtained. Basin. (d) Experimental and theoretical. (2462) PITCH REDUCTION STUDIES. (e) The purpose of the equipment and instrumentation is respectively, to tow models in (b) Bureau of Ships. waves and to measure and record various (d) Experimental and theoretical. types of model motions. Surface models will (e) To investigate the effect of horizontal fin be tested under partially- restrained condi- appendages on the motion of surface ships tions, the restraints being those of yaw in a seaway. A motion prediction theory is and sway; or, of yaw, sway, and roll. Mod- being developed and experimental investiga- el tests will be conducted in head and tions will be conducted. following seas (h) "Model Experiments with Fixed Bow Anti- (f) Specifications were completed while the de- pitching Fins," by G. P. St e fun, TMB Report sign of the equipment and instrumentation 1118, submitted to the Journal of Ship is being done presently. Research. (2467) DEVELOPMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH (2463) STUDIES OF LOW ASPECT-RATIO CONTROL SUR- VESSEL. FACES. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (b) David Taylor Model Basin; laboratory pro- (d) Experimental and theoretical. ject. (e) Prediction and experimental determination (d) Experimental investigation; basic research. of the motion of research vessel in seaway. (e) Determine the aerodynamic characteristics (f) Completed. of a family of low aspect-ratio control surfaces which can be used by the designer (2468) EFFECT OF WAVES ON STANDARDIZATION TRIALS. of submarines and surface ships Phase I is an investigation of a family of (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. all-movable control -surfaces. Phase II is (d) Experimental. an investigation of the same family with (e) To establish a method for determining the plain flaps of different chord length. conditions under which standardization (f) Phase I, completed; Phase II, active. trials might be adversely affected. Experi- (g) The results of Phase I indicate that many mental studies are underway on models of of the aerodynamic characteristics of low three typical vessels of varying block aspect-ratio surfaces can be accurately coefficients to determine the combination predicted from lifting surface theory. of speed, wave length and wave height which (h) The results of Phase I and comparisons with influence smooth water speed. As a by- lifting surface theory are presented in product, this work will furnish general in- DTMB Report No. 933. formation on factors governing speed reduction in a seaway. A theoretical method has (2k6k) THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF CHANGING been developed to determine added resistance THE LENGTH TO BEAM (L/B) AND BEAM TO DRAFT due to waves. It is intended to compare (B/H) ON THE RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND experiment with theory. PROPULSIVE COEFFICIENTS FOR THE VARIOUS (f) Completed. RELATED HULL FORMS OF SERIES 60. (h) "Speed Reduction in Waves," by Margaret D. Bledsoe, TMB Report IO83 (awaiting publica- (b) David Taylor Model Basin. tion). (d) Experimental testing. (e) For each block coefficient (Cg) models are (2469) INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON TESTS - SEAWORTHI- being built from the offsets of the model NESS. with the optimum location of the longitudinal center-of-bouyancy. This model will (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin have been established by the program - "The Laboratory project. Evaluation of the Effect of Shifting the (d) Experimental and theoretical. Longitudinal Center-of-Bouyancy upon the (e) To obtain seaworthiness information for Resistance and Propulsive Characteristics comparison purposes by means of a 10 foot of Various Related Hull Forms of Series 60." fiber glass plastic self-propelled model of (f) Completed. the Series 60, 1.60 block coefficient form. (h) "Series 60 - The Effect Upon Resistance and The effect of self-propulsion on the motion Power of Variation in Ship Proportions," by and speed reduction characteristics of this Dr. F. H. Todd, Mr. G. R. Stuntz, and Dr. model is compared with the effects previous- P. C. Pi en, Society of Naval Architects and ly studied by means of a gravity type tow- Marine Engineers paper was presented during ing arrangement. Comparison between re- November 1957 meeting. sults obtained in three large basins (DTMB, Wageningen, Haslar), equipped to handle 10 (2466) TOWING EQUIPMENT AND MOTION RECORDING foot self-propelled models, will also be

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made Conference. (h) "Scale Effects on Ship Motions," "by V. G. (d) Theoretical; basic research. Szebehely and G. P. Stefun, TMB Report 1099, (e) Representatives of the various towing tanks Sept. 1957- of the ITTC have been unable to agree on a friction line. The Skin Friction Committee (2^70) CAVITY RESONANCE. of the ITTC was therefore directed to develop a universally acceptable "Engineering (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. Line" for use in extrapolating from ship (d) Experimental and theoretical investigation models to full-scale. Model resistance of the excitation of cavity resonance by data for geosim series are therefore being fluid flow. assembled and analyzed according to each of (e) Studies to determine the mechanism of ex- several currently proposed friction lines. citation of the cavity resonance "by fluid Resistance data for geosim models tested at flow past orifice will he undertaken. The TMB are being distributed to other basins experimental investigation will employ the for analysis and TMB will analyze all low turbulence wind tunnel. The amplitude model data from other tanks using the of pressure fluctuations in the cavity will Schoenherr formula. be investigated as function of the size, (f) Completed. shape and number of orifices, as well as (g) According to present status, the Schoenherr the turbulence characteristics in the line seems to represent a reliable average boundary layer flow. friction line.

(2V71) THEORY OF CONTRA-ROTATING PROPELLERS. (2k7h) CALCULATION OF GOLDSTEIN FACTORS FOR 3, k, 5 AND 6 BLADED PROPELLERS. (b) Cooperative with the Bureau of Ships. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships. (d) Theoretical; applied research. ( e ) Studies of the theory of contra-rotating propellers without assumptions regarding (e) Calculation of Goldstein factors, particu- the orientation of the resultant induced larly for the case of large advance ratios velocity. where the approximations made in the origi- (g) Application to open water and wake adapted nal equations are not valid. propellers (f) Completed. (h) "Effect of Propeller Pitch Changes on Torque (g) Application to propeller design. Unbalance of Contra-Rotating Propellers," (h) "The Calculations of Goldstein Factors for by W. B. Morgan, DTMB Report 112k, March Three, Four, Five and Six Bladed Propel- 1957. lers," by A.J. Tachmindji and A.B. Milam DTMB Report No. 103^. (21+72) COOPERATIVE TESTS ON A VICTORY SHIP DESIGN. (2727) THE EFFECT OF HUB DIAMETER ON THE OPTIMUM (b) David Taylor Model Basin: Skin Friction DISTRIBUTION OF CIRCULATION OF PROPELLERS. Committee of the International Towing Tank Conference. (b) David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Experimental testing; basic research. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) The investigation was authorized by the (e) Studies of the effect of hub diameters on International Committee on "Scale Effect on the optimum distribution of circulation. Propellers," and on "Self-Propulsion Fac- (g) Calculations have been completed. tors" as part of the international coop- (h) "The Calculation of the Circulation Dis- erative test program in ship basins. The tribution for Propellers with Finite Hub International Committee will compare the Having Three, Four, Five and Six Blades," results from the various basins and present by A.J. Tachmindji and A.B. Milam, DTMB a report to the coming International Con- Report llUl, July 1957 and International ference. The tests will be carried out Shipbuilding Progress, September 1957- with a wax model of scale 1:23 equipped "The Ideal Efficiency of Optimum Propellers with different kinds of stimulators. The Having Finite Hubs and Finite Number of friction corrections will be calculated by Blades," by J. W. Shultz,Jr., DTMB Report the various basins according to their 1148, July 1957. methods (g) The specified program of model testing has (2728) SEAWORTHINESS OF U. S. COAST GUARD VESSELS. been completed. The required calculation for the power predictions have to be done (b) U. S. Coast Guard; David Taylor Model Basin. before the evaluation work can proceed. (d) Experimental (research and development). (h) Results have been reported to the Inter- (e) Three designs for a l60 ft. Water Patrol national Towing Conference. A TMB Report Craft were investigated for seaworthiness is being prepared comparing TMB results characteristics. Experiments were conduct- with those of other basins. ed for several wave conditions in order to determine the best design with respect to (21+73) FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF GEOSIM MODELS. amplitudes of motions and accelerations, speed reduction in waves, wetness, etc. (b) David Taylor Model Basin; Skin Friction (g) The effect of the LCB positioning on the Committee of the International Towing Tank propulsive coefficients has been obtained.

153 Also an optimum location of LCB for each the United States Navy with three destroyers. block coefficient, of this series, has (f) Completed. been established from the resistance (g) Measurements were made of motions of slam- characteristics of this hull, ming pressures and of stresses. These were (h) "Series 60 - The Effect Upon Resistance and analyzed to determine the effect of the Power of Variation in LCB Position," by seaway, of speed and of relative course. Dr. F.H. Todd and P.C. Pien, A Society of Evaluation of the three vessels was made Naval Architects and Marine Engineers based on the foregoing. paper, May 1956. (h) Proceedings Symposium on the Behavior of Ships in a Seaway, September 7th - 10th, (2729) HULL FORM RESEARCH BY USING A FLEXIBLE H. Veenman and Zonen - Wageningen. MODEL. (2963) SHIP MOTIONS. (b) David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Development and experimental work. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (e) A flexible model which can be quickly (d) Applied research. changed to have any fullness and any shape (e) Outline of a method for testing models in of section area curve is to be developed confused seas and for reducing the observed first. The effect of section area curve data to given standard conditions. The in-

parameters, such as t t C , C , troduction of standard conditions is neces- ? , A , pF upon resistance will be sary for the proper interpretation of ex- L , Xj,, X^, etc., systematically investigated by using this periments and for the purpose of comparing

flexible model, . one model against another . The method will (g) The flexible model has been built and ex- also allow predicting the behavior of the perimental test work begun. Thirty re- same model in other seaways which depart sistance tests have been conducted during not too strongly from the test conditions. the past fiscal year. Preliminary work (f) Completed. with this flexible model indicates Its (h) Proceedings Symposium on the Behavior of adaptability for this work is satisfactory. Ships in a Seaway, September 7th - 10th, An analysis of the test results has not 1957.> H- Veenman and Zonen - Wageningen. been completed. (2966) STUDY OF BOUNDARY LAYERS OF SUBMERGED (2730) MOLECULAR - PHYSICAL SKIN EFFECT. BODIES OF REVOLUTION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Experimental applied research. (d) Theoretical and experimental basic research. (e) The frictional resistance of a "new" plate - (e) Experiments have been carried out on an consisting of a special molecular coating elongated body of revolution in 8 x 10 ft. will be compared with the frictional re- subsonic wind tunnel. The model consists sistance of a hydraulically smooth brass of a basic body of revolution with remova- plate and of a mirror smooth glass plate. ble model deck, conning tower, and tail The test equipment will be designed and control surfaces, to simulate the geometri- constructed to study wave and spray forma- cal form of a submarine. The measurements tion for the determination of the true consisted of boundary layer survey and wetted surface. The plate will be tested local skin friction measurements by surface with maximum speed of 15.O knots and with pitot tubes at various angular locations various stimulation devices. throughout a range of speeds. Comparison (g) The Nikuradse coated plates have been is being made with full scale results. tested. Significant resistance differences (h) "Measurement of Boundary Layer and Local between coated and non-coated plates have Turbulent Skin Friction on a Particular been measured on a coated brass plate and Body of Revolution," by E.Y. Hsu, TMB Re- an uncoated aluminum plate. Since the con- port 892 (1958). tours of the leading and trailing edges of the two plates vary considerably a doubt (2967) CONTROL SURFACE FLUTTER. is raised at whether the coating or the difference in the contours caused the re- (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. sistance differences. A stainless steel (d) Experimental and theoretical basic investi- plate having the same contours as the coat- gation. ed brass plate has been constructed and (e) Experiments are being conducted with a tested. The resistance of this plate has flutter apparatus to determine flutter been obtained and the relation between the speeds as a function of inertias, spring coated and uncoated plate will be the sub- and damping constants. The results will be ject of an additional report. compared with a simplified rudder flutter analysis which can then be applied to de- (2962) SHIP MOTION. sign procedures. (g) Computation underway. Testing complete. (b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin. (h) "A Control Surface Flutter Study in the (d) Field investigation (full scale trials). Field of Naval Architecture," by R. T. (e) An account of seakeeping trials carried out McGoldrick, and D.A. Jewell, DTMB Report jointly by the Royal Netherlands Navy and 1222 in preparation.

15^ . . . .

(2969) FLOW STUDIES ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL FORMS. distribution is in excellent agreement with a theoretically calculated distribution. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. Numerical integration yields a total thrust- (d) Experimental and theoretical basic research. load coefficient which is in good agreement (e) Pressure distributions and flow studies with propulsion test results, have been made in a wind tunnel on several (h) "The Radial Distribution of Propeller Thrust shapes similar to those of certain sonar from Model Wake Measurements," by John L. domes. Data will be used in predicting Beveridge, DTMB Report No. H36, October those conditions of ship speed, yaw and 1958 (in preparation). pitch which are conducive to cavitation on sonar domes. (3283) FUNDAMENTAL HYDROMECHANICS RESEARCH (h) "Pressure Distribution About Four Sonar Domes," by R. D. Cahn (report in prepara- (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

tion ) (d) Applied research. (e) Survey of work carried out under Bureau of (2970) STUDIES OF HYDRODYNAMIC LOADING ON BARE AND Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research FAIRED CABLES. Program. (g) Survey includes results obtained during the (b) David Taylor Model Basin. period of 1952 to present. (d) Experimental investigation; basic research. (h) To be published in Journal of Ship Research, (e) Measure the tangential and normal hydrody- SNAME, beginning August 1959- namic forces acting on a long cylinder towed at various angles to the stream over (328k) HYDROFOIL SUPPORTED CRAFT. a range of Reynolds numbers. Tests will

be made with various degrees of roughness (b) ~ Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin. simulating stranded cable, and various (d) Experimental and theoretical applied re- trailing-type fairing designs. search. (e) Obtain hydrofoil craft design criteria by (2971) FULL SCALE TRIAL AND MODEL PREDICTION determining steady and unsteady forces on CORRELATION. and motions of single and multiple hydrofoil configurations under the influence of (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. waves, ventilation, cavitation and mutual (d) Experimental testing and re-evaluation of interference existing test data. (e) The accuracy of full scale power predic- (3285) HYDROELASTIC PROBLEMS. tions from model test results depends upon the selection of the proper roughness allow- (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

ance ( AC ) to be used in model calculations. (d) Theoretical and experimental. The results of approximately 32 trial corre- (e) Theoretical and experimental investigations lation tests will be analyzed and new model will be made of the interaction of fluctua- tests conducted to compile data on the ting flows and the elastic motion of bodies. variation of AC^ with ship type. Experiments will include: correlation of (g) This work has been started and is scheduled shedding frequency and geometrical parame- for completion by July 1958- The presenta- ters of struts; span-wise correlation of tion of a paper to the Society of Naval fluctuations in flow as a function of Architects and Marine Engineers is projected. Reynolds number and examination of the parameters affecting the elastic response (3282) RADIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PROPELLER THRUST of rudder-like forms FROM MODEL WAKE MEASUREMENTS. (3286) THEORY OF SUPERCAVTTATING PROPELLERS. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Experimental; applied research. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (e) Information concerning the radial distribu- (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- tion of thrust is needed for a propeller search. operating behind a submerged body of revo- (e) Studies and design of propellers designed lution. The results of theory and experi- to operate at high speeds. ment are compared. The experimental thrust (g) The prediction and experimental confirma- distribution was obtained from the axial tion of the performance of such propellers momentum equation by applying appropriate have been completed. corrections for slip stream rotation and (h) "The Design and Performance of Supercavitat- contraction. The theoretical thrust dis- ing Propellers," by A.J. Tachmindji et al, tribution was obtained from the circulation TMB Report C-807 (Unclassified). distribution of the propeller with a finite "Supercavitating Flow Past Bodies with hub. Finite Edge Thickness," by J.N. Newman, (f) Completed. TMB Report 108l. (g) The radial distribution of propeller thrust- "Centroid and Moments of Inertia of SC load coefficient is calculated from experi- Sections," by W. B. Morgan, TMB Report 1193- mental wake data obtained from towed and "Optimum SC Section," by W. B. Morgan, TMB self-propulsion tests on a body of revolu- Report C-856. tion. The experimentally obtained thrust "The Design and Estimated Performance of a

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514561 0 - 59 - 12 Series of Supercavitating Propellers", by (h) "Motions of the SS SILVER MARINER in a State A. J. Tachmindji and W. B. Morgan, paper 5 Sea", by N. H. Jasper and B. M. Wigle, to Second Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, TMB Report IO67, October 1956. August 1958. "Technique for Conducting Full Scale Sea- worthiness Trials", Ships F-56, Bureau of (3287) EFFECT OF STERN MODIFICATION TO A SERIES Ships Technical Film Report, Feb. 1957- 60 VESSEL, RESISTANCE POWERING, WAKE DIS- TRIBUTION AND PROPELLER INDUCE VIBRATION. (3290) THE GENERATION OF OBLIQUE WAVES IN THE MODEL TANK. (b) David Taylor Model Basin; Maritime Adminis- tration. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (d) Experimental testing and evaluation of (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic data for basic research. research. (e) Models representing specific variations in (e) The mathematics of mechanical oblique wave stern shapes and designed for special in- generation is discussed within the frame- strumentation installation will "be built. work of some simplifying assumptions. The The basic design will be the Series 60, limiting oblique angle of generation as a 0.70 Block Coefficient Parent. Six other function of wave length and wave generator forms will be derived having systematic length is determined. The phase differences

changes in section shapes ( from extreme V between waves from adjacent wavemakers re- to extreme U) and for variation in water- quired to produce oblique wave fronts, for

line endings ( from fine to blunt ) . An different wavelengths are determined. A attempt will be made to develop formula- laboratory experiment is used to illustrate tion to mathematically express the stern the properties of oblique waves in model variations from the parent. tanks. The limitations on oblique wave (g) The basic model has been constructed and generation are discussed. powering data has been obtained. (f) Completed. (g) (a) Maximum oblique angles for the TMB 0 (3288) SHIP STABILIZATION. Maneuvering Basin are determined; 38 for a wave length of ^0 feet, less for shorter (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. wavelengths - similar results for any tank (d) Theoretical; applied research. are found; (b) direction of travel of (e) The roll response of an AK cargo vessel oblique waves relative to tank boundaries converted for use as a missile tracking are given as a function of phase angle;

station has been simulated on an analog and ( c ) two banks of wavemakers at right computer to evaluate the stabilization angles to each other will under certain accomplished by passive anti-rolling tanks. conditions produce the entire range of A description of the simulation, the ship oblique angles. responses to regular wave action and some comparison with experimental values will (3291) PREDICTION OF FULL SCALE SHIP MOTIONS FROM be presented In the report of the study. MODEL TESTS. (f) Substantially completed. (h) "Analog Simulation of a Passive Anti- (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. Rolling Tank System for a Missile Tracking (d) Theoretical; basic research. Station Vessel", (in preparation). (e) A procedure is developed for description of full scale ship motions in irregular seas (3289) PITCHING MOTION OF A MARINER TYPE VESSEL through knowledge gained from model tests IN A STATE 5 SEA. in oblique sinusoidal seas. Transfer functions of ship motions in sinusoidal waves (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. are used in conjunction with an irregular (d) Field investigation; basic research. seaway synthesized from sinusoidal wave (e) Continuous time histories of pitch ampli- components to yield the energy spectrum of tude experienced by the SS SILVER MARINER ship motion. in a state 5 sea were recorded for various (f) Completed. speeds in head seas and for various head- (g) The technique for synthesizing any state ings at top operating speed. The result- of sea as a function of frequency and di- ant information was transformed into energy rection is given. Methods of model testing spectra and a number of statistics that to obtain the transfer functions are de- describe the ship's pitching performance scribed. Derivation of the motion spectra | were computed. and statistics of motion are given. (g) In head seas (state 5) pitching was moder- (h) "On the Status of Complex Wave Generation ate at 10 knots, increased to a maximum in Model Tanks", by W. Marks, TMB Report at 13 knots and was least evident at top IO69, September 1956. speed, 21 knots. Bow seas (U5 0 relative

heading to waves ) produced greater pitch (3292) EXPLORATORY STUDIES AND PLANS AT DTMB FOR amplitude than head seas and following MODEL TESTS IN 3 -DIMENSIONS. seas resulted in the least pitch amplitude, for constant speed. Change of heading re- (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. duced pitching motion to a greater extent (d) Experimental; basic research. than did change of speed. (e) A rectangular ship model testing facility

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is described. Advantages over existing (2731) EFFECT OF PIPE ROUGHNESS ON ORIFICE METER methods are discussed and new problems in ACCURACY. analysis of data are revealed. (g) Segmented wave generators provide the abil- Cb) American Gas Association. ity to produce oblique waves. Programming (c) American Gas Association, h20 Lexington to individual wavemakers results in genera- Ave., New York 17, New York. tion of confused seas of almost any nature. (d) Experimental; applied research. The rectangular basin offers opportunity (e) This project is under the cognizance of the to test in any relative heading to the A.G.A. Supervisory Committee to Study Pipe waves and even in cross seas. Problems in Roughness. The scope of the project is, analysis involve determination of the sea- initially, limited to investigation of the way (in the tank) as a function of fre- effect of pipe roughness on two-inch meter quency and direction. Ship motions in con- runs using water as a media. fused seas may be random in nature and may be analyzed by spectrum methods. (h) "On the Generation of Waves in the TMB Maneuvering Basin, Part I, Long Crested U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST Regular Waves", by W. Marks, TMB Report STATION. 1192, 1958. (2V76) HYDROBALLISTICS RANGE DEVELOPMENT. (3293) SURFACE SHIP SEAWORTHINESS SERIES. (b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy. (b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. (c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta., (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- Attn: Genevieve W. Stubstad, Research search. Engineer, 3202 East Foothill Blvd,, (e) Various hull forms will be investigated Pasadena, Calif. with respect to their seakeeping charac- (d) Experimental; applied research. teristics in order to determine the effects (e) This project is part of a coordinated proof hull variations on pitch and heave amp- gram involving several laboratories. The litudes, speed in waves, wetness, etc. An purpose of the program is to provide numeri- attempt will be made to correlate sea be- cal values of all the hydrodynamic coeffi- havior with basic ship parameters such as cients needed to calculate the trajectory beam-draft ratio, block coefficient, water- of a fully wetted missile and to evaluate plane area or displacement-length ratio. the test techniques employed for coefficient (g) A preliminary study of results obtained determination by comparing calculated and from various model tests in waves indicates observed trajectories. This project is that variations in pitch and heave ampli- concerned with developing a technique for tudes among the different models can be measuring accurately the detailed fully attributed to variations of the average wetted motion of free-flying momentum-pro- beam-draft ratios in the case .of heave, and pelled models as functions of time and de- to variations of the modified displacement- termining the associated hydrodynamic length ratios in the case of pitch. coefficients from the observed motions. (h) "The Influence of Ship Form on Pitch and (f) Completed. Heave Amplitudes", by G. P. St e fun, TMB (g) A simple hydroballi sties range was estab- Report 1235, September 1958. lished in which four degrees of freedom, including missile range and vertical posi- (329^) SEAWORTHINESS OF HYDROFOIL CRAFT. tion and pitch and roll, could be measured. The pure pitching motion of a neutrally (b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin. buoyant theoretical missile, the Basic (d) Theoretical research. Firmer, was recorded photographically and (e) A theoretical study of the vertical plane the associated hydrodynamic coefficients motions of a hydrofoil craft in sinusoidal were determined by fitting the measured waves motion with functions generated by the EASE (g) An earlier theoretical development of the analog computer. The motion predicted from equations of motion for hydrofoil craft simple theory using water-tunnel measure- has been extended to include unsteadiness ments and conventional estimates of the and non-linearities. Computer solutions hydrodynamic coefficients, was not in agree- have been obtained for the pitching and ment with the observed experimental motion. heaving motions in sinusoidal waves. Good (h) "Pure Pitching Motion of the Basic Firmer agreement with an available set of experi- Missile", by G. W. Stubstad, China Lake, mental results have been obtained. Calif., 1 October 1958. (NAVORD Report

(h) "The Theoretical Prediction of the Longi- 61+17, NOTS 2115. ) tudinal Motions of Hydrofoil Craft", by T. F. Ogilvie, TMB Report II38, Nov. 1958. (3295) FORCED VENTILATION OF HYDROFOILS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta , U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL BOILER AND Attn: T. G. Lang, Code P80401, 3202 East TURBINE LABORATORY. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif.

157 . . ,

(d) Experimental; basic research. proportional control system and an instan-

(e) The tests are conducted on 2- and 3- (li1Iien- taneous rudder deflection. sional hydrofoils in the high-speed water (f) Completed. tunnel at the California Institute of Tech- (g) By varying the tail size and rudder size of nology. The lift, drag, moment and pres- a torpedo, the stability and response can sure distribution are measured as a func- be made nearly independent of the body tion of the angle of attack and gas-flow shape and other parameters. Criteria are rate. Various cross sections are tested obtained for determining the fin and rudder and the gas is exhausted from holes of size of an arbitrary body shape in order to different size and shape at various loca- provide adequate stability and response.

tions . (h) "Hydrodynamic Design Criteria for Adequate

( f ) Continuing Torpedo Stability and Response", by C. W. (g) Test results show that the ventilated pocket Sweat, to be published as a NAVORD Report. does not travel upstream of the exhaust hole unless a region of separated flow has previously existed. The lift coefficient of a 2-dimensional section can he changed U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL

as much as O.k with gas exhaust . The slope RESEARCH. of the lift versus angle-of-attack curve is proportional to the ratio of the wetted For sponsored projects see the following: perimeters of the hydrofoil cross section with gas exhaust and without. The effect Project of aspect ratio on the lift curve slope is the same in ventilated flow as in fully (15^-8) Special problems in hydrodynamics. 2 wetted flow. (3009) Cavitation similitude. 3 (h) "Water Tunnel Tests of an NACA O-Series Hy- C3011) Cavitation in axial inducers. 3 drofoil with Forced Ventilation", by K. (2753) Hydraulic breakwater. 9

Smith, T. G. Lang, D. E.^Argue. NOTS NAVORD (2537) Water exit hydroballi sties . 31 Report in progress. (73) Measurement of turbulence in flowing water. 31 (3296) HYDRODYNAMIC DRAG OF TORPEDOES. (79) Cavitation. 32 (8l) Mathematical analysis of pressure (b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy. distribution. 32 (c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta. (85*+) Boundary- layer development on smooth Attn: T. G. Lang, P80401, 3202 East Foot- and rough surfaces. 32 hill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif. (1875) Characteristics of stable eddies. 32 (d) Analytical, applied. (2091) Research on ship theory. 33 (e) Semi-empirical relations are developed from (25 1+l) Development of instruments for use in reports of tests on the drag of a large analyzing aperiodic signals. 3I+ number of torpedoes and airships. These (2792) The decay of turbulence in a zero are extended theoretically to show the momentum wake. 3^ effect on drag of variations in nose shape, (307^) Wake of zero momentum flux. 35 tail shape, cylindrical length, roughness, (3075) Annular jets in ground proximity. 35 fin size, and cutoff diameters. The study (3087) Effect of surface roughness on turbulent

is based upon turbulent flow with no sepa- shear flows . 37 ration at the nose. (577) Characteristics of solitary waves. 38 (f) Completed. (1355) Cavitation inception for steady motion. 38 (g) At a given speed, the drag per unit volume (2801) Interaction of waves with floating of a fully appended torpedo decreases as bodies. 40 the tail-cone length becomes more stream- (2802) Experimental study of wake mechanics. kO lined and as the cylindrical section length (1901) Three-dimensional turbulent boundary increases. The optimum is not critical. layer in a free vortex diffuser. 1+1 (h) "Hydrodynamic Drag of Torpedoes", by J. D. (2807) The hydraulic analogy applied to com- " Brooks and T. G. Lang. NOTS NAVORD 5842 of pressible flow in the partial admission

18 February 1958. turbine . 42 (3120) Office of Naval Research atmosphere inter- (3297) THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRODYNAMIC DESIGN action and wave project. 51 CRITERIA FOR ADEQUATE TORPEDO STABILITY AND (lOO) Air entrainment research. 62

RESPONSE ( 2143 ) Experimental studies of surface wave absorption. 63 (b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy. (2144) Experimental and analytical studies of

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta., hydrofoils . 63 Attn: T. G. Lang, Code P80401, 3202 East (3153) Flow about bodies at small cavitation

Foothill Blvd. , Pasadena, California. numbers . 65

(d) Theoretical; applied research. ( 340 ) Hydrofoils and hydroskis . 68 (e) The effect on torpedo stability and re- (2864) Gravity effect on potential flow with sponse of varying body shape, tail size, a free surface. 68 rudder size, weight, center of gravity, (2154) Investigation of ship motions. 69 volume, and speed are studied. The condi- (2389) Performance and dynamic characteristics tions selected for this study are a linear of hydrofoil craft. 70

158 ) . . . . .

(3m) Supercavitating hydrofoils with gener- tion on the structures alized motions. 73 (g) Measurement of pressures in the sluice bar- (2870) Model study of surge action in a port. 7^ rel have been obtained and will be compared

( 3179 Mooring of ships exposed to waves 75 with pressures obtained in model tests. (21+08) Ocean wave measurements. 81 The apron and sluice barrels were inspected (3195) Two-dimensional spectrum of wind in 1953 to determine the effect of inter- generated waves 81 mittent operation during the past eleven (3196) Evaluation and use of Nio ship-horne years wave recorder. 81 (h) Report in preparation. (3197) Hydraulic models. 82 (1^78) Wind waves 135 (759) DOUGLAS DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS. (2U36) Flow over hydrophobic materials. 135 (3250) Inertia! forces in unsteady flow. 135 (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Periodic checks and observations will be made on the various hydraulic appurtenances to determine the operating characteristics TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Hydraulic Data Branch. 'of the structures and the effect of operation on the structure. Inquiries concerning all TVA projects should he (g) Measurement of pressures in the sluice bar- addressed to Mr. Albert S. Fry, Hydraulic Data rel have been obtained and will be compared Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, with pressures obtained in model tests. Tennessee. The apron and sluice barrels were inspected in 1953 to determine the effect of inter-

Hydraulic Operations and Tests Section . mittent operation during the past ten years. (h) Report in preparation. (731) SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SURGE TANK MODEL STUDY. (762) SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SURGE TANK PROTOTYPE (d) Experimental; for design. CHECK TESTS. (e) A 1:50 model of the penstock and surge chamber was used to determine (l) the ori- (d) Field investigation; applied research. fice size and characteristic shape to pro- (e) The prototype installation was equipped to duce favorable pressure and water surface allow testing in a manner similar to that elevations to be expected in the surge used in the model studies which established chamber; and (2) the operational character- the design. A check on the model accuracy istics or the selected design. can thus be obtained. (f) Model studies completed. (g) Tests made in February 1950, July and Oct. (g) With the proper orifice between the riser 1958. and the surge chamber as satisfactory results can be obtained as with the differen- (1038) HALES BAR DAM, SPILLWAY APPROACH STUDIES. tial riser type of surge tank. (h) Report in preparation. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Tests are made on a 1:65 model to determine (739) CHEROKEE DAM, SLUICE RATING effect of the remains of cofferdam structures upstream of the spillway on the spill- (d) Field investigation; operation. way discharge and to determine amount of (e) Measurement of discharges and differential the obstructions which should be removed. pressures in the sluices, supplemented by (f) Model tests completed. model test data, will be used to establish (h) Report completed. the discharge ratings for the eight sluices. Tables of discharge for any gate opening at (153M FORT PATRICK HENRY DAM, SPILLWAY MODEL any headwater elevation within the operat- STUDIES. ing range are to be prepared. (a) Experimental; for design. (7^5) FONTANA DAM, SLUICE RATING. (e) Tests were conducted on a 1:50 scale and 1:112.5 scale model to determine the apron (d) Field investigation; operation. design, training wall dimensions, and other (e) Model tests, checked by field measurements, related data. are to be used in determining the discharge (f) Model studies completed. ratings for all anticipated operating con- (g) An apron using a single row of rectangular ditions. Discharge tables for operating baffle blocks was developed on the 1:50 purposes will be prepared. scale model. This apron was then used In (f) Model studies completed. the 1:112.5 scale model and the necessary appurtenant structures developed. Of main (758) CHEROKEE DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS. interest in the developed design was the lack of training walls. Studies to deter- (d) Field investigation; applied research. mine the effect of vegetative growth on the (e) Periodic checks and observations will be island areas below the spillway showed made on the various hydraulic appurtenances which areas must be kept free of growth and to determine the operating characteristics which may be allowed to grow up. Installa- of the structures and the effect of operation completed and instruction manual

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partially completed and Issued, analyzed to determine the type of flow con- (h) Report in preparation. ditions to be expected in the reservoir; the temperatures to be expected at the in- (119k) WATTS BAR LOCK PROTOTYPE TESTS. lets; and the best design for the inlets and outlet structures. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (g) Single-point temperature recorders were in- (e) The prototype installation was equipped stalled at six stations which, in combina- with piezometers to allow checking of cul- tion with turbine intake temperature record- vert and port pressures and discharges. ers at three upstream dams, will be used to The culverts and ports were designed from determine temperature increases between model studies. Thus, measurement on the points on the Cumberland River for various prototype would provide model -prototype conditions. Data are being collected and verification data. evaluated. (f) Complete field tests were conducted in (h) "Thermal Density Underflow Design Experi- 1952. ence," by Rex A. Elder. Paper presented at (h) Reduction of data is being completed. Seventh Hydraulic Conference, Iowa Inst, of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa, June

( 1796 ) KINGSTON STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER IN- 16, 1958. TAKE TEMPERATURE STUDIES. (2241) KINGSTON STEAM PLANT - CONDENSER COOLING (d) Theoretical and field investigation; de- WATER CONDUIT LOSS. sign. (e) The condenser water intakes and outlets (d) Experimental; for design. draw water from and discharge into Watts (e) Longitudinal interior support was required Bar Reservoir (Tennessee River). During for 96-inch concrete pipe conduit. A study the warmer portions of the year this reser- was made of the relative loss for a six- voir becomes stratified and the inflowing inch thick vertical concrete wall, I beams waters pass through the reservoir as den- separated by 4-1/2 inch pipe columns and I sity currents. By means of theoretical beams separated by streamlined 4-1/2 inch considerations and field observations, the pipe columns proper location and shapes for the intakes (f) Laboratory studies completed; partial field and outlets were determined and the prob- tests performed. able intake temperature calculated. (g) Six-point recording temperature gages were (2479) WILSON LOCK HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES. installed on the Tennessee, Clinch, and Emory Rivers and data obtained during the (d) Experimental; for design.

period of stratification in 1953 and 1954. ( e ) The new Wilson lock will be 110 feet long, Velocity and temperature profile measure- 675 feet center-to-center pintles with a ments were made at eight sections in the 100-foot maximum lift. Three models are Clinch and Emory Rivers for period of projected: A 1:36 scale model of a single steady flow to define thermal density un- transverse lateral with 12 ports to deter- derflow. Theoretical analyses were made to mine proper lateral and port designs; a show the benefits that could be derived by l:l6 scale model of lock chamber, intakes, the installation of a submerged dam in the culverts, gates, and other details to deter> Clinch River below the mouth of the Emory mine overall designs. River to divert the density underflow up (f) Laboratory model studies completed. the Emory River. Studies indicate that (g) The basic design for the filling and empty- temperature reductions effected by the ing systems was determined from the model structures will result in coal savings of studies. Filling will be achieved through $100,000.00 annually. The cost of the the use of 6 lateral culverts each contain- structures is about $400,000.00. ing 12 equally spaced ports 3.5 ft high by (h) "Thermal Density Underflow Diversion, King- 1.5 ft wide. The upper three laterals will ston Steam Plant," by Rex A. Elder and Gale be fed from the landward main culvert and B. Dougherty, ASCE Proc. Paper 1583, Jour. the lower three laterals by the riverward Hydraulics Div., Vol. 84, No. HY2, April culvert. At minimum tailwater elevation 1958. only 23 ft of water cushion is available at|, "Thermal and Ex- the controlling reverse-flow Density Underflow Design the bottom of ||

! perience," by Rex A. Elder. Paper present- tainter valves. Dangerously low pressures : ed at Seventh Hydraulic Conference, Iowa were eliminated by use of a fast initial Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, opening rate followed by a slow rate for Iowa, June 16, 1958. the major portion of the opening and by modifications of the valve shape and of the GALLATIN STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER IN- upper seal nose design. A stepped lateral (1797) j TAKE TEMPERATURE STUDY. design was found necessary to produce stabL flow conditions. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; design. (h) Report on lock filling and enptying system (e) The condenser water intakes and outlets in preparation. are to draw water from and discharge into the proposed Old Hickory Reservoir (Cumber- (2973) REVISION TO PRESENT WILSON NAVIGATION land River). The entire setup is to be LOCK.

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(d) Experimental; for design. (3299) WILSON POWERHOUSE EXTENSION, HYDRAULIC (e) Upon completion of the new Wilson Lock con- MODEL STUDIES. struction, the tailwater in the navigation canal at the dam will he lowered 10 feet. (d) Experimental; for design. To make the present two-lift lock operahle (e) A 1:28.5 scale model of two turbine intakes under the new conditions, the lower chamber and one spillway bay is to be constructed floor will he lowered 10 feet and a new to determine: (l) If there is a possibility filling and emptying system provided. of air being drawn into the intakes; (2) if (f) Model studies have been completed to deter- changes will be required in the shape of mine the exact hydraulic design to he used the intake mouths and trash rack arrange- in the renovations. ment to improve flow conditions; and (3) if (g) The new filling system consists of a single the flow through an adjacent spillway bay culvert located on the longitudinal center- will affect the flow into the intake. line of the lock with ports located near (f) Model studies started. the bottom along both sides. The old valves are much above tailwater elevations; (3300) HTWASSEE, PUMP TURBINE RATING. therefore, the culverts above tailwater were reduced in cross-sectional area to (d) Field investigation; operation. minimize the air entrainment problems. (e) Measurements of the discharge and differ- (h) Report in preparation. ential pressures in the pump turbine scroll case have been used to establish the dis- 2974) DEVELOPMENT OF IMPACT TUBE-PRESSURE TRANS- charge rating for the pump turbine over all DUCER TURBULENCE PROBE. operating conditions. The discharge was measured by using Apalachia reservoir as a (d) Experimental; applied research in field volumetric tank. Water was both pumped investigations from the reservoir and discharged into the

(e) Development of a turbulence probe and aux- reservoir for a period of 12 hours . The iliary analog computer for field use. reservoir area was obtained from aerial active photographs taken at the beginning and end ( f ) Development (g) Based on project (578) of Mass. Inst, of of each test. Five recording gages were Tech., a turbulence probe for use in natu- used to measure the reservoir level. From ral streams is to be developed. An analog these measurements the volume and corre- computer which will produce autocorrelation sponding discharge was computed. factors directly from the pressure cell (h) Reduction of data and report to be com- data is also under development. pleted.

(3298) NAVIGATION PROBLEMS IN CANAL BELOW WILSON (3301) KINGSTON STEAM PLANT, AIR DUCT TESTS. DAM. (d) Experimental; for operation. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) A l:l6 scale model of the air duct system (e) A 2-l/2-mile canal is to be deepened and supplying air to the furnaces of Units 5 realigned to provide a more adequate ap- through 9 was constructed to determine a proach to the new lock. Steady discharges reliable means of measuring the air flow in the neighborhood of full turbine capaci- and possible modifications which would de- ty cause high-velocity flow across the crease the pressure losses in the duct sys- entrance and makes passage through a rail- tem. The problem was complicated by the way swing span bridge at the entrance to fact that a common intake was used for ducts the canal extremely difficult. The problem feeding adjacent units. is made even more acute by daily and hourly (f) Model studies completed. fluctuations in the flows from the turbines (g) Adjacent duct effects were eliminated and at the dam. A fixed-bed 1:100 undistorted the pressure losses reduced by installing scale model was used to study the proposed curved vanes at the duct entrance and using design. The model was studied photographi- a partition wall to create essentially cally and by use of a radio-controlled tug separate air ducts. and barge train. (h) TVA report completed. completed. (f ) Laboratory model studies (g) Modifications at the canal entrance con- (3302) WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT, AIR AND GAS DUCT sisted of extending and broadening the TESTS. downstream point of land between the canal and river, and placing six 32-foot diameter (d) Experimental; for design. sheet-piling cells, on 57-foot centers, (e) Model studies are being conducted to improve parallel to the river channel downstream flow conditions and reduce pressure losses from the railway bridge. The effect of in the gas duct which will carry the gases these structures was to shield the entrance from the furnace to the smoke stack for a from the cross currents. 500-Mw unit. Calibration of the air foil (h) "'Tidal' Navigational Problems Below Wilson metering section in the forced-draft fan Dam, " by Rex A. Elder, paper presented at inlet ducts will also be made by model Annual Convention of Am. Soc. of C. E., studies New York City, October 1958. (f) Work in progress.

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(g) Flow conditions are "being improved by use (d) Field investigation; basic research. of flow straighteners and vanes. (e) To provide data for estimating effective life of storage reservoirs, and loss of

( 3303 ) WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER soil from the land. Samples of water were PUMP TESTS. collected periodically at stream gaging stations in the watershed, analyzed to de- (d) Field investigations; operation. termine the sediment content, and correlat- (e) Condenser water pump acceptance tests on ed with river discahrge to determine the four pumps for a 500-Mw steam turMne will suspended sediment load at each station. "be conducted to determine the flow, head, (h) Report in preparation. and power requirements in accordance with the latest ASME test codes for centrifugal (765) EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN. pump and hydraulic prime movers modified to

use pitometer traverses . Velocity measure- (d) Field investigation; applied research. ments will be made in the 9-foot 6-inch (e) To provide data for estimating reservoir square concrete pump discharge conduit. losses and derive a general rule, applicable (f) Tests to he conducted in i960. to the Basin, permitting computation of evaporation from pans at six locations in (33014-) DIGITAL TELEMETERING SYSTEM. Basin, together with standard meteorological readings. (d) Experimental; development. (h) "Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin," (e) Telemetering systems for transmitting river published in monthly and annual bulletins. or lake stages have been installed at John- sonville Steam Plant, Wilson Dam, and (768) PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN. Savannah. System utilizes a leased tele- phone line up to 15 miles long. The stage (d) Field investigation; basic research.

is transmitted once an hour automatically ( e ) A comprehensive study of rainfall and other and either printed out oil a digital record- weather phenomena for purposes of water dis-: er or displayed on an electronic readout patching and improvements in water control; device. Stage may be called for at any storm studies as related to maximum pre- time manually from the receiver. cipitation, rainfall-runoff, spillway de- (f) Installations completed. sign and operation, etc. (h) Monthly bulletin, "Precipitation in Tenn. (3305) REVERSE TAINTER VALVES. River Basin." Also annual summary.

(d) Experimental and field investigations; (769) RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES. operation. (e) A resume was made of the hydraulic char- (d) Field investigation; basic research. acteristics of the reverse tainter valves (e) Study of water utilization and water move- for control of flows in the navigation ment as concerns industrial plant locations locks as they have been developed in the and stream pollution. Variations in tem- United States from model and prototype perature from surface to bottom in reser- tests voirs throughout the year are determined by (f) Completed. soundings, and by continuous recording (g) The studies indicate that the valves design gages in natural streams. should have the following characteristics: (l) The valve side seals should be In con- (771) GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS. tact with the side walls during the entire travel of the valve, (2) the valve should (d) Field investigations; design. be equipped with a sharp-edged lip and a (e) Weirs are placed in main galleries and streamlined strut arm, (3) a concave side drainage measured as check on tightness and seal should be in contact with the side stability. walls during the entire travel of the valve, (14--) the upper seal nose and valve (785) SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS. speed should be determined from model studies, (5) emergency gate slots should (d) Field investigation; basic research. be sealed near the top of the culvert or (e) Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed slot fillers should be used so as to form and sounded, volumetric samples are collect a smooth culvert wall, (6) air vents should ed and analyzed, quantity and distribution be installed when low-pressure regions can- of sediment are computed to determine de- not be economically eliminated by change in position by stream, probable life of reser- the hydraulic design. voir, effect of sediment storage on naviga-| (h) "Reverse Tainter Valves," by Rex A. Elder. tion channels and sedimentation of down-

Paper presented at Portland Convention, stream reservoirs, and probable sedimenta- : ASCE, Portland, Oregon, June 23, 1958. tion in future reservoirs.

Hydraulic Investigations Section . (786) WATER TRAVEL IN NATURAL STREAMS.

(764) DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT CARRIED IN SUS- (d) Field investigations; applied research. PENSION BY TENNESSEE RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES. (e) Sanitary and chemical changes in water

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during passage downstream are determined. (3306) COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT IN WESTERN A given mass of water is identified by NORTH CAROLINA. electrical conductivity or chemical titra- tion. (b) Project conducted in cooperation with North (f) No work done in recent years. Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering. (787) MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH LARGE RESERVOIRS. (d) To determine water-land relationships for some of the principal soils used for agri- (d) Field investigation; applied research. cultural purposes in western North Carolina (e) Because of slow water travel, samples are under important vegetative covers. Obser- collected by traverse through lake. vations include rainfall, runoff, soil- (f) No work done in recent years. moisture, potential evapotranspiration, and (g) Water entering a reservoir does not inter- actual evapotranspiration. mix with the rest of the reservoir, but (e) A statistically designed rotation of four remains as a density current as a result of covers on four small watersheds and a sep- the difference in temperature between the arate evaluation of deep-rooted crop on a inflowing water and that in the reservoir. 'fifth watershed. During certain seasons of the year, in (g) Results to date are summarized in annual Watts Bar Reservoir the cold water released reports on the project. from Norris Reservoir passes upstream along (h) "Soil Moisture Relations of Some Cultivated the bottom of the Emory River arm of the Mountain Soils of North Carolina", by M. J. former reservoir. Gilbert. Master's Thesis, North Carolina State College, Raleigh, 1953-

Hydrology Section . "A Simple Field Installation for Measuring Maximum Evapotranspiration", by M. J. (779) MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE Gilbert and C. H. M. van Bavel; Trans. AGU, VALLEY. December 195^-

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau. (3307) PARKER BRANCH PILOT WATERSHED RESEARCH (d) Theoretical; applied research. PROJECT. (e) Hydrometeorological analysis of large storms with upward adjustments of control- (b) Project conducted in cooperation with North ling factors to maximum limits as applied Carolina State College of Agriculture and to the Tennessee Valley and subdivisions. Engineering. (g) Results to be published as one of current (d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology series of hydrometeorological reports by of the watershed of an intensive farm de- the U.S.W.B. and cooperating agencies. velopment program designed to give the optimum economic well-being of the people (780) PERIODIC EVALUATION OF GROUND-WATER STORAGE. using the land. Rainfall, runoff, suspended and deposited sediment are observed, periodic (d) Theoretical; operation. soils -land-use inventories are made, and (e) By analysis of current records of stream records of income summaries and public and discharge, the volumes of runoff in ground- private investments are maintained. water and channel storage are determined (e) Project activities are divided into cali- for use in operation of multi-purpose re- bration, action, and evaluation phases.

servoirs . (g) Results to date are summarized in annual

(g) Results reported monthly and weekly within reports on the project. . the organization. (h) "Economic Use of Agricultural Resources in Relation to Watershed Hydrology", by E. H. (2975) SUPPLY AND UTILIZATION OF WATER IN THE Lesesne and A. J. Coutu. Duplimat, TVA, TENNESSEE VALLEY. June 1956. "Economic and Hydrologic Developments in (c) Mr. Reed A. Elliot, Chief Water Control the Parker Branch Pilot Tributary Water- Planning Engineer, Tennessee Valley shed Research Project", by E. L. Baum. Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee. Duplimat, TVA, October 1958. (d) Assembly and analysis of basic information "The Parker Branch Story. " A sound motion on water resources and uses, including picture prepared by N. C. State College and field investigation of water uses for irri- TVA. gation, mining operations, industry, and other purposes. (3308) WHITE HOLLOW WATERSHED. ( e ) All available data are being analyzed to present a comparison of the water resource (d) To study the effect of changes in the of the area with the present and expected vegetal cover on a watershed taken out of 1975 demand upon that resource. Problems cultivation on the hydrologic factors of of shortage and conflict are being developed runoff and soil erosion. and possible solutions suggested. (e) Continuous record from 1935 of rainfall, (g) No widespread shortages exist now or are runoff, and suspended sediment, and periodic expected by 1975j although some local short- determination of vegetal cover indexes. ages on smaller streams are anticipated. (g) During the 21-year period 1935-1955, the (h) Report in preparation. forest cover improvement in the watershed

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resulted in greater watershed protection No. h, pp. 18-19, April 1958. with no measurable decrease in water yield, "Study of Pump Drainage Systems in Minneso- no change in volume of either surface run- ta, " by Curtis L. Larson and Deane M. off or ground-water runoff, marked reduc- Manbeck. University of Minn. Department of tions in summer peak rates of discharge Agricultural Engineering Report No. 202, with lesser reductions in winter rates, a 20 pp., December 1958. prolongation of the period of draining of surface runoff from the channel system, and (2576) CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PUMPING OF a 96 percent reduction in the sediment load. SHALLOW WELLS FOR IRRIGATION. 00 Report in preparation covering the vegetal cover improvement influences on hydrologic (b) Field project characteristics since 1935- (c) Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept of Agricultural "Evaluating Effects of Land-Use Changes on Engineering, Univ. of Minn St. Paul 1, Sediment Load," by A. J. Cooper and W. M. Minnesota. Snyder. Journal of the Hydraulics Div., (a) Field investigation; applied research and Proceedings ASCE, No. HY1, February 1956. development "Hydrograph Analysis by the Method of Least (e) The objectives of the project are: (l) To Squares," by W. M. Snyder. Proceedings, study and develop inexpensive methods for

ASCE, Vol. 81, Paper No. 79 , Sept. 1955- construction of shallow irrigation wells, (2) determine hydraulic permeability and (3309) PINE TREE BRANCH WATERSHED. characteristics of various aquifers, and

( 3 ) to survey and determine extent and (a) To determine the effects upon the hydrology availability of shallow ground water of the watershed by reforestation and ero- sources for irrigation in Minnesota. sion control measures. (e) Continuous' record from 19^1 of rainfall, runoff, ground water, and sediment loads. (g) During the 10-year period 19^1-1950, the H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY LIMITED, Hydraulic Labora- cover improvement and erosion control in tory. the watershed resulted in a decrease in surface runoff volumes and an increase in Inquiries concerning the following projects should ground-water discharges, marked reductions be addressed to Mr. I. W. McCaig, Hydraulic in summer and winter peak flood discharges, Engineer, H. G. Acres and Company Limited, Niagara a reduction in overland surface velocities, Falls, Canada. a prolongation of the period of draining of surface runoff from the channel system, (3310) FIRST MODEL OF INTAKE FOR CHUTE -DES -PASSES and a 90 percent reduction in the sediment HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT. load.

(b) Aluminum Company of Canada Limited - (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Hydraulic model tests of intake to deter- UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Agricultural Experiment mine the minimum size of plug required to Station. be blown through into the Passe Dangereuse Reservoir, and the transition and gate di- (1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES. mensions required downstream to control the flow of 18,000 cfs.

Cooperative with St . Anthony Falls Hydrau- (f) Tests completed. Prototype under construc- lic Laboratory. See page 62. tion. (g) The model gave the minimum size of intake (2350) DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND BY PUMPING. plug and optimum dimensions of the transition required to distribute the water uni- (b) Laboratory project. formly over the intake racks. (c) Prof. Curtis L. Larson, Dept. of Agricul- (h) Report to be submitted to the sponsor. tural Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 1, Minnesota. (3311) SECOND MODEL OF INTAKE FOR CHUTE-DES-PASSES (d) Theoretical and field investigations; ap- HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT. plied research. (e) The project has three phases: (l) The de- (b) Aluminum Company of Canada Limited. velopment of basic relations for planning (c) Hydraulic Engineer. pump drainage systems, (2) the study of (d) Experimental; for design. rates of drainage, and (3) the study of (e) Dynamic tests on model of intake plug and

factors affecting the efficiency. sump to determine the deposition pattern of : (g) Expressions for the amount of storage re- rock within the sump when the plug was blowr, quired by automatic and non-automatic pump- (f) Tests completed. Prototype under construe- \ ing plants have been developed. A new de- tion. vice for measuring effluent from partially (g) The model gave the optimum shape of sump filled pipes was developed in laboratory for trapping debris. It also yielded dy- tests namic loads for use in the design of the (h) "Five Years of Pump Drainage," by Curtis L. intake structure downstream. Larson, Land Improvement Magazine, Vol. 5, (h) Report to be submitted to the sponsor.

16k ..

3312) THIRD MODEL OF INTAKE FOR CHUTE-DES-PASSES (c) Hydraulic Engineer. HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Model tests of bucket spillway to find (b) Aluminum Company of Canada Limited. minimum radius of bucket and optimum angle (c) Hydraulic Engineer. of jet. Tests conducted using both flume (d) Experimental, for design. and three-dimensional models. (e) Hydraulic model tests on intake plug open- (f) Tests completed. Prototype under construc- ing to determine shape to reduce vortex tion. formation and the size and depth of floating (g) The model showed that considerable economy grid required to prevent drawdown of ice. could be effected by reducing the radius of (f) Tests on plug shape completed hut test on bucket. The optimum angle for the jet was floating grid still active. 30 degrees. The three-dimensional model (g) Model gave shape of intake opening that showed that no channel improvements were greatly reduced vortex formation at low re- required downstream from the spillway to servoir levels. prevent the bucket being submerged by the (h) Report to he submitted to the sponsor. rising tailwater.

(3313) MANIFOLD AND BRANCH LOSSES. (3316) TURBULENCE STUDY.

(h) Aluminum Company of Canada Limited, Quehec (b) Laboratory project. Hydro-Electric Commission, Department of (c) Hydraulic Engineer. Trade and Commerce, Ottawa. (d) Experimental. (c) Hydraulic Engineer. (e) Hydraulic model tests on conduit to deter- (d) Experimental. mine pressure fluctuations at a -degree (e) Air model tests to find optimum manifold wye with the horizontal section flowing junction shapes to give minimum losses with partly full and water entering from an in- five hranches angled at k-5 degrees, 60 clined branch. degrees, or 90 degrees. (f) Tests completed. Prototypes under con- (3317) MODEL OF DIVERSION AT WARSAK HYDRO-ELECTRIC struction. DEVELOPMENT, PAKISTAN. (g) Tests showed that, in all cases, when the manifold was excavated in rock, the most (b) Department of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa, economical arrangement utilized a constant Canada manifold diameter, and that the optimum (c) Hydraulic Engineer. faired entries into individual hranches (d) Experimental, for design. approximated to the natural efflux of (e) Model tests to determine the sill level and water from the side of a pipe. width of gap to be left in the concrete dam (h) Report in preparation. for passing flood flows without flooding construction upstream or damaging uncom- (3314) SURGE TANK MODEL, BERSIMIS NO. 2 DEVELOP- pleted and temporary works downstream. Ex- MENT. cessive velocities through the diversion tunnel had also to be avoided. (b) Quehec Hydro-Electric Commission. (f) Tests completed. Prototype under construc- (c) Hydraulic Engineer. tion. (d) Experimental; for design. (g) The tests gave the required dimensions of (e) Tests with electronically controlled surge the gap and showed that to avoid damaging tank model to find the optimum size of re- the downstream cofferdam the gap should be stricted orifice arid minimum surge tank as near to the left bank as possible. diameter for stable operation with constant (h) Report on model tests submitted to the station load. Department of Trade and Commerce. (f) Tests completed. (g) The model showed that approximately 70$ of the velocity head in the supply tunnel at the surge tank tee was effective in reduc- UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, Hydraulics Laboratory. ing the minimum area required for stability. If a smaller area was used, appreciable (3318) AN EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE FLUID undamped oscillations occurred in the tank, PRESSURES EXERTED ON SPILLWAY FLOORS. and the magnitude of these increased with decreasing surge tank area. The maximum (b) Laboratory project. amplitude of the undamped oscillations was (c) Prof. T. Blench, Department of Civil Engi- limited by friction in the surge tank ori- neering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, fice. Alberta. (h) "Application of Computer and Model Studies (d) Experimental; basic research; master's to Problems Involving Hydraulic Transients, " thesis by I. W. McCaig and F. H. Jonker, ASME (e) Observe pressure distribution on spillway Transactions Paper No. 58-A-lOl, 1958. floors throughout hydraulic jumps formed completely and partially on chutes of (3315) SPILLWAY MODEL, BERSIMIS NO. 2 DEVELOPMENT, various slopes and prepare non-dimensional pressure distribution diagrams for design (b) Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission. against hydrostatic uplift.

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(f) Completed. out. Each channel of rectangular cross (g) Design diagrams were obtained for 1 upon 1, section was of sufficiently large depth to 2 and 3 slopes of chute for a useful range width ratio that the mean flow was two di- of nondimensional variables. The data were mensional. Measurements were made for each specially analyzed to compare with results channel over a wide range of flow rates. of other workers who observed jump dimen- The purpose of the study was to check, in sions but not pressures; they were found to the case of a channel with small width to agree reasonably with those results in the mean radius ratio: The free vortex dis- zone of overlap and to extend them. tribution of pressure and velocity, and a (h) "An Experimental Determination of the Fluid velocity distribution developed earlier by Pressures Exerted on Spillway Floors," by the author (Can. J. Physics, 3>+, 1134-llll6, J. M. Wigham. Part requirement for degree 1956), as representative of the flow, and of M.Sc. from University of Alberta. to investigate for the channel with large width to radius ratio, the occurrence of boundary layer separation at the inner wall and to study its effect on the velocity UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Hydraulics Lab. and pressure profile.

(lOkh) FRASER RIVER MODEL. ( 3319 ) PUNTLEDGE RIVER POWER PLANT AND FISH FACILITIES. (b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with the Department of Public Works of Canada, (b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with Vancouver, B. C. the Department of Fisheries, Canada, (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Vancouver, B. C. Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Can. (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Department of Civil (d) Experimental project to aid engineering Engineering, University of British Columbia studies of navigation requirements involv- Vancouver, Canada. ing river regulation and control (d) Axperimental project to test the most satis (e) An outdoor erodible-bed tidal river model factory design of a stilling basin and to study methods for improving and main- louver flume for salmon fry deflection, in taining the navigation channels of the connection with the Puntledge River power Fraser River estuary. Horizontal scale development on Vancouver Island, B. C. 1:600, vertical scale 1:70. The model oc- (e) An undistorted model of the modified still- cupies approximately h acres of the campus ing basin and a proposed flume to contain and represents the tide-water reaches of louver screens, was constructed to a scale the lower Fraser River extending from its of 1:10, using wood, steel plastics and seaward end at the Strait of Georgia to the glass. The model was installed in a large head of tide water at Sumas, a distance of concrete flume In the hydraulics laboratory approximately 60 miles. Pitt River and and was operated in accordance with the Pitt Lake (30 square miles in area) aore Froude Law for dynamic similarity. subject to tidal influence and are included (f) Completed. in the model. Natural tides and river dis- (g) The test results provided answers to most charges can be synchronized and simulated of the questions concerning the over-all on the model and are controlled automati- hydraulic behaviour of the stilling basin

cally by electronic servo -systems . Sand and fish facilities. injection can be controlled automatically ( h ) A report will be prepared by the Department as a function of river discharge. Instanta- of Fisheries, Canada. neous water surface slopes can be obtained over the whole model by automatic electri- (3320; PUNTLEDGE RIVER POWER PLANT AND FISH cally-recording point gauges situated at FACILITIES. .controlling points. Natural river sand of appropriate grain size is used for the bed (b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with material. the Department of Fisheries, Canada, (h) Progress and technical reports submitted Vancouver, B. C. periodically to the Dept. of Public Works (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engrg. of Canada. Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Can. (d) Experimental project to test the most (2737) CURVED CHANNEL FLOW. satisfactory design of the salmon fry by- pass structure at the downstream end of the (b) Laboratory project - financed by National proposed louver screen (already described) Research Council grant. in connection with the Puntledge River (c) Dr. A. W. Marris, Dept. of Civil Engineer- power development on Vancouver Island, B.C. ing, University of British Columbia, (e) An undistorted model of the by-pass struc- Vancouver, Canada. ture was constructed to a scale of (d) Experimental; basic research. using wood and plastic. The model was in- (e) An experimental investigation of the radial stalled in a large steel and glass flume in distributions of temporal mean pressure and the hydraulics laboratory and was operated velocity for fully developed turbulent flow in accordance with the Froude Law for dy- in two closed channels, of widely differing namic similarity. Velocity distribution width to mean radius ratios, was carried and flow pattern studies were carried out.

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(f) Completed. Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia, (g) These supplementary tests provided more de- Vancouver, Canada. tailed information on the hydraulic "behav- (a) Improvement of electronic tide-control ior of the by-pass structure itself. equipment to ensure a consistently accurate (h) A report will "be prepared "by the Department reproduction of tidal phenomena, using a of Fisheries, Canada. simpler and more compact design. The new design utilizes a servo-driven track- 3321) HARBOUR BREAKWATER, CAMPBELL RIVER, B. C. ing carriage which automatically follows the edge of the tide curve plotted to scale and (b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with painted on a ribbon of translucent plastic the Department of Public Works, Canada, sold under the trade name of "Perfectrace . Vancouver, B. C. The carriage contains two panel lights, one (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engrg., being adjusted by a potentiometer to about Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. one half the intensity of the other. The (d) Experimental project to determine the most automatic lateral position of the carriage satisfactory breakwater location and aline- is such that the beam of the brighter light ment to protect a proposed enlargement of is partially obstructed by the edge of the an existing small boat harbour at Campbell tide curve, while the other beam passes River, Vancouver Island, B. C. through the translucent portion of the (e) An undistorted fixed-bed model of the har- chart as it moves at the correct time scale bour and off-shore ocean bed was constructed past the light beams. Both beams are fo- to a scale of 1:100. The bed of the model cussed by mirrors on to a photo-multiplier was accurately moulded with a thin layer of tube after first passing through a buzzer- concrete placed on top of a compacted sand operated shutter which intermittently filler. The model represented an area blocks the two light beams. Any difference measuring 2,000 feet wide and 3,200 feet or imbalance between the output voltages long and provided depths from 0 to hO feet produced by the shutter-modulated light in the prototype. It was installed in an beams, produces a tracking error signal and outdoor concrete basin ^0 feet long and 20 the servo system places the carriage in a feet wide. Tests were made on different neutral position such that these two volt- breakwater locations and alinements and the ages are equal, when the two light beams wave effects in the inner harbour were falling on the photo-multiplier tube are of studied qualitatively for each combination equal intensity. This error signal is a to determine the best layout. The wave drift-free A.C. signal, amplified by a generator consisted merely of a wood plank servo amplifier to drive a two-phase A.C. 12 inches wide, 2 inches thick and 15 feet servo motor which puts the carriage in the long, hinged and thus free to rotate about neutral position. its lower edge. The rocking movement pro- (f) Completed. ducing the waves was facilitated by a long (g) The modification has resulted in very ac- handle attached to the plank. Templates curate tide reproduction, trouble-free for controlling wave height and length were operation and simpler adjustments. installed close to the generator and the (h) A technical note is being prepared by the generator was oriented to conform to the Fraser River Model Office, Department of direction of the prevailing storm-wave Civil Engineering, University of British trains. Prototype data on wave heights and Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. lengths were rather limited and time was not available for a complete prototype in- (3323) CRITERIA FOR INCIPIENT MOTION OF BED SAND. vestigation. Wave reflections in the model were eliminated by absorbing the wave (b) Fundamental research cooperative with the trains in loose gravel placed strategically Dept. of Public Works of Canada, Vancouver, along the edges. B. C. (f) Completed. (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engrg., (g) The study was successful in guiding the Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Can. engineers toward a satisfactory breakwater (d) Laboratory project to aid hydraulic model location and alinement studies of river behaviour involving pro- (h) A report will be prepared by the Department blems of shoal and scour with respect to of Public Works, Canada. training structures for navigation improvements, bridge piers, etc. (3322) ELECTRONIC TIDE-CONTROL EQUIPMENT, ERASER (e) Flume studies were carried out to determine RIVER MODEL. the critical unit discharge as a function of depth of flow, for natural Fraser River (b) A re-design and modification of the exist- sands, having median diameters of O.65 mm., ing electronic control for tide generation, O.kl mm., 0.32 mm., 0.20 mm., 0.155 mm., undertaken jointly by the Department of 0.10 mm., and 0.07mm. The depth of flow in Electrical Engineering and the Fraser River the flume varied from 0.1 to 0.6 feet for Model Project at the University of British each of the sand samples used. The tests Columbia, and cooperative with the Depart- have been limited only to the incipient ment of Public Works, Canada, Vancouver, motion or initial entrainment of the bed in B. C. conjunction with the critical unit discharge. (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Department of Civil The main purpose of this study was to obtain

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a better knowledge of the mechanics of construction of the St. Lawrence Power Pro- movement of the bed sand used as the mova- ject. ble-bed material in the Fraser River Model. (f) Work is essentially completed but model is The flow was uniform at a constant slope of still active. 0.001. (g) Channel enlargements were developed which (f) First series of tests completed. Tempora- met the ice-forming criteria stipulated by rily suspended. the International Joint Commission and a (g) The results obtained from these studies are satisfactory Seaway navigation channel was of considerable help to the research work- located. A plan of river control during ers in determining the appropriate hydrau- construction was developed. lic conditions which would have to be imposed on any movable-bed study when using (3326) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - DEWATERING AND a specified grade of natural Fraser River CLOSURE AREA. sand; thus eliminating a possible trial and-error approach. (b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the (h) A technical note will be prepared by the State of New York. Fraser River Model Office, Dept. of Civil (d) Experimental; for design, development and Engineering, University of British Colum- operation. bia, Vancouver, Canada. (e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Law- rence River reproducing 13.8 miles from Cat Island to below the powerhouses was constructed to develop plans for dewatering THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO, the Long Sault Dam and the powerhouse and Hydraulic Model Laboratory. to investigate conditions during the various stages of their construction. Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 3324 to 3335, (f) Work is completed but model is still active. incl., should be addressed to Mr. J. B. Bryce, (g) Dewatering diversion channels were designed Hydraulic Engineer, Hydraulic Generation Dept., in detail and a plan of construction de- 620 University Ave., Toronto 2, Ontario, Canada. veloped to preserve the necessary water levels for existing navigation and ensure (3324) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - OGDENSBURG TO adequate discharge capacity in the various IRISHMAN'S POINT. stages of construction. Velocities in the Seaway Channel were also investigated. The (b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the Power Pool filling operation was investi- State of New York. gated in detail. (d) Experimental; for design, development and operation. (3327) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - MODELS OF THE (e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Law- POWERHOUSE ICE SLUICES. rence River between Ogdensburg and Leish- man's Point, a distance of 16.1 miles, was (b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the constructed to determine the design of State of New York. channel enlargements, the location of the (d) Experimental; for design and operation. Iroquois Control Dam and a plan of river (e) Two 1:36 scale models were constructed of control during construction of the St the 75-foot and 50-foot ice sluices in the Lawrence Power Project. powerhouse structure to determine the de- (f) Work is essentially completed but model is sign of the ice chute and the rating of the still active. drum-type gates. (g) Channel enlargements were developed which (f) Work is completed and models dismantled. met the criteria stipulated by the Inter- (g) A hydraulic design for the Ice chutes was national Joint Commission with respect to developed which produced a satisfactory navigation and ice-forming velocities and discharge of ice into the tailrace. A dis- the seaway navigation channel was located. charge calibration of the gates was ob- The optimum arrangement and location for tained over the full operating range. the Iroquois Control Dam was determined. A plan of river control during construc- (3328) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - SECTIONAL tion was developed. MODELS OF LONG SAULT AND IROQUOIS DAM.

(3325) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - 0GDEN ISLAND (b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the REACH. State of New York. (d) Experimental; for design, development and (b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the operation. State of New York. (e) 1:50 scale sectional models of sluices at (d) Experimental; for design, development and the Long Sault Dam and the Iroquois Control! operation. Dam were constructed in a testing flume to (e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. determine the design of energy-dissipating Lawrence River reproducing 7-9 miles of works and hydraulic loadings on gates. the river between the towns of Iroquois (f) Work is completed and models discontinued. and Morrisburg, was constructed to deter- (g) After many trials an energy-dissipater to mine the design of channel enlargements produce a forced hydraulic jump was de- and a plan of river control during veloped for the Long Sault Dam which

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performed satisfactorily under both con- the construction of the dam. The perform- struction and final operating conditions ance of the energy-dissipating works, which Its performance was verified in a compre- had been developed in a sectional model, hensive model. A somewhat similar energy was verified. A discharge calibration of dissipater was developed for a portion only the dam was obtained for the construction of the Iroquois Dam as its use was required period and gate opening patterns developed. for the construction period only. Vertical Performance data for operational use is hydraulic loads on the Diversion sluice- still being obtained. gates, tunnel port gates and spillway gates at the Long Sault Dam were measured, as were (3331) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - MODEL OF the loads on the Iroquois gates. Modifica- MASSENA INTAKE. tions were suggested for the Long Sault Dam ports to increase capacity and for the port (b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the gates to reduce downpull. State of New York. (d) Experimental; for design, location and 13329) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - COMPREHENSIVE operation. MODEL OF THE LONG SAULT DAM. (e) A 1 :60 scale model, size $k ft x 21 ft, was constructed of the Massena Intake and (b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the the upstream and downstream channels. Its State of New York. purpose was to determine the alinement of (d) Experimental; for design and operation. the structure, the design of energy-dissi- (e) A comprehensive 1:80 scale model, size 52 pating works, the port discharge ratings, ft x kk ft, was constructed of the entire and the hydraulic loadings on both service Long Sault Dam and the adjoining river and emergency gates banks, and included the river channel both (f) Work is completed and model removed. upstream and downstream from the dam; its (g) A satisfactory alinement of the structure purpose was to verify the operation and was obtained to minimize downstream scour performance of the complete energy-dissi- and an adequate energy-dissipating device pating works developed in a sectional model developed at the outlet of the ports. The and to obtain the discharge capacity of the hydraulic performance of the submerged diversion sluices and tunnel ports to be ports was determined and the hydraulic ver- used during construction of the dam, and to tical loads on both the emergency and serv- obtain a discharge calibration of the final- ice gates were measured.

sluiceways . (f) Work is completed and model removed. (3332) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - MODEL OF (g) The model verified the satisfactory per- POWERHOUSE WATER PASSAGES. formance of the energy-dissipating works over the full range of construction and (b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the operating conditions. Modifications to the State of New York. diversion channels were indicated, and the (d) Experimental; for operation. discharge capacity of the dam was obtained (e) A 1:36 scale model of the water passages for each stage of construction. A calibra- for one of the units in the Canadian power- tion of the final operating sluices was houses was constructed to determine the obtained. best location of piezometer connections for Gibson tests, and to determine the vertical (3330) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - COMPREHENSIVE hydraulic loads on the headgates. MODEL OF IROQUOIS CONTROL DAM. (f) Work is completed and model discontinued. (g) Locations for the Gibson Test piezometers (b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of were selected from test results and the the State of New York. vertical hydraulic loads on the headgates (d) Experimental; for design, development and were measured for the full range of operat- operation. ing conditions. (e) A comprehensive 1:80 scale model, size 130

ft x $k ft , of the complete Iroquois Con- (3333) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - TAILRACE AREA. trol Dam was constructed including 1 1/2 miles of river channel and the downstream (b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the approach to the Iroquois lock. Its purpose State of New York. was to determine a plan of river control- (d) Experimental; for design. during construction, a plan of dewatering, (e) A 1:60 x 1:80 scale model reproducing 2.5

the velocities at the cofferdams during miles of the St . Lawrence River from above their construction, verification of the per- the powerhouses to below Polly's Gut, has formance of energy-dissipating works, and been constructed to develop the design of the discharge calibration of the sluiceways. an economic tail race improvement and a (f) Active. suitable dewatering scheme. (g) The dewatering plans were tested in the (f) Work essentially completed but model still model, and the velocities and currents that active would occur during construction of the cof- (g) An economic tailrace enlargement was de- ferdam were determined. A plan of river veloped in the model. A cofferdamming plan control was developed to maintain satisfac- to dewater much of the enlargement area tory levels and navigation conditions during was devised and the velocities at various

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stages observed. intakes and to determine their operating performance (333^) CAMERON FALLS GENERATING STATION UNIT (f Work is largely completed but model is NO. 7- still active. A design has been developed which will pro- (b) Ontario Hydro. vide a minimum economic head loss and a (a) Experimental; for design. minimum attraction for river ice. (e) A 1:80 scale model of original 6 unit - powerhouse and the Unit No. 7 powerhouse ( 3338 NIAGARA POWER PROJECT MODEL OF TRANSITION has been constructed to determine levels at SECTION BETWEEN THE TUNNELS AND RECTANGULAR cofferdam during construction, the aline CANAL. ment and grade of the tailrace excavation, and the design and location of the log 0> Power Authority of the State of New York. slide. (c Mr. J. B. McMorran, Chief Engineer, Power (f) Work completed and model removed. Authority of the State of New York, The Coliseum Tower, 10 Columbus Circle, (3335) RED ROCK GENERATING STATION MODEL. New York 19, N. Y. (a Experimental; for design. (b) Ontario Hydro. (e A 1 :60 scale model of 600 feet of the two (d) Experimental; for design. approach tunnels, the transition section (e) A 1:80 scale comprehensive model of the and 4-50 feet of canal was constructed to sluiceways, powerhouse and upstream and determine the design of the transition downstream river channel has been construct- section to provide minimum energy loss. ed to determine the dewatering arrangement (f Work completed and model removed. for construction, velocities along coffer- (g A design was developed which produced a dams, energy-dissipating works at the minimum economic head loss in the transi- sluices, the rating of the diversion tion. sluices, ports and sluiceways, the tailrace excavation, and location of log slide. (f) Active. LASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY. (3336) NIAGARA POWER PROJECT - NIAGARA RIVER MODEL. Inquiries concerning the following projects should (-*) Power Authority of the State of New York. be addressed to Mr. E. Pariset, LaSalle Hydraulic (c) Mr. J. B. McMorran, Chief Engineer, Power Laboratory, 0250 St. Patrick Street, Ville LaSalle, Authority of the State of New York, The P. Q. Canada. Coliseum Tower, 10 Columbus Circle, New York 19, New York. (298U; MODEL OF THE CHANNEL OF THE SEAWAY IN THE (a) Experimental; for design and operation. LACHINE RAPIDS SECTION. (e) An existing 1:250 x 1:50 scale model reproducing 5 miles of the Niagara River from 00 St. Lawrence Seaway. Buckhorn Island to below the Cataracts is (a) Model studies to verify the effects of the being used to determine the location in de- construction of the Seaway. tail of the intakes for the Lewiston Gen- The model representing a section of the St erating Station, and to determine the nec- Lawrence River at the Lachine Rapids sec- essary river excavation and improvement. tion was built at a scale of l/l25 verti- This model was previously used by Ontario cally and 1/200 horizontally. The purpose Hydro in the investigation of remedial of the model was to check the effect of th< works necessary for the preservation and construction of the dyke, during its dif- enhancement of Niagara Falls and for the ferent construction phases and after com- j location of the intake for the Sir Adam pletion on the water-level lines in the Beck Generating Station No. 2 and the river and to obtain the field of velocities!; necessary river improvement. for these cases and specially near the en- (g) Work is largely completed but still in pro- trance of the channel in Lake St. Louis.

gress . (f) The model Is completed. (h) Report issued to sponsor. (3337) NIAGARA POWER PROJECT - MODEL OF INTAKES. [2985) MODEL OF THE CHANNEL OF THE SEAWAY IN THE (b) Power Authority of the State of New York. MONTREAL HARBOUR SECTION. (c) Mr. J. B. McMorran, Chief Engineer, Power Authority of the State of New York, The (*0 St. Lawrence Seaway Authority. Coliseum Tower, 10 Columbus Circle, New (a) Model studies to verify the effects of the

York 19, New York. Seaway on the hydraulic conditions in the I (d) Experimental; for design, development and Montreal Harbour. operation. (e) This model represents the St. Lawrence (e) A 1:60 scale model of a portion of the River at the Montreal Harbour at a scale Niagara River and the two large submerged of 1/200 horizontally and 1/125 verticallyl gathering tube intakes for the Niagara It was built to verify the effect of the Power Project has been constructed to de- construction of the dyke of the Seaway on I velop the detailed hydraulic design of the the water level in the Harbour. One

170 .

special point of the study was to determine in plan of the dykes that permits to build the pattern of surface velocities before the cofferdam across high velocity currents, .and after the construction of the entrance (h) Preliminary report sent to sponsor. section of the Seaway in the Harbor. (f) The model is completed. (3339; THRUST EXERTED BY AN ICE COVER ON A RETAIN- (h) Report issued to sponsor. ING STRUCTURE.

2987) MODEL OF THE SPILLWAY OF THE LACHINE POWER (h) Quebec Hydro-electric Commission. PROJECT. (a) Theoretical; applied research. (e) Study made to determine the thrust of a (b) Model built for the Quebec Hydro-electric parcelled ice cover on a surface retaining Commission by Neyrpic Canada Ltd., and boom by taking all forces into account, i.e. operated with the full collaboration of hydrodynamics forces on the upstream edge the "Ecole Polytechnique" of Montreal. of the cover, friction forces caused by the (d) The tests were carried out in order to flow and the wind, gravity, and reaction of ameliorate certain features of the design the shores of the structure to be built in nature. (f) Completed. (e) The model represents three gate-ways of the (g) A general formula with charts of utiliza- spillway in a glass-flume. Special study tion was derived for all cases. was to be made of the form of the piers to (h) Report issued to sponsor. obtain a low contraction coefficient. The main purpose of the model was to check the (33^0) THERMAL STUDY ON ICE COVER IN RIVERS. extent of scouring at the downstream end and to find ways of protecting the struc- Quebec Hydro-electric Commission. ture against undermining. (a) Theoretical; applied research. (f) Completed. (e) The study has been made to determine the (g) A special design was made of a small basin following points: (l) Variation of the downstream of the spillway in order to temperature of the water flowing under the form a jump and dissipate the energy. ice cover, caused by the heat generated by (h) Report issued to sponsor. friction losses, and (2) propagation of air temperature waves through the cover. 2989) GENERAL STUDY OF THE LACHINE POWER PROJECT. (f) Completed. (g) This study has permitted to determine the Quebec Hydro-electric Commission. quantity of frazil ice that could be melted Model tests to study the general hydraulic in a river at a certain distance from the problems of the Lachine Power Project. entrance of an ice cover. It also showed (e) The model built at a scale of 1:125 verti- in which way the fluctuations of atmospheric cally, and 1:200 horizontally is used to temperature had to be taken into account in study the problems brought about by the this calculation. construction of the Project. Main prob- (h) Report issued to sponsor. lems are the determination of the river stages during the different phases of con- (33M) FORMATION OF AN ICE-COVER IN FRONT OF A DAM struction and after completion of the Pro- BY TRANSPORT OF ICE FLOES. ject, the problem of the intake of the turbines and of the outlet of the draft tubes Quebec Hydro-electric Commission. in the tailrace, and finally, the problem (a) Basic research both theoretically and ex- of the formation of an ice cover in the perimentally. forebay. (e) To find the basic laws governing the forma- (g) The study on model of the cofferdam and of tion of an ice-cover in front of a dam and the water profile during the construction the similitude to be used on models for ice phases is completed. transport. Systematic tests are made in a flume with blocks of paraffin and polyethyl- 2990) STUDY OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE COFFERDAM ene. Many cases are studied which are: FOR THE LACHINE POWER PROJECT. formation of regular ice cover, jams, hang- ing dams, etc. The effect of the solid Quebec Hydro-electric Commission. discharge is taken into account. (a) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- (g) A general theory has been derived and ex- search. tensive tests are being made. (e) Systematic investigations in a 11 ft wide (h) Preliminary reports issued to sponsor. laboratory flume to determine the size of rock necessary to advance a cofferdam by (33^2) STUDY OF ICE SPILLWAYS FOR THE LACHINE end dumping of rock. A general theory was POWER PROJECT. made to determine the entrainment of material at the toe of the dyke depending upon Quebec Hydro -electric Commission. the hydraulic characteristics of the flow. (a) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- Special attention was given to closure of search. gaps with high velocity currents. (e) A model at a scale of l:k0 was built. It is found that it is possible to use this Three types of spillways specially designed

type of cofferdam for Lachine with rela- are tried for that purpose : the rectilinear tively small material by a special disposal type, the shaft spillway and the shaft

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spillway with a training wall acting to (33V7) CARILLON LOCK MODEL STUDY. form a vortex. (f) The model is in operation. (b) Quebec Hydro-electric Commission. (d) Experimental; applied research. (33^3) TRANSPORT OF FRAZIL ICE UNDER ICE COVERS. (e) The model of the lock, at a scale of 1:20 is used to make the modification of the (b) Quebec Hydro-electric Commission. water distribution system at the bottom of (d) Theoretical; applied research. the lock in order to overcome any undesira- ( e ) A general theory was worked out starting ble conditions and to determine the law of from the laws of transport of material in operation of the gates suspension in turbulent flow to obtain the quantity of frazil ice that will be trans- (33U8) MODEL OF THE HART-JAUNE DEVELOPMENT INTER- ported and deposited under an ice cover. MEDIATE SITE. (g) The theory was applied to make calculations for the form of the ice cover in the intake (b) Montreal Engineering Co., Ltd. channel of the Beaubarnois Power Plant. (d) Experimental; applied research. The agreement with field measurements was (e) The model at a scale of 1:25 represents the remarkable bottom tunnel through the earth dam that (f) Completed. will also be used as temporary diversion " (h) Report issued to sponsor. for the Project. The study is to determine the discharge capacity of the tunnel, and (33140 PRODUCTION OF ICE ON A FREE WATER SURFACE. the design of the sill at the downstream end of the free-surface channel, to avoid (b) Quebec Hydro-electric Commission. its flooding by a jump. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) Establishment of a numerical and graphical (33^9) MODEL STUDY OF THE HART-JAUNE STORAGE DAM. method to obtain rapidly the quantity of ice formed on a free-water surface. (b) Montreal Engineering Co., Ltd. (f) Completed. (d) Experimental; applied research. (h) Report issued to sponsor. (e) Two models were used for the hydraulic problems brought about by the construction of (33I+5) STABILITY OF THE DOWNSTREAM SLOPE OF A this hydro-electric project. A model of one ROCK DYKE SUBMITTED TO A HIGH FILTRATION spillway pass was built in a flume to study DISCHARGE. the risks of cavitation at small openings of the gate. On the general model, at a (b) Quebec Hydro -electric Commission. scale of 1:60, the following problems were (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- studied: Erosion downstream of the spill- search. ways, discharge coefficients of spillways, (e) Determination of the critical slope of a and minimum size of the forebay. rock dyke for which a cave-in will occur (f) Completed. when it is submitted to a high filtration (h) Report submitted to sponsor. discharge. A section of a rock dyke was reproduced in a 2.5 ft laboratory flume (3350) MODEL STUDY OF THE ENLARGEMENT OF ROUND and a theory giving the characteristics of ISLAND. the seepage zone and the limit of stability of the rock at the toe of this zone was (b) City of Montreal. checked for different operating conditions. (d) Experimental; applied research. (f) Completed. (e) Study made to determine the effect on navi- (g) The experimental results agreed well with gation in the Montreal Harbor of the en- the theory. largement of Round Island and its linkage (h) Report submitted to sponsor. to St. Helen Island, thus cutting the flow channel between these two islands. (33U6) MODEL STUDY OF THE CARILLON POWER PROJECT. (f) Completed. (h) Report issued to sponsor. (b) Quebec Hydro -electric Commission. (d) Experimental-applied research. (3351) STUDY OF AN AUTOMATIC SEWAGE REGULATOR. (e) The model of the Ottawa River at the Carillon Site was built at a scale of (b) Laboratory. 1:110 to study the hydraulic problems per- (d) Experimental design. taining to the construction and operation (e) The problem of clogging of existing auto- of the Carillon project. Main problems matic sewage regulator with frequent inter-

are : study of the stages of the river dur- ruption of service and the problem of both ing the construction of the crib type upstream and downstream level control of cofferdams, effect of the ice floes during these types of regulators were studied spring flood on these cofferdams, economi- theoretically and experimentally on models. cal study of the tailrace excavation, de- (f) Completed. sign of energy dissipation at the outlet (g) A new type of automatic sewage regulator of the spillways and effect of sudden was designed, with no mechanism in sewage

surges on the navigation channel. water and with simple control . The upstreanj

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level control is made when the weight of efficiently for important logging opera- water at a certain level on the top of the tions. A 1:2k scale model has been built cylindrical gate closes it. The downstream to investigate the most economical design control is obtained by an air vent connect- of a new log chute. The model logs have ing the interior of the gate with the down- been reproduced to the same scale. The stream level. When the water downstream roughness of the model downstream from the closes this air vent a vacuum is formed by spillway has been adjusted to verify the air entrainment inside the gate and it slope of the water surface and the forma- closes tion of jams experienced on the prototype. 00 The gate is patented by the laboratory. (f) Completed. (g) Two adjacent spillway-gate openings each having a width of 20 ft have been modified in order to obtain an efficient log chute. EC OLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTREAL, Hydraulics It has been found that a logway channel Laboratory. should be excavated in the river bed downstream from the spillway, therefore the Inquiries concerning the following projects should two gate openings have been located where be addressed to Prof. Raymond Boucher, Director, the excavation required will be minimum. Hydraulics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, 2500 (h) Report has been submitted to sponsor. Guyard Avenue, Montreal 26, Quebec, Canada. (299^) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF THE SPILLWAY FOR (266) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF DIFFERENT SPILL- THE LACHTNE POWER PROJECT. WAY PROFILES. 00 Quebec Hydro -Electric Commission and Neyrpic 00 Laboratory project. Canada Limited. (a) Experimental; applied research. (a) Experimental; for design. (e) In order to establish a comparison between (e) A 1:7^.^ scale model of three spillway gate discharge capacities of different spillway openings has been built in a 30-in. glass designs, systematic testing has been under- sided channel. These studies are being taken on scale models of existing and re- carried out in order to improve certain commended spillway profiles. Pressure dis- features of the design of the structure to

tribution on spillway faces and coeffi- be built in nature . The form of the pier cients of discharge are determined for noses has been carefully studied to obtain various heads up to the design head. The a low coefficient of contraction. The main effect of gate piers of various designs is purpose of these model tests was to check also Investigated. the extent of erosion of the river bed (g) Studies have been conducted on eight dif- downstream from the spillway and to provide ferent spillway models. It is proposed to means of protecting the structure against test two more profiles before this investi- undermining. gation "is completed. (f) Completed. 00 Report submitted to sponsor. (268) CALIBRATION TESTS OF A SHARP-CRESTED PARABOLIC WEIR.

00 Laboratory project. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical (a) Experimental; applied research. Engineering. (e) To obtain the head-discharge curve and head- coefficient of discharge curve for a sharp- Inquiries concerning the following projects should crested parabolic weir designed for a maxi- be addressed to Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director, Div. mum capacity of 3 cfs. The influence of of Mechanical Engineering, National Research Coun- viscosity is also investigated. This weir cil, Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. will be utilized to measure with precision

the discharge into a glass-sided channel ( 20kl ) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL CORNWALL ISLAND for scale model testing and open channel REACH. flow studies. (f) This study has become active again in order 0>) St. Lawrence Seaway Authority. to obtain additional data needed in the (a) Experimental project for design and develop-

study of the influence of viscosity. ment . (e) A l:kd0 by 1:96 scale model of five miles (2993) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF A LOG CHUTE FOR of the St. Lawrence River in the vicinity THE MERCIER DAM, GATINEAU RIVER, QUEBEC, of Cornwall, Ontario, has been constructed CANADA. to study in detail the navigation and power developments of the St. Lawrence Sea- 00 Department of Hydraulic Resources, Quebec, way and Power Project. Canada. (g) The model is being used to study dredging (a) Experimental; for design. procedures for the project in its advanced (e) The logs floated on the Gatineau River vary stage and, in particular, to determine the in length from k to l6 ft or more. The quantity of dredging required to maintain width of the existing log chute is only 12 natural discharge distribution about Corn- ft, and consequently it cannot be used wall Island for various channel improvements.

173

514561 O - 59 - 13 . .

(h) Interim reports have been submitted to the constructed to determine the best location sponsor. of additional breakwaters required to en- large the harbour. (3352) SAINT JOHN HARBOUR, NEW BRUNSWICK. (f) Tests are in progress. (g) A report will be issued to the sponsor when (b) Department of Public Works, Canada. the work is completed. (d) Experimental; for harbour improvement. (e) A survey of the harbour was undertaken (3357) INGALL'S HEAD HARBOUR, NEW BRUNSWICK. during the summer of 1958 to determine the movement and properties of the water masses. (b) Department of Public Works, Canada. On the basis of the survey data it is ex- (d) Experimental; for harbour improvement. pected that the reasons for silting in (e) This harbour, located on Grand Manan Island certain areas will be found and recommenda- in the Bay of Fundy, is inadequately pro- tions made for improving the harbour. tected from north and northeast storms. A (f) The survey has been completed with the ex- 1:80 scale model was constructed to study ception of wave data which will be obtained improvements to the breakwater. during the winter. (f) Project completed. (g) Data are being analysed and a preliminary (g) A report, recommending construction of new report has been prepared for the sponsor. breakwaters, has been issued to the sponsor.

(3353) LAMEQUE HARBOUR, NEW BRUNSWICK. (3358) ST. MAURICE RIVER MODEL.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada. (b) Shawinigan Engineering Company Limited, (d) Theoretical; for harbour improvement. Montreal (e) On the basis of available data, recommenda- (d) Experimental; for river improvement. tions were made for additional breakwaters (e) A model of a 2 1/2 mile section of the St. to improve the wave protection at the en- Maurice River, immediately below the new trance to a small harbor. Beaumont power development, was constructed (f) Completed. to scales of l:2k0 by 1:80. This section (g) Report issued to sponsor. of the river is to be excavated with a dragline to lower the tailwater at the (335M PRINCE SHOAL LIGHTHOUSE. powerhouse. Model tests were made to determine the best procedure for excavating, (b) Department of Transport, Canada. which would ensure the greatest lowering (d) Experimental; for design purposes. of the tailwater when the first turbine was (e) A 1:50 scale model of a lighthouse base, operated, without encountering difficulties which is proposed for Prince Shoal at the during excavation, due to hydraulic phenome- mouth of the Saguenay River, was tested in na such as critical velocities, hydraulic a simple wave flume to determine the best jump, etc. shape for minimum wave breaking and run-up. (f) Project completed. It is proposed that the base be made of (g) A report has been issued to the sponsor steel plate, floated into position and Indicating the best plan of excavation. filled with concrete. A sheet metal model was towed in the Model Basin to determine (3359) INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEASURING FLUID PRES- the towing stability. SURE IN SEAWAY STRUCTURES. (f) Completed. (g) A report is being prepared for the sponsor. (b) St. Lawrence Seaway Authority. (d) Experimental and theoretical study for (3355) PORT CARTIER HARBOUR. design. ( e ) An experimental study, coupled with a (b) C. D. Howe Company, Montreal. theoretical analysis of wave propagation (d) Experimental; for design purposes. in tubes, has been carried out on the "Air (e) A 1:120 scale model of a proposed harbour, Bubbler" system. to be constructed on the north shore of the (f) Completed. St. Lawrence River about 15 miles southwest (g) Final report issued to sponsor. of Seven Islands, was made to study the merits of two different designs with re- (3360) ELASTIC WAVES. spect to waves under storm conditions. The location of wave absorbing beaches and a (b) Laboratory project. number of design details are to be studied. (d) Theoretical and experimental study for (f) Testing programme starting. basic research. (g) A report will be issued to the sponsor when (e) An analysis of wave propagation in tubes. the work is completed. Theoretical investigation of attenuation and refraction of waves in a tube carrying (3356) CHANDLER HARBOUR, QUEBEC a steady state shear flow. (f) Results for quadratic steady state velocity (b) Department of Public Works, Canada. distribution indicate unequal attenuation (d) Experimental; for harbour improvement. of incident and reflected waves. Study (e) A 1:100 scale model of this harbour, which being continued. is located on Chaleur Bay, has been (g) Preliminary report in process of preparation

17^ ......

336l) RESEARCH ON THE DESIGN OF FISHING BOATS, College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. (d) Experimental; basic research, for masters (b) Laboratory project. thesis (d) Experimental and theoretical to improve (e) The purpose of the project is to evaluate design. the separate factors affecting infiltration (e) This project is being undertaken in coop- and to develop a technique for runoff esti- eration with the Department of Fisheries, mation on a watershed utilizing infiltra- Canada, to ohtain design data for improving tion data. the design and economy of fishing craft. (h) "The Effect of the Water-Storage Capacity On the "basis of model test data obtained of the Soil on Mass Infiltration," H. D. on a typical modern West Coast combination Ayers, and V.E.A. Wikramanayake , Canadian seiner and longliner, a new model was con- Journal of Soil Science, No. 38:hk-k8, 1958. structed incorporating a number of advanced features (2739! PERMEABILITY OF THE SOIL IN THE FROZEN (g) Tests on models are continuing and, in ad- STATE. dition, theoretical studies are being made on design and economic aspects. Laboratory project. (h) Two papers were presented at the East Coast (c) Prof. H.D. Ayers, Ontario Agricultural Fishing Vessel Conference, Department of College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. (d) Experimental; basic research, for masters Fisheries, Nov. 1957 > and two more will be presented at the Second World Fishing Boat thesis Congress, Rome, April 1959- (e) Air permeabilities will be obtained of soils at various moisture content in the (3362) WAKE SURVEY TESTS. frozen state. The results will be used to determine if there is a correlation of permeability of frozen (*) For Society of Naval Architects and Marine moisture content and Engineers soils on experimental watersheds. (d) Experimental (e) This study was undertaken as part of a re- (271+0) MAIN TILE DRAIN SIZES FOR COMPOSITE DRAIN- search project sponsored by the Society of AGE OF BR00KST0N CLAY SOIL. Naval Architectures and Marine Engineers. The wake velocity at the screw of a 1:1+0 (D) Laboratory project. scale model of the S.S. "Chryssi" has been (c) Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural measured with pitot tubes for a number of College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. speeds and drafts with the model towed and (d) Field investigation; applied research. self-propelled. (e) Discharge measurements from lateral tile (f) The model tests are nearly completed and drains in Brookston clay soil are being the results are partly analysed. made to determine the proper drainage coef- (g) A report will be issued to the sponsor on ficient to use in the design of main tile completion of the project. drains and to determine the effect of lateral tile drain spacing on the drainage rate

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Department of (3363) HYDR0L0GIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC SOIL. Engineering Science. (b) Laboratory project. (21+92) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS. (c) Prof. R. W. Irwin, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. (b) Laboratory project. (a) Field investigation; applied research. (c) Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricul- (e) The study is being carried out to establish tural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. criteria to be used in the development and (d) Experimental; applied research. operation of the water control program for (e) Relationship of precipitation and snow melt organic soils. In the investigation, an to runoff characteristics on four water- attempt will be made to establish a hydro- sheds of twenty acres each, under various logic water balance for the field area by land use practices is being evaluated. measuring, recording and analyzing so far (g) Winter surface runoff from watersheds with as possible evaporation, seepage, transpi- good grass-legume cover is greater than ration, precipitation, water table eleva- from watersheds plowed during the winter tion and ground water discharge through season. tile drains (h) "Measuring Watershed Runoff in Ontario," D. F. Witherspoon, and H. D. Ayers, Agri- cultural Engineering, No. 39:1+03-1+05, 1+11, 1958. QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(21+98) THE USE OF INFILTRATION DETERMINATIONS FOR (201+1+) ECONOMICAL CONSTRUCTION OF SAFE PULPW00D RUNOFF ESTIMATES. HOLDING GROUNDS.

(b) Laboratory project. (b) Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Can. (c) Prof. H. D. Ayers, Ontario Agricultural Ltd., 31+20 University St., Montreal, Quebec,

175 . .. . )

Canada. (b Laboratory project. Prof. R.J. Kennedy, Dept. of Civil Engineer- (c Prof. L.E. Jones, University of Toronto,

ing, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Can. Toronto 5 > Canada. Applied research; experimental, field and (d Experimental; applied research for Masters laboratory investigation. thesis Field and laboratory model investigation of (e A long term research carried out with a forces acting on various types of pulpwood view to systematizing discharge character- holding grounds istics for spillways having various pier (h "Forces in Pulpwood Holding Grounds I," spacings and proportions R.J. Kennedy, The Engineering Journal, Jan. Significant correlations obtained via 1958' Reprints available from (b). special plotting techniques. Report in preparation. (3364 LITTORAL DRIFT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE HAR- BOURS ON THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE ONTARIO. (3000 STABILITY OF CANAL LININGS.

(b The National Research Council of Canada. (b Laboratory project. (c Dr. Arthur Brebner, Dept. of Civil Engrg., (c Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto,

Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Toronto 5j> Canada. (d Experimental and field; basic and applied (d Experimental; applied research for masters' research. thesis (e Laboratory and field investigation of the (e Six crushed rock sizes from l/k inch to silting of harbours due to littoral drift. 1-1/2 inch inclusive were tested on the Basic research on the process. bed of a rectangular test channel for dynamic stability. (3365 THE HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY OF NEW AND USED (f Completed. ALUMINUM PIPE AND TUBING. (g Good correlation established between rock size and competent velocity. (b Aluminum Laboratories Limited, P.O. Box 8h, (h "Stability of Canal Linings," N. A. Qazi, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Masters of Sc. Thesis, University of (c Dr. Arthur Brebner, Department of Civil Toronto, May 1958- (Available on loan. Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. (3001 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTREME PRECIPITATION (d Field and laboratory investigations for the AND FLOOD FLOW IN THE TORONTO AREA. design of aluminum lines. (e Determination of the deterioration of alu- (b Laboratory project. minum pipe with length of service. For (c Prof. L. E. Jones, Univ. of Toronto, basis of comparison with old pipe new pipe Toronto 5, Canada. in sizes up to 6"D has been tested with (d Office investigation; applied research for water to Reynolds 5 x 105 and with air to masters thesis. about Reynolds 107. Effect of jointing (e A study to correlate field data observed incorporated in the pipe friction factor. during Hurricane Hazel. Corrosive attack on aluminum by various (f Completed. waters appears to be reduced considerably (g Correlation obtained between run-off and when the water is flowing and not stagnant. precipitation. (h Report in preparation. (3366) THE EFFECT OF WALL ROUGHNESS ON THE CAPACITY OF PULPWOOD FLUMES. (3003 ROUGHNESS PHENOMENA IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Aluminum Company of Canada, Montreal, (b Laboratory project. Quebec, Canada. (c Prof. L.E. Jones, University of Toronto, (c) Prof. S.S. Lazier, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Toronto 5, Canada. Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Canada. (d Experimental; basic research for doctoral (d) Field investigation. thesis (e) The testing of three pulpwood flumes of (e An investigation into the mechanism of differing wall roughness for friction loss. open channel roughness, with ultimate re- (f) Completed. ference to distorted scale models. (h) "The Effect of Wall Roughness on the Ca- pacity of Flumes," Woodlands Research Index (3004 FLOW CONFIGURATION IN A NUCLEAR REACTOR 109, Pulp and Paper Research Institute of CORE ASSEMBLY. Canada, 3*4-20 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (b Laboratory project. (c Prof. L.E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. (d Experimental; applied research for masters UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Dept. of Mechanical thesis Engineering. (e A study involving air flow in a 10:1 scale model to determine coolant flow configura- (1298) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEIR-TYPE tion about a typical rod cluster, with SPILLWAYS. provision for simulating rod distortion.

176 .. .

3005! GRADING OF PARTICLE SUSPENSIONS BY CEN- (h Interim report to sponsor. TRIFUGAL METHODS.

( 3370 HEAD LOSS IN PIPE STRAINERS. Laboratory project. (c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, (b Orr Associates, Limited, Toronto, Canada. Toronto 5j Canada. (c Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Experimental; applied research for masters Toronto, 'Canada. thesis (a Experimental; for design improvement. (e) A study of the dynamics of centrifugal (e Extensive tests on standard design and separation of fine particles from a liquid various modifications of Y-type pipe carrier. strainers of small size. (f Completed. 3367) AERODYNAMIC DOWNWASH FROM CHIMNEY STACKS Simple changes in screen shape permitted significant improvements in performance. (b) Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario. Reported to sponsor. (c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5> Canada. (3371 TEE LAKE OUTLET WORKS, NORTHERN QUEBEC. (d) Experimental; applied research for design. (e) Low speed wind tunnel (k ft by 8 ft by 36 (b Morrison, Hershfield, MLllman and Huggins, ft long test section) designed and devel- Toronto, Canada. oped to analyze aerodynamic downwash ef- (c Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, fects for a proposed steam generation Toronto, Canada. plant. Results will permit the evaluation (d Model and field investigation for recon- of stack height necessary to restrict the struction design. amount of pollution from stack effluents. (e Assessment of existing discharge capacity (f) A further extensive programme is proposed, and development of proper design for pro- including model and field tests for an posed reconstruction of bridge openings. existing plant. Completed. (h) Interim reports to sponsor. Adequate capacity obtained consistent with existing conditions and economy of con- (3368) DIFFUSION OF GASEOUS PLUMES. struction and requirements. (h Reported to sponsor. (b) Laboratory project. (c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, (3372 SEWER INTERCEPTING CHAMBER. Toronto 5> Canada. (d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral (*> Gore and Storrie, Limited, Toronto, Canada. thesis (c Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, (e) An investigation of the diffusion of gase- Toronto 5, Canada. ous plumes under various atmospheric con- (a Experimental; for design and operation. investigation on a 1:10.5 scale model, ditions . (e An to determine an intercepting chamber design (3369) HEAD GATE MODEL, CHUTE DES PASSES DEVELOP- which would give satisfactory performance MENT, PERIBONKA RIVER, QUEBEC. over a wide range of design and field conditions and which would permit of conven- (b) Canadian Vickers, Ltd., Montreal, Canada. ient, inexpensive and trouble-free adjusta- (c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, bility for any desired outflow distribution. Toronto 5> Canada.' (g) A simple design of considerable promise has (d) Experimental; for 'design and operation. been developed which will be subjected to a (e) A 1:2k scale model for investigating dy- greater range and variety of flow parame- namic forces on vertical intake gates under ters . various load and operating conditions. (h) Preliminary report to sponsor.

177 SUBJECT INDEX

Accelerated motion, cylinders (2265) 7 Canals Air entrainraent irrigation flumes (100) 62 linings (1966) 89 pipes (1303) 5 linings (151) 9I+ Air-water flow (183I+) 86 linings (1837) 13 Air-water mixtures, closed channels (2ll+8) 63 linings (1859) 23 Apparatus linings observation well (3362) Ik2 seepage (1859) 23 orifice testing (3OO8) 2 seepage (3110) 1+7 precipitation gage (2080) 2h stability (3000) 176 rainfall similator (2596) 57 sand deposits (2507) 8 rotating arm (1781) ll+8 Cavitation (3153) 76 sediment sampler (19M 66 Cavitation

ship models (1788) l-U-9 axial inducers ( 3011 ) k soil, measurement of hydraulic baffle piers (993) Il6

conductivity ( 3213 ) 97 basic research (993) Il6 spray formation (2730) 15I+ basic research

tube testing ( 3008 ) 2 Calif. Inst, of Technology ( 15U8 ) 2

turbulence probe ( 297^- ) l6l David Taylor Model Basin (711) lkf water tunnel (79) 32 Iowa State University (79)(8l) 32 water tunnel (1521) ll+8 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 116 I5I+ wave formation (2730) effect thermal properties ( 3009 ) 3 wave gages (977) 109 gate slots (993) 116 wave generator (1522) ll+8 gate valves (2955) l 1^

wave generator ( 2887 ) 8l inception (1355) 38 wave profile recorder (26l0).. 61+ incipient (2594) 56 Atomization of gasex (23I+I+) 1+1 incipient (283I+) 57 Backwater curves, analysis (279M 3^ intake (67M Il6 Baffle piers, mechanics of (2502) 3 basic research (993) Il6 noise (1778) ll+8 cavitation (993) 116 offset joints (993) Il6 Beach fills (2195) 109 offsets (3278) ll+6 Beaches outlet works, Glendo Dam (3280) ll+6 artificial (976) 109 pipe bends (993) Il6

by-passing sand, inlets (975) 108 sluice gates (79) • 32 equilibrium profile (l8l) 108 stilling basin steps (993).. Il6 variation of profile (2297) 20 turbines, models (1133) *+8 wave action (l8l) 108 turbines, propeller (271) 1

) wave action ( 529 5 water tunnel (79) 32 wave action (660) 108 Waterways Experiment Station (993) Il6 wave action (1609) 38 Cavities, design criteria (21+70) 153 wave action (1631) 67 Cavity resonance (2833) 57 Boundary layer Channel improvement in corners (2550) 1+1 Bonneville Dam (323O) llA pipe entrance (2122) 1+1+ flood control (2919) 113 skin friction (3020) 10 flood control submerged bodies (2966) I5I+ Hoosic River, Mass. (1211) 117 surfaces (85^) 32 Middle Miss. River (236) 115 turbulent (1779) 1^8 jetties (21+55) ll+3

unsteady ( 2805 ) 1+2 navigation Boundary shear stress (2770) 17 Delaware River, Pa. (1+25) Il6 Breakwaters Fraser River (10U+) l66 floating (3022) 10 St. Lawrence River (21+29) 122 floating type (3158) 66 Wilson Dam Canal (3298) l6l harbor, Campbell River, B. C. (3321) 167 Ogden Island Reach St. Lawrence River (3325)168 hydraulic (2753) 9 St. Lawrence River (3321+) 168 Ingall's Head Harbour (3357) 17^ Channels (see Open Channels) movable (2801) 1+0 advance of liquid front (3192) 80 pervious and impervious (998) 117 alluvial (2505) 8 rubble-mound (999) 117 alluvial (2516) 15 rubble-mound (268l) 125 alluvi al Bubbles aggradation (29I+7) ll+l diffusion (1780) lh8 bed roughness (251I+) 15 drag and shape (1780) lh8 degradation (29I+7) ll+l growth factors (2820) 52 flow velocities (3013) 9 vapor (15^8) 2 hydraulics of (276I+) 17 Canals hydraulics of (303I+) 18 irrigation roughness (2702) ll+0 linings (151) 9^ conservation linings (1723) 92

178 (Channels Drag forces (3150) 6l constricted flow (1855) 22 Drag resistance, piers (2396) 77 effect 90° bends (2797) 3^ Drain tile film of flow (2767) 17 breathers, relief wells (2595) 57 flood control (27*+7) ^ depth and spacing (2330) 35 (30ll+) all lined; energy dissipation 9 discharge measurements (27*+0) 175

St . Lawrence Seaway junction losses (1929) 62 Lachine Rapids Section (298I+) 170 Drainage Montreal Harbour Section (2985) 170 by pumping (2350) l6h sediment concentration (2737) l66 Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) 1+ sediment concentration (2763) l6 Florida (1966) 89 side flow galleries, dams 162 ,7(5 (2073) 87 (771) velocity distribution (13^3) 31 Illinois soils (2317) 28 velocity distribution (2737) 166 improvement surface (2333) 35 velocity profile (2763) 16 irrigated lands (1819) 85 water-sediment movement (2702) lUO irrigated lands (1966) 89 ^ Coefficients subsurface (2126) 1+1+ 1+1+ ^ : hydrodynamic (2U76) 157 surface (2126) hydrophobic disks and plates (2I+36) 135 Drainage improvement surface (2333) 37

5 Cofferdams Drainage installations, subsurface ( 32l6 ) 98

Dalles Dam, Oregon ( 11+62) 112 Drainage systems, design (2501+) 5 Lachine Power Project (2990) 171 Drains, filter Priest Rapids (2607) 6k operational characteristics (3060) 30 ll+6 . Concrete surface, irregularities (3278) Drains, subsurface J Condensation, laminar flow (3055) 23 durability (2127) 1+5 Conduits stability (2127) 1+5 circular, exit transitions (25I+3) 37 Drains, tile, flow patterns (306I+) 30

condenser cooling water loss ( 221+1 ) l60 Eddies, effect of boundary geometry (l875)---- 32 exit pressure distributions (25^3) 37 Embankments (291) 21 flow in bend (3103) ^5 Energy dissipation (3112) 1+9 inlets (218) 115 Entrainment, gas-liquid flow (2303) 23 pressure fluctuation (3316) 165 Erosion research

pressure surges ( 3203 ) 86 Baker's Haulover, Fla. (2782) 20 pressure, friction factors (2721+) ihh Baker's Haulover Inlet (3050) 21 pressure, friction factors (3275) 1^+5 canals, ditch linings (1966) 89

Corrosion, pipes (I3I+2) 26 canals, earth lined ( 21+57) ll+3 j

. Culverts canals, unlined (21+57) 1^3 discharge characteristics (21+35) 135 Casey Key (30I+6) 21 drop inlet (ill) 62 conservation farming (150) 90

full-scale tests (260U) 63 conservation farming ( 2187 ) 103

Cylinders curved open channels ( 3089 ) 1+1

accelerated motion ( 2265 ) 7 Deerfield Beach, Fla. (2781) 20 unsteady flow (28l6) 52 effect logging (2912) 103 vibrating (1517) 1^7 effect tillage (2597) 58 ' Dams effect vegetation (26l) 98

. design (3157) 65 effect vegetation (376) 10k ; gallery drainage (771) 162 forest influences (380) 107 seepage (33I+5) 172 forest influences (657) 10k stability (3157) 65 Ft. Pierce Beach, Fla. (2783) 20 storage, design (3032) 12 Lake Michigan (1863) 27

Density currents Lido Key ( 301+7) 21 I' model laws (159) 135 mountain watersheds (26l) 98 reservoir, cold water (l796)(l797) l60 mountain watersheds (376) 10l+ salt water intrusion, Delaware River (1+25).. Il6 Oregon (3221) 10l+ sedimentation (307) 38 Ragged Keys (301+8) 21

tidal estuaries (1986) 121 range management ( 27 ) 1+ f Diffusers semi-desert vegetation (657) 10U turbulent boundary layer (2320) 31 Evaporation vaned (1901) 1+1 evapo-transpiration (1996) 89 Diffusion evapo-transpiration (2188) 106 jet (3081) 36 Illinois (555) 25 particles in fluid (1331) 22 lakes (19I+I+) 67

salt water (3261) ll+2 measurement ( 1015 ) 135 waste water (25I+8) 1+0 measurement (2179) 95 ' L Distillation, sea water 6 reduction (2828) r (155*0 55 Diversion works, High Gorge Dam (3193) 8l reduction (3220) 10l+ 4 Drag, skin friction ( 31^3 ) 57 reservoirs (765) 162 5 Drag coefficients (2803) 1+0 reservoirs (2180) 95 [ Drag coefficient, cylinders (2265) 7 soils (2277) 1^ J [3 Drag forces ( 3115 ) 1+9 suppression, reservoirs (2703) l^l

179 Evaporation Freeboard, dams ( 32*48) 13*4 urban areas (56*4) 28 Freeboard, levees (32*4-8) 13*4 watersheds, Tennessee Basin (765) l62 Free surface flow (31*49) 6l Filtering (27*4l) 1 Frost in ground (ll87) 102 Filters (2535) 27 Gas-liquid, flow (1829) 7 Filters (2837) 58 Gas-solid, fluidized flow (3091) *42 Fish ladders Gate slot studies (2*45*4) l*+3 dams Gates Dalles Dam, Oregon (l462) 112' cavitation (993) Il6 Ice Harbor (2666) 113 cavitation (198*4) 120 Fish screens, revolving (2752) 9 hydraulic downpull (3277) 1*4-6 Fishway model study (2086) 29 lock (1*47*4) 118 Fishway model study sluice (1207) 117

Brownlee Reservoir (2876) 80 Gates, control, Island Bend ( 3281 ) 1*46 Fall Creek (31*40) 56 Gates, service, Eagle Gorge Dam (2920) 113 Priest Rapids (2855) 6*4 Geohydraulic theory (31*47) 59 Rocky Reach Hydroelectric Development (2877) 80 Gravity waves, wind-generated (3178) 75 Flashboards, dynamic forces (3068) 3*4 Ground water Flood control aquifers (318*4) 78 Arkansas River (2928) 127 aquifers (3188) 79 crop rotation (1966) 89 aquifers, mechanics of (2688) 139 discharge rates (3108) *+7 aquifer potential (2687) 139 Lower Mississippi River (2926) 127 aquifers, recharge of (3210) 97 reservoir storage (2322) 33 aquifers, salt water encroachment (2689)... 139 rivers Arkansas (2255) 1 Blackstone River, R. I. (2686) 126 artificial recharge (559) 25 Mississippi Basin (236) 115 artificial recharge (1966) 89 Old River overbank structures (2679)- ••• 12*4 artificial recharge (2255) 1 Vermilion Bay (243*0 123 artificial recharge (2315) 26 Flood control systems artificial recharge (2691) 139

design and operation ( 3019 ) 10 Carroll County, 111. (8*43) 26

Flood frequency, arid areas ( 30*4l ) 19 Chicago area (1335) 26 Flood frequency, semi-arid areas (30*4-1) 19 Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) *4

Flood frequency control ( 32*4-5 ) 133 East St. Louis area (561) 26 Flood routing (29*45) 138 effect forests (656) 102 Flow behavior, annulus (3093) *<-3 electric flow net (1221) 138 Flow electrical analogue (231*+) 26 fibre suspensions (25*46) 39 electrical analogue (2692) 139 granular media (2859) 6*4 flow problems (29*48) 1*41 nonsteady (2509) 8 fluctuations (821) 12 river under arch bridges (2839) 58 fresh water storage (2000) 139 single and two-phase in tube (237*4) 59 hydrologic cycle (1092) 26 slow viscous (311*4) *4-9 inflow (3018) 10 turbulent (3165) 66 instruments, adaptation (1998) 138

Flow measurement ( 2925 ) 127 irrigation (1966) 89 Flow non-steady, viscous (31*48) 59 Jo Daviess County, 111. (8*43)... 26 Flow patterns Lower Bijou Basin, Colo. (2761) 16

cascaded miter bends and vaned dividers(3159) 66 non-homogeneous anistropic flow. ( 3186 ) 79

Flow in porous media ( 2771 ) 17 occurrence problems (326*4) 1*42 Flow in porous media (318*4) 78 Peoria Area, 111. (560) 25 Flow in porous media (3188) 79 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 31 Flow, steady, viscous (31*48) 59 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 31 Flow, steady viscous Red River Valley, No. Dak. (3217) 98

effect cylindrical boundary (2135 ) *+8 root zone (2172) 90 Flow studies, 3- dimensional forms (2969) 155 Stephenson County, 111. (8*43) 26 Flow, supersonic (3137) ' 55 stream flow (2063) 7 Flow, surface, free (286*4) 68 Tennessee Valley (780) 163 Flow, two-phase, pipes (2552) *4l tracer (3017) 10 Flow, unsteady, inertial forces (3250) 135 water table control (2835) 58 1*4-1 Flow, viscous, expansion loss ( 319*4) 8l Ground-water drainage (3252) Flow, viscous, multiparticle system (3118).... 50 Ground-water storage (3263) 1*42

Fluid mechanics, non-Newtonian fluids ( 31*+5 ) • • 58 Gutters, side flow (2073) 87 Flumes Harbor design (2933) 129 air entrainment (100) 62 Harbor improvement

flow measurement ( 2513 ) 15 Chandler Harbour (3356) 17*4 friction loss tests (3366). 176 Lame que Harbour (3353) 17*4 Parshall (2902) 96 Saint John Harbour (3352) 17*4 trapezoidal (2902) 96 Savannah, Ga. (2*428) 121 Forces, wind-tunnel measurement (2832) 56 Harbor Models, scale effects (1002) 117 Frazil ice (33*^3) 172 Heat and mass transfer (2822) 52

180 .> Heat and mass transfer, spheres (3122) 52 Instruments Heat transfer (2821) 52 sediment density gage (3227) Ill Heat transfer soil moisture (1995) 135 Potomac River power plant (2889) 82 soil moisture (3260) 142 temperature (3132) 54 turbulence indicators (2629) 77 unsteady-state convective (2560) 4l turbulence meter (1985) 120

velocity profile (3132) 54 v.elocity meter '( 1004) 117 water (3130) 54 wave gage (660) 108 Highway drainage wave gage (977) 109 culverts (ill) 62 wave gage (1004) 117 culverts (1591) 29 wave recorder (3196) 8l culverts (2318) 29 Intakes culverts, flow characteristics (2320) 33 Chute-des-Passes (3310X33H) 164 embankments (291) 21 Chute-des-Passes (3312) 165 energy dissipator (2318) 29 Chute-des-Passes (3369) 177 subway grating design (2087) 29 condenser water (1796)(1797) l60

Hurricanes, data of characteristics (2hk0) . . . . 137 conduit, design (2l8) 115 Hydraulic control systems, valves (2335) 88 dams (674) 116 Hydraulic history (1102) 32 Ice Harbor model (2665) 113 Hydraulic jump (2l6l) 76 Massena (3331) l69 Hydraulic jump, circular (2547) 40 Niagara River Power Project (3337) 170 Hydraulic models (3197) 82 Pasny, Niagara River (3234) 131 Hydrodynamic forces, underwater bodies (2746).. 3 Wilson Powerhouse (3299) l6l Hydrofoil craft, seaworthiness (3294) 157 Irrigation Hydrofoils application rates (3104) 45 cavitating flow (3010) 3 canals craft, study of (2389) 70 linings (1966) 89

design criteria (328k) 155 seepage ( 1966 ) 89 study of (1816) 2 concrete pipe (24) 83 study (21 MO 63 control of water (1966) 89 Hydrofoil systems, motion, stability (2156)... 69 drainage design (2649) 95 Hydrofoils, supercavitating drainage design (3211) 97 forces on (3174). 73 drainage studies (1723) 92 hydroelastic instabilities (3173) 73 drainage studies (1819) 85 Hydrologic data, telemetering (3056) 24 drainage studies (1966) 89 Hydrologic studies drainage studies (2651) 96 Florida (150) 82 drainage studies (3218) 98 frequency (2319) 29 efficiencies (2786) 24 organic soil (3363) 175 efficiency studies (3109) 47 Waller Creek Watershed (2162) 77 farm structures (24) 83 Infiltration infiltration (1966) 89 effect vegetation (376) 104 precision (3102) 45

effect vegetation (1966) . 89 percolation (1966) 89

granular media ( 3062 ) 30 pipe friction (24) 83

soil (25) 84 snow surveys ( 55 ) 12

soil (1058) k snow surveys ( 1966 ) 89 soil (2879) 80 soil moisture (26) 4 soil (3265) .* Ik2 soil permeability (1966) 89 Infiltration rates sprinklers, hydraulics of (3187) 79 LaCrosse, Wis. (3077) 36 sprinkling systems (21) 83 Ralston Creek (3067) 34 sprinkling systems (1966) 89 Rapid Creek (3067) 34 sprinkling systems (2185) 95 Inlets structures (24) 83 canal (3267) l44 surface (3185) 78 culverts (ill) 62 systems, basin, design of (32l4) 97 gutters (1080) 87 water application (1966) 89 gutters (2085) 29 water consumption (3209) 97

hydrodynamics of flow ( 3166 ) 68 water control devices (2304) 24

theory (2088) 29 water measurement ( 24 ) 83 Instruments water measurements (2650) 96

gage, measurement (3028) 11 water measurement ( 3209 ) 97

gage, pressure distribution (3028) 11 water supply ( 23 ) 83 hydrologic (3247) 133 water supply (27) 4 motion recording (2466) 152 water supply (55) 12 precipitation gage (2080) 24 water supply (1966) 89 pressure cells (1004) 117 water supply pressure fluctuation (254l) 34 Santa Barbara Co., Calif. (2653) 96 radar raingage (2943) 137 well drilling (24) 83 reservoir water level recorder (3249) 134 Jets river, stage measuring (l86l) 23 dispersion into moving fluid (3155) 65

181 Jets Model studies mean pressure distributions (3075) 35 Canacadea Creek (3240) 132 submerged diffusion (948) 76 Carillon Power Project (3346) 172i annular, mean velocity distributions (3075) 35 Chattahoochee River (3244) 133

Jetties complex seaway ( 2278 ) 14 effect littoral drift (2190) 109 Conneaut Harbor, Ohio (3242) 133 effect wave action (529) 5 Cumbaya by-pass, Ecuador (2768) 17

effectiveness (3271) 145 Duluth- Superior Harbor ( 324l ) 132 Locks energy dissipators, Long Sault Dam (3329).. 169

approaches ( 1738 )( 1739) 119 Eufaula Dam (3238) 132 filling, emptying systems Hart-Jaune Dam (3349) 172 Barkley Dam (2673) 123 Hart-Jaune Development (3348) 172 Barkley Lock (2924) 115 Hudson River, N. Y. (2932) 128 Calumet River (2674) 123 Iroquois Control Dam (3320) 169 Carillon (3347) 172 Karadj Re-regulating Dam (3152) 65 Dalles Dam, Ore. (l466) 112 Lachine Power Project (2989) 171 Dardanelle Dam (2675) 124 Mercier Dam (2993) 173 Fort Gaines (2923) 114 New Cumberland Dam (3239) 132 Ice Harbor Dam (407) 112 Niagara Power Project Transition Sec. (3338)170 Louisville, Ky. (2678) 124 Niagara River (3336) 170

Maxwell Dam (3236) 132 Niagara River Project ( 3006 ) 2 Miss. River, Keokuk, Iowa (2937) 129 Port Cartier Harbour (3355) 174 Monogahela River (321+3) 133 pumping plant New Richmond, Ohio River (2929) 127 Charles River Basin (Boston) (3090) 4l

Old River Lock, La. (3232) 131 Puntledge River Power Plant ( 3319 )( 3320) .. . 166 Port Allen, La. (2426) 121 Red Rock Generating Station (3335) 170 Sacramento Barge Canal (2682) 125 Round Island enlargement (3350) 172 Troy Dam (2927) « 127 St. Lawrence River Watts Bar (1794) 160 dewatering and closure area (3326) l68 Wilson (2973) 160 St. Maurice River (3358) 174 high-lift (985) 114 small scale deltas (3053) 23 John Day (2662) 113 spillways Miter gates (l474) 118 Lachine Power Project (2987) 171 navigation conditions (2927) 127 Lachine Power Project (2994) 173 Pike Island (3235) 131 tailrace improvement

Manifolds (2633) 79 St. Lawrence River ( 3333) 169 Manifolds (3313) 165 Warsak Diversion Dam (3317) 165 Mass transfer (2821) 52 Model verification Meanders (1764) 138 pressure measurement Meteorology (2533) 27 penstocks, South Holston Dam (762) 159 Meteorology, pressure jump lines (1993) 136 sluices, Cherokee Dam (758) 159 Meteorological observations (2760) l6 sluices, Douglas Dam (759) 159 Meters prototype confirmation (l467) 118 calibration (124) 47 Rocky Reach Site, Columbia River (2631) 79 calibration (1963) 82 Southwest Pass, Miss. River (2931) 128 calibration (24ll)(2638) 82 spillway piers and baffles calibration (3042) 20 Ice Harbor Dam (405) Ill calibration (3133) 54 Wilson Lock (2479) l60 current, ratings (2827) 53 Noise, hydrodynamic (1778) 148 current, redesign Price (2444) 139 Nozzles current, testing (2762) 16 calibration (3044) 20 elbow (1602) 37 calibration (3133) 54 flow (1963) 82 mixing (40) 5

flow, electromagnetic (3255 ) l4l Open channels (see Channels) flow, performance characteristics (2769). •• 17 air entrainment (100) 62 flow, ultrasonic (2949) l4l alluvial, hydraulics of (2764) 17 irrigation (24) 83 artificial, velocity profile (3063) 30

open channel (1589) 29 constricted flow (1855 ) - • 22 turbine, calibration of (2765) 17 constricted flow (2066) 13

venturi, calibration (3198) 83 eddy diffusion ( 3015 ) 10 water (2447) 139 effect discharge (2700) 140 Model distortion (994) 116 effect grain size (2700) 140 Model distortion (2897) 82 effect load (2700) 140 Model laws effect roughness (3256) l4l density currents (159) .135 effect slope (2700) 140 scale effect, harbors (1002) 117 film of flow (2767) 17 Model studies friction losses (2l4o) 6l Barcelona Harbor, Lake Erie (2936) 129 intermittent flow (2773) 19 Buffalo Harbor, Lake Erie (2935) 129 orifice flow control (2129) 45 Cameron Falls Generating Station (3334) 170 roughness '(3003) 176

182 )pen channels Pipes roughness (3183) 78 surges (1303) 5 sediment concentration (2763) l6 verticle (317) *+6 stability (3253) 1^1 Pipes, inclined steep slope (100) 62 liquid-solid-mixtures (3205) 87 supercritical flow, air entrainment (lOO).. 62 Pipes, roughened, air entrapment (320*4) 87

uniform flow (2529) 22 Pitot tubes, calibration ( 3162 ) 66

uniform flow (2699) • ikO Porous media (3030) 12 velocity distribution (l3*+3) 31 Porous media velocity distribution (2083) 31 dispersion of fluid (2586) 51 velocity profiles (2763) l6 flow (2863) 68

172 irifice meters, effect pipe roughness (2731)- • 157 flow (3212) 97

12( )rifice plates, calibration (2777)(30*43) 20 flow (3258) (3259) 1^2

I65 )rifice plates, fluid collector systems (31*4-6) 59 annular, discharge coefficients (3136) 55 microscopic flow (2690) 139 Orifice, thin plate turbulent flow (557) 25 discharge coefficients (3135) 55 Potential flow (286*+) 68 Drifices Potential flow (3150) 6l calibration (3133) 5*+ Pressure distribution constant head turnout (327*+) l*+5 basic research (79) 32

design criteria ( 2*4-70 ) 153 basic research (8l) 32 discharge measurements (2285) 19 spillway floors (3318) 165 discharge measurements (2637) 80 Pressure drop unsteady flow (2276) 86 fluidized bed (3117) 50 Dutlet works viscous fluid (2812) *+9 dams Pressure measurement Abiquiu (2*427) 121 ship models (1789) 1*49 Black Butte (3237) 132 sluices Bocomo (2512) 15 Cherokee Dam (758) 159 Foss (3276) Ik6 Douglas Dam (759) 159 Oahe, S. D. (1212) 117 Propellers Paonia (2957) 1*4*4 circulation (2727) 153 Trinity (2718) 1*43 rotating, hydrodynaml c pressure (2391) 70 Vaquero (2712) 1*4-3 supercavitating (3286) 155 diversion dam, Navajo (3273) 1*45 theory (2*4-7*+) 153

Glen Canyon Tunnel ( 295*4- ) 1*4*4 theory, lifting (2237) 151 Lake, Northern Quebec (3371) 177 thrust deduction (2153) 68 1*+*+ Prineville (3268) thrust deduction study ( 3171 ) 72 Outlets transient forces (2616) 71 artificial (2829) 55 vibratory thrust (2617) 71 canal (3267) 1*+*+ wake fraction (2153) 68 pipe, cantilevered (ll68) 62 Prototype check tests Penstocks, Priest Rapids (2632) 79 penstocks (762) 159 Percolation studies (1966) 89 sluices (758)(759) 159

Percolation studies, California (2l8l) 95 Pulpwood holding grounds ( 20*4*4 ) 175 Pipe fittings, bends, elbows (l602) 37 Pumps Pipe fittings, cavitation (993) 116 axial flow (2500) 2 *4*4 Pipe flow (2759) 86 axial inducers ( 3099 ) Pipelines, submarine (3180) 76 centrifugal, radial flow (3012) 9 Pipe strainers, head loss (3370) 177 circulating (31*4-1) 56 Pipe systems, air movement (3070) 35 condenser water (3303) l62 Pipes dredge (308*4) 37

aluminum, deterioration ( 3365 ) 176 flow patterns (3007) 2 cavitation (993) 116 gear (2806) *42

corrosion ( 13*42 ) 26 model tests (31*42) 56

energy losses ( 3066 ) 30 research (15*4-8) 2 flow of mixtures tests (1132) *47 gas-liquid (2303) 23 tests (3111) ? *48 liquid-solid (2275) 86 turbine model tests (2050) 1 solid-gas (*+0) 5 turbine model tests (3300) l6l friction Rainfall concrete (2*4-) 83 effect forest cover (2911) 103 steady and unsteady states (261*4-) 68 hydrologic cycle (1092) 26 heat transfer (*40) 5 intensity (l9*+5) 67

laminar flow (31l6) 1+9 intensity (2787) - 27 manifold ports (2150) 67 intensity (3058) 27 networks (1689) 79 intensity hurricane (2*4*4-1) 137

Non-Newtonian fluid flow ( 2819 ) 52 maximum (779) 163

pressure losses (3301) l6l maximum ( 1751 ) 136

Widows Creek Steam Plant (3302) l6l maximum ( 2788 ) 27

183 Rainfall Runoff radar research (553) 25 Rainfall-runoff (2334) 36 radar research (2443) 137 rainfall-runoff (2795) 34 rainfall-runoff (68) 31 rainfall -runoff relations (2397) 77 rainfall-runoff (564) 28 small areas (1946) 67 rainfall-runoff (768) 162 small areas (2316) 28 rainfall-runoff (IO78) 87 small watersheds (2492) 175 rainfall-runoff (2162) 77 small watersheds (284l) 59 rainfall -runoff (2561) 44 stream (3252) l4l

rainfall-runoff ( 3001 ) 176 urban areas (564) 28 rainfall -runoff relations (2397) 77 watersheds records (1636) .. ... 51 Idaho (1862) 23 records (2534) 27 Lafayette, Ind. (1966) 89 research Ohio (1966) 89 Southern California (26l) 98 Ohio and Great Plains (150) 90 United States (21+37) 137 Pennsylvania (656) 102 Tennessee River Basin (768) l62 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 31 Tennessee River Basin (779) 163 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 31 Rainfall, research Tennessee River Valley (780) 163 intensity (3251) 138 Salt water intrusion Range management practices (27) 4 Delaware River (425) Il6 Reservoirs Florida (1966) 89 evaporation (765) 162 Sand boils (558) 25 evaporation (2180) 95 Sand mixtures, permeability (556) 25 evaporation, retardation (2532) •• 27 Sand traps, design (2279) 95 linings (1837) 13 Sand-water mixtures, shear (2062) 7|

sedimentation ( 307 ) 38 Scour sedimentation (2175) 93 bridge crossings (2540) 33 sedimentation, measurements (233*0 36 bridge piers (3164) 66 silting culvert outlets (3038) 19 Illinois (552) 24 dams, Ft. Randall, S.D. (674) Il6 temperature gaging (769) l62 protection abutments (3069).. 3*+ Tennessee River (764) l62 protection piers (3069) 34 Tennessee River (785) l62 relief bridges (3072) 35 Texas (1966) 89 Seaway, St. Lawrence (204l) 173 water travel (787) 163 Sediment River basin systems (3054) 23 analysis by ultrasonics (3163) 66 River control structures bed load formulas (2506) 8

Old River, La. (1982) 120 bed load, measurement ( 3257 ) l4l

River flow (2698) 140 bed load motion ( 2059 ) 7 River flow pattern (2890X2891) 82 density in reservoirs (2951) 143 River regime characteristics (3031) 12 Sediment, cohesive, scour resistance (2874).... 77 Rock fill, closure dam (2942) 131 Sediments Roughness organic (3021) 10 artificial channels (2950) 129 tagged by radioactive minerals (2755) 9 artificial Sediment transport

open channels ( 3016 ) 10 artificial channels (2950) l4l surfaces (2328) 33 meandering channels (3073) 35 surfaces, drag (854) 32 natural channels (2950) l4l surfaces, drag (3087) 37 Sediment transportation (2748) 4; effect of water temperature (1988) 121 analysis (2701) 140

surface ( 3071 ) 35 beaches (529) 5 Runoff bed load (1107) 32; control of (2908) 101 bed load denudation effects (23) 83 Delaware River (425) Il6 denudation effects (27) 4 wave action, effect (1823) 6 effect of forest (376) (377) 104 critical tractive force (1502) 143 effect of forest (656) 102 density currents (307) 38; effects tillage (2597) 58 forces on particles (280) 5 floods (2795) 34 measurement (194) 66:

hydrologic cycle (1092) 26 measurement ( 2125 ) 44 infiltration determinations (2498) 175 reservoirs (1966) 89

infiltration determinations (2795) 34 resistance to flow ( 3105 ) 45:

rainfall-runoff (564) 28 roughness elements ( 3105 ) 45| rainfall-runoff (1078) 87 suspended load (1107) 32 rainfall-runoff (1723) 92 suspended load

rainfall-runoff ( 1744 )( 1745) 136 measurement (194) 66;

rainfall -runoff (2l62) 77 measurement ( 1966 ) 89! rainfall-runoff (2165) 79 Tennessee River (764) l62| rainfall-runoff (2331) 35 Sedimentation (2821) 52 Sedimentation ( 3323) 167 Ships Sedimentation resistance reservoirs (552) 2h hull forms (2018) 1I+9 reservoirs (785) l62 hull forms (2238) 151 reservoirs (2175) 93 hull forms (21+61+) 152 rivers (2175) 93 models (901) 1+7 velocity of particles (2583) 1+8 models (21+73) 153 waves (2660) 110 tests (3107) 1+6 Seepage theory (709) ll+6 canal linings (1859) 23 seaworthiness (1511) ll+7 canals (1966) 89 seaworthiness (2230) 150 soil sediments (1859) 23 seaworthiness (2235) 151 Servomechanisms (3207)(3208) 88 seaworthiness (2I+69) 152 Servomechanism, closed loop (l877) 87 seaworthiness (2728) 153 Ships seaworthiness (3293) 157 "bending moment (2387) 69 slamming (1786) ll+9 "bending moment (2393) 70 stability (1907) 67

"bending moment (2865) 71 stability ( 3021+ )( 3025 ) 11 bilge, keels (1512) ll+7 stabilization (3288) 156 control surfaces (2I+63) 152 velocity distribution (2232) 150

damping , three-dimensional (3168) 72 vibration (2019) 150 design (21+72) 153 wake formation (223I+) 151 effect waves (21+68) 152 wake studies (3362) 175 fishing, design (3361) 175 wave tests (1907) 67 forces (2091) 33 Shore processes (2192) 109 forces (3036) 18 Shore protection forces, on "bodies (2229) 150 methods, techniques (2193) 109

hull form research ( 2729 ) I5U structures (529) 5 hydrodynamic characteristics (3177) 73 Silting injection scoops (710) ll+6 harbors north shore of Lake Ontario (3361+). 176 lateral motions in waves (3176) 73 reservoirs lines (1783) ll+9 Illinois (552)... 2l+

lines (2262) • 7 Tennessee Valley (785) 162 maneuvering (151*0 l*+7 Siphons model testing facility (3292) 156 irrigation (2l+) 81+ models pumping plants (ll+75) 119 motion (2963) I5I+ Sluice gates pitch damping (315*+) 65 cavitation (79) 32

pitching (315*0 65 entrance rounding ( 301+5 ) 20 towing test maneuvering basin (1781).... ll+8 torque characteristics (28ll+) 51 turbulence stimulation (1506) 1V7 Sluices moments (3036) 18 St. Lawrence Power Project (3327) 168

moorings ( 3179 ) 75 Sluiceways motion (1782) ikd dams motion (2091) 33 Iroquois (3328) 168

motion ( 215^ )( 2155 ) 69 Long Sault (3328) 168 motion (2356) 50 San Acacia (3270) ll+5

motion ( 21+62 )( 21+66) (21+67) 152 Woodston (2952) 11+1+ motion (2853) 60 dams, discharge ratings motion (2962) I5I+ Cherokee Dam (739) 159 motion (3028) 11 Fontana Dam (7^5)- •< 159 motion (3179) 75 dams, pressure measurement

motion, full scale ( 3291 ) 156 Cherokee (758). 159

motion, restraint of ( 3035 ) 18 Douglas Dam (759) 159 pitching (2390) 70 Snow pitching motion (3289) 156 forecast, melting (1011) 135

planing surfaces (3^-0) 68 forecast melting ( 3219 ) 103 planing surfaces (2152) 67 Snow surveys pressure distribution (1789) l*+9 Colorado (55) 12 pressure distribution (2232) 150 runoff forecasting (55) 12 pressure distribution (2853) 60 runoff forecasting (1966) 89

propellers runoff forecasting ( 321+6) 133

contra-rotating ( 21+71 ) 153 Soil moisture counter-rotating (2866) 71 effect denudation (23) 83 oscillating pressures (2236) 151 effect timber cutting (377) 10k propulsive characteristics (2239) 151 evaporation (2173) 90

resistance ( 3026 ) 11 evaporation (2277) 1*+ resistance (3IO6) 1+6 forest influences (380) 107 resistance forest influences (657) 10l+ frictional (2231) 150 forest influences (2188) 106

185 Soil moisture Spur dikes forest influences (2420) 105 design criteria (3086) 37

measurement ) ( 26l 98 design of ( 304o) 19.

movement ( IO58 ) 4 Stilling basins movement (2055) 85 dams movement (2173) 90 Bull Shoals, Ark. (1979) 120

movement ( 3079 ) 36 Cougar (3231) 114 permeability (2739) 175 East Barre (2939) 130 prediction method (3226) 108 Fort Gaines (2432) 123 semi-desert vegetation (657) 104 Ft. Randall, S.D. (674) 116

Southern California ( 26l ) 98 Keystone (294l) 131 Soil salinity (261+8) 90 Markland, Ohio River (1739) 119 Spheres Navajo (3272) 145 motion, viscous fluid (2584) 1+8 Table Rock, Mo. (1980) 120 motion, viscous fluid (3113) 1+9 Warrior (24-31) 122 unsteady flow (28l6) 52 design (1074) 13 Spillways design (2857) 64 "barrel type (2751) 8 dimensions (2959) 144 basic research (158I+) 22 diversion dam Battle Wood River (3279) 146 Navajo (3273) 145 Bersimis No. 2, Development (3315) 165 energy dissipation (2103) 39 bulkhead, Greenup Dam (3233) 131 erosion below (1987) 121 comparison, profiles (266) 173 hollow- jet valve (2958) 144 dams Murrumbidgee-Eucumbene Tunnel (2956) l44 -. Bull Run, No. 2 (3139) . 56 self draining (2750) 8

Chief Joseph ( 3085 ) 37 Stream gaging Dez River (3052) 22 bridges (690) 138 Elmhurst (261+5) 82 Tennessee Valley (769) l62 Flaming Gorge (2960) 144 Streamflow Fort Gaines (21+32) 123 low flow characteristics (3078) 36 Fort Patrick Henry (1534) 159 Streamflow forecasts (1744)(1745) 136 Fort Randall, South Dakota (674) Il6 Streamflow forecasts (2888) 81 Glen Canyon (2719) l43 Colorado (55) 12 Hales Bar Dam (IO38) 159 snow surveys (55) 12

Ice Harbor, Oregon (4o6) 112 snow surveys ( 1966 ) Jackson (2930) 128 Western Oregon (3138) 55 John Day (3229) Il4 Streams Makio (3039) 19 discharge records (2695) l4C Markland, Ohio River (1739) 119 dispersal patterns (3254) l4l McGee Bend (2940) 130 effect logging (969) lfi Mission (316O). 66 runoff (3182) 78

Paonia (2957) 144 sand channel (1755 ) 136: Peters (2151) 68 stage discharge, Iowa (67) 31

Sherman (2647) 82 water quality ( 786 ) l6£ Tolt River (2884) 80 Structures Townshend (2938) 130 conservation (1723) 92 Trinity (2705) 143 conservation (2789) m

Derbendi Khan (3151) 65 conservation ( 3049 ) 21 design, Priest Rapids (2606) 64 drainage (2789) 2$ discharge characteristics (2694) 139 sewer, drop (3161) Gi

drop, design (1398) 62 wave forces on ( l88l ) ffl drop, design (1865) 26 Strut wake (2234) 15] energy dissipator (2339) 37 Submerged bodies energy dissipator (2878) 80 forces (2615) V Grand Valley (3266) l44 moments (26l5) 7] ice, Lachine Power Project (3342) 171 pressure distribution

Ice Harbor, stop log (2921) 114 theoretical analyses (8l) 3

Treas Marias ( 3191 ) 80 pipes (1303) Wanapum Power Project (3156) 65 Surges, elastic tube

weir type (1298) 176 dissipation rate (3080) 3 1

Wilson Powerhouse (3299) l6l propagation speed ( 308O ) 3' ; Sprinkling systems Thermal studies irrigation (2185) 95 ice cover (3340) 17 jets, distribution (21) 83 Thrust deduction research (3167) 7>

186 3

Tidal entrances, analysis of data (2296) 20 Water levels, storm induced (2869) 74 Tidal estuaries , diffusion (28l8) 52 Water measurement Tidal flow, channels, Delaware River, Pa. (425). 116 irrigation (23) 83 Tides irrigation (24) 83 Narragansett Bay (2680) 125 irrigation (26) 2+ storm (2873) 75 stream flow (67) 31 storm prediction (2438) I37 technique development (3124) 53 Tornado model ( 3065 ) 30 Water resources, Tennessee Valley (2975) 16 Transition Watershed management flow patterns (3088) 37 Arizona (657) 104 y supercritical velocities (2386) 63 Arkansas (3225) 108 4 Tunnels, water air content (2603) 63 Beaver Creek (2913) 106

Tur"bines Colorado ( 1971 ) 105 cavitation (1133) 1+8 Continental Divide (377)... 104 model tests (123) 1+7 Grand Junction, Colo. (2657) 106 model tests (2582) 48 Idaho (2907) 101 model tests (3083) 36 infiltrometer development (2905) 101 partial-admission (3095) 1+3 New Mexico (1969) 105 performance (123) 47 Northern California (24l5) 100 propeller Pennsylvania (656) 102 cavitation (271) 1 Pennsylvania (2910) 103

performance ( 271 ) 1 research (2658) 106 tests (3111) 1+8 Rocky Mountain Front Range (376) 104 ll - unsteady two-dimensional flow (2807) 1+2 Southeastern United States (380) 107

vane moments ( 896 ) 1+7 Southern California (26l) 98 Turbulence Tallahatchee Research Center (2914) 107

boundary layer ( 2233 ) 151 Trout Creek, Colo. (3223) 106 characteristics (2058) 7 Utah (1971) 105 decay (2792) 3I+ Wayne County, Pa. (966) 102 granular media (557) 25 White Mountains, N. H. (2419) 103 low level (2510) ll+ Wyoming (1971) 105 measurement, apparatus (73) 31 Watershed studies li mechanism (2536) 31 Arizona (150) 90

mechanism of (2840) 58 Beaver Creek ( 3222 )( 3221+) 106 stimulation (1506) ll+7 Central Utah (2903) 101 I wakes (2233) 151 Colorado (1971) 105 Unsteady flow (1786) ll+9 effects logging (969) 103 Underwater missiles (2754) 9 effects logging (265I+) 98 Valves Florida (150) 90 butterfly (1603) 37 forest influences (376) 104 t check (3199) 83 forest influences (377) 104 check (3200) 83 forest influences (380) 107 check (3201) 83 forest influences (656)(966)(ll88) 102 jet-pipe (3092) 1+2 frost studies (1187) 102 tainter, reverse (3305) 162 hydrologic cycle (1764) 138 ? transfer (1876) 87 hydrologic cycle (2l62) 77 StValves, safety, capacity tests (3127) 53 Idaho (2903) 101 Vane, flow straightener (3134) 51+ Illinois (150) 90 i Velocities, low, measurement of (3082) 36 Illinois (552) 24 Velocity distribution Illinois (657) 104 freestream (3125) 53 Illinois (2316) 28 Potomac River, power plant (2889) 82 Iowa (150) 90 Lafayette, Ind. smooth circular pipe ( 3119 ) 50 (1966) 89 Velocity measurement (3074) 35 Maine (150) 90 electro -magnetic (73) 31 management (26l) 98 hot-wire (73) 31 Maryland (150) 90 J Virtual mass (2064) 86 Michigan (150) 90 study of (3175) 73 Nebraska (150) 90 i Vortex flow (2824) 52 New Jersey (150) 90

cyclone separators ( 3094 ) 1+3 Northern Utah (2903) 101 Vortex shedding (2802) 1+0 Northern Utah (2909) 102 Wake shapes Oklahoma (2365) 55

surface contours ( 3169 ) 72 Parker Branch (3307) 163 Water conservation (3057) 21+ Pine Tree (3309) 164 Water, consumptive use (1966) 89 Ralston Creek, Iowa ( 66 ) 31 irrigated Rapid Creek, Iowa 31 I crops (2177) 9!+ (68) San Francisco Bay Area (2179) 95 Tennessee River Valley (768) l62 Water control facilities, design (1723) 92 Tennessee River Valley (780) 163 "-'Water entry (2900) 90 Texas (150) 90

• Water exit, ellipsoidal bodies (2537) 31 Virginia (150) 90

187 Watershed studies Waves, gravity, diffraction of (2871) 7 White Hollow (3308) 163 Waves, long, generation of (2872) 7

White Mountains, N. H. ( 2419 ) 103 Waves, measurement, elevation (2408) 8l Wisconsin (150) 90 Waves, measurement, slopes (2408) 8l Water supplies Waves, surface Colo. River Basin of Nevada (2652) 96 absorption (2143) 63 Water utilization (769) l62 characteristics, observed (660) 108 Waters, surface contours (340) 61 characteristics (3059) 27 energy losses (2298) 20 Wave absorbers, design of (2934) 129 gages (977) 109 Wave action generation (4) 67 beaches (l8l) 108 generation (l478) 135 beaches (529) 5 resistance (709) 146 beaches (660) 108 solitary (159) 135 beaches (1609) 38 solitary (577) 38 beaches (1631) 67 Waves, wind-generated, spectra (3195) 8l breakwaters Weirs harbors, Duluth-Superior (2685) 126 basic research (319) 46 pervious, impervious (998) 117 basic research (1584) 22 rubble-mound (999) 117 basic research (2578) 46 harbor (2870) 74 calibration (2860) 65

shore protection works ( 529 ) 5 design (2858) 64 spillways (67k) Il6 discharge characteristics (2694) 139 Wave forecasting rectangular (1852) 22

methods ( 29l6 ) . 110 sharp crested (2324) 33 Wave generation, oblique (3290) 156 Weirs, sharp- crested Wave motion (2809) 45 inclined elliptical (3206) 87 Wave propagation (33&0) 174 parabolic (268) 173 Wave research (2357) 50 Weirs, side (1912) 50 Wave run-up, model study Weirs, unsteady flow (2276) 86 Lake Okeechobee (2917) 110 Wells Wave setup, beaches (3228) Ill casing perforations (2056) 86 Wave, shock (3096).. 43 construction (2576) l64 Wave studies (3120) 51 drilling (24) 83 Waves pump suction (3190) 80 forces, submerged structures (2659) 110 Wells, irrigation generation (1825) 6 construction (3033) 18 gravity- capillary (3181) 76 filter design (2901) 96 measuring techniques (226l) 7 sediment retention (3215) 9$ pressure generated (3023) 11 Well screens, turbulence (557) 25

reproduction of ( 3029 ) 12 Wind run-up (1735) 119 pressure distribution (2796) 34

run-up, shore structures ( 266l ) 110 velocity (2442) 137 shallow water (1825) 6 Wind and water behavior (3051) 21 ships, waterways (2508) 8 Wind tides, research (2442) 137 wind generated (1825) 6 Wind waves, canals (2953) l44

U. S. - 188 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1959 O 514561 THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover.

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity and Electronics. Resistance and Reactance. Electron Devices. Electrical Instru- ments. Magnetic Measurements. Dielectrics. Engineering Electronics. Electronic Instrumenta- tion. Electrochemistry. Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Photographic Technology. Length. Engineering Metrology. Heat. Temperature Physics. Thermodynamics. Cryogenic Physics. Rheology. Molecular Kinetics. Free Radicals Research. Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Neutron Physics. Radiation Theory. Radioactivity. X-rays. High Energy Radiation. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment. Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Molecular Structure and Properties of Gases. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

Mechanics. Soun i. Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Mass and Scale. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Controls. Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifi- cations. Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research. Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics. Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Constitu- tion and Microstructure. Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Concreting Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathe- matical Physics. Data Processing Systems. SEAC Engineering Group. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems. Analog Systems. Application Engineering.

• Office of Basic Instrumentation. • Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLORADO

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Gas Liquefaction. Radio Propagation Physics. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular Propagation Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. VHF Research. Radio Warning Services. Air- glow and Aurora. Radio Astronomy and Arctic Propagation. Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Modulation Research. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation Obstacles Engineering. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics. Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. High Fre- quency Impedance Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Microwave Physics. Microwave Circuit Standards. Radio Communication and Systems. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Ultra High Frequency and Super High Frequency Research. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Navigation Systems. Systems Analysis. Field Operations. Hydraulic Research in the United States

Guides to projects conducted by various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and Canada during 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, and 1958. Project reports cover work done at 74 private or State laboratories in the United States, 23 Federal laboratories, and 10 Canadian laboratories. These publications outline individual projects on nearly 200 subjects in the field.

Order: NBS Miscellaneous Publication 201, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1951, 190 pages. Price $1.25. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 205, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1952, 200 pages. Price $1.00. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 208, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1953, 215 pages. Price $1.25. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 210, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1954, 207 pages. Price $1.25. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 218, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1956, 216 pages. Price $1.50. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 221, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1957, 220 pages. Price $1.50. NBS Miscellaneous Publication 224, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1958, 168 pages. Price $1.25.