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Cinchona Amazonica Standl. (Rubiaceae) No Estado Do Acre, Brasil1 Cinchona Amazonica Standl

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Cinchona Amazonica Standl. (Rubiaceae) No Estado Do Acre, Brasil1 Cinchona Amazonica Standl Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Naturais, Belém, v. 1, n. 1, p. 9-18, jan-abr. 2006 Cinchona amazonica Standl. (Rubiaceae) no estado do Acre, Brasil1 Cinchona amazonica Standl. (Rubiaceae) in the state of Acre, Brazil Percy Amilcar Zevallos Pollito I Mário Tomazello Filho II ResumoResumo: O presente estudo trata da dendrologia, distribuição geográfica e status de conservação de Cinchona amazonica Standl., plantas de interesse medicinal que ocorrem no estado do Acre, Brasil. A pesquisa consistiu em trabalhos de campo para a coleta de material botânico, levantamento e estudo das exsicatas disponíveis nos herbários nacionais e internacionais da América do Sul, revisão bibliográfica das espécies do gênero na literatura e nos sites especializados. Os resultados apresentam a descrição com a sua ilustração e mapeamento bem como determinação da sua situação populacional. Palavras-chavealavras-chave: Cinchona. Dendrologia. Ditribuição geográfica. Status de conservação. Acre. AbstractAbstract: The present research is about dendrology, geographic distribution and status of conservation of Cinchona amazonica Standl. with are plants with medical interest; they grow in the state of Acre, Brazil. The research consisted in: field work for the collection of botanical material, in the survey and study of the available exsiccates in the national and international herbariums of the South America. It has been done a bibliographical review of the species of this genera in literature and the specialized sites The results present the description of the species with their illustration and mapping, as well as determination of their population situation. Keywordseywords: Cinchona. Dendrology. Geographic distribution. Conservation status. Acre I Universidade Nacional Agraria La Molina. Faculdad de Ciencias Florestales. Lima, Peru ([email protected]). II Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz. Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil ([email protected]). 1 Financiado com bolsa de estudo da Organização de Estados Americanos (OEA). 9 Cinchona amazonica Standl. (Rubiaceae) no estado do Acre, Brasil INTRODUÇÃO REVISÃO DE LITERATURA O estado do Acre, na Amazônia Ocidental, possui Aspectos taxonômicos 93% do seu território coberto de florestas pluviais e constitui o maior patrimônio genético vegetal da O gênero Cinchona tem sido intensamente estudado região norte do Brasil (IMAC, 1991). A redução da desde a sua descoberta para a cura da malária, no final cobertura vegetal (5% ao ano), conseqüência da do século XVI. No mundo, foram descritas cerca de exploração madeireira e ampliação da fronteira 38 a 50 espécies de árvores e 150 variedades de agropecuária, pode levar à extinção de parte da flora arbustos perenes do gênero, nas escarpas mornas e ainda desconhecida e considerada como fonte úmidas dos Andes, em altitudes de 1.500 a 2.500 m, potencial de produtos medicinais, alimentares e assim como na Amazônia (STEYERMARK, florestais (MENEZES, 1994). 1974; STELL, 1982; GENTRY, 1993; BREMER; ANDREASSEN; OLOSSON, 1995). São encontrados Apesar da existência de uma florescente 167 registros de nomes científicos para o gênero indústria farmacêutica que pesquisa e desenvolve (REA, 1995), dos quais 23 foram reconhecidos por continuamente novos medicamentos, a Organização Anderson (1998). Mundial da Saúde (OMS) estima que 80% da população mundial depende da medicina tradicional De acordo com Cronquist (1988), o gênero e 85% desta utiliza as plantas medicinais, seus extratos Cinchona pertence à família Rubiaceae, ordem vegetais e princípios ativos (IUCN, 1993). Rubiales, Subclasse Asteridae, classe Magnoliopsida, Divisão Magnoliophyta. A família foi segregada da Das inúmeras plantas com substâncias químicas Ordem Gentianales em função da classificação utilizadas nos tratamentos terapêuticos, estão incluídas filogenética de A. Engler (HUTCHINSON, 1967) as espécies do gênero Cinchona, fonte de quinina e incluída por Robbrecht (1988) na subfamília para as febres decorrentes ou malária, e quinidina Cinchonoideae. No entanto, desde DeCandole para doenças cardíacas (WARHURST, 1987; (1797) até Anderson (1995), situa-se na Tribu ZEVALLOS, 1989; OCAMPO-SANCHEZ, 2000). Cinchoneae, que reúne os gêneros com sementes Os estudos sobre as espécies de Cinchona e de outras aladas. Bremer, K., Bremer, B. e Thulin (1998), de plantas nos países andinos da Amazônia, têm sido acordo com a análise cladística realizada, relativamente intensificados pela importância reclassificou a família Rubiaceae na ordem farmacêutica e econômica dessas espécies (OCAMPO- Gentianales sob uma sustentação monofilética, SÁNCHEZ, 2000) sendo, porém, reduzidos no Brasil voltando à ordem original, pertencente ao grupo (SCHULTES, 1979; DELPRETE; CORTEZ, 2002). mais elevado Euasteridas I. Com base no exposto, o presente trabalho tem Aspectos ecológicos e distribuição geográfica como objetivos a caracterização dendrológica de Espécies do gênero Cinchona ocorrem em climas Cinchona amazonica Standl., única espécie do gênero quentes e úmidos, com precipitação abundante e Cinchona encontrada no estado do Acre, Brasil; a persistente, com nebulosidade o ano todo, nas zonas definição do seu padrão de distribuição geográfica; e altas com topografia íngreme e nas partes baixas das a determinação do seu status de conservação ou colinas, quase sem influência do clima. Encontram-se situação populacional, para conhecer o grau de em áreas com temperaturas de 6,5 a 24,9ºC e retração ou expansão das plantas da espécie na precipitações de 790 a 3.900 mm, alcançando região, contribuindo para aumentar o conhecimento índices máximos no verão (ZEVALLOS, 1989; da flora amazônica. OCAMPO-SÁNCHEZ, 2000). 10 Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Naturais, Belém, v. 1, n. 1, p. 9-18, jan-abr. 2006 Em geral, ocorrem em regiões com solos de origem 5.000 a 10.000 t de casca e 400 a 500 t de alcalóide, residual ou aluvial, profundos, de reação ácida e bem com 60% da produção mundial destinada à indústria drenados, com textura areno-argilosa, finos e com farmacêutica e 30 a 50% à indústria agroalimentar abundante matéria orgânica (BARQUERO, 1986; (REA, 1995; VERPOORTE; SCHRIPSEMA, VAN- ZEVALLOS, 1989; OCAMPO-SÁNCHEZ, 2000). DER-LEER, 1988). De origem americana, segundo Anderson (1998), Os compostos químicos das espécies do gênero as espécies de Cinchona e sua ancestral têm provável Cinchona são os alcalóides quinólicos (quinina, ocorrência nas florestas de neblina dos Andes Centrais quinidina, diidroquinidina, cinconidina, cinconina e quase ao final do Cretáceo, quando completou-se a dehidrocinconina) e indólicos (dihidroquinamina e formação das montanhas de baixas elevações. É nativa 3 epi-dihidroquinamina), com a quinina apresentando das florestas úmidas, geralmente acima de 100 m, a mais alta atividade antimalárica (VERPOORTE; podendo chegar até 3.000 m (BURGER, 1993; SCHRIPSEMA; VAN-DER-LEER, 1988). A quinina GUPTA, 1995; OCAMPO-SÁNCHEZ, 2000) entre e a quinidina são utilizadas, ao nível do miocárdio, as latitudes de 10º N e 19º S (VAN-HARTEN, 1987). contra problemas de eretismo cardíaco e anginas Na Amazônia brasileira somente C. amazonica tem precordiais; o cloridrato de quinina para esclerose sido reportada até o nível do mar (ZEVALLOS, 1989). de origem hemorroidal; o escorbato de quinina, associado à vitamina B, para o tabagismo e para Importância florestal, medicinal e econômica cãibra, além de ser analgésica e antipirética (REA, As espécies do gênero Cinchona são consideradas, 1995). A quinina é usada como aditivo amargo nos universalmente, como as que salvaram a humanidade alimentos e bebidas (BRUNETON, 2001) e na da malária ou paludismo. Em 1643 foi reportada indústria química nas catálises e imobilizações de pelos jesuítas, pela primeira vez na Europa, sendo matrizes poliméricas (VERPOORTE; SCHRIPSEMA, utilizada marcadamente durante as duas Guerras VAN-DER-LEER, 1988). A quinidina como Mundiais (ZEVALLOS, 1989; VERVEEN, 1984). antifibrilante é adequada ao tratamento preventivo Compreende várias espécies chamadas vulgarmente da taquicardia, justificando que 30 a 50% da de ‘cascarilla, árvore da quina ou árvore do quinino’, produção de quinina é transformada por meios físico- que contém quinina (alcalóide com propriedades mecânicos em quinidina (PRINZ, 1990; antifebrífugas) na sua casca, das quais foram extraídas BRUNETON, 2001). Os alcalóides quinolínicos grandes quantidades, no Peru e na Bolívia. Em 1820, apresentam atividade contra o vírus da batata após o isolamento do alcalóide quinina, seguiu-se (VERPOORTE; SCHRIPSEMA, VAN-DER-LEER, uma intensa competição para se identificar a espécie 1988) e os indólicos do tipo cincofilinas contra as com o mais alto teor desse composto, o que causou bactérias gram-positivas (REA, 1995). a extinção de populações de plantas de cinchonas selvagens no início do século XIX e induziu o MATERIAL E MÉTODOS estabelecimento de plantações das espécies. Posteriormente, com o sucesso dos holandeses no Foram revisadas as coleções de Cinchona amazonica cultivo de Cinchona calisaya, Java tornou-se o centro Standl. dos seguintes herbários no Brasil: ESA, HPZ, mundial de produção de quinina (CARVALHO; HRCB, IAN, INPA, MG, R, RB, SP, SPF, UEC e UNBA; KRUG, 1944; ANDERSSON, 1998). na Bolívia: LPB; e no Peru: AMAZ, MOL e USM. Os As espécies de Cinchona, de reconhecida importância espécimes examinados no Brasil, foram: Acre [(J.M.A. desde o século XVII são, atualmente, cultivadas em de Souza 116-SP, 6/14/890) (09º20’00" 69º00’00" inúmeras regiões tropicais, com produção
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