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The Influence of German Science on <I>Cinchona</I

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The Influence of German Science on <I>Cinchona</I ORIGINAL ARTICLES Faculty of Pharmacy and CEIS20, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal The influence of German science on Cinchona and quinine research in Portugal in the second half of the 19th century M.G. SEMEDO*, A.L. PEREIRA, J.R. PITA Received March 23, 2021, accepted April 30, 2021 *Corresponding author: M. G. Semedo, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal [email protected] Pharmazie 76: 396-402 (2021) doi: 10.1691/ph.2021.1050 This paper examines the contribution of three Portuguese scientists to Cinchona cultivation in the former Portu- guese colonies in the second half of the 19th century, while discussing the importance of their studies in Germany to their professional lives. Portuguese pharmaceutical, medical, and botanical literature from the 19th and 20th century was reviewed, as well as books and articles regarding the history of pharmacy and medicine in Portugal. Cinchona bark, source of the antimalarial alkaloid quinine, is obtained from a South American plant, and was an important commodity in the 19th century. Many European nations (including Portugal) tried to acclimatize and cultivate Cinchona plants in their colonies. Pharmacist Joaquim dos Santos e Silva (1842–1906) performed chemical analysis of Cinchona bark samples from the Portuguese colonies in Africa. Forester Bernardino Barros Gomes (1839–1910) wrote a book with practical instructions for Cinchona cultivation and chronicled the history of Cinchona plantations in the British and Dutch colonies. In that work he also encouraged private planters to cultivate Cinchona. Forester Adolpho Frederico Möller (1842–1920), as inspector of the Botanical Garden of Coimbra, managed Cinchona plants’ cultivation in the garden’s nurseries, which were later sent to the colonies, and answered queries from Cinchona planters. Silva’s chemistry studies in Germany were crucial to his career and the work of the three scientists was influenced and guided by their knowledge of German science and scientific culture. 1. Introduction British with the support of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and The plant genus Cinchona includes about 23 species (Andersson other botanic gardens in the British colonies (Brockway 2002). 1998), native to South America (Andrés Turrión 2005). Cinchona Cinchona planters in British India and Ceylon became the main bark (also known as quina) has antimalarial activity. The major producers worldwide until the early 1890s (Van der Hoogte and Cinchona alkaloids are quinine, cinchonine, quinidine and Pieters 2015). cinchonidine (Kacprzak 2013). Quinine is still used for malaria In the 1860s and 70s the German pharmaceutical industry treatment (Moore 2019). conducted studies on Cinchona bark and quinine, seeking to opti- In the early 19th century, the use of Cinchona bark to treat inter- mise the extraction of quinine (Van der Hoogte and Pieters 2014). mittent fever was well established (Gachelin et al. 2017). Medical In the 1870s, the Dutch improved Cinchona cultivation. Through historiography has tied up intermittent fevers with malaria (Stanley chemical research and the selection and protection of Cinchona et al. 1991). Due to the therapeutic value of the Cinchona bark, varieties richest in quinine, the Dutch managed to obtain stan- several scientists sought to identify the substances that conferred dardised, high-quality Cinchona bark (Van der Hoogte and Pieters on it such febrifuge properties. Subsequently, cinchonine was 2015). With the selection of high-yielding Cinchona specimens, isolated in 1810 (Gomes 1812; Silva 2015) and quinine in 1820 Cinchona cultivation became more appealing to Dutch private (Pelletier and Caventou 1820). In 1833, quinidine was isolated entrepreneurship, which fostered increase in production in the (Henri and Delondre 1833, 1834) and in 1847 it was cinchoni- Dutch East Indies. Dutch production was partly sold to the Euro- dine’s turn (Winckler 1847). In the same year of its isolation, the pean pharmaceutical industry, mainly to German companies (Van effect of quinine on intermittent fevers was tested (Double 1820). der Hoogte and Pieters 2015). Growing supply brought the price of Quinine began to be produced in countries like France, the United Cinchona bark down, and the production of Cinchona in the British Kingdom and Germany (Webb Junior 2009). colonies in India and Ceylon was abandoned (Van der Hoogte and Gradually there was also the idea that Cinchona trees were Pieters 2015). The Dutch continued to produce Cinchona and by becoming extinct due to inappropriate harvesting methods and the 1920s they had a monopoly on Cinchona bark and quinine’s overexploitation in the Andes. Therefore, European intervention trade and production (Van der Hoogte and Pieters 2015). was intended to prevent the extinction (Brockway 2002). Several Like other countries, Portugal also sought to grow Cinchona on scientists called for the cultivation of Cinchona outside its place its colonies, namely on the island of São Tomé (Fig. 1), and in of origin (Costa 1944). The Dutch and British governments sent Cabo Verde, Timor, and Angola (Costa 1944). The director of scientists to South America to gather Cinchona seeds and plants the Botanical Garden of Coimbra, who also taught botany at the (Brockway 2002; Van der Hoogte and Pieters 2014). Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Coimbra, Professor The Dutch were the first to successfully transfer Cinchona seeds Júlio Henriques (1838–1928), was one of the biggest supporters and plants to their colonies in the East Indies in the early 1850s of growing Cinchona plants in the Portuguese territories overseas (Van der Hoogte and Pieters 2014). The British also managed to (Silva Machado 1882; Costa 1944). He ordered seeds from other cultivate Cinchona in their Asian colonies, especially in India botanical gardens, i.e., Buitenzorg (in Java) and had Cinchona and Ceylon (Brockway 2002). Cinchona was farmed by the plants grown in the nursery of the botanical garden. Furthermore, 396 Pharmazie 76 (2021) ORIGINAL ARTICLES 2.1. Bernardino Barros Gomes 2.1.1. Bernardino Barros Gomes (1839–1910): biograph- ical outline Bernardino Barros Gomes was born on September 30th, 1839, in the Portuguese city of Lisbon. His grandfather was the physician, chemist, and botanist Bernardino António Gomes (1768–1823), who isolated cinchonine in 1810. His father, Bernardino António Gomes (1806–1877), was a physician also linked to the pharma- ceutical field. Barros Gomes’ father was the author of an important publication in Portugal, Elements of general Pharmacology or the general principles of medicine and therapy (Elementos da Farmacologia geral ou princípios gerais de matéria médica e terapêutica, 1863). The father of Bernardino Barros Gomes was also chairman of the committee which drafted the third official Portuguese pharmacopoeia in 1876. At the University of Coimbra, Barros Gomes attended the Faculty of Mathematics for four years, and the Faculty of Philosophy for five years. In 1860, Barros Gomes was trained in Philosophy at the University of Coimbra (Guimarães 2006). Gomes then went on to study in Germany. In 1861 he enrolled as a foreign student at the Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry (Königlich-Sächsische Forstakademie) in Tharandt, Saxony (Guimarães 2006). In 1861 and 1862, he was a foreign student at the Königlich-Säch- Fig. 1: Bag with Cinchona calisaya from São Tomé island. First half of the 20th sische Forstakademie (Devy-Vareta 1998; Pereda 2018), where century. Collection of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra he studied agronomy and forestry (Garcia 1988). The diploma (with permission). of the studies he attended and completed dates from March 31st, 1862 (Silva 1867; Guimarães 2006). In the 19th century, another Portuguese forester was trained at the same school of forestry (Pereda 2018). Before returning to Portugal, he went to a scientific expedition in the north of Germany, aimed at Henriques had Cinchona seeds and live plants sent to the Portu- learning more about “matters concerning the exploration and guese colonies (Costa 1944). Júlio Henriques and others (Machado plantation of forests” (Gomes 1865). The publication Archivo 1882; Hopffer 1876) also called on the government to actively Rural reports part of the information gathered, namely on “the support Cinchona cultivation in the colonies, namely by setting German national forests planning and management system” up state-owned nurseries (Henriques 1876; Machado 1882). The (Gomes 1865; Guimarães 2006). He met his future wife in Portuguese government encouraged the development of literature 1 Tharandt, Elisa von Wilcke, the daughter of Otto Moritz Baron on Cinchona farming (Silva 1867; Machado 1882) and recom- von Wilcke. In 1866, they got married in Dresden (Guimarães mended that the Governors in the colonies promote cultivation 2006). thereof (Costa 1944). However, despite such dispersed initiatives, When he returned to Portugal in 1863, Gomes joined the Agricul- apparently the Portuguese government made no concerted effort tural Department of the Ministry of Public Works (1863) and later to foster Cinchona cultivation. Unlike the Dutch in Java, no a Decree of 24 October 1864 made him junior official engineer. experimental stations were set up in the Portuguese colonies, nor The return to Portugal of Barros Gomes marked the adoption of specific laboratories for conducting chemical analyses systemati- parameters of the “international
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