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Thesis and Dissertation Template Examining State Development in West Africa, through Senegal and Nigeria Item Type Thesis Authors Housley, Kasandra L. Download date 29/09/2021 14:05:58 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10484/1536 EXAMINING STATE DEVELOPMENT IN WEST AFRICA, THROUGH SENEGAL AND NIGERIA _______________________ A thesis Presented to The College of Graduate and Professional Studies Department of Political Science Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana ______________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts _______________________ by Kasandra L. Housley December 2010 Kasandra L. Housley 2010 Keywords: Nigeria, Senegal, state, development, conflict ii COMMITTEE MEMBERS Committee Chair: Samory Rashid, Ph.D Professor of Political Science College of Arts and Sciences Committee Member: Glenn Perry, Ph.D Professor of Political Science College of Arts and Sciences Committee Member: Kathleen Heath, Ph.D Associate Professor of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences iii ABSTRACT This paper studies the relationship between the state and armed conflict in West Africa with an emphasis placed on the value, influence, and role of social institutions on the long-term stability of the West African state. The countries of the Republic of Senegal and Nigeria represent the primary focus of the paper. Comparisons are made of the history of each country/state and experience with socio-political conflict in an effort to explain the penultimate place of social as opposed to legalistic or political influences responsible for the long term survival of the independent state in West Africa. The central question explored in this study is: is the survival of the state in West Africa due to the strength of socio-institutional influence as related to culture or ethnicity, or does primacy of power rest with legalistic influences that are the by-products of the legal establishment such as a state Constitution, the political party system, or established electoral procedures? Chapter 1 explores this issue in-depth with an examination of literature from a variety of major sources as they relate to the central question posed in this study (see above). Chapters 2 and 3 delve further in the specifics with detailed cases of Senegal and Nigeria. Chapter 4 attempts to compare and contrast the complexities and similarities found in the Senegal and Nigeria cases. Chapter 5 summarizes the findings of the study. This study demonstrates the importance of social institutions in West African state formation and reaches the conclusion that in the case of the nations of West Africa at least, successful state formation ultimately rests on strong social institutions that function to fortify political cohesion while facilitating long-term stability and cohesion. iv PREFACE This thesis was written to connect ideas from many different social sciences, particularly the specializations within political science. In that sense, it has fallen victim to being very broad in scope. A secondary goal of this paper is to add to the work being done to study African nation- states and societies. There is much to be learned from the emergence of these nation-states and today‘s scholar should be aware there are years of progress to come. Not to be clichéd, but the world is changing quickly, and the relationship between the industrialized nations of the world and Africa is also changing. It was not so many years ago that the major players in Africa were the United States and the former United Soviet Socialist Republics. It will not be long before all the world‘s leading powers set up economic offices and begin to expand already growing fiscal relationships in West Africa. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair Dr. Samory Rashid for his commitment to seeing me through this project. Were it not for his encouragement I would have given up a long time ago. His dedication and knowledge in the area of African studies was vital to my research. Knowing I could turn to him for assistance was especially comforting whilst plowing through copious quantities of books searching for the golden egg. I would also like to thank my other committee members; Kathleen Heath and Glenn Perry as well as Dr. Michael Chambers for agreeing to take part in this little adventure. I appreciate their reading my work and more than that, their honesty, without which I could not have grown either as a student or scholar. This experience has changed my opinion of my own talents and helped me in so many ways. To my family, thank you for reminding me why I am here. Finally, to my husband Nathan, thank you for your reassurance. I only hope that I can return the favor one day. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMITTEE MEMBERS ........................................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iii PREFACE .................................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF MAPS ......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF CHARTS ..................................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW AND APPROACH ....................................................... 4 Approach and Data.................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 2: CASE STUDY: SENEGAL ................................................................................ 31 Colonization .............................................................................................................................. 35 Post-Independence .................................................................................................................... 36 Senegal and Casamance Post 2005 ............................................................................................ 52 Summation ................................................................................................................................ 56 CHAPTER 3: CASE STUDY: NIGERIA .................................................................................. 59 Biafra War ................................................................................................................................ 69 Formative Years of 1970 to 2004 .............................................................................................. 74 The Fourth Republic and Armed Conflict in 2004 ..................................................................... 78 vii Christians and Muslims ............................................................................................................. 83 Summation ................................................................................................................................ 86 CHAPTER 4: COMPARISON, CONTRAST, AND FINDINGS .............................................. 89 The Basics ................................................................................................................................ 89 Pre-Colonial State System Reincarnate...................................................................................... 90 Political and Social Institutions? ................................................................................................ 96 Findings .................................................................................................................................. 101 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 106 WORKS CITED ..................................................................................................................... 109 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Summation of Questions. ............................................................................................ 101 ix LIST OF MAPS Map 1. Ethnic Map of Senegal and Gambia . ............................................................................. 31 Map 2. Ethnic Map of Nigeria ................................................................................................... 59 Map 3. Ethnic Map of West Africa ............................................................................................ 89 Map 4. Sites of Conflict and Secession. ..................................................................................... 93 x LIST OF CHARTS Chart 1. Armed Conflict Data for Nigeria and Senegal. ............................................................. 26 Chart 2. Failed States Index 2009 Data and Rank for Nigeria and Senegal. ................................ 26 Chart 3. Comparative Religious Breakdown. ............................................................................. 91 1 INTRODUCTION States (used in this context as independent nations) experience political development as a process; moving from a position of relative weakness
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