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An investigation into the extent and application of bilingual signage in New Zealand public libraries by Elizabeth Rosemary Evans Submitted to the School of Information Management, Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Information Studies June 2011 AN INVESTIGATION INTO BILINGUAL SIGNAGE IN NEW ZEALAND PUBLIC LIBRARIES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Sydney Shep, for her encouragement and advice, for help in resolving bureaucratic obstacles, and for responding so quickly to all my questions. I‟ve valued the wise feedback she provided. Thanks to my family who worked around me as I huddled over the computer at the kitchen table, for your patience and support, and for the steady supply of cups of coffee. My appreciation to the University of Auckland Library for supporting my study with resources and study leave, and to fellow MIS students in the University of Auckland Library, whose interest and understanding was very heartening. Special thanks to friends and colleagues in my own department for cheering me on. Most of all I want to express my especial gratitude to all the librarians from public libraries in every corner of the country who generously took the time in their busy working week to respond to my survey and send photos, and who contributed insightful and illuminating comments. Thanks too to the Auckland Libraries who allowed me to visit their libraries and take photographs of their signs. This project could not have been done without you. Elizabeth Evans 6th June, 2011 i AN INVESTIGATION INTO BILINGUAL SIGNAGE IN NEW ZEALAND PUBLIC LIBRARIES TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................................. VI 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 1 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................................................... 2 4. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ....................................................................................................................... 2 5. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 6. RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................................................. 13 7. LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY........................................................................ 13 8. RESEARCH PARADIGM ................................................................................................................................... 14 9. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................. 15 10. RESEARCH METHOD ........................................................................................................................................ 16 11. TERM DEFINITIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 22 12. RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................................ 24 13. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................................... 55 14. DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ................................................................................................. 59 15. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................................... 60 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................................................. 62 APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 67 Appendix 1 - Public libraries of New Zealand .......................................................................................................... 67 Appendix 2 - Questionnaire on Bilingual Signage ................................................................................................. 78 Appendix 3 - Invitation to Participate in Survey / Email ................................................................................... 89 Appendix 4 - Participant Information Sheet ............................................................................................................ 91 Appendix 5 - Consent Form ............................................................................................................................................... 92 Appendix 6 – Coding Schedule ........................................................................................................................................ 93 iv AN INVESTIGATION INTO BILINGUAL SIGNAGE IN NEW ZEALAND PUBLIC LIBRARIES TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1. Population data for the percentage Maori in the library's zone (calculated from Statistics NZ figures) ............ 24 Table 2. Comparative figures for signage of external library name .................................................................................. 25 Table 3: Population data cross-tabulated with responses to Question 1 ......................................................................... 27 Table 4. Relative placement of Maori and English names on the library name sign ........................................................ 27 Table 5. Data on the relative meanings of Maori and English information on bilingual signs .......................................... 31 Table 6. Data on the relative signage for main service points .......................................................................................... 33 Table 7. Data for the signage of the main collection areas ............................................................................................... 36 Table 8. Māori collections in public libraries .................................................................................................................... 39 Table 9. Variations in signage for the Maori collection..................................................................................................... 40 Table 10. Placement of names on the signs for the Māori collection ............................................................................... 41 Table 11. Relative font sizes in signage for the Māori collection ...................................................................................... 41 Table 12. Relative frequency of English and Māori names in directional signs ................................................................ 44 Table 13. Relative language distribution found on orientational signs............................................................................. 47 Table 14. Instructional signage ......................................................................................................................................... 49 Table 15. Admonitory signage .......................................................................................................................................... 50 Table 16. Vernacular signage ............................................................................................................................................ 52 Figure 1. The exterior signage of a small rural library ....................................................................................................... 26 Figure 2. Relative size of English and Maori library names ............................................................................................... 29 Figure 3. Graph showing relative signage used for library information and opening hours. ............................................ 30 Figure 4. Bilingual welcome message ............................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 5. Returns sign printed on glass ............................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 6. Returns slot with 3 different signs ..................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 7. Legibility issues with bilingual signs for the main collection areas .................................................................... 37 Figure 8. Māori-themed artwork creates a strong bicultural atmosphere ....................................................................... 38 Figure 9. Double-sided signs for Main Collection area. .................................................................................................... 38 Figure 10. Bilingual signage in a library's Māori collection ..............................................................................................