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M. TULLI CICEBOJSTIS CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE ?&&& Elementarg Classtcs

M. TULLI CICERONIS

CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE

EDITED WITH NOTES BY

E. S. SHUCKBURGH, M.A.

KEVISED AND IN GREAT PART REWRITTEN BT

JAMES C. EGBERT, Jr., Ph.D. ADJ. PROFESSOR OF LATIN, COLTJMBIA COLLEGE

Wefa gotfe THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

LONDON : MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 1897

COPYKIGHT, 1895,

By MACMILLAN AND CO.

Set up and electrotyped October, 1895. Reprinted December 1895; February, 1897.

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Norrjoooti Prfgg

J. S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith Norwood Mass. U.S.A. PBEFACE.

This revision of Shuckburgh ? s edition of the Cato Maior was imdertaken at the request of Messrs. Macmillan & Co. who desired to make the English ? edition more useful for American students. With this purpose in view, the American editor has found it necessary to rewrite the greater part of the book. Justice to Mr. Shuckburgh, and no less to the revising editor, demands a statement of the new features of the book, for which the latter is solely responsible. The text of C. F. W. Miiller, Leipsic, 1879, has been substituted for that used in the original work, and the few readings which vary from this text have been given at the conclusion of the notes. The introduction has been rewritten, with the exception of the Life of Cato, which has been considerably abridged. Additional matter, such as the Greek sources, the Scipio family, Cicero's works, and an analysis of the dialogue, has been placed in the introduction. The long vowels in the text have been marked, Anton Marx' Hulfsbilchlein fiir die yi PBEFACE.

Ausspvache dev lateinischen Vokale in positionslangen Silben, 2d ed. 1889, being followed in the measnre- ment of hidden qnantities. For the convenience of teachers and stndents, the grammatical references to Allen and G-reenongh, Gildersleeve-Lodge, and Hark- ness have been placed at the bottom of each page. The notes have been entirely rewritten, mnch attention being given to the Latinity, a matter which shonld be presented to the stndent early in his college career, if not in his preparatory work. Mnch assistance has been obtained in this respect

? from Dr. Reid s most valnable edition. The edi- tions of Meissner and Sommerbrodt and the recent American work by Professor Rockwood have been of imich service. The extensive Biographical Index in the original edition has been omitted, as nnsnited to the character of the present work, and an index of proper names has been snbstitnted. Mnch matter has been taken from the index and inserted in the notes, where it will be more likely to reach the eye of the ordinary American stndent. My thanks are dne to my colleagne, Dr. ISTelson Glenn McCrea, for his valnable snggestions and for his assistance in proof-reading.

JAMES C. EGBERT, JR. COLUMBIA COLLEGE, October, 1895. TABLE OF CCXNTENTS.

PAGE General Introduction ix

Time of Composition ix

The Title x Form of the Work x Greek Sources xi

Life of Scipio — The Scipio Faniily xii

Life of Laelius xiv

Life of Cato xv

Analtsis xxxviii

ClCERO^S WORKS Xl

Text, with Grammatical References 1

Notes 65

Variatioxs from Muller's Text 178 yocabulart 183

Index of Proper Names 230

vii

GE^EEAL INTEODUOTICXN".

THE CATO MAIOR.

Time of Composition. — Two periods in Cicero's life were times of literary activity: (1) the four years which expired between his writing of the De Oratore in 55 b.c. and his proconsulship in

Cilicia in 51 ; (2) the four years between his return to Eome, after his reconciliation with Caesar in 47, and 42, the date of his death. The first period is marked by the production of works of a political character, De Republica and De Legibus, while to the second belong writings on rhetorical and philosophical subjects. In 45 Cicero experienced a great personal bereave- ment in the death of his daughter Tullia, and this sorrow of his later years was increased by his grief at the condition of affairs in the state, the downfall of the Republic, and the dictatorship of Caesar. These feelings were still strong when the death of Caesar, March 15, 44, gave a momentary hope that the state would be restored, a hope X GENEBAL INTBODUCTION. that was followed, however, by greater disgust and anxiety because of the power of Antonius. It is probably to these apprehensions, which were shared by Atticus, that Cicero makes reference in

§ 1. Cicero appears also to approach very closely to his own sorrow when he alludes to Cato ? s forti- tude at the time of his son's death, § 12 ; and the hope of immortality expressed at the elose, § 85, is no doubt the sentiment of Cicero ? s own heart, though placed in the mouth of Cato. These hints, together with allusions to the Cato Maior in three letters addressed to Atticus (14, 21, 3 ; 16, 3, 1 ; 16,

11, 3), lead us to place the date a few weeks after the assassination of Caesar, i.e. in April, 44.

The Title. — Cicero, in Laelius de Amicitia, § 4, and in a letter to Atticus, 14, 21, mentions this work under the title Cato Maior, adding in the

former qui est scriptus ad te (Atticus) de senectute.

In De Divinatione, § 2, 3, he speaks in a similar way of the subject as de senectute; so that the complete title, according to Cicero, is Cato Maior de Senectute. Form of the Work. — As in other philosophical writings, Cicero has selected for his treatise on old age the dialogue form, which was a favorite method of literary presentation of philosophical theories among the ancients. The Socratic dialogue, as found in the works of Plato, consists of GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XI a continual discussion and debate, in which the principal characters take the most important part. Cicero, however, intending to set forth his own theories with slight interruption, and yet desiring to arouse interest by the introduction of additional characters, has rather followed the Aristotelian plan, and has combined the lengthy exposition of the principal speaker with brief and comparatively unimportant remarks on the part of the other members of the company. The dialogue purports to be a conversation held in the year 150 b.c. between Cato, then eighty-three years of age, and two young men, representatives of the new generation, who were soon to win the highest distinction in the state, Scipio Africanus the younger, about thirty- five years old, and C. Laelius the younger, about three years older. Greek Sources. — Cicero in the Cato Maior, as in others of his philosophical writings, depends largely upon Greek authors, and in several passages has indicated the sources of his arguments. There is some probability that the plan of the work itself was obtained from a Greek source, and in § 3 Cicero refers to a dialogue on Old Age by Aristo which may have been his model. Portions of Xenophon's Oeconomicus and Cyropaedia appear in translations in chapters 17 and 21. The opening dialogue between Socrates and Cephalus in Plato's Bepublic is Xll GENEBAL INTRODUCTION. imitated in chapters 2 and 3, and a portion of the Phaedo is given in chapter 21. Cicero when translating from the Greek does not always follow the original, but adapts it to Eoman times and circumstances.

Characters.

(1) Scipio. — P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Minor, born in 185 b.c, was the son of L. Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, the victor at Pydna (168) in the Macedonian War. He was adopted by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, the invalid son of P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior. He received the name of his adoptive father, and added to it the cognomen Aemilianus as an evidence of his origin. After his success against Carthage he received the name Africanus Minor. He early engaged in rnili- tary affairs, serving under his father at Pydna and again as military tribune in Spain in 151, where he secured a reputation for bravery and energy. When the third war with Carthage began, the Eomans suffered through the blunders of their offl- cers, and in their anxiety to complete the war elected Scipio consul in 147, although he had been elected aedile only in the preceding year. In 146 he captured Carthage and received a magnificent triumph. In 134 he was again elected consul, and in the following year captured Numantia in Spain. At GENERAL INTRODUCTION. Xlll

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JH****; «t-i ° s J "111 * O Oo Q *H o» Pk xiv GENERAL INTRODUCTION. the time of the murder of Tiberius Gracchus he expressed approval of the deed, and thus lost the favor of the people. In 129 he forcibly opposed in the Senate the execution of the agrarian law of Tiberius Gracchus, and was escorted to his home amid great enthusiasm on the part of the Italians who benefited by his opposition to the reform measures. On the following morning he was found dead, and his opponents, particularly Carbo, the leader of the people's faction, were suspected of murder. Scipio was a man of singular purity and disinterestedness, of wide cultivation, and a great taste for literature. Even from youth he was a devoted student, especially interested in the learning obtained from the Greeks. He was the intimate friend of literary men, notably Polybius the historian and Panaetius the Stoic. These qualities together with the ability he displayed as a soldier rendered him in Cicero's eyes the ideal Roman statesman. At the assumed time of this dialogue he was thirty-five years old, and all his great achievements

were yet to come, although Cato (§ 19) is made to express a kind of prophetic hope of them.

(2) Laelius. — Gaius Laelius -Sapiens, born in the year before Scipio, b.c. 186, was associated with him in every event of his public career, as well as in the closest personal and private intercourse. GENEBAL INTBODTJCTION. XV

His introdiictioii here as a speaker followed naturally from that of Scipio. Their friendship was famous, and where Scipio was, there Laelius was likely to be; Cicero has celebrated their intimacy in his Laelius de Amicitia. Laelius was a brave and skilful soldier, being second in command at the capture of Carthage. He held also the civil ofhces of tribune, praetor, and finally consul, the last in 140. Laelius also represented, even more than Scipio, the learning and culture of the day. His cognomen, Sapiens, he acquired, as others had done,

from his deep knowledge of jurisprudence ; and as a politician, though not so eminent, he was, like Scipio, in opposition to the extreme party which was headed by the Gracchi.

(3) Cato. — In the last quarter of the third century b.c. one of the best and most upright of the patricians, Lucius Yalerius Flaecus, had a country house near Tusculum. While staying there, he was often told by his slaves about the owner of a small estate in his neighborhood. This young man had acquired a great reputation among his neighbors for the vigor and industry with which he cultivated his farm, for the rugged honesty of his character, for the raciness of his wit and the homely wisdom of his conversation, as well as by his power of eloquence displayed in local courts, and his rigid fairness when acting as arbitrator. XVI GENEBAL INTBODUCTION.

The curiosity of Flaccus was roused. He asked his neighbor to dhmer, perceived the sterling worth and energy of his character and, believing that he had found a man able and willing to cope with the growing corruption and effeminacy of Roman life, persuaded him to come to Eome and take his chance with other rising citizens in civil

1 life. This young man was Marcus Porcius Cato. His family — belonging to the plebeian gens Porcia — had formerly been distinguished by the cognomen of Priscus, but the reputation of his father or grandfather among his neighbors for good sense (says Plutarch) had caused them to receive the name of Cato, formed from the word catus, 'shrewd.' 2 Both the father and grandfather had served as soldiers, but neither had held office, and Marcus was therefore a novus homo when he came to Eome. Still, as Tusculum was a municipium cum suffragio, he was a full citizen and, if he ? resided at Eome and showed himself in the forum as taking part in public business, had as good a chance of being elected to office as another. 3

The date of his birth is variously given (b.c. 234-

1 Plutarch, Cato, 5; Nepos, Cato, 1. 2 ; Plutarch, Cato f 1 Nepos, Cato, 1. 3 Cic. De Legg. 2, 2, 5, cum ortu Tusculanus esset f civitate RomanuSy habuit alteram loci patriam alteram juris. Cp. Pro Sull. §23, and De Bep. 1, 1, 1. '

GENERAL WTRODUCTION. XVU

tlie is 231) ; but year 214 quite certainly that in which he first servecl in the Koman army, after having spent his boyhoocl almost wholly in agri- cnltnre. In this year he served either at Capna or *£ in Sicily, possibly both/ ancl clnring the next ten years we hear of him as in the army of Fabins at the recaptnre of Tarentnm, and in that of Clan-209' clins JSTero at the battle of the Metaurus. In these ^£ campaigns he gained the repntation of an excellent soldier ancl clistingnished himself by his moderation in food and drink and by the immense powers of endnrance which he clisplayecl on the march.

He servecl under several commanclers. bnt it was to Fabins that he most attachecl himself ; ancl it was his party in the State which he joinecl when he began to take part in politics, against the rising party of Scipio, which consisted of those who were tired of the old-fashionecl methocls of Fabins. 2 Having completecl the term of pnrely militaryJ-S- service expected from a Eoman citizen, he became a candidate for ofnce, and at the encl of 206 was

1 Cicero (De Sen. § 10) says Capua ; Nepos says Sicily. But ISTepos says also that in b.c. 214 he was a Tribunus militum, which, according to Polybius (6, 19), he could not have been nntil he had served ten years, whereas Nepos himself asserts that he was only seventeen in b.c. 214. Cicero places his birth in b.c. 234, the year before the flrst consulship of Fabius Maximus. 2 ' He learned war under Scipio or rather under Hannibal

(Pliny, H. N. praef . 20). XVlll GENERAL INTRODTJCTION.

elected a quaestor for the following year; and, when the quaestors drew lots for their sphere of service, Cato's fell to serve under P. Cornelius Scipio, whose 'province' was to be Sicily, with leave (obtained in spite of the opposition of Fabius)

to carry the war into Africa if it seemed to him in the interest of the Republic to do so. 1 The quaes-

tor ? s duties were mainly connected with finance, and Cato soon found himself at variance with his chief, who had little regard for econoniy, lived in great style, and was for sparing nothing which could help him to realize his project of fmishing the Hannibalian War. Plutarch tells us that some remonstrance of Cato's received from Scipio the

answer ' that such a careful quaestor did not suit a man whose sails were set for Africa.' 2 And when Scipio ? s continued in though ? imperium was the next year (204), Cato remained with the army with the same quaestorian power, and with the army crossed over to Africa, acting under Lae- lius in convoying the naves onerariae from Lily- baeum, he appears not to have remained when, in the third year (203), Scipio's imperium was indefi-

nitely extended ' until he should have finished

2^3' the war.' Some time in this year he returned by way of Sardinia, the ordinary course for those com-

1 2 Livy, 29, 25 ; Plutarch, Cat. 3. Plutarch, Cat. 3. . GENEBAL INTBODUCTION. XIX ing from Africa. There, we rnay remember with interest, he met Ennius ; and, recognizing his ability, induced him to come with him to Eome. Once more at home, he seems to have joined the party opposed to Scipio, though Fabius, the aged leader of that party, was now dead (ob. 203). He declaimed against ScipkVs extravagance and his oppressive measures in Sicily, and appears to have so far gained a hearing that commissioners were sent into Sicily to make enquiries. But Scipio's brilliant successes in Africa, for a time at least,

silenced all tongues ; and the news of the battle of Zama (202) made him the greatest man in

? Eome. And though we have no account of Cato s reconciliation with the Scipios, yet the marriage of his son at a later time with the sister of the

1 younger Africanus seems to point to it. Cato's rugged simplicity, upon which his experience in the G-reek cities of Sicily had had no effect, joined to his manifest oratorical ability, secured the favor of the people, and at the end of 200 he was elected one of the plebeian aediles, gjj whose duties were connected principally with the public buildings and baths used by the lower orders.

1 Plutarch seems to ignore his going to Africa, and says that he returned from Sicily and attacked the extravagance of Scipio

( Cat. § 3) ; but see Livy , 29, 25. XX GENEBAL INTBODUCTION.

At tlie Comitia of 199 he was elected one of

' the praetors, and drew as his province ' Sardinia.

?9s Thither he was appointed to go with 3000 infantry and 200 cavalry, to relieve and disband the army which was in the island. 1 In 215 Sardinia had been finally reduced to obedience by the Eomans nnder Titus Manlius, and the Carthaginian army of invasion had been driven out. The cities had a fixed amount of tribute in money and corn imposed upon therm and a Eoman garrison was maintained in the island under the command of one of the praetors of the year, who resided at Caruli (Cagliari), the chief naval station on the south. Cato's administration of the affairs of the island was noted for its exactness and freedom from corruption. He lived in a most unostentatious way, practising rigid economy and declining the enter- tainments and gifts which were commonly provided by provincials for Eoman ohicers. Cato visited the towns of his province on foot and attended by one i

q- farm at Tusculum, for in the following year he j 9 would have to be attending to his canvass for the consulship. This seems to have been assured to him now although he was a very different kind of 3

i Livy, 31, 27-8; Plutarch, Cat. 6. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XXI

maii from the generality of those who won their way to the highest places at Eome. The Romans of this age, however, were not yet corrupted by the bribery of a later time, and they could recognize worth and manliness. Cato was elected consul at the end of 196, with his old friend Lucius Valerius Flaecus, and when the consular provinces were allotted, Spain fell to him. 1 Jjg Spain was not yet reduced into two regular provinces. The Eomans were in military occupation

of it, and one army was in the south under the command of a praetor, while the consul had charge of all that lay to to the north of the Ebro, where

Cato found the warlike tribes which occupied it in a very disturbed state. But before he started for his province he appeared in public as an opponent of the repeal of the Lex Oppia, a sumptuary law passed in b.c. 215 for- bidding any woman to have more than half an ounce of gold ornament, or to ride in a carriage in Eome or any other town except at public sacri- 2 fices. In spite of Cato's opposition the repeal was carried. Cato then went to his province as early in the JJg- spring as possible. The modesty of equipment with which he started upon his praetorian government

1 Livy, 33, 42. 2 Li~y, 34, 1-4. XXll GENEBAL INTBODUCTION.

could not be entirely maintained in this higher office, but he reduced everything as far as he could. He started with only three slaves, but on reaching the rorum concluded that the dignity of his ofhce demanded a larger retinue of attendants, and he therefore purchased two more. 1 He started with 25 ships of war and sailing along ? the coast nnally landed at Emporiae, where he established a permanent camp. Here he lured the enemy to battle by stratagem, and defeated them with considerable slaughter, although previous to the contest he had been placed in a most dangerous position. 2 The Spaniards submitted on all sides, and were treated by Cato with leniency, though he deprived all the native states to the north of the Ebro of their arms, and levelled their fortifications, and in some cases of obstinate revolt sold the garrison as slaves. 3 Before he left Spain, where his minute attention to details of government and his personal example of simplicity of life and honesty had had an admirable effect, he succeeded in relieving the praetor, who was in great straits among the Tuditani, and on his return to his own province further secured it by storm- ing several strongholds of banditti, who in the

1 Cato's works, Or.fr. 3, ed. Jordan. 2 Livy, 34, 8-12 ; Cato, Or.fr. 1, § 8. 3 Livy, 34, 16. GENEBAL INTBODUCTION. xxiii state of disturbance lately existing liad taken the opportunity of exercising their lawless trade. 1 When the time came for him to hand over his province to his successor, he could boast that he left it in a thorough state of order and loyalty. He had crushed the robbers; he had so managed that the tribute to the Eoman treasury from the country was exceptionally large, owing to the iron and silver mines, the working of which he had encouraged ; finally, there was no state or city throughout ISTorth Spain bui> acknowledged the supremacy and praised the justice of Eome. Cato returned to Eome and was allowed to enter the city in a triumph, in which he carried 25,000 lbs. of uncoined silver, 123,000 bigati, 540 oscenses, 2 1400 lbs. of gold, and deposited them in the treasury. He distributed also a bounty of 270 asses to each foot-soldier, and treble that sum to each cavalry-man. For the rest of this and the next twoi94l 192 years he seems to have remained at home, for we find him dedicating a temple to Victoria Virgo in 193, which he had vowed on some occasion two years before. 3 In 191 Cato went as legatus consularis in the^-

1 Livy, 34, 17-21. 2 That is, silver coins with the stamp of Osca, the mod. Huesca in Aragon. 3 Livy, 35, 9. xxiv GENEBAL INTBODUCTION. staff of Manius Acilius into Greece to fight King Antiochus. While Acilius marched with his army into Thessaly, Cato was sent to Corinth, Patrae, Aegium, and Athens, to secure those cities from taking part with Antiochus. He stayed some time in Athens, and could not help feeling the charm which, refiected from its glorious past/ still rested on that city. His mission was successful, and later on in the year he rejoined Acilius in Thessaly, and commanded as a tribunus militum in the battle of Ther- mopylae. Antiochus had blocked up this famous pass, hoping to stop the southward march of the Eoman army. Cato, however, who commanded a body of men on the right of the Roman force, determined to find the path over the mountain Callidro- mus, which he remembered had treacherously been shown to the Persians. This he accomplished after a skirmish with 600 picked Aetolian soldiers, whom he drove from the mountain, and then descending the hill, joined in the pursuit of Antiochus' army, now in full retreat. For this brilliant service Cato was rewarded by being sent home to carry the news of the victory. This task he performed with his usual vigor and despatch, reaching Eome late at night after having

i Livy, 36, 17; Plutarch, Cat. 12; Cato, Or.fr. 7. GENEBAL INTBODUCTION. XXV

covered on foot the distance from Hydruntura, south of Brundisium (where he landed according to Livy, though Plutarch says Brundisium), in five days, thus anticipating Lucius Scipio, who had been despatched before him. 1 Of the next six years of i&£

Cato's life we have no definite account ; but Plutarch says that he served as a consular legate in Thrace, a statement which, if true, must refer to the year 188. 2 He was in Eome in the following year, in^ which Africanus died; for both before and after that event he supported the attacks made upon the Scipios for misappropriation of public money, which were conducted against Lucius Scipio by two tribunes of the name of Petilius ; and his speech in support of the rogatio whereby Lucius was condemned was extant in Livy's day. 3 He, moreover, engaged in an attack upon his commander in Greece, 4 Acilius Glabrio, for a similar reason , and on various occasions spoke in strong terms of the luxury which was beginning to prevail.

i Livy, 36, 18; Plutarch, Cat. 13. 2 But Plutarch's assertion that he served under Tiberius. Sempronius the consul, in subduing the regions bordering on Thrace and the country of the Danube, must be inaccurate; for Longus, who was consul in b.c. 193, served that and the next year against the Boii, and there was no expedition against Thrace for some years after (i.e. b.c. 188, Livy, 38, 42). Cato; may, however, have served under Longus in Gallia. 3 Livy, 38, 54; Aulus Gell. 4, 18. 4 Cato's works, Or. fr. 13. XXVI GENERAL INTRODUCTION.

At the comitia of 185, Cato was elected to the censorship along with his former colleague, L. Valerius Flaccus. 1 He now had an opportunity of

JgJ showing by practical rneasures what he thought was necessary as a cure for the state of things he had so often denounced. The office was one of great dignity, was held for eighteen months instead of the twelve to which the other curule magistrates were limited, and enabled its holders to make themselves felt in the city in a variety of ways, not only in the matter of public morals, but as regards the public

comfort, so far as it depended upon the serviceable condition of some of the most necessary public structures. Thus Cato lined the reservoirs of water with nagstones and cut off the pipes of water which had been illegally laid to private houses from

the public supply ; cleaned out the old cloacae, and constructed new ones in the plebeian quarter of the

city, the Aventine ; secured certain open spaces for the public use, and forced those who had built their houses into the street to pull down their encroach- ments within thirty days; and built a basilica

(the Porcia) and certain shops. But it was in the discharge of the other functions of a censor that

! Cato, firmly supported by his colleague, made his '.greatest reputation. His chief duties were to revise

1 For Cato's censorship, see Livy, 39, 40-44 ; Plutarch, Cato, 16-19. GENERAL INTRODUCTION xxvii the list of tlie Senate, to fill up vacancies, to name the Princeps Senatus, and to strike off the list the names of such senators as had disgraced themselves by any crime, or had beeome bankrupt. He had also in the same way to review the equites, and to deprive of his horse whoever had in a similar manner become unworthy of his ordo. The censors carried out this duty with severity; seven names were struck off the list of the Senate, a far larger number than had for many years been so degraded, among them Lucius, the brother of the great Flam- ininus, for a disgraceful crime committed in Gaul. Among those whom he deprived of their horses in the review of the knights was Lucius Scipio Asiati- cus, or Asigenes, the brother of Africanus, to whose condemnation he had contributed some years before, and who had been a competitor for the censorship. 1 Thus he did not hesitate to strike at the highest and noblest in the city, if he looked upon them as guilty of fraud or disgraceful immorality. Some of the reasons assigned for his action, however, seem ridicu- lous. He appears to have insisted that the knights should be able to ride, and therefore deprived some fat men of their rank, whereas the horse of the eques already had become or was rapidly becoming a mere formality. At the same time he took advan-

1 This, however, was regarded as spiteful and tyrannical, Plutarch, Cato, 18. xxviii GENERAL INTRODUCTION.

tage of his position to suppress extravagance by sumptuary regulations. He imposed a heavy tax on all slaves under twenty who had been bought for more than ten sestertia, and he taxed all per- lk- sonal ornaments of higher value than 1500 denarii at ten times their actual worth. Such measures were sure to involve a man in many enmities, and Cato was in fact constantly engaged in lawsuits for the rest of his life as prosecutor or defendant. Plutarch (Cato, 15) says that he was defendant in nearly fifty suits. When defending himself at the age of eighty-six, he naturally complained that

' it was hard to have lived in one generation and to make one's defence in another/ but in fact he kept up his vigor and interest in affairs so thoroughly that he, less than most old men, can be said to have outlived his day.

? 183- The next seventeen years of Cato s public life

seems to have been passed in these litigations ; but his private life presents the more attractive picture of a devoted father giving his earnest attention to the education of his son. 1 He is said to have taken the warmest interest in the bringing up of this boy even from his infancy. He constantly witnessed the

washing and dressing of the child : he would allow

no one but himself to teach him letters ; he wrote

1 Plutarch, Cato, 19-23. Cf. also the fragments of Cato's works, ad Marcum filium, ecl. Jordan, p. 77. GENEBAL INTRODUCTION. XXIX

a history especially for his study ; and, as he grew older, addressed books to him on rhetoric, morals, agriculture, and medicine. The last named work arose from his distrust and dislike of doctors, against whom he warns his son, fancying. like some other people, that he had certain specifi.cs able to cure man and beast. The boy on whom Cato bestowed so much pains appears to have shown promise of being worthy of such a father. He was serving with credit in the war against Perses (171-168) mi when Cato addressed him a letter warning him not to fight after having been discharged by his commanding ofncer. 1 This must have been in 171, in which year young Cato is described as a tiro, i.e. on his first campaign, which puts his birth at about 189-188. An anecdote is told of him that having been surrounded by the enemy, he lost in the scuffle his sword, which he afterwards took infinite pains to search for among the heaps of slain, and which, to his father's great satisfaction, he succeeded in finding. 2 Meanwhile Cato was leading his usual life between his Sabine farm and Eome, busied in agriculture at Tusculum, and in quarrels and lawsuits in the city. One amiable feature in this latter activity is that many of the prosecutions which he con-

i 2 Cic. De Off. 1, 36. Plutarch, Cat. 20; Polyb. 6, 37. XXX GENERAL INTRODUCTION.

ducted or supported were in defence of the national- ities now under Eoman power, and already suffering from the harshness or rapaeity of the Eoman oflicials. Thus he took up the cause of the Sicilians against Scipio, of the Spaniards against more than one proconsul; and when the punishment of the Ehodians for the assistance rendered by them to Perses was to be determined, Cato was on the *£ side of inercy. 1 But, though he was for a merci- ful and just treatment of the provincials, he had a more than Eoman contempt for them, especially if they were G-reek. This showed itself when the famous G-reek philosophers Carneades the Academic, Critolaus the Peripatetic, and Diogenes the Stoic, came to Eome as ambassadors in 155. 2 The manner in which the Eoman youths to their ^- crowded hear discourses alarmed him ? and, after listening to the sceptical Carneades, he declared it impossible to tell what was truth, and urged the Senate to answer the envoys at 154-once and get rid of such dangerous guests. He 152 desired to have all Greeks expelled from Italy, and prophesied the destruction of Eome through Greek influences. A few years later on (151), he was impatient of the debate on the question as to whether certain Achaean exiles should

1 Livy, 45, 25 2 Plutarch, Cat. 22; Pliny, N.H. 7, 112-113; Polyb. 32, 25. '

GENEBAL INTBODUCTION. xxxi

' be allowed to return to their country : Have we nothing better to do/ said he,

1 Polybius, 35, 6. 2 Livy, Epit. 48. ;

XXXll GENEBAL INTBODUCTION.

death of his elder son in 152, who died just after being elected praetor for the following year. 1 His younger son was the child of a second wife, born when Cato was eighty years of age. "49 The last public appearance recorded of Cato was made in the cause for which he had all his life fought. The praetor Galba had treacherously enslaved some of the Lusitani who had. trusted him, and, when their cause was referred to Rome, Cato spoke on the side of justice and generosity. Galba, indeed, escaped by the usual means of moving the

? people s pity, appearing in mourning and leading his x two young sons by the hand still, Cato had spoken for the last time on the right side. His death followed shortly afterwards; but he hadtime to write

his speech and insert it in his Annales, which were extant in Cicero's time. 2 Of his death we know

J49 nothing beyond its date. The death of so old a man was likely to be sudden and gentle, and his activity up to the last shows that it was pre- ceded by no painful illness; ita sensim sine sensu aetas senescit, nec subito frangitur sed diuturnitate exstinguitur. If we would judge fairly of Cato, we must compare him with his contemporaries, and if we do so, it

1 Livy, Epit. 49; Cic. Pro Mur. 359; Brut. §89; Cato, Or. fr. lib. 7. 2 Nepos, Cato, §4; Cic. Be Or. 1, §227. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. xxxiii

will be difficult to overestimate the sterling virtues of his character. In an age of growing luxury he preserved the simplicity and frugality of a country-

man ; amidst a selfish aristocracy just beginning to revel in the wealth that could be extracted from the crushed provinces, and in infhcting the cruelty so dear to those who enjoy a new and unlimited power, he showed a conspicuous example of moderation, justice, and disinterestedness. A man of undoubted courage himself, which he showed again and again in the field, no success and no glory served to protect a man from his attack, if he believed him fraudulent or tyrannical. In an age too in which the domestic virtues were falling into neglect, and the care of children was being rapidly delegated to slaves, he devoted himself with delight and success to the training of his young son. On the other side it may be urged that his view of politics was narrow and ultra-Eoman. The provincials whom he protected he also despised. The idea that Eoman life or Eoman literature could be improved by contact with Greek thought or culture he long laughed to scorn. And it was only late in life that he gave way so far as to study the literature of the wonderful people who were to be captured and yet to capture. Again, though he shone as a father and husband, his views of the claims of a slave upon the common rights of humanity were xxxiv GENERAL INTRODUCTION. such as will shock us as it did the noble and kindly Plutarch. 1 He regarded slaves as mere beasts of burden, and advises that when they grow old and unfit for hard work they should be sold, a measure which, as Plutarch says, a mer- ciful man will not employ towards his horse or his ox ; whereas Cato boasted that he had sold the warhorse which had carried him in his Spanish campaigns to save the state the expense of its carriage home. What rendered Cato notable in the eyes of his contemporaries, even more than his character as an officer or an economist, was his caustic wit. His shrewd and pithy sayings were passed from mouth to mouth, and have been preserved in considerable numbers by the various authors who have written of him, or who have had occasion to refer to them.

'Petty thieves/ he exclaimed, ' are in the stocks, our public thieves are in gold and purple/ a saying which must have galled many of his contemporaries.

' I wish the forum were paved with sharp shells/ he said, as he watched the idle quidnuncs lounging about. ' The belly has no ears/ he said, when dis- suading the people against some measure meant to cheapen the supply of corn. 'Antiochus/ he exclaimed in contempt, ' thinks to wage war by pen

1 Plutarch, Cato, 5. A clmpter well worth studying for its profound humanity and almost Christian charity. :

GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XXXV and ink/ His advice to his son in the praetice of oratory, ' To take care of the sense, and the words will take care of themselves/ shows a clear and practical grasp of the snbject. And his exhortation

'to the equites in Spain rises to a still higher level

6 Remember/ said he ' that if you do in spite ? good of its causing you trouble, the trouble will soon

pass, the good will remain : but if you do ill for pleasure, the pleasure will quickly be gone, the ill thing will remain.' His pride perhaps may be credited with his saying that

6 ill-doing ; or one's except his own ' that he would have no statue, for he preferred men ? s asking why there was no statue of Cato, to their asking why there was one. ? x And indeed Plutarch notices that he never hesitated to praise himself, and would excuse the shortcomings of others on the ground that they were not Catos. But his vanity — if it is so to be called — was a failing that 6 leaned to virtue's side/ and may be allowed to pass in such an assemblage of fine quaiities. Of his works but little remains. He is said to have composed various elementary treatises for his son's education, and particularly a history written

1 A fairly complete collection of Cato's dicta will be found in H. Jordan's edition of the fragments, Leipsic, 1870. Plutarch collects a number of them in the 8th and 9th chs. of his biography. ;

XXXVI GENEBAL INTRODUCTION. in large letters for the child to learn from. But of his more serious works we know of —

(1) De Re Rustica, a treatise on agriculture (§ 54). This has come down to us in a fairly complete forrn, and Cicero had evidently studied it for the purpose of writing this dialogue in character.

It is a curious medley of rules for the cultivation of vines and olives, for the manuring and digging of the ground, and for managing the homestead and the slaves with economy, along with medical recipes (for, as we have seen he distrusted doctors and ? thought himself wise in this matter), and some religious formulae for averting the wrath or secur- ing the favor of the country gods. He gives also a number of recipes for cooking dishes, making cakes, and the like.

(2) The Origines (§ 38). Cato seems to have begun this work with the idea of treating only on early Eoman history, and the origin of the Roman state and of the various neighboring towns, — a kind of compendium of local antiquities. But his plan gradually extended to the writing of the history of Eome down to his own day, (the book is thus sometimes spoken of as Annales), and he added to it

up to the last days of his life. It has all perished with the exception of a few insignificant fragments but it was much used by subsequent writers, though Cicero says it was thin and dry (exilis — De Legg. 1. ;

GENERAL INTRODUCTION. XXXVll

2, 6). The first book told the story of the Kings the second and third, the origins of the Italian civitates; the fourth, the First Punic War ; the fifth, the Second Punic War ; the sixth and seventh, the history of Rome from the end of that war to the last days of Cato's life.

(3) Besides this he collected the numerous speeches which he had delivered (§ 38). This work has not come down to us at all, except some fragments preserved by other writers.

(4) There were also once existing a number of his letters, which Cicero knew : and some treatises on law (commentarii) § 38, of which Cicero says he had a great knowledge (I)e Or. 1, § 171). Such was the man whom Cicero makes the chief speaker in his dialogue, and whom he evidently had labored hard to represent dramatically in as life- like a form as was possible. It will be acknowledged that no one could have been found more fitted to speak on the pleasures and labors of which old age is capable than one who had passed fourscore years of uninterrupted activity, from which he never retired until removed by an old man ? s swift and quiet death. :

ANALYSIS.

Introduction : Sections 1-9. a) Address to Atticus, 1-3. 1) Dedication. 2) Plan of the work, 3. b) Introductory dialogue, 4-9. Scipio and Laelius, admiring Cato's old age, ask him to tell them the secret of true happiness in declining years. Cato agreeing to do so, declares that character is the controlling element.

Monologue : Defence of Old Age, 10-85.

I. Argument from the lives of famous old men, in proof of the fact that old age. may be useful and happy. a) Pabius Maximus, 10-12. b) Plato, c) Isocrates, d) Gorgias, 13. e) Enirius, 14. II. Four erroneous opinions as to old age, 15-85. 1) It withdraws from active life. Answer a) Certain duties are appropriate to old men, 15-20. b) The loss of memory is due to neglect, 21-22. c) The learned of Greece and the lowly Sabine farmer toil in old age, 23-26. 2) Age weakens our bodies. Answer a) There is no need for youthful strength, 27-32. b) Weakness in age is due often to the vices of youth, 33-34. c) 111 health does not beiong to old age alone, 35. d) Proper care and attention to intellectual pursuits preserve the health, 36-38. ::

ANALYSIS. xxxix

3) Age deprives us of pleasure. Answer a) The pleasure thought of is mainly sensual, from which it is a gain to be freed, 39-44.

b) Old age has its own delights, 45-64 : intellectual

pursuits, 45-50 ; agriculture, 51-60 ; influence

due to an upright life, 61-62 ; marks of respect paid to olcl age, 63-64. c) Peevishness, moroseness, and avariciousness in old men belong to individual characters, and are not general, 65. 4) Old age is near death. Answer a) Death is not an evil, 66, b) The young may die, they are more liable to disease, 67-68. c) The death of the old man is natural and without struggle, 69-71. d) The fruition of life, its limit, and natural close are not to be regretted, 72-76. e) It leads to immortality, 77-84. 1) The Pythagorean doctrine of the world-soui, 77. 2) Plato's arguments, 78. 3) Cyrus' teachings to his sons, 79-81. 4) Belief in immortality an inspiration to great deeds, 82. 5) The longing of the soul to meet those honored and loved, 83-84.

Conclusion : Death, whether leading to immortality or not, is natural, and as the close of a long life should be regarded as appropriate, 85. CICEKO'S WOKKS. Philosophical. POLITICAL.

De Bepublica (54 b.c), in six books, of which only a third remains. Cicero considers the Tbest form of government, andtakes as his model the Roman State before the days of the Gracchi. Book VI. contains the famous Somnium Sci- pionis, which treats of the rewards of patriotic statesmen. De Legibus (begun 52, resumed 46, but never completed), in three books. Cicero treats of the laws for the model state.

Ethical.

De Officiis (44), in three books. This is a treatise on practical ethics, addressed to his son. Philosophy is here applied to the guidance of conduct. De Senectute (Gato Maior) (44).

De Amicitia (Laelius) (44) . Benefits and duties of friendship. De Gloria (44), in two books, now lost. De Gonsolatione (45), extant in fragments. It was written after the death of his daughter Tullia.

Rhetorical.

De Inventione Bhetorica (circa 84), in two books. On the subject-matter in oratory.

De Oratore (55), inthree books. This consists of dialogues between famous orators and treats of the education of an orator, also the form and delivery of speeches. De Glaris Oratoribus or Brutus (46). History of Roman oratory. xl CICEBWS WOBKS. xli

Orator ad M. Brutum (46). The ideal orator. Partitiones Oratoriae (46). Survey of all Khetoric. Topica (44). Explanation of the Topica of Aristotle. De Optimo Genere Oratorum (44). A preface to the translation of the speeches of Aeschines and Demosthenes, for

and against Ctesiphon. The translation is now lost.

Speculative.

Academicae Quaestiones (45), in two books. An exposition of the philosophy of the New Academy. Probability is the foundation of philosophy. De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (45), in five books. A compilatioh of the doctrines of the Greek school concerning the summum bonum. Tusculanae Disputationes (45), in five books. A consideration of questions of practical philosophy.

Baradoxa Stoicorum . A defence of the Stoic paradoxes (46) ; e.g. 'Virtue is sufficient for happiness,' c Good and evil admit of no degrees.' De Bhilosophia or Hortensius (46), only fragments remain. A dialogue giving praise of philosophy. Timaeus (45), extant in fragments. A paraphrase of the Timaeus of Plato, discussing the origin of the universe.

Theological.

De Natura Deorum (44), in three books. A consideration of the principal theories as to the nature and powers of the gods. De Divinatione (44), in two books. Arguments for and against the truth of divination.

De Fato (44) , extant only in a fragment. A discussion as to fate and free will. xlii CICERVS WORKS.

Letters.

JEpistulae ad Familiares (62-43) , in sixteen books. Epistulae ad Atticum (68-43), in sixteen books. Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem (60-54), in three books. Epistulae ad M. Brutum, in two books.

Orations.

We have knowledge of over one hnndred orations assigned to Cicero. Of these, fifty-seven now remain entire, abont twenty are known from fragments, and thirty-three by title.

Poems.

We have fragments of some of Cicero^s poetical writings. About eighty lines remain of his poem entitled De Consulatu

Meo. He is also said to have written a continuation of this poem under the title Dc, Meis Temporibus. M. TULLI CICEKONIS

CATO MAIOB DE SENECTUTE EIBER

Ad T. Pompomtum Atticum.

CHAPTEE I.

Cicero addresses Atticus in icords taken from the Annales of Ennius, which are introduced by a praenomen the same as that of Atticus.

I have taken the greatest possible pleasure in composing this dialogue which I here dedicate to you. The speakers are Cato, when a very old man, Scipio the younger, and Laelius.

1. O Tite, si quid 1 ego admer5 2 curainve levasso, 3 Quae nunc te coquit et versat 4 in pectore fIxa,

Ecquid 5 erit praemi ? 6

7 versibus eisdem adiarl te Licet enim mihi ; Attice. quibus adfatur riaminiiiLim 5

i ; quid, A. & G. 240, a ; G. & L. 334 H. 378, 2. 2 adiuero, A. & G. 128, a; G. & L, 131; H. 235. s levasso, A. & G. 128, e ; G. & L. 131, 4, b, 1 ; H. 240, 4, ^ versat, A. & G. 375, g, 5 ; G. & L. 708, 5, 721 ; H. 580, HI. n. 2. 5 ecquid, A. & G. 105, d: G. & L. 106, n. 5 ; H. 188, 3. 6 praemi, A. & G. 40, b ; G. & L. 33, Reni. 1 ; H. 51, 5. 7 licet, A. & G. 331, i, n. 3. B 1 ;

2 M. TULLI CICERONIS

Ille vir haud magna cum re, sed plenus l fidel 2

quamquam certo 5 scio non, ut Maminlnum,

Sollieitari te, Tite, sic noctesque diesque ;

novl enim moderationem animi tui et aequitatem,

5 teque non cognomen solum Athenis deportasse, sed htimanitatem et prtidentiam intellego. Et tamen te suspi^or eisdem rebus quibus me ipsum 4 interdum gravius commoveri, quarum consolatio et maior est et in aliud tempus differenda. Nunc autem visum 10 est 5 mihi de senecttite aliquid ad te conscrlbere. 2. Hoc enim onere, quod mihi commune tecum est, aut iam urgentis aut certe adventantis senecttitis

et te et me etiam ipsum levari volo ; etsl te quidem

id modice ac sapienter, slcut omnia, et ferre et latti- 3 15 rum esse certo scio. Sed mihi, cum de senecttite

vellem aliquid scribere, tti occurrebas dlgnus eo mtinere, quo uterque nostrtim commtiniter titeretur. 6 Mihi (^uidem ita iticunda htiius librl confectio fuit, ut non modo omnis 7 absterserit senecttitis molestias, 20 sed effecerit mollem etiam et iticundam senecttitem. Numquam igitur satis dlgne laudarl philosophia

1 plenus, A. & G. 375, a ; G. & L. 703, Rem. 3 ; H. 608, 1, n. 3. 2 ftdei, A. & G. 72, n. ; G. & L. 63, 2, n. 1 ; H. 585, III. 1. 3 certo scio, A. & G. 151, c. 4 me ipsum, A. & G. 336, a, 1, Rem. 5 visum est, G. & L. 528, 2, Rem. 2; H. 534, 1, n. 1. 6 uteretur, A. & G. 320; G. & L. 631, 2; H. 503. 7 omnis, A. & G. 55, c; G. & L. 57, Rem. 5; H. 67. ; ;

CATO MAIOR. 3 poterit, cui qui pareat/ omne tempus aetatis sine molestia possit degere. 3. Sed de ceteris et dlximus multa et saepe dlcemus 2 hunc librum ad te de senectute misimus. 3 Omnem autem sermonem 4 tribuimus non Tlthono, ut Aristo Cius, (parum 5 enim esset 5 auctoritatis in fabula), sed M. Catonl seni, quo 6 maiorem auctoritatem haberet oratio; apud 7 quem Laelium et Sclpionem facimus admi- 8 9 rantls quod is tam facile senectutem ferat^ elsque l eum respondentem. Qul 10 sl erudltius videbitur 10 disputare quam consuevit ipse in suls libris, attri- buito litterls Graecls, quarum constat eum perstu- diosum fuisse in senecttite. Sed quid opus est n plura ? Iam enim ipslus Catonis sermo explicabit nostram omnem de senectute sententiam. 15

1 pareat, A. & G. 310, a, 307, b ; G. & L. 625, 2, Rem. ; H. 507, II., III. 2. 2 diximus multa et saepe dicemus, A. & G. 344,/; G. & L.

682 ; H. 562. 3 misimus, A. & G. 282 ; G. & L. 252 ; H. 472, 1. 4 parum . . . auctoritatis, A. & G. 344, e ; G. & L. 672, 2, a, 3 H. 561, III.

5 ; esset, A. & G. 311, a ; G. & L. 600, 2 H. 486, 1, n. 2. 6 quo, A. & G. 317, b ; G. & L. 545, 2; H. 497, II. 2. 7 apud, A. & G. 153; G. & L. 416; H. 446, n. 4. 8 admirantis, A. & G. 292, e ; G. & L. 536 ; H. 535, I. 4. 9 ferat, A. & G. 321 ; G. £ L. 541 ; H. 516, II. 10 qui =. et is, A. & G. 180,/; G. & L. 610; H. 453. 11 quid . . . plura, A. & G. 206, c; H. 368, 3, n^2. '

M. TULLI CIGERONIS

CHAPTEB II.

Scipio. ' I have often admired the light way in which you carry your years, Cato.''

Cat5. ' It is a simple matter. One must look within him-

self for strength to meet all the vicissitudes of life. My rule is to follow JSfature as a guide.''

4. Scipio. Saepe numero admlrari soleo cum lioc C. Laelio eum 1 ceterarum rerum tuam excel- lentem, M. Cato, perfectamque sapientiam, tum vel 2 maxime quod numquam tibi senectutem gravem

3 5 esse senserim; quae plerisque senibus sic odiosa est, ut onus se Aetna gravius dicant sustinere. Cato. Eem haud 4 sane difficilem, Scipio et Laeli ? admirari videmini. C^iibus enim nih.il est in ipsis opis ad bene beateque vlvendum, els omnis aetas

10 gravis est; qul autem omnia bona a se ipsi petunt, els nihil malum potest viderl quod nattirae necessitas adferat. 5 Quo in genere est in prlmls senecttis, quam ut adiplscantur omnes optant, eandem 6 acciisant adeptam ; tanta est stultitiae inconstantia

15 atque perversitas. Obrepere aiunt eam citius, quam

1 cum, A. & G. 7 ; G. & L. 7 ; H. 311, n. 4. 2 303. vel, A. & G. 90, b ; G. & L. 3 senserim, A. & G. 341, d, Rem. ; G. & L. 541; H. 5.16 II. 1. 4 haud, H. 552, 1; G. & L. 443. 6 adferat, A. & G. 320, a; G. & L. 631, 1, 2; H. 503, I. 6 adeptam, A. & G. 135, b ; G. & L. 167, n. 1. CATO MAIOR. 5 putassent. 1 Prlmum 2 quis coegit eos falsum

3 putare? Qul enim citius adulescentiae senectus / quam pueritiae adulescentia obrepit ? Deinde 2 qul minus gravis esset eis senectus, si octingentesimum annum agerent quam si octogesimum ? Praeterita 5 enim aetas quamvis longa cum effluxisset/ ntilla consolatio permulcere posset 5 stultam senecttitem.

5. Quocirca si sapientiam meam admlrarl soletis (quae utinam digna esset 6 opmione vestra nostroque cognomine l), in hoc sumus sapientes, quod naturam io optimam ducem tamquam deum sequimur eique

; paremus a qua non veri simile est? cum ceterae partes aetatis bene descriptae sint extremum ; actum tamquam ab inerti poeta esse neglectum. Sed tamen necesse fuit esse aliquid extremum et, tam- 15 quam in arborum bacis terraeque frtictibus maturi- tate tempestiva quasi vietum et caducum^ quod ferundum 7 est molliter sapientl. Quid est enim aliud Gigantum modo bellare cum dis nisi naturae reptignare ? 20

1 putassent, A. & G. 336, 2 ; G. & L. 650 ; H. 524. 2 Primum, deinde, A. & G. 151, d; H. 554, 1, n. 2. 3 Qui, A. & G. 104, c ; G. & L. 106, n. 2 ; H. 188, II. 2. 4 effluxisset, A. & G. 342 ; G. & L. 663, 1 ; H. 529, II. 5 posset, A. & G. 311 ; G. & L. 600, 2 ; H. 510. 6 esset, A. & G. 267 ; G. & L. 260, 261 ; H. 483, 2. 7 ferundum, A. & G. 126,/, n. 2; G. & L. 130, 8; H. 239. 6 M. TULLI CICERONIS

Scipio and Laelius. ' Tell us how you came to take so rational a vieic. 1

6. Laelius. Atqul, Cato, gratissimum nobls, ut

1 etiam pro Selpione pollicear, feceris, sl, quoniam

speramus, volumus quidem certe senes fieri, multo ante a te didicerimus, quibus facillime rationibus

5 ingravescentem aetatem ferre possimus.

Cato. Faciam vero, Laeli, praesertim si utrlque vestrum, ut dicis, gratum futurum est. Laelius. Volumus sane, nisi molestum est, Cato\ tamquam longam aliquam viam confeceris, 2 quam 3 io nobls quoque ingrediundum sit, istuc, quo pervenistl

videre quale sit.

CHAPTER III.

Cato. 'When men findfault icith old age, it is usually their own characters and tempers that are to blame?

Laelius. ' Very well for a prosperous man like you, Cato ! How about the less fortunatef

Cato. c ' Tis but Themistocles and the Seriphian over again. Poverty cannot embitter some men^s old age nor wealth sweeten that of others.''

4 7. Cato. Faciam, ut potero, Laeli. Saepe enim interfui querellls aequalium meorum — pares autem,

i pollicear, A. & G. 317, c ; G. &. L. 545, 3, Eem. 3 ; H. 499, 2, n.

2 confeceris, A. & G. 312, Rem. ; G. & L. 602; H. 513, II. n. 1. 8 quam . . . ingrediundum, A. & G. 294, c ; G. & L. 427, n. 2; H. 371, 1. 2, 2), n. 4 potero, A. & G. 278, b ; G. & L. 242, 1 ; H. 470, 2. CATO MAIOB. 7

vetere proverbio, cum paribus facillime congregan- tur — quae 1 C. Sallnator, quae Sp. Alblnus, homines consulares nostri fere aequales, deplorare solebant, tum quod voluptatibus carerent 2 sine quibus vltam 3 2 nullam putarent/ tum quod spernerentur ab els, a 5 quibus essent coli solitl. Qul mihi non id videbantur acctisare, quod esset accusandum. 4 Nam sl

id culpa senectutis accideret^ eadem mihi usu venl- / rent reliquisque omnibus maioribus natti^ quorum ego multorum cognovl senectutem sine querella/ ib qui se et libldinum vinculls laxatos esse non moleste ferrent nec 6 a suls despicerentur. Sed omnium istlus modl querellarum in moribus est culpa, non in aetate. Moderatl enim et nec difficiles nec inhumanl senes tolerabilem senectutem agunt; im- 15 portunitas autem et inhumanitas omnl aetatl molesta est.

8. Laelius. Est^ ut dlcis, Cato; sed fortasse dlxerit quispiam tibi propter opes et copias et dlgnitatem tuam tolerabiliorem senectutem viderl, id 20 autem non posse multls contingere. Cato. Est isttic quidem, Laell, aliquid, sed nequaquam in isto sunt omnia. Ut Themistocles

1 quae, A. & G. 199, b ; G & L. 614, 3, a ; H. 445, 5. 2 putarent, A. & G. 342; G. & L. 663; H. 529, II. 11. 1. 3 nullam, A. & G. 239; H. 373, 1, n. 2. 4 esset accusandum, A. & G. 320; G. & L. 631, 1 ; H. 503, I. 5 slne querella, A. & G. 179; H. 359, n. 1, 4), and n. 3. 6 et . . . ?iec, G. & L. 480, Rem. 3, n. 3, c. ;

8 M. TULLI CICERONIS

fertur Serlphio culdam in iurgio respondisse, cum ille dlxisset non eum sua, sed patriae gloria splen-

' 6 dorem adsectitum : Nec hercule/ inquit, si ego Serlphius essem, nec tu, si Atheniensis clarus um-

5 quam fuisses.' Quod eodem modo de senecttite dicl potest. E"ec enim in summa inopia levis esse senecttis XDotest ne sapienti quidem/ nec Insipienti

etiam in summa copia non gravis. 2 9. Aptissima omnino sunt, Scipio et Laeli, arma senecttitis artes io exercitationesque virttitum, quae in omni aetate cultae, cum diti multumque vlxeris,3 mlrificos ecferunt frticttis, non solum quia numquam deserunt, ne extremo quidem tempore aetatis (quamquam id quidem maximum est), verum etiam quia conscien-

15 tia bene actae vltae multorumque bene factorum recordatio iucundissima est.

1 ne . . . quidem, A. & G. 151, e, 209, a, 1 ; G. & L. 448, 2, 445 H. 553, 2), 569, III. 2. 2 non gravis, A. & G. 209, 3, c ; G. & L. 700 ; H. 637, VIII. 3 vixeris, A. & G. 309, a; G. & L. 580; H. 518, 2. CATO MAIOB.

CHAPTEK IV.

1 Why, old age is the very time for great achievements ! Be- member (1) Q. Fabius Maximus, an old man when he recovered Tarentum, ivhen he took the lead in politics, when

he served as augur ; (2) Plato dying at 81 while writ-

ing ; (3) Isocrates composing the Panathenaicus at 94; (4) Gorgias working at rhetoric to 104; (P) Ennius at 70, poor, yet cheerful and'active*

10. Ego Q. Maximum, eum qui Tarentum recepit, senem adulescens ita dilexl. ut aequalem ; erat enim in illo viro comitate condita gravitas, nec senecttis mores mutaverat. Quamquam eum colere coepi non admodum grandem natu, sed tamen iam aetate 5 provectum. Anno x enim post consul primum fuerat quam ego natus sum, cumque eo quartum consule adulescentulus miles 2 ad Capuam 3 profectus sum qumtoque anno post ad Tarentum. Quaestor deinde quadriennio post factus sum, quem magistratum 4 10 gessi consulibus Tuditano et Cethego^ cum quidem ille admodum senex suasor legis Cinciae de donis et muneribus fuit. Hic et bella gerebat ut adulescens, cum plane grandis esset, et Hannibalem

1 Anno, A. & G. 250 ; G. & L. 403, n. 4 ; H. 423, n. 2. 2 miles, A. & G. 186, c; G. & L. 325; H. 363, 3, 2). 3 ad Capuam, A. & G. 258, 1, b, n. 2 ; G. & L. 337, 4 ; H. 380, 11.1,(1). 4 magistratum, A. & G. 201, d\ G. &. L. 616, 2, 324. 10 M. TULLI CICERONI^

iuveniliter exsultantem patientia sua molliebat ; de

quo praeclare familiaris noster Ennius :

IJnus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem,

Noenum rumores ponebat ante saliitem : 5 Ergo plusque magisque viii nunc gldria claret.

11. Tarentum vero qua vigilantia, quo consilid

recepit ! cum quidem me audiente Salmatori, qu

amisso oppido fugerat in ar^eem, gloriantl atque it- dleentl; 'Mea opera, Q. Fabi, Tarentum recepistl, io ' Certe/ inquit rldens, ' nain nisi tu amisisses numquam recepissem.' Nec vero in armls prae stantior quam in toga; qul consul iterum Sp. Carvilio conlega quiescente C. Flaminio tribtind plebis, quoad potuit, restitit agrum Plcentem et 15 Gallicum viiitim contra senatus auctoritatem dlvi-

1 2 dentl ; augurque cum esset, dlcere ausus est optimls auspicils ea geri, quae pro rel publicae salute gere- rentur, quae contra rem publicam ferrentur, contra auspicia ferrl. 12. Multa in eo viro praeclara

20 cognovl ; sed nihil admlrabilius, quam quo modo

ille mortem flll tulit claii virl et consularis. Est in manibus laudatio, quam cum legimus, quem philosophum non contemnimus ? Nec vero ille in ltice modo atque in oculls clvium magnus, sed intus

25 domlque praestantior. Qui sermo, quae praecepta,

1 dividenti, A. & G. 290, a; G. & L. 665; H. 549, 1.

2 esset, A. & G. 313, d; G. & L. 587 ; H. 515, III. CATO MAIOB. 11 quanta notitia antiquitatis, scientia iuris auguri! Multae etiam, ut in homine Eomano, litterae. Omnia memoria tenebat, non domestica solnm, sed etiam externa bella. Ctiius sermone ita 1 tum cupide 2 fruebar, quasi iam drvlnarem id quocl evenit, illo s exstincto, fore, unde dlscerem, 3 neminem.

CHAPTEE V.

13. Quorsus igitur haec tam multa de Maximo ? Quia profecto videtis nefas esse dictti miseram fuisse talem senecttitem. Nec tamen omnes possunt esse Scipiones aut MaximT, ut urbium exptlgnationes, 10 ut pedestres navalesve ptignas, ut bella a se gesta, ut triumplios recordentur. 4 Est etiam quiete et pure atque eleganter actae aetatis placida ac lenis senecttis, qualem accepimus Platonis, qui tino et

5 octogesimo anno scribens est mortuus, qualem 15 Isocratis, qui eum librum, qui Panathenaicus In- scribitur, quarto et nonagesimo anno scripsisse se dicit, vixitque quinquennium postea ; cuius magister Leontinus Gorgias centum et septem 6 complevit

1 ita, A. & G. 204, b ; G. & L. 590, n. 1. 2 dlvinarem, A. & G. 312; G. & L. G02; H. 513, II. 3 discerem, A. & G. 320; G. & L. 631, 2; H. 503, I.

4 ; recordentur, A. & G 219, b ; G. & L. 376, 2 H. 407, n. 1. 5 uno et octogesimo, G. & L. 96, 3; H. 174, footnote 3. 6 centum et septem, G. & L. 96, 4; H. 174, 1, footnote 1. 12 M. TULLI CICERONIS

annos neque umquam in suo studio atque opere cessavit. Qul, cum ex eo quaereretur, 1 etir tam diu vellet esse in vita, 'Nihil habeo/ inquit,

5 docto homine dlgnum. 14. Sua enim vitia Insipi- entes et suam culpam in senecttitem conferunt,

faciebat is ctiius fecl, quod non ; modo mentionem Ennius.

Slcut fortis equus, 4 spatio qui saepe suprem5 io Vicit Olympia, nunc senio confectus quiescit.

Equl fortis et victoris 5 senecttiti comparat suam. 6 Quem quidem probe meminisse potestis ; anno enim tindevicesimo post eius mortem hl consules T. Fla- mininus et M\ Acllius facti sunt; ille autem *5 Caeplone et Philippo iterum consulibus mortuus est cum ego qulnque et sexaginta annos natus ? legem Voconiam magna voce et bonls lateribus suasissem. Annos septuaginta natus (tot enim vlxit Ennius) ita ferebat duo, quae maxima putantur 20 onera, paupertatem et senectuteru, ut els paene delectarl videretur.

i quaereretur, A. & G. 287, e; G. & L. 511, Rem. 1; H. 495, II. 2 quod, A. & G. 240, a; G. & L. 334; H. 378, 2. 3 accusem, A. & G. 320; G. & L. 631, 2; H. 503, I. n. 2. 4 equus, G. & L. 7. 5 victoris, A. & G. 88, c; H. 441, 3.

« meminisse, A. &. G. 219, Rem. ; G. & L. 376, Rem. 2 ; H 407, n. 1. CATO MAIOR. 13

The four charges against old age are : I. It removes usfrom active business, II. It weakens our bodies, III. It deprives us of pleasures, IV. It is close to death. We will consider these separately.

15. Etenim, cum complector animo, qnattnor reperio causas, crir senecttis misera videatur: tinam,

2 qnod avocet a rebus gerendis ; alteram. qnod corpns faciat InfIrmius ; tertiam, qnod privet fere omnibns volnptatibus qnartam^ quod haud procul absit a ; morte. Earum, sl placet, causarum quanta quamque sit iusta tina qnaeque, videamus.

CHAPTEE VI.

I. Old age removes us from active business.

From some duties, not all. Some belong especially to old men. If you say that such men as Fabius, Paulus, etc, in their old age do no service to the state, you may as well say that the steersman does no good because he does not row. Bodily vigor is not everything, experience and

wisdom count too. I cannot now serve in the field, but am asfatal to Carthage as if I did. Old men in Sparta held the highest authority and gave a name to the Senate. The caution of age is often better than the boldness of youth.. % A rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus ? 3 An eis, quae iuventtite geruntur et viribus ? NuL-

1 avocet, A. & G. 321; G. & L. 541; H. 51G, II. 2 Quibus, G. & L. 414, Rem. 1 and 2. 3 An, A. & G. 211, b ; G. & L. 457 ; H. 353, 2, n. 4. : ;

14 M. TULLI CICEBONIS

laene igitur res sunt senlles qtiae, vel Infirmls corporibus, animo tamen administrentur ? Nihil ergo agebat Maximus, nihil L. Paulus, Q. pater tuus ? socer optimi viri, fIII mel ? Ceteri senes, Fabricii,

5 Curii, Coruncanil, cum rem publicam consilio et auctoritate defendebant/ nihil agebant? 16. Ad Appi Claudl senectutem accedebat 2 etiam, ut caecus

esset ; tamen is cum sententia senatus incllnaret ? ad pacem cum Pyrrho foedusque faciendum, non du- 3 io bitavit dlcere illa, quae versibus persectitus est Ennius

Qu5 vobis mentes, rectae quae stare solebant

Antehac, dementis 4 sese flexere vial ? 5

ceteraque gravissime ; notum enim vobls carmen est

15 et tanien ipslus Appl exstat oratio. Atque haec ille egit septimo decimo anno post alterum consulatum, cum inter duos consulattis annl decem interfuissent, censorque ante superiorem consulatum fuisset; ex

quo intellegitur Pyrrhl bello grandem sane fuisse ; et 20 tamen slc a patribus accepimus. 17. ISTihil igitur adferunt qul in re gerenda versarl senecttitem ne-

a cum defendebant, A. & G. 325, a ; G. & L. 580 ; H. 521, II. 1. -'2 accedebat, A. & G. 332, 2; G. & L. 553, 4. 3 dubitavit, A. & G. 332, g, n. 2; G. & L. 423, 2, n. 2; H. 505, 4. 4 mentes dementis, A. & G. 386; G. & L. 694; H. 637, XI. 5. 5 viai: Form, A. & G. 36, a; G. & L. 29; H. 49, 2. Con- struction, either, A. & G. 216, a, 4; G. & L. 372, 3, 3; H. 397, 4;

or, A. & G. 243, Rem. ; H. 410, V. 4. CATO MAIOB. 15 gant, similesque sunt ut sl qul gubernatorem in navigando niliil agere dlcant, cum alil malos scandant/ alil per foros cursent, alil sentlnam exhauriant, ille autem clavum tenens quietus sedeat in puppl, non faciat ea quae iuvenes. At vero multo maiora 5 et meliora facit. ISTon vlribus aut velocitate aut celeritate corporum res magnae geruntur, sed consilio, auctoritate, sententia; quibus non modo non 2 orbarl, sed etiam augerl senectus solet. 18. Kisi forte ego vobls, qul et mlles et tribunus et legatus 10 et consul versatus sum in vario genere bellorum, cessare nunc videor, cum bella non gero. At senatul, quae sint gerenda, praescrlbo et quo modo ; Kartha- ginl male iam diti cogitantl 3 bellum multo ante denuntio de qua vererl non ante desinam ; quam 15 illam exclsam esse cognovero. 19. Quam palmam utinam dl immortales, Sclpio, tibi reservent, ut

avl reliquias persequare ! cuius a morte tertius hic et trlcesimus annus est, sed memoriam illlus virl omnes excipient annl consequentes. Anno ante me 20 censorem mortuus est, novem annls post meum consulatum, cum consul iterum me consule creatus esset. ISTum igitur, sl ad centesimum annum vlxisset, senectutis eum suae paeniteret ? Nec enim excursione nec saltu nec eminus hastls aut comminus gladils 25

1 scandant, A. & G. 313, d; G. & L. 587; H. 515, III. 2 non modo non, G. & L. 482, 5. 3 cogitanti, A. & G. 290, a ; G. & L. 668, 230 ; H. 549, 4, 467, HI. :

16 M. TULLI CICERONIS

uteretur, sed consilio, ratione, sententia quae nisi ; essent in senibus, non summum consilium maiores nostrl appellassent senatum. 20. Apud Lacedae-

monios quidem el, qul amplissimum magistratum

5 gerunt, ut sunt, slc etiam nominantur senes. Quod sl legere aut audire voletis 1 externa, maximas res publicas ab adulescentibus labefactatas, a senibus sustentatas et restitutas reperietis.

Cedo, 2 qui vestram rem ptiblicam tantam amlsistis tam cito? io Slc enim percontantur in Naevl poetae Ltido. Re- spondentur et alia et hoc in prlmls

Proveniebant oratores novi, stulti adulescentuli.

Temeritas est videlicet tlorentis aetatis, prudentia senescentis. CHAPTEE VII.

And if it is objected that ' old men's memory fails and thus unfits them for such duties,' I answer that old men remember what they care to remember. I can point to a long list of poets and philosophers ivho continued at their

several occupations to extreme old age ; and, apart from such eminent men, to many humble farmers and laborers who in their way do the same.

15 21. At memoria minuitur. Credo, nisi eam exerceas,3 aut etiam sl sls natura tardior. Themistocles

1 voletis, A. & G. 278, 6 ; G. & L. 242, Rem. 1 ; H. 470, 2. 2 Cedo, G. & L. 175, 6. 3 exerceas, A. & G. 309, a; G. & L. 595, Rem. 3, 596, 1; H. 508, 5, 2^ CATO MAIOR. 17 omnium civium perceperat uomina; num igitur cen- setis eum, cum aetate processisset, 1 qul Aristides esset, 2 Lysimachum saltitare solitum ? Equidem non modo eos novl, qul sunt, sed eorum patres etiam sepulcra legens vereor, aiunt, et avos ? nec quod ne 5 memoriam perdam ; hls enim ipsis legendis in memoriam redeo mortuorum. Nec vero quemquam senem audivi oblltum, quo loco thesaurum obruis- set ; omnia, quae ciirant, meminerunt ; vadimonia sibi cui ipsi 10 constituta, quis ? debeant. 22. Quid itiris consulti, quid pontifices, quid augures, quid philosophl senes, quam multa meminerunt ! Manent ingenia senibus, modo permaneat 3 studium et industria, neque ea solum in clarls et honoratls virls, sed in vlta etiam prlvata et quieta. Sophoeles ad 15 summam senectutem tragoedias fecit quod propter ; studium cum rem neglegere familiarem videretur, a fllils in iudicium vocatus est, ut quem ad modum ? nostro more male rem gerentibus patribus 4 bonls 5 interdlcl solet, slc illum quasi desipientem a re 20 familiarl removerent iudices. Tum senex dlcitur eam fabulam, quam in manibus habebat et proxime scrlpserat, Oedipum Coloneum, recitasse iudicibus

1 processisset, A. & G. 336 B, a, n. 2; G. & L. 650; H. 524. 2 esset, A. & G. 342; G. & L. 629 and 663; H. 529, II. and n. 1, 1). 3 permaneat, A. & G. 266, d\ G. & L. 573; H. 513, I. 4 patribus, A. & G. 230 ; G. & L. 346, Rem. 1, 208, 2 ; H. 384, 5. 5 bonis, A. & G. 225, 3, d, n. 1 ; G. & L. 390, 2, n. 3. c 18 M. TULLI CICERONIS

quaeslsseque, num illud carmen desipientis videretur. Quo recitato sententiis iudicum est llberatus. 23. Num igitur hunc, num Homerum, Hesio- dum Simonidem, Stesichorum, num, quos ante dlxl, ?

5 Isocraten, Gorgian, num philosophorum prmcipes, Pythagoram, Democritum, num Platonem, num Xenocraten, num postea Zenonem, Cleanthem, aut eum, quem vos etiam vidistis Romae, Diogenem Stoicum, coegit in suis studiis obmutescere senec- io tus? An in omnibus studiorum agitatio vitae aequalis fuit ? 24. Age, ut ista dlvlna studia omittamus/ possum 2 nominare ex agro Sabino riisticos Pomanos, viclnos et familiares meos, quibus absentibus numquam fere ulla 3 in agro maiora opera 4 15 fiunt, non serendls, non percipiendls/ non condendls 4 fructibus. Quamquam in alils minus hoc mlrum est; nemo enim est tam senex qul se annum non

putet posse vlvere : sed Idem in els elaborant quae sciunt nihil ad se omnlno pertinere.

20 Serit arbores, quae alteri saeclo .prosint, 5

ut ait Statius noster in Synephebls. 25. Nec vero dubitat agricola, quamvls sit senex, quaerenti, cui

1 omittamus, A. & G. 317, c; G. & L. 545, 3, Rem. 3; H. 499, 2,n. 2 possum, A. & G. 311, c ; G. & L. 254; H. 476, 4. 3 ulla, A. & G. 202, c ; G. & L. 107, 3, n. 2 ; H. 317, 1, 457. 4 percipiendis, A. & G. 253 ; G. & L. 397 ; H. 424. 5 prosint, A. & G. 317 ; G. & L. 630; H. 497, 1. : :

CATO MAIOB. 19

' serat respondere : Dis immortalibus, qul me non aecipere modo haec a maioribus voluerunt, sed etiam ]>osteris prodere.'

CHAPTEE VIII.

If further, it is said 'old men see much sorrow,' I reply,

4 i and mucli pleasure too ; if it is said 'he becomes a burden to others,' / reply, 'Young men on the contrary

love and court old ones, if the latter are as active as is in their power and are open to new impressions.'1

Et melius Caecilius de sene alterl saeclo prospi-

2 ciente quam illud Idem 5

Edepol, 2 senectiis, si nil quicquam aliud viti Adportes tecum, cum advenis, iinum id sat est, Quod 3 diti vivendo multa, quae non volt, videt.

; in Et multa fortasse, quae volt atque ea? quae non volt, saepe etiam adulescentia incurrit. Illud vSro io Idem Caecilius vitiosius

Tum equidem in senecta hoc deputo miserrimum, Sentire ea aetate eumpse 4 esse odiosum alteri.

26. lucundum potius quam odiosum. Ut enim adulescentibus bona indole praeditls sapientes senes is delectantur, leviorque fit senectus eorum qul a iuven-

i illud, A. & G. 102, b ; G. & L. 307, 4; H. 450, 3. 2 Edepol, A. & G. 365 ; G. & L. 762 ; H. 622. s Quod, A. & G. 347, c; G. & L. 723; H. 608, III. n. 2. 4 eumpse, A. & G. p. 67 ; G. & L. 103, n. 1 ; H. 186, V. footnote 5. 20 M. TULLI CICEBONIS

tute coluntur et dlliguntur, sic adulescentes senum praeceptis x gaudent, quibus ad virttitum studia du- cuntur; nec minus intellego me vobls quam mihi vos esse 2 iticundos. Sed videtis, ut senectus non

5 modo languida atque iners non sit, verum etiam sit operosa et semper agens aliquid et moliens, tale scllicet quale cuiusque studium in superiore vlta fuit. Quid qul etiam addiscunt aliquid ? ut et Solonem versibus gloriantem 3 videmus, qui se cotldie

10 aliquid addlscentem dlcit senem fieri, et ego fecl qul litteras Graecas senex didicl quas quidem slc avide ; arripul quasi 4 diuturnam sitim explere cupiens, 4 ut ea ipsa mihi nota essent quibus me nunc exemplls uti videtis. Quod cum fecisse Socratem in fidibus 15 audlrem, vellem 5 equidem etiam illud (dlscebant enim fidibus antiqui), sed in litterls certe elaboravl.

1 praeceptis, A. & G. 254, b, 1; H. 425, II. 1, 1. 2 esse, A. & G. 336, c, n. 2 ; G. & L. 644, 3, b ; H. 524, 1, 2). 3 gloriantem, A. & G. 292, e ; G. & L. 536, 527, 5, n. 1 ; H. 535, I. 4. 4 quasi . . . cupiens, G. & L. 602, n. 3. 5 vellem, A. & G. 311, a and b ; G. & L. 257, n. 2; H. 485, 486, 1. n. 2. CATO MAIOB. 21

CHAPTER IX.

II. Age weakens our bodies.

Well, if age takes away our strength, it takes away also our wishfor it. An old man no more desires the strength of youth, than a young man that of a bull or elephant. If he has not the strength required for public speaJdng, quiet discourse is becoming and effective. It is the vices of youth, not old age, that iveaken the body. Witness Metellus.

27. N"e nunc quidem vires desidero adulescentis (is enim erat locus alter de vitiis senectiitis), non pltis quam adulescens taurl aut elephanti desidera- bam. Quod est, eo decet uti et, quicquid agas/ agere pro viribus. Quae enim vox potest esse contemptior 5 j quam Milonis Crotoniatae ? qui, cum iam senex esset athletasque se exercentes in curriculo videret, aspexisse lacertos suos dicitur inlacrimansque

( ? dixisse : At hl quidem mortui iam sunt. E"6n vero tam isti quam tti ipse, nugator ; neque enim 10 ex te umquam es nobilitatus, sed ex lateribus et lacertls tuls. Nihil Sex. Aelius tale, nihil multls annls ante Ti. Coruncanius, nihil modo P. Crassus, a quibus itira clvibus praescrlbebantur, quorum usque ad extremum splritum est provecta pruden- 15 tia. 28. Orator metuo ne languescat senecttite; est

1 agas, A. & G. 309, a; G. & L. 595, Rem. 3; H. 460, 1, n. 2. 22 M. TULLI CICERONIS

enim mtinus eius non ingenl solum, sed laterum etiam et vlrium. Omnlno canorum illud in voce splendescit etiam nescio quo pacto 1 in senectute, quod equidem adhtic non amisi, et videtis annos.

5 Sed tamen est decorus senl sermo quietus et remissus, facitque per se ipsa sibi audientiam disertl senis composita et mltis oratio. Quam sl ipse exsequl nequeas, possls tamen Sclpionl praecipere et Laelio. Quid enim est iticundius senectute 10 stlpata studils iuventutis ? 29. An ne illas quidem vlres senecttiti relinquemus^ ut adulescentls doceat,

Instituat, ad omne officl mtinus Instruat ? Quo quidem opere quid potest esse praeclarius ? Mihi vero et Cn. et P. Sclpiones et avl tul duo, L. Aemi- 15 lius et P. Africanus, comitatu nobilium iuvenum forttinatl videbantur nec ulll bonarum artium magistrl non beatl putandl, quamvls consenuerint 2 vlres atque defecerint. Etsl ipsa ista defectio vlrium adulescentiae vitils efficitur saepius quam senecttitis ; 20 libldinosa enim et intemperans adulescentia effetum corpus tradit senecttitl. 30. Cyrus quidem apud 3 Xenophontem eo sermone, quem moriens habuit, cum admodum senex esset, negat 4 se umquam sen- sisse senecttitem suam imbecilliorem factam, quam

1 nescio quo pacto, A. & G. 334, e ; G. & L. 467, 2, n. ; H. 529, 5, 3). 2 consenuerint, A. & G. 313, a; G. & L. 606; H. 515, III. n. 3. 8 apud, A. & G. 258, c, 2, n. 2 ; G. & L. 416, 4. 4 negat : for the present tense, see A. & G. 276,/; H. 467, 3. cato maior: 23 adulescentia fuisset. Ego L. Metellum memini 1 puer, 2 qui cum quadriennio post alterum consulatum pontifex maximus factus esset vlgintl et duos annos ei sacerdotio praefuit, ita bonls esse vlribus extremo tempore aetatis, ut adulescentiam non requlreret. 3 ISTihil necesse est mihi de me ipso dicere, quamquam est id quidem senlle aetatique nostrae conceditur.

CHAPTEE X.

Witness Nestor, and mijself. At 84 I can still perform my

duties as a senator, public speaker, citizen, patron ; nor have I ever denied mijself to a caller. But, after all, bodily vigor is not so valuable as mental keenness; and we must be content with the amonnt of strength appropriate to our time of life, and not attempt anything beyond it. Yet Masinissa is an example ofwhat is possible in preserving extraordinary strength up to 90.

31. Videtisne, 4 ut apud Homerum saepissime Nestor de virtutibus suls praedicet? Tertiam iam enim aetatem hominum videbat, nec erat el veren- dum ne vera praedicans.de se nimis videretur aut Insolens aut loquax. Etenim, ut ait Homerus, 'ex eius lingua melle dulcior fluebat oratio/ quam ad

i memini . . . esse, A. & G. 336, a, n. I. G. & L. 281, 2, n.; H. 537, 1. 2 puer, G. & L. 325 ; H. 363, 3, 2). 3 necesse mihi, A. & G. 272, a, I. 1 ; G. & L. 535, Rem's. 2 and 3 4 videtisne, A. & G. 210; G. & L. 454, n. 5. ;

24 M. TULLI CICERONIS

suavitateni nullls egebat corporis vlribus. Et tamen dux ille G-raeciae nusquam optat, ut Aiacis x similis

habeat deeem, sed ut Nestoris quod sl sibi aceiderit, ; 2 . oX non dubitat, quln brevl sit Troia perittira. (32. Sed 4 5 redeo ad me\) Quartum ago annum et octogesimum vellem 3 equidem idem 4 possem gloriarl quod Cyrus, sed tamen hoc queo dlcere, non me quidem els esse vlribus, quibus aut mlles bello Punico aut quaestor eodem bello aut consul in Hispania fuerim aut io quadriennio post, cum tribunus mllitaris depugnavl 5

apud Thermopylas M\ G-labrione consule ; sed tamen, ut vos videtis, non plane me enervavit, non adnlxit senectus, non curia vlres meas deslderat, non rostra, non amlcl, non clientes, non hospites.

15 Nec enim umquam sum adsensus veterl illl lauda- toque proverbio, quod monet ^mature fierl 6 senem, si diti vells senex esse. ? Ego vero me minus difi senem esse mallem 7 quam esse senem, ante quam essem. Itaque nemo adhuc convenlre me voluit, 20 cul fuerim occupatus. 33. At minus habeo vlrium quam vestrum utervls. Ne vos quidem T. Pontl

1 Aiacis, A. & G. 234, d, 2; G. & L. 359, Rem. 1; H. 391, II., 4 (2). 2 dubitat quin, A. & G. 332, g, Rem. ; G. & L. 555, 2, Rem. 1 H. 505, I. 1. 3 vellem, A. & G. 267, c; G. & L. 258, n. 1.

4 idem, A. & G. 238 ; G. & L. 333, 1 ; H. 371, 2. 5 depugnavi, A. & G. 336, 6; G. & L. 628, Rem. ; H. 524, 2, 2). 6 Jieri, A. & G. 330, 2 ; G. & L. 546, 2, Rem. 1 ; H. 498, I. n. 7 mallem, A. & G. 267, c ; G. & L. 258, n. 1. CATO MAIOB. 25

centurionis vlres habetis ; num idcirco est ille praestantior ? Moderatio modo vlrium adsit/ et tantum quantum potest quisque nltatur, ne ille non magno desiderio tenebitur virium. Olympiae per stadium ingressus esse Milo dlcitur, cum umeris 5 sustineret bovem. Utrum igitur has corporis an Pythagorae tibi malis 2 vlres ingeni darl? Denique isto bono utare, 3 dum adsit, 4 cum absit, 4 ne requlras, nisi forte adulescentes pueritiam, paululum aetate progressl adulescentiam debent requlrere. Cursus 10 est certus aetatis et tina via naturae, eaque simplex, suaque culque partl aetatis tempestlvitas est data, ut et Inflrmitas puerorum, et ferocitas iuvenum et gravitas iam constantis aetatis et senectutis matu-

5 ritas naturale quiddam habeat, quod suo tempore 15 percipi debeat. 34. Audlre te arbitror, Sclpio, hospes tuus avltus Masinissa quae faciat hodie non- 6 aginta natus annos ; cum ingressus iter pedibus sit, in equum omnlno non ascendere ; cum autem equo, ex equo non descendere ; nullo imbrl, nullo frlgore 20 adducl ut capite operto sit, summam esse in eo sicci-

1 adsit, A. & G. 266 ; G. & L. 263, 3; H. 483. 2 malis, A. & G. 311, a; G. & L. 257, 2, n. 2; H. 485. 3 utare, A. & G. 266, a, 269, b ; G. & L. 263, 2, (a) ; H. 484, 4, n. 2, 489, 3. 4 adsit, absit, A. & G. 342 ; G. & L. 663, 1 ; H. 529, II. and n. 1,1. 5 suo, G. & L. 309, 2 ; H. 449, 2. 6 Sitf a. & G. 336, 2 ; G. & L. 650 ; H. 524. 26 M. TULLI CICERONIS

tatem corporis, itaque omnia exsequi regis officia et mtinera. Potest igitur exercitatio et temperantia etiam in senectute conservare aliquid prlstini roboris.

CHAPTER XI.

Duties depending on bodily strength are not demanded from

old men ; but it is not old age alone that is unfit for such duties. lll health is often responsible for such unfttness, to which youth is subject as well as age, ivitness the son of Africanus. We should take precautions for the preserva- tion of health, and for intellectual cultivation. All youths are not profligates nor all old men dotards. Youth should partake of the gravity of age, age of the fire of youth.

I still perform all kinds of active civil duties ; andincase 1 should be unable to do so, / have still in reserve the pleasures of study and contemplation.

5 Non sunt in senectute vlres. Ke postulantur quidem vires a senecttite. Ergo et legibus et Insti- tutis vacat aetas nostra muneribus els, quae non possunt sine vlribus sustinerl. Itaque non modo/ 2 quod non possumus, sed ne , quantum possumus

10 quidem cogimur. 35. At multl ita sunt imbecilll

ut ntillum officl aut omnlno vltae munus senes ? exsequl possint. At id quidem non proprium senectutis vitium est, sed commune valetudinis.

i non rnodo, A. & G. 149, e ; G. & L. 482, 5, Rem. 1; H.552, 2. 2 quod, A. & G. 240, a ; G. & L. 334; H. 378, 2. !

CATO MAIOB. 27

Quam fuit inibecillus P. Africanl filius, is qul te acloptavit, quam tenui aut nulla potius valetudine Quocl ni ita fuisset, alterum illucl 1 exstitisset lumen clvitatis; acl paternam enim magnituclinem animl cloctrlna uberior accesserat. Quicl mlrum igitur in 5 senibus sl Inflrml sint aliquanclo, cum icl ne aclules- centes quiclem effugere possint? Eesistendum, 2 Laell et Scipio, senectutl est, eiusque vitia dlli- gentia compensanda sunt, pugnanclum tamquam

contra morbum slc contra senectutem ; 36. habenda 10 ratio valetudinis, titendum 2 exercitationibus modicls, tantum cibl et potionis adhibendum ut reficiantur vlres, non opprimantur. Nec vero corporl solum multo subveniendum est 7 sed mentl atque animo 3 magis; nam haec quoque, nisi tamquam luminl 15 oleum Instllles, 4 exstinguuntur senecttite. Et corpora quidem exercitationum defatlgatione ingraves- cunt animl autem exercendo levantur. Kam quos ? ait Caecilius — comicos stultos senes, 2° hos 5 slgnificat eredulos, obllviosos, dissolutos, quae vitia sunt non senectutis, sed inertis, Ignavae, som-

1 illud, A. & G. 195, d; G. & L. 211, Rem. 5; H. 445, 4. 2 resistendum and utendum, A. & G. 230, 294, c; G. & L. 346, Rem. 1, 427, 4; H. 384, II. 5, 544, 2, n. 5. 3 haec, A. & G. 198, a; H. 445, 3, n. 1. 4 instilles, A. & G. 309, a ; G. & L. 595, Rem. 3, 496, 1; H. 508,5,2). s hos, A. & G. 239, 1, a; G. & L. 340, 6. 28 M. TULLI CICERONIS

niculosae senecttitis. Ut petulantia, ut libido magis est adulescentium quam senum, nec tamen omnium adulescentium, sed non proborum, sic ista 1 senllis stultitia, quae deliratio appellarl solet, senum levium

5 est, non omnium. 37. Quattuor robustos fllios, qulnque fllias, tantam domum tantas clientelas Appius ?

regebat et caecus et senex ; intentum enim animum tamquam arcum habebat nec languescens succum- bebat senecttiti. Tenebat non modo auctoritatem,

io sed etiam imperium in suos : metuebant servi, vere-

bantur liberi, carum omnes habebant ; vigebat in illa domo mos patrius et disciplma. 38. Ita 2 enim senectus bonesta est, si se ipsa defendit, si ius suum

retinet, sl neminl emancipata est, sl usque ad ulti-

15 mum splritum dominatur in suos. Ut enim adules- centem in quo est senlle aliquid, slc senem in quo est aliquid adulescentis probo; quod qul sequitur, corpore senex esse poterit, animo numquam erit.

Septimus mihi liber Orlginum est in manibus ; om- 20 nia antlquitatis monumenta colligo; causarum in- lustrium quascumque defendl nunc cum maxime

conficio orationes ; ius augurium, pontificium clvlle tracto; multum etiam Graecls litterls utor, Pytha- goreorumque more exercendae memoriae gratia, quid

25 quoque die dlxerim, audierim, egerim, commemoro

1 ista, A. & G. 102, c; G. & L. 306; H. 450, I. n. and footnote 4. 2 Ita, A. & G. 304, b; G. & L. 590, n. 1; H. 507, 3, n. 2. CATO MAIOR. 29 vesperl. Hae ] sunt exercitationes ingeni, haec curri- in his desudans atque cula mentis ? elaborans corporis vlres non magno opere desldero. Adsum amlcls, venio in senatum frequens 2 ultroque adfero res multum et diti cogitatas, easque tueor aninil, non corporis vlribus. Quas sl exsequl nequlrem, tamen me lectulus meus oblectaret ea ipsa cogitantem, quae iam agere non possem ; sed ut possim, facit acta vlta. Semper enim in hls stuclils laboribusque vlventl 3 non intellegitur quando obrepat senectus. Ita sensim sine sensti aetas senescit nec subito frangitur, sed diuturnitate exstinguitur.

CHAPTEE XII.

III. Age deprives us of pleasures.

If by pleasure is meant sensuality, what a boon does old age bestow ! All evils private and public flow from this. It

impedes the intellect ; blinds the mental vision ; is alien from all true excellence.

39. Sequitur tertia vituperatio senectutis, quod eam carere dlcunt voluptatibus. praeclarum miinus aetatis, siquidem id aufert a nobls, quod

est in adulescentia vitiosissimum ! Accipite eniin, optiml adulescentes, veterem orationem Archytae

i Hae, A. & G. 199; G. & L. 211. Rem. 5. 2 frequens, A. & G. 191; G. & L. 325, Rem. 6; H. 443. 3 viventi, A. & G. 235; G. & L. 352; H. 384, 4, n. 3. ;

30 M. TULLI CICERONIS

Tarentmi, magnl in prlmls et praeclarl virl, quae mihi tradita est cum essem adulescens Tarentl cum Q. Maximo. JSTullam capitaliorem pestem quam voluptatem corporis hominibus dlcebat a natura

5 datam, ctiius voluptatis avidae libldines temere et ecfrenate ad potiendum incitarentur. 40. Hinc patriae proditiones, liinc rerum publicarum ever- siones, hinc cum hostibus clandestina colloquia

nascl ; nullum denique scelus, nullum malum facinus io libldo esse ? ad quod suscipiendum non voluptatis impelleret; stupra vero et adulteria et omne tale iiagitium ntillls excitarl alils inlecebrls nisi volupta-

x x tis ; cumque hominl slve natura sive quis deus nihil mente praestabilius dedisset, hulc dlvlnomunerl

15 ac dono nihil tam esse inimlcum quam voluptatem 41. nec enim libldine dominante temperantiae locum esse, neque omnlno in voluptatis regno virtutem posse consistere. Quod quo magis intellegl posset, fingere animo iubebat tanta incitatum aliquem

20 voluptate corporis, quanta percipl posset maxima; neminl censebat fore dubium, quln tam diu, dum ita gauderet, nihil agitare mente, nihil ratione, nihil cogitatione consequl posset. Quocirca nihil esse tam detestabile tamque pestiferum quam voluptatem siquidem ea, cum maior esset atque longlnquior, 25 ? omne animl lumen exstingueret. Haec cum C.

1 sive . . . sive, A. & G. 156, c ; G. & L. 492-497 ; H. 554, II. 2, 3. ;

CATO MAIOB. 31

Pontio Samnlte, patre eius, a quo Caudlno proelio Sp. Postumius, T. Veturius consules superatl sunt, loctitum Archytam Nearchus Tarentlnus, hospes noster, qul in amicitia populi Eomani permanserat,

se a maioribus natu accepisse dlcebat, cum quidem 5 el sermonl interfuisset 1 Plato Atheniensis, quem Tarentum venisse L. Camillo Ap. Claudio consulibus reperio. 42. Quorsus hoc ? Ut intellegeretis,

sl voluptatem aspernarl ratione et sapientia non possemus, magnam habendam esse senectutl gratiam, 10

quae efficeret, ut id non liberet, quod 11611 oporteret. Impedit enim consilium voluptas, rationi inimlca est, mentis, ut ita dlcam, praestringit oculos, nec habet ullum cum virtute commercium. Invltus 2 fecl, ut 3

fortissiml virl T. Flaminmi fratrem L. Plaminlnum 15. e senatti eicerem 4 septem annls post quam consul fuisset,5 sed notandam putavl libldinem. Ille enim, cum esset 6 consul in Gallia, exoratus in convlvio a scorto est, ut securl ferlret aliquem eorum, qul in vinculls essent, 7 damnatl rel capitalis. Hlc Tito 20

1 interfuisset, A. & G. 336, 2 ; G. & L. 650 ; H. 524. 2 invitus, A. & G. 191 ; G. & L. 325, Rem. 6 ; H. 443. 3 feci ut, A. & G. 332, e ; G. & L. 553, I. ; H. 498, II. n. 2. 4 eicerem, A. & G. 347, 5 d, n. 2; G. & L. 703, II. n. ; H. 36, 4, and footnote 1. 5 fuisset, A. & G. 342; G. & L. 663, L; H. 529, II. and n. 1, 1)

A. & G. 324, a; G. & L. 241, 2 ; H. 471, 4. 6 esset, A. & G. 323, 325; G. & L. 585, and Rem. ; H. 521, H. 2, and footnote 1. 7 essent, A. & G. 320 ; G. & L. 631, 1 and 2 ; H. 503, 1. .

32 M. TULLI CICERONIS

fratre suo censore, qul proximus ante me fuerat,

elapsus est ; mihi vero et Flacco neutiquam probarl potuit tam flagitiosa et tam perdita libido, quae cum probro prlvato coniungeret imperi dedecus.

CHAPTEE XIII.

Nothing worse could we vrish our enemies than that they

should devote themselves to such pleasures ; and if by pleasures are meant the pleasures of the table, we might answer that in losing them old age loses all the ills that accompany them, brolcen sleep, indigestion, etc. But in point offact old age can enjoy the best part ofsuch festiv- ities, social intercourse and conversation, and even some

little parade and indulgence in taste.

5 43. Saepe audlvl ex maioribus natu, qul se porro pueros a senibus audisse dlcebant, mlrarl solitum C. Fabricium, quod, cum apud regem Pyrrhurn legatus esset, audlsset a Thessalo Clnea esse quendam Athenls, qul se sapientem profiteretur, eumque io dlcere omma quae faceremus, ad voluptatem esse ?

referenda. Quod ex eo audientls M ', Curium et Ti. Coruncanium optare solitos, ut id Samnltibus ipslque Pyrrho persuaderetur, 1 quo 2 facilius vincl possent, cum se voluptatibus dedissent. Vlxerat M \ Curius

.15 cum P. Decio, qul qulnquennio ante eum consulem

208, ! H 301 • »• i G& 8 1 * id . . persuaderetur, ^- ; f \ f f J» ; t A. & G. 240, a ; G. & L. 333, 1 H. 378, 2. 2 quo, A. & G. 317, b ; G. &. L. 545, 2 ; H. 497, II. 2. CATO MAIOR. 33

se pro re piiblica quarto consulatu clevoverat ; norat eundem Fabricius, norat Coruncanius qul cum ex ; sua vita, tum ex eius, quem dicq, Deci, facto iudica- bant esse profecto aliquid natura pulchrum atque praeclarum, quod sua sponte peteretur, quoclque 5 spreta et contempta voluptate optimus quisque 1 sequeretur. 44. Quorsus igitur tam multa cle voluptate ? Quia non moclo vituperatio nulla, sed etiam summa laus senectutis est, quod ea voluptates nullas magno opere desiclerat. Caret epulis extructisque ic mensis et frequentibus poculis; caret ergo etiam vmulentia et cruditate et Tnsomnils. Sed sT aliquid clandum est voluptati, quoniam eius blanclitiTs non facile obsistimus, — dTvTne enim Plato ^escam malorum ' appellat voluptatam, quocl ea viclelicet hom- 15 ines capiantur 2 ut pisces — quamquam immocleratTs ? epulTs caret senecttis, modicTs tamen convTviTs clelec- tari potest. C. Duellium M. f.. quT Poenos classe prTmus 3 devTcerat, recleuntem a cena senem saepe viclebam puer ; delectabatur cereo funalT et tTbTcine, 20

quae sibi ntillo exemplo prTvatus sumpserat ; tantum licentiae dabat gloria. 45. Secl quid ego alios ? Acl me ipsum iam revertar. PrTmum habuT semper soclalTs. Sodalitates autem me quaestore constitutae sunt sacrTs TdaeTs Magnae Matris acceptTs. Epulabar 25

1 optimus quisque, A. & G. 93, c; G. & L. 318, 2; H. 458, I. 2 capiantur, A. & G. 321; G. & L. 541; H. 516, II. 3 primus, A. & G. 191 ; G. & L. 325, 7 ; H. 442. D : ;

34 Jf. TULLI CICERONIS

igitur cum sodalibus omnlno modice, sed erat quldam fervor aetatis qua progrediente omnia flunt in dies ; mitiora. ^Neque enim ipsorum convlviorum delectationem voluptatibus corporis magis quam coetu

5 amicorum et sermonibus metiebar. Bene enim maiores accubitionem epularem amicorum, quia vltae conitinctionem liaberet/ convivium nomi- naverunt, melius quam Graeci, qui hoc idem tum

compotationem, tum concenationem vocant, ut; quod 10 in eo genere minimum est, id maxime probare videantur.

CHAPTEE XIV.

I myself always enjoyed and still enjoy this social aspect of banquets, the conversation ofmy contemporaries orjuniors, the old-fashioned ceremonies at the wine. I keep them up at my country house, often to a late hourofthe night. In fact though old age loses some zest for pleasures, it is on the other hand free from their tyranny, and yet can enjoy them, though in a less degree.

The pleasures of Old Age

(a) Intellectual pursuits which it can follow the better for being free from the tyranny of the passions. Examples Galus, Naevius, Plautus, Livius, Crassus, Metellus.

46. Ego vero propter sermonis delectationem tempestlvis quoque convlvils delector, nec cum

i haberet, A. & G. 321 ; G. & L. 541 ; H. 516, II. CATO MAIOB. 35 aequalibus solum, qui pauci 1 admodum 2 restant, sed cum vestra etiam aetate atque vobiscum, habeoque senecttiti magnam gratiam^ quae mihi sermonis aviditatem auxit, potionis et cibi sustulit. 3 Quod si quem etiam ista delectant, (ne omnino bellum 5 indixisse videar 4 voluptati, ctiius est fortasse quidam naturalis modus), non intellego ne in istls quidem 5 ipsls voluptatibus carere sensti senecttitem. Me vero et magisteria delectant a maioribus Instittita et is sermo qui more maiorum a summo adhibetur in 10 ? poculo, et pocula, sicut in Symposio Xenophontis est, mintita atque rorantia^ et refrigeratio aestate et vicissim aut sol aut Tgnis hlbernus quae 6 quidem ; etiam in Sabinis persequi soleo, conviviumque vici-

7 norum cotidie compleo, quod ad multam noctem 15 quam maxime possumus vario sermone prodticimus. 47. At non est voluptatum tanta quasi titillatio in senibus. Credo, sed ne desideratio quidem; nihil autem est molestum, quod non desideres. 8 Bene

Sophocles, cum ex eo quidam iam adfecto aetate 20

1 quipauci, A. & G. 216, e ; G. & L. 370, 2; H. 397, 2, n. 2 admodum, G. & L. 440, Rem. 3 sustulit, G. & L. 626; H. 517, 2. 4 ne . . . videar, A. & G. 317, 3, c; G. & L. 545, 3, Rem. 3; H. 499, 2, n. 5 non . . . ne . . . quidem, A. & G. 209, a, 1; G. & L. 445; H. 553, 2. 6 quae, A. & G. 180,/; G. & L. 610 ; H. 453. 7 vicinorum, A. & G. 248, c, 2, Rem. ; G. & L. 383, 1 ; H. 410, V. 1. 8 desideres, A. & G. 316; G. & L. 593; H. 307. '

36 3/. TULLI CICEBONIS

quaereret, utereturne rebus venerils, ' Dl meliora !

' inquit ; libenter vero istinc slcut ab domino agrestl ac furioso profugl/ Cupidls enim rerum talium odiosum fortasse et molestum est carere, satiatis vero et

5 expletls iticundius est carere quam frul. Quamquam

non caret is, qul non deslderat ; ergo hoc non deslde-

1 rare dlco esse iticundius. 48. Quod sl istls ipsls voluptatibus bona aetas fruitur libentius, prlmum

parvulls fruitur rebus, ut dlximus^ deinde els, quibus io senectus, etiamsl non abunde potltur, non omnlno caret. Ut Turpione Ambivio magis delectatur, qui in prlma cavea spectat, delectatur tamen etiam, qui in ultima, slc adulescentia voluptates propter intuens magis fortasse laetatur, sed delectatur etiam senec-

15 tus procul eas spectans tantum quantum sat est. 49. At illa quantl 2 sunt, animum, tamquam emeritls stipendiis libidinis, ambitionis, contentionis, iniml- citiarum cupiditatum omnium, secum esse secumque,

ut dlcitur, vlvere ! Sl vero habet aliquod tamquam 20 pabulum studl atque doctrmae, nihil est otiosa senecttite iticundius. Videbamus in studio dlme- tiendl paene caell atque terrae C. Galum, familiarem patris tul, Sclpio. Quotiens illum ltix noctti aliquid descrlbere ingressum, quotiens nox oppressit, cum

25 mane coepisset ! Quam delectabat eum defectiones soiis et ltinae multo ante nobls praedlcere! 50. Quid

1 desiderare, G. & L. 421, n. 2. 2 quanti, A. & G. 252, a; G. & L. 380; H. 405. ;

CATO MAIOR. 37

in levioribus studils, secl tameii actitls ? Quam gaude-

bat bello suo Ptinico Xaevius ! quam Truculento

Plautus, quam Pseuclolo ! Yidi etiam senem Llvium qul, cum sex annls ante quam ego natus sum fabulam docuisset Centone Tuditanoque consulibus, usque ad adulescentiam meam processit aetate. Quid de P. Licinl Crassl et pontificl et clvllis iiiris studio loquar

aut de huius P. Sclpionis qul lils paucls cliebus pontifex maximus factus est ? Atque eos omnls, quos commemoravl, hls studils flagrantls senes vidimus. M. vero Cetheguni, queni recte ' Suadae

l medullam ' dixit Ennius, quanto studio exercerl in

dlcendo videbamus etiam senem ! Quae sunt igitur epularum aut ludorum aut scortorum voluptates cum lils voluptatibus comparanclae ? Atque haec quidem studia cloctrlnae, quae quiclem priiclentibus et bene Institutls pariter cum aetate crescunt, ut

illucl sit quocl ait versiculo honestum Solonis ; quodam, ut ante dlxl, senescere se multa in dies addi- scentem, qua voluptate auiml nulla certe potest esse maior.

i exerceri, A. & G. 111, a; G. & L. 218; H. 465. 38 3f. TULLI CICERONIS

CHAPTER XV.

The Pleasures of Old Age {continued).

(b) Agriculture. The pleasures connected with this are perennial. Earth is bounteous, and never fails to make a return for labor. Its natural powers are delightful

to watch as it vitalizes seeds and produces fruit. Then

there is the artificial culture of the vine ; the mystery of

seminal growth ; the development of bud and blossom; the contrivances for irrigation, trenching and renewing the

soil ; orchard, gardens, stock breeding, bee keeping — all are delightful.

51. Venio nunc ad voluptates agricolarum, quibus ego incredibiliter delector; quae nec ulla impediuntur senecttite et mihi ad sapientis vitam proxime videntur accedere. Habent enim rationem

5 cum terra, quae numquam rectisat imperium nec umquam sine usura reddit, quod accepit, sed alias minore, plerumque maiore cum faenore. Quamquam me quidem non fructus modo sed etiam ipsius ? terrae vis ac natura delectat. Quae cum gremio io mollito ac subacto sparsum semen excepit, prlmum id occaecatum coliibet^ ex quo occatio, quae lioc

efficit, nominata est, deinde tepefactum vapore et compressu suo diffundit et elicit herbescentem ex eo viriditateim quae nixa fibris Y stirpium sensim

ifibris, A. & G. 254, b ; G. & L. 401, Rem. 2, n. 6; H. 425, 1, 1), n. CATO MAIOR. 39

adulescit culmoque erecta geniculato vaglnis iam quasi pubescens includitur; ex quibus cum emer-

sit, fundit frtigem splcl ordine structam et contra avium minorum morstis munitur vallo aristarum. ortus^ 52. Quid ego vltium satus ? incrementa com- 5 memorem ? Satiari delectatione non possum, ut meae senecttitis requiem oblectamentumque nosca-

1 tis. Omitto enim vim ipsam omnium, quae gene- rantur e terra; quae ex fici tantulo grano aut ex acini vinaceo aut ex ceterarum frtigum aut stirpium 10 mintitissimls seminibus tantos truncos ramosque procreet. Malleoll, plantae, sarmenta, vlviradlces, propagines, nonne efliciunt, ut quemvis cum adml- ratione delectent ? Vitis quidem, quae nattira

cadtica est et, nisi fulta est, fertur ad terram, eadem, 15 ut se erigat claviculls suls quasi manibus quicquid est nacta, complectitur quam serpentem multiplici ; lapsti et erratico ferro amputans coercet ars agricolarum ne silvescat sarmentls et in omnls partls nimia ? fundatur. 53. Itaque ineunte vere in els 7 quae 20 relicta sunt, exsistit tamquam ad articulos sarmentorum ea, quae gemma dlcitur, a qua oriens tiva se ostendit, quae et stico terrae et calore solis augescens prlmo est peracerba gustatti/ deinde mattirata dulces-

3 cit, vestltaque pampinls nec modico tepore caret et 25

1 noscatis, A. & G. 317, c ; G. & L. 545, 3, Rem. 3 ; H. 499, 2, n. 2 gustatu, A. & G. 253; G. & L. 397; H. 424. 3 tepore, A. & G. 243; G. & L. 405; H. 413. 40 M. TULLI CICERONIS

nimios solis defendit ardores. Qua quid potest esse cum fructti l laetius, tum aspectu l pulchrius ? Ctiius quidem non utilitas me solum, ut ante dlxl, sed etiam cultura et natura ipsa delectat, adminiculorum

5 ordines, capitum iugatio, religatio et propagatio vltium, sarmentorum ea, quam dlxl aliorum amputatio, aliorum immissio. Quid ego irrigationes, quid fossiones agri repastinationesque proferam, quibus

tlt multo terra fecundior ? 54. Quid de utilitate io loquar stercorandl ? Dlxl in eo libro, quem de rebus

rusticls scrlpsl ; de qua doctus Hesiodus ne verbum quidem fecit, cum de cultura agrl scrlberet. 2 At Homerus, qul multls, ut mihi videtur, ante saeculls fuit, Laerten lenientem 3 deslderium, quod capiebat

15 e fllio, colentem agrum et eum stercorantem facit.

ISTec vero segetibus solum et pratls et vlnels et arbustls res rtlsticae laetae sunt, sed hortls etiam et p6marils tum pecudum pastti, apium examinibus, ? florum omnium varietate. Nec consitiones modo 20 delectant sed etiam Insitiones, quibus nihil invenit

aorri culttira sollertius.

^fructu, aspectu, A. & G. 253; G. & L. 397; H. 424. 2 scriberet, A. & G. 313, d; G. & L. 587; H. 515, TIT. 3 lenientem, A. & G. 290, a; G. & L. 665; H. 549, 1. CATO MAIOR. 41

CHAPTEE XVI.

Onr ancestors, such as Gurius and Cincinnatus, loved this

way of life ; and not onhj is it delightful, but it is in the

highest degree healthful, proftable, and useful ; gratifying

to the eye and taste ; refreshing to the body ; superior to all the gallantries ofwar and the excitements of sport and play.

55. Possuni 1 persequl permulta oblectamenta rerum riisticarum, sed haec ipsa, quae dlxi, sentio fuisse longiora. Ignoscetis autem ; nam et studio rtisticarum rerum provectus sum et senectus est 7 vitiis nattira loquacior? ne ab omnibus eam videar 5

J vindicare. Ergo in liac vita M . Curius, cum de Samnitibus, de SablnTs, de Pyrrho triumphasset, consumpsit extremum tempus aetatis. Cuius quidem ego villam contemplans (abest enim non longe a me) admlrari satis non possum vel hominis ipsius 10 continentiam vel temporum disciplmam. Curio ad focum sedenti magnum aurl pondus Samnites cum attulissent, repudiatl sunt ; non enim aurum habere praeclarum sibi videri dixit, sed els qul haberent aurum imperare. 56. Poteratne tantus animus effi- 15 cere non iucundam senectutem ? Sed venio ad agri- colas, ne a me ipso recedam. In agrls erant tum senatores, id est senes, siquidem arantl L. Qulnctio

1 possum, A. & G. 311, c; G. & L. 254, 1, and 597, Rem. 3; H.476, 4. 42 M. TULLI CICERONIS

Cincinnato nuntiatum est eum dictatorem esse

factum ; ctiius dictatoris iussti magister equitum C. Servllius Ahala Sp. Maelium regnum adpetentem occupatum.interemit. A vllla in senatum arcesse-

5 et et ceterl senes, batur Curius ex quo? qul eos arces- sebant viatores nominatl sunt. Num igitur horum

senectus miserabilis fuifc, qul se agrl cultione oblec-

1 tabant ? Mea quidem sententia haud scio an ntilla beatior possit esse, neque solum ofiicio, quod hom- 10 inum generl tiniverso cultura agrorum est saltitaris, sed et delectatione, quam dlxl, et saturitate copiaque rerum omnium, quae ad vlctum hominum, ad cultum pertinent, etiam deorum ut ? quoniam haec quldam deslderanfc, in gratiam iam cum voluptate redeamus. 15 Semper enim bonl assidulque dominl referta cella

vlnaria, olearia, etiam penaria esfc, vlllaque tofca locuples estj abundat porco, haedo, agno, galllna, lacte, caseo, melle. Iam hortum ipsl agricolae suc- cldiam alteram appellant. Condltiora facit haec 20 supervacanels etiam operls aucupium atque venatio. 57. Quid de pratorum viriditate aut arborum ordini- bus aut vmearum ollvetorumve specie pltira dlcam ?

Brevi praecldam : agro bene culto nihil potest esse

nec tisti tiberius nec specie ornatius; ad quem 2 25 fruendum non modo non retardat, verum etiam

1 haud scio an, G. & L. 451, 2; H. 529, II. 3, 2), n. 2. z/ruendum, A. & G. 296, Rem.; G. & L. 427, n. 5; H. 544, 2, n. 5. CATO MAIOR. 43

invitat atque adlectat senecttls. Ubi enim potest illa aetas aut calescere vel apricatione melius vel Igni, aut vicissim umbrls aquisve refrlgerarl salubrius ? 58. Sibi habeant igitur arma, sibi equos,

sibi hastas, sibi elavam et pilain, sibi natationes 5 atque cursus, nobls senibus ex ltisionibus multls talos relinquant et tesseras,id ipsum 1 ut lubebit, quoniam sine els beata esse senectus potest.

CHAPTEE XVII.

Xenophotfs Oeconomicus. The story of Lysander in the pleasure grounds of Cyrus. The instance of Valerius Cor- vinus 10I10 employed himself in agriculture without losing any of his influence. Speaking of influence, — influence is the chief glory of old age, a truth of ivhich brilliant instances are Crassus, Lepidus, Paulus and Africanus.

59. Multas ad res pertltiles Xenophontis librl sunt, quos legite, quaeso, studiose, ut facitis. Quam 10 copiose ab eo agrl cultura laudatur in eo libro, qul est de tuenda re familiarl, qul Oeconomicus Inscrl- bitur! Atque ut intellegatis nihil el tam regale viderl quam studium agrl colendl, Socrates in eo libro loquitur cum Critobulo Cyrum minorem, Per- 15 sarurn regem, praestantem ingenio atque imperl gloria, cum Lysander Lacedaemonius, vir summae virtutiS; venisset ad eum Sardls elque dona a socils

1 id ipsum, A. & G. 206, c, 1 ; G. & L. 209, n. 5 ; H. 368, 3, n. 1. 44 M. TULLI CICERONIS

adtulisset, et ceterls in rebus communem erga Ly- sandrum atque humanum fuisse et ei quendam consaeptum agrum diligenter consitum ostendisse. Cum autem admiraretur Lysander et proceritates

5 arborum et derectos in qulncuncem ordines et humum subactam atque puram et suavitatem odo- rum, qui adnarentur ex floribus, tum eum dlxisse mirarl se non modo dlligentiam, sed etiam sollertiam x eius, a quo essent illa dlmensa atque dlscrlpta ; et 2 ' 10 Cyrum respondisse : Atqul ego ista sum omnia

dlmensus ; mel sunt ordines, mea dlscrlptio, multae etiam istarum arborum mea manu sunt satae.' Tum Lysandrum intuentem purpuram eius et nitorem corporis ornatumque Persicum multo auro multlsque

15 gemmls dlxisse; ' Recte vero te ? Cyre, beatum ferunt, quoniam virttitl tuae fortuna conitincta est. ? x . 60. Hac igitur forttina frul licet senibus, nec aetas impedit, quo minus et ceterarum rerum et in prlmls agrl colendl studia teneamus usque ad ultimum 20 tempus senectutis. M. quidem Yalerium Corvlnum accepimus ad centesimum annum perduxisse, cum 3 esset acta iam aetate in agrls eosque coleret ; cuius inter prlmum et sextum consulatum sex et quadraginta annl interfuerunt. / Ita, quantum spatium

25 aetatis maiores ad senectutis initium esse voluerunt,

1 dimensa, A. & G. 135, b ; G. & L. 167, n. 1. 2 atqui, A. & G. 156, b ; G. & L.489. 3 esset, A. & G. 342; G. & L. 629; H. 529, II. and n. 1, 1. CATO MAIOB. 45

tantus illi cursus honorum fuit ; atqtte huius extrema aetas hoc beatior qttam media, qttod attctoritatis habebat plus, laboris minus ; apex est autem senecttitis auetoritas. 61. Quanta fuit in L. Caecilio

Metello, qttanta in A. Atilio Calatmo ! in quem 5

* illud elogium : Hunc untim plurimae consentiunt gentes popnll pnmarium fuisse virum.' ISTotum est carmen inclsum in sepulcro. Iure igitur gravis, cuius de laudibus omnium esset fama consentiens. Quem virum ntiper P. Crassum, pontificem maximum, 10 quem postea M. Lepidum eodem sacerdotio praedi- tum, vidimus ! Quid de Paulo aut Africano loquar aut, ut iam ante de Maximo ? quorum non in sen- ? tentia solum, sed etiam in nutti residebat auctoritas.

Habet senecttis, honorata praesertim, tantam aucto- 15 ritatem, ut ea pltiris sit quam omnes adulescentiae voluptates.

CHAPTEE XVIII.

This influence is worth all the pleasures of youth ; but it must be acquired by real worth, without which gray hairs are not venerable. But (c) the marks of respect paid to old age may be classed as another of its pleasures. Tlie Spartans are celebrated for their respect to the aged. The Spartans and Athenians contrasted. Bespect for age in the College of Augurs.

62. Sed in omni oratione mementote eam me senectutem laudare, qttae fundamentls adulescentiae 46 M. TULLI CICEEONIS

1 constituta sit. Ex quo efficitur id quod ego magno quondam cum assensu omnium dlxl, miseram esse senectutem quae se oratione defenderet. Non canl, nec rugae repente auctoritatem arripere possunt,

5 sed honeste acta superior aetas fructus capit auctoritatis extremos. 63. Haec enim ipsa sunt honora- bilia quae videntur levia atque communia, salutarl, adpetl, decedl, adsurgl, deducl, reducl, consull quae ; et apud nos et in alils clvitatibus, ut quaeque optime 2 io morata est, ita diligentissime observantur. Lysan- drum Lacedaemonium, cuius modo fecl mentionem, dlcere aiunt solitum Lacedaemonem esse honestissr-

mum domicilium senectutis : nusquam enim tantum tribuitur aetatl, nusquam est senectus honoratior. iS Quln etiam memoriae proditum est, cum Athenls lu- dls quldam in theatrum grandis natu venisset, magno consessu locum nusquam el datum a suls clvibus; cum autem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qul legatl cum essent, certo in loco consederant, consurrexisse 3 20 omnes illl dlcuntur et senem sessum recepisse. 64. Quibus cum a cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex datus, dlxisse ex els quendam Atheniensls sclre, quae recta essent, sed facere nolle. Multa in nostro collegio praeclara, sed hoc de quo agimus in

25 prlmls, quod, ut quisque aetate antecedit, ita sen-

1 constituta sit, A. & G. 320; G. & L. 631, 1; H. 503, 1. 2 ut quaeque optime, G. & L. 642, 3, Rem. 2; H. 555, II. 1. 3 sessum, A. & G. 302; G. & L. 435; H. 546. ;

CATO MAIOR. 47 tentiae prlncipatum tenet, neque solum honore ante- cedentibus, sed els etiarn, qul cum imperio sunt, maiores natu augures anteponuntur. Quae sunt igitur voluptates corporis cum auctoritatis praemils comparandae ? Quibus qul splendide usl sunt, el 5 mihi videntur fabulam aetatis peregisse nec tamquam inexercitatl histriones in extremo actu corruisse.

Ifit is alleged that old age is morose, peevish and avaricioas, I answer that these are faults of individuals, and are not universal characteristics of old age.

65. At sunt morosl et anxil et Iracundl et difficiles senes. Sl quaerimus, etiam avarl ; sed haec morum 10 vitia sunt, non senectutis. Ac morositas tamen et ea vitia, quae dlxl, habent aliquid excusationis non illlus 1 quidem iustae, sed quae probarl posse

2 videatur ; contemnl se putant, despicl, inludl praeterea in fragill corpore odiosa omnis offensio 15 est. Quae tamen omnia dulciora flunt et moribus bonls et artibus ; idque cum in vlta, tum in scaena intellegl potest ex els fratribus, qul in Adelphls

sunt. Quanta in altero dlritas, in altero comitas !

Slc se res habet ; ut enim non omne vlnum, slc non 2c omnis natura vetustate coacescit. Severitatem in

1 illius, A. & G. 151, e, and 195, c; G. & L. 307, Rem. 4; H. 450, 4, n. 2. 2 videatur, A. & G. 320; G. & L. 631, 2; H. 605, 1. 48 M. TULLI CICERONIS

senectute probo, sed eam, slcut alia, modicam, acerbitatem nullo modo. 66. Avaritia vero senllis quid sibi velit, non intellego; potest enim quicquam esse absurdius quam, quo viae minus restet, eo plus

5 viaticl quaerere ?

CHAPTER XIX.

IV. Old Age is near Death.

But is cleath an evil f It either utterly destroys the soul, or

takes it to eternal life. In tlie first case it is in no respect

to be feared, in the second it is a reason for joy.

Quarta restat causa quae maxime angere atque 5 sollicitam habere 1 nostram aetatem videtur, adpro- plnquatio mortis, quae certe a senectute non potest esse longe. miserum senem qul mortem contem-

io nendam esse in tam longa aetate non viderit ! quae

aut plane neglegenda est, si omnlno exstinguit

animum, aut etiam optanda, sl aliquo eum deducit,

ubi sit futurus aeternus ; atqul tertium certe nihil invenlrl potest.

Youth has not the advantage in all respects ; for (1) a young man is quite as uncertain as an old one of a single day^s

life ; (2) he is more prone to disease, suffers more, recovers

more painfully ; (3) an old man is freer from foolish hopes; (4) he has in some respects fruition in the place of

1 sollicitam habere, A. & G.292, c; G. & L. 238; H. 388, 1, n. CATO MAIOE. 49

hopes ; (5) he has the pleasure of memory ; (6) and, above all, he dies without struggle or reluctance, like the dropping of ripe fruit.

67. Quid igitur timeam/ si aut non miser post mortem aut beatus etiam futurus sum ? Quamquam quis est tam stultus, quamvls sit 2 adulescens, cul 3 sit exploratum se ad vesperum esse vlcturum ?

Quln etiam aetas illa multo plurls quam nostra 5 castis mortis habet; facilius in morbos incidunt adulescentes, gravius aegrotant, trlstius curantur.

Itaque paucl veniunt acl senectutem quod nl ita ; accideret, melius et prudentius vlveretur. Mens enim et ratio et consilium in senibus est qul sl 10 ; nulll fuissent, nullae omnlno clvitates fuissent. Sed redeo ad mortem impendentem. Qiiod est istud crlmen senecttitis, cum id ei videatis cum adulescentia esse commune ? 68. Sensl ego in optimo fllio, tu in exspectatls ad amplissimam dlgnitatem 15 fratribus, Sclpio, mortem omnl aetatl esse com- mtinem. At sperat adulescens diu se vlcturum, quod sperare idem senex non potest, Insipienter sperat. Quid enim stultius quam incerta pro certls habere, falsa pro verls ? At senex ne quod speret 20 quidem habet. At est eo meliore condicione quam

1 timeam, A. &. G. 268; G. & L. 259; H. 486, II. 2 quamvis sit, A. & G. 313, a, g; G. & L. 606; H. 515, III. and n. 3. 3 cui, A. & G. 235; G. & L. 353; H. 384, 4, n. 3. E 50 M. TULLI CICERONIS

adulescens, quoniam id quod ille sperat, hlc conse- ? cutus est; ille 1 vult diu vlvere, hlc 1 diti vlxit.

69. Quamquam, di boni ! quid est in hominis nattira diti ? Da enim summum tempus, exspecte-

5 mus Tartessiorum regis aetatem (fuit enim ut ? sciiptum video, Arganthonius quidam Gadibus, qui octoginta regnavit annos, centum vlgintl vixit) — sed mihi ne diuturnum quidem quicquam videtur in quo est aliquid extremum. Cum enim id ad- io venit, tum illud, quod praeteriit, effluxit; tantum remanet, quod virttite et recte factls consecutus 2 sis ; horae quidem cedunt et dies et menses et anni, nec praeteritum tempus umquam revertitur, nec quid sequatur sciri potest; quod cuique temporis esse contentus. 15 ad vlvendum datur? eo debet 70. Neque enim histrionl, ut placeat, peragenda fabula est, modo, in quocumque fuerit actti, probe-

? tur, neque sapientibus usque ad ' Plaudite veniendum est. Breve enim tempus aetatis satis longum 20 est ad bene honesteque vlvendum; sln processerit longius, non magis dolendum est, quam agricolae dolent praeterita vernl temporis suavitate aestatem autumnumque venisse. 3 Ver enim tamquam adulescentiam slgnificat ostenditque frtictus futtiros,

1 450, 11. ille, hic, A. & G. 102, a ; G. & L. 307, Rem. 1, (6) ; H. 2, 2 III. consecutus sis, A. & G. 311, a ; G. & L. 257, n. 3 ; H. 486, 3 H. aestatem . . . venisse, A. & G. 237, b ; G. & L. 330, Rem. ; 271, III., n. 1. CATO MAIOR. 51 reliqua autem tempora demetendls friictibus et percipiendls accommodata sunt. 71. Fructus autem q seneetutis est, ut saepe dlxl, ante partorum bonorum memoria et copia. Omnia autem quae secundum naturam flunt sunt habenda in bonls. Quid 5 est autem tam secundum naturam quam senibus l emorl ? Quod idem contingit adulescentibus adversante et reptlgnante natura. Itaque adulescentes mihi morl slc videntur, ut cum aquae multitudine flammae vls opprimitur, senes autem sic, ut cum 10 sua sponte nulla adhibita vl consumptus Ignis exstinguitur ; et quasi poma ex arboribus, crtida sl sunt, vix evelluntur, sl matura et cocta, decidunt, slc vltam adulescentibus vls aufert, senibus maturitas quae quidem mihi tam ificunda est, ut, quo 15 ; propius ad mortem accedam, 2 quasi terram videre videar aliquandoque in portum ex longa navigatione esse venturus.

1 senibus, A. & G. 235 ; G. & L. 352 ; H. 384, 4, n. 2. 2 accedam, A. & G. 342; G. & L. 629 and 663, 1; H. 529, H., n. 1, 1. 52 M. TULLI CICEEONIS

CHAPTEK XX.

(7) Old age is less anxious than youth, because its limit

is not flxed as is ihat of adolescence ; (8) it is better to die by the gradual and Jcindly process of nature than by the violent disruption which the resistanceof a fresh constitution causes.

72. Senectutis autem nullus est certus terminus, recteque in ea vlvitur, quoad munus officl exsequl et

tueri possit [mortemque contemnere] ex fit, ; quo ut animosior etiam senecttis sit quam adulescentia

5 et fortior. Hoc illud est quod Pisistrato tyranno a

est illi quaerenti^ tan- Solone responsum ? cum qua dem re fretus sibi tam audaciter obsisteret^ respon-

' disse dicitur : Senecttite/ Sed vivendl est finis optimus, cum integra mente certisque sensibus opus io ipsa suum eadem quae coagmentavit, natura dissolvit. Ut navem, ut aedificium Idem destruit facillime, qul construxit, slc hominem eadem optime quae conglutinavit natura dissolvit. Iam omnis conglutinatio recens aegre, inveterata facile divellitur.

Therefore death, though not to be sought, is not to be

monrned ; for to mourn the inevitable is to destroy all peace of mind. As a fact, men not only disregard uncertain, but cheerfully confront certain death. Every age has its pursuits and limit: the limit of old age is death, and is not regretted more than the limit of other ages. : ;

CATO MAIOB. 53

Ita fit ut illud breve vitae reliquum nec avide adpetendum senibus nec sine causa deserendum sit vetatque Pythagoras iniussu imperatoris, id est dei, de praesidio et statione vitae decedere. 73. Solonis quidem sapientis est elogium, quo se negat velle 5 suam mortem dolore amicorum et lamentis vacare.

Volt, credo, se esse carum suis ; sed riaud scio an melius Ennius

Nemo medacrumis decoret neque fiinera fletu. Eaxit. 1 10

74. Non censet ltigendam esse mortem, quam immortalitas consequatur. Iam sensus moriendi aliquis esse potest, isque ad exiguum tempus, praesertim seni post mortem quidem sensus aut optandus aut ; nullus est. Sed iioc meditatum ab aduleseentia 15 debet esse mortem ut neglegamus, sine qua medita- tione tranquillo animo esse nemo potest. (Morien- dum enim certe est, et incertum an lioc ipso die.A Mortem igitur omnibus lioris impendentem timens 2 qui 3 poterit animo consistere? 75. De qua non ita 20 longa disputatione opus esse videtur, cum recorder non KJBru^um, qui in liberanda patria est inter- fectus, non duos Decios, quT ad voluntariam mortem cursum equorum incitaverunt, non M. Atilium, qui

1 faxit, A. & G. 142, 128, e, 3, and 142; G. & L. 131, 4, b, 2; H. 240, 4. 2 timens, A. & G. 310, a : G. & L. 667 ; H. 549, 2. 3 qui, A. & G. 104, c ; G. & L. 105, 3, and 106, n. 2 ; H. 188, II. 2.

r^r^ 1^^"^^ 54 M. TULLI CICEBONIS

acl supplicium est profectus, ut ndem hosti datam conservaret, non duos Scipiones, qul iter Poenis l vel corporibus suis obstruere voluerunt, non avum tuum L. Paulum, qui morte luit conlegae in Cannensi

5 Ignominia temeritatem, non M. Marcellum, cuius interitum ne crudelissimus quidem hostis honore sepulttirae legiones nostras, carere passus est? sed quod scripsi in Originibus, in eum locum saepe profectas alacri animo et erecto, unde se redituras 10 numquam arbitrarentuivA Quod igitur adulescentes, et ei quidem non solum indoctl, sed etiam rtistici, contemnunt, id docti senes extimescent ? 76. Om- nino, ut mihi quidexn videtur, studiorum omnium satietas vitae facit satietatem. Sunt pueritiae studia

15 certa ; num igitur ea deslderant adulescentes ? Sunt

ineuntis adulescentiae : num ea constans iam requirit aetas quae media dicitur ? Sunt etiam eius aetatis ; ne ea quidem quaeruntur in senectute. Sunt ex-

trema quaedam studia senecttitis : ergo, ut superio- 20 rum aetatum studia occidunt, sic occidunt etiam senectutis; quod cum evenit, satietas vitae tempus mattirum mortis adfert.

1 Poenis, A. & G. 235, a; G. & L. 352; H. 384, 4, n. 2. CATO MAIOB. 55

CHAPTEE XXI.

As we have mentioned death, I ivill give you my sentiments thereon. (1) I believe that the great men tohom we call dead are alive. Flesh is but a temporary prison of the soul, ivhich is of divine origin. This is taught by reason, and is supported by the authority of great philosophers. Pythagoras taught that the souls of men are parts of the great world soul. The capabilities of the soul. Is not the soul self-moved, incomposite, and therefore imperisha- ble f Does not the ease with which children learn indicate a previous existence f

77. ISTon enim video ctir, qnid ipse sentiam de inorte, non audeam vobls clicere, quod eo cernere mihi melius vicleor, quo ab ea propius l absum. Ego vestros patres, P. Scipio, tuque, C. Laeli, viros clar- issimos mihique amicissimos, vivere arbitror, et eam 5 vlta ]STam quiclem vitam, quae est sola nominanda. 7 dum sumus inclusl in lils compagibus corporis, munere quodam necessitatis et gravi opere perfungi- mur ; est enim animus caelestis ex altissimo domicilio clepressus et quasi demersus in terram, locum 10 dlvlnae nattirae aeternitatlque contrarium. Sed credo deos immortalls sparsisse animos in corpora humana, ut essent, qui terras tuerentur, qulque caelestium ordinem contemplantes imitarentur eum vltae modo atque constantia. Nec me solum ratio 15

1 propius, A. & G. 261, a, n. ; G. & L. 359, 11. 1. 56 Jf. TULLI CICERONIS

ac disputatio impulit. ut ita crederem, sed nobilitas etiam summorum philosophorum et auctoritas. 78. Audiebam Pythagoram Pythagoreosque, incolas paene nostros, qul essent Italici philosophi quondam

5 nominati, numquam^dubitasse, quln ex universa mente dlvlna delibatos animos haberemus. 1 Demon- strabantur mihi praeterea, quae Socrates supremo vltae die de immortalitate animorum disseruisset, 2 is qui esset omnium sapientissimus oraculo Apollinis io iudicatus. Quid multa ? Slc persuasi mihi, slc

sentio, cum tanta celeritas animorum sit, tanta memoria praeteritorum futurorumque priidentia, tot artes, tantae scientiae, tot inventa, non posse eam naturam, quae res eas contineat, esse mortalem,

15 cumque semper agitetur animus nec prlncipium motus habeat quia se ipse moveat, flnem quidem ? ne habiturum esse motus, quia numquam se ipse sit

relicturus y(et, cum simpiex animl esset nattira, neque haberet in se quicquam admlxtum dispar sul atque 20 dissimile, non posse eum dlvidl quod si non posset, ;

non posse interlre ; magnoque esse argumento homines sclre pleraque ante quam natl sint, quod puerl cum artls difficills discant, ita celeriter iam ? res innumerabills arripiant, ut eas non tum prlmum

25 accipere videantur, sed reminlsci et recordarl. Haec Platonis fere.

1 haberemus, A. & G. 287, d\ H. 495, V. 2 disseruissei, A. & G. 341, c; G. & L. 628; H. 528, 1. CATO MAIOR. 57

CHAPTEK XXII.

For example, listen to the dying speech of Cyrus to his sons: The soul is invisible. The spirits of the dead still influence us so that we remember them. The soul freed from the body is ennobled. Death is like sleep.

79. Apud 1 Xenophontem autem moriens Cyrus maior haec dlcit: 'ISTolIte 2 arbitrarl, mihi carissiml filii, me, cum a vobls discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore. Nec enim, dum eram 3 voblscum, animum meum videbatis, sed eum esse in hoc corpore ex eis 5 rebus quas gerebam intellegebatis. Eundem igitur esse creditote, etiamsi nullum videbitis. 80. Nec vero clarorum virorum post mortem honores per- manerent, sl nihil eorum ipsorum animi efncerent, quo diutius memoriam sui teneremus. Mihi quidem 10 numquam persuaderi potuit animos, dum in corporibus essent mortalibus, vlvere, cum excessissent ex els, emorl, nec vero tum animum esse Insipientem, cum ex Insipientl corpore evasisset, sed cum omnl admlxtione corporis llberatus ptirus et integer esse 15 coepisset, tum esse sapientem. Atque etiam cum hominis nattira morte dissolvitur, ceterarum rerurn

perspicuum est quo quaeque discedat ; abeunt enim

1 apud, A. & G. 258, c, 2, n. 2; G. & L. 416, 4; H. 433, 1. 2 Nolite arbitrari. A. & G..269, a, 2; G. & L. 271, 2 ; H. 489, 1. 3 dum eram, A. & G. 276, e, n.; G. & L. 570, 569; H. 519, I., 467, 4, with n. 58 M. TULLI CICERONIS

illuc omnia, unde orta sunt, animus autem solus nec cum adest nec cum discedit, apparet. Iam vero videtis nihil esse morti tam simile quam somnum.

8.1. Atqul dormientium animi maxime declarant

5 divmitatem suam ; multa enim, cum remissl et llberl sunt, futura prospiciimt. Ex quo intellegitur quales futurl sint, cum se plane corporis vinculis relaxa-

verint. Quare, sl haec ita sunt, sic me colitote/ inquit,

CHAPTEE XXIII.

(2) / believe that great men are inspired to do great things because they see that the future of the world will concern themselves. Hence a noble disdain of inglorious ease. Hence, too, the wisest man meets death the most calmly. (3) I feel a longing desire to see the great of old. I do not

desire to live my life again (though I do not regret having lived it), for the time comes when we have had enough. But I shall rejoin my son, whose loss I bore because of this assurance.

82. Cyrus quidem haec moriens ; nos, si placet, nostra videamus. Nemo umquam mihi, Sclpio, per-

i servabitis, A. & G. 269,/; G. & L. 272, 1,6; H. 487, 4. ;

CATO MAIOR. 59

suadebit aut patrem tuuni Paulum, aut duos avos, Paulum et Africanum, aut Africani patrem, aut patruum, aut multos praestantis viros quos enume- rare non est necesse, tanta esse conatos, 1 quae ad

posteritatis memoriam pertinerent, nisi animo cer- 5 nerent posteritatem ad se ipsos pertinere. Anne censes, ut de me ipse aliquid more senum glorier/3 & ,*- me tantos labores diurnos nocturnosque domi militi- aeque suscepttirum fuisse, si eisdem finibus gloriam meam, quibus vitam, essem terminattirus ? Nonne 10 melius multo fuisset otiosam et quietam aetatem sine tillo labore et contentione traducere ? Sed nescio quo modo 2 animus erigens se posteritatem ita semper prospiciebat, quasi, cum excessisset e vita, tum denique victtirus esset. Quod quidem ni ita se 15 haberet, ut animi inmortales essent, 3 haud optimi cuiusque animus maxime ad inmortalitatem et gloriam mteretur. 83. Quid, quod sapientissimus ^g£j quisque aequissimo animo moritur, stultissimus inlquissimo^nonne vobis videtur is animus qui pltis 20 cernat 4 et longius, videre se ad meliora proficiscl, ille autem, ctiius obttisior sit 4 acies, non videre ?

1 esse conatos, A. & G. 337, b, 2, and 308, b ; G. & L. 659, n. and 254, 3; H. 527, III. and n. 2, 1. 2 nescio quo modo, A. & G. 210,/, Rem.; G. & L. 467, Rem. H. 529, 5, 3). 3 ut animi . . . essent, A. & G. 332, /; G. & L. 553, 4; H. 501, III. 4 cernat and sit, A. & G. 320; G. & L. 631, 1; H. 503, I. 60 M. TULLI CICERONIS

Equidem efferor studio patres vestros, quos coluT et dllexl videndl, neque vero eos solos convenire aveo quos ipse cognovi, sed illos etiam de quibus audlvl et legl et ipse conscrlpsl quo quidem me proficlscen- ; 1 5 tem haud sane quid facile retraxerit, nec tamquam Peliam recoxerit. Et sl quis deus mihi largiatur, 2 ut ex hac aetate repuerascam et in cunls vagiam, valde recusem, nec vero velim quasi decurso spatio ad carceres a calce revocarl. 84. Quid habet enim io vlta commodl ? Quid non potius laboris ? Sed 3 habeat sane ? habet certe tamen aut satietatem aut modum. Non lubet enim mihi deplorare vltam, quod multij et el docti, saepe fecerunt, neque me vlxisse paenitet, quoniam ita vlxl, ut non frustra

15 me natum existimem, et ex vlta ita discedo tamquam ex hospitio, non tamquam e domo. Com- morandl enim natura devorsorium nobls, non hab- itandl dedit. praeclarum diem, cum in illud dlvlnum animorum concilium coetumque proficls-

20 car cumque ex hac turba et conluvione discedam ? Proficlscar enim non ad eos solum viros, de quibus ante dlxl, verum etiam ad Catonem meum, quo nemo vir melior natus est, nemo pietate praestantior; ctiius a me corpus est crematum, quod contra decuit

25 ab illo meum, animus vero, non me deserens sed

1 retraxerit, A. & G. 311 ; G. & L. 257, 2, n. 1, adjin. 2 si largiatur, G. & L. 596, Rem. 1; H. 509, n. 2. 3 habeat, A. & G. 266, c; G. & L. 264; H. 484, 3. CATO MAIOE. 61 respectans, in ea profecto loca discessit, quo mihi ipsi cernebat esse veniendum. Quem ego meum casum fortiter ferre vlsus sum, non quo aequo animo ferrem, 1 sed me ipse consolabar exlsti- mans non longmquum inter nos digressum et 5 discessum fore.

Thns it comes about that I bear my years lightly. I may be wrong, but if so, / prefer my error. If death ends all, there will be none to jeer at my mistake, nor shall I be

conscious ofit if they do. In any case it is well to go at

our proper time. Life is like a drama ; old age its last

act ; all are tired, perhaps bored ; it is best to go.

85. His mihi rebus, Scipio (id enim te cum Laelio admirari solere dixisti), levis est senectus, nec solum non molesta sed etiam iucunda. Quod si in hoc erro, qul animos hominum inmortalis esse credam, io libenter erro ; nec mihi hunc errorem, quo delector,

dum vivo, extorqueri volo ; sln mortuus, ut quidam minuti philosophi censent, nihil sentiam, non vereor, ne hunc errorem meum philosophi mortui irrldeant.

Quod sl non sumus inmortales futurl, tamen 15 exstingul hominl suo tempore optabile est. Kam habet nattira, ut aliarum omnium rerum slc vlvendl ; modum. Senectus autem aetatis est peractio tam-

1 ferrem, A. & G. 341, d, Rem. ; G. & L. 541, Rem. 1 ; H. 516, II. 2. 62 M. TULLI CICEBONIS CATO MAIOR. quam fabulae, cuius defatlgationem fugere debe- mus, praesertim adiimcta satietate. Haec habul, de senecttite quae dicerem, ad quam utinam per- veniatis, ut ea, quae ex me audlstis, re expertl probare possltis. 2T0TES.

^OTES.

CHAPTER I.

§ 1. Tite, etc. : Cicero applies to Titus Pomponius Atticus, his intimate friend, lines from the tenth book of the Annales of Ennius, in which a shepherd, who, in the war with Philip of Macedon, guided the Eomans under Titus Quinctius Flamininus to the heights commanding the Macedonian army, is represented as addressing the Roman general. (Livy, 32, 9, 10.) Ennius: was born at Rudiae in Calabria b.c. 239 and died 169. His chief work was an epic poem in Latin hexameters called Annales, a history of Rome from the time of Aeneas down to his own age. Flamininus: Titus Quinctius Flamininus was consul in b.c. 198 and afterwards obtained Macedonia as his provi?icia, where in the spring of 197 he fought the battle of Cynoscephalae and defeated Philip of Macedon. His great work was the establishment of Roman power in Greece. In 183 he seiwed as ambassador to Prusias, king of Bithynia, in regard to Hannibal, who thereupon through fear of the Romans poisoned himself Titus Pomponius, surnamed Atticus from his residence in Athens, was born in b.c. 109. He was wealthy, fond of learning, and content, though constantly associating with men prominent in political life, to live without attaining official position. Our information in regard to him is mainly derived from the letters which he received from Cicero and preserved. We have also a biography by Cornelius Nepos. Cicero, in letters to Atticus

f (cf. 16, 11, 3), speaks of this treatise under the title '0 Tite, a Roman custom of using the initial words as a title, as, in the case of the Aeneid, Arma virumque.

1 adiuero : for adiuvero — the long vowel becomes short after the loss of v. f 65 66 CATO MAIOB.

levasso : a form of the Fut. Perf . in -so variously explained ae a syncopated levavero, originally levaveso, or as a separate formation in -so, related to -sim of PerL Subj. (cf. faxirn § 73) and -sem of Plupf. Subj. The double s may be due to analogy with syncopated perfects, as amasse for amavisse. Lindsay, Latin Language, p. 462. 2 coquit et versat in pectore fixa: ' which, fixed (like a sting) in your breast, now buriis and tortures you.' The metaphor seems to be taken from some sting or poisoned dart which causes a lasting irritation and pain. Versdt: original final 2 vowel was long. Corssen, Aussp. II , 488. See § 10.

3 praeml : the ii form of genitives of nouns in -ium appears a short time before the imperial period, hence we do not find it in Cicero, Vergil, and Horace. 5 adfatur: the subject is ille vir, i.e. the shepherd.

1 haud magna cum re, of no great possessions, re {familiari) : cum with the ablative is here equivalent to the ablative of characteristic as shown in § 59, multo auro multisque gemmis. plenus: the final s was pronounced so lightly that in old poetry it was neglected in scanning. The s is often omitted in inscriptions, and in the a declension it has been lost entirely. Cf. Lindsay, Latin Language, p. 122. See note on confectus, p. 83.

2 quamquam : and yet, corrective, etsi in § 2 and § 29 is of similar force, but not so common in this use as quamquam. 3 noctesque diesque: note poetical que — que for et — et. The more common collocations are dies noctesque or dies et noctes. 4 aequitatem: evenness of mind.

animl tul : refers to both moderationem and aequitatem, hence^ placed between the two, an arrangement of words termed coniunctio.

5 cognomen : Atticus, a name given to Titus Pomponius after his stay in Athens. Cognomina had their origin in circumstances, local or personal, connected with some individual, as Terence was Afer, from Africa,Ovid, Naso, from somepeculiarity of feature in his ancestors. Cognomina might be ex virtute, as Africanus, Macedonicus. Mommsen, History of Rome, vol. 2, p. 348, says that the first instance of this was the name Messala, obtained by Manius Valerius Maximus, Cos. b.c. 263, because of his conquest of Messana. NOTES. 61

deportasse : the favorite form of the Perf . Inf . in Cicero. This verb is regularly used by the best writers of carriage from the provinces to Rome and not vice versa, as de equals down, i.e. toward Rome. (Reid.)

6 humanitatem : cultivated character.

prudentiam : sound common sense. 7 eisdem rebus: i.e. the political affairs of the day. The dialogue was written in the months following the death of Julius

Caesar, when the State was in the greatest confusion ; and when Cicero despaired of the safety of the Republic because of the proceedings of Antony.

me ipsum : accusative, following the construction of the te with commoveri, although logically quibus ego ipse commoveor is needed.

8 maior : such sorrows require maior consolatio than can be given in this treatise. Others render maior as equivalent to difficilior.

9 visum est mihi conscribere : The impersonal use of videri is rare. This impersonal use in compound tenses is similar to that of verbs of saying, showing, believing, which generally prefer the impersonal construction in compound tenses, but the personal in simple tenses. Reid assigns a special force, placuit mihi, Ihave resolved, to the impersonal use of videri.

10 aliquid ad te : some work dedicated to you. conscribere: to compose; cf. Gk. avyypafaiv, of a history. (Thucyd. 1, 1.) §2. 1.12. certe: atleast.

senectutis : Atticus was sixty-five, Cicero sixty-two.

13 te quidem : you at any rate. 14 modice: without undue repining, cf. moderationem § 1, line 4. sapienter: as becomes a philosopher, cf. aequitatem § 1, line 4; ac adds the more important sapienter to the less important modice.

ac : this form does not stand before vowels or h ; atque stands before vowels, also before consonants except the gutturals, when it serves as a connective between two individual notions; but, when sentences are connected, ac alone is used. (G. & L. 477, n.7.) et ferre et laturum. Cicero generally uses et—et rather than 68 CATO MAIOR. a single et, when a verb is repeated with variation of tense, perhaps to point out the contrast. (Tischer.)

15 certo scio : in classical Latin certe may be used with all verbs, certo with scio only ; certe scio = I am sure that I know ; certo scio = Ihave certain knowledge. (Reid.) sed: is here elliptical, implying that although what is said in the previous clause is true, yet his mind is turned toward Atticus when writing the book.

16 eo . . . uteretur : of a gift suited to the common benefit of us both. For mood, see gram. ref.

18 mihi quidem : serves to recall the uterque partitively.

ita iucunda confectio : I so enjoyed the composition of the book. 21 satis digne: in a manner according to her worth.

1 cui qui pareat . . . possit : i.e., cum is, qui ei pareat. The Subj. possit is generally explained as of cause or reason, and pareat as attracted to the mood oipossit. Reid considers possit due to the conditional force of the sentence from qui . . . degere, and treats cm as equal to et ei, and qui = si quis. Note concur- rence of two relatives, and see Nagelsbach, Stilistik 7 532. , p.

§ 3. 1.2 ceteris : neuter adjective used as a noun ; sc. rebus =

other philosophical topics ; note proleptic use in opposition to the following senectute : ' The best writers do not often use the neuter adjective as a noun in the oblique cases unless the context shows the gender.' (Reid.) Note the chiastic arrangement — diximus multa saepe dicimus.

Cf . Nagelsbach, Stilistik, pp. 546-548.

3 hunc librum : note adversative asyndeton. 5 tribuimus: perf. tense.

5 Tithono : son of Laomedon, beloved by Aurora ( Hc6s), who obtained for him perpetual life, but not perpetual youth. He therefore withered away and prayed for death, until Aurora in pity changed him to a grasshopper. See Tennyson's Tithonus. Aristo: born in Ceos, so termed Cius (Ke?os), was a Peripa- tetic philosopher, and head of the school from about b.c. 230. None of his writings remain save perhaps two epigrams ascribed to him in the Anthology (6, 303; 7, 457). NOTES. 69

6 in fabula: in a mere mythical story. The point and interest of the essay is increased by the selection of Cato as the chief character rather than a fabulous existence. 8 apud quem: at whose house, i.e. Cato's.

Laelium . . . Scipionem: see Introduction. 10 eruditius: more learnedly. Cicero is excusing the frequent quotations from Greek poets and philosophers which he has put in Cato's mouth in the course of this essay. For Cato's ostentatious ignorance of Greek literature and his subsequent attention to it, see § 26. 11 suis libris: Origines, a work on early Roman history, and De Be Rustica. We have fragments of the former, and the greater part of the latter. Note emphatic position of suis. 13 quid opus est plura: sc. dicere. Cf. quid multa, sc. dicam § 78, also_§§ 10, 13, 25, 27, 42, 44, 45, 47, 73, 78.

15 de senectute : note the attributive position of the phrase.

CHAPTER II.

§ 4. 1.1 Saepe numero : the word numero is a simple ablative with adverbial force, strengthening saepe, it is frequently my wont. cum hoc: note the gesture-like (deictic) pronoun.

2 ceterarum rerum : in all other things, the objective genitive depending on sapientiam. This construction represents a verb and accusative: i.e. tuam sapientiam rerum = te sapere res. This transitive use of sapientia is not common, but Cicero (De Or. 2, 154) says sapientia constituendae civitatis, where it = scientia or ars.

5 senserim : the subjunctive shows the thought of the subject of soleo, I am wont to be astonished because I have observed. The speaker gives his reason as one previously noted or stated and thus virtually makes a quotation. odiosa: disagreeable, unpleasant.

6 onus Aetna gravius : a proverbial expression referring to the burying of the giants under Mt. Aetna, when they were defeated by the gods. (Euripides, Hercules Furens, 637.)

8 quibus : dative of possessor, i.e. those who have no resources in themseives. 70 CATO MAIOB.

10 qul petunt : this probably recalls the Stoic doctrine of the avrapKeis, self-sufficient men who depend upon themselves alone for their happiness.

12 quo in genere : a favorite position of monosyllabic prepo- sitions between the attribute and the noun.

13 ut . . . adeptam: notice the chiasmus.

14 adeptam : probably the only example in Cicero of the passive use of adeptus, which is not uncommon in Sallust, Ovid, Tacitus. A large number of deponents had passive participles in use, such as comitatus, criminatus, imitatus, etc. See a full list in Roby, § 734:. Cf . dimensa in § 59.

stultitiae : abstract for concrete = foolish men.

15 obrepere : steals upon them, § 38. Slunt: sc. stulti.

1 putassent : Subj. mood is due to indirect discourse. putave- rant, in the direct discourse.

falsum : substantive use, cf . ceteHs § 3, gratissimum § 6.

2 adulescentia . . . senectus . . . pueritia: inageneralway the Romans spoke of the period from 17-45 years as iuventus, while more exactly adulescentia belonged to 17-30 years, and iuventus to 30-45. Cicero here speaks of iuventus under the lesser term adulescentia. The next term is from 45-60 = aetas seniorum, and after 60 the term is senectus. The period 17-45 was that of active service, while 45-60 was the period of special and extraordinary service. In § 60 Cicero identifies seneclus with aetas seniorum, and may include the latter in the general use of senectus. In § 74 we find a division of four or five periods. 6 quamvis: = quantumvis.

emuxisset . , . posset : the latter word is subjunctive mood due to the supposititious character of the sentence, cum really having force of si. The effluxisset is due to the subjunctive posset, for their past, however long, would have no power when once it was past, to soften the regrets of an old age that had never learned wisdom.

§ 5. 1. 9 nostro cognomine: Sapiens, though Cato does not seem to have obtained this cognomen to the same universal extent as Laelius. Cato, his proper cognomen, is connected with

catus, shreiod ; the additional name generally applied is Censor or Censorius, but that he was also spoken of as Sapiens, Cicero implies again in the Laelius, § 9. NOTES. 71

10 naturam optimam ducem: the Stoic definition of the ethical summum bonum, was to live in accordance with nature, rrj naturae convenienter vivere, d/noXoyovfjLevcos cpvcrei ffiv ; see Laellus, § 19. We must notice that natura is not used as we use

' ' ' nature in such phrases as the f ace of nature ; ' it means the laics or conditions ofnature. The Stoic sapiens was the ideal in the realization of the principles as to ' lif e in accordance with nature.' 12 a qua = ab ea enim.

ceterae partes : for other instances of this comparison of life to a drama, see §§ 50, 64, 70, 86, and compare the question of Augustus, when dying, to his friends, Ecquid eis videretur mimum vitae commnde transegisse? (Suet. Aug. 99), also familiar lines from Shakespeare, As You LiJce It, Act II. sc. 7 ;

Merchant of Venice, Act I. sc. 1 ; Macbeth, Act V. sc. 5 13 aetatis = vltae, i.e. life, not a portion of it.

descrlptae : written out, i.e. composed. The reading discriptae, cf . § 59, would refer to the distribution of the several parts assigned in the play, but it is not here in point and does not seem to be used elsewhere in such sense. Supply ab ea wilh descriptae from a qua.

15 aliquid extremum : some end : for extremum as a substantive cf. Laelius, § 14. The comparison of an old man's death to the falling of ripe fruit occurs again § 71. fuit: it was and will be. (See G. & L. 236. 2.)

16 in : in the case of; cf . § 21.

bacis : a general term for f ruits growing on bushes or trees ; note modifier arborum. terraeque fructibus: here = cereals, roots, vegetables, small

fruits ; note modifier terrae. 17 vietum: a perlodof withering, so to speak, and of a ten- dency to drop. The root of this word appears in vieo, an obsolete verb found in Ennius = to plait, and in vitex, vitta, vimem, vitis. See Lindsay, Latin Language, p. 266.

18 ferundum : The older ending of the gerund and gerundive in the third and fourth conjugation is -undus ; it occurs frequently in classical times. 19 Grigantum: What else resembles waging war against the gods in the manner of the giants than to resist nature. The battle of the Giants against the Gods is a legend subsequent to . ;

72 CATO MAIOE.

Homer, with whom they are merely a race of hnge men. But it became a favorite story afterwards, with many variations. Horace mentions the cohors gigantum in C. 2, 19, 21, and in C. 3, 4, 49, he enumerates them, and Vergil, Aen. 3, 578, refers to the legend that one of them was buried under Aetna by Jupiter; cf . § 4. § 6. 1.1 Atqui: but at any rate, not contradictory.

gratissimum : here used as a noun ; cf.falsum § 4. 2 pollicear: note the absolute subj. in this idiomatic clause, used in passing to a new subject, and see gram. ref

feceris . . . didicerimus : to correspond with feceris, si nos docueris would be natural, though the didicerimus is more courteous and in accord with speramus. multo ante: sc. qu run idfactum erit. 4 quibus rationibus: by taking what measures, by guiding ourselves by what principles, we may most easily support the increasing burden of age.

5 ingravescentem : note the inceptive force.

7 vestrum : partitive, hence not vestri.

' futurum est = jxfSXei elvcu : this form of the Future is used in preference to the simple erit because it is desired to represent the event as on the very point of f ulfllment, and therefore, sure of fulfilment.' (Reid.) Cf. § 67 beatus futarus sum, §§ 81 and85.

9 tamquam longam viam : this sentiment is expressed in similar language in the address of Socrates to the aged Cephalus in the beginning of Plato's Republic. Note the homoeoteleuton in — am. quam — ingrediundum sit: note the neuter gerundive followed by the accusative case, a very rare construction save in Lucretius. See references to grammars. 10 istuc, quo pervenisti, the point ivhich you have reached cf . istuc aetatis, at your time of life. (Terence, Heaut. 1, 1, 58.) istuc is the neuter pronoun and is more common in classical

Latin than istud. Cf . § 8. Note the prolepsis whereby istuc, the subject of the dependent clause quale sit, is made the object of the principal clause videre. § 7. 1. 12 faciam, ut potero: the future, potero, where Eng- lish uses the present. enim: gives the reason for his consent (faciam). 1 NOTES. 73

1 vetere proverbio : dates back to Homer, Od. 17, 218 &s alel

' tov d/jLolov dycL debs &s tov bixotov, cf . Birds of a feather flock together;' Plato's, Bep. 1. 239; Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 25; Quint. 5, 11, 41.

2 quae : constructio ad sensum, the relative agrees in a general way with querellls, complainings, viz., such ivords of lament as . . . ivere wont to glve utterance to. C. Salinator: this was probably C. Livius Salinator, who equipped the Roman fleet in the war against Antiochus. He was praetor in b.c. 191, consul in 188. (Livy 35, 24.) He was a little younger than Cato. Sp. Albinus: Sp. Postumius Albinus, consul b.c. 186. In his consulship some scandalous revelations as to the proceedings at the Bacchanalian Initiations were made to him and reported to the Senate. The consuls, directed by the Senate, punished the guilty, and the mysteries were forbidden for the future. He died in 180. He was a little younger than Salinator. (Livy, 39, 6-16.) 3 consulares: ex-consuls. The word consulares came to be used as nearly like a title of modern times as anything in Republican Rome. The consulares had special privileges in the Senate, being always called upon for their sententia before other senators. They alone were eligible for certain of the provinces, and in cases of emergency their auctoritas was as influential with the army as with the people. Cicero, so proud of being a consularis himself , is always caref ul to give this term of respect to others.

4 tum . . . tum : noiv . . . ancl noio ; these adverbs used thus correlatively flll the place of conjunctions, thus relinquishing some of their adverbial force ; cf . niodo . . . rnodo, simul . . . simul, and in later Latinpanter . . . pariter, juxta . . .juxta.

carerent . . . putarent . . . spernerentur : are oblique, representing the thought of Salinator and Albinus, not of Cato. vitam nullam: that life ivas no life.

6 id : referring to two complaints, but summing them up in onegeneral idea.

8 usu venirent: ivould have been the case ; usu venit = it happens (cf . accidere) usus venit, it becomes necessary ; usus ; esty it is necessary (Ter. Heaut. 80 and 553) ; usu venire is a favourite expression of Cicero ; usu in this phrase seems to mean ;

74 CATO MAIOR.

tn the natural course of events ; usu may be a kind of predicative dative or an ablative. Reid refers to venire excidio (Verg. Aen. 1, 22), odio (Pliny, N H. 28, 106), subsidio (Caes. B. G. 5, 27).

10 sine querella : adjective in force, modifying senectutem. For spelling, see Munro's Lucretius, Introduction to text, p. 33.

11 non moleste ferrent : = libenterferrent, were glad, litotes. Cf. Gk. -^aXeTTLOs cpepco. 14 nec difiiciles nec inhumani: neither cross grained nor uncultiyated. The first refers to peevishness of temper, the second to the lack of such accomplishments as give employment and consolation, the arma senectutis of § 9; they are both included in inhumanitas, whereas importunitas,unreasonable- ness, is opposed to the idea contained in moderati.

§8. 1. 19 dlxerit: Fut. Perf. Ind. (cf. Roby, Grammar, vol. 2, preface p. 104 ff.), or a Perf. Subj. used with potential force. opes: political influence.

copias : wecdth.

dignitatem : social standing.

20 id : represents the idea of the preceding sentence.

22 Est istuc aliquid : there is something in what you say. sed nequaquam: but it doesn't contain the whole trulh by any means !

23 ut Themistocles . . . adsecutum : this story is taken by Cicero from Plato De Rep. 1. p. 339 B. 6s ti£ ^epKpiip \oL$opov- [A^vcp kclI XeyouTL otl ov 5i' avTov dWd §ta ttjv ttoXlv evdoKLfjLOL, 3 direKpLVLXTo otl ovt clv avrbs Se/)i06os tov 6v6fjLao~Tos iyeveTO ovt' ekelvos 'Adwval.os. Plutarch (Them. 18) gives the same version but in Herodotus (8. 125) it appears somewhat differently, as a dialogue between Themistocles and an obscure Athenian who, being jealous of Themistocles' reception at Sparta, said that he owed it to the reputation of Athens, to which Themistocles replied, ovt' av eydo eccv (36\(3lvlttis eTL/jLijOrjv ovtlo irpbs ^TrapTLT)-

Tecov ovt av lt\j, avdpcoTre, iwv 'AdrjvaXos, — Belbina being a small island in the Saronic Gulf. (See Holden's Plut. Themist. I. c.) 1 Serlphio: Seriphus (now Serfo) is one of the Cyclades, lying southeast of the Scyllaean promontory. iiirgio: iurgium is a quarrel which does not go beyond NOTES. 75

words, rixa is a quarrel where the disputants come to blows. (Reid.) 6 Nec enim in summa inopia: Themistocles for success

required his own ability and his opportunity ; so old age needs proper support and good judgment to make it endurable. 8 non gravis: other than grievous — note the chiasmus in this sentence.

§ 9. 1. 9 arma: weapons of defence.

senectutis : subjective genitive. artes: sc. liberales; these are not merely accomplishments, but mental qualities acquired by industrious use of artes liberales. Vergil (G. 3, 101) talks of the artes of a horse, and Horace (C. 4, 15, 12) of the artes, morals, of a people, emovit culpas Et veteres revocavit artes. 11 cum diu multumque vixeris: after a long and full life,

i.e. after a life of many years and much activity. Cicero is f ond of the expression diu multumque, but generally uses it with verbs which make its meaning more obvious, as defletum, quae-

situm, consultum, in manibus es.se, cogitavi ; cf . § 38. As applied to vivere it is not the mere use of a familiar combination of words. To secure the full fruits of industry and active virtue, life must not only have been long, it must have been well spent. r JS emo satis vivit, says Martial (2, 90, 4), i.e. makes a sufficiently good use of his life, gets enough of it. 2 ecferunt: for spelling see Neue, Formenlehre , vol. 2, pp. 766, sq.

13 quamquam : cf. § 1.

§ 10. 1. 1 Q. Maximum : Quintus Fabius Maximus Verruco- sus Ovicula Cunctator, consul b.c. 233, 228, 215, 214, 209; censor 230; dictator 221 and 217. Verrucosus is a cognomen distin- guishing this family from that of other Fabii Maximi and

derived f rom verruca = a wart ; the second seems to have been given him because of his mildness; ancl the last came from his policy in the campaign against Hannibal. He was the spokes- man of the embassy sent to Carthage to remonstrate against the

siege of Saguntum. His response, ' I give you war,' was the declaration which announced the beginning of the Second Punic War. (Livy, 21. 18.) Fabius' policy of playing a waiting game was the salvation of Rome in the war with Hannibal. In his fourth consulship he besieged Casilinum and next year served 76 CATO MAIOB. under his son as legatus. In his fifth consulship (209) he toolr Tarentum. He died in 203, after witnessing the flnal triumph of Scipio, who had crossed to Africa contrary to Fabius' policy. 3 comitate condlta gravitas: a serious dignity seasoned (condire) with courteous manners.

4 Quamquam : corrective because of senem dilexi.

6 Anno post consul primum fuerat : Quintus Fabius Maxi- mus was consul for the first time in b.c. 233, fourth tims 214. In the previous year (215) he had as consul begun the siege of Capua, which lasted until 211. Accordingly Cato here is made to give some dates in his own life.

b.c. 234, Cato's birth. Fabius, consul primum, b.c. 233. Fabius, consid quartum, b.c. 214. Siege of Capua, b.c. 214, Cato a miles of 20 years. Recapture of Tarentum, b.c. 209, Cato with Fabius, age 25 years. Tuditanus and Cethe- 1 B c 204 c quaestor> age 30 years. gus, consuls. J

8 adulescentulus : is an appositive standing for a clause, when quite a young man, I marched with him to Capua as a soldier. ad Capuam: the preposition is used with the name of a town, as denoting the locality, i.e. to the camp or trenches at Capua. Cicero (Ad Att. 7, 3, 10) defends himself for using the expression in Piraeea exire (Ad Att. 6, 9, 1), on the ground non hoc ut oppido praeposui sed ut loco.

10 quadriennio post : after the lapse of f our f ull years. quem magistratum gessi: an office which I held; magistratum is explained by qnaestor. 11 cum quidem: = according to Meissner, tum quidem cum. Tuditano et Cethego: Publius Sempronius Tuditanus, consul b.c. 204 ; censor 209-8, was honored by being made censor before he had held the consulship, also by being elected consul while in Greece. He fought Hannibal in Bruttium and inflicted considerable damage upon him (Livy, 29, 36). Marcus Cornelius Cethegus, consul in 204, was famous as an orator. He was praetor in 211, being located in Sicily, where he served with much success (Livy , 26, 21) . When consul he was in NOTES. 77 charge in Etruria, opposing the influence of the Carthaginians. In 203 he served as proconsul among the Insubres and defeated Hannibal's brother, Mago. He died in 196. (Livy. 29, 36; 30, 18; 33, 42.) See note on suadae medullam § 51. The names of consuls without praenomina are generally connected by et,

. with praenomina the et is omitted ; but cf que § 50, note.

12 suasor legis fuit : spoke infavor of the law ; cf . the opposite dissuasimus in Laelius, § 96. Lator is the term defining the proposer of a law.

legis Cinciae : the lex Cincia de muneribus or muneralis, proposed by a tribune, M. Cincius Alimentus, forbadean advocate to receive any fee for pleading a cause (ne quis ob causam orandam pecuniam donumve accipiat, Tac. A. 11, 5). That the

law was evaded is undoubted ; but we flnd Cicero in b.c. 59 enter- taining, half in jest, some scruples about receiving a present of books f rom a client (Ad Att. 1, 20, 7) . The law remained in force until a.d. 47, when the emperor Claudius fixed the advocaM^s fee at a maximum of 10,000 sesterces (about $350), thus at length acknowledging as legal what had been done in defiance of the law. Livy (34, 3) makes Cato quote this law when speaking in favor of the sumptuary lex Oppia.

14 cum . . . esset: concessive. grandis: sc. natu; cf. § 10; maior natu,maximus natu may be regarded as the comparative and superlative of the expression grandis natu ; magnus natu does not occur, though parvus natu, minor natu, minimus are common. 1 iuveniliter: Hannibal was 29 years old in 218, when he entered Italy.

patientia sua molliebat : gradually wearied out by his persistence, that is, by policy of acting on the defensive and refusing to come to an engagement. Cicero elsewhere (De Rep. 1, 1) describes the services of Fabius against Hannibal by the phrase bellum Punicum enervavit.

2 praeclare: sc. dir.it ; cf. note § 3. familiaris noster: my friend. Cato is said to have met Ennius in Sardinia and to have brought him to Rome.

3 Unus homo etc. : these lines, the first of which has been more quoted and copied by subsequent poets than perhaps any ocher in the language, are from the Annales of Ennius. (See Verg. Aen. 6, 846; Ov. Fast. 2, 241; Cic. De Off. 1, 84.) 78 CATO MAIOE.

rem: sc. publicam.

4 Noenum : the old form of the negative non, which is generally explained as abbreviated from ne unum or -oinom, i.e. not one thing, cf. nihilum = ne-hilum, not a particle, cf . Eng. not = naught = ndwiht = not a whit. See Lindsay, Latin Lan- guage, p. 615. rumores: reputation, fame; according to others, the unfavorable reports of his opponents ; note the plural of the abstract noun as indicating the combination of a number of individual opinions.

ponebat : in older poets the last syllable of the third person siDgular of verbs is long as denoting the original quantity of the vowel; cf. ardt, Hor. C. 3, 16, 26; cf. versdt § 1. Other readings in this quotation are non enim of the Mss. changed to noenum by Lachmann, and postque magisque, the Ms. reading, alteredto plusque by Bernays, acceptedby Reid, saidto priusque by Bergk, accepted by Sommerbrodt.

§11. 1. 6 Tarentum: the recovery of Tarentum in b.c. 209 by Fabius in his fifth consulship was of great importance to the Romans, as it recalled the Samnites and Lucanians to their allegiance to Rome. The citadei had never fallen into Hannibal's hands, but was held from 212 to 209 by Marcus Livius, who frequently fought with the enemy f rom it with considerable glory. The same reply of Fabius is recorded by Cicero in the De Or, 2, 67, and by Livy 27, 25. According to Polybius (8, 27-33), the treason which admitted Hannibal into Tarentum was successful partly from the fact that M. Livius was sunk in sleep after a long debauch in the previous afternoon ; and it was debated afterwards in the Senate whether he deserved punishment for losing the town or reward for holding the citadel so long. There seems to be some conf usion about his name. Polybius calls him Gaius Livius, Livy always Marcus Livius, without any cognomen; but in 27, 34, 7 he speaks of a Marcus Livius Macatus, as the Roman commander who held the citadel of Tarentum when Hannibal obtained the city by treachery. It seems that Cicero has found in various accounts this name, M. Livius, without the cognomen, and erroneously determined that it was M. Livius Salinator. This man, obtaining his name from the salt tax of 204, was the father of the Salinator of § 7, 1. 2. He was consul in 219, and after being in exile for misappropriation of NOTES. 79 public funcls became consul again in 207, defeated and killed Hasdrubal at the battle of the Metaurus.

7 cum quidem : see note § 10.

9 Mea opera, etc. ; formed part of the debate in the Senate as to the propriety of censuring the man -\vho, though holding the eitadel, lost the city. 12 in toga: in civil life. consul iterum: b.c. 228. So other numeral adverbs after titles; cf., in inscriptions, COS • II. Fabius was consul for the seeond time in 228, while the tribuneship of Flaminius, during which the law was passed, dates in 232 (Polybius 2, 22), when M. Aemilius Lepidus was consul. Sp. Carvilio: Spurius Carvilius Maximus, consul in b.c. 234 and 228.

13 quiescente : remaining neutral.

C. Flaminio tribuno plebis : There is evidently an incon- sistency in these statements. Fabius was consul for the second time in 228, while Flaminius was tribune, and the law was passed in 232. Cicero has either been confused by the names of both Fabius and Carvilius containing the cognomen Maximus and by the complication in the dates shown thus :

Q. Fabius Maximus, consul . . 2,33 228 Sp. Carvilius Maximus, consul 231 228 C. Flaminius, tribune 232 or Flaminius was a commissioner for the execution of his own law and continued as such over the time of Fabius' second consulship in 228. Flaminius was consul in 220 and in 217. In the latter year he was slain at Lake Trasumenus ; cf. Cic. Brut. 14, 57.

14 Picentem et Gallicum : The proposal was to divide among the plebeians the territory of Picenum, and a portion of Umbria from which the Galli Senones had just been ejected. The object was not only to provide for indigent citizens but to hTL the northern districts of Italy with Roman coloni, who would withstand the inroads of the Gauls. For the same purpose, in the period which followed, regular colonies were led out to Cremona, Placentia, and Mutina.

15 contra Senatus auctoritatem : This means against the declared ivish of the Senate, but literally ' in spite of the 80 CATO MAIOB. opposition of the Senate's authority.' Auctoritas senatus had come to have the technical meaning of ' a resolution of the Senate,' which from the veto of the tribunes or some other cause was preveuted from assumiug the form of a regular senatus consultum. These auctorltates were often formerly reduced to writing with the names of the iuterposing tribunes, aud remained as expressions of the wishes of the Senate. These distributions of land among the plebeians were always resisted by the senatorial party and the patricians generally, as interfering with their privileges, and as tending to make an independent middle class. In this particular instance Polybius asserts that it brought on a war with the Boiau Gauls, who feared that their own territory would be treated next in the same way. dlvidentl: when he attempted to dlvide; cf. lenientem § 54. 16 cum esset: though he ivas.

ausus est : he ventureO, to make a remark which would have sounded shocking to believers in the science of the augurs ; and no doubt there were some such, though hardly among the augurs themselves. Cato is said to have wondered how ' one haruspex could meet another without smiling.' Cic. De Div. 2, 24, 51, The augurship was a valuable political position, as the validity of elections was often decided by the College of Augurs. This consisted in Cato's time of nine members, afterwards of sixteen. According to Livy 20, 26, 7, Fabius was augur sixty-two years. 18 ferrentur: from legem ad populum ferre, which was the technical expression for proposing a law.

§12. 1.20 admlrabilius : more astonishing.

quo modo : = eum modum quo tulit. Here the modum following quam obtains its construction frbm the nihil which is the object of cognovi. 21 fill: Quintus Fabius Maximus, consul in b.c. 213, bore the same name as his father, whom in his fourth consulship he succeeded. consularis: see above, § 7.

Est in manibus : idiomatic expression = is widely read. Note the different significations in the other uses of this phrase, §§ 22, 38. 22 laudatio: {sQ.funebris) the * f uneral oration' was spoken generally by some near relaxion or friend of the deceased. It ;

NOTES. 81 was a very ancient custom. Plutarch says that Poplicola delivered the laudatio funebris over Brutus (Popl. 9). See Pro Mil. § 33. These laudationes were used as a source of history, and were naturally often deceptive. Cf . Brut. 16, 62 his lauda- tionibus historia rerum nostrarum est facta mendosior. Livy, 8,40.

quam : = et eam.

philosophum contemnimus : the language of one who was actually suffering grief was more impressive than the theories of philosophers set f orth in such a work as Crantor's irepl irevdovs, which, however, Cicero himself used in writing De Consolatione after his daughter's death. 24 in oculls clvium: i.e. in the plain sight of his fellow- citizens, not in the sense in the opinion of.

25 Qul sermo, etc. : sc. erat and erant, in these exclamatory sentences.

quae praecepta : ivhat poicers of imparting instruction.

2 ut in homine Romano : for a Roman, considering ivhatwas to be expected in a Roman.

litterae : means Greek literature and philosophy, which were only just heginning to he known at all commonly in Rome in Cato's time.

3 domestica . . . externa bella : the military history of his own country as opposed to the military history of other nations. Externa bella does not mean here Rome's foreign wars.

4 ita : modifying the entire sentence and meaning with this spirit or in this way, and fully explained hy the quasi —neminem ita and sic often look forward to clauses heginning with quasi, si, ut, cum.

5 quasi iam dlvlnarem : as though I already had an instinc- tive feeling.

illo exstincto : Fabius died in 203.

6 unde : pronominal use = a quo.

CHAPTER V.

§13. 1. 7 Quorsus: to ivhat end.

tam multa : sc. dixi ; for list of similar ellipses, see § 3.

9 Nec : et non. G 82 CATO MAIOR.

10 Scipiones aut Maximl: the generalizing plural, such men as Scipio and Maximus. Cf. the singular with this force, § 28.

13 pure : uprightness in moral matters.

eleganter : a refined and fastidious way of living.

et . . . atque : et connects quiete and the expression pure atque eleganter. Reid represents thus: A + (B ± + B2 ) , the + outside = et, the + inside = ac, or atque before vowels, gutturals or b.

14 qualem : sc. fuisse senectutem. Platonis: Plato was born at Athens b.c. 429 or 428. He became at twenty a frequent companion of Socrates. On the death of Socrates he travelled to Italy, Cyrene, Egypt, and Sicily. On his return to Athens he drew about him a body of hearers in the Academy, a gymnasium outside of Athens, and afterwards in a garden close by, inherited from his father. Hence this school is called the Academy, and its members Academics. He died at Athens in 347, some say while writing, others, while at a marriage feast.

16 Isocratis : Isocrates was born b.c. 436 in Attica. He became a pupil of Gorgias and other sophists, and a friend of Socrates, for whom he had the courage to wear mourniug. He taught rhetoric and oratory at Chios, and later in Athens. His works, mostly in form of speeches, are political tracts or mere literary essays. The Panathenaicus mentioned here was a defence of the policy of Athens, written for the great Panathenaic festival. It is said that on hearing of the battle of Chaeronea and the triumph of Philip of Macedon, he threw himself from the wall and perished, in 338.

17 quarto et nonagesimo : so Lahmeyer and an inferior Ms. In compound numbers frorn twenty to one hundred, the smaller number precedes the larger with an et or follows without et. 18 vixitque: and yet he lived. The que is adversative in force; cf. the more common use of et for et tamen.

19 Leontinus Gorgias : Gorgias of Leontini. He was born at Leontini in Sicily about b.c. 485. He was a sophist, that is, a professional teacher, and his special subject was Rhetoric. Isocrates was his pupil. Cicero says that he was the first to invent and employ the science of harmonious or balanced sentences in oratory (numeros' oratorios) (Or. 52, 174), also that he was most ready to speak on any subject under discussion notes. 83

(Be Fin. II, 1). According to Cicero he lived to be 107 years old. Otliers name 377 and again 380 as the date of his death. Note the position of the adjective, and compare Thessalo Cinea § 43, and doctus Hesiodus, § 54. 1 in suo studio atque opere: in his study andprofession, i.e. that of a sophist or professed teacher of philosophy.

2 cessavit: ceased working ; cessare = tobeidle. Qui, cum ex eo quaereretur: we might have looked for a quo cum quaereretuv. The inquit is the historical present, hence the past tense quaereretur.

3 esse in vita : to remain so long in life ; this form is used in preference to vivere, to emphasize the idea of continuing one's life rather than resorting to suicide, which was regarded as justifiable under certain circumstances.

5 docto homine : here a philosopher ; the epithet is also used of poets. Reid remarks that ' the word doctus implies cultivation as well as mere knowledge, for "a learned man," merely as such, is homo litteratus.''

' § 14. 1.7 cuius modo mentionem feci : expressing our men-

' tioned above or before ; ante dictus or supra dictus belong

to later Latin ; cf . § 23.

9 Sicut — : these lines are also from the Annales of Ennius. (Vahlen, 445.) equus: Reid prefers ecus, 'because Ennius did not write uu, nor most likely did £icero.' Ennius may have written ecus or equos or equs. Vahlen prefers the last. (See Lindsay, Latin Language, p. 300, and Brambach, HiXlfsbuchlein fiir lat. Recht- schreibung.) spatio — supremo: at the encl of the race, or near the end of the race, as on the last stretch.

' 10 Vicit Olympia : a neuter plural substantive, the Olympic games.' The accusative is due to the Greek phrase vlkuv 'OXv/ultticl = ' to win an Olympic victory.' It may be explained as a cognate accusative. Here also Reid follows what Ennius wrote, i.e. Olumpia, as y was not used until Cicero's day.

confectus quiescit : cf . plenus fidei, note p. 66. The elision of the rinal s of words ending in -ts and -us was common in the early poets ; and Lucretius often availed himself of the license

(see Munro on 1, 18G) ; but in the time of Cicero it was consid- ered somewhat unscholarly (subrusticum) , though Catullus 84 CATO MAIOB. once (116, 8) does it and in the fragments of Cicero's own poems it occurs; but tlie new school of poets (novi poetae), he says, avoided it. Or. 161. (See also Wordsworth, Fragments of Early Latin, p. 583.) The question remains as to whether the s was or was not left out in writing. Cicero says ita enim loquebamur, etc, and the phrase admits of the interpretation that though the s was dropped in pronunciation it was retained in writing. In Lucretius ' the Mss. all with one doubtful excep-

' tion write the s (Munro) . But I think the testimony of inscriptions is more in favour of dropping than of retaining it. (See Lindsay, Latin Language, p. 123.) 13 hi consules: the consuls of the present year, i.e. b.c. 150, when the dialogue is represented as having taken place.

T. Flamininus : generally regarded as the son of the Flami- ninus mentioned in I. 1. 15 Caepione et Philippo iterum consulibus: b.c. 169. Cn. Servilius Caepio. (Livy, 43, 15.) The iterum applies to Q. Marcius Philippus, who was consul for the flrst time in 186. (Livy, 44. 1-17, 37-44.) He joined his colleague in punishing the excesses at the Bacchanalian festival, and was a commander against Perseus of Macedon in 169.

17 legem Voconiam : by the provisions of this law proposed by the tribune Q. Voconius Saxa b.c. 169, (1) no one, rated in the censors' lists at 100,000 sesterces or more, could make a woman his heir (2) no one could give bv will legacies amount- ; ing to more than the sum received by the heir or heirs. The principal object of this law was the retention of the estate in the family of the testator. (See Smith's Dict. Antiq. vol. II. s. v. Voc. Lex.)

magna voce et bonis lateribus : with a loud voice and strong lungs.

§15. 1. 1 Etenini: and indeed, generally introducing either explanation or proof , here marking the beginning of the actual discussion. The thought is, 'Ennius seemed to take delight in old age, and indeed this can be explained, for of the four reasons for believing old age wretched none will stand consideration.'

cum complector : supply causas as the object. 3 avocet: senes is the object. The subjunctive shows that the reason is not the speaker's, but belongs to those who complain of old age. NOTES. 85

a rebus gerendis: from active business life. 4 infirmius: i.e. quam antea erat.

6 si placet : a phrase of courtesy ; cf . § 6 nisi molestum est.

CHAPTER VI.

8 A rebus . . . abstrahit : this is the statement of the first reason to be discussed.

quibus : the preposition is generally omitted when a relative follows, in the same case as the antecedent ; also in questions. 9 An eis: the previous question, implied from quibusf is omnibnsne — *from what duties, from all or only from

' those . . . quae: i.e. tales ut. The subjunctive and relative mark limi- tation. 1 infirmis corporibus: ablative absolivte with concessive force. 3 L. Paulus: L. Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, consul b.c. 182 and 168. In the year 168 he defeated Perseus, king of Mace- donia at Pydna. He was the father o.f Scipio Africanus Minor. He died in 160. pater tuus: i.e. Scipio. The naming of Paulus obviates the necessity of the name Scipio. 4 fili: M. Porcius Cato, who married Aemilia, daughter of Paulus. Fabricii, Curii, Coruncanii: such men as Fabricius, Curius, Coruncanius. See note § 13. Gaius Fabricius Luscinus was consul in b.c. 282 and 278. In 280 he was sent to Tarentum on a mission to Pyrrhus f or exchange of prisoners ; where the King vainly sought to corrupt him with bribes or terrify him with the sight of his elephants. In 279 he was a legatus serving in the army which Pyrrhus defeated at such a ruinous cost at Asculum; and next year (278), being consul, he sub- dued all southern Italy while Pyrrhus was in Sicily. Like Curius he was regarded as a type of the old-fashioned frugall Roman, living on the cultivation of his farm when not engaged in the service of the state. His action, in sending back to Pyrrhus the traitor who had offered to poison the King, is often quoted as a signal instance of Koman honour. — Manius Curius^ '

86 CATO MAIOR.

Dentatus, consul in b.c. 290, 275, and 274. In his first consulship he obtained a triumph for victories over the Samnites and Sahines; in his third he conquered Pyrrhus at the battle of Beneventum, for which he seems to have celebrated another triumph (Pro Mur. § 31) . He is often mentioned by Cicero as a friend of Coruncanius and Fabricius, and by Horaee in conjunction with Fabricius as a type of the old-fashioned frugal

Roman — incomptis Curium capillis, C. 1, 12, 41. After his victory over Pyrrhus he returned to his farm and lived a retired life, though he was censor in 272. His saying that he ' pre- -ferred ruling over the wealthy to possessing wealth himself is often quoted ; cf. § 55. — Tiberius Coruncanius, a jurist, was (C©nsul in 280. His chief fame rests on his profound knowledge ©f law, which he publicly taught, and for his skill in which he xeceived like other jurists the title of Sapiens. In 254 he was •ereated pontifex maximus, and died a few years afterwards. He aso-ften referred to by Cicero as an authority on jurisprudence, e.g. De Or. 3, 33.

5 €nm defendebant: at the time that they ivere defending ; cum with the indicative is purely temporal. §16. 1.7 Appi Claudi: Appius Claudius Caecus, obtaining cogiwmen from the fact of his being blind, was consul b.c. 307 and 296. He made himself famous by the memorable works wMeh he superintended in his censorship of 312. The first of these was the via Appia leading from Rorae to Capua, afterwards extended to Brundisium. The second was the aqua Appia, the flrst aqueduct constructed to supply Kome with waten Appius retained his censorship beyond the eighteen montiks named by the lex Aemilia, and until he was elected consul, so that being in a high office for five continuous years he was able to complete the public works he had planned. In his second consulship he fought against the Etruscans, and in 295 as praetor against the Samnites and Etruscans, but with indifferent success. When Pyrrhus, after defeating Laevinus in 280 at Heraclea, sent proposals to Rome for peace, Appius caused himself to be carried into the senate-house and spoke so eloquently against it that he prevented the Senate f rom accepting the ofTer. (Livy, Ep. xih.) The speech was extant in Cicero's time (Brut. 6, 61), as is stated in the text. Cicero says in his Tusculan Disputations, 5, 38, 112, that the misfortune of Appius NOTES. 87 did not prevent his performing his duties as a public official. In this place his kindness is regarded as the result of old age, but Livy 9, 29, 11, gives the popular superstition of its being a divine visitation upon him for the sacrilege of initiating certain slaves in the worship of Hercules, instead of leaving this to the old family of the Potitii.

9 cum Pyrrho : for position see note, § 1.

non dubitavit : he did not hesitate.

10 persecutus est : has well expressed ; there seems a notion of completeness intended by the per.

12 Quo vobis — viai : from the sixth book of the Annales.

vobis : the dative of ref erence.

rectae stare : to stand upHght, to be in a sound state ; again a Graecism, cf. Soph. 0. B. 528 e£ opdrjs cfrpevbs, and Eur. Med. 1129 (ppovelv opdd.

13 Antehac : always a dissyllable. quo-viai: to ivhat point in the course, i.e. how far from the riyht course, cf. Aesch. P. V. 903 e^to 8e 8pbjJ.ov (pepofxai \vo-o-qs TrvevfAaTL /uL&pycp. The form -ai in the genitive of the flrst declension is found in writers of the earliest times to Lucretius and Vergil, though it was no doubt used by the latter as an archaism. (Lindsay, Latin Language, p. 381.)

dementis : I have followed Vahlen in reading dementis as accusative agreeing with sese. Others regard it as nominative dementes, interpreting as, your senses losing their sense. Note the oxymoron, the intentional contradiction.

14. gravissime : in the most impressive manner.

' 15 et tamen : the force of tamen seems to be, The poem is well known and so I quote it ; and yet the speech itself is extant and I might have quoted that.'

17 cum : although.

18 censor . . . ante consulatum : it was unusual for a man to be censor until he had been consul. Appius was thus exceptionally honored. 19 grandem sanefuisse: surely old. As hewould not have been consul in all probability until he was forty he must have been at least sixty-seven at the time named, but as he had been censor flve years before his consulship, he was more probably seventy or even older at the outbreak of the war with Pyrrhus in 280. . ;

88 CATO MAIOR.

20 sic: i.e. eum grandem fuisse. ' We know it from history without this calculation.'

§17. 1. 20 Nihil — adferunt: theij adduce nothing

21 qui in re . . . negant : who say that old age has no part in the activlties of life. 1 similesque sunt ut si: an unusual collocation expressing the imagined simile. They who say old age is inactive are like persons who may be imagined as saying the pilot does nothing. 2 cum: causal, since.

5 non faciat . . . iuvenes. At vero . . . facit: All Mss. have faciat . . . faciat save one, which has facit in last clause.

Editors generally read facit . . . facit. Reid prefers faciat . . . facit, because the reply ought to begin with the emphatic at vero. 6 velocitate: physical activity. Some read velocitatibus, which is possible, though its parallel celeritate appears to indicate the singular as the correct reading.

' velocitate . . . celeritate : These words differ very slightly the former means speed of movement in one line, the latter rather power of rapid motion with frequent change of direction.' (Reid.) 8 sententia: expression of opinion, with a special reference to speaking in the Senate.

quibus . . . orbari . . . augeri: The regular construction after

orbari is the ablative of the thing taken away ; and the ablative is used also commonly in a converse sense with augeri ; cf. Ov., F. 3, 601 iam pius Aeneas regno nataque Latini auctus erat and the comic oxymoron auctus damno, Ter. Heaut. 628.

9 quibus augeri solet : which it is wont to have added to it, ' to have in an increased degree.'

§ 18. 1.9 nisi forte : introduces a proposition which the speaker regards as absurd or impossible. Cf. Laelius de AmU citia, § 32.

10 miles et tribunus et legatus : as a private soldier, mili- tribuni, of whom tary tribune t and lieutenant-general. The there were six in each legion, were the highest officers in it : they must have served ten years, and after b.c. 311 were generally elected in the Comitia Tributa, though the commander of the army still had the nomination of some. The legati were nomi- ;;

NOTES. 89 nated with consent of the Senate by the governor of a province their number differed according to the circumstances of the case. Caesar as governor of Gaul and Illyricum had twelve. They were staff ofiicers, and commanded such parts of the army as the imperator directed, — often a single legion. The number originally was two, because two legions were the normal strength of a consular army. For Cato's later service as tribunus militum see below, p. 111. 11 genere: English, in different Jcinds. 12 at: nisi forte assumes the converse of the proposition it introduces ; therefore at follows as though the previous sentence

' had run : Though I no longer serve in the army, I am not idle but in the Senate/ etc.

:' 13 Karthagini . . . denuntio I am urging a war against Carthage to anticipate the vmr she has long been treacherously meditating. Cato is supposed to be speaking in b.c. 150 (see

§ 14) , and in the earlier part of that year he had been to Carthage as one of ten commissioners sent to investigate the truth of the rumors that she was preparing for war. It was after this that the scene of his producing the green figs in the senate-house occurred, and that it became his custom, whenever called upon for his sententia on any subject, to end his speech with censeo delendam esse Karthaginem. This celebrated phrase is found in Florus 2, 15.

§ 19. 1. 16 Quam palmam, etc. : Cato of course is made to express in a prophetic wish what had actually happened. The supposed dialogue dates 150; the time of the writing of the

Cato Jf« t'orwas 41.

18 avi reliquias : ivhat ijour grandfather (Publius Comelius Scipio Africanus Maior) left still remaining of Carthage, or vmo.t he left unfinished of his task, which was the destruction of Carthage, i.e. after the battle of Zama in b.c. 202. avi is the

' subjective genitive ; cf . reliquias Danaum, those whom the

Greeks have left ' (Verg. Aen. 1, 30).

tertius . . . trlcesimus : the Mss. have tertius, which makes Scipio's death date in 183, which agrees with Livy's account (39, 50, 10), but anno ante censorem = 185, and novem annis post

. . . consulatum = 185, hence some read sextus or quintus.

22 iterum : with consul creatus esset. He was elected consul for the second time in 195 and served duriug the year 194. 90 CATO MAIOR.

24 paeniteret : observe the imperfect tense, expressing a state of mind lasting some time, not a single thought, would he have been feeling discontented with his old age 9 For this sense of paenitet, ' dissatisfaction ' rather than ' repentance,' cf. De Off. 1, 1, 2, quantum proficias te poenitebit. Livy, 5, 19, paenitere magistratuum senatum apparebat ; cf. Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 20; Cic. Acad. 2, 22, 69; Livy, 22, 12.

' enim : the enim indicates that no ' was the answer to the question and introduces the reason for such an answer. excursione: rapid marching, as of light armed troops. (See De Div. 2, 26.) (Gernh.) Saltu also seems to have a war-

' like reference, such as springing ' upon an enemy in a single combat; cf. the boxing match in Verg. Aen. 5, 442 variis ad- sultibus irritus urget.

1 consilio . . . sententia : cf . § 17, note consilium in the following sentence in different sense.

quae : neuter, as the antecedents are of different genders and do not denote living creatures. 3 senatum: an assembly of old men; cf. § 56. senatores, id est senes, § 20. § 20. 1. 4 qui amplissimum magistratum gerunt: i.e. the twenty-eight members of the Gerusia or Senate (yepovo-ia, ytpw), all over sixty years of age. 6 externa: the history of foreign nations, the opposite of domestica, § 12, and nostra, § 82. (Reid.)

9 cedo . . . cito: the line is tetrameter iambic acatalectic. The substitution of a spondee is allowable in any foot except the last, as in the senarius.

cedo : pray tell me ; an old imperative form equivalent to da

or dic. The plural is cette (cedite) . It is generally assumed that ce is the same as the enclitic found in pronominal words (hi-ce) hic, and that do represents da- of the root do, hence the sense is give here. (Lindsay, Latin Language, p. 518.) Do is often used for dico as accipio for audio. qui: how. tantam: of such greatness as it was (^roo-aijrrjv od

fato Metelli Romaefiunt consules, to which Metellus answered,

et Naevlo poetae cum saepe laederentur, dabunt malum Metelli, dabunt malum Metelli.

He served in the army during the First Punic War; but his satires on the aristocratic party involved him in trouble, and he was thrown into prison. When released by the interposition of a tribune, he retired to Utica, where he died in 203; though Cicero (Brut. § 50) says that Varro thought that he lived longer. His epic poem on the First Punic War is mentioned by Cicero again in Brutus, § 75, where he compares it to a carved work of Myron, and says that it is luculente scriptum, though less polite than the work of Ennius.

Ludo : the name of some play otherwise unknown. Some hold that it is a general name for a play (Latin ludus), but the word is not cited in Harper's Lexicon in the singular in this sense, for which the regular term is fabula. Ribbeck supposes this Ludus to have been a satire or satiric drama.

12 Proveniebant . . . adulescentull: also iambic tetrameter acatalectic. Note the dactyl, the equivalent of a spondee, in the rlrst and sixth feet. (G. and L. 758 n., 761 n., 1.) / \j \j , , .

" Proveniebant : Lahmeyer interprets as a crop of orators were springing up," comparing Pliny, Ep. 1, 13, 1, magnum proventum ('crop') poetarum annus hic attulit, also Sall. Cat. 8, 3, provenere ibi scriptorum magna ingenia.

13 videlicet : we may conclude. 92 CATO MAIOB.

CHAPTER VII.

§21. 1. 15 At: But it may be said, like at enim introducing a supposed objection for the sake of refuting it. See Vocabulary. Cicero (Ad Att. 12, 1), acknowledges that it is very like an old man (yepovriKcbrepov), to forget trirles — memoriola vacillare.

Credo : undoubtedly or of course, to be sure; cf. § 47. 16 natura tardior: more dull than usual.

Themistocles : the famous Athenian statesman and general to whose instrumentality the victory of Salamis (b.c. 480) was mainly due. He was the son of Neocles, and was born about the year 525. After the Persian war, in 471, he was ostracized, and retired to Argos. Becoming involved in a charge of Medism, he fled to the Persian court, where he was well received. He promised the king to assist him in future attacks upon the Greeks. But being called upon to f ulfil his promise (in or about the year b.c. 460), and feeling unable or unwilling to do so, he committed suicide in Magnesia, though some have said that he died a natural death. Thucydides (1, 138), who believed in the latter account of his death, describes him as a man of the most wonderful natural ability. (See Plutarch's Life of The- mistocles.) 1 perceperat: had mastered, implying some mental effort; cf. Caes. B. G. 5, 1, percepta oratione ' having thoroughly grasped the meaning of their speech.' The number of Athenian citizens at the time of Themistocles is not certain ; but it has been reckoned as about 20,000 at the beginning of the Pelopon- nesian War, and if it were only half that number in the lifetime of Themistocles, it would have been no inconsiderable feat to have known their names. For the popularity he gained by it see Plut. Them. 5, toIs iroWols evrjp/uLOTTe . . . e/cdVrou tCjv

woXltQv tovvojjlol \eycov dirb o-ro/xaros : cf. Pro Mur. 11, where Cicero is speaking of the habit of keeping a ' nomenclator,' si nomine appellari abs te cives tuos honestum est, turpe est eos notiores esse servo tuo quam tibi. Cicero often recurs to the

remarkable memory of Themistocles (see De Or. 2, 351 ; Be Fin. 2, 104).

2 qui Aristides . . . solitum : that he used to address Aris- tides as Lysimachus by mistake. To prevent ambiguity, qui '

NOTES. 93

esset, Aristides takes the place of one of the accusatives which would naturally follow the verb of naming, salutare. Aristides: Aristides, the son of Lysimachus, acquired by his honorable and trustworthy character the title of the Just. He was one of the commanders of the Athenian squadron at the battle of Salamis, and assisted Themistocles in preventing the Greek fleet from retreating southward ancl leaving the Persians in possession of Attica. It was the confidence which the allies placed in his character that induced them to put the Athenians at the head of the league called the ' Confederacy of Delos (b.c. 478), when the insolence and treachery of the Spartan Pausanias made them discontented with the Spartan supremacy. Just before the Persian invasion he had been ostracized at the iustigation of Themistocles, but in their terror of the Persians the Athenians recalled him, and he appears to have lived to a considerable age in high repute, though in poor circumstances. In Plutarch's time his tomb was still shown at Phalerum. (Life by Plutarch. Herod. bks. vi-vii.) 3 Equidem: for my part; a form of quidem strengthened by the interjection e ; cf. nam and enim. This word is usually found with the first person singular, and, unlike quidem, may stand first in its sentence.

Lysimachum : father of Aristides. 4 sunt: equivalent to vivunt ; cf. §32; esse = vivere; §54, fuit = vixit. 5 sepulcra: nor am I afraid that by reading the inscriptions on tombstones I shall lose my memory, as the saying is. Cato says he knew not only the names of his contemporaries, but of their ancestors. These he would often learn by reading the inscriptions on their tombs, probably for the purpose of composing his Origines, and this reminds him of a common sayiug or superstition that reading tombstones hurts the memory. It is not possible to trace the origin of such an idea, which Erasmus (quoted by G. Long) says was a common one. It may perhaps be connected with the early prejudice against writing, as harmful to the faculty of memory, from causing it to be less used. Plato (Phaedr. 274-5) refers to this, and Caesar (B. G. 6', 14) states that the same prejudice the and Plutarch existed among Druids ; (Numa, 22) that the same doctrine was taught by the Pythag- oreans. That such philosophical doctrines should filter into 94 CATO MAIOB. popular talk is not uncommon. Inscriptions on tombstones would be probably the earliest form of writing known to the vulgar. We might compare it with the popular idea that to meet a wolf caused dumbness, see Verg. JEcl. ix. 54 ; Theocr. 14, 152. Cicero seems to allude to some similar proverb in De Fin. 5, § 3, veteris proverbi admonitu vivorum memin i. Otto, Sprichworter der Romer, p. 218, believes that these words have no reference to a proverb, but to a superstitious idea that reading the monuments of the past leads one to disregard the present.

quod aiunt : as the saying c/oes ; cf . ut dicitur, § 49.

6 in memoriam redeo mortuorum : I get a Jcind of second memcry, that namely of the dead. So far from losing memory by reading sepulchral inscriptions, I refresh it. The expression

' is a curious inversion of the commoner recall to memory ; it ' speaks of memory as something outside oneself to which one returns. Long quotes Verr. 2, 46, redite in memoriam, iadices, quae istius libido in dicendo fuerit,. Cf. Ter. Phorm. 802. 7 nec vero: introducing a general conclusion, nor in point of fact.

8 senem : here equal to cum senex esset, because he was an old man.

thesaurum (0e-, Tidwfju) : a buried ti^easure, where he had hid his money. 9 quae curant: the things that interest them.

vadimonia constituta : appointments at court. The regular phrase is vadimonium promittere. Constituere is used as appli- cable to both plaintifr" and defendant. (Keid.) The plural vadimonia is employed as usual when speaking generally and not of a particular case. Vadimonium is properly the engagement entered into by a defendant in a civil suit, after the preliminary hearing of the case, to appear on a fixed day to answer to the action. As security for this appearance he either paid a sum of money into court or brought forward securities (vades) for his

' appearance. This appointment ' was called vadimonium, and hence there are numerous phrases which mean to keep or break it, e.g. v. sistere, v. obire, ad v. venire, v. deserere, ad v. non venire. It was the necessity of the bore's appearing to answer te his bail that relieved Horace from his tormentor on the Via

Sacra (Sat. i. 9, 36-75). NOTES. 95

10 quis sibi, cul ipsi debeant : who oives them money and to whom they oioe it, unlike the old man in the Clouds of Aris- tophanes who had a long memory for his debtors and a short one for his creditors

rjv fiev yap ocpeiXrjrai ri jjloi, fJLvrjfJLUv iravv •

idv 5' d(pei\u), cr^erXto?, eir iXrjcr jjlojv irdvv. (484-5.)

§ 22. 1. 10 Quid : introducing a new point, again how many things do lawyers, pontiffs, augurs, and philosophers in their old age rememberf Eeid supplies tibi videntur, and places an interrogation mark after senes, then what do you think of old men as laicyers ?

11 iuris consulti : Cicero thus deflnes a iuris consultus (De Orat. 1, 212), qui legum et consuetudinis eius, qua privati utuntur, et ad respondendum et ad agendum et ad cavendum, peritus est. The compound word, — consultus = * knowing,'

' skilled,' and the genitive iuris depending on it, — may be compared with consultus sapientiae Hor. C. 1, 34, 3. The pontifices and augures like the iuris consulti needed good memories for precedents and definitions, which were often handed down orally, and not committed to writing; though a numher of formulae were published hy Gnaeus Flavius in b.c. 300.

14 in claris et honoratls virls : in the case of men of reputation and high place, claris is opposed to quieta, honoratis to privata by chiasmus, claris honoratis x privata quieta. honorati, from the word honor office, means those who have held office. 15 in vita prlvata et quieta: in the case of a life of leisure and retirement ; it is equivalent to in vita eorum qui quieti et privati sunt. The quietus is one who abstains from the hustle and excitement of any active career, the privatus one who holds no official position. Sophocles: Sophocles, son of Sophillus, was born ahout b.c. 49G, at Colonus, a deme of Attica. He seems to have been early trained in music, and from the beauty of his person, as well as his skill, was chosen to lead the dance in honor of the victory of Salamis. In 468 he exhibited his first tragedy, defeat- 96 CATO MAIOB. ing Aescliylus. He lived to the age of ninety, dying in 405. Between 468 and 405, he won twenty victories with his tragedies. He also held certain military and civic offices, heing a Strategus in 445, and one of the Hellenotamiae in 443. He is said to have written seventy tragedies, eighteen satyric dramas, hesides elegies and paeans ; hut of these we only have seven tragedies remaining. His character seems to have been distinguished for mildness and amiability rather than strength ; and Aristophanes {Pax, 698) declares that in his old age he became miserly.

16 quod propter studium cum : and when on account of this devdtion to loritine/. This story is told of Sophocles in the Anonymous Life of him, and in Plutarch el irpecrBvTepu) tto\lt€v- reov (c. 3). The part of the Oedipus Coloneus which he recited is said to have been the chorus (668) beginning, evlirirov, |eVe, racrbe %i6,oas.

18 a filiis : the story is generally told of the poefs oldest son Iophon alone, quem ad modum solet: just as by our custom an injunction is xoont to be issued against fathers icho mismanage their affairs restraining them from the control of their property. Bonis is ablative, as in the phrase alicui interdici aqua et igni. Justinian

i. tit. 23 says fariosi et prodigi, licet maiores xxv annis sint, tamen in curatione agnatorum sint ex lege xn tabularum. It is not certain whether it was conflned to persons who had children.

22 eam fabulam : the play.

in manibus : had on hand, i.e. was still preparing it ; cf . § 38, but in § 12 the expression est in manibus has a different meaning. The meaning, however, may be that Sophocles came prepared with the Ms. The use of recitasse certainly points to this.

proxime : lately, recently. The story of the attempt of Sopho- cles' sons to deprive him of his property does not seem to rest on good authority (Vita Anonyma and Valer. Max. viii.), and many critics do not believe that the Oedipus at Colonus was the work of his old age, but that it was only revised at that time. His sons seem to have been Iophon, by Nicostrata, ana

Arlston by Theoris. (See Mahaffy, Greek Lit. 1, p. 279 sq.)

23 Oedipum Coloneum : Oedipus, the son of Laius, being exposed as an infant in consequence of an oracle, was saved and reared. He unvvittingly f ulfilled the oracle, by killing his father in a fray and wedding his own mother. Finding out that he NOTES. 97

had committed these horrible deeds, he blinded himself . He is here mentioned as the subject of a play of Sophocles. The name means ' Swell-foot,' from the thongs with which his infant feet were pierced or tied tightly when he was exposed.

2 liberatus : he was acquitted.

§ 23. 1. 3 There now follows a list of Greek poets and philosophers who were intellectually active even at an advanced age.

Hesiodum : Hesiod, a native of Ascra in Boeotia. We have three works which pass under his name, The Works and Days, a poem on Agriculture, which Vergil regarded as his model for the Georgics; the Theogonia, a poem on the parentage of the

Gods and the origin of the Universe ; and the Shield of Hercules, a poem on the contest between Hercules and Ares. The gen- uineness of these poems, the question as to identity of author- ship, and the period of Hesiod's own existence, have been the subjects of endless controversies.

4 Simonidem : Simonides, son of Leoprepes, born at Iulis in the island of Ceos — thus called KeTos as distinguished from the elder poet Simonides of Amorgos, — b. b.c. 556, ob. 469. He was intimate with Pausanias and Themistocles, and the Sicilian tyrants Theron and Hieron. His chief works, some of which are extant, were Epinikia, i.e. songs celebrating victories in the games, hymns, dithyrambs, threni or laments, and sepulchral inscriptions. Perhaps the most famous of the last was his epitaph for the Spartans who fell at Thermopylae [Her. 7,228; Diod. Sic. 11,3],

to £eiV, dyyeWeLv Aa KedaifJLOviois tiri ryde KeL/uLeda roh Keivcov prj/uLao-L ireLdojJLevoL,

which Cicero (Tusc. 1, 101) translated thus:

Dic, hospes, Spartae nos te hic vidisse iacentes, Dum sanctis patriae legibus obsequimur,

the last line being probably taken from the Greek as given in Diodorus, , KeLfxeda rols KeLvcov ireLdojJLevoL vo(xljxols.

He died at Syracuse, where he was staying at tlie court of Hieron. A famous story of how his life was saved by the Tyndaridae, who summoned him from the house of Scopas which immediately afterwards fell down, is told by Cicero in H 98 CATO MAIOR.

De Oratore, 2, 352. See for an account of his writings, Mahaffy, Greek Lit. vol. i. p. 206 sq.

4 Stesichorum : Stesichorus, of Himera, lived about b.c. 630-550, and died at Catana. His poems were lyrical, but upon the subjects of the epic poems of Greece, and written to be sung by a chorus to the accompaniment of music and dancing, in which we see the elements of the Greek drama. Cicero describes his statue at Thermae, whither it had been removed from Himera after the latter's destruction in 40S-5. It represented the poet stooping over a book ( Verres, 2, 86). 6 Pythagoram: Pythagoras, son of Mnesarchus. One of the most famous names in Greek philosophy. The dates assigned to his birth vary from b.c. 608 to 570. Numerous discoveries in arithmetic, geometry, music, and psychology were attributed to him. One of the most famous of the doctrines assigned to him is that of metempsychosis or the ' transmigration of souls.' About 529 Pythagoras settled in Crotona, where his followers formed a club or society, obeying various rules, some of them of an ascetic nature. Cicero says that he died at Metapontum, having iirst come to Italy in the reign of Superbus (De Fin. 5,

4) ; and that he was the first to describe himself as philosophus (Tusc. 5, 3, 8). He looks upon him as the founder and father of the Italian school of philosophy, that is of the schools of Magna Graecia (De Or. 3, 139). The date of his death is as uncertain as that of his birth ; the most commonly received is 497, but it has been put by some as late as 472.

6 Bemocritus : born about b.c. 460 at Abdera in Thrace, son of Hegesistratus : died about 357. His works are lost, except such fragments as have been preservecl by other writers. But among his doctrines was that of the formation of all things from 'atoms,' which Epicurus afterwards adopted witli certain differences, and which Lucretius explained in his poem (see especially Lucr. 1, 685). He has usually been called the ' laughing philosopher ' (yeXao-lvos) from his cheerful view of life, arf contrasted with Heraclitus, who wept at the follies of mankind, -

iamne igitur laudas, quod de sapientibus alter ridebat quotiens de limine moverat unum protuleratque pedem, flebat contrarius auctor?

Juvenal 10, 28; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 194. ;

NOTES. 99

7 Xenocraten: Xeuocrates of Chalcedon, born about b.c. 396, died about 314, came to Atbeus in his youth, and became a disciple first of Aeschines and then of Plato. Cicero (Ac. 1, 4, 17) classes him with Aristotle as the two most famous of Plato's pupils. He succeeded Plato's nephew Speusippus in the head- ship of the Academy. Of his works only fragments remain but his ethical position may be illustrated by a saying ouoted by Cicero (De Rep. 1, 2, 3). Being asked what good his disciples obtained from his teaching, he answered ' They get this, — that they do spoutaneously what it takes laws to make other people do.' Zenonem: Zeno, son of Mnaseas, was born at Citium in Cyprus, about b.c. 350. He came to Athens in 320, and after studying under a number of philosophers, of the Cynic and other schools, he began to teach about 300. He delivered his lectures in the aroa iroiKiky), the painted colonnade, from which circumstance his followers took the name of Stoics. He died about 263-259. It is said that having received a slight injury he regarded it as a warning that it was time to be gone, and put an end to his own life. The distinctive doctrines of the Stoic philosophy according to the popular view were that virtue (not pleasure) was the summum bonum, and that virtue consisted in living in harmouy with nature. Happiness was not an object to pursue, though it naturally resulted from virtue ; it consisted in mental tranquillity, which could only be secured by the reso- lute reduction of all wishes to the minimum. Another doctrine

' ' ' much famed was that good ' and bad admit of no degrees, a thing is absolutely bad or good. Agaiu, 'goodiiess' and ' wis-

' dom ' were identical, the only good ' man therefore was the absolutely wise one.

Cleanthen : a Stoic philosopher born at Assos in the Troad, about the year b.c. 300. He succeeded Zeno as head of the school in 264. Some of the peculiarities of his doctrine are discussed by Cicero in various parts of his philosophical writings. He held that the sun lord of created things (Ac. 2, 41, 126) was ; that the muudus (/coV^os) was God (De N. D. 1, 14, 37) ; that the idea of God was impressed in men's minds by the phenomena of nature (De N. D. 2, 5, 13-15). He lived to be over eighty years of age. 8 Diogenem Stoicum: Diogenes, the Stoic, so called to dis- : )

100 CATO MAIOR. tinguish him from the Cynic, born at Seleucia on the Tigris, was a pUpil of Chrysippus, and the instructor of the New-Acade- mician Carneades. He was born b.c. 238, and died 150. His works are lost, but he is said to have written formal treatises on Dialectic, on the Voice, on Noble Birth, on Laws.

aut eum quem vldistis Romae : this refers to the deputation of philosophers f rom Athens consisting of Carneades the founder of the new Academy, Critolaus the Peripatetic, and Diogenes the Stoic, which came to Rome in b.c. 155 to plead against the award of a large fine to Oropus made by the Sicyonians under the authority of the senate, as compensation for damages committed by the Athenians in a raid upon Oropus in the previous year. The Athenians in their then impoverished state could not pay the 500 talents imposed on them, and sent these philosophers to appeal to the Roman Senate. As Cato opposed these men, it is curious to find Cicero representing him here as admiring Diogenes.

10 studiorum agitatio : the active prosecution of their special pursuits.

§ 24. 1. 11 age : used in passing to a new subject. Cf . hoc age, attend to this, originaily sacrificial, and the opposite aliud agere, not to give heed.

divina studia : i.e. poetry and philosophy. 13 vldnos meos: those " country bred Roman citizens," living near Cato's house at Tusculum, round which the people were Sabines.

quibus absentibus . . . flunt: ivho are alioays present at the more important farming operations.

15 non percipiendls non condendls fructibus : neither in the gathering nor in the storing of crops. Fructus is the general word for all produce. Cf. § 70.

16 in alils : proleptic ; in other things except the planting of trees. For neuter adj. used as noun, cf . ceteris, § 3.

18 ldem : nom. plural.

19 omnlno : under any circumstances.

20 Serit . . . prosint. Ribbeck scans as a bacchic (\j Z. — tetrameter

^^ , \j Z- , \j JL —, \j .?- —

The final syllable in serit is long by the ictus, not as in versdt, ,

NOTES. 101

§ 1, and ponebdt, § 10. If the last foot is a bacchius, the o of saeclo is short by systole.

saeclo : generation.

21 Statius noster : Gaius Caecilius Statius was an Insubrian Gaul, probably brought like Terence as a captive in war to Rome. Like Terence too, being manumitted, he adopted a name probably from his master who set him free. According to Gellius (4, 20) his servile name was Statius, which he retained as a cognomen ; just as Terence, being an African captive and being set free by Publius Terentius Lucanus, thenceforth was called Publius Terentius Afer, i.e. he adopted the nomen and praenomen of his patronus, and retained his slave designation as his cognomen. Some of the ancient critics thought Caecilius the best of the Roman comic writers (Aul. Gell. 15, 24. Sueton. Vit. Ter. 11). Cicero, in the treatise De Opt. Gen. Or. § 2, says that he was ' perhaps the best comic writer,' but in a letter to Atticus (7, 3, 10) observes that he was but a poor authority in regard to Latinity. The year of his death is not certain. Caecilius wrote fabulae palliatae, i.e. plays from the Greek, like Plautus, Terence and others. Numerous f ragments of his plays survive, and may be read in Ribbecks Fragmenta, pp. 29-69.

' ' Synephebis : The Comrades ' or Fellow-Youths,' the title of a play of Caecilius Statius, based upon Menander's Su^e^^/Sot, referred to in T)e Fin. 1, 2, 4 as an excellent specimen of Latin comedy . Menander (b . c . 342-291) , from whom Statius borrowed was the chief poet of the New Comedy. §25. 1.21 prodere: to produce it for posterity as a trust committed to me for their benefit, not simply tradere, to hand it on.

CHAPTER VIII.

4 Caecilius : i.e. Caecilius Statius. " ,) de sene : i.e. in the passage last quoted Serit . . . prosint.

saeclo : dative after prospiciente in sense "consulting for."

5 quam illud : than this lohichfollows.

Idem : masc. ; the poet (Statius) in this other passage, just as idem is often used where we would use a conjunction and pronoun in repeated mention of the same person. The lines are taken from the Plocium (The Necklace) a play of Statius, . .

102 CATO MAIOR.

based upon one of Menander's (Ribbeck's Fragmenta, p. 55). Cf. the speech of Solon to Croesus (Herod. 1. 32), kv yap r£ fjLdKpu) XP& VIP> TroXXa [xev icrTL Ibelv ra \xr\TLS ediXeL, 7roXXa de Kai iradelv. These lines are iambic senarii.

jxjjL \J _ ^_ \j \j j_ 1 \j __^ \J — / / \J — __: \J _

6 Edepol: very truly, literally Ah ! god Pollux, i.e. e-deus- Pollux, de being the representative of the vocative of deus. As an oath, Gellius (Noctes Atticae, 31, 6) says that it was used by men and women indifferently, whereas women never saitl hercle, or men mecastor.

nll quicquam : the quicquam repeats the substantive portion of nil; cf. adulescentulus miles, § 10.

viti : from vitium = maluiu. 8 quod diu: diu must be pronounced as a monosyllable, or the scanning will be as Tischer. w w , videt: the subject is indefinite. 10 incurrit: dashes into, a metaphor from a chariot collision. illud: the following

11 vitiosius : more faultily , less correctly 12 tum: moreover, evidently continuing some series of remarks on old age. These lines are from the Ephesio of Statius, and are also iambic senarii.

\j \j __ \j _ \j \j

Cf. Callimachus (quoted by Stobaeus) yrjpdcrKeL 5* 6 ykpcov kclvos

' kXacporepov KodpoL rbv

13 eumpse : archaic for ipsum ; it is subject of sentire, and refers to senex implied from senecta. odiosum: unpleasant, annoying.

§ 26. 1. 15 sapientes senes : the ivise when they become old.

1 eoluntur et diliguntur : see Vocabulary. .

NOTES. 103

3 me — iucundos: standing for the complete expression me iucundum esse quam vos mihi estis iucundl. Fov the infinitive esse (iucundos) see grainmatical references. minus modifies iucundos.

4 sed : epanalepsis, but to return to the subject, after the digression Et ynelius.

videtis ut: you see to ivhat an extent. ut = quo modo ; cf. §31. senectus: here = senes as ahstract for concrete, so cuiusque => senis.

agens aliquid et moliens : note that these particles wlth aliquid are parallel with operosa, and state a constant characteristic of senectus, and is ahvays tending to the doing of something and the undertaking of something.

tale scilicet quale : just such a course as and none other than, no more nor less than. The point is that old age makes no difference proportionately; if a man was idle in youth, so he

will he in old age ; if active in youth, active in old age. 8 Quid: nay, is it not the case that some are alivays learning something new (ad) ; cf. vii. § 22. et Solonem: this, equal to ut Sofo fecit quem, is parallel to §' et ego feci ; cf . yrjp&ffKtj alel woWa didao-KO/xevos. Plutarch, Solon 9, cf. § 50 ad fn. Solon, born ahout b.c. 638, son of Execestides. He flrst came forward in Athenian politics in the contest between Athens and Megara for the possession of Salamis, in regard to which he was believed to have inserted a line in the Iliad (2, 588) which speaks of A jax of Salamis ranging his ships with those of Athens. His famous constitution is generally assigned to 594. When the laws were promulgated he left Athens, exacting an oath from the citizens that they would not change them until his return. He remained away for ten years. Some time after his return the constitution was in a measure overthrown by the usurpation of Peisistratus (560) Solon is said to have lived only two years after this revolution which he tried to avert. He is always reckoned as one of the 'seven wise men' of Greece, and the remains of his poetry are of the sort called didactic or gnomic, giving rules for moral or political conduct in pithy verse. 11 litteras Graecas: GreeJc Uterature. Nepos (Cato 3) says that ' though old when he eagerly took up (adripuerat) Greek 104 CATO MAIOB.

literature, he made such an advance in it that it was not easy to find anything he didn't know in Greek or Italian history.' This does not appear to mean that Cato knew no Greek until he was old ; but that he had made no acquaintance with Greek literature until then. Plutarch (Cato 12) tells a story of his visit to Athens, when serving in Greece under Manius Acilius Glabrio against Antiochus, 191, and of his refusing to address the people in Greek, and employing an interpreter, though he knew enough Greek to have spoken it if he had chosen. Cf. Quintilian, 12, 11, 23.

senex : when I was an old man.

sic : not with avide, but by itself = thus, corresponding with quasi caplens = like on°, longing.

' 12 ut ea ipsa . . . quibus . . . uti videtis : which explains my knowledge of the historical precedents which I have just been quoting.' I devoured Greek literature so eagerly, that those precedents were known to me, etc.

13 exemplis : = pro exemplis : as precedents, not an instance of incorporation.

14 Socrates : Socrates, son of Sophroniscus, a sculptor, and Phaenarte, a midwife, was born at Athens about b.c. 468. He appears to have been brought up to follow his father's occupation, but afterwards to have left it and given himself to study by the help of Crito, a wealthy friend. He performed the various duties of Athenian citizensbip ; served with conspicuous courage at the siege of Potidaea (432-42:)), battle of Delium (424), Amphipolis (422). He was in the Senate (povXrj) for 400, and, his tribe happening to be Prytaneis at the time of condemnation of the six generals after the battle of Arginusae, he refused to break the law by putting to one vote the question for the condemnation of all of them. He spent the greater part of his life in philosophical discussion with all classes of men. The people who could not understand or appreciate him maligned and ridiculed him — cf. Aristophanes in the Clouds — and finally, in 399, this prejudice resulted in the accusations of Meletus, Anytus, and Lycon against him, (1) of despising the gods of the city, and of introducing new gods, (2) of cor- rupting the youth. He was condemned to death and perished by drinkin<2: hemlock.

in fidibus : with the lyre. NOTES. 105

15 vellem : / should have liked.

discebant fidibus : sc. canere = to play on. 16 antiqui: the ancients, the men of the good old times.

certe : at least, i.e. as I could not learn the lyre.

CHAPTER IX.

§ 27. 1. 1 Ne nunc quidem : neither at my time of life. Ne is the reading of most Mss., so Reid because ne quidem is needed as nec quidem in the required sense is impossible. Others read

nec for the connection. ' I have at least, though too late for the lyre, devoted some pains to Greek literature. I am not too old for that. Such pursuits are satisfying, and I don't miss the vigor of yonth.' This seems to be the train of thought leading up to the second point of his answer to the impugners of old age. 2. locus: tqpic or branch of the accusation, cf. locus est argumenti sedes, Top. 8. non plus quam: any more than.

4 quod est : zohat you have, sc. tibi. 5 pro viribus: in proportion to your strength, to the best of such strength as youpossess. vox: remarlc. 6 Milonis: a celebrated athlete of Crotona, who flourished

about b.c. 511. According to Pausanias (6, 14), he won prizes for wrestling six times at the Olympic games, one of which was as a boy, six times at the Pythian games as a man, once as a boy. The seventh time he came to the Olympic games to wrestle he was beaten by a fellow-townsman Timasitheus. Marvellous stories of his muscular strength are recounted by Pausanias,

' who also tells the tale of his death : He found a dry timber tree with wedges fixed in it : in order to show his strength he put his hands into the split, when the wedges slipped out, and, his hands being thus caught in a trap, be was devoured by wolves.' See Gellius, N. A. 15, 16.

7 in curriculo : in the arena ; properly the chariot racing course. 9 At: ah, ivell. This word is often used to begin an excla- mation ot* surprise or emotion. An ellipsis is implied: 'I should like to wrestle once again, but — ' —

106 catO maior.

10 isti: sc. lacerti, your arms.

11 ex te : te here has the force of mental ability and power, not merely of person.

12 Nihil tale : sc. dixit.

Sex. Aelius : Sextus Aelius Paetus, surnamed Catus, curule aedile b.c. 200; consul 198; censor 193, — an eminent jurist, who is said to have left a work containing the text of the laws of the XII. Tahles, with a commentary. This work does not survive, and its exact nature is a matter of some doubt ; but Cicero often speaks of him as a most learned jurist, and quotes (Tusc. 1, 9, 18) a line of Ennius concerning him,

Egregie cordatus homo, catus Aelius Sextus,

and (De Or. 1, 56, 240) mentions his Commentarii de jure civili. His cognomen Catus was given him on the same principle as that on which Sapiens was often given as a title to jurists of eminence.

13 Publius Licinius Crassus (Dlves) : pont. max. b.c. 211, consul 205 (colleague of Africanus). His reputation for legal knowledge caused him to be elected pontifex maximus, though he had held no curule office, — a thing that had happened only once for 120 years, — and in opposition to Fulvius Flaccus and Manlius Torquatus (Livy, 25, 5). Similarly he was censor in 210, though he had not been consul, a distinction which was less uncommon. He was praetor peregrinus in 208. After his year of office as consul, he was continued in command of two legions in Bruttium for another year (204), in the course of which he joined his forces with those of the consul Sempronius, who had just been worsted in a skirmish with Hannibal, and the two managed to defeat the Carthaginian in a battle some- where near Croton, with considerable slaughter. Livy (30, 1) describes him as noble, rich, handsome, physically strong, and juris pontificii peritissimus. He died in 183 (Livy, 39, 46). modo: as Crassus' death occurred 33 years before the represented date of this dialogue, modo has the force of nearer our own day as opposed to multis annis ante.

14 civibus praescrlbebantur •. were set forth for the guidance of citizens. 15 prudentia: used in the technical sense in which it is NOTES. 107 employed in the phrase iuris prudentia, " skill in the law," or jurisprudence.

§ 28. 1. 16 Orator : note the emphasis given to this subject of the dependent clause by its position.

senectute : by reason of age.

1 laterum : lungs, § 9.

2 omnlno — sed tamen : true — but yet. Concessive use of omnino. Cf. § 76.

canorum . . . splendescit: that musical ring. It seems to

' refer to the art of properly pitching ' the voice so as to reach to a distance. In Brutus, 66, 234, he says of Lentulus that partly voce suavi et canora he concealed his want of oratorical ability. But sometimes he uses canora in an uncomplimentary sense of 'sing-song,' 'too highly pitched,' as in De 1, 37 of Off. ; 133, Catulus, sine contentione vox dulcis nec languens nec canora.

Cf . Plaut. Poen. prol. 33, canora hic voce saa tinnire temperent. Note the mixture of metaphor occasioned by the use of splendescit.

4 et videtis : the adversative use of et after the negative, and yet you see my years. Cf . que in vixitque § 13 ; G. & L. 475, note 1.

5 sermo : style of speaking, a more general term than oratio. remissus: deliberate, without hurry or violence; cf. De Ora- tore, 1, 60, 254, where Roscius said that when he grew old he tardiores tibicinis modos et cantus remissiores facere.

8 Scipioni et Laelio : a Scipio and a Laelius. . 9 senectute stipata studils iuventutis: by the eager zeal of studious youth; senectute is abstract for concrete.

§29. 1. 10 illas vires . . . ut doceat : sufficient vigor for teaching, training, andfitting.

12 ad omne omcl munus : for every task demanded by duty. 14 Cn. Sclpio: GnaeusCorneliusScipioCalvus,consulB.c.222, brother of the Scipio next mentioned. In 218 he was serving as legatus to his brother, and was sent by him to Spain while Publius went to meet Hannibal in Italy. He appears to have remained in Spain continuously after that, and shared all the efforts of Publius.

P. Sclpio : Publius Cornelius Scipio, father of Africanus. He was consul b.c. 218, the first year of the Second Punic War. He attempted to stop Hannibal's march in Gaul, but was outstripped :

108 CATO MAIOB. by him. He and his army came by sea to Genoa, met Hannibal at the Ticinus, and were defeated. He was again defeated by Hannibal at the Trebia, where he was forced by his colleague, against his own judgment, to give Hannibal battle. Meanwhile he had sent his brother Gnaeus to Spain to keep up the war against Hasdrubal. After his consulship his imperium was prolonged and Spain assigned to him as his sphere of work,

(provincia) ; and to Spain he went early in 217, joining his brother near Tarraco, where the latter had wintered. There till towards the end of 212 the two brothers, acting in perfect accord, so conducted their charge as not only to break the Carthaginian interest in Spain, but also to win over tbe aflec- tions of many of the tribes in that country (Livy, 25, 36) . Pub- lius took the chief care of the fleet, Gnaeus of the land forces. Both brothers were defeated and slain by Hasdrubal in 212.

14 avi tul duo : i.e. your real grandfather, Aemilius Paulus, and your grandfather by adoption, P. Cornelius Scipio AfH- canus. L. Aemilius: (1) Lucius Aemilius Paulus, the father of Macedonicus, who was the real father of Scipio Africanus Minor. He was consul for the first time in b.c. 219, and for the second time in 216, as colleague of C. Terentius Varro, in which year he fell at the battle of Cannae, brought on by the rashness of his colleague. In his first consulship he commanded with his colleague, M. Livius Salinator, in an expedition against the Illyrians, for*which he was allowed a triumph. The story of his death at Cannae, and of his refusal when wounded to accept from a military tribune a horse on which to escape, is told in

Livy, 22, 49 : to this circumstance Horace alludes in C. 1, 12, 37 animaeque magnae prodigum Paulum superante Poeno.

15 P. Africanus : Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, the son of Publius Cornelius Scipio. He served as tribunus militum in the battle of Ticinus, where he saved his father's life, and at Cannae. The energy and uprightness of his character seem to have developed early, and to have impressed his fellow-citizens in those days of disaster, for he was elected curule aedile when only 21, in 213. And when, two years later, the fall of his father and uncle in Spain made it imperative to send some jstotes. 109 one that could be trusted there, he was sent with pro-consular authority to take the command (211), though he had not as yet been consul. This exceptional measure was justined by the result. He took New Carthage in a single day; and by 206 the Carthaginians were practically driven from Spain. He returned to Rome and was elected consul for 205, and had Sicily assigned as his 'Province.' Scipio early in 204 passed over into Africa, where he was almost uniformly successful ; at the end of the year his imperium was prolonged ' until he should fmish the war.' The Carthaginians, thoroughly alarmed, sent for Hannibal, who reluctantly left Italy. They met at Zama (202). Hannibal was completely beaten, and the Carthaginians had to submit to the severe terms imposed by the victor. In 192 he went as ambassador to King Antiochus, on which occasion he had a conversation with Hannibal at Ephesus. He died at Liternum in 187. He was consul in 205, 194, and censor in 199. He was born in 234, and was therefore only 47 at his death. 18 etsl: cf. §2, where it has also the value of a connective, and y°t,thnugh quamquam is more common in this sense.

19 adulescentiae vitiis quam senectutis : by the faults of youth rat\er tlian of old age. There is no difficulty in taking vltlis in the same sense as in §§ 25, 27, and not in that of 1 vices,' which does not suit both genitives. What the particular ' faults ' of youth meant is shown in the next clause. Reid, however, changes senectutis to senectute.

20 effetum : worn out, properly 'that has brought forth,' then ' exhausted by bearing.' For its application to the body of an old man cf. Vergil, Aen. 5, 395,

gelidus tardante senecta sanguis hebet, frigentque effetae i)i corpore vires.

§ 30. 1. 21 Cyrus : Cyrus the elder was the son of Cambyses by Mandane, daughter of .Astyages, the king of the Medes (Herodo- tus 1, 107). About b.c. 5G0 Cyrus led down the Persians from their mountainous country and conquered the Medes. His other exploits were the conquest of Croesus, King of Lydia (546), and the capture of Babylon (538), from which city he released the Jews. apud Xenophontem: i.e. in the Cyropaedia (The Education of Cyrus), 8, 7, 6, which is a philosophical romance intended 110 CATO MAIOB.

to describe an ideal prince. Tovfxbv yrjpas ovdeTribirore 770-06« fJLVV TTfS €{XTfS V€0T7]T0S CL0~6€V€ 0~T€pOV y€VOfJL€VOV. 22 Xenophon: Xenophon was born about b.c. 430, though some say 444, and the length of his life is variously stated at seventy-three and at ninety years. He was in his youth a follower of Socrates and wrote memorials of his conversation both in the MemorabiUa and Symposium. The most famous in- cident of his life is his participation in the expedition of Cyrus against his brother in 402. He died at Corinth. He edited Thu- cydides, and wrote a continuation of his history, the Hellenica, also the Cyropaedia, Anabasis, Memorabilia, and smaller tracts on various subjects. See § 59. 1 L. Metellum: Lucius Caecilius Metellus, consul b.c. 251 and 247, dictator 224. In his first consulship Caecilius held Panormus in Sicily against the Carthaginians and flnally made a sally and gained a decisive victory. (Polyb. 1, 40.) After this we hear of Caecilius only casually, he was magister equitum to Calatinus in 249, and pontifex maximus in 243, in which capacity he seems to have dedicated the new temple to Cybele

(Ov. F. 4, 348) , and was the hero of the famous story of the burning of the temple of Vesta. The Vestals being afraid to venture, he rushed into the shrine forbidden to males and brought out the sacred image (Palladium) ; he lost his eyesight in the action, but was allowed the privilege of riding to the Senate-house in a carriage, and his statue was placed on the Capitol. We must remember that as pontifex maximus the atrium Vestae and the Vestals themselves were under his care, and that he had an official residence adjoining. (Ovid. F. 6, 437-454.)

2 cum . . . esset: depends on the following clause, being concessive in force.

5 non requireret : never wanted or neverfelt the loss of. 6 Nihil: with necesse.

7 id : i.e. to be garrulous about oneself.

CHAPTER X.

§ 31. 1. 8 videtisne : here ne has the force of nonne, as in early and colloquial Latin.

ut : how, § 26. ;

NOTES. 111

apud Homerum Nestor : long speeches of Nestor in which he says much of himself will be found in Iliad, 1, 260 sq. ; 7, 124 sq. and 11, 668. 9 Nestor: King of Pylos, represented by Homer, as in the text, to have lived to three times the ordinary age of man. He is the couusellor and referee in all difiiculties and dangers in the war, and it is he that, with Odysseus, is sent to try to draw Achilles from his sullen retirement. Cicero quotes him as an instance of the respect which years bring, and that is just the characteristic brought forward in tlie Iliad.

tertiam . . . vlribus : Iliad, 1, 247 sq.

11 vera praedicans : if he spoke the truth ; note conditional force of participle.

1 Et tamen dux ille : Agamemnon, Iliad, 2, 371.

2_ nusquam : nowhere i.e. in the Iliad or Odyssey.

Aiacis ; Ajax, son of Telamon, King of Salamis, one of the Homeric heroes who went on the expedition against Troy. After the death of Achilles he was a competitor for the arms of that hero and being worsted by Odysseus went mad, and imagining he was slaying his rivals, killed a number of beasts. When his madness subsided, and he had found what he had done, he slew himself. In the Iliad he is represented as a great warrior next in prowess to Achilles. Cicero here refers to him as an example of brute strength opposed to the wisdom of Nestor.

§ 32. 1. 5 Quartum.ago et octogesimum : I am in my eighty- fourth year, not I am eighty-four.

6 vellem : see note § 26.

quod Cyrus : see § 30. 7 sod tamen: non possum is implied in the preceding vellem

. . . posse.

8 mlles . . . cum tribunus militaris: Cato here mentions the various stages of his active life. He was a private soldier

(miles) in the Hannibalian War (§ 10) ; he was quaestor in Sicily in 204 ; as consul 195 he conducted a campaign with harshness though with vigor in Spain ; and in 191 he served in the war against Antiochus as tribunus militum. Livy (36, 17) calls Cato consularis legatus, i.e. a man of consular rank serving in a commander-in-chief 's staff . And this doubtless truly describes his position ; but would not prevent his serving as tribunus nor in any other position assigned him by the consul or proconsul. 112 CATG MAIOB.

10 cum depugnavi: the time ivhen I actively engaged in the batile at Thermopylae Notice cum purely temporal with indicative. Depugnare is properly * to fight it out.' Here the preposition seems only to strengthen the word and to show that Cato was actually and personally engaged, not merely in the campaign, but throughout the battle itself . Cf . the distinction between ambulare ' to walk,' and deambulare ' to be taking a walk.' 13 adflixit: brought utterly to the ground, used chiefly by Cicero in a metaphorical sense; but cf. illi statuam istius deturbant affligunt comminuunt. Cic. Pis. 38, 93.

curia . . . rostra : the Senate house and the popular assembly. The rostra (plural of rostrum), or platform from which magistrates addressed a public meeting (contio), was so called from its being adorned with beaks of ships. (Laelius de Am. § 96.) The other duties of active life likely to fall on a man in Cato's position are indicated by amici, ' private friends,' in whose behalf he would appear (adesse) as pleader or witness; clientes whom he was bound by a most sacred obligation to protect in law courts and elsewhere; hospltes, ' guest friends' (wpb^evoi), members of other towns which had formally made him patronus, or with whom he had some private tie of hospi- tality.

desiderat : this verb desiderare means to long for ; egere above, means to be without what one needs ; requirere means to feel the want and then seeJc to have that want supplied.

16 mature fieri senem si diu velis senex esse : the proverb seems to mean only that if you woukl live long you must early be wise and prudent. Cato objects to it as meaning that a man should give up active life betimes if he would keep life long. He thinks " better to wear out than to rust out." 18 mallem: I would have preferred, i.e. if I had had still any choice in the matter, which being so old now I have not. 19 convenireme: to visit rae. Convenio in this sense is an

active verb ; cf. Ep. ad Fam. 6, 19, tantis pedum doloribus affici- tur ut se conveniri nolit.

20 cui fuerim occupatus : who has found me preengaged, opposed to otiosus.

§ 33. 1. 20 At : but you will say. Cf . note on § 21.

21 T. Ponti centurionis : some centurion famous for strength, NOTES. 113

but see Reid, ad loc. The varlcosi centuriones are spoken of by Persius (5, 191) as representatives of brute strength.

2 Moderatio : see Vocabulary.

modo : see on § 22. 3 ne: the affirmative ne, truly.

4 Olympiae : Olympia was in Elis, in the Peloponnesus, in the valley of the river Alpheus. It was the place where the celebrated games took place in which all who could claim Hellenic blood might take part, and which were held every fourth year. The first year, used as an era, is placed in b.c. 776.

5 cum . . . sustineret: cf. Quint. 1, 9, 5, Milo, quem vitulum assueverat ferre, taurum ferebat.

6 has : referring to Milo's physical strength.

8 dum adsit . . . cum absit : as clum and cum are simply temporal, the subjunctives are attracted, through the utare and requiras.

9 nisi forte : cf . § 18, n.

10 requlrere : see on desiderat, § 32.

12 aetatis : here equal to vitae.

tempestivitas est data, ut . . . habeat : each separate season of our life has had assigned to it its particular conditions of seasonableness, so that the feebleness of children as ivell as the

high spirit of youth, etc. . . . has a certain natural propriety. A clause which really gives an exemplification of the preceding statement is put grammatically as a consequence, cf. Cic. 2 Phil. § 62, erat ei vivendum latronum ritu, ut tantum haberet quantum rapere potuisset.

15 suo : its oion. 16 percipi: cf. § 24, for percipere, of the gathering of fruit,

§ 34. 1. 16 audire : you are informed, cf. the Gk. d/coueiz/, the present with force of perfect.

17 hospes tuus avitus : the guest friend ofyour grandfather, i.e. Scipio Africanus the elder.

Masinissa : son of Gala, king of atribe of Xumidians called Massyli. In b.c. 213 an alliance was made between Syphax, king of another part of Numidia, and the Romans. Thereupon the Carthaginians made an alliance with Gala. The army of Gala was entrusted to Masinissa, then seventeen years old, who over- threw Syphax with great slaughter and drove hini into flight

(Liv. 24, 48-9) ; and the next year, having passed over into

i .

114 CATO MAIOR.

Spain, contributed much to the defeat and death of Publius Scipio (212, Liv. 25, 34)'. He appears to have remained in Spain until 205, when, becoming convinced that success was destined to the Roman arms, he made a secret compact with the Roman commanders, and led his troops back to Africa (Liv. 28,

1G) . On the death of the father and uncle of Masinissa, who had held the royal power in succession, Mezetulus, a distant kins- man, seized thethrone and allied himself with Carthage, and also with Syphax. Masinissa keeping on the side of Rome conquered both, and held his father's kingdom (204). He afterwards aided Laelius in conquering and taking prisoner his rival Syphax 203). Masinissa afterwards was by the gratitude of the Ro- mans rewarded with large additions to his kingdom (201) , and from this time forward he was a faithful ally of Rome. The last we hear of him in Livy is in the year 168, when he sent his son Masgabas to assure the Senate that he would supply ali that he could for their war in the East. He died twenty years later, in 148, when the younger Africanus was in Africa carrying on the Third Punic War (Appian, Pun. 105) , leaving it a strict charge with his sons to submit the arrangement of the succession and division of his kingdom to Scipio's direction, whom he had begged to come to him, but who did not arrive in time. Cato speaks of him in 150 as ninety ; but if Livy's statement that he was seventeen in 213 be right, he would only be eighty. (Liv. 24, 41).

' 21 capite operto : Abl. of characteristic, to be with covered head,' ' wearing a cap or hat.' In an ordinary way a Roman in and before Cicero's time wore nothing on the head; but on journeys and in bad weather had a kind of hood (cucullus) or hat (pileus or petasus). As late as the time of Augustus we find it mentioned as something noticeable that the Emperor never went out winter or summer without a hat (non-nisi petasatus, Suet. 82). Slaves especially were always uncovered, hence pileos redimire = 'to purchase freedom.'

siccitatem ifreedomfrom unhealthy humors. Cf . Tusc. 5, 34,

99 (speaking of the effects of a vegetarian diet) , adde siccitatem, quae sequitur hanc continentiam in victu, adde integritatem valetudinis. Galen, however, speaks of the siccitas of old age as preliminary to decay (De Temper. 2) NOTES. 115

CHAPTER XI.

5 Non sunt . . . vires : this acknowledges a weakness of old age only to show how little it should interfere with happiness. This is the reading of the Leyden Ms., favored by Mommsen. Halm, Baiter, Lahmeyer, Sommerbrodt, Reid read ne sint, a formula of concession for argumenfs sake grant that ; age has no strength. 6 a senectute: abstract for concrete = senibus, for after a fixed age (sixty) men are free from certain duties, e.g. military service ; and by general consent certain things are no longer expected of them. 7 vacat muneribus: is exempt from those dnties which cannot be suppoi^ted without bodily vigor. Military service supplied the chief munera.

8 non modo : i.e. non modo non ; the second non is omitted before sed ne quidem ; see grammatical reference.

§ 35. 1. 12 At : but you will say, the objection of the opponent to which the answer is also introduced by at, at id quidem. See Vocabulary. 13 commune valetudinis: a fault equally belonging to all ill

' health. Valetudo is a neutral word, state of health ; naturally ' it is used more often for bad health, as the non-normal state is that which mostly excites remark.

1 filius : Publius Cornelius Scipio, son of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, was prevented by weak health from taking part in public life. Cicero says he composed some short speeches and some Greek history, written in a very pleasant style (dulcis- sime) , and showed great promise as a man of learning. (Brut. 19,77; De Off. 1,33, 81.)

3 illud : note agreement with lumen, here standing for ille. Cf. similar attraction ea, quae gemma dicitur, § 53.

8 vitia : drawbacks. In milder sense as § 25, 27, 35. diligentia: here equal to earnest care and attention.

§ 36. 1. 10 habenda ratio : we mustpay attention to. Cicero

' is referring to a Pythagorean doctrine ; see the Golden Verses,'

0V5' Vyi€L7)S TTJS TT€pl (TLOfX' d/JL€\€taV ^X^LV XPV' dWa TTOTOV T€ /JL^TpOV /CCU

12 tantum : = only so much. Cf . § 69.

13 non : adversative asyndeton for et non or sed non.

14 menti atque animo : the inlellect and the soul.

15 nam haec quoque : these also are things which i.e. for y the intellect and the soul ; notice the neuter plural refer- haec f ring to menti and animo.

16 Et corpora levantur : and tohereas our bodies groiv gross and heavy from exercise, our souls are lightened and refined by keeping them in action.

18 quos ait : sc. esse y a rare omission with aio, though common with dico and appello. (Reid.)

20 comicos stultos senes : the old dotards of comedy, a passage quoted at greater length in the Laelius de Am. § 99. 21 hos significat: by these he means. Cf. salutare, § 21, and grammatical reference.

dissolutos : is not our dissolute, but rather careless and remiss.

4 deliratio : dotage, a somewhat rare word derived from delirare, 'to deviate from the straight line or furrow ' (lira). Cicero is rather fond of the word delirare (De Off. 1, 27, 94; N. D. 1, 34, 94), but apparently only in one other passage uses deliratio, as meaning something more than mere poverty of intellect : delirationem incredibilem ! non enim omnis error stultitia est dicenda, De Div. 2, 43, ' aberration of intellect.'

senum levium : of frivolous old men. §37. 1.5 robustos: sturdy. 6 clientelas: so many clientes. One of the measures of Appius, which would have increased the number of persons re- garding him as &patronus, was his inclusion of the libertini in the lists of the tribes drawn up by him as censor in 312, a measure which got his colleague into some trouble.

' 9 auctoritatem . . . imperium: influenc°, full legal power.' The power of a father over his son, and of a master over his slaves, was practically absolute ; and, in tlie latter case at least, was not restrained by public opinion froni its fullest exercise. Cato's description of the household of Appius is probably put in his mouth from a study of his own treatise de re rustica, where a severc discipline on the part of the paterfamilias is often enjoined, and a personal supervision of his establishment : frons occipitio prior est (Cato R. R. ch. 4).

10 in suos : over his own household. NOTES. 117

metuebant . . . verebantur : his slaves feared him, his ehildren revered him.

11 vigebat in illa domo, etc. : the oldfashions ofourfathers, and their rules of life, were infull action in that establishment. Mos palrias refers especially to the sternness towards children and slaves characteristic of old Roman life. But the reading is doubtful; Reid, for instance, writes vigebat in illo animus pairius, arguing that it is the mental vigor of Appius, not his eonservatism, which is in question. To whicb it may be replied that the maintenance of the mos patrius is only mentioned as an instance of his mental vigor in old age.

Sommerbrodt reads: v. i. illa domo patrii moris disciplina.

§38. 1. 12 Ita enim senectus honesta est . . . emancipata est: infact old age is respectable just so long as it asserts itself, and maintains its properdues, and is not enslaved to any one. 14 emancipo meant primarily (1) to release a slave or son from the patria potestas; then, when one owner delivers to a new, it means (2) the transfer, as of a piece of property, manci- pium; cf. I)e Fin. 1, 24, 7, illam severitatem meo filio adhibuit quem in adoptionem D. Silano emancipaverat, where the new owner is mentioned. Further, as in Plautus, Bacch., 1, 1, 59, mulier, tibi me emancupo, I euslave myself to you ; I pass the potestas of myself into your hauds, it has the meaning (3) enslave; cf. Horace, Epod. 9, 12, emancipatus feminae. Cic. Phil. 2, 21, 51. So that it reeeives fmally meanings directly opposed ; to free, to enslave. 16 senile aliquid: something of the olcl man.

19 Originum : this is the title of Cato's work on early Koman history, of which there were seven books. The name is due to the character of the second and third books, which treated of the origin of the Italian states. The tirst book treated of the kingly period, the fourth and fifth of the First and Second Punic Wars, while the sixth and seventh related subsequent history down to the last year of Cato's life.

Septinius . . . in manibus : I am now engaged in composing the seventh book of my Origines. See note § 22. In the seventh book he inserted, according to Aulus Gellius (13, 25), his own speech which he made against Servius Galba for his treaeherous conduct to the Lusitani (b.c. 150). Cf. Nep. Cato, 3. ;

118 CATO MAIOR.

20 causarum . . . defendi : of all the famous cases in which I have appeared as counsel. Note neutral force of causam defendere. 21 nunc cum maxime: at this very time. The expression is elliptical for cum maxime conficio orationes, nunc conficio. (Reid.)

22 conficio : Iamputting the finishing touches to . He seems to mean that he is preparing an edition of his speeches. Frag- ments of about eighty are preserved, hut we have no complete speech of Cato's, unless we look upon that given by Livy (34, 1) as genuine. ius augurium, pontificium, civHe tracto: / am writing treatises on augural, pontifical, ancl civil law. The two first are the rules and precedents observed by the colleges of augurs and pontifices. Ius civile * civil law,' is quod quis populus sibi ius constituit, as opposed to ius naturale and ius gentium; that is, it is the law which a particular people have established for their own government. The Roman ius civile was held to consist of two parts, law (lex) and custom (mos) : ex scripto (i.e. leges,plebiscita) aut ex non scripto (i.e. quod usus com- probavit). Justin. 1, tit. 2.

25 commemoro : i" repeat to myself. He is referring to the

' rule contained in the so-called Golden Verses ' of Pythagoras,

firjd' v-kvov /jLa\aKO?(TLv iw' ^\x\xao~i irpoo-dtf-acrdai,

irplv rQv rj/uLepivLOv epytov rpls €Kao~rov eireKdelv 5' 1T7J Trape"(37]v ; ri epe^a; ri jxol 84ov ovk ereXicdrj

ap^dfxevos 5' awb wptbrov eir^LdL • Kal fxeriireLra " SetXa fiev eKirpr)âs, iirLTrXrjcroêo ' 7 r ripirov. xP l ^ dî

The object of the Pythagoreans was moral training and not memory exercise, so that exercendae memoriae gratia does not refer to them. 1 curricula: places of exercise or training, really race courses. Cf . § 27.

3 adsum amicis : I appearfor myfriends, i.e. as advocate or witness (laudator). Cf. semper absenti adfui Deiotaro, 'I always appeared for Deiotarus in his absence,' Cic. PhiL 2, 37, 95. adesse contra Satrium, ' to appear against Satrius,' Cic. Ad Att. 1, 1, 3. amicis is dative (dativus commodi). NOTHS. 119

4 ultroque adfero res : and I take the initiative in bringing before the Senate matters prepared by deep and long rejlection. The presiding magistrate, generally the consul, brought matters before the Senate {referre rem ad Senatam), he then called upon (rogare) the senators for their sententia according to their seniority or rank. In giving this sententia it appears to have been the custom for a senator if he chose, to speak on almost any subject. It was in this way that Cato seems to mean that he brought matters before the Senate ultro, i.e. without being called upon for them; and thus the celebrated delendam esse Karthaginem (see § 18) was brought in so often.

7 lectulus : a couch on which a man lay or sat when reading or engaged in literary work. 8 actavita: my pastlife.

11 sensim sine sensu : by degrees and unperceived, a kind of play on the double meaning of two words derived from the same root, which we might partly represent in English by ' unhasted and untasted.' This sort of jingle is characteristic of proverbial or quasi-proverbial sentences. Cf . Lael. de Am. §§ 64 and 79 ; and for sensus cf . sensus moriendi, § 74 and Lael. de Am. § 12. Cicero joins sensim with tarde in DeFin. 5, 15, 41; and contrasts it with cursim in Phil. 2, 17, 42. Note the alliteration.

12 exstinguitur : is allowed to die out, like a candle. Cf. Lael. de Am. 78, where it is opposed to opprimi.

CHAPTER XII.

§ 39. 1. 13 Sequitur tertia vituperatio senectutis : see § 15 and § 66, quarta restat causa.

14 quod eam carere dicunt : more exactly, quod, ut dicunt, careat.

voluptatibus : sensual pleasures.

15 aetatis : here for increasing years.

17 Archytae Tarentini : Archytas was a distinguished Pythag- orean philosopher and mathematician of Tarentum who flourished about b.c.400. Practically nothing is known of him. From Horace (C. 1,28), who calls him maris et terrae numero- que carentis harenae Mensorem, it has been supposed that he was drowned in the Adriatic. Stobaeus has a considerable number ;

120 CATO MAIOR. of extracts which profess to be from the works of Archytas, especially from the treatise ou the ' Good and happy man,' and the passage in the text may be f rom the same treatise ; but these extracts are probably from some later philosopher. Stobaeus, Flor. 2, 134-139; 3, 2(i0, etc. A saying of his is quoted in the Lael. de Am. § 88. Aecording to Athenaeus (4, 84) he was skilled in playiug on the rlute, and left a treatise irepl avkQv.

3 capitaliorem : more deadly ; capitalis is that which affects the caput, i.e. life or status, of a man. When employing the word metaphorically Cicero nearly always uses it in a bad sense, as capitalis hostis, capitale odium, etc. ; but in Epist. ad Q. 2, 11, 4, he speaks of an historian as capitalis, a writer of the first rank.

5 cuius voluptatis : with avidae. 6 adpotiendum: sc. voluptate.

incitarentur : the mood and tense follow the usage in indirect discourse.

§40. 1. 10 ad quod suscipiendum non . . . impelleret: for the undertaking ofwhich the itch for pleasure is not the exciting motive. Sc. homines with impelleret. The mood and tense are due to indirect discourse.

12 flagitium : a shameful deed, so sin ; facinus = (1) a deed (2) malum facinus, afterwards, without malum, = criine, a milder term than scelus ; m scelus the essential idea is criminal action or purpose, hence it means crime. 14 mente: intellect, vovs.

§ 41. 1. 16 dominante . . . regno : represent the Greek bea-no- revovros and TvpavvLdi, the former indicating the master of a slave, the latter the rule of an absolute despot. in regno is not

' in the kingdom ' in the sense in which we use the word meaning the country or dominions of a sovereign, but under the do- minion of, in the absolute power of. Or we might turn it by saying ' zohere pleasure is king.'

19 fingere animo : to imagine a person moved to thp- highest pitch of ssnsual pleasure.

tanta . . . quanta maxima: cf. Lael. cle Am. §74. 21 censebat: the subject of this verb and of lubebat is Archytax.

tam diu dum ita gauderet : that just so long as such pleasure possesses him. The dum might have stood by itself, but NOTES. 121

tamdiu emphasizes its definiteness ; cf. Pro Fl.41, qui valuit tamdiu dum huc prodiret and Cat. iii. 7.

22 nihil agitare mente . . . posset: he was incapable of any intelleciual process, — could accomplish nothing that required reasoning, nothing that required thought. Ratio and cogitatio are processes included under mens. For agiiare cf.

N. D. 1, 17, 45, actio mentis atque agitatio. Tusc. 5, 23, 66', mens agitandis exquirendisque rationibus alebatur.

25 siquidem : if indeed (implying no doubt), since. maior atque longinquior: excessive and more prolonged. Cf. De Fin. 3, 14, 46, nec longinquiora brevioribus anteponunt. The meaning of voluptas longinquior is the indulgence in pleasure even beyond the time when it would be regarded as a pardonable youthful indiscretion; breve sit quod turpiter audes, said Juvenal (8, 105), thinking of the same thing.

1 Gaius Pontius Herennius : a Samnite, and father of Gaius Ponthis, who captured the consul Postumius and his army at the Furculae Caudinae in b.c. 321. Livy (9, 1), calls him pru- dentissimus, as opposed to his son, whom he describes &sp?^imus bellator duxque. This epithet seems to ailude to his learning, and would be accounted for by his intercourse with the Pythag- oreans, to a tradition of which Cato no doubt refers. Being sent for by his son to advise what should be done with the Roman army, he gave it as his opinion that he should kill them all or let all go free.

Caudino proelio : at the battle in the Caudine Forks in the Samnite War, 321 b.c.

2 Sp. Postumius Alblnus : was consul in b.c. 334 and 321, censor in 332, and magister equitum (327) to the dictator Mar- cellus, who was appointed to that ofnee so as to hold peaceful elections (Livj^, 8, 16-23). In his second consulship in the Samnite War he was entrapped in a pass called the Caudine Forks by Gaius Pontius. The entire Roman army was compelled to surrender, and Postumius was obliged to agree to the terms demanded by Pontius, which provided for the abstainiug of the Romans from all interference vvith Samnium. The Ro- mans ref used to accept the treaty, and Postumius with others, on his own suggestion, was returned a prisoner to Pontius, who justly refused to regard such a measure as putting affairs on the same footing as before. We know that Postumius returned 122 CATO MAIOE.

in safety to the Roman quarters (Livy, 9, 5-10 ; Cic. De Off. 3, 30, 109), but we hear no more of him. T. Veturius: Titus Veturius Calvinus, consul b.c. 334 and 321. In his second consulship he shared with his colleague (see Albinus) the disgrace at the * Caudine Forks,' and with him abdicated his office and was delivered to thefetiales to be handed over to the Samnites. 3 Nearchus: Nearchus of Tarentum, a Pythagorean, with whom Cato made friends while serving under Fabius when the latter recovered Tarentum in b.c. 209. We know nothing more of him but that he remained faithful to the Roman side. (Plut. Cat. 2.) 4 permanserat: at the siege of Tarentum. The party friendly to Hannibal treacherously delivered the city into his hands b.c. 212; cf. Chap. iv. 10, 11.

5 cum quidem . . . Atheniensis : this clause explains locu- tum (esse) . Plato visited Italy and Sicily on two occasions, but we can hardly believe that he was at Tarentum 349, when he was very old. His last visit was said to have been in 361. 7 L. Camillo: Lucius Furius Camillus, consul in b.c. 349, dictator in b.c. 350 and 345 for the formal purpose of holding the Comitia. His colleague in the consulship (nominated by himself according to Livy, 8, 24) was Appius Claudius; see below, Appius. In his war against the Gauls the famous contest of Valerius Corvinus was said to have taken place. Camillus was a strong supporter of the patricians against the plebs.

Appio Claudio : Appius Claudius Crassinus Regillensis, consul for the year b.c. 349, as colleague of Camillus. He died in his consulship while making preparations for war with the Latins and Gauls (Livy, 7, 25). He was a grandson of the decemvir Appius Claudius, and was apparently a strong opponent of the plebeian party (Livy, 6, 40 sq.). He had been dictator in 362, appointed on the defeat and death of the plebeian consul Lucius Genucins in a war with the Hernici (Livy,7,6). §42. 1.8 Quorsus hoc: what is the point of all thisf sc.

dicebam or dixi ; cf. § 13.

intellegeretis : depends on dicebam or dixi implied with quorsus hoc. In § 13, quia profecto takes the place of the purpose clause. NOTES. 123

10 habendam gratiam : gratitude should be felt. gratiam habere =feel thankful; gratias agere = give thanks; gratiam referre = requite a favor.

11 quae efficeret : for having brought it about. The relative with the subjunctive expressiug the cause or reason, while the tense is due to the verb of saying implied with quorsus hoc.

nt id non liberet quod non oporteret : that we cease to like that which we ought not to do. The highest perfection of virtue is when the will and the duty coincide.

13 ut ita dicam : this softens the metaphorical expression, so quasi and quasi quidam.

praestringit : blinds, literally bandages ; cf . De Biv. 1, 29, 61, quorum utrumque (inopia and satietas) praestringere aciem mentis solet. Note oculos for aciem.

14 Invitus feci : Cato says he did it unwillingly, but no more deserved puuishment was ever inflicted. 15 T. Flaminini: see § 1, note.

L. Flamininum : Lucius Quintus Flamininus, brother of the foregoing. He commanded the fleet in his brother's consulship, besieged and took Eretria and Carystus, in Euboea, and was on the whole successful. By his brother's influence he was elected consul for b.c. 192, during which year he conducted a desultory campaign against the Ligures. It was in this campaign that the disgraceful crime was committed mentioned in the text, for which Cato righteously removed liim from the Senate. (See Livy, 39, 42.) What is astonishing is that the people seem to have condoned it, for they cheered him when he afterwards appeared in the theatre (Plutarch, Flam. 19).

16 senatu eicerem : i.e.-as censor, one of whose duties was to make up the list of the senators, and turn out any one who had become bankrupt or who had disgraced himself . After the time of Sulla the censors ceased to perform this duty, though apparently, until the law brought in by Clodius b.c. 58, they had nominally the right of doing it ; but their nota was not final. For instance, the censors of the year 70 removed sixty-four names from the Senate (Livy, Ep. 98), but Cicero (Cluent. § 120) declares that after standing their trial for the crimes alleged by the censors they returned to the Seuate. (See Mommsen, H. ofR., vol. 3, p. 360.) 124 CATO MAIOR.

17 notandam : the verb notare, to brand, used of the action of the censors, so nota censoria. 18 in Gailia: he served in Gaul when consul; see above. 20 Tito censore: b.c. 189.

2 Flaeco : Lucius Valerius Flaccus, who originally induced Cato to come to Rome, was his colleague in his consulship b.c. 195, and in his censorship 184. Whilst his colleague was engaged in Spain he had to fight with the Boian Gauls, whom he conquered with considerable slaughter in the neighborhood of Cremona. Like his colleague also he served as a legatus in the war with Antiochus under Manius Acilius, and was present at the battle of Thermopylae. He became princeps senatus during his censorship, and died in 180 iu a pestilenee which raged in Rome that year.

4 imperi dedecus : dishonor tb his rank as imperator, thus involving the nation whose imperium he held as consul.

quae . . . coniungeret : seeing that it united.

CHAPTER XIH.

§43. 1. 5 porro: in turn.

6 pueros : ivhen boys.

7 apud : at the headquarters. apud Pyrrhuxn: Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, born about b.c. 318, was the son of Aeacides, and as these names indicate, claimed descent from Pyrrhus, son of Achilles. His father was killed in battle when he was a child, and he was brought up by Glaucias, the king of an Illyrian tribe called the Taulantians. He first engaged in a struggle for his father^s throne, which he finally obtained in 295, and then in a long war with Macedonia. In 281 he received an invitation from the Tarentines to come over to Italy to aidand lead them against Rome. Early in the next year he crossed with 25,300 men and a number of elephants and defeated the Romans near Heraclea on the Siris in 280. Again at Asculum he fought the Romaus, but without decisive result. Being invited to aid the Siceliots against Carthage, he crossed to Sicily and remained there two years without accom- plishing much. In the autumn of 270, he returned to Italy at the request of the Italian towns and again fought the Romans in NOTES. 125

274, at Beneventum, but suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of Curius Dentatus, and returned home. In 273 he obtained possession of the kingdom of Macedonia, and, while attempting to get control of the city of Argos, was killecl by a tile which a woman threw at him from the roof of a house. Pyrrhus seems to have been a man of gallant and chivalrous disposition, and though willing to enter upon war for the gratification of ambition, he conducted his campaigns without unnecessary cruelty. His conduct in returning the Roman prisoners without ransom left behind him in Italy the good reputation to which Cicero refers in Lael. de Am. § 28. De Off. 1, 12, 38. 8 Cinea: Cineas was a Thessalian by birth, and in his youth

had heard the eloquence of Demostheues (died b.c. 322) ; he must, therefore, have been past middle age when he came with Pyrrhus to Italy. He was a man of learning and wisdom, and had much inrluence in the affairs of Pyrrhus, so that much of the latter's success as well as his moderate methods may be attributed to Cineas' good counsel. After Heraclea in 282 Cineas, going as ambassador to Rome, nearly persuaded the Sen- ate to accept his proposals. On his return to Pyrrhus he told him that the Senate seemed to him an assembly of kings, and warned him that the task he had undertaken was almost in-

superable. (Plut., Pyrrh. 19 ; Livy, Ep. 13.) Cineas was sent to Sicily before his master 479-8, but beyond this fact we hear nothing more of him.

9 qui se sapientem profiteretur : who presented himself as a public teacher of philosophy . He means of course Epicurus, who was born in Samos b.c. 342 of Atheuian parents, and from his 35th year (306) lived and taught at Athens. He founded the school which bears his name. The important teachings of his j)hilosophy were, in physics, the atomic theory of Democritus as given in Lucretius, De Rerum JYatura, in ethics, that pleasure is the summum bonum, i.e. pleasure not momentary, but flnal and complete. See Mayor's Sketc/i of Ancierd Philosophy. 10 ad voluptatem esse referenda: were to bereferred to the standard of pleasure. This is the popular statement of the

famous cloctrine of Epicurus that ' the only unconditional good is pleasure; pain is an unconditional evil.' Though Epicurus lived a simple and virtuous life himself, his opponents, and indeed the world at large, maintained that such a doctrine 126 CATO MAIOB.

encouraged immorality ; whereas it was a statement of a simple truth, and as modified by his further doctrine had no such ten- dency. For * he would have pleasure forsworn if it would entail a greater corresponding pain, and pain submitted to if it holds out the prospect of greater pleasure.' Zeller, Stoics, Epi- cureans and Sceptics, p. 447.

12 opto : to express a wish.

14 cum . . . dedissent: as having given themselves over to plensure.

vixerat cum : had been intimate with. 15 (1) Publius Decius Mus the elder, is the hero of the Sam- nite War of b.c. 342-340. We hear of his rescuing the consul Cornelius and his army from a position of peril near Saticula, and receiving for that service a crown from the consul and

another from the soldiers (co?*ona obsidionalis, Liv. 7, 37). In 340 he was consul, and had to serve in a war with the Latini. Livy tells how at Capua both he and his colleague dreamed the same dream : that a man of superhuman size and dignity appeared, and warned them that on one side the leader,

on the other the army itself , must perish. In the battle of Veseris

near Mt. Vesuvius, he thereupon ' devoted ' himself ' to the Manes and to Earth,' and mounting his horse rode into tbe midst of the enemy and was killed (Liv. 8, 9). Cicero (Tusc. 1, 37, 89) says that a third Decius, son of this last, acted in the same way in the war with Pyrrhus, at the battle of Asculum, b.c. 279.

15 P. Decio : Publius Decius Mus, the younger, was consul in b.c. 312, 308, 297, 295, and censor in 304. He served with success against the Samnites, both as consul and after his year of office as proconsul. In his last consulship he had with his colleague Fabius to serve against the Etruscans, who were assisted by the Galli Senones. In the battle of Sentinum, 295, the Eoman ranks were breaking and in disorder. Decius, after vainly attempting to rally them, devoted himself like his father (familiare fatum, Liv. 10, 28), to the ' Earth and Manes,' and having done so rushed into the thickest part of the foe and perished. 2 eundem: Decius. 3 eius quem dico P. Deci: note theuse of the pronoun, like the article, and the attributive position of quem dico.

4 aliquid quod sua sponte peteretur : something that ivas .

NOTES. 127 sought for its oivn sake, the summum bonum or t£\os which was o §i' avrb ^ovXo/neda, ' what we desire for its own sake.'

§ 44. 1. 7 Quorsus : see § 42 ; dixi is omitted.

8 Quia . . . quod : Quia = because; quod, by reason of the fact that . . . in that. Quod is the usual particle in classical prose; Caesar has only one case of quia. See G. & L. 541, note 1. Cf. Rosc. Am. 50, 145, concedo et quod animus aequus est, et quia necesse est. See A. & G. 150 f 10 caret: to be destitute of something desirable. extructisque mensis: tables loaded wlth food. There is a notion of vulgar prof usion conveyed by extructis, * piled up,' cf. Pls. 27 § 67, extructa mensa non conchyliis aut piscibus sed multa carne subrancida. In Horace, Sat. 2, 6, 104, it is used of the baskets of dirty plates and dishes, extructis canistris. Cf.

Plautus, Menaechmil, 1, 25, ita mensas exstruit . . . standumst in lecto si quid de summo petas.

12 Sed si aliquid dandum est : but if any concession is to be made to.

13 quoniam : used in giving evident reasons ; see A. & G. 156 f., G. & L. 538, 3. 14 escam: bait, allurement ; cf. tjBovtj KaKov dtXeap. Plat. Tim. 69 D. 18 C. Duellium: Gaius Duellius consul b.c. 260, censor 258. In his consulship, being in Sicily in command of the land forces, he found that his patrician colleague, Cn.*Cornelius, who was in command of a part of the fleet, had been defeated by the Car- thaginians and had lost nearly all his ships. He at once took command of the remainder of the ships, and having caused contrivances (corvi) for grappling the enemy's ships to be affixed to his own vessels, he met them off Mylae, W. of Pa- lermo, and defeated them, taking 31 and sinking 14 (Polyb. 1, 22-3). For this success he was awarded a triumph, the first ever gained at sea, and had the perpetual honor granted him which is mentioned in the text. He was a plebeian, which may perhaps account for the harmless vanity with which he availed himself of it. The beaks of the conquered ships adorned the Columna which supported the speaker's platform in the Comi- tium, which was thence calledi?os£ra. The inscription com- memorating it was apparently restored in the time of the Emperor Augustus or Claudius, and that restoration has been 128 CATO MAIOB. discovered and is now at Kome. We know nothing more of Duellius except that he was formal dictator in 231. 20 cereo funall: the MSS. have either crebro or credo. Cereb is the emendation of Mommsen after Manutius, who favored it as occurring in two MSS. See Reid, p. 173.

21 privatus : when out of office.

§45. 1. 22 Sed . . . alios: sc. commemoro.

Ad me . . . revertar : cf. redeo ad me, § 31.

23 Primum : here without the deinde.

24 Sodalitates : clubs. The meaning is, new societies, were formed at this time, not that the custom was now first introduced. These sodalitates seem to have been at flrst wholly social, and, as we see here, to have originated in a plan of celebrating a national festival by a meeting of friends at dinner . Howe ver, the tie between the members was elose, for Ciceroclasses officia tute-

lae, sodalitatis , familiaritatis together ( Verr. 2, 1, 47, §94) ; and sometimes it was carried into politics. Sodalitium therefore became the term for the erime of wholesale bribery (Pro Planc.

15, 36 and 19, 47) , and in 55 b.c. a decree of the Senate was found necessary to order the clubs to disperse under penalty of the members' being prosecuted de vi (ad Q. Fr. 2, 3, 5). Cn. Plancius was charged with sodalitium, under the Lex Licinia (passed b.c. 70) and Cicero's speech in his defence is extant. They, however, continued to exist as social unions, for Ovid says that he and Prcfpertius were members of the same club

( Tr. 4, 10, 46) ; but as popular elections ceased under the Empire, they lost all political sigiiificance. (Mommsen, H. of R., vol. 4, p. 503.) quaestorej in the year 204 b.c.

25 sacris Idaeis . . . acceptis : ivhen the Idaean loorship of tJie Great Mother was introduced.

Magnae Matris : Cybele (identifled with Rhea, the mother of the gods) was a Phrygian deity, whose worship was introduced at Rome in b.c. 204, in consequence of an oracle obtained from Delphi in accordance with the directions of the Sibylline Books. An embassy was sent to King Attalus of Pergamus, and he presented the commissioners with a black stone which was believed to be the goddess. (See Lanciani, Ancient Rome p. 126.) When it came to Rome it was received by P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica as ' the best man,' — in accordance with the order of the oracle> NOTES. 129

A festival in her honor was established, lasting six days, from the 4th of April, called the Megalesia. (Ovid, F. 4, 249 ; Livy, 29, 14.)

2 aetatis : here equal to iuventus ; cf . § 39, where it is equal to senectus ; cf . also § 33, where it has the value of vita.

5 amicorum : placed between the two words to which it belongs ; cf . § 1. 6 accubitionem epularem: the reclining at the festal board.

quia vitae coniunctionem haberet : seeing that it involved a union of life. The subjunctive is due to the fact that the clause represents the thought of maiores nostri, not of the speaker.

8 tum . . . tum: here at times . . . at times. G. & L. § 482, 1.

9 compotationem : crv/jLirocrLov.

concenationem : ovvSeLirvov. 10 quod in eo genere minimum est: the least important point in the matter ; sc. rerum with in eo genere ; in this phase the defining genitive, rerum, is regularly omitted in Cicero.

CHAPTER XIV.

§46. 1. 13 tempestivis . . . conviviis: banquets at an early hour. A tempestivum convivium was begun before the usual hour, which was three iD the afternoon, in order that it might be of longer duration. Excess is thus implied, and fmally the term came to mean a debauch.

2 cum vestra . . . aetate atque voblscum: with men of your age, and, of course, icith you especially. atque is not merely a conjunction ; it introduces a clause as naturally following the preceding one.

4 auxit . . . sustulit : notice the absence of the disjunctive word. The indicative is also noticeable as simply stating the reason as a fact. Ciccro here closely follows Plato, Rep. 328 D, d>s ed Lod' otl euoLye, ooov al /cctra rb o~Qua rjdoval dirouapai- vovraL, Tocrovrov av^ovraL al irepl tovs \6yovs iirLdvuiaL re /cat ijdovaL.

6 cuius . . . modus: of ichich, after all, there is perhaps a certain measure allowed by nature. 9 magisteria: the offlce of arbiter or bibendi o~vfnroo-iapxos f which we know from Horace was decided by lot (C. 1, 4, 18), K .

130 CATO MAIOB.

. . . domus exilis Plutonia ; quo simul mearis r Nec regna vini sortiere talis, etc. and C 2, 7, 25, Quem Venus arbitrum Dicet bibendif Cicero refers to the leges quae in poculis ponebantur in Verr. 5, 28. Observe the plural magisteria in speaking generally, not of one instance, of joining in this custom. Reid, judging from Mommsen's De Collegiis, where mention is made of a magister cenarum annually appointed to attend to club dinners, believes that some office more important than arbiter bibendi is referred to.

a maioribiis Instituta : the custom was of some antiquity, and was known among the Greeks also; it is alluded to by Plautus more than once.

10 a summo : from the first on the triclinium, that is, from the summus in summo, the person who lay at the end of the left-hand couch (looking down the table)

summus imus 1 c

medius medius 2 mensa b

imus summus 3 a

summus medius imus

I II III

medius

The imus in medio (III) was the place of honor, the summus in imo (a) was usually the place of the host. The other places were assigned apparently by occasional or accidental considera- ;

NOTES. 131

tions. Cato seems to regard the summus in summo (1) as the junior place, and its occupant has to start the conversation, just as the cup circulated from the same place, from left to right cf. Plaut. Asin. 5, 2, 41, da, puere, ab snmmo. A philosophical symposium probably occurred seldom in real life (but see Herod. 6, 129), yet it was a favorite form into which to cast philosophical writings. Plato, Xenophon, and Plutarch each wrote a ' Symposium.' Three on each couch was the regular

number. To crowd more on them was vulgar ; see Pis. § 67.

adhibetur in poculo : is engaged in over the cups.

11 et pocula . . . minuta atque rorantia : cups of smaller size providing the wine in driblets, as in Xenophon's Sympos- ium. Cato is translating Symp. 2, 26, tj v 8e tjjulIv ol iralSes fjLKpais

KV\lt~L TTVKvd €TTl\(/aKd^LC(TLV . . . OXJTLOS OV (3La£6/A€VOL VTTO TOV olvov fiedveLv d\V avaireLdofJLevoi irpbs to TraLyvLoo8eo~T€pov &

tbfxeda. Cf. Eurip. Ion, 1179. '

12 refrigeratio : either (1) the cool place where the dinner was held, opposed to the room warmed by exposure to the winter's sun or by artiricial means or (2) the artificial cooling of wine, which in the time of Martial and Pliny was accomplished by pouring it through snow (Mart. 14, 103-104; 5, 64; 9, 22, 8. Pliny 19, § 54). The former is certainly better, as the mention of sol and ignis hibernus as heating agencies seems

extraordinary in such a connection. Translate : and the coolness of the retreat in summer and in turn the warmth of the sun and the iointer's fire in winter. 14 in Sabinls: at my Sabine country house, i.e. at Tuscu- lum; sc. agris.

vicinorum : depending upon compleo according to Draeger, Historische Syntax, L, p. 558, or according to Reid upon convivium.

15 ad multam noctem : late into the night. As the ordinary hour for the cena was 3 p.m., this implied a very lengthy entertainment. §47. 1.17 At: §21,23,35,44.

quasi : marks translation f rom the Greek ; titillatio stands for the epicurean yapyaXLcrfJLos, cf. N. D. 1, 40, 113; Fin. 1, 11, 39, Tusc. 3, 20, 47.

18 nihil autem molestum, quod non desideres : if you don't miss anything, its absence is not painful, cf. desiderat, § 32. 132 CATO MAIOB.

19 Bene : sc. dixit.

I ntereturne : ivhether he enjoyed. Di meliora: sc. duint, for the archaic form is used in this phrase. The story is from Plato, Rep. 1, 329.

6 hoc non desiderare : these words are the subject or the verb est. • §48. 1. 8 bona aetas: adulescentia, cf. §45, where aetas is used for iuventus. 9 parvulis: insignificant. 10 potitur: due to a desire for variety instead of another fruiiur.

II Turpione Ambivio : In prose of the good period the order was praeuomen-nomen and praenomen-nomen-cognomen, even in Livy ; but when the praenomen is wanting, then by the older method, so Cicero, cognomen-nomen ; by later, so Caesar, nomen-cognomen.

Lucius Ambivius Turpio : the actor whose grex performed all the plays of Terence, if we can trust the Prologues. He was an old man at the time of the first representation of the Heau- tontimorumenos, i.e. b.c. 163 (Heaut. prol. 43, cf. Hecyr. prol. 10 sq.). Tacitus m Dialogus de Oratoribus ch. 20, speaks of him and Roscius as representatives of the old-fashioned and severe style of acting.

12 in prima cavea : in the front of the auditorium, i.e. in the front row of seats. The orchestra was the level space in front of the stage, the cavea was the entire auditorium divided into cuneif wedge-shaped sections, by flights of stairs and by prae- cinctiones, concentric aisles or landing places. Prima, media, ultima or ima, media, summa were the designations of the different parts assigned to the threeclasses of citizens. In Cato's day there were no permanent theatres, so that we have here an instance of anachronism, as the statements seem to refer to the theatres of Cicero's day.

spectat : = ^earai, is a spectator.

delectatur tantum . . . quantum est: gets exactly the amount of pleasnre which he ought to get.

13 propter: closs by ; adverbial use.

§ 49. 1. 16 illa : standing for illud, as in Greek ravra and rdde are often put for tovto and r65e (Keid). Animum . . . vivere forms the explanation of the illa. NOTES. 133

emeritis stlpendiis: being discharged, as though from military service. From the time oi" the siege of Veii (about b.c. 406) the Roman soldiers received pay, and facere stipendia, merere stipendia came to mean ' to serve in a campaign.' When a man had served twenty campaigns in a legion, he became emerttus. 18 secum esse secumque vivere: to be independerj and live to yourself, as the phrase yoes. In De Off. 1, 2, 4, we rind tecum or secumagere, to be independent, opposed to ciim altero contrahere, where Holden quotes Verg. G. 1, 389, et sola in sicca secum spatiatur harena.

19 vivere : in this and such phrases vivere indicates that true enjoyment or use of life which is interrupted by worldly affairs. Cf. quod me cohortaris ad ambitionem et ad laborem, faciam quidem, sed quando vlvemusf Ad Q. Fr. 3, 1, 12. 22 Galus: Gaius Sulpicius Galus was consul in b.c. 166. He was devoted to the study of Greek literature, and was an accomplished orator and man of letters (Brut. §78). Among other things he was deeply versed in astronomy or astrology. Cicero (De Rep. 1, 14, 21) represents him as explaining the celes- tial globe, which was the only thing Marcellus accepted from the spoils of Syracuse. Galus once averted a panic in the Roman army in the war against Perseus (Pydna 168), for he warned the soldiers on the previous day of an eclipse of the moon and instructed them that it was only a natural event. (Livy, 45, 37.) _

23 aliquid describere : to draw some astronomical chart, the technical term f or making mathematical drawings ; cf . De Fin. 5, 19, 50.

24 oppressit : surprised.

§ 50. 1.1 acutis : curiously applied by a transfer of application to studia, and explained as pursuits which demand keenness of intellect. Eeid believes Cicero wrote acribus, quoting De Oratore,l, 79, studium acerrimum.

2 bello suo Punico : in his poem on the Punic War.

3 Plautus : Titus Maccius Plautus, the famous wriler of comedies. He was born in b.c. 254 at Sarsina in TJmbria, and according to Cicero (Brut. § 60) he died at Rome in 184, eleven years after the birth of Terence. He was somewhat younger than Livius Andronicus (Tusc. 1, 1, 3), and was an old man in 190, when the Pseudolus was exhibited. He was free but poor, 134 catD maiob. and had to work in a mill for his living, and wrote and sold his plays to the aediles in the intervals of his work. There are twenty of his plays in existence, which are all (except one, Vid- ularia, now lost) that Cicero's contemporary Varro allowed to be genuine, thongh at one time as many as 130 were attributed to him ( Aulus Gell. 3, 3) . Like those of the other comic writers before and after him at Rome, his plays were translated or adapted from the Greek of the authors of the New Comedy at

Athens, Menander, Diphilus, and Philemon ; or sometimes, according to Horace (Ep. 2, 1, 58), from the writers of the Old Comedy, such as Epicharmus. Varro said of him, ' The muses if they spoke Latin would use the language~of Plautus ' (Quint. 10, 1, 99). See Hor., Ars P. 270.

2 Truculentus: i.e. the Grumbler, ) Titles of plays of i.e. 3 Pseudolus: the Cheat, j Plautus. Livium: Livius Andronicus (it seems doubtful whether his praenomen was Marcus or Lucius) was a native of Tarentum born about the year b.c. 283. When Tarentum was captured in 275, he was brought as a slave to Rome, but afterwards set free by some Livius (perhaps M. Livius Salinator), and took as usual the name of his patronus. Tarentum was a Greek town, and Livius found means of supporting himself at Rome by teaching Greek. He published a translation of the Odyssey in the Saturnian metre, which Cicero (Brut. § 71) declares to be unworthy of a second reading ; and also is said to have been the flrst to weave the rude Saturae or medley songs into the form of a play. He afterwards translated Greek plays, an example in which he was followed by other poets, though his own plays, Cicero says, were not worth reading a second time. We hear also of his composing a hymn to Juno to be recited or sung by twenty- seven virgins in a procession, in consequence of some prodigies which occurred in 207 Livy says ' perhaps com- ; which hymn was mendable at that rude age, but in our day would be regarded as irregular and unsuitable ' (27, 37). He died about 203. 5 docuisset: had brought on the stage. The meaning is obtained through the custom of teaching the actors the play.

Centone Tuditanoque : note the que for the usual et which is found regularly when only the cognomina occur in the dating formula. C. Claudius Cento, sonof Appius Claudius Caecus, and M. Sempronius Tuditanus were consuls b.c. 240. :

NOTES. 135

6 processit aetate : continued to live. aetate is ablative of

. provehi, progredi, procedere, specification ; cf aetate § 10 ; § 33 ; without aetate, § 70.

7 pontificii et civilis iuris : see on § 38.

8 nuius P. Scipionis : of the present Publius Scipio.

Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum : was the son of P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, who in b.c. 203 was charged by the Senate as optimus vir to receive the Magna Mater, and grandson of Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio, who feil in Spain. He was consul in 172, but resigned because there had been a flaw in the auspices. He was censor in 159, and in his second consulship, 155, served successfully against the Illyrians. From the text we learn that he was elected pontifex max. in 150. His great knowledge of jurisprudence gained him the dis- tinguishing cognomen of Corculum (the cor being regarded as the seat of intellect). He was besides an eloquent speaker (Brut. §79).

8 his paucis diebus : ivithin the lastfeiv days. The office of pontifex maximus or head of the College of Pontifices, was one of great dignity, and generally filled by the leading statesman at the time when the vacancy occurred. There was a residence attached to it close to that of the Vestal Virgins, over whom he had control.

10 senes : when old men. 11 M. Cethegum: Marcus Cornelius Cethegus, consul in b.c. 204, was one of the earliest public men who obtained reputation as an orator. Cicero speaks of him thus in Brutus, 15, 57 primus est M. Comelius Cethegus, cuius eloquentiae est auctor et idoneus quidem mea sententia Q. Ennius praesertim cum et ipse eum audiverit et scHbat de mortuo. He was elected to the Col- lege of Pontiffs in 213, and was praetor in 211. Etruria was assigned to him in his consulship, where he prevented uprisings in favor of Carthage by terrifying the Etruscan nobles into flight. The year after his consulship (203) he served as proconsul in the territory of the Insubrian Gauls, near Milan, where he met

and defeated HannibaPs brother Mago (Livy, 30, 18) . Cethegus died in 196. He is classed by Horace with Cato as affording

a standard for the Latinity of that epoch. (Ep. 2, 2, 117 : A. P. 50.) Suadae medullam: the quintessence (marroiu) of persuasiveness. In Brutus, 15, 58, Cicero gives a fuller quotation, 136 CATO MAIOR.

is dictust ollis popularibus olim Qui tum vivebant homines atque aevum agitabant, Flos delibatus populi suadaeque medulla.

He thus explains the phrase ^Suadaequemedulla,^ Brutus, 15, 59: ireida) quam voeant Graeci, cuius effector est orator, lianc Suadam appellavit Ennius; eius autem Cethegum medullam fuisse vult, ut, quam deam in Pericli labris scripsit Eupolis sessitavisse, huius hic medullam nostrum oratorem dixerit.

According to Cicero, Ennius also speaks thus : Additur orator Cornelius suaviloquenti Ore Cethegus Marcus Tuditano conlega Marci filius.

12 exerceri: reflexive like the Greek middle ; see gram. ref.

15 comparandae : In negative sentences or in questions looking for a negative answer, and in conditional clauses the gerundive may have force of possibility. 18 illud Solonis: note the article force of illud; that well- Tcnown expression of Solon is of honor to him.

19 ut ante dixi : in § 26.

CHAPTEB, XV.

§ 51. 1. 3 ad sapientis vitam : to the ideal life of a philosopher. 4 Habent enim rationem: For they (agricolae) have an account with. A commercial expression. 5 imperium: for same idea, cf. Verg. Georg. 1, 99, atque imperat agris; 2, 369, dura exerce imperia; Tac. Germ. 26, sola terrae seges imperatur.

6 sed alias . . . plerumque: an anirmative statement is implied from the preceding negative clause ; i.e. semper cum faenore. The coordination alias . . . alias is varied by Cicero as here : alias . . . plerumque ; again tum alias interdum . . . alias.

7 Quamquam : see on etsi, § 29. 9 vis ac natura: a common collocation in Cic, explained by some as hendiadys, the natural force. Quae: i.e. Et ea.

11 occaecatum : hidden; caecus and surdus have double application, not seeing and not seen ; not hearing and not heard. ;

isroTES. 137

occaecatum . . . occatio : the two words are not connected in derivation as Cato suggests. occaecatum (caecus) = hidden ; occatio, ' harrowing/ from occa, 'a harrow,' connected with acuo, root ak-.

12 vapore et compressu suo : by its natural heat and pres- sure. 13 herbescentem viriditatem: the green blade starting, the abstraet viriditas standing for viridis herba: just the converse of the process by which in Vergil e.g. (Ec. 1, 53), frigus opacum stands for frigida opacita*.

1-1- nixa frbrls stirpium : supported by thefibres of the stems cf. Pliny, X. H 19, 33, tubera nullisfibris nixa. 1 cuimo erecta geniculato: held upright by its jointed staik.

vaginis : sheaths, which enclose the ear. Cp. Yarro, R. B.

1, 48, 3, quae primitus cum oriuntur neque plane apparent, qua sub latent herba, ea vocatur vagina, ut in qua latet conditum gladium.

3 fundit: produces ; cf. Tusc. 5, 37, neque est vUum, quod non ita vigeat interiore quodam motu . . . ut autfrugesfundat aut bacas. spici: with ordine structam. Reid construes vrithfrugem. (On the various operations in propagating and cultivating the vine, information will be found in Cato, R. R. chs. 32, 33;

Varro, R. R. 1, 8: Pliny, X. H. 17. 152-198 [where he quotes the passage from Cato] . Many passages from ancient and modern authors on the subject are collected, with characteristic thoroughness, by Dr. Holclen in his notes to Xenophon, Oeco- nomicus, 19. 9.)

§ 52. 1. 5 Quid ego commemorem : transition formula ; cf. §§ 53, 57.

ortus, satus. incrementa : the raising, the planting, and the growth. The plural used, as iu magisteria, § 46, in general statements.

6 ut noscatis : cf. ne . . . videar, §46. See gram. ref ; the . governing clause is to be supplied. 8 vim ipsam: the simple fact of their natural vigor. The perpetual miracle, as it has been called, of growth.

omnium . . . e terra : Latin has no one word to comprehend all vegetable products. (Reid.) ::

138 CATO MAIOR.

9 quae . . . procreet: capablo of generating ; subjunctive of characteristic. 12 malleoli, plantae, sarmenta, viviradices, propagines: These are all technical terms for the various methods of raising vines. malleoli, mallet shoots, vine-shoots cut with a head or knob and planted in some well-watered ground ; cf . Pliny, JV. H 17, 170, solebat capitulatus utrimque e duro surculus seri, eoque argumento malleolus vocatur etiam nunc. ib. 156, male in siccis malleolus seritur nisi post imbrem. plantae, shoots or

sli})s set out in a nursery (seminarium) ; Pliny, JV. H. 17, 75, plantas ex seminario transferre. sarmenta are cuttings taken when the vine is pruned; cf. Pliny, l.c. nihil seritur nisi inutile et deputatum in sarmenta. viviradices, quicksets are any of these which, having been planted out in a nursery, have taken root. They are then transplanted into the vineyard; cf. Cato, R. R. 32, sulcos interponito ibi vivas radices serito. propagines, layers, shoots of the tree bent down and laid in the ground, and only severed from the parent tree when they have

struck ; cf. Cato, R. R. 133, propagatio pomorum ceterarumque arborum : arboribus ab terra pulli qui nati erunt eos in terram deprimito, extollito, uti radicem capere possint : inde, ubi tempus erit, effodito seritoque recte. Pliny says that Nature herself pointed this out, for brambles and such trees will, if left to themselves, thus propagate, rubi namque curvati gracilitate et simul proceritate nimia defigunt rursus in terram capita, iterumque nascuntur ex sese repleturi omnia ni resistat cultura. This method, though used with other fruit trees, was particularly good with vines, melius propagine vites respondent, Verg. G. 2, 63. Xenophon compares a layer thus placed in the ground to a reversed Gamma (ya/uLna vtttlov). 11 Vitis quidem, quae natura caduca est et, nisi fulta, etc. Pliny enumerates flve methods of treating vines (N. H. 17, 161) 1. When the tendrils are allowed to straggle along the ground. In this case those which seemed fruitful were lifted up and supported by forked sticks (furcillae) : eo modo removetur a terra vitis quae ostendit se adferre uvam ; sub eam, ubi nascitur uva, subiciuntur circiter bipedales e surculis furcillae, Varro, R. R. 1,8. 2. When the vine stands without support at all, which Pliny says only happened from lack of materials (pedamenti inopia). NOTES. 139

3. When each vine has a single and separate snpport (adminiculum), but there is no trellis-work or iugatio. 4. When the vines were planted in a row with uprights joined by a support (iugum) running along. This was sometimes called canterius (lit., "beast of burden "), or iugatio directa. 5. When four or more vines were trained over a kind of Irame- work or arbor (iugo quadruplici) . This was called iugatio compluviata, from the compluvium or roof of a house with a central opening looking down into the impluvium ; cf . Varro, R. R. 1, 8, 2, iugationis species duae, una directa, ut in agro Canusino, altera compluviata in longitudinem et latitudinem iugata ut in Italia peraeque. A good engraving of this sort of iugatio from a picture at Pompeii is given in Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary. The materials of which the trellis- work was made differed in different places. We hear of wooden poles, reeds, ropes, and withes of the vines. (Compare Pliny, JV. H 17, 166 with Varro, R. R. 1, 8, 2.)

15 fertur : middle in force.

eadem : brings up the subject to its verb. 16 claviculis: tendrils.

18 erratico : running loild.

ars agricolarum : abstract for concrete.

§ 53. 1. 20 in eis : sc. sarmentis. quae relicta sunt: which are left after pruning ; cf. Cato, R. R. 32 arbores hoc modo putenfur, ramiuti divaricentur quos 5 relinques ; et uti recte caedantur, et ne nimium crebri relin- quantur.

21 exsistit : springs up.

tamquam ad articulos : at ivhat one may call the joints. Cicero uses tamquam with words employed in a metaphorical or unusual sense. But in this case it is scarcely necessary, for articulus is the orclinary word for the knots or joints in a

cutting ; cf . Pliny, N. H. 17, 160, satos malleolos ... recidere ad imum articulum. 22 ea, quae: obtaintheir gender by attraction from gemma.

Cf . illud, § 35. gemma: bud or eye, which Pliny calls an oculus and Xeno- phon (Oecon. 19, 10) 6(pda\/m6s. This is the original meaning,

and not, as Cicero thought, gem, or jewel. Cf . Orat. 81, De Ora* tore, 3, 155. 140 CATO MAIOE.

25 nec . . . et : the Latin uses que, et, or ac to connect an affirmative with a preceding negative proposition when the thought is continued.

1 defendit : keeps otf.

2 fructu . . . aspectu : ablatives of specification.

3 utilitas : its profitableness to 7nan.

4 natura ipsa : the natural phenomena which it presents.

adminiculorum ordines : the rows of uprights ; for the trellis-work, see above on § 52.

5 capitum iugatio : for the meaning of iugatio see on § 52. Most editors refer capitum to the tops of the adminicula or uprights. G. Long (with whom I agree) explains it of the tops of the vines. Cato, R. R. 33, 4, seems to use capita as equiva-

' lent to plants.' Cf . also Verg. G. 2, 355.

religatio : the binding of the vine to the trellis. In the case of young vines, tying had to be carefully attended to in order to prevent the stalks' being broken, — Cato, R. R. 33, vineas novel- las alligato crebro ne caules perfringantur. Id. quae iam in perticam ibit eius pampinos teneros alligato leviter. Id. ubi uva varia fieri coeperit, vites subligatG. In the case of old vines

it was to prevent straggling : Id. vitem bene nodatam deligato recte, flexuosa uti ne sit susum vorsum semper ducito quod eius poteris. Cf . Pliny, iV. H. 17, 180 . . . tunc mergi adligarique,

ut sustineatur iugo, non pendeat : vinculo mox adstrictius a tertia gemma adligari, quoniam et sic coercetur impetvs

materiae, densioresque citra pampini exsultant : cacumen religari vetant. It took place after the pruning, Verg. G. 2, 416, iam vinctae vites iam falcem arbusta reponunt. propagatio vitium: propagation by layers (pro-pango). See above, § 52.

7 immissio : The meaning of this rare word is not quite plain. It has generally been explained as allowing to grow (' Wachsen- lassen,' Unger), referring to the shoots &pared by the pruning it knife (see § 53, quae relicta sunt, etc.) ; might therefore be translated setting. But Harper's Lat. Lex. explains it of grafting, for which the regular word is insitio. The former explanation seems more reasonable, as we have had no mention of grafting, and so important a subject would scarcely be brought in thus casually.

8 repastinationes : continual turning-up of the ground, the NOTES, 141

generalizing plural. pastinum, ' a two-pronged fork,' pitch-fork. Cf. Pliny, N. H 17, 169, solo spisso non nisi repastinato nec nisi viviradicem seri.

§ 54. 10 DIxI in eo libro : Cato's book De Re Rustica or De Agri Cultura contains many rules for making and using manure, as in c. xxviii. where he orders the farmer to divide his manure into halves, one to be used for the corn land, the other to be divided between the trees and the meadow land. Again, in cc. xxxvi.-vii. he gives rules for the particular manure which is best for its several uses. In c. lxi he says ' What is the first thing in agriculture ? Good ploughing. What second ? Plough- ing. Whatthird? Manuring.'

11 doctus Hesiodus : a fixed epithet of poets.

12 cum de cultura agri scriberet: though he wrote, i.e. in the"Ep7a kolL 'H^aepat, a kind of poetical farmer's guide.

14 fuit : = vixit; see § 21. Laerten: father of Odysseus (Ulysses), who is represented in the Odyssey, 24, 226, as living in retirement and cultivating a farm in his son's kingdom, the Island of Ithaca, while Odys- seus is absent at Troy and on his subsequent wanderings. lenientem: trying to subdue the grief ichich he zoas feeling from the absence of his son. Cf. note on dividenti, § 11.

15 eum stercorantem : Homer (Odyss. 24, 226) says nothing about Laertes' manuring the earth ; he says that he was Xio-rpeu- ovtol (pvrov, i.e. digging about the plants with a \io~Tpov (AiVcros, Xe?os), something of the same sort as the pastinum mentioned on 1. 8. But Cicero is probably quoting from memory ; and the two operations of breaking the ground around plants and dung- ing them go together : cf . Cato, R. R. 29, si ibi olea erit simul ablaqueato stercusque addito.

19 consitiones : planting in rows or in borders.

20 Insitiones : grafting. Cato {R. R. 40) gives directions for grafting of various trees, which he says ought to be performed

in the spring and in the afternocn, luna silenti (cf . Verg. Aen. 2, 255, tacitae per amica silentia lunae, but Pliny, N. H. 17, 111,

' reads luna sitiente, ' in dry weather ( ?)), and when there is no south wind blowing. For the two operations, cf. alia genera quarn plurima serito aut inserito (R. R. 7). '

142 CATO MAIOR.

CHAPTER XVI.

§ 55. 1. 4 provectus sum : / have been carried away.

5 ne ab omnibus eam vitiis videar vindicare : that I may not be thought to assert its freedom from all faults. For construction see § 46, § 52. (1) ' to assert a claim to/ hence, ' to assert any one's freedom from another,' Scipio rempublicam ex dominatu T. Gracchi in libertatem vindicavit, De Cl. Or. 212. ab ignotissimo Phryge nobilissimum civem vindicare, Pro Flac. 40. Hence in a moral sense, sapientia a libidinum impetu nos vindicat, De Fin. 1, 46. Hence the legal terms vindlciae ' a claim ' and vindicta ' manumission.' vindicare = (2) ' to punish or ' exact vengeance for,' T. Gracchi conatus perditos vindicavit, De Off. 1, 109; vindicare facinus, Pro Q. 28; or ' to declare worthy of punishment,' quae vindicaris in altero tibi fugienda sunt, Ven\ 3, 4. 6 in hac vita: in this kind of life, i.e. in agriculture.

8 Cuius quidem ego villam contemplans, etc. : cf . Plutarch,

Cat. 2. ' Now near Cato's own farm was the cottage that had belonged to Manius Curius who had celebrated three triumphs. He often walked to this cottage and contemplated the smallness of the farm and the meanness of the dwelling-house ; and he thought on the man's character, who after becoming the most famous man in Rome, after subduing the most warlike tribes, after having driven Pyrrhus from Italy, and after celebrating three triumphs, used to dig this little farm with his own hand and live in this cottage. And how that it was there that, as he sat by his fireside boiling his turnips, the envoys of the Samnites found him and offered him a large sum of gold : to whom he answered " that a man who could be content with such a dinner wanted no gold ; and that he thought it a more honorable thing to conquer those who had gold." Cato considering these things used to return and look over his own farm, his servants, and house, add to his labor and economize in all unnecessary expenditures.'

9 a me: i.e. a mea villa ; cf. the use of apud with the pronoun, § 3.

§ 56. 1. 15 Poteratne . . . non efficere : could it fail to render.

16 Sed venio ad : cf . note on redeo ad, § 32. .

NOTES. 143

18 L. Quinctio Cincinnato : the story is that in b.c. 458, when the Roinan army was in danger froni the Aequians, Cincinnatus was summoned while engaged in ploughing to become dictator. He ended the war in sixteen days. Again in 439 he served his country on a similar call (Livy, 3, 26) ; thus he is said to have been dictator twice, although Cicero refers to only one occasion. 1 dictatorem esse factum: we expect dlcere rather than facere, as the dictator was nominated by the consul, not elected. 2 cuius dictatoris iussu: by whose command ivhen dictator. The dictator, nominated by a consul on the command of the Senate, immediately superseded the authority of all other magistrates, and his £rst act was to nominate a magister equitum, to be second in command to himself 3 Gaius Servilius Ahala: Gaius Servilius Structus Ahala, master of the horse to the dictator Cincinnatus in b.c.440, by whose order he summoned Spurius Maelius, and on the latter's attempting to escape killed him. (Livy, 4, 14.) According to Cicero (Pro Dom. § 86) he was condemned for this by a vote of the centuries, and went into exile, but was af terwards restored to his full rights. Livy, however, asserts that though an attempt was made by a tribune called also Spurius Maelius to prosecute him, the attempt f ailed (4, 21) . Marcus Brutus, the assassin of Caesar, claimed to be descended from Ahala, whom Cicero often mentions (especially after Caesar's murder) with admiration as the slayer of a tyrant. See Phil. 2, §§ 26 and 87. Sp. Maelium: Spurius Maelius, an eques of great wealth, attempted by largesses of corn to relieve the poor at Rome, who were suffering from a famine in b.c. 440-439, and was accordingly accused by the patricians of aiming at kingly power. Cincinnatus was created dictator, and sent his master of the horse to summon Spurius to answer the charge. He sought the

protection of his partisans, and appealed to the people ; but was followed and slain by Ahala. This is Livy's story (4, 13-15), which is the same as that which Cicero knew and often referred to.

adpetentem : here causal in force.

4 occupatum interemit : surprised and killed; the notion conveyed by occupatum is that of his being taken off his guard, when engaged in his attempt. According to Livy (4, 14) Ahala killed Maelius in the midst of an appeal to a crowd among whom 144 JCA TO MAIOB. he had taken refuge, — haec eum vociferantem assecutus Ahala Servilius obtruncat. The participle is in place of a teraporal clause.

<>' viatores : summoners. These attendants were one of the classes oi' apparitores who waited on magistrates in Rome. They were organized in corporations. Lictorcs aud smftae formed other classes of apparitores.

7 agri cultione : see more common cxpression below, cultura agrorum. 8 haud scio an: / rather think; cf. § 74, incertum an = possibly.

i) officio : referring to the prac- opposed to delectatione } etc, tical side, i.e. practical b mefit.

12 ad cultum etiam de5rum : because fruits and victims were offered to the gods. Cato's treatise has also many rules for divine worship. When the master comes home, the first

thing he does is larem familiarem salutare (c. 2) ; he is to be thc priest in his own establishment, scito dominum pro tota familia rem divinamfacere (c. L43). The treatise also contains minute directions for the purification of the fields by a suovi- taurilia (c. 141); for appeasing the country gods ou disturbing

a lucus (c. L39) : Eor offerings to Silvanus in behalf of the oxen (c. 8*0, aud other such matters.

13 ut . . . redeamus : this is absolute, to become reeonciled

with. The governing clause must be supplied; cf. § 46, ne . . . videar (Gram. Ref.)j where we find similar construction and

similar sentiment, and § r>'_!.

quidam : those who bring the third charge against old age.

1 1 in gratiam redeamus : that we may become reconciled.

15 Semper enim . . . locuples est: Cato puts forward as the greal benefit o( agriculture its pius quaestus stabilissimusque

(h\ ti. L) ; aud he lays special stress on the necessity for the personal presence and attention of the paterfamiUas, the bonus assiduusque dominns of the text. When he comes to his country place he is to go round and examine everythin^, to tnspect the work doue. the state o( the slaves, the accounts of the bailiff (vilicus), the register of the vineyard and oliveyard, the rlocks, the implements, and the wool. H he does this frequently, /untfus Frons occi- melior crit. minus peccabiturt fructi plus capies. pitio prior est (R. B. ;>-4). NOTES. 145

17 porco . . . gallina: taken collectively.

18 Iam hortum . . . appellant: moreover, farmers themselves speaJc of their garden as their second flitch, i.e. that which they have in reserve. Cato (quoted by Gellius 13, 25) uses succi- diae in the sense of ' murder.' Varro (L.L. 5, 110) supposes it to be composed of sus, caedo, because the pig was the first aniraal killed and salted. But it seems more likely that being derived f rom sub and caed it is opposed to hostia praecidanea , ' the victim offered before a religious rite.' Cato, E. E. 134. Gellius, 4, 6. 19 Conditiora facit haec: gives these employments a relish; cf. condita, § 10.

20 supervacaneis operis aucupium atque venatio : fowling andhunting by the use of time free from routine icork, i.e. by means of labor that is over and above the ordinary toil of the farm. Cicero defines supervacaneus as usum non habens (N. D. 1, 100).

§ 57. 1. 23 Brevi praecidam : sc. sermonem, cf . Ad Her. 4, 67, si cum incipimus aliquid dicere praecidimus. Acad. 2, 133, praecide, inquit, statue aliquando quidlibet.

24 usu . . . ornatius : ablative of speciflcation. See n. xiv. § 53.

ad quem fruendum : this construction of fruendus with an accusative is perhaps a survival of the usage, which Plautus, Terence, and the older writers followed, of construing fungor, fruor, utor, etc, with either accusative or ablative. Thus Cato, E. E. 143, writes vicinas aliasque mulieres quam minimum utatur. In the later writers the usage seems conflned to the gerund, thus Ovid, Ep. 1, 50, writes virque carendus abest, and Ep. 20, 118, servetur facies istafruenda mihi.

3 salubrius : zoith greater regardfor health.

§58. 1.4 Sibi habeant: sc. adulescentes ; let the young by all means Tceep.

5 davam et pilam : the single-stick and ball. The clava was a wooden sword or club used in the sham flght with a palus or post set up to represent an adversary. (See Becker's Gall. p. 404.) The pila is put generally for several games of ball; for which see Becker, l.c. Plautus (Bacch. 3, 3, 24) enumerates these various forms of exercise with others :

Ibi cursu, luctando, hasta, disco, pugilatu,pila, saliendo sese exercebant. 146 CATO MAIOR.

5 natationes atque cursus : the swimming bath and the running path. Old men, as in the sentence above, will still enjoy the refreshment of the cold bath ; but swimming in the open bath or pond may be left to the young. Cursus refers to the common mode of exercise before plunging into the swimming bath. (Dr. Reid emends natationes by venationes ; but it will be noticed that Cato is enumerating the various forms of exercise, especially those taken just before the bath. Venatio is a country pursuit followed partly for exercise, indeed, but more for sport or the actual game obtained , and is hardly in place here (§ 56) ; though Laelius de Am. 74 would seem to favor it).

6 talos et tesseras : dice ; both words describe a particular kind of dice used in playing alea, representing the Greek acTTpdyakoi and kv(3ol respectively. Tali were marked on four faces 1 and 6, and 3 and 4, the other two being somewhat curved, and four were used in playing. Tesserae were like our modern dice, and three were employed in a game. See Becker's Gallus y p. 499, and Smith's Dict. of Antiq. It was a game entirely of chance, cf. Quid enim sors est? idem prope modum, quod micare, quod talos iacere, quod tesseras, quibus in rebus temeritas et casus, non ratio nec consilium valet. De Div. 2, 85.

7 id ipsum ut lubebit : nay, even that is just as they please. (The old reading utrum for ut was unintelligible. Dr. Reid conjectured ut, in which he had been anticipated by Henry Allen (Dublin, 1852), who is followed by G. Long. It appears also to be the reading of more than one Ms.) Sc. faciant.

CHAPTER XVII.

§ 59. 1. 9 Xenophontis librl : Xenophon, besides writing history, wrote smaller works on domestic economy, OIkovo{jllk6s; on horses, irepl 'Ittttlktjs^ and on hunting, KvvrjyerLKOs.

10 ut facitis : cf . Cic. Tusc. 2, 26, 62. Itaque semper Afri- canus Socraticum Xenophontem in manibus habebat.

11 qui . . . qui: the first relative clause is parenthetical, hence no connective.

' 12 Oeconomicus : the economist,' the man skilled in domestic economy, the management of an estate (ol/cos).

' 15 cum Critobulo : the dialogue Oeconomicus ' professes to NOTES. 147 be a report by Xenophon of a conversation which he heard between Socrates and Critobulus. The passage, of which Cicero gives an abbreviated translation, is as follows (Oecon.4, 20-25) :

ovros Toivvv 6 Kvpos XeyeTaL Avadvfipoo, ore r)Xdev dyoov avTcc

Ta rrapd toov av/j./udxoov dcopa, aXXa Te cpiXocppovelcrdai, . . . Kal tov

iv 'ZdpSeai irapddeiaov im^eLKvvvai avrbv ecpr/. iwe) 8e edav/ua£ev

avTOV 6 Avaavhpos oos KaXa /uev ra 8ev8pa eXr/, 8C icrov 5e rrdvTa irecpvTevfjLeva, opdol 5e ol cttlxol toov 8ev8poov, evyoovia 8e rrdvTa

KaXoos eirj, ocrual 8e woXXa\ Ka\ r]8e?aL av/xrrapo/xapTolev avTots

> irepLTTaTovcTL, Kal Tavra 6av/xd£oov elrrev ' aXX iyoo, ob Kvpe, rrdvTa fxev TavTa davud^oo iwl too KaXXeL, woXv 8e /xaXXov dyauai tov

KaTa/j.€Tpr)aavTos ctol kq\ SiaTa^avTOs eKaaTa tovtoov. aKovaavTa

oe TavTa tov Kvpov r)adr)vai re Kal elirelv ' TavTa Toivvv, do Avaav- 8pe, eyoo wdvTa Ka\ 8Le/xerprjaa koX 5ieVa|a, eaTL 6° avToov, & Kal

icpvTevaa avTos. Kal 6 Avaav8pos ecprj, aTrofiXexpas els avTOv ' Kal

ISoov toov re IjuaTioov to kcxXXos oov ei%e Ka\ tt)s ba/xr)s alado/uevos Ka\ toov aTpewToov Ka\ toov \peXioov to kclXXos Ka\ tov aXXov Koa/xov

ov eT%ez>, eiwe7v. . . . AiKaioos /uol BoKels, cv Kvpe, ev8ai/xoov eivai' ayadbs yap cvv uvr/p ev8aL/uove?s.

13 ut intellegatis : there is an ellipsis of the governing clause, as ' I say this that.' See note on ut redeamus, § 56. regale: icorthy of a king. Regale = quod regem decet, re~ gium = quod regis est, i.e. characteristic of kiDgs. — Meissner. 15 Critobulus, son of Criton, being addicted to pleasure and extravagance, was commended by his father to Socrates, that he might be cured of these vices by his teaching. He became a most devoted follower of Socrates, and was with him at his death. See Holden on Xen. Oecon. 1, 2. Cyrum minorem, Persarum regem: Cyrus the Younger, prince of the Persians. The younger son of Darius II (Nothus) was invested by his f ather with the provincial government or satrapy of Lydia, Greater Phrygia, and Cappadocia in b.c. 408-7, for the express purpose of taking energetic measures against Athens, a task which he carried on with energy for three years, supporting the Lacedaemonians with money and other aids. In 404, at the death of Darius, Artaxerxes, his brother, succeeded to the throne. Thereupon Cyrus collected a large army, 148 CATO MAIOR.

and in 401 started for Babylon to seize the Persian throne. He met his brother at Cnnaxa on the Euphrates and fell in battle. The Greek mercenaries who had really been the actors in the battle escaped under the command of Xenophon to the shore of the Black Sea at Trapezus, whence they returned to Greece. Xenophon, in Anabasis, 1, 9, describes Cyrus as a man of extraordinary talent and industry even from boyhood.

17 Lysander : a Spartan who was navarchus in b.c. 404, when he destroyed the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami. He was the son of Aristodicus, a man of good family but of small means. He did not become conspicuous until the second half of the Pelo- ponnesian War, i.e. after 415; but his movements after that time about the coast of Asia, his friendship with Cyrus, and the respect which his vigor and honesty inspired among the allies, contributed much to the fall of Athens. After Aegospotami he sailed leisurely to Athens and blockaded the. Piraeeus. In a few months he reduced it to surrender, and compelled the citizens to allow the long walls to be pulled down. It was under his infiuence that the Thirty Tyrants were set up in Athens, and if he had not been thwarted by the Spartan king he would in all probability have defeated the patriotic party in the Piraeeus, who under Thrasybulus drove the Thirty out. He f ell in battle at Haliartus fighting against the Thebans, in 395. Xen. Hell. 2, 2 and 3, 15, 16. See Plutarch's Life of Lysander.

18 Sardls : accusative plural, denoting limit of motion. 1 communeni atque humanum: affable and polite, Cicero's paraphrase of

4 proceritates : plural of abstract noun, because of the several trees. Cf . such an expression as adventus imperatormn, the arrival{s) of the generals.

5 derectos in quincuncem ordines : the rows of trees arranged JVOTES. 149 in the quincunx. In original meaning quincunx = quinque — unciae, i.e. five-twelfths of any unit. Cicero translates freely the Greek opdol ol crrixoi and evycbvia tt&ptcl by the idea of arrangement for trees prevalent in Italy. The quincunx was the arrangement of three rows so that the trees f ell into groups of five: ***** * * * *

Vergil (G. 2, 279 sq.) compares it to the method of arranging cohorts on the field of battle, the triplex acies of Caesar. 9 dimensa: the deponent dimetior has a pass. participle. Cf. adeptam, § 4 and note.

12 istarum arborum : of the trees you see before you.

14 auro multisque gemmis : ablatives of characteristic. The Persians wore gold bracelets and necklaces. The dead bodies cast ashore after the battle of Salamis were TrepiKeifievoL \pe\ia

Xpftra koll o-TpeirTovs, Plut. Tliemist. 18 ; and the ornatus Persi- cus, by which Cicero translates tlov IfxaTicov to /caXXos, was proverbial in Rome. So, when he wishes to describe a gorgeous feast, Horace says (C. 1, 38) Persicos odi, puer, apparatus, etc.

§ 60. 1. 18 impedit : sc. nos. This omission is regular after verbs of hindering with a quominus clause.

20 M. Valerium Corvinum : Marcus Valerius Corvinus, consul b.c. 348, 346, 343, 335, 300, 299, dictator 342, 301. This remarkable man got his name of Corvinus from his contest with a huge Gaul, in which he was assisted by a crow, corvus, which flew in the face of his antagonist, 346, Livy, 7, 26. He commanded with success against the Volscians, Samnites, and Etrus- cans. In 300 he brought in a law which confirmed, under more stringent sanctions, the right of the Roman citizen to pro- vocatio before suffering blows or death. According to Livy, 7, 25, he was twenty-three when first elected consul. His birth would therefore date in 372, and he would be in his seventy- fourth year in his sixth consulship. He lived nearly thirty years after this, dying about the year b.c. 267. Cicero mis- calculates the number of years between his first and last consulship.

21 perduxisse : sc. studia agri eolendi. :

150 CATO MAIOB.

22 esset = viveret. acta iam aetate: abl. absolute.

24 quantum spatium . . . voluerunt : at the age of forty-six a Roman was free from the obligation to military service, which began at seventeen. A man's age, therefore, was thus divided

1—17 puer, 17—30 adulescens (30 was the quaestorian age), 30—45 iuvenis, 45—60 senior, 60— senex.

25 senectutis initium : the aetas seniorum. Senectus is thus used in the general sense from forty-five years, while speaking exactly it began at sixty. See above and note, § 4. 1 cursus nonorum: the period during which he held ojftcial positions. Marcus Valerius Corvus was consul for the first time in b.c. 348, and for the sixth time in 299. But in the latter year he was in office for part of the year only, being consul suffectus on the death of T. Manlius Torquatus. But if we take his last (or fifth) complete consulship in 300, Cicero's calculation will be exactly right. The cursus honorum here applies simply to the consulship. It regularly denotes the official career, i.e. the quaestorship, aedileship or tribunate of the plebs, prae- torship, consulship. It had its widest application in the empire when it referred not only to the offices of the senatorial order, but to those of the equestrian order and those open to the plebs or lower class as well.

atque huius . . . minus: the last part of his life was happier than the middle, because he had more influence and less labor; meaning, I suppose, that his last two consulships, when he was more than eighty-five, must have been more honorary than active.

3 apex : properly the twig bound with wool set in the cap of the flamincs and salii. Here figuratively for the chief glory.

§61. 1.5 A. Atilio Calatino : Aulus Atilius Calatiims was consul in b.c. 258 and 251, and dictator 249, censor 247. His cognomen means an inhabitant of Calatia in Campania. In his first consulship he fought against the Carthaginians in Sicily with some success. In his second consulship he captured Panormus. Cicero {De Rep. 1, 1, 1) classes him with Duellius and Lucius Metellus as having freed Rome from the terror of Carthage. quanta: auctoritas. . :

NOTES. 151

in quem . . . elogium: in ivhose honor there exists this

inscription ; elogium is the term for a sepulchral honorary inscription or epitaph. Gk. eXeyelov. Do not translate as eulogy, which is laudatio.

6 plurimae . . . virum : the tomb of Calatinus with this inscription was on the Appian Road, see Tusc. 1, 13, an tu egressus porta Capena, cum Calatini, Scipionum, Serviliorum, Metello- rum sepulcra vides, miseros putas illos f In De Fln. 2, 11(3, the inscription begins Unum hunc, etc. It seems to have been a common formula on tombs. See the inscription on the tomb of

Lucius Scipio, which begins Honc . oino . ploirume . consentiont

. Bomai . duonoro . optumo . fuise . viro. That is, Hunc unimt plurimi consentiunt Eomae bonorum optumum fuisse virum. 7 populi: construe with virum, not gentes. carmen: the inscription. The old monumental inscriptions are in Saturnian verse, the old Italian metre, explained either (1) on the principle of quantity, or (2) on that of accentuation

\J_ 1 _^_ _Z- ^L _^ ^L ( / \ _/__ \J_ _/_ \J_ *" v_A_y ww ww ww vwwy \^u ww ww ww \au

{ a. xx xx xxx XXX XXX 2. \ 16. XX XX XXX X X X X XX

i.e. there are three theses in the first half and generally three in the second. Sometimes, too, in the latter case, there is an acru- sis in the second half 8 gravis: influential.

cuius de laudibus . . . esset: since he zoas one about whose praises.

9 esset consentiens : see note on agens aliquid, § 26. Quem virum nuper P. Crassum: the order indicating the construction is vidimus P. Crassum,pontifice7n maximum (esse) quem virum. Vidimus is used, like verbs of naming, making, taking, choosing, showing, with two accusatives.

10 nuper : the meaning depends on the context, like words in § 27. 11 M. Lepidum: M. Aemilius Lepidus was consul b.c. 187 and 175, pontifex maximus 180, censor 179, also princeps senatus for six times. He died 152. 12 Paulo: L. Aemilius Panlus. 152 CATO MAIOR.

13 Maximo: Q. Fabins Maximns, Cunctator, see §§ 10-12.

sententia . . . in nutu : not only when they gave a formal vote or made a set speech in the Senate, but when by look or gesture showed their opinion.

15 honorata : having held public ofS.ce.

CHAPTER XVIII.

' § 62. 1. 18 omni : not tota, which would mean my speech as a whole.'

19 fundamentls adulescentiae : subject. gen., the foundations whlch youth lays. That is to say, the habits of youth which secured a healthy body and vigorons mind for age. Cf. § 29.

3 quae se oratione defenderet : ifit required a speech in^elf- defence ; i.e. if it did not justify itself by patent facts, and so require no defence. (Some have proposed to read canitie for oratione.) The tense is in accord with dixi — as is usual in Latin — and not with effcitur. canl: sc. capilli. Reid compares calda (sc. aqua), laurea (sc. corona), natalis (sc. dies), Latinae (sc./eriae), etc.

4 repente : off-hand, without preparation; exactly in the same sense as that in which Terence uses the word when he says that people accused him of taking up play-writing without previons training, repente ad studium se adplicasse musicum. Ter. Haut. 23.

5 fructus auctoritatis : the genitive in apposition, the reward which consists in influence._

§ 63. 1. 7 levia atque communia : unimportant and common- place. Communisis used in a different sense in § 59. Here it means what is shared in by all, and which therefore possesses no special or individual value. 8 decedl adsurgl: to have place given on the road and to have people rise ivhen you come into a room. Impersonal use.

deducl reducl : to bs conducted to andfrom public places by friends and clients. Lahmeyer quotes Valer. Max. 2, 1, 9, iuvenes senatus die utique aliqu°m ex patribus conscriptis ad curiam deducebant, affixique valvis exspectabant, donec redu- cendi etiam officio funjerentur. See also Laelius de Am. § 12. 9 optime morata = cum optimis moribus. The mores of a NOTES. 153 state are the unwritten habits and customs which accompany and cause good laws. So, in an individual, bene moratus is not only a good man, but one whose goodness is practically displayed in his habits. Cf. De Or. 3, 181, probus, bene moratus, et bonus vir.

12 Lacedaemonem : Sparta. 15 Quin etiam memoriae proditum est: I do not know where Cicero got this famous story. It reads as though he were translating. The contrast between the Spartans and Athenians in their treatment of the aged is referred to by Socrates in Xen. Mem. 3, 5, 15.

ludis : this ablative denotes the time. The games alluded to were those in honor of Athena, held every four years in July.

18 qui legati cum essent, certo in loco consederant : who as ambassadors had taken their seats in the place reserved for them. Special seats in the theatre at Athens were assigned as a mark of honor to various persons and for various reasons, and among others to foreign ambassadors. See the passages quoted by Liddell and Scott, s.v. Trpoedpia.

§ 64. 1. 22 multiplex : again and again renewed.

22 dixisse . . . quendam: the indirect discourse is interrupted at qui, but controls again in the next sentence. Dixisse is continued with proditum est.

23 in nostro collegio : i.e. the college of augurs. That Cato was a member of the college is probable, though it is not mentioned by other authors. 25 antecedit: sc. alios.

sententiae principatum : the right of giving his vote jirst. In the Senate the consulares were asked for their sententiae in order of seniority, not strictly of age, but of office. 1 honore: i.e. as to office.

2 qui cum imperio sunt : those ivho have imperium, i.e. those holding offices to which imperium is attached; i.e. consuls and praetors. Election to office by the centuries or tribes gave those elected potestas, the amount of which differed in the difTerent offices. But imperium could only be bestowed by the formal vote of the comitia curiata, a vote which was only taken for the higher officers. A man thus armed was said cum imperio esse, or when actually engaged in administering the office in the city in imperio esse. .

154 CATO MAIOR.

3 quae sunt voluptates . . . comparandae : what are the sensual pleasures which can be compared f etc. Cf . note on §50. 4 praemiis auctoritatis: the reward of influence, the reward which is personal influence, a genitive in apposition. 5 Quibus: sc. praemiis auctoritatis. Cf. § 60, adfin.

6 fabulam aetatis : the drama of life. See § 5.

7 corruisse : to have broken down, and so be hissed off the stage (explosus)

nistriones : histrio is from an Etruscan word hister, Latin- ized on the analogy of ludio, the earliest actors having been brought from Etruria. When the rough dances and songs of the early Roman stage were improved by the introduction of Greek plays, the actors were naturally often spoken of by a Greek name. Hence Cicero (Pro Rosc. Com. 30) contrasts a pessimus histrio with a bonus comoedus.

§ 65. 1. 9 At : see on §§ 21, 33, 35, 44, 47. difficiles: cf. § 7, adfin.

10 si quaerimus : if we seeJc the truth ; colloquial, like if we really tvant to know.

morum : of character. Cf. § 7. 11 morositas: Cicero (Tusc. 4, 54) derives morosus from mores, which would give the idea of whimsical, humorous.

Plautus ( Trin. 3, 2, 43) , after his manner, plays on the similarity of sound, amor mores hominum moros et morosos efficit.

12 habent aliquid excusationis : can offer a plea for themselves.

13 non illius quidem iustae : not indeed that it is a valid one. Cf. de morte Clodii fuit quaestio, — non satis prudenter illa quidem constituta, Phil. 2, 22.

15 omnis offensio : any and every collision. Offensio is used passively, a being struck.

odiosa : causes afeeling of annoyance. Cf. § 4.

17 bonis : with moribus and artibus. See note, § 1, on animi tui.

artibus : accomplishments, such as are obtained by education or training. See on § 9.

18 ex eis fratribus : of the two brothers who are the heroes of Terence's Adelphoe, i.e. the two old men Micio and Demea, the former representing the over-indulgent, the latter the stern and . : : :

NOTES. 155 harsh parent. Demea thus describes himself and his brother

(Adelph, 864) :

Ille (Micio) suam egit semper vitam in otio, in conviviis, Clemens, placidus, nulli laedere os, adridere omnibus

Ego ille agrestis, saevos, tristis, parcus, iruculentus, tenax.

19 diritas : harshness. Others read duritas, which, meaning cruelty, is extreme for Demea, described in preceding note. comitas: the character of Micio shown in preceding note.

21 coacescit : is converted into vinegar, or turns thoroughly sour. Cato (R. R. 108) gives a recipe for ascertaining whether wine will last, by boiling some with pearl barley : next morning si subacidum erit, non durabit.

Severitatem . . . acerbitatem : seriousness, sourness.

§ 66. 1. 2 avaritia senilis : avarice in an old man ; perhaps as he has quoted the Adelphoe, he is thinking of these lines 5, 3, 48.

Ad omnia alia aetate sapimus rectius Solum unum hoc vitium fert senectus hominibus Adtentiores sumus ad rem omnes, quam sat est.

Cf. Thucyd. 2, 44, 5, ro (Pi\6tl/jlov ayqpoov fxbvov, kclI ovk iv rcp dx/oeta; rijs 7]\lkl

CHAPTER XIX.

6 Quarta restat causa: cf. § 15, quartam (causam) quod haud procul absit (senectus) a morte.

' 7 sollicitam habere : for the stress laid on the maintenance of the result ' by the use of habere with acc. of perf . participle passive, see gram. reference.

9 esse longe : here for abesse, which some read. n q sub unctives of characteristic. • 3 13 ubi Xt futSs I : ;

156 CATO MAIOR.

10 quae aut . . . aeternus : the two alternatives as to death, that it is ' annihilation,' and so not to be feared, or the beginning of ' eternal happiness,' and so to be desired, were discnssed by Cicero in the rlrst book of the Tusculan Disputations, written the year before this.

12 deducit : cf . note § 63.

13 atqul refers to non viderit : and yet he ought to know that these are the only altematives.

tertium : the third possibility,, viz. that death is not annihilation but begins a life of pain, is dismissed by Cicero, Tusc. 1, § 10. Shakespeare hit the true cause of hesitation better in Hamlet, 3, 1 1 To die, to sleep;

To sleep perchance to dream : ay, there's the rub ; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,

Must give us pause ; there's the respect That makes calamity of so long life.'

§ 67. 1. 1 non miser : to be taken closely together, either not miserable or happy.

3 quis est tam stultus . . . cui sit exploratum : who is so stupid as tofeel certain ; the consecutive subjunctive, the relative standing for ut ei.

4 ad vesperum : when evening comes. For declension of vesper, see G. & L. 68, 10. With ad, sub, in, the form vesperum is generally used, not vespera (Reid).

5 aetas illa : looking back to adulescens.

6 casus mortis : fatal accidents, mischances leading to death. The genitive may be regarded as the genitive of the object, as thoughthe sentence were ea quae casu mortem ferre possint. 8 quod nl: guod = et id.

mens . . . ratio : see on mente, § 41.

10 qul sl nulll: see qui pauci (gram. ref. § 46) ; but nulli here has about the value of non, if they had not existed. For the use of nullus for the simple negative, cf. De Nat. D. 1, 65,

atomorum . . . quae primum nullae sunt . It is not uncommon in poetry, e.g. cum rogaberis nulla, when you shall not be

solicited at all, Catull. 8, 14; si nullum foret, Lucr. 1, 427 ; and often in Plautus (e.g. 2^d.4,4,91, Trin. 3, 1, 5, As 2, 4, 2). It '

NOTES. 157 perhaps differs in point of strength from non as in French point from pas.

12 Sed redeo ad : cf . § 32.

13 crimen senectutis : a charge against olcl age. Objective genitive.

cum . . . cum: preposition and conjnnction in close proxim- ity. Cf. §4. § 68. 1. 14 in optimo filio: Cato lost his elder son when the young man was praetor elect in b.c. 152. The manner in which he bore the loss is alluded to with admiration in Laelius de Am. § 9. Cf. § 15. 15 tu: sc. sensisti. in exspectatis ad amplissimam dignitatem fratribus tuls,

Scipio : in the case of your brothers, lohose aclvent to the highest rank was lookedfor. Exspectatus is a participial adj., followed by ad and acc. like aptus. This refers to the two younger brothers of Scipio Africanus minor, that is to the two younger sons of Lucius Aemilius Paulus ; one of whom died five days before his father celebrated his triumph over Macedonia, and the other three days after it, b.c. 168-7. The ' highest rank refers to their joining in their father's triumph, with the prospect of rising to the consulship themselves, Livy, 45, 40. The younger, who died flrst was twelve, the elder fourteen. It was a special blow to Aemilius, because, as both his two elder sons had been adopted into other gentes, i.e. by Scipio and Fabius, these two boys were the only heirs of his name and honors. 17 At: but you will say, see §§ 21, 33, 35, etc.

18 quod . . . idem: the very hope which the old man cannot possess ; take idem with quod.

20 At . . . at: note objection and answer introduced by same- conjunction ; cf . § 35.

2 ille . . . hlc: ille looks to the adulescens as more remote in thought; hic, to the senex as nearer in thought. See gram. ref.

§ 69. 1. 3 Quamquam : corrective = and yet. Cf . i. § 1, and" elsewhere.

4 Da enim summum tempus : for grant the longest possibU period of life. •

5 Tartessiorum : the people of Tartessus, in Spain. Tartessus is the name of the region about the mouth of the Baetis (Gua~ 158 CATO MAIOR. dalquivir), in which the Phoenicians planted colonies and carried on a considerable trade. It is the Tarshish of Scripture. 6 Gadibus: Gades (Cadiz), the principal city of the country Tartessus, was situated on a small island (Isla de Leon) joined to the coast by a bridge. It was originally a Phoenician settle- ment, made an alliance with Rome b.c. 212, and was raised to the status of municipium by Augustus. It was very wealthy, and an important seat of commerce. See Pro Balb. §§ 34 and 39.

ut scriptum video : Cato, or Cicero, had seen it in Herodotus

(1, 163) : ervpdvvevae 8e Tapr-qacrov oydiOKOvra erea, eftiucre 5e irdvra etKoo~i Kal eKarbv.

9 aliquid extremum : see note § 5. 10 tantum: only so much, restrictive as in § 36.

14 quid sequatur : ivhat the future may be, or simply, the future.

§ 70. 1. 16 Neque enim . . . fabula : an actor,for instance, need not wait to the end of the play for his applause, so long as (modo) he gains approbation for the particular act in which he is engaged.

18 neque sapientibus : so a philosopher need not stay to the last moment. The two limbs of the comparison are introduced by neque . . . neque. The philosopher is compared to an actor who has a certain part to play in the drama of life ; when that is over, if he is wise, he will be content to leave the stage and not try to see what it is the business of other actors to perform.

' ' ad Plaudite : i.e. to the last word of the play, which was concluded by the cantor advancing and saying this word. See the close of the six comedies of Terence. Cf. Hor. A. P. 155, Si plausoris eges aulaea manentis, et usque Sessuri donec cantor

Vos Plaudite dicat ; where see Professor Wilkins' note.

:20 processerit : the subject is sapiens or perhaps aetas.

: 21 longius : sc. aetate if sapiens is taken as subject. 23 Ver enim tamquam adulescentiam significat: for spring means a time of adolescence, so to speak. Tamquam shows that Cicero is using adulescentiam not quite in the ordinary sense,

' but in the sense of its derivation, a time of growth ' : so that by saying ' spring means adulescentia,' he appears to refer to some f derivation of ver. Varro (Cicero's contemporary) derives it from virere, — quod tum virere incipiunt virgulta; or from NOTES. 159 vertere, — (quod tum incipit) vertere se tempus anni. Ci.florens aetas — ' youth,' § 20. (Some editors read adulescentia, which does not appear to make the sense easier.)

2 percipiendis : cf . § 24.

§ 71. 1. 3 ut saepe dixi : §§ 17, 60, 61.

4 secundum naturam : K ara (pv

contingit : falls to the lot of, used here in a neutral sense, not, as it usually is, in a good sense as opposed to accidit.

adversante . . . natura: abl. absolute with concessive force.

9 aquae multitudine : by a mass ofwater.

11 consumptus lgnis : Jire tuhen it has burned out.

12 quasi : here in sense of sicut or quem admodum. The indicative depending directly on quasi is uncommon. ' When tamquam and quasi are used in direct comparison, with the indicative, the verbs in both clauses are apt to be the same, in which case the verb with quasi or tamquam is usually omitted in model prose/ (G. & L. 602, n. 1.)

si . . . si : we expect sl . . . sin : as in § 85. 17 ex longa navigatione: after a long voyage,-

CHAPTER XX.

§ 72. 1.1. senectutis : see note on ii. § 4.

est certus terminus : for the limits of the various ages in a man's life, see § 60.

2 quoad . . . contemnere : as long as a man (i.e. senex) can carry on and support the burden of his duties and # death. 160 CATO MAIOB.

[mortemque contemnere has been altered in various ways and seems singularly out of place. The point of the sentence is not that old men can despise death, but that they have good reason for living, as long as they can perform their duties.] munus offici: see note § 29.

5 Hoc illud est : this is the meaning of the famous answer of Solon to the tyrant Pislstratus. Pisistrato: Pisistratus, son of Hippocrates, having distinguished himself in early life in war, made himself tyrannus of Athens about the year b.c. 560 by the trick described in He- rodotus (1, 59). Athens was divided, as all Greek states were, between a party of democrats and oligarchs. The democratic party seem to have been called viraKpLOL (highlanders), the oligarchical party the wapdXLOL (men of the seacoast) . Having wounded himself, Pisistratus drove in a mule chariot into the town, declared that he had been assaulted by the oligarchs, and asked for a guard, which the citizens gave him. By their help he made himself tyrannus. Both parties, however, presently united to drive him out, and he was away from Athens for ten years. In 542 he returned to Athens and remained in power until his death, 527, at an advanced age (Thucyd. 6, 54, 2). Thucydides says that the power of Pisistratus and his sons was exercised with moderation, and was never burdensome to the people, but used with virtue and intelligence. He was connected with Solon, and seems to have enforced his laws. He began the great temple of Zeus, improved the water supply of the town, patronized literature, founded a library, and is said to have caused the Homeric poems to be collected and edited. See also Plut. Solon, 30-31.

6 qua tandem re : on ivhat possible siipport did he rely that he so courageously reslsted him f Tandem is often used in emphatic questions, as the famous openingof the speech against Catiline,

Quousque tanclem, etc. ; cf. hoc per ipsos deos quale tandem est?

N. D. 1, 106. Cf . Plut. Solon, c. 31, iirl tovtols ttoWlov vovdeTovv- tlov olvtov cts dirodavov/JLevov virb tov Tvpdvvov Kal irvvdavofjLevLov

tIvl TTLLTTevcov ovtlos diTovoeLTaL ' tQ 7?7/oa, eiirev. Plutarch may the very likely have taken it from Cicero ; though he represents answer as given, not to Pisistratus, but to friends of Solon.

' The tyranny ' of Pisistratus and his sons began in 560 and

' lasted with interruptions until 510. A Greek tyrant ' has ,

NOTES. 161

been perhaps best defined by E. A. Freeman as ' one who exercises regal functions in a state where royalty is not recog- nized by the laws.'

7 audaciter : archaic and rare form. See Neue, Formenlehre, 12,662.

9 integra mente certlsque sensibus : abl. abs. with temporal force.

10 ipsa suum eadem quae : the Latin fondness for collocation of pronouus. See ea ipsa mihi, § 26.

coagmentavit . . . congliitinavit : Tischer shows that Cicero is fond of such metaphors ; thus, conglutinare rem (Or. 1, 188) ; amicitias (Laelius de Am. 32) concordiam (Ad. Att. 1, 17, 10). 13 Iam omnis: iam is not temporal, but introduces another step in the illustrative argument.

1 reliquum : note the substantive use and the modifyiug adjective and genitive. Cf. extremum above.

. 2 sine causa: the inference is that suicide is justifiable under certain circumstances. This was a doctrine of the Stoics. 3 vetatque Pythagoras: Plato (Phaedo, vi.) enunciates this doctrine, ev tlvl cppovpa eapLev ol dvdpcoiroL kclI ov 8el 8i] eavrbv eK ravT7]s \veiv ov8" a7ro8i8pd(rK€Lv, which Cicero repeats in Somn. Scip. 7, and Tusc. 1, 74. Cf. also Plato, Apol. 17, and Phaedo,

61, 62 ; also Tennyson's Lucretius :

' Whether I mean this day to end myself Or lend an ear to Plato where he says, That men like soldiers may not quit the post Allotted by the gods.'

The Stoics, on the other hand, held that in certain circumstances suicide was not only justifiable, but that the power of quitting life was one of the conditions of the wise man's independence of externals. See Zeller, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, p. 316.

§ 73. 1. 4 Solonis . . . elogium est : there is an epigram of

Solon's. In § 61 elogium meant an inscription on a tomb ; here it stands for a couplet or short epigram of the same nature. The couplet preserved by Plutarch in his comparison of Solon and Publicola is

fi7}8'' efxol 8.Kkav

162 CATO MAIOR.

Cicero translates it in Tusc. 1, 117:

Mors mea ne careat lacrimis ; Unquamus amicis Maerorem, ut celebrent funera cum gemitu.

Cicero's criticism seems to be the just one, — that Solon in these lines means merely to express a hope that he may be dear to his friends and therefore be regretted by them, the natural thought which Byron cynically rejects in the lines beginning 'When time, or soon or late, shall bring,' etc.

' No band of friends or heirs be there To weep, or wish, the coming blow; No maiden, with dishevelled hair, To feel, or feign, decorous woe.

' But silent let me sink to earth, With no officious mourners near I would not mar one hour of mirth, Nor startle friendship with a tear.'

The aspiration of Ennius has no such cynicism in it, but con- veys the proud consciousness of achievements which will secure his fame. 7 haud scio an: Irather think. See gram. ref. § 56.

8 Ennius : sc. dixerit. Cf . note, § 3.

9 Nemo me, etc. : this epigram, which Cicero often quotes, and which he again, in Tusc. 1, 34, contrasts with Solon's words, is thus completed

Aspicite, o cives, senis Enni imaginisformam! Hic vestrum panxit maxima facta patrum. Nemo me lacrimis decoret nec funera fletu Faxit. Cur? Volito vivos per oravirum.

10 Faxit : the subject is quisquam supplied from nemo. For form, see gram. ref. and note, § 1.

§74. 1.12 Iam : moreover.

sensus moriendi : the actual sensation of dying. Cf . Laelius de Am. 12, sensuni monendi celeritas abtulit.

aliquis esse potest : there may be some. NOTES. 163

13 isque: and yet, but only. Adversative force of que, like et for et tamen. 14 aut optandus aut nullus est: sc. sensus. Consciousness after death ?nust be either desirable or non-existent. A third possibility he has already declared inconceivable, § (36, quae aut plane neglegenda aut optanda.

15 ab adulescentia : from our youth upward. meditatum: prepared and rehearsed, a metaphor from the stage or the schools trausferred to thought. A coutempt of death is a thiug to be early aud thoroughly mastered, as a boy masters a rhet jrical task or an actor a part, that it may be, as it were, a second nature. Note meditatum used passively as acceptam, § 4, and dimensa, § 59. 18 incertum an: p^ossibly. Cf. haud scio an, § 56. (G. & L. 457, 2.) hoc ipso die: on the very day on ivhich you are speaking. 20 qul: hoio zoill any one be able*

§75. 1. 20nonita: notvery. Usedbefore adjectives; before verbs the phrase in use is non ita valde (Reid). Cato illus- trates this position by quoting a number of famous names of those who have from one motive or another deliberately braved death. If men in the prime of life and often with no aid from philosophy can thus overcome the fear of death, why should old men, and men instructed, be its slave? The argument is not conclusive. These instances merely show that there are some motives strong enough to overcome the fear of death.

' This is what Bacon says : There is no passion in the mind of man so weak but it mates and masters the fear of death. . . .

Revenge love slights it ; triumphs over death ; honor aspireth to it; grief tLieth to it ; fear pre-occupateth it.' But all this does not prove that in itself death is not an evil (though it may be the less of two evils) and an object of terror and aversion to human nature.

22 L. Brutum : Lucius Junius Brutus, the famous patriot who, according to the common story detailed by all ancient writers, drove the Tarquins from Rome, and was himself the first consui, 509. Livy calls him the son of Tarquinia, sister of Superbus. His elder brother having been killed by that king, he feigned idiocy to escape the same fate. After the outrage on Lucretia he threw off his disguise, aud took the lead in the expulsion of 164 CATO MAIOR. the kings. He fell in battle against the people of Veii and Tarquinii, who had invaded the Roman territory in order to reinstate the Tarquins. (Livy, 1, 56-2, 6.) The story is full of difficulties, as are all old stories before the age of written records (and often after that age as well) . But it seems to be acknowledged that there was such a person as Brutus, and that he was magister celerum, or commander of the horse. Cicero constantly refers to him, because of his services to libertas, and M. Brutus as well as Decimus, who helped to assassinate Caesar, claimed to be his descendant. 24 M. Atilmm: this is the famous Regulus, consul b.c. 267 and 256. The story here referred to is that of his voluntary return to Carthage and his death there with torture. The earliest authority for these particulars is Cicero himself. (De Off. 1, 39; 3, 99; Phil. 2, 9.) Polybius (1, 29-37) gives an account of Regulus' campaign in Africa and his capture, but does not mention this stfry. But whether true or false, the story is often referred to by Roman writers as an illustration of unselfish devotion to truth and honor. Cf. Horace, C. 3, 5, 41-56. 4 conlegae: his colleague in the consulship, C. Terentius Varro, by whose rashness the battle of Cannae was fought on ground unfavorable to the Romans, b.c. 216. Livy, 22, 45-50.

5 M. Marcellum : Marcus Claudius Marcellus, consul b.c. 222, 215, 214, 210, 208. Of this man Cicero says that he broke the back of the Second Punic War (De Bep. 1,1, 1). His services were for the most part in Sicily, where a festival to his honor was long kept up in Syracuse called Map/ceXXela (Verr. 2, 51). In his second consulship, to which he was elected after the fall of one of the consuls at Cannae, he obtained some success against Hannibal at Nola. In his third consulship he was sent to Sicily, where he remained between two and three years, and took Leon- tini and other cities, and fmally, in 212, Syracuse, after a long siege in which Archimedes aided the besieged by his inventive genius. On returning to Rome he was refused a regular triumph on the technical ground that his having handed his army over to a successor showed tbat the war was not finished, an objection not made on a subsequent occasion to the triumph of Acilius. As a compromise he had a triumph on the Alban Mount, and an ovation in the city. In 208, when he was again consul, he NOTES. 165 was outwitted by Hannibal near Canusium and fell. He was somewhat over sixty years old at his death.

cuius interitum : abstract f or concrete, ivhom ivhen dead.

i) ne crudelissimus quidem hostis: sc. Hannibal. Cicero always adopts the popular view of Hannibal's cruelty and treachery, as in Laelius de Am. § 28, alterum (Ilannibalem) propter crudelitatem semper haec civitas oderit. But this Roman view is not justifled by facts. In this particular instance, when in 208 Marcellus was killed in a skirmish near Venusia, Hannibal treated his dead enemy with respect, order- ing him to receive a soldier's funeral.

8 quod scripsi in Originibus : for Cato's Origines see Intro- duction. Cicero quotes this sentence from the fourth book of the Origines again in Tusc. 1, 42, 101.

9 unde . . . arbitrarentur : thesubjunctivebecausetheclause is subordinate in oratio obliqua or as characteristic, depending on the indennite eum locum. Jordan, in his editioii of the fragments of Cato, quotes Seneca, Epist. 82, 22, quid dux ille Ro- manus qui ad occupandum locum milites missos . . . sic elocutus est : 'ire, commilitones , illo necesse est unde redire non est necesse. , In another fragment of the same book of the Origines (quoted by Aulus Gellius, 3, 7) an instance of such conduct on the part of Roman soldiers is narrated as having happened in Sicily during the First Punic War, where a military tribune, Quintus Caedicius, led 500 men to occupy some heights where they were certain to be surrounded and cut to pieces. Cf . Livy,

Epit. 17 ; Zonar. 8, 12.

§ 76. 1. 12 Omnino : assuredhj, here aflirmative, § 9. The concessive use is seen in § 28.

13 studiorum . . . satietatem: the argument is,just as each period of our lives has its distinctive pursuits which ive do not feel the lack of in the next period ; so the time comes when all pursuits or tastes are things of the past, and then ive have had enough of life, and can leave it ivith as little regret as we have left each stage ofit before.

14 pueritiae . . . senectute : see note on § 4.

16 constans : settled, cf . § 33.

17 eius aetatis : i.e. old age.

21 quod cum evenit : and as soon as that happens.

satietas vitae, etc. : this philosophy, so reasonable on : :

166 CATO MAIOB.

paper, is unfortunately refuted by the fact that it seldom happens that men, however old, think themselves to have had everything out of their life which it is possible to gain. They are not therefore ready to go, even omitting the fear and uncer- tainty as to what follows death

Indefit, ut raro qui se vixisse beatum Dicat, et exacto contentus tempore vitae Cedat uti conviva satur, reperire queamus.

Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 118.

CHAPTER XXI.

§ 77. 1. 2 cernere : here of mental vision, as in § 82.

3 quo ab ea propius absum : the nearer I am to it ; mark the Latin idiom. 4 vestros patres: Aemilius Paulus (§ 15) and C. Laelius, consul b.c. 190. The latter served under Africanus the elder, as commander of cavalry at Zama. 5 vivere arbitror: I think they are living. For Cicero's belief in the immortality of the soul, see Laelius de Am. §13-14; Tusc. 1,21-23.

et eam quidem vitam : cognate accusative ; and the life too ivhich alone can be so called. For this use of is quidem, see Vocabulary.

7 compagibus corporis : cf . Laelius de Am. 14, id si ita est ut optimi cuiusque animus in morte facillime evolet tamquam e custodia vinculisque corporis.

9 domicilio : real home. This word is compounded of domus, and the root cel- which appears in cel-o and cella, and gives the idea of private and particular residence, cf . § 63. For the notion that our souls have been sent down from heaven to inhabit human bodies, cf. Tusc. 1, 58, — where Cicero argues that what we call learning is a recollection on the part of the soul — neque ea plane videt animus, cum repente in tam insolitum tamque perturbatum domicilium immigravit, sed cum se conlegit atque recreavit, tum agnoscit illa reminiscendo. With which we may compare Wordsworth's memorable lines:

1 Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting The soul that rises with us, our life's star, ;

NOTES. 167

Hath had elsewhere its setting, And cometh f rom afar Not in entire forgetfulness, And not in utter nakedness, But trailing clouds of glory do we come From God who is our home.'

13 ut essent qui terras tuerentur : that there might be persons to look after the world. The plural tei^rae, ' the lands/ stands for the world as occupied by mankind, the orbis terrarum. 14 caelestium: sc. rerum, so, the heavenly boclies.

15 vltae modo atque constantia : the idea is the restriction or moderation and the consequent unvariableness. Cf . Cicero, De Nat. Deorum, 2, 14, 37, and Tusc. 1, 28, 69. Anaxagoras, in answer to the question, for what end he was born, answered ' to contemplate the sun, moon, and heavens.' (Diogenes Laertius, Life of Anaxagoras.) The constantia is illustrated by Marcus Antoninus (xi. 27, Long's translation). ' The Pythagoreans bid us in the morning look to the heavens that we may be reminded of those bodies which continually do the same things and in the same manner perform their work.'

16 ut ita crederem : to believe thus. § 78. 1. 3 Audiebam: I used to be told, i.e. when listening to lectures on philosophy. Pythagoreosque incolas paene nostros: Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century b.c, settled in Crotona, near Taren- tum, and there his disciples formed a large school or sect. They were called Italici Philosophi as distinguished from the schools which sprang up later in Greece. 4 quiessent: inasmuch as they ivere.

5 ex universa mente divina dellbatos : that ive have souls which are but gleanings of the Universal Divine Intelligence. The metaphor suggested by delibatos is that of a stream or sheet of water, from which small draughts or sips are taken. The doctrine of the animus mundi, of which all living souls are but offshoots, was adopted from the Pythagoreans by the Platonists and Stoics. References will be found to it in Vergil, G. 4, 221 sq. Deum namque ire per omnes

terrasque tractusque maris caelumque profundum ; : :

168 CATO MAIOB.

hinc pecudes, armenta, viros, genus omne ferarum quemque sibi tenues nascentem arcessere vitas.

So also in Aen. 6, 724 sq. Cicero often refers to it, as in Tusc. 5, 13, 38, humanus animus, decerptus ex mente divina. And in his poem on his consnlship, qnoted in De Div. 1, 11, 17

Principio aetherio flammatus Iuppiter igni Vertitur, et totum conlustrat lumine mundum, Menteque clivina caelum terrasque petessit Quae penitus sensus hominum vitasque retentat Aetheris aeterni saepta atque inclusa cavernis.

Thns too Horace (Sat. 2, 2, 79) calls the soul divinae particu- lam aurae, where see Mr. A. Palmer's note.

7 quae Socrates supremo die : the argumeyits which Socrates

had used on the last day of his life, i.e. as given inthe Phaedo ; but the passage that follows introduced by the argument based on the soul's capability, celeritas, memoria, etc, is a combination of passages from the Phaedo and from the Phaedrus. The proofs of the immortality of the soul are

' 1, its self-motion ' (Phaedrus), cumque semper agitetur animus, 1. 15. 2, its 'simplicity' (Phaedo), et cum simplex animi natura

esset, 1. 18.

' ' 3, its faculty of reminiscence (Phaedo and Meno) , homines scire pleraqui ante quam nati sint, 1. 22.

9 qul esset . . . Apollinis iudicatus: cf. Laelius de Am. 1, Athenis unum accepimus (i.e. in numero sapientium), et eum quidem etiam Apollinis oraculo sapientissimum iudicatum, i.e.

in the oracular response given to Chaerephon. Cf . Plato's Apol- ogy, 5.

10 Quid multa : for omission of verb of saying, see § 3.

Sic : looking to what follows.

11 celeritas animorum : cf. Tusc. 1, 19, 43, nulla est celeritas quae posslt cum animi celeritate contendere.

12 memoria . . . prudentia : note chiasmus ; do not trauslate as 'prudence.'

13 tantae scientiae : taken variously as nom. plural because of its close relation with artes and inventa, although rarely found NOTES. 169

in plural, also as gen. depending on artes. The former is the simpler.

15 cumque semper agitetur . . . relicturus : cf . Phaedrus, 245 c:

^vxh ivaaa addvaros. rb yap aeLKLvrjrov addvarov' rb 6° a\\o klvovv Ka\ vn aWov KLVov/uevov, rrav\av e^ov KLvrjcreoos, iravKav e^ei fav s ' fu6vov or) rb avrb klvovv, are ovk aTro\e7irov eavrb, ov irore \r)yeL KLvovjuevov, k. r. \.

The whole passage is translated in Tusc. 1, 23, 53, and Somn. Scip. 18, 9.

16 se ipse : cf . § 4.

ne . . . quidem : with force of neither, as in § 76.

18 et cum simplex animi natura esset : and since the nature of the soul was not composite. The past tense is noticeable here as in haberet and posset, and is in accord with the tense persuasi, although verbs in the present tense intervene. The change may be due to confusion in referring to beliefs set forth in ancient writers but still held to-day, or, according to Sommerbrodt, such changes occur more frequently where the authors mentioned belong to the past and their writings to the present. See Phaedo, 78 C, ap" ovv rcv /uev ^vvreOevri re Kal ^vvOercp ovri cpvcrei Trpoo~r)K€L rovro -ndox eiv OLaipedrjvaL ravrrj rjrrep ^vveredr)' el 8e ri rvyxdveL ov a^vvOerov, rovrcv fuovcp rrpocrrjKei /ur) rrdcTX^ lv ravra elrrep rcc aWfo.

21 magnoque argumento . . . reminisci et recordari: and that the fact that when human beings are assigned as boys to studying difficult subjects they acquire countless facts so quiclcly as to make it appear that they are not receiving them for the Jirst time but remembering and recalling them, is a strong proof that, as to most things, they have pre-natal knoicledge. Cato is stating briefly the argument of Plato for the previous existence of the soul, Phaedo, 73 a-b, though the readiness to learn does not seem to form part of Plato's argument. Cebes thus states the question : on r) /uddrjcrLs ovk aWo ri r) avdjuvr)crLs rvJxdveL ovcra, kol Kara rovrov (i.e. rbv \6yov) avdyKt) ttov r)juas ev irporepco rLvl XP® V(a ^/nadr)KevaL a vvv avajUL/uvrjcnco /ueda. rovro de advvarov, el /urj r)v ttov rj/uoov r) i^X^» irplv ev rcvde rco avBpcc- rrivcti etdei yevecrdai' &are Ka\ ravrr) addvarov ti eoiKev r) \pvxr) ;

170 CATO MAIOB.

elvai. See also in Tusc. 1, 24, where Cicero quotes Plato's

Meno ; and it is the argument in the Meno which he is thinking of most. In it Socrates, by cross-questioning a slave {iraidlou) on some points of arithmetic ancl geometry, tries to show that he had notions on those subjects which had not been taught him, and which were therefore necessarily derived from memory (Meno, 142 e).

esse : the quocl . . . videantur reminisci et recordari clause is the subject of esse. 26 fere: by this word he means to point out that he has not quoted a passage from Plato, but has given the substance of his doctrine. As a matter of fact, as has been shown, he has used three or more passages.

CHAPTER XXII.

§ 79. 1. 1 apud Xenophontem, etc. : in the Cijropaedia, 8, 7. Cicero has translated somewhat freely and with sundry omis- sions the passage, §§ 17-22 :

ov dr)rrov tovto ye aatpccs doKe?T€ elSeVa/, cos ovdev elfxi eyco ert, eireibav tov avdpcoirivov &iov TeAevTr)trco ' ovde yap vvv toi ttjv y 5 €/jl7]v \pvxv v ^ccpare, aAA ols 5te7rparreTO, tovtols avrrjv tos ovtrav KaT€ UTa irapex€TaL.~\ ovde ye acppccv etrraL r) \pvxVt eVet- dcxv tov atppovos accfiaros 5t%a yevrjTaL, ovde tovto irerreiafiaL '

1 aAA orav txKpaTos Kal KaOapbs 6 vovs iicKpidrj, rore Kal tppovLfxcc- TaTOv eiKbs avrbv eJvai. dLaAvojxevov 5e avOpcoirov drjAa iariv e/cacrra aircovTa rrpbs rb 6fx6cpvAov rrArjv rr)s \pvxys ' avrr) oe fxovt) ovtc irapovaa ovre amovcra bparai. ivvorjaare oe otl iyyvrepov fxev tco avOpcorrivcc Oavdrcc ovdev iariv virvov ' r) oe tov avOpccrrov \pvxh t6t€ t)r)rrov deLOTarr) KaTatpaiverai, Ka\ t6t€ ti tccv fxeAAov- Ttov rrpoopcx. Tore yap, ccs eoiKe, /xaAtcrra eAevdepovTaL. ei fxev ovv ovtcos exei raCra, ccairep eyco ofofxai, Kal r) \pvxh KaTaAeirrei to NOTES. 171 aco/ua^ Kal Tr)v e/ur)v ^xV KCLTaidov/uevoi iroielTe a iyco Beojuai ' el r) * v rc crdo/uaTL 8e jur) ovtoos, aAAa /uevovcra ^vxh i> crvvairodvr}aKei, aAAa deovs ye tovs ae\ ovras Ka\ irdvT icpopcovras Kal irdvTa dvva- /uevovs, oi Kal rf)vde tt\v tqov oKoov Ta^tv crvvexovcrLv a.Tpi0rj Ka\ ayr/parov Ka\ ava/udpTrjTov Ka\ virh KaWovs Ka\ /ueyeOovs adir)yrj- tov, tovtovs (poy3ov/uevoi iur)iroT' acrefies /ur)$ev jurjBe avocnov /urjTe rroir)crr\Te /ur)T€ j3ovAevo~r}T€.

It will be seen that Cicero omits the passages bracketed. The first omission, tcls 5e /c.r.A., passes over another point in favor of the life of the soul after death, viz. the influence the dead exercise by haunting and terrifying those who injured them in life. The second passage omitted, 6p£o ydp /c.r.A., contains an argument somewhat like that in the introduction to

Butler's Analogy ; viz. that the body in spite of the loss of various parts of itself remains alive until the final partingof the soul, which may therefore be conjectured to be the habitat of life.

3 nusquam aut nullum : represent the simpler Greek ovdev. See above, note. 4 dum eram: so long as. Note imperf. tense with clum instead of pres., and see gram. ref.

7 si nullum videbitis : ivhen you no longer see me. For this use of nullus = non, see § 74.

§ 80. 1.7 Nec vero clarorum . . . honores : by using this epithet Cicero has introduced^ an argument quite different from Xenophon's. The latter makes Cyrus argue that our paying honors to the Manes of the departed shows that we feel it necessary to propitiate them, which could only be so if we believed them still able to affect us. This thoroughly Greek notion (compare the scenes at the tomb of Agamemnon in Aeschylus and Sophocles) is modified by Cicero to the argument that we pay honors to the departed because their former fame possesses the power of making us remember them. 11 dum essent: the subj. is due to the indirect discourse.

12 vlvere . . . emori: adversative asyndeton.

emori : see note, xx. § 71.

13 Insipientem : Greek dcppcov. Without intelligence or power of thought, like dead matter.

15 purus et integer : aKparos kjxl Kadapos, i.e. without inter- mixture of gross matter or its defilement. 172 CATO MAIOB.

16 sapientem: withpowevof thought.

17 ceterarum . . . discedat : we can see into what each of the other elements is resolved. Note proleptic use of ceterarum.

Cf . § 3. 1 unde orta sunt: Xenophon, with greater minuteness, says, to rejoin their kindred matter (rrpbs rb 6u6

2 iam vero : again, introclucing a new point in the argument, as in § 56. §81. 1. 4 Atqui: not contradictory, but supplementary. Cf. §6.

5 divinitatem (deioT&Tr) /cara^atVerat) : its divine poivers, by which in the next sentence he shows that He means the power of prophetic vision.

6 Ex quo . . . corporis vinculis relaxaverint : an expansion of Xenophon's short rore yap ws eoiKe u&\io-Ta e\evdepovTaL. For the ' prison of the flesh,' cf. § 77.

8 sic me colitote ut deum : Iwould have youpay me reverence as a god. This is a strange perversion of the words of Cyrus in Xenophon, who says to his sons, ' If this be so, see that in utter reverence (KaTaidovixevoi) for my soul ye do what I beg of you.' For sic . . . ut, see note on ita, § 12. 9 est interiturus: see note on futurus est, § 6.

11 pulchritudinem : koo-uov. Cicero elsewhere translates the word by ornatus, Acad. 2. memoriam nostri pie inviolateque servabitis: as Cicero exaggerated the last sentence, so inthis one he understates the meaning of Cyrus who is impressing upon his sons that his own f uture existence and activity (though unseen) should be a

3 motive for good conduct, urjiroT &o~e(3es urjdev uwde avoaiov urjTe iroir)o"r)Te urjTe (BovXevarjTe.

CHAPTER XXIII.

§82. 1. 14 nostra: instances in our own countrymen, so = Bomana. Cf. domestica, § 12.

1 patrem . . . Paulum : see § 15.

duos avos : see § 29. 3 multos: sc. alios.

4 esse conatos : for fuisse conaturos, see gram. ref. So in .

NOTES. 173 the direct narrative we might have, though exceptionally, non conabantur nisi cernerent for non conati essent nisi vidissent (Reid)

5 nisi animo . . . pertinere : had they nothad an inner con- viction that posterlty icould be something to them. In answer to this the unbeliever would say that the only immortality to be expected was one of fame. And this is how Cicero sometimes explains it, though as a philosophical speculatiou he usually admits the possibility of a conscious participation in this posthumous reputation. See an elaborate passage upon this point in the Pro Arch. 28 sq. cernerent: is imperfect, although we would expect a tense of completed action. See Reid, p. 86, 1. 12. 6 Anne censes: an always introduces a question, looking back to another expressed or implied. Cf . An eis, § 15.

7 ut de me . . . glorier : to avail myself of the privilege of old menfor apiece of self-glorification.

10 Nonne melius . . . tradueere: cf. Milton, Lycidas:

'* Were it not better done, as others use, To sport with Amaryllis in the shade, Or with the tangles of Neraea's hair? Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise (That last infirmity of noble mind) To scorn delights and live laborious days.'

Cicero makes the same point, with illustrations, in the Tusc. 1, 33-35. _ 11 otiosam: i.e. free from public business and with leisure for chosen pursuits.

aetatem = vitam. Cf . § 5, and elsewhere.

12 contentione: exertion ; cf. the meaning of contendere, to exert oneself, to hasten. The motion is that of putting all the limbs at full stretch.

13 nescio quo modo : somehoio or another.

ita . . . quasi: as though from a belief. For quasi following and explaining ita, cf . § 26, Graecas litteras sic avide arripui quasi, etc.

14 excessisset: with effluxisset, § 4, generally explained as subjunctive of attraction. See, however, Reid, p. 72. 174 CATO MAIOB.

15 tum denique : then and not till then.

ni ita se haberet : if it were not the case.

16 haud : in Cicero's speeches haud scarcely occurs except before adverbs and the verb scio but in the philosophical writings and in the letters before many other verbs. (Keid.)

optimi cuiusque . . . maxime: the best man's soul would ever be the most eager in strivlng for immortality offame.

§ 83. 1. 19 aequissimo animo . . . iniquissimo : with the greatest resignation, with the strongest reluctance. The Sapiens will confront death without fear, Cicero argues, because of his superior knowledge of the future. It might be added that a course of self-discipline, such as the Sapiens may be supposed to have undergone, will have taught him to submit to the inevitable. 20 plus cernat: has a keener intelligence, so Cicero says plus videre, Be Am. 99.

1 patres vestros : see above, § 82.

2 eos convenire : to meet them. For this idiomatic construction of convenire, cf. § 32, and Att. 8, 11, Lentulum ante puto transmissurum quam poterit conveniri. The expectation of meeting the famous men of a past age in Hades is introduced here in imitation of the words of Socrates (Plat. Apol. 41), 'O/)0et (TvyyeveaOca kclI Movcraicp Kal 'Ho-iodcj) /ccu 'Ofirjpcp eirl

v/jlcov irbtTLp av tls de^acr' av j 4 conscripsi: have composed treatises, cf. § 1. quo: -ad quos. The prouominal use, as unde o^ten = a(ex)

quo, also ubi = apud quem ( Verr. 4, 29), istinc, § 47.

6 Peliam : Pelias, king of Iolcus, a son of Neptune and Tyro, and half-brother of Aeson, father to Jason. When Jason came to claim his father's kingdom Pelias sent him to Colchis for the golden fleece. On Jason's return with Medea, the latter persuaded the daughters of Pelias that they might restore their father to youth by cutting him up and boiling him. recoxerit: boiled up again, as the daughters of Pelias did their father in order to renew his youth.

si . . . largiatur : note the present tense in a condition really

contrary to faet, for argumenfs sake regarded as possible ; see gram. ref.

8 quasi decurso spatio ad carceres a calce revocari : after having, so to speak, Jinished my course, to be recalled from the loinning-post to the bar?*iers. The carceres are the stalls or ';

NOTES. 175

barriers behind whick the chariots were posted ; on these being thrown down the chariots advanced to the calx, from the calx they raced round the course, and to the calx they returned. In this proverbial expression the calx must be regarded as the

place not of starting but of ending the race. Cf . Laelius de Am. 101, optandum est ut cum aequalibus possis, quibus cum tan- quam e carceribus emissus sis, cum isdem ad calcem, ut dicitur, pervenire. ' To be recalled froni the calx to carceres,' therefore, is to be rnade to begin all over again. See also calx in Smith's Dict. of Antiq. §84. 1. 10 Sed habeat sane: sc. aliquid commodi. But whether lif e has advantages or pain, at least we must admit that there is a point at which we have had enough of it. Sub-

. junctive of concession. 11 satietatem: Seneca {Epist. adLucil. 77), quotedby Bacon, enumerates as one of the motives for desiring death ' satiety,' the being bored with doing the same thing over and over again

— cogita quamdiu eadem feceris : mori velle non tantumfortis aut miser, sed etiam fastidiosus potest. A story is told of a Frenchman who committed suicide because he was tired of dressing and undressing every day.

12 Non lubet . . . fecerunt : the miseries of life are often put forward as sources of consolation for death. See Cicero's treatment of this point at length in Tusc. 1, 82-92. The despondent or pessimistic view of lif e has been often traced through a series of the ancient writers. 'The best thing,' says the chorus in

' the Oedipus at Colonus, is never to have been born : the next best thing, to return as soon as possible whence you came

(Soph. 0. C. 1225) ; the same sentiment is expressed by Theognis

' life is (425) ; and Herodotus (7, 46) says, miserable, and death is man's most to be desired refuge.' 13 multi, et ei doctl: many, o.nd they philosophers. Cicero always uses this phrase and not midti docti.

neque me vixisse . . . existimem: nor do I repent having lived, for I have so lived as to feel that Iivas not born in vain. As Bacon says, ' but above all, believe it, the sweetest canticle is nunc dimittis, when a man hath obtained worthy ends and expectations.'

16 tamquam e domo : as though from a settled home, as opposed to hospitium, a place of temporary entertainment, :

176 CATO MAIOB. which again differs from deversorium, a roadside inn, a place to turn ont of one's road to put up at (/cardXuytta).

Commorandl non habitandi : genitives defining the purpose, to stay in, not to live in. Ad. Fam. 6, 19, villa et amoenitas illa commorationis est non deversori.

20 conluvione : impurities, a metaphor from the flooding of a river. turba, agitations.

22 ad Catonem meum : to my departed son ; an instance of the custom of a father speaking of his son by his cognomen.

24 quod contra : this seems to have been a common formula. Contra is an adverb, hence whereas on the contrary. (Reid.) Long quotes an inscription in Eome

Quod decuit natam patri praestare sepulto Hoc contra natae praestitit ipse pater.

1 quo = ad quae, pronominal use, as in § 83,

2 Quem . . . casum fortiter ferre visus sum : cf . Laelius de Am. 9.

3 non quo : not because, often answered by sed quia, the latter of which may be omitted on the analogy of other sentences in apposition.

§ 85. 1. 8 dixisti: in § 4.

9 Quod si in hoc erro . . . libenter erro : cf . on the same subject of immortality, Tusc. 1, § 39, errare mehercule malo cum Platone quam cum istis vera sentire.

10 qui : causal relative.

12 sin . . . irrideant: but if after death I am to be ivithout sensation, there is no fear of our philosophers laughing at my mistake when I am dead. (Dr. Reid brackets philosophi as a gloss ; but it seems to me to be required. Cicero's point is * there is no chance of these petty philosophers having the laugh over me. If they are right and death ends all, I shall have no sensation to feel their ridicule.') 13 minuti philosophi: petty philosophers. He appears to mean the same as he does by plebeii philosophi in Tusc. 1, 55, whom he there deflnes as those who differ from Plato and Socrates on this point, alluding especially to the Epicureans. He says that they are incapable not only of rising to Plato's literary style, but even of understanding his argument. He NOTES. 177

brands them with the same epithet in De Div. 1, 62. Epicurum igitur audiemus potius f . . . Hunc ergo antepones Platoni ? Qui ut rationem non redderent auctoritate tamen hos minutos philosophos vincerent. 16 suo tempore: cf. § 33, sua cuiqueparti aetatis tempestivitas est data.

18 modum : a natural limit, cf . § 33, and § 41.

tamquam fabulae : cf . § 5.

3 quae dicerem : clause of purpose. VARIATIONS FEOM THE MULLER TEXT.

CHAP. SECT

I. 2. satis digne. Miiller reads, digne satis. " I. 2. omnis. " omnes. I have written the acc. plural, masc. and fem. of nouns, adjectives, or participles whose stem

ends in i, with the -is termination which belongs to the classical period. G. & L. 57, 5. II. 4. adeptam. Miiller reads, adepti. The former is fonnd in the Paris Ms. and the latter in the Leyden Ms. The former is probably the only passive use of adeptus, but is supported, however, by other deponent participles used in this sense.

II. 5. descriptae. Muller reads, discriptae.

III. 8. istuc. " " istud. IV. 10. plusque. " " postque. V. 14. suasissem. Annos. " " suasi. Sed annos, following Madvig's suggestion. VI. 16. dementis. Miiller reads, dementes. VI. 17. gerenda. " " gerunda.

VI. 17. non faciat . . . at vero . . . facit. Miiller reads, non

faciat . . . at vero . . . faciat.

VI. 20. percontantur in . . . Ludo. Miiller reads, percontan-

tur f ut est in . . . Ludo. VII. 23. in omnibus. Miiller reads, in omnibus his. IX. 27. ne nunc quidem. Miiller reads, nec nunc quidem. IX. 28. seni. " " senis. IX. 28. composita. " " compta. XI. 34. eis. " " iis. 178 VABIATIONS FROM MXJLLER. 179

CHAP. SECT. XI. 35. morbum. Miiller reads, morborum vim,

XIV. 49. Videbamus. " f mori videbamus. " XVI. 56. quam dixi. de qua dixi. " XVI. 58. ut lubebit. utrum lubebit. " XVII. 59. communem. comem. " XVIII. 64. nostro. vestro. " XIX. 68. quoniam. quod. " XIX. 70. sapientibus. sapienti. " XXIII. 82. ullo labore et. ullo aut labore aut. " XXIII. 85. defatigationem. deiectionem.

VOCABULAR.Y AND INDEX OF PEOPEE NAMES.

;

YOOABTTLAKY.

[References are to Chapter and Section in the text.] a, ab, prep. [abl.] by, of the accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum, agent, 13, etc. from, 2, 4, to make to suit, tofit, 19, 70. 5, ; etc. accubitio, -onis, f. a lying at absens, -ntis, adj. absent, 7,24. table, reclining, 13, 45. abstergo, -ere, -ersi, -ersum, accuso, -are, -avi, -atum, to ac- to wipe away, to obliterate, cuse, to Jind fault icith, 3, 7 1,2. 5, 1,3. absum, -esse, -fui, to be absent, acerbitas, -atis, f. bitterness, 16, 55; propius abesse, to 18, 65. be nearer, 21, 77. acies. -ei, f. eye-sight, 23, 83. absurdus, -a, -um, adj. absurd, acinus (or -um, n.), -i, m. a unreasonable, 18, 65. berry, a grape, 15, 52. abunde, adv. abundantly, 14, actus, -us, m. an act of a play,

48. 2, 5 ; 18, 64 ; 19, 70. to abundo, -are, -avi, -atum, acutus, -a, -um, adj. acute 3 abound, to be ivell supplied, keen, 14, 50. 16, 56. ad, prep. [acc.] to, 13, 43; ac- ac, 15, 51, see atque. cedere ad, 15, 51; pertinet accedo, -ere, -essi, -essum, 3 v. £.d, 16, 56; usque ad, up to,

n. to go towards, to approach, 14, 50 ; 17, 60 ; in addition to,

; ; 18, 63 19, 71 ; to come near 11, 35 ivith a view to, 10, 31

to, 15, 51 ; accedere ad, to be 17, 59; 19, 86. addedto,6, 15; 11, 35. addisco, -ere, -didici, to leam accido, -ere, -idl, to happen, to in addition, to increase one^s

fall out, 3, 7 ; 10, 31. knowledge by, 8, 26 ; 14, 50.

accipio, -ere, -epl, -eptum, to i adduco, -ere, -uxi, -uctmn, to

receive, 13, 55; 15, 51; to lis- \ induce, 10, 34. ten to, to learn, to be in- adeptus, -a, -um, past part.

foi^med, 5, 13; 12, 39, 41; 21, ! pass. of depon. v. adipiscor, 78. obtained, 2, 4. 183 , ;

184 CATO MAIOR. adfor, -ari, -atus, to address, rectum, to rise up before in pass. to have the 1,1. , honor adfero, -rre, adtuli, adlatuni, to paid one of having men rise

bring to, 16, 55 ; to bring in, at one's approach, 18, 63. 11, 38. adspicio, -ere, -exi, -ectum, to adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [ad- look at, to behold, 9, 27.

habeo] , to apply, to make use adsum, -esse, -fui, to bepresent,

of, 11, 36; 14,46; 19, 71. 10, 33 ; to appear in courtfor, adjungo, -ere, -nxi, -nctum, to 11, 38. join on, to add, 23, 86. adulescens, -ntis, m. a young adjuvo, -are, uvi, -utum, to man, between the ages of 17 assist, 1, 1. and 30 [originally partic. of adminiculum, -i, n. [ad-ma- adolesco], 12, 39, etc.

nus] a support, a prop, 15, 53. adulescentia, -ae, f . manhood, admirabilis, -e, n. admirable, youth [opposed to senectus], worthy of admiration, 4, 12. 2, 4, etc. admiratio, -onis, f. wonder, ad- adulescentulus, -i, m. a very miration, 15, 52. young man, 4, 10; 9, 29; with admiror, -ari, -atus sum, to contemptuous meaning, 6, 20. wonder at, to express admi- adulterium, -i, n. adultery, 12, ration, 1, 3; 23, 85. 40. admisceo, -ere, -cui, -ixtum, advenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, to mix with, 21, 78. to come, to arrive, 8, 25. admixtio, -onis, f. admixture, advento, -are, -avi, -atum, to be 22, 80. coming, to approach, 1, 2. admodum, adv. considerably adversor, -ari, -atus, to oppose, very, 4, 10; 9, 30; 14, 46; to resist, 19, 71. [ad modum 'up to a meas- aedificium, -i, n. a building, sure']. 20, 72. adolesco, -ere, -evi, adultum, to aegre, adv. with difficulty, groiv, to come to maturity, painfully, 20, 72. 15, 51. aegroto, -are, -avi, -atum, tobe adopto, -are, -avi, -atum, to ill, 19, 67. adopt as a son, 11, 35. aequalis, -e, adj. of the same adsentior, -iri, -sensus, to age, 3, 7; 14, 46; contem- assent to, to agree with, 10, poraneous, lasting the same 32. time, 7, 23. adsequor, -i, -secutus, to come aequitas, -tatis, f. fabmess, up with, to attain, 3, 8. calmness, 1, 1. adsurg5, -ere, -surrexi, -sur- aequus, -a, -um, adj. placid, VOCABULARY. 185

undisturbed, 23, 85; aequis- man, cultivator of land, 7, simus, 23, 83. ' 24; 15,51. aestas, -tatis, f . summer, 19, aio, ais, ait, aiunt, to say, 70. 7, 21. aetas, -tatis, f. age, time of alacer, -cris, -cre, adj. [al-, cf.

life, 2, 4; 19, 66, etc. ; aeta- alo] brisk, cheerful, 20, 75. tem agere, to spendone's life, alias, adv. at other times, 17, 60; a generation, 10, 31. 15, 51. aeternitas, -tatis, f. etemity, aliquando, adv. eventually, perpetuity, 21, 77. 11, 35; at length, 19, 71. aeternus, -a, -um, adj. ever- aliqui, -qua, -quod, indef. pro- lasting, immortal, 19, 66. nom. adj. some, 3, 6; 14, 49, adficio, -ere, -eci, -ectum, to etc. affect, to affect unfavorably, aliquis [-qua (rare)], -quid, to weaken, 14, 47. indef. pron. some one, some- adfiigo, -ere, -ixi, -ictum, to thing, 8, 26 ; 14, 49, etc. depress, to bring down, 10, aliquo, adv. somewhither, 19, 66. 32. alius, -a, -ud [gen. alius], adj. adflo, -are, -avi, -atum, to other, something else, 2, 5. breathe out, to waft towards, adlecto, -are, -avi, -atum, to 17, 59. entiee, to allure [freq. of ager, -ri, m. a fleld, a farm, 7, adlicio], 16, 57. 24; 15, 54; agri, 16, 56; a alter,-era, -erum [gen. alterius,

district, 4, 11 ; land, 16, 56. dat. alteri], adj. another, 8, agitatio, -onis, f. a spending 25 ; a second, 5, 15 ; 9, 27, 30.

of time, 7, 23. ambitio, -onis, f . lit. a going agito, -are, -avi, -atum, freq. round canvassing for onice, to move, to Jceep in motion, etc, hence, ambition, 14, 49.

21, 78 ; agitare mente, to amicus, -i, m. afriend, 10, 32. reflect upon, to ponder, 12, amicus, -a, -um, adj. amicis- 41. simus,friendly, 21, 77. agnus, -i, m. a lamb, 16, 56. amitto, -ere, -isi, -issum, to lose, ago, -ere, egi, actum, to act, to 4, 11; 6,20; 9,27. do, 6, 15; 8, 26; 9, 27; to amplus, -a, -um, adj. ample,

spend time, 2, 4 ; 10, 32 ; aeta- grand, honorable ; amplis- tem, 17, 60; vitam, 11, 38; simus, 6,20; 19,68. age, comel well then! 7, 23. amputatio, -onis, f. a cutting agrestis, -e, adj . rustic, savage, off, apruning, 15, 53. 14, 47. amputo, -are, -avi, -atum, to agricola, -ae, m. a husband- cut off, toprune, 15, 52. ;

186 CATO MAIOR. an, interrog. particle, is itf appello, -are, -avi, -atum, to

6, 15: in indirect questions", call, to name, 6, 19 ; 11, 36.

whether, 20, 74 ; with the adpeto, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -titum, latter of two alternatives, the to seek for, to make for, 16, first introduced by utrum, 56; 18,63; 20, 72. or, 10, 33. adporto, -are, -avi, -atum, to ango, -ere, anxi, anctum or bring, 8, 25.

anxum, to give pain to, to adpropinquatio, -onis, f. a

make anxious, 19, 66. nearing, an approaching , the animus, -i, m. the soul, 19, 66, near approach, 19, 66. etc; mind, feeling, 23, 83, apricatio, -onis, f. a warming etc. in the sun, 16, 57. animosus, -a, -um, adj. cour- aptus, -a, -um, adj. [apo] ap- ageous, spirited, 20, 72. tissimus, fitting, suitable, annus, -i, m. a year, 5, 13, etc. 3,9. anni, age, 9, 28. apud, prep. [accus.] with, ante, (1) prep. [acc.] before of among, 6, 20; 18, 63; at or

time or place ; in preference near, 10, 32; at the house of, to, 4, 10. (2) adv. before- 1, 3; at the headquarters of, hand, earlier, 14, 49; 15, 54; 13, 43; in the ivriiings of,

ante . . . quam, 6, 18; 10, 33; 9, 30; 10, 31; 21,78. 14, 50. aqua, -ae, f. water, 19, 71. antecedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, arbitror, -ari, -atus, to think, to precede, to be superior, 10,33; 20,75; 21,77. 18, 64. arbor, -oris, f. a tree, 2, 5, etc. antehac, adv. heretofore, 6, 16. arbustum, -i, n. [arhosetum] antepono, -ere, -posui, -positum, orchard used as a vineyard, to place before, toprefer. 15, 54.

antiquitas, -tatis, f. antiquity, arcesso, -ere, -ivi, -itum, to ancient times, 4, 12; 11, 38. summon, 16, 56. antiquus, -a, -um, adj. ancient arcus, -us, m. a bow, 11, 37. antiqui, the ancients, the men ardor, -oris, m. heat, 15, 53. of past time. argumentum, -i, n. an argu- anxius, -a, -um, adj. anxious, ment, 21, 78.

18, 65. arista, -ae, f . the beard of an apex, -icis, m. the highest ear of corn, 15, 51. point, the chief glory, 17, 60. arma, -orum, n. arms, 3, 9.

apis, -is, f . a bee, 15, 54. aro, -are, -avi, -atum, toplough, appareo, -ere, -ui, to appear, 16, 56. 22, 80. arripio, -ere, -ui, -eptum, to ; ;;

VOCABULARY. 187

snatch, to catch eagerly at, attribuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, to 8,26; 21,78; 18,62. attribute, to set down to, 1, 3. ars, -rtis, f. art, skill, 5, 52; auctoritas, -tatis, f . influence, artes, accomplishments, 3, authority, 6, 15; 11, 37; 21,

9; 9,29; 18,65. 77 ; senatus auctoritas, a articulus, -I, m. joint, Jcnot in resolution of the senate, 4, a plant, 15, 53. 11. arx, -rcis, f. a cltadel, 4, 11. aucupium, -I, n. fowling, the ascendo, -ere, -ndi, -nsum, to sport of taking birds [avis- ascend, to mount, 10, 34. capio], 16, 56. aspectus, -us, m. sight, appear- audaciter, adv. audaciously, ance, 15, 53. boldly, 20, 72. aspernor. -ari, -natus, to reject, audeo, -ere, ausus sum, a. to to despise, 12, 42. dare, to venture, 21, 77. assensus, -us, m. assent, ap- audientia, -ae, f. a hearing probation, 18, 62. facere, a. to secure a hear- assiduus, -a, -um, adj. careful, ing, 9, 28. diligent, 16, 56. audio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, at, conj. but, yet, 15, 54; in- to hear, 4, 11 ; to be told, 21,

troducing a supposed objec- 78 ; 23, 83. tion = at enim, but it is or aufero [ab- fero], -erre, abstuli, may be said, 7, 21; 9, 33; ablatum, to take away, 12, 39 11, 35; 13,44; 14, 47; 18,65; 19, 71.

19, 68 ; the answer is also augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum, to introduced sometimes by at, make to increase, 6, 17.

as in 11, 35 ; as an exclama- augesco, -ere [augeo], incept. tion, ah but ! ah ivell ! 9, 27, to begin to grow, to increase,

cf . 14, 49. 14, 46 ; 15, 53. Atheniensis, -e, adj. Athenian, augur, -uris, m. [avis] an 12,_41. augur, one of the college of athleta, -ae, m. an athtete, augurs, 4, 11 ; 7, 22. 9,27. augurium, -I, n. augury, the atque, conj. and, and as v:eU, art of making predictions

14, 49 ; and therefore, 14, 46 from birds,4:, 12; 11, 38. and besides, or, now ! 14, aurum, -i, n. gold, 16, 55. 50. auspicium, -i, n. [avis- spicio] atqui, conj. and yet, hoicever, a divine premonition, an why! 2, 6; 14, 50; 17, 59; omen derived from observing

19, 66 ; introducing the minor birds, 4, 11. of a syllogism, now, 22, 81. aut, disjunct. either, or. ;;

188 CATO MAIOR.

autem, conj. but, moreover, bonus, -a, -um, adj. good, vir-

hoivever, 3, 8, etc. tuous: melior, optimus. autumnus, -i, m. autumn, bos, bovis, m. an ox, 10, 33.

19, 70. brevis, -e, adj. short ; brevi, avaritia, -ae, f. avarice, 18, 65. adv. shortly, soon, 10, 31; avarus, -a, -um, adj. greedy, infew words, 16, 57. avaricious, 18, 65. avello, -ere, -velli or -vulsi, caducus, -a, -um, adj. perish-

-vulsum, to pull or tear off, able, 2, 5; liable to fall, 15, 19, 71. 52. aveo, -ere, to wish eagerly, to caecus, -a, -um, adj. blind,6, desire, 23, 83. 6; 11, 37. avide, adv. eagerly, greedily, caelestis, -e, adj. of heaven, 20, 72. heavenly, 21, 77; caelestia, aviditas, -tatis, f. a longing the heavenly bodies, ib.

for, an eager desire, 14, 46. caelum, -i, n. heaven, the sky,. avis, -is, f . a bird, 15, 51. 14, 49. avitus, -a, -um, adj. belonging calesco, -ere, incept. to grow to a grandfather, ancestral, warm, 16, 57.

10, 34. calor, -oris, m. warmth, heat t avoco, -are, -avi, -atum, to call 15, 53. away, to call off from, 5, 15. calx, -cis, f. chalk or lime: avus, -i, m. a grandfather, 6, used for the alba linea across 19. a race-course, from which the chariots started and to baca, -ae, f. a berry, 2, 5. which they returned, 23, 83. beate, adv. happily, 2, 4. canorus, -a, -um, adj . tuneful, beatus, -a, -um, adj. happy, 9, 28. prosperous, 9, 29; beatior, canus, -a, -um, adj. white 16, 56. cani, white hair, 18, 62. bello, -are, -avi, -atum, to wage capio, -ere, cepi, captum, to war, % 5. take, to receive, 15, 54; 18, bellum, -i, n. war, 14, 46, etc. 62 ; to catch, to take in, 13, 44. bene, adv. well, 3, 9; 13, 45; capitalis, -e, adj./afa?, mortal,

14, 47, etc. 12, 39 ; res capitalis, a capi- blanditiae, -arum, f. charms, tal offence, 12, 42. soothing influence, 13, 44. caput, -itis, n. a head, 10, 34 bonsi, property, 7, 22; 19, 71. top ofvines, 15, 53. bonum, -i, n. a good thing, a carcer, -eris, m. a barner or

blessing, 10, 33 ; 19, 71, etc. stall, behind which the racing ;

VOCABULABY. 189

chariots were stationed be- centesimus, -a, -um, ordin. fore advancing to the calx, num. adj. hundredth, 17, 60. 23, 83. centum, indecl. num. adj. a careo, -ere, -m, to be without, hundred, 5, 13. to laclc, 3, 7, etc. centurio, -onis, m. a centurion, carmen, -inis, n. a poem, 6, an officer in a legion next in

16 ; 7, 22 ; an inscription, 17, rank to the tribunus, 10, 33. 61. cereus, -a, -um, adj., of wax, carus, -a, -nm, adj. dear, 11, • waxen, ivax, 13, 44. 37; 20, 73; carissimus, 22, 79. cerno, -ere, crevi, cretum, a. caseus, -i, m. cheese, 16, 56. to perceive, to see, 21, 77; casus, -us, m. a chance, an 23, 82. accideni, 19, 67; a misfort- certe, adv. at least, 1, 2; 8, 26; une, 23, 85. certainly, 4, 11; 14, 50; 20, Caudinus, -a, -um, adj. o/ 74 L Caudium, Caudine, 12, 41. certo, adv. certainly, for cer- causa, -ae, f . a cause, areason, tain, 1,2.

5, 15; a law-suit, 11, 38. certus, -a, -um, adj . fixed, cer- cavea, =ae, f. the auditorium tain, 18, 63; 19, '68; to be ofa theatre, 14, 48. relied upon, 20, 72. cedo, -ere, -ssi, -ssum, to give cesso, -are, -avi, -atum, to be

place, to depart, 19, 69. idle, to do nothing, 5, 13 ; 6, cedo, cette, old imperative 18. form [probably from particle ceterus, -a, -um, adj. the other, ce- and do], herel pray tell the rest [rare in sing.], 1, 3, me ! 6, 20. etc. celeritas, -tatis, f. swiftness, cibus, -I, m.food, 11, 36. 21, 78. cito, citius, adv. quickly, 2, 4; cella, -ae, f . a chamber, closet 6,20. c. vinaria, cellar, 16, 56. civilis, -e, adj. of a city or citi- cena, -ae, f . dinner, supper, the zen, civil, 11, 38. principal meal of the Romans civis, -is, m. a citizen, 4, 12; which took place about three 18, 63.

p.m., 13, 44. civitas, -tatis, f . a state, 18, 63. censeo, -ere, -ui, censum, to clandestinus, -a, -um, secret, think, hold as an opinion, clandestine, 12, 39.

20, 74 ; 23, 82. clareo, -ere, -ui, to be bright, to censor, -oris, m. a Censor, a befamous, 4, 10. Roman magistrate, 6, 16; 12, clarus, -a, -um, adj. illustrious, 42. 3, 8; 4, 12; 7, 22. 190 CATO MAIOB.

classis, -is, f. afleet, 13, 44. conligo, -ere, -egi, -ectum, to clava, -ae, f. a club, a foil, 16, collect, 11, 38. 51. conloquium, -I, n. parley, con- clavicula, -ae, f. tendril, 15, 52. ference, 12, 40. clavus, -I, m. a ti-ller, a helm, conluvio, -onis, i.foul medley, 6,17. offscouring, 23, 84. cliens, -ntis, m. a client, 10, 32. colo, -ere, -ui, -cultum, to cul- clientela, -ae, f. a band or tivate, 17, 59; to pay respect number of clients, 11, 37. or court to, 3, 7; 8, 26; 23, coacesco, -ere, incept. to begin 83; toworship, 22, 81. to turn sour, 18, 65. Coloneus, -a, -um, adj. o/ Colo- coagmento, -are, -avi, -atum, nus, a deme in Attica, 7, 22. 1 v. a. to weld or cement to- comicus, -a, -um, adj. belong- gether, 20, 72. ing to or represented in a coepi, -isse, defect. to begin, comedy, comic, 11, 36. 14, 49. comminus, adv. at close quar- coerceo, -ere, -cui, -citum, 2 v. ters [com- manus], 6, 19. a. to compel, 15, 52. comitas, -tatis, f. courtesy, po-

coetus, -iis, m. a company, an liteness, 4, 10 ; 18, 65. assembly, 13,45; 23, 84. comitatus, -us, m. society, 9, cogitatio, -onis, f. thinking, 29. thought, 12, 41. commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum, cogito, -are, -avi, -atum, to repeat to myself, 11, 38 ; to think of, 6, 18; to reflect commemorate, to mention,

upon, to ruminate, 11, 38. 14, 15 ; 15, 52. cognomen, -inis, n. a surname, commercium, -I, n. intercourse

' a title of honor, 1,1; 2, 5. [properly mutual trading '], cognosco, -ere, -novi, -nitum, connection, 12, 42. 3 v. a. to know, to be ac- commodum, -i, n. convenience,

quainted ivith, 3, 7 ; 4, 12 ; to advantage, 23, 84. learn, to be assured, 6, 18. commoror, -ari, -atus, to stay

cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum, to temporarily , to be on a visit, force, to compel, 2, 4; 7, 23. 23, 84. cohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to commoveo, -ere,- ovi, -otum, keep, 15, 51. to move thoroughly, to affect, conlega, -ae, m. a colleague in 1, 1. an office, 18, 64. communis, -e, adj. cojnmon, conlegium, -i, n. a number of shared with, followed by cum colleagues, as the college of 1, 2; 19, 67; ordinary, 18,

augurs, etc, 18, 64. 63 ; condescending , polite, 17, VOCABULART. 191

59; universal, shared in by confero, -erre, -tuli, -latum, to all, 11,35; 19,68. bestow upon, 5, 14. communiter, adv. in common, conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, lo mutually, 1, 2. complete, to prepare thor- compages, -is, f. a fastening, oughly, 18, 38.

a structure, 21, 77. conglutinatio, -onis, f . a glue- comparo, -are, -avi, -atum, to ing together, a compacting , compare, 5, 14; 14, 50; 18, 20, 72. 64. conglutino, -are, -avi, -atum, _ compenso, -are, -avi, -atum, to to glue together, to unite se- compensate, to make goocl, curely, 20, 72. 11, 35. congregor, -ari, -atus, to asso- complector, -i, -xus, to em- ciate together, 3, 7. brace, 15, 52. coniunctio, -onis, f. union, 13, compleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, to 45.

fill, 5, 13 ; 14, 46. coniungo, -ere, -nxi, -nctum, compositus, -a, -um, adj. se- to join togetAer, 12, 42; 17,

date, 9, 2_8. _59. compotatio, -onis, f. a drink- conor, -ari, -atus, to try, to at- ing together, 13, 45. tempt, 23, 82. compressus, -us, m. closepres- consaepio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, sure, 15, 51. -aeptum, to enclose with a concedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, fence, 17, 59. to allow, to grant as a privi- conscientia, -ae, f. conscious- lege, 9, 30. ness, inwardfeeling, 3, 9. concenatio, -onis, f. a dining conscrlbo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, to

or supping together, 13, 55. compose, to ivrite, 1, 1 ; 23,. concilium, -i, n. council, assem- _83. bly, 23, 85. consenesco, -ere, -senui, in- condio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, cept. to groio old, to begin to flavor, to season, 4, 10. to decay, 1, 29. conditio, -onis, f. terms, posi- consentio, -ire, -nsi, -nsum, to tion, 19, 68. agree, 17, 61. conditus, -a, -um, conditior, consequor, -i, -secutus sum, part. adj. [condio] seasoned, tofollow, 6, 19; v. a. to ob-

iceU-flavored, 16, 56. tain, 12, 41 ; 19, 68. condo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, to consero, -ere, -sevi, -situm, to store up,l, 24. sow or plant with, 17, 59. confectio, -onis, f. a making, conservo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

a composition, 1, 2. preserve, 10, 34 : 20, 75. ;

192 CATO MAIOR.

consessus, -us, m. assemblage, consumo, -ere, -umpsi, -ump- a company or audience seated tum, to use up, to spend, 16,

together, 18, 63. 55 ; 19, 71. consido, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, to consurgo, -ere, -surrexi, -sur- be seated, to take one's seat, rectum, to rise together, 18, 63. 18, 63. consilium, -I, n. a counsel, contemno, -ere, -mpsi, -mptum,

plan, prudence, 4, 11 ; 6, 15 to despise, to make light of, deliberation, 42. 4, 12; 13,43; 18,65. consisto, -ere, -stiti, 3 v. n. to contemplor, -ari, -atus, to con- stand firm, to be unshaken, template, to look at, 5, 15;

12, 41 ; 20, 74. 16,55; 21,77. consitio, -onis, f. aplanting in contemptus, -a, -um, partic. groups, 15, 54. contemptior, more despi- consolatio, -onis, f. consola- cable, 9, 27.

tion, 1, 1 ; 2, 4. contentio, -onis, f. rivalry, 14, consolor, -ari, -atus, a. to con- 49 ; earnest striving, 23, 82. sole, 23, 85. contentus, -a, -um, adj. con- constans, -ntis, adj. constant, tent, 19, 69.

settled, 10, 33 ; 20, 76. continentia, -ae, f . self-control, constat, impers. v. it is cer- moderation, 15, 55. tain, it is well Tcnown, 1, 3. contineo, -ere, -ui, -ntum, to constituo, -ere, -ui, -utum, to contain, to include, 21, 78.

set up, to settle, 13, 45 ; vadi- contingo, -ere, -igi, -tactum, to monia constituta, engage- happen, to befall, 3, 8; 19, ments at court, 7, 21. 70. construo, -ere, -struxi, -striic- contra, prep. [acc.] opposite to, tum, to construct, to build, against, 4, 11; adv. on the 20, 72. other hand, 23, 84. consuesco, -ere, -suevi, -sue- contrarius, -a,-um, adj. uncon- tum, to be accustomed, 1, 3. genial, 21, 77. consul, -ulis, m. a consul, a convenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, Roman magistrate, 4, 10. to meet some one, 10, 32; consularis, -is, m. one who has 23, 83. been consul, an ex-consul, a convivium, -i, n. a banquet, a

consular, 3, 7 ; 4, 12. party, 12, 42; 13, 44; 13, 45; consulatus, -us, m. a consul- 14, 46. ship, 6, 16. copia, -ae, f. abundance, 16, consulo, -ere, -ui, -ultum, to 56; 19, 71; copiae, large consult, 18, 63. means, 3, 8. 1 ;

VOCABULABY. 193 copiose, adv. largely, copi- pers. and rel. pron. as tecum. ously, 17, 59. I, 2, etc. coquo, -ere, coxi, coctum, to (2) (quom) , as (locative) rel-

burn, to torture, 1, ; coctus, ative conjunction, originally ripe, 19, 71. locative, afterward temporal, corpus, -oris, n. a body, 5, 15, when, whereas, although, 1, 2,

etc. etc. ; cum . . . tum, both . . . corruo, -ere, -ui, to fall al- and, 2, 4, etc. ; nunc cum together, tofail, 18, 64. maxime, at this vei^y time, 11, cotidie [quot- dies] , adv. every 38 ; with indic. ichen, at the day, daily, 8, 26. time when, purely temporal, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, to 10, 32 ; 22, 79.

believe, 21, 77. cunae, -arum, f . a cradle, 23, 83. credulus, -a, -um, adj. easily cunctor, -ari, -atus sum, to persuaded, credulous, 11, 36. delay, 4, 10. cremo, -are, -avi, -atum, to cunctus, -a, -um, adj. all to-

burn, 23, 15. gether [co(m) vinctus] , 18, 64. creo, -are,-avi, -atum, to create, cupide, adv. greedily, eagerly,

to appoint to an office, 6, 19. 4, 12. cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum, cupiditas, -tatis, f. greed, incept. to grow, 14, 50. greedy desire, 14, 49. crimen, -inis, n. accusation, cupidus, -a, -um, adj. eager, charge against, 19, 67. desirous of, 14, 47. Crotoniates, -ae, m. an inhab- cupio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, to itant of Crotona, 9, 27. desire, 8, 26. crudelis, -e, adj. cruel ; cru- cur, adv. why ? 5, 14, etc. delissimus, 20, 75. cura, -ae, f. care, anxiety, cruditas, -tatis, f. indigestion, carefulness, 1, 1, etc.

13,44. curia, -ae, f . the Senate-house, crudus, -a, -um, adj. raw, un- 10, 32. ripe, 19, 71. curo, -are, -avi, -atum, to treat, culmus, -i, m. a stalTc, 15, 51. to cure, 19, 67; to care for, culpa, -ae, i.fault, 3, 7. 7, 21. cultio, -onis, f . the practice of curriculum, -i, n. arace-course, cultivation, 16, 56. an exercise ground, 9, 27; cultura, -ae, f. cultivation, II, 38. 15,53; 16,56. curso, -are, -avi, atum, freq. cum, (1) prep. [abl.] with, to run backwards and for- together with, 3, 7, etc. wards, to keep moving placed after its case with quickly, 6, 17. o 194 CATO MAIOB.

cursus, -us, m. a course, ajixed defectio, -onis, f. a failing, 9,

period, 10, 33; 17, 60; a run- 29 ; defectio solis, a solar ning, a gallop, 20, 75. eclipse, 14, 49. defendo, -ere, -ndi, -nsum, to damno, -are, -avi, -atum, to defendy 11, 38; 6, 15; to act condemn; capitis damna- as advocate, counsel, 11, 38;

tus, condemned to death, to loard off, 15, 53. 12, 42. deficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, to de, prep. [abl.] concerning, fail, tofall away, 9, 29.

10, 31 ; 13, 43, etc. dego, -ere, to pass, to spend, debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, I owe, I 1,2.

ought, 7, 21 ; 10, 33. deinde, adv. then, in the next decedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, place, 2, 4. to depart from, to quit, 20, delectatio, -onis, f. delight,

72 ; to malce way for, and in pleasurableness, 14, 46; 15, pass. to have way made for 41; 16,56. one, 18, 63. delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, to decem, indecl. num. adj. ten, please, to delight, 5, 14; 10, 31. 8,26. decet, -ere, -cuit, impers. to be delibo, -are, -avi, -atum, to take

becoming to ; it is right, a littlefrom, to skim, to sip, 9, 27. 21, 78._ declaro, -are, -avi, -atum, to deliratio, -onis, f. dotage, im- declare, to make manifest, becility, 11, 36. 22, 81. demens, -ntis, adj. distraught, decoro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 v. out of one's mind, 6, 16. a. to adorn, 20, 73. demergo, -ere, -rsi, -rsum, to decorus, -a, -um, adj. becom- cause to sink, to drown, 21, 77. ing, 9, 27. demeto, -ere, -messui, -mes- decurro, -ere, -cucurri, -cursum, 3 v. a. to reap, 19, 70. sum, to run through, to com- demonstro, -are, -avi, -atum, plete, 23, 83. 1. v. a. to point out, 21, 78. dedecus, -oris, n. disgrace, denique, adv. in Jine, in fact,

12, 42. 10, 33 ; with tum, 23, 82. deduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, denuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, to to conduct, to bring, 19, 26; denounce, to declare, 6, 18. to escort, as a mark of re- deploro, -are, -avi, -atum, to

spect, 18, 63. deplore, 3, 7 ; 13, 84. defatlgatio, -onis, f. a tiring deporto, -are, -avi, -atum, to out, weariness, 23, 86. bring home, to import, 1, 1. VOCABULABY. 195 deprimo, -ere, -essi, -essum, to devoveo, -ere, -vovi, -votum, to depress, to bring doion, 21, devote y to vow to death, 13, 77. 43. depugno, -are, -avi, -aturn, to dico, -ere, -xi, -ctum, to speak, be actively engaged in a to say, 14, 50, etc. battle, 10, 32. dictator, -oris, m. a Dictator, deputo, -are, -avi, -atum, to an extraordinary magistrate maJce up one's mind, to be at Rome, 16, 56. of opinion, 8, 25. dies, -ei, m, and f. a day, 19, descendo, -ere, -ndi, -nsum, to 69; in dies, every day, day descend, to dismount, 10, 34. by day, 13, 45; 14, 50. describo, -ere, -ipsi, -iptum, to differo, -erre, distuli, dilatum,

draiv, to describe, as a mathe- to postpone, to put off, 1, 1.

matical figure, 14, 49 ; to ivrite difficilis, -e, adj. difficult, 2, 4; 5. out, to compose, 2, 21, 78 ; ill-tempered, 3, 7 ; 18, desero, -ere, -rui, -ertum, to 65. desert,3, 9; 20, 72; 23, 85. diffundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, desideratio, -onis, f . a feeling to expand, 15, 51. regret, a feeling the loss of, digne, adv. in a ivorthy man- 14, 47. ner, toorthily, 1, 2. desiderium, -i, n. regret, a dignitas, -tatis, f. rank, esti-

missing, 10, 33 ; 15, 54. mation, 2, 8. desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, to dignus, -a, -um, adj. worthy, 1,

miss, to regret, 9, 27 ; 14, 47. 2 ; 5, 14. desino, -ere, -sii, to cease, 6, 18. digressus, -Qs, m. separation, desipiens, -ntis, adj. out of parting, 23, 85. one's mind,foolish, 7, 22. diligentia, -ae, f. diligence, despicio, -ere, -exi, -ectum, to earnestness, 11, 35; 17, 59, despise, 3, 7. etc. destruo, -ere, -uxi, -uctum, to diligo, -ere, -exi, -ectum, to destroij, 20, 72. love, to esteem, 4, 10; 8, 26; desudo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 23, 83. keep at ivork, to ivork hard, dimetior, -iri, -mensus [part. 11, 38. pass. dimensus, 17, 59], to detestabilis, -e, adj. execrable, calculate the measurement

abominable, 12, 41. of, to lay out, 14, 49 ; 17, 59. devinco, -ere, -vici, -victum, to dirigo, -ere, -exi, -ectum, to conquer entirely, 13, 44. arrange in a straight line, devorsorium, -i, n. a place for 17, 59. 18, 65. halting y an inn, 23, 84. diritas, harshness, 196 CATO MAIOB.

discedo, -ere, -essi, -essum, to diuturnitas, -tatis, f. long du- go away from, to depart, 22, ration, length of time, 11, 38. 79. diuturnus, -a, -um, adj. lasting discessus, -Qs, m. departure, long, long continued, 8, 26; separation, 23, 84. 19, 69. disciplina, -ae f. diseipline, divello, -ere, -velli, -vulsum, to rule of conduct, 11, 37; 16, tear asunder, topull topieces, 55. 20, 72. disco, -ere, didici, to learn, 4, divido, -ere, -isi, -isum, to di- 12, etc. vide, 4, 11; 21, 78. discribo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, to divine, adv. divinely, extraor- lay out, to arrange on a plan, dinarily, 13, 44. 17, 59. divinitas, -tatis, f. divinity, di- _ discriptio, -onis, f. a laying vine origin, 22, 81. out, an arrangement on a divino, -are, -avi, -atum, to plan, 17, 59. divine, to forebode, 4, 12. disertus, -a, -um, adj. [dis- divinus, -a, -um, adj. godlike, sero] eloquent, 9, 28. divine, 7, from God, 12, 40. 24 ; dispar, -aris, adj. dissimilar, do, dare, dedi, datum, to give,

unequal, 21, 78. to grant, 13, 43, 44 ; 19, 69. disputatio, -onis, f. discussion, doceo, -ere, -ui, -etum, to teach, 20, 74; 21, 77. 9, 29; docere fabulam, to disputo, -are, -avi, -atum, to exhibit a tragedy, 14, 50. discuss, to conduct an argu- doctrina, -ae, f. learning, 11, ment, 1, 3. 35; 14, 49. dissero, -ere, -ui, -ertum, to doctus, -a, -um, adj. doctior, argue, to state in discussion, learned, 15, 54, etc. 24, 78. doleo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to grieve, dissimilis, -e, adj. unlilce, 21, 19, 70. 78. _ dolor, -oris, m. grief, pain. dissolutus, -a, -um, adj. lax, domesticus, -a, -um, adj. be- careless, 11, 36. longing to home, internal, 4, dissolvo, -ere, -vi, -solutum, to 12. dissolve, to breakup, 20, 72; domi, locative case of domus, 22, 82. at home, 4, 12; 23, 82. diu, adv. for a long time, diu domicilium, -i, n. dwelling,

multumque, 3, 9 ; diutius, abode, 18, 63: 21,77. 22, 80. dominor, -ari, -atus, to be mas- diurnus, -a, -um, adj., by day, ter, to exercise authority, 11,

in the daytime, 23, 82. 38 ; 12, 41. ;

VOCABULABY. 197

dominus, -i, m. a master of 16, 56; to cause, efficit ut, a family or of slaves, 16, 12,42; 15,52. 56. effluo, -ere, -uxi, to flow away, domus, -us, loc. I, f . a house, an to elapse, 2, 4 ; 19, 69. establishment, 11, 37. effrenate, adv. in an unbridled donum, -I, n. a gift, 4, 10 ; 17, manner, intemperately , 12, 59. 39. dormio, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, to effugio, -ere, -fugi, to escape, sleep, 22, 81. to avoid, 11, 35. dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, to egeo, -ere, -ui, to be in need of, doubt, 7, 24; d. quln, 10, 10, 31. 31. ego, mei, pers. pron. I, 4, 10, dubius, -a, -um, adj. doubtful, etc. 12, 41. eicio, -ere, -ieci, -ectum, to duco, -ere, diixi, ductum, to eject, 12, 42. lead, to guide, 8, 26. elabor, -i, -psus, to glide out, to dulcesco, -ere, incept., to grow etcctpe, 12, 42. sweet, 15, 53. elaboro, -are, -avi, -atum, to dulcis, -e, adj. sweet, pleasant work earnestly, 7, 24; 8, 26; dulcior, 18, 65. 11, 38. dum, conj. whilst, as long as, eleganter, adv. tastefully, ele- 23, 85. gantly, 5, 13. duo, duae, duo, num. adj. tivo, elephantus, -i, m. an elephant, 5, 14. 9, 27. dux, ducis, m. and f . a leader, elicio, -ere, -icui, -licitum, to aguide, 2, 5; 10, 31. draw forth, 15, 51. elogium, -i, n. an inscrip- e, see ex. tion, 17, 61 ; an epigram, 20, ecquis, -quid, interrog. pron. 73. whof whatf is there any emancipo, -are, -avi, -atum, to whof 1, 1. transfer from one authority edepol, indecl. expletive, by to another, 11, 38.

Pollux ! infaith! 8,25. emereo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to earn effero, -rre, extuli, elatum, to fully ; emerere stipendia, to

raise, to elate ; efferor, / am serve one'sfull time, and so, enraptured, 23, 83. to be discharged, 14, 49. effetus, -a, -um, adj. wornout, eminus, adv. at a distance effete, 9, 29. [opp. to comminus], 6, 19. efficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, to emorior, -i, -mortuus, to die off,

make, to render, 1, 2; 9, 29; to die, 19, 71 ; 22, 80. ;

198 CATO MAIOB.

enervo, -are, -avi, -atum, to et, conj. and, even; et . . . et,

deprive of bodily strength, to que . . . et, both . . . and. enervate, 10, 32. etenim, conj. for indeed, 10, 31. enim, conj. for, 4, 10: intro- etiam, adv. even, also ; non

ducing examples of a general solum . . . sed etiam, 1, 2, statement, 19, 70. etc. enumero, -are, -avi, -atum, to etsi, conj. and yet, 1, 2. enumerate, to give a list of, evado, -ere, -asi, -asum, to go 23, 32. out of, to escapefrom, 22, 80. eo, Ire, Ivi or ii, itum, irreg. evenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum, to v. to go. happen, 20, 76. eo [is], on that account, 19, 68 eversio, -onis, f. an overthrow,

eo . . . quo, 21, 77. ruin, 12, 40. epulae, -arum, f. a banquet, ex, prep. [abl.] out of, from, 13,44; 14,50. 20, 72; after, 19, "71. epularis, -e, adj. belonging to examen, -inis, n. a swarm t a banquet, 13, 55. 15, 54. epulor, -ari, -atus, to feast, excedo, -ere, -ssi, -ssum, to 13, 55. depart, 23, 82. equidem, adv. certainly, at all excellens, -ntis, adj. excellent, events, 7, 21; 8, 26; 9, 27. superior, 2, 4. [e interj. and quidem. Cf. excido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, to enim.] cut down, to destroy utterly, equus, -i, m. a horse, 5, 14; 6,18.

10, 34. . excipio, -ere, -epi, -eptum, to re- erga, prep. [acc.] towards, ceive, 15, 51; to keep up,6, 19. 17, 59. excito, -are, -avi, -atum, to

ergo, conj. therefore, 6, 15. excite, to call into being f erigo, -ere, -exi, -ectum, to 12, 49. raise, to erect, 15, 51, 52; 20, excursio, -onis, f. expedition,

75 ; 23, 82. active service, 6, 19. erraticus, -a, -um, adj. strag- excusatio, -onis, f. excnse, gling,. straying, 15, 52. defence, plea, 18, 65. erro, -are, -avi, -atum, to wan- exemplum, -i, n. an example,

der, to be mistaken, to err, precedent, 8, 26 ; 13, 44. 23, 86. exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to keep error, -oris, m. an error, a at work, to exercise, 7, 21; mistake, 23, 85. 11,38; 14,50.

erudite, -ius, learnedly, 1, 3. exercitatio, -onis, f. practice,

esca, -ae, f . bait, 13, 44. exercise, 3, 9; 10, 34; 11, 36. ;

VOCABULARY. 199

exhaurio, -ire, -ausi, -austuin, extimesco, -ere, -timui, incept. to draw out, 6, 17. to begin to dread, to shrink exiguus, -a, -um, adj. small, from, 20, 75. short, 20, 74. extorqueo, -ere, -orsi, -ortum, existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, to to wrench away, 23, 85. thinJc, 23, 84. extremus, -a, -um [superl. adj. exoro, -are, -avi, -atum, per- from extra], furthest, last,

suade by entreaty, 12, 42. 2, 5 ; 9, 27 ; 19, 69. experior, -iii, -ertus, to have experience of, 23, 85. fabula, -ae, f. afable, a myth, expleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, tojill I, 3; a play, 7, 22; 14, 50;

up, to satisfy, 8, 26 ; 14, 47. 18, 64 ; 19, 70 ; 23, 85. explico, -are, -ui (-avi), -itum facile, adv. easily, 1, 3; 13, 44; (atum), to unfold, to explain, facilius, more easily, 13, 43; 1, 3. 19, 67; facillime, with the exploro, -are, -avi, -atum, to greatest ease, 3, 7 ; 20, 72.

investigate ; exploratus, cer- facinus, -oris, n. a crime, 12, tain, assured, 19, 67. 39. expugnatio, -onis, f. a taking facio, -ere, feci, factum, to do, by storm, 5, 13. to make, to cause, 9, 27; to exsequor, -i, -secutus, tofolloio represent, 1,3; facere . . . ut,

up, to obtain, 9, 28; to Jceep II, 38 ; 12, 42 ; faxim, -is, -it up, 20, 72. [old aor. opt. formed by add- exsisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, to ing -sim to root fac-], 20, 73. come into existence, to groiv, factum, -i, n. a deed, 13, 43. -a, 15, 53. falsus, -um, adj. untrue 9

exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum, to false, 2, 4 ; 18, 68. expect, to ivaitfor, 19, 68. fama, -ae, f. common report, exstinguo, -ere, -nxi, -nctum, fame, 17, 61. to extinguish, to put out, familiaris, -e, adj. intimate, 7,

4, 12; 11, 36, 38; 12,41. 24 ; 14, 49. exsto, -are, -stiti, to be extant, faxit, see facio. to survive, 6, 16. fecundus, -a, -um, adj. fertile exstruo, -ere, -uxi, -uctum, to fecundior, 15, 53. to -oris, build up, furnish elabo- fenus, n. interest, profit f rately, 13, 44. 15, 51.

exsultans, -ntis, part. of ex- fere, adv. just about, usually t sulto, exulting, 4, 10. nearly, 21, 78. externus, -a, -um, adj. exter- ferio, -ire [no perfect or su- nal,foreign, 4, 12; 6, 20. pine], to strike, 12, 42. ; ;

200 CATO 3IAIOB.

fero, ferre, tuli, latum, to carry, flos, rloris, m. aflower, 15, 54. to bear, to report, 17, 59. fluo, -ere, -xi, -ctum, to flow f ferocitas, -tatis, f. high spirit, 10, 31.

exuberant courage, 10, 33. focus, -i, m. a hearth, 16, 55. ferrum, -I, n. [no plur.] iron, foedus, -eris, n. a treaty, 6, 15, 52. 16. fervor, -oris, m. heat, exuber- fore [fut. infin. of sum], 23, ance, 13, 45. 84, etc. fibra, -ae, f. afibre., afilament, fortasse, adv. perhaps, 3, 8 15, 51. 8, 25. flcus, -I [and -us], f. a fig, 15, forte, adv. [abl. of fors] by 52. chance ; nisi forte, unless by fides, -ei, f . good faith, 20, 75 chance, introducing some ab-

honor, trustworthiness , 1, 1. surd or unlikely proposition,

fides, -ium, f. a lyre, 8, 26. 6, 18 ; 10, 33. flgo, -ere, -xi, -xum, to fix, to fortis, -e, adj. brave, 5, 14; fasten, 1,1. fortior, 20, 72. filia, -ae, f. a daughter, 11, 37. fortiter, adv. bravely, 23, 85. filius, -i, m. a son, 4, 11 ; 22, 79. fortuna, -ae, t.fortune, 17, 59. fingo, -ere, -nxi, fictum, to make fortunatus, -a, -um, adj. [for-

up, to construct ; fingere tuno] fortunate, lucky, 9, 29. animo, to imagine, 12, 41. forus, -I, m. a gangway, 6, 17. finis, -is, m. and f. an end, 20, fossio, -onis, f. a digging, 15, 72. 53. to fragilis, -e, adj. easily broken flo, fieri, faetus, to be made, f

become, 9, 30 ; 18, 65, etc. ; fit fragile, 18, 65. ut, it comes about that, 20, frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, to 72. break, 11, 38. flagitiosus, -a, -um, adj. infa- frater, -tris, m. a brother, 18, mous, 12, 42. 65; 19, 68.

flagitium, -i, n. sin, 12, 40. frequens, -ntis, adj. and adv.

flagro, -are, -avi, -atum, to be frequent, 13, 44 ; frequently, burning, to beinflamed with, 11, 38.

14, 50. fretus, -a, -um, adj. relyingon t flamma, -ae, f. aflame, 19,71. supported by, 20, 72. flecto, -ere, -xi, -xum, to bend, frigus, -oris, n. cold, 10, 34. 6,6. fructus, -us, m. fruit, profit, fletus, -us, m. weeping, 20, 73. 3,9; 15,51,53. floreo, -ere, -ui, to flourish, 6, fruor, -i, fructus, to take pleas- 20. ure in, to enjoy, 16, 57. ,;

VOCABULABT. 201

frustra, adv. in vain, 23, 84. gloria, -ae, f . glory, 3, 8 ; 4, 10

[frux] , frugis, f . corn, 15, 51. 13,44; 17, 59. fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum, to glorior, -ari, -atus, n. to boast,

fly,J, 11. 4, 11 ; 8, 26 ; 10, 32 ; 23, 82. fulcio, -lre, fulsi, fultum, to grandis, -e, adj. heavy, heavy prop, 15, 52. tvith years, old, 6, 16; or funale, -is, n. torch, 13, 44. joined witli natu, 4, 10; 18, fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, to 63. pour out, 15, 51; to spread, granum, -I, n. a grain, a seed, 15, 52. 15, 52. fundamentum, -i, n. founda- gratia,-ae, f . gratitude; thanks,

62. ; ; tion, 18, 12, 42 14, 46 ; favor in gra- funus, -eris, n. a funeral, 20, tiam redire, to become recon- 73. ciled, 16, 56. furiosus, -a, -um, adj. mad, gratus, -a, -um, adj. pleasant,

furious, 14, 47. grateful ; gratissimus, 2, 6. futurus, -a, -um, partic. adj. gravis, -e, adj. heavy, oppres-

future, about to be, 21, 78; sive, 2, 4 ; 3, 8 ; 21, 78 ; respec- 81. table, 22, dignified, 17, 61 ; gra- vior, -ius, 2, 4. gallina, -ae, f. a hen, fowl, 16, gravitas, -tatis, f. gravity,

56. seriousness, 4, 10 ; 10, 33. gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum, to graviter, gravius,gravissime, rejoice, 8, 26. adv. heavily, severely, 1, 1 gemma, -ae, f. a bud, 15, 53; a 19, 67 ; with weight } iveightily gem, ajewel, 17, 59. 6, 16. genero, -are, -avi, -atum, to be- gremium, -i, n. bosom, lap, get, 15, 52. 15, 51. geniculatus, -a, -um, adj. [ge- gubernator, -oris, m. a steers- nu] knotted, jointed, 15, 51. man, apilot, 6, 17. gens, -ntis, f. a clan, afamily, gustatus, -us, m. taste,flavor, nation, 17, 61. 15, 53. genus, -eris, n. sort, Jcind, class, 6,_8; 13,45; arace, 16, 56. habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to have, gero, -ere, -ssi, -stum, to carry 11, 37 ; 16, 58, etc. ; to reckon, on, to conduct, 4, 10; 6, 18, to consider, 19, 71; habere

etc. ; rem gerere, to be en- gratiam, to be grateful, 12,

gaged in or to transact busi- 42 ; 14, 46 ; habere rationem, to to pay ness, 5, 15 ; 6, 17 ; 7, 22. have regard for, gladius, -i, m. a sword, 6, 19. attention to, 11, 35; 15,51; 202 CATO MAIOB.

habere sermonem, to deliver honorabilis, -e, adj. honorable, a discourse, 9, 30; se habet 18, 63.

= is, ; 23, 82. honoro, -are, -avi -atum, to exet, 18, 65 f habito, -are, -avi, -atum, to endue with honor, to bestow

reside, to live, to inhabit, offlce upon, 7, 22 ; 17, 61; 23, 83. honoratus honoratior, hon- haedus, -I, m. a kid, 16, 56. ored, 18, 63. hamus, -I, m. a hooTc, 13, 44. hora, -ae, f. an hour, 19, 69. hasta, -ae, f. a spear, 6, 19; hortus, -i, m. a garden, 15, 16, 58. 54. haud, neg. particle, not ; haud hospes, -itis, a guest-friend, scio an, I rather thinJc, 16, 10, 32. 56; 20,73. hospitium, -I, n. a place of en- herbesco, -ere, incept. to sprout tertainment, an inn, 23, 84. into blade, to grow up, 15, hostis, -is, m. a public enemy, 51. 20, 75. hercule, by Hercules ! truly ! humanitas, -tatis, f. culture, [probably a vocative of Her- gentle breeding, 1, 1. cules on the analogy of the humanus, -a, -um, adj. human, 8. Greek oath 'H/>d/c\eis], 3, of men, 21, 77 ; polite, 17, 59. hibernus, -a, -um, adj. of the humus, -i, f. the ground, soil, ivinter, wintry, 14, 46. 17, 59. hic, haec, hoc, huius, demonstr. pron. this, this much, such idcirco, adv. therefore, on that as this, 16, 55; 17, 60; his account, 10, 33. diebus, within these last idem, eadem, idem, eiusdem,

days, 14, 50. adj. the same ; idem quod, histrio, -onis, m. an actor, 18, 10, 32.

64 ; 19, 70. igitur, conj. therefore, 5, 13; hodie, adv. [hoc die], to-day, 13, 43. 10, 34. ignavus, -a, -um, adj. idle, homo, -inis, m. and f. a human spiritless, 11, 36. being, a man, etc. ignis, -is, m. [abl. Igni, 10, 31, t 16, 57], honeste, adv. with honor, fire, 19, 71. respectably, 19, 70. ignominia, -ae, f. disgrace, honestus, -a, -um, adj. honor- 20, 75. able, respectable, 11, 38; 14, ignosco, -ere, -novi, -notum, 50; honestissimus, 18, 63. topardon, 16, 55. honor, -oris, m. honor, 20, 75; ille, -a, -ud, illius, demonstr. office, 17, 60. pron. he, that one, thefamous ; ;

VOCABULABY. 203

one ; non illius quidem, 18, in dies, day by day, 13,45;

65. 14, 50 ; in omnes partes, illuc, adv. thither, 70. in every direction 15, 52. 22, $ imbecillus, -a, -um, adj. weak, II. with abl. in, 2, 4, etc.

11, 35 ; imbecillior, 9, 30. in the case of, 2, 5 ; 7, 22.

imber, -bris [abl. -bri] , m. rain, incertus, -a, -um, adj. uncer-

10, 34. tain, 19, 68 ; 20, 74. imitor, -ari, -atus, to imitate, incido, -ere, -Idi, -Isum, to cut, 21, 77. to engrave, 17, 61. immissio, -onis, f. setting, incido, -ere, -cidi, to fall into, 15, 53. 19,_67. immoderatus, -a, -um, adj. incito, -are, -avi, -atum, to immoderate, excessive, 13, inclte, to urge, 12, 41; 20, 44. 75. impedio, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, to inclino, -are, -avi, -atum, to hinder, 12, 42. incline, 6, 16. impello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum, includo, -ere, -usi, -usum, to to impel, to urge on, 12, 40 enclose, to shut in, 15, 51; 21, 77. 21, 77. impendeo, -ere, to threaten, to incola, -ae, m. an inhabltant, hang over, to be near, 19, 69; a felloiv countryman, 21, 78. 20, 74. inconstantia, -ae, f. inconsis- imperator, -oris, m. amilitary tency, 2, 4. commander, 20, 72. incredibiliter, adv. in an in-

imperium, -i, n. absolutepower, credible manner, 15, 51. incrementum, -I, n. increase, 11, 37 ; authority, 15, 51 ; 17, 59; cum imperio esse, groioth, 15, 52. to be in possession of impe- incurro, -ere, -cucurri, -cursum, rium, i.e. to be one of the 3 v. n. to run upon, 8, 25. curule magistrates who had indico, -ere, -ixi, -ictum, to imperium bestowed on them proclaim; bellum indicere, by a vote of the comitia 14, 46. curiata, 18, 64. indoctus, -a, -um, adj. wn- impero, -are, -avi, -atum, to learned, 20, 75.

command, 16, 55. indoles, -is, f . disposition, char- importunitas, -tatis, f. unrea- acter, natural ability, 8, 26. sonableness, insolence, 3, 7. Found only once in plural. in, prep. I. with acc. into, 7, Gell. xix. 12, 5.

22, etc. ; in suos, in regard industria, -ae, f. indltstry, 7, to, over his family, 11, 37; 22. 204 CATO MAIOR.

ineo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, to inlecebra, -ae, f . charm, entice-

begin, 15, 53 ; 20, 76. ment, 12, 40. iners, -rtis, adj. idle, inactive, inludo, -ere, -usi, -usum, to de-

2, 5 ; 8, 26. ceive, to mock, 18, 65. inexercitatus, -a, -um, adj. un- inlustris, -e, adj. illustrious, practised, 18, 64. 11, 38. infirmitas, -tatis, f. iveakness, inmortalis, -e, adj. immortal, 10, 33. 7, 25; 23,85. infirmus, -a, -um, adj. -ior, innumerabiliter, adv. innu- -ius, 5, 15, weak, in bad merably, 21, 78. healtli, 11, 35. inopia, -ae, f. poverty, want, ingenium, -I, n. intellect, char- 3,8.

acter, 7, 22 ; 9, 28, etc. inquam, -is, -it, defect. I say, ingravesco, -ere, incept. to 5, 13. grow heavy, to become bur- inscribo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, to

densome, 2, 6 ; 11, 36. inscribe, to give a title to, 5, ingredior, -i, -gressus, to enter 13; 17,59. upon, 2, 6; to set about, to Insipiens, -ntis, adj. unwise, 3,

begin, 14, 49; v. n. to enter, 8 ; 22, 80. to come forward, 10, 33. insipienter, adv. unwisely, 19, inhumanitas, -tatis, f. rough- 68. ness, ill-temper, want of re- insitio, -onis, f. grafting, 15, finement, 3, 7. 54. inhumanus, -a, -um, adj, un- insolens, -ntis, adj. presumptu- kind, unsocial, unrefined, 3, ous, 10, 31. 7. insomnium, -I, n. sleeplessness, inimicitia, -ae, f. enmity, 14, 13, 44. 49. instillo, -are, -avi, -atum, to inimicus, -a, -um, adj. un- drop into, 11, 36. friendly, hostile, 12, 40, 42. instituo, -ere, -ui, -utum, to

iniquus, -a, -um, adj. disturbed, educate, to instruct, 9, 29 ; 14,

uneasy ; iniquissimus, 23, 50. _ 83. institutum, -i, n. a doctrine, an initium, -i, n. a beginning, 17, establtshed custom, 11, 34. 60. instruo, -ere, -uxi, -uctum, to iniussu. (only as the ablative furnish, to make accom- case), without the command plished, 9, 29. of, 20, 72. integer, -gra, -grum, adj. un- inlacrimo, -are, -avi, -atum, touched, whole, sound, 20, to shed tears, 9, 27. 72; 22,80. :

VOCABULABY. 205

intellego, -ere, -exi, -ectum, to ipse, -a, -um, ipsius, pron. self, understand, 8, 26; 11, 38; Jiimself, herself, itself, 8, 26,

12, 42. etc. ; tu ipse, 9, 27. intemperans, -ntis, partic. adj. iracundus, -a, -um, adj. given intemperate, 9, 29. to anger, ill-tempered, 18, 65. intentus, -a, -um [intendo], irrideo, -ere, -risi, -risum, to partic. adj. at full stretcJi, laugji at, to mock, 23, 85. irrigatio, -onis, f. irrigation, . 1J,37. interdico, -ere, -lxi, -ctum, to 15, 53.

_ interpose, to prohibit from, is, ea, id, eius, demonstr. pron. 7,22. thatone, tJuit, such, 9, 27, etc. interdum, adv. sometimes. eo, on tJiat account, so mucJi, intereo, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -itum, 21,74; et ei, and tJiey too, toperish, 22, 81; 21, 78. 23, 84; 20, 74; eaque, and interfieio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, tJiat too, 10, 33. to Jcill, 20, 74. iste, -a, -ud, istius, demonstr. interimo, -ere, -emi, -emptuni, pron. tJiat one by you, he to Jcill, to destroy, 16, 56. icliom you see, i/ours, 7, 24, interitus, -us, m. death, 20, 75. etc. intersum, -esse, -fui, to be istic, istaec, istuc [and -oc], present, be a witness of, 3, 7; demonstr. pron. tJiat, icJiat 12, 41; to intervene, to be be- you mention, 3, 8.

tween, 6, 16 ; 17, 60. istinc, adv. tJience, from tJiat, intueor, -eii, -tutus, to looJc at, from wJiat you mention, 14,

to beliold, 14, 48 ; 17, 59. 47. intus, adv. icitliin, in private, istuc, adv. in your direction, 4, 12. to your point, 2, 6. invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, ita, adv. so, 11, 35; in such to discover, to invent, 15, 54. manner, followed by quasi, inventum, -i, n. a discovery, 4, 12; 23, 83; follovred by ut, an invention, 21, 78. 4, 10; 23, 84; on such condi- inveterasco, -ere, -veteratus, tion, followed by si, 11. 38. incept. to groio old, to become itaque, conj. and so, tJierefore, inveterate, 20, 72. 19, 66, etc.

inviolate, adv. inviolably , 22, iter, itineris, n. a journey, a 81. marcJi, 20, 74. invito, -are, -avi, -atum, to in- iterum, adv. a second time, vite, 16, 57. again, 4, 11, etc. invitus, -a, -um, adj., unwill- iam, adv. noiv, even, already,

ing, involuntary, 12, 42. 4, 12, etc. ; nay more, 16, 56; ; ;

206 CATO MAIOB.

iam diu, this long time past, labor, -oris, m. labor, trouble, 6, 18; introducing a new sorrow, 23, 84. point or step in an argument, lac, lactis, n. milk, 16, 56. now, 20, 72; or iam vero, lacertus, -i, m. an arm, 9, 27. 22, 80. lacrima [or lacruma, 20, 73], iucundus, -a, -um, adj. pleas- -ae, f. a tear. ant, 8, 56; iucundior, -ius, laetor, -ari, -atus, to be rejoiced,

14, 47 ; iucundissimus, 3, 9. 14, 48. iudex, -icis, m. ajudge, 7, 22. laetus, -a, -um, adj. glad, joy- iudicium, -I, n. a legal decision, ful ; laetior, -ius, 15, 53. a legal inquiry. lamentum, -i, n. a lamenta- iudico, -are, -avi, -atum, to tion, a mourning, 20, 73. judge, to eome to a conclu- languesco, -ere, incept. to lan- sion, 13, 43; v. a. to adjudge, guish, to becomefeeble, 9, 28 to decide upon, 21, 78. 11, 37. iugatio, -onis, f . a joining, a languidus, -a, -um, adj. lan- yoking together, 15, 53. guid,feeble, 8, 26. iure, adv. [abl. of ius] rightly, lapsus, -us, m. a gliding, a 17, 61. spreading, 15, 52. iurgium, -i, n. a quarrel, a largior, -iri, -itus, to bestoio as wrangle, 3, 8. afavor, 23, 83. ius, iuris, n. right, prerogative, latus, -eris, n. a side ; in plur. 11, 38; law, 9, 27; a body of lungs,5, 14; 9, 28; body, 9, laiv, ius augurium pontifi- 27.

. cium civile, the augural, laudatio, -onis, f. a panegyric, pontifical, civil code, 11, 38; afuneral oration, 4, 12.

14, 50, cf. 4, 12 ; iuris con- laudo, -are, -avi, -atuni, to sulti, jurists, 7, 22. praise, to quote frequently, iussus, -us, m. a command, 16, 10, 32. _56. laus, laudis, f. praise, 13, 44; iustus, -a, -um, adj.just, right, 17, 62. complete, 18, 65. laxo, -are, -avi, -atum, to loosen, iuveniliter, adv. like a young to release, 3, 7. man, insolently, 4, 10. lectulus, -I, m. a couch, 11, iuventus, -tutis, f . youth, 6, 15 38. a band*of youths, 9, 28. legatus, -i, m. a lieutenant, a legatus, an officer in a prov- labefacto, -are, -avi, -atum, to ince next in rank to the con-

shake, to make to totter, 6, sul or proconsul, 6, 18 ; an

20. ambassador, 13, 43 ; 18, 63. ; ;

VOCABULARY. 207

legio, -onis, f. a legion, 24, 75. 23, 85] aplace, 21, 77; a sub- lego, -ere, legi, lectum, to read, ject, a topic, 9, 27.

4, 12 ; 6, 20. longe, adv. afar,far off, 19, 66 lenio, -Ire, -Ivi or -ii, -Ituni, to 16, 55. soothe, to assaage, 15, 54. longinquus, -a, -um, adj. long lenis, -e, adj. gentle, unruffled, continued, 12, 41 ; 23, 84. 15, 54. longus, -a, -um, adj. long, 6 2, ; levis, -e, adj. light, easy to longior, too long, 16, 55.

bear, 3, 8 ; levior, 8, 26, friv- loquax, -acis, adj. garrulous,

olous, 11, 36; 18, 63; levior, 10, 31 ; loquacior, 16, 55. simpler, 14, 50. loquor, -I, locutus, to speak, to levo, -are, -avi, -atum, to say, 12, 41. lighten, to relieve of, 1, 1 lubet, impers. it pleases, 16, 11, 36. _58; 23, 84. lex, legis, f. a law, 4, 10, etc. ludus, -I, m. a game, 14, 50; libenter, libentius, adv. with theatrical exhibition, 18, 03, pleasure, readily, 14, 47, 48, _cf._6, 20. 23, 85. lugeo, -ere, -xi, -ctum, to mourn liber, -era, -erum, adj./ree, 22, for, to bewail, 20, 74.

81. lumen, -inis, n. light, 12, 41 ; a liber, -brl, m. a book, 11, 38; lamp, 11, 36 ; ornament, 11, 35.

17,59. luna, -ae, f . the moon, 14, 49. libero, -are, -avi, -atum, to ac- luo, -ere, -lui, to atone for, to

quit, ; to setfree, 75 expiate, 20, 75. 7, 22 20, ;

22, 80. lusio, -onis, f . playing, a game, libet, libuit or libitum est, im- 16, 58. pers. itpleases, 12, 42. lux, lucis, f. daylight, 14, 49; libidinosus, -a, -um, adj. licen- in luce, inpublic, 4, 12. tious, 9, 29. libido, -inis, f . lust, licentious magis, adv. more, rather, 11,

desires, 3, 7 ; 11, 36. 36, etc. licet, licuit or licitum est, magister, -tri, m. master, impers. it is alloiced, it is teacher, 5, 13; 9, 29; magis-

lawful, 17, 60 ; licet mihi, I ter equitum, master of the may, 1, 1. horse, a magistrate nomi- litterae, -arum, f. literature, nated by and next in rank to language, 1, 3; 4, 12; 11, 38. the dictator, 16, 56. locuples, -etis, adj. rich, well magisterium, -i, n. office of supplied, 16, 56. master of afeast, 14, 46. locus, -i, m. [in plur. -i or -a, magistratus, -us, m. office, 4, 10. ;

208 CATO MAIOR.

magnitudo, -inis, f . greatness, meditatio, -onis, f. prepara- 11, 35. tion, 20, 74. magnus, -a, -um, adj. great, 1, meditor, -ari, -atus, to prepare,

1 ; loud, 5, 14 ; magno opere, to meditate on; pass. part. greatly, 13, 44. meditatus, 20, 74. maior, -oris, compar. adj. medius, -a, -um, adj. middle, greater, too great, 1,1; elder, 20, 76.

22, 79 ; maiores natu, elders, medulla, -ae, f . marrow, 14, 50.

3, 7 ; 12, 1 ; 13, 43 ; maiores, mel, mellis, n. honey, 10, 36;

-um, m. ancestors, 7, 25 ; 13, 16, 56. 45. melior, -ius, -oris, compar. adj.

male, adv. ill, badly, 7, 22. better, 23, 84 ; di meliora, malleolus, -i. m. mallet-shoot, heaven forbid ! 14,47. a hammer-shaped slip, 15, 52. melius, compar. adv. better, in malo, mavis, mavult, malle, a better way, 13, 45; 19, 67; -ui, to prefer, to wish in 20, 73. preference, 10, 32. memini, -isse [no pres. or malum, -i, an evil, 13, 44. imperf.], defect. v. a. to re- malus, -a, -um, adj. evil, bad. member, 9, 30, etc. ; memen- malus, -i, m. a mast, 6, 17. tote, 18, 62. maneo, -ere, -nsi, -nsum, to memoria, -ae, f. memory, 4, 12

remain, 7, 22. 7, 21 ; 19, 71. manus, -us, f. a hand; in mens, -ntis, f . mind, intellect, manibus esse, habere, 4, 12; 6, 16; 11, 36, 38; 12,40,42.

7,22; 11, 38. mensa, -ae, f . a table, 13, 44. mater, -tris, f . a mother, 13, 45. mensis, -is, m. a month, 19, 69. mature, adv. early, quickly, -onis, f . 14 mentio, mention, 5, ; 10, 32. 18, 63. maturitas, -tatis, f. maturity, metior, -iri, mensus, to meas- ripeness, 2, 5; 10, 33; 19, 71. ure, 13, 45. maturo, -are, -avi, -atum, to metuo, -ere, -ui, tofear, 11, 37. make ripe, to bring to ma- miles, -itis, m. a common sol-

turity, 15, 53. dier, 4, 10 ; 6, 8 ; 10, 32. maturus, -a, -um, adj. ripe, militia, -ae, f . military service ;

mature, 19, 71 ; 20, 76. militiae, on service, abroad, maxime, superl. adv. chiefly, opposed to domi, 23, 82. especially, 2,4; 13, 45 quam minimus, -a, -um, superl. adj. ; maxime, as much aspossible, least, 13, 45. 14, 46; nunc cum maxime, minor, -us, -oris, compar. adj. younger, 17, 59. at this very time, 11, 38. less, 15, 51 ; ; ;

YOCABULABT. 209

minuo, -ere, -ui, -utus, to molestia, -ae, f. trouble, an- diminish, 7, 21. noyance, 1. 2. minus, compar. adv. less, 2, 4 molestus, -a, -um, adj. trouble-

; 8, 26 ; 10, 32 n. subst. 10, 33. some, offensive, 2, 6; 14, 47; minutus, -a, -uni, adj. small, 23, 85.

14, 46 ; insignificant, 23, 85 molior, -iri, -ltus, to attempt, minutissimus, 15, 52. 8, 26. mirificus, -a, -um, adj. aston- mollio, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -Itum,

ishing, wonderful, 3, 9. to soften, 15, 51 ; to subclue miror, -ari, -atus, to wonder by degrees, to icear out, 4, at, to express admiration of, 10. 13, 43. mollis, -e, adj. soft, easy, 1, 2. miser, -era, -erum, adj. miser- molliter, adv. gently, easily, able, 5, 13; miserrimus, 2, 5. 8,25. moneo, -ere, -ul, -itum, to miserabilis, -e, adj. to bepitied, warn, to advise, 10, 32. miserable, 16, 56. monumentum, -I, n. a record, mitis, -e, mitior, adj. gentle, a memorial, 11, 38. quiet, 9, 28; 13,45. moratus, -a, -um, adj. endowed moderatio, -onis, f. reasonable- with morcds, 18, 63. ness, moderation, 1,1; a morbus, -i, m. a disease, 11, 35 moderate use, an economy, 19, 67. 10, 33. morior, -I, mortuus, to die, moderatus, -a -um, adj. mod- 5, 13, etc.

erate, reasonable, 3, 7. morositas, -tatis, f . ill-temper, modice, adv. temperately , with 18, 65. moderation, 1, 2; 13, 45. morosus, -a, -um, adj. ill-tem- modicus, -a, -um, adj. moder- pered, 18, 65. ate, within reasonable limits, mors, -rtis, f. death, 5, 15, etc. 11,36; 13,44. morsus, -us, m. bite, pecking, modo, adv. lately, 9, 27; onhj, 15, 51.

non modo . . . sed etiam, mortalis, -e, adj. mortal, sub-

7,21,22; 11,37; 15,51; 19,70; ject to cleath, 22, 80 ; 21, 78.

non modo . . . verum etiam, mortuus, -a, -um, adj. dead,

8,26; 16, 57. 7, 21 ; 9, 27. modus, -I, m. manner, method, mos, moris, m. manner, cus- 3, 8; 21, 77; a limit, 14, 46; tom, 7, 22; 14, 46; 23, 82; ' 23, 84. mores, character, habits, moleste, adv. with offence, 3,7; 18,65. xoith dislihe, 3, 7. motus, -us, m. motion, 21, 78. p ;

210 CATO MAIOB.

moveo, -ere, movi, motum, to navigo, -are, -avi, -atum, to move, 21, 78. sail, to manage a ship, 6, 17. multiplex, -plicis, adj. mani- ne, adv. not, in final clauses;

fold, 15, 52; often repeated, ne . . . quidem, not even, 3,

18, 64. 8, 9, etc. ; neither, 10, 33; 11, multitudo, -inis, f. a great 34 ; 14, 47 ; with imperative quantity, 19, 71. or subjunctive, do not, pro- multo, adv. by much, 11, 36; hibitive; conj. lest, that not f 15, 53. 9, 27, etc. multum, adv. much, 11, 38, etc. ne, interrog. enclitic, 10, 31, multus, -a, -um, adj. much, 14, etc.

44, etc. ; ad multam noctem, ne, truly, verily, 10, 33. tilllate at night, 14, 46. necesse, neut. adj. necessary, munio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, 4 2,5.

v. a. to fortify, to entrench, necessitas, -tatis, f . necessity, 15, 51. natural law, 2, 4; 21, 77. munus, -eris, n. a gift, 1, 2; nefas, n. indeclin. ivrong, im- 12, 39; lex de muneribus, piety, 5, 13.

4, 10 ; a duty, 9, 27, 29 ; 10, neglego, -ere, -exi, -ectum, to 34; 21, 77. neglect, to disregard, 20, 74 muto, -are, -avi, -atum, to to do carelessly, 2, 5. change, 4, 10. nego, -are, -avi, -atum, to deny, 6, 17; 9,30. nam or namque, conj. for. nemo, -inis, m. no one, 11, 38 nanciscor, -i, nactus, to obtain, 23, 85. to catch hold of, 15, 52. nequaquam, adv. by no means, nascor, -i, natus, to be born, 3, 8. 23, 84. neque, nec, conj. nor, and not, natatio, -onis, f. sioimming, 12, 41, etc. 16, 58. nequeo, -is, -it, -ire, -ivi, to be natura, -ae, f. nature, 15, 52, unable, 9, 28. etc. nescio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, naturalis, -e, adj. of nature, to be ignorant of, not to arising from nature, natu- Jcnoiv ; nescio quo modo or ral, 10, 33; 14,46. pacto, somehoio or another, natus, -us, m. birth, 3, 7, etc. 9,28.

navalis, -e, adj . ofships, naval, neutiquam, adv. in no case, 5, 13. by no 7neans, 12, 42. navigatio, -onis, f. a voyage, m, conditional neg. = nisi, un- a sailing, 19, 71. less, 23, 82. ;;

VOCABULABY. 211

nihil [or nil, 8, 25], n. indeclin. nostrum, gen. plur. of ego, 1, 2. nothing, 22, 80, etc. notitia, -ae, f. Jcnowledge, 4, 2. nimis, adv. too, too much, 10, noto, -are,-avi,-atum, to mark, 31. to brancl (of the censor's

nimius, -a, -um, adj. excessive, stigma) , 12, 42. too much, 15, 52, 53, etc. novem, indeclin. num. adj. nisi, conditional neg. unless, nine, 6, 19.

23, 82, etc. ; nisi forte, 6, 18, novus, -a, -um, adj. neiv,6, 20. see forte. nox, -ctis, f. night, 14, 48; nitor,-oris, m. brilliance, 17, 59. multa nox, late, 14, 46.

nitor, -i, nisus or nixus, to at- nugator, -oris, m. a trifier, 9, tempt, strive for, 10, 33; 23, 27. 82: toreston, 15,51. nullus, -a, -um [gen. -ius], adj. nobilis, -e, adj. noble, famous, none, no, 2, 4, etc. ; non-ex- 3, 8; 9, 29. istent, almost = non, 19, 67 nobilitas, -tatis, i.fame, great 22, 79; not to be counted,

reputation, 21, 77. ivorthless, 3, 7 ; subst. no nobilito, -are, -avi, -atum, to one. makefamous, 9, 27. num, interrog. particle expect- noctu, adv. by night, 14, 49. ing negative answer, is it? nocturnus, -a, -um, adj. noc- it is'nt, is it? 6, 19, etc. turnal, of the night, 23, 80. numquam, adv. never, 1, 2, etc. nolo, nonvis, nonvult, nolle, nunc, adv. now, at the present nolui, not to wish, to be un- time, 1, 1, etc. willing, 8, 35. nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, to an- nomen, -inis, n. name, 7, 21. nounce, 16, 56. nomino, -are, -avi, -atum, to nuper, adv. lately, 17, 61. name, to call, 6, 20; 13, 55; nusquam, adv. nowhere, 10,

15, 51 ; 16, 56. 31 ; 18, 63. non, neg. adv, not. nutus, -us, m. a nod, 17, 61. nonaginta, indeclin. num. adj. ninety, 10, 34. o, interject. oh ! with voc. 1, 1 nonne, interrog. particle ex- with nom. 19, 69 ; with accus.

pecting affirmative answer, 19, 66 ; 23, 84.

is it not ? oblectamentum, -i, n. source nosco, -ere, novi, notum, to of pleasure, delight, 15, 52; hnoio, 8, 26; 17, 61. [norat 16, 55. = noverat, 13, 43.] oblecto, -are, -avi, -atum, to noster, -tra, -trum, poss. pron. jjlease, to delight, 11,38; 16, our, 7, 22; 23,82. 56. ;

212 CATO MAIOB.

obliviosus, -a, -um, adj. for- oculus, -i, m. an eye, 4, 12. getful, 11, 36. odiosus, -a, -um, adj. hateful,

obliviscor, -i, oblitus, toforget, 2,4; 8, 25 ; 18, 65. 7,21. odor, -oris, m. scent, smell, obmutesco, -ere, -tui, incept. 17, 59. to become dumb, 7, 23. offensio, -onis, f. offence re- obrepo, -ere, -psi,. -ptum, to ceived, vexatlon, 18, 65. creep up, 2, 4; 11, 38. officium, -i, n. a duty, 9, 29;

obruo, -ere, -ui, -utum, to hide, 10, 34 ; employment, 16, 56. to cover up, 7, 21. olearius, -a, -um, adj. of olives, observo, -are, -avi, -atum, to or, of olive oil, 16, 56. observe, to Jceep up, 18, 63. oleum, -i, n. oil, 11, 36. obstruo, -ere, -uxi, -uctum, to olivetum, -i, n. an olive grove, block up, 20, 75. 16, 57. obtusus, -a, -um [obtundo], Olympius, -a, -um, adj\ o/ obtusior, adj. blunted, dim, Olympia; Olympia, ' the 23, 83. Olympic games,' 5, 14. occaeco, -are, -avi, -atum, to omitto, -ere, -isi, -issum, to hide up, to conceal [ob- omit, to pass over, 7, 24.

caeco] , 51, 51. omnino, adv. altogether, 14, 46

occatio, -onis, f . [occo. root ac-, 14, 48; 19, 66; at all, 7,24;

; however, ; as in acuo], harrowing, 15, 10, 34 9, 28 3, 9 ; 51. certainly, on the whole, 13, occido, -ere, -idi, -casum, to 45. fall, to perish, 20, 76. omnis, -e, adj. all, every, 1, 2, occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, to etc. seize (with the idea of 'sur- onus, -eris, n. a burden, 2, 4; prise'), 16, 56; to forestall, 5, 14. to engage, 10, 32. opera, -ae, f. pains, labor, occurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, 4,11. to occur, to come into the operio, -ire, -rui, -rtum, to

mind, 1, 2. cover ; opertus, covered, i.e. octiugentesimus, -a, -um, or- wearing a hat, 10, 44. dinal num. adj. eight hun- operosus, -a, -um, adj. active, dredth, 2, 4. busy, 8, 26. octogesimus, -a, -um, ordinal opinio, -onis, f. opinion, 2, 5. num. adj. eightieth, 2, 4; oportet, -ere, -uit, impers. it 5, 13; 10,32. behoves, it is right, 12, 42. octoginta, indeclin. num. adj. oppidum, -i, n. a town, 4, 11. eighty, 19, 69. opprimo, -ere, -essi, -essum, to ;

VOCABULABY. 213

crush, to overpoicer, 11, 36; show, to point out, 15, 53;

to smother, 19, 71 ; to sur- 19, 70. pHse, 14, 49. otiosus, -a, -um, adj. at leisure,

[ops], opis, f. help,2, 4; opes, 14, 49 ; 23, 82. -um, resources, 3, 8. optabilis, -e, adj. to be wished, pabulum, -i, n. food, proven- desirable, 13, 85. der, 14, 49. optime, adv. best, in the best pactum, -i, n. [paciscor] a

way, 20, 72. , way, a method, 9, 28. optimus, -a, -um, superl. adj. paene, adv. almost, 5, 14 ; 21, 77. best, 4, 11. paenitet, -ere, -uit, impers. it opto, -are, -avi, -atum, to wish, repents one, 6, 19 ; 23, 84. 13,43; 18,66; 20, 74. palma, -ae, f. apalm, a crown opus, -eris, n. a work, a deed, of victory, 6, 19. employment, 5, 13; 9, 29; pampinus, -I, m. and f. a ten- need, 1, 3; 20,74. dril, 15, 53. oraculum, -I, n. an oraele, the par, paris, adj. like, equal, 3, 7. ansiver of an oracle, 21, 78. pareo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to obey, oratio, -onis, f. a speech, an 1, 2; 2,5. oration, 6, 16; a discourse pario, -ere, peperi, partum, to in proof of something, a beget, to produce, to obtain, pleading, 1, 3; 18, 62. 19, 21. orator, -oris, m. a speaker, an pariter, adv. equally, contem- orator, 6, 20. poraneously, 14, 50. orbo, -are, -avi, -atum. to de- pars, partis, f. part, portion, prive, to bereave, 6, 17. side, 15, 52; partes, a part ordo, -inis, m. a row, 15, 53; in a play, 2, 5.

16, 57 : 17, 59. parum, adv. not sufficiently origo, -inis, f . origin ; Orlgines, subst. indeclin. n. not enough, the title of a book of Cato's, 1, 3. 11, 38. parvulus, -a, -um, adj. [dimin. orior, -Iri, ortus, to rise, 15, 53. of parvus] smatt, mean, in- ornatior, -ioris, -ius, comp. adj. signiflcant, 14, 48. [from partic. of orno], more parvus, -a, -um, adj. smatt. adorned, 16, 67. pastus, -us, m.pasturinp feed- ornatus, -us, m. adomment, ing, 15, 54. 17, 59. pater, -tris, m. afather, 12, 41, ortus, -us, m. a growing, etc. sprouting, 15, 52. paternus, -a, -um, adj. of a to 35. ostendo, -ere, -ndi, -nsum, father , paternal, 11, 214 CATO MAIOR.

patientia, -ae, f. endurance, perdo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, to persistence, 4, 10. lose, 7, 21. patria, -ae, f. a fatherland, perduco, -ere, -uxl, -uctum, to country, 12, 40. keep up, to continue, 17, 60» patrius, -a, -um, adj. ances- pereo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, to tral, 11, 37. perisli, 10, 31. patruus, -I, m. a father's perfectus, -a, -um, adj. perfect, brother, an uncle, 11, 37; consummate, 2, 4. 23, 83. permaneo, -ere, -nsi, -nsum, to paucus, -a, -um, adj. few, 19, be permanent, to remain, 7,

59. 22 ; 12, 41 ; 22, 80. paululum, adv. a little, 10, 33. permulceo, -ere, -mulsi, -mul- paupertas, -tatis, f. poverty, sum, to sootJie, to console, 5, 15. 2,4. pax, pacis, f . peace, 6, 16. persaepe, adv. very often, 9, 28. pectus, -toris, n. a breast, 1, 1. persequor, -i, -secutus, to go pecus, -udis, f. a sheep, 15, 54. throagli, to retail, 6, 16; to pedester, -tris, -tre, adj. on folloio up, to put a finishing

foot, on land, 5, 13, wliere it stroke to, 6, 19 ; to give a list is equal to terrestris. of, to go througJi, 16, 55. penarius, -a, -um, adj. belong- perspicuus, -a, -um, adj. clear,

ing to provisions ; cella p. 22, 80. _ store cupboard, 16, 56. perstudiosus, -a, -um, adj. per, prep. [acc.] through, by very eagerfor, very fond o/, means of. 1, 3. peracerbus, -a, -um, adj. very persuadeo, -ere, -suasi, -sua- bitter, 15, 53. sum, to persua.de, to convince,

peractio, -onis, f. a complete 13, 43 ; 21, 78 ; 22, 80. performance, 23, 85. pertineo, -ere, -ui; to belong, perago, -ere, -egi, -actum, to to pertain, 7, 24; 16,56; 23,

perform, to act throughout, 82_. 18,(34; 19,70. perutilis, -e, adj. very useful, percipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 17, 52. to conceive in the mind, 12, pervenio, -ire, -veni, ventum,

41 ; to learn, 7, 21 ; to gather, to arrive, 2, 6 ; 23, 86. to harvest,!, 24; 19, 70. perversitas, -tatis, f. perver- percontor, -ari, -atus, to aslc, sity, ivrong-headedness, 2, 4. to put questions, 6, 20. pes, pedis, m. a foot, 10, 34. perditus, -a, -um, adj. aban- pestifer, -era, -erum, adj. pes- doned, wicJced, 12, 42. tilent, destructive, 12, 41. ;:

VOCABULABY. 215

pestis, -is, f . a pest, destruction, adj. pluris, of more value,

12, 39. 17, 61 ; 19, 66 ; subst. n. more, peto, -ere, -ivi or ii, -itum, to a greater amount, 17, 60 ; in seek, 13, 43. plur. plures, plura, subst. petulantia, -ae, f . icantonness, and adj. more, 1, 3 ; adv. any 11, 36. more, 9, 27. philosophia, -ae, f . philosophy, poculum, -i, n. a cup, 13, 44. 1,2. poeta, -ae, m. apoet, 2, 5. philosophus, -i, m. a philoso- polliceor, -eri, -icitus, to make a prornise, 6. pher, 4, 12 ; 7, 22 ; 23, 85. 2, pie, adv. piously, 22, 81. pomarium, -i, n. an apple or- pietas, -tatis, f . piety, 23, 84. chard, 15, 54. pila, -ae, f . a ball, 16, 58. pomum, -i, an apple, 19, 71. piscis, -is, m. afish, 13, 44. pondus, -eris, n. loeight, 16, 55. placeo, -ere, -cui, -citum, to pono, -ere, -osui, -ositum, to please, 19, 70; impers. placet, place, to reckon, 4, 10.

it pleases ; si placet, if you pontifex, -ncis, m. a priest, please, 23, 82. one of the college of ponti- placidus, -a, -um, adj. pleas- fices, 7, 22; Pontifex Maxi- ing, peaceful, 5, 13. mus, the headof the college, plane, adv. plainly, quite, 4, 17, 61. 10; 22, 81. pontificius, -a, -um, adj. be- planta, -ae, f. a cutting, a slip, longing to or concerning the 15, 52. Pontifices, 11, 38. plaudo, -ere, -ausi, -ausum, to populus, -i, m. apeople, 12, 41 clap the hancls, to applaud, 17,61. 19, 70. porro, adv. in succession, in plausus, -us, m. a clapping of their turn, 13, 43. the hands, applause, 18, 64. portus, -us, m. a port, a har- plebs, plebis, f. people, the bor, 19, 71. Plebs, 4, 11. post, prep. [acc.] after, 16, 16 plenus, -a, -um, SLd].fuU, 1, 1. adv. after, later ; followed plerique, -aeque, -aque, adj. by quam, 4, 10.

very many, most, 2, 4 ; 21, 78. postea, adv. afterwards, 5, 13 plerumque, adv. more often 17, 61. than not, generally, 15, 51. posteritas, -tatis, f. posterity, plurimus, -a, -um, superl. adj. 23, 82. the greatest number, most, posterus, -a, -um, adj. poste-

17, 61. rior, coming after ; posteri, plus, -uris [comp. of multus] . posterity, 7, 25. ;

216 CATO MAIOR.

-are, postulo, -avi, -atum, to worthy, excellent ; praesta- demand, to expect, 11, 34. bilior, -ius, 12, 40. potio, -onis, f. a drinking, 11, praestans, -ntis, adj. excellent,

36 ; 14, 46. eminent, 17, 59; praestan- potior, -Irl, -Itus, to become tior, -ius, 4, 11; 10, 23; 23, possessed of, to get posses- 84.

sion, 12, 39 ; 14, 48. praestringo, -ere, -nxi, -ictum, potius [pote], adv. rather, 11, to blind, 12, 42. 35; 23, 84. praesum, -esse, -fui, to be at praeceptum, -I, n. a precept, the head of, 9, 30. arule, 4,12; 8, 26. praeterea, adv. besides, 18, 65 praecido, -ere, -cldl, -clsum, to 21, 78.

cut short, 16, 57. praetereo, -ire, -Ivi or ii, -itum, praecipio, -ere, -cepl, -ceptum, irreg. v. to pass, 19, 69. to enjoin, to instruct, 9, 28. praeteritus, -a, -um [prae- praeclare, adv. admirably, tereo], adj. past, 2, 4; 19, 69, splendidly, 4, 10. 70. praeclarus, -a, -um, adj. ad- pratum, -i, n. a meadow, 15,

mirable, splendid, 4, 12; 5, 54 ; 16, 56.

; praeclarior, -ius, primarius, -a, -um, adj. o/ the 14 16, 55 ; 29. first rank, 17, 61. 9, _ praedico, -are, -avl, -atum, to primo, adv. atfirst, 15, 53. speak openly, to harangue, primum, adv. in thefirst place, 10, 31. 2, 4; 13, 45; for the first praedico, -ere, -ixi, -ictum, to time, 4, 10. predict, toforetell, 14, 49. primus, -a, -um, ordinal num. praeditus [do], -a, -um, adj. adj.^s^; in primis, among endowed with, possessed of, the first, especially, 2, 4; 6, 8,26; 17,61. 20; 12,39; 17,60; 18,64. praemium, -I, n. reward, 1 principatus, -us, m. the lead, 1, ; 18, 64. the right of being first, 18, praescribo, -ere, -psl, -ptum, 64. to lay down a rule, to pre- principium, -I, n. the begin- scribe, 6, 13; to write outfor ning, 21, 78. public use, 9, 27. pristinus, -a, -um, adj. early, praesertim, adv. especially, 2, pristine, 10, 34. 6; 17,61; 23,85. privatus, -a, -um, adj. private, praesidium, -I, n. intreneh- 7, 22 ; 12, 42 : 13, 44. ment, post, 20, 72. privo, -are, -avi, -atum, to praestabilis, -e, adj. choice- deprive, 5, 15. ;

VOCABULARY. 217

pro, prep. [abl.] for, in behalf propagatio, -onis, f. propaga- of, 2, 6; 4, 11; in proportion, 15, 53. tion to, 9, 27. propago, -inis, f. a layer, 15, probe, adv. icell, 5, 14. 52. probo, -are, -avi, -atum, to ap- prope, adv. near, nearly ; pro-

pius, ; proxime, prove, 11, 38; 18, 65; 19, 70; 19, 71 21, 77 ; to prove, 23, 85. 15, 51. probrum, -I, n. disgrace, 12, 42. proprius, -a -um, adj. proper, probus, -a, -um, adj. good, peculiar, 11, 35. moral, 11, 36. propter, prep. [acc.] on ac- procedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, count of, 14, 46 ; adv. near to proceed, to advance, 7, 21 at hand, close, 14, 48.

14,_50 ; 19, 70. prospicio, -ere, -exi, -ectum, to proceritas, -tatis, f. tallness, look forward to, 23, 82; v. n. height, 17, 59. to take thought for, to be procreo, -are, -avi, -atum, to anxious beforehand, 8, 25. produce, 15, 52. prosum, prodesse, profui, to be procul, ady.far,far off, 5, 15. of advantage, 7, 24. proditio, -onis, f. a handing proveho, -ere, -exi, -ectus, to over, treason, 12, 40. carry forward, to prolong, to prodo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, to advance, 4, 10; 9, 27; 16, 55.

hand doivn, 7, 25 ; 18, 63. provenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum, produco, -ere, -uxi, -uctum, to come fonvard, 6, 20. to prolong, 14, 46. proverbium, -i, n. a proverb,

proelium, -i, n. a battle, 12, 41. 3, 7 ; 10, 32. profecto, adv. certainly, assur- proxime, superl. adv. next, edly, 13, 43: 23, 83; at once, nearest, 15, 51; last, most thereupon, 5, 13. recently, 7, 22. profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, proximus, -a, -um, superl. adj. to bring forth, to maJce [see prope] nearest, 12, 42. Jcnoivn. prudens, -ntis, prudentior, proficiscor, -i, -fectus, to set -ius, adj. prudent, 14, 50:

out, 20, 75 ; 23, 83. 19, 67. profiteor, -eri, -fessus, to pro- prudentia, -ae, f. good sense,

fess, 13, 43. 1,1; 6, 20 ; practical or legal -ere, -fugi, -fugitum, knoivledge, 27 foreknoivl- profugio, 9, ; to run away, to escape, 14, edge, 21, 78. 47. pubesco, -ere, piibui, incept. progredior, -i, -gressus, to ad- to be coming to full growth f

vance, l'S, 45. 15, 5. 218 CATO MAIOB.

puer, -eri, m. a boy, a child, comparatives, than, 9, 27,

10, 33. etc. ; with superlatives, as pueritia, -ae, f . boyhood, chilcl- much aspossible, 14, 46, etc. hood, 2, 4, etc. quamquam, conj. and yet, 1, pugna, -ae, f. a battle, 5, 13. 1; although, though as a pugno, -are, -avi, -aturn, to fact, 9, 30; 13,44; 14,47. figJit, 11, 35. quamvis, conj. and adv. al- pulcher, -chra, -chrum; pul- thougli, however much, 2, 4; chrior, -ius, adj. beautiful, 7, 25. 15, 53._ quando, adv. and conj. when, pulchritudo, -inis, f. beauty, at zoJiat time, 11, 38. 22, 81. quantus, -a, -um, adj. Jiow puppis, -is, f. the stern of a great, 5, 15; correlative of vessel, 6, 17. tantus, as great as, 12, 41; pure, adv. withpurity, 5, 13. 17, 60; Jiow great! 4, 12; purpura, -ae, f. a purple gar- quanti, of what value ! 14, 49. ment, 17, 59. quartum, adv. for the fourth purus, -a, -um, adj. clean, pure, time, 4, 10. 17,59; 22, 80. quartus, -a, -um, ordinal num. -are, -avi, -atum, to 13. puto, B,d}.fourth t 5, tJiink, to believe, 7, 24. quasi, conj. as if, as it were. que, enclit. conj. and, see et: quadraginta, indeclin. num. and so, accordingly, cf. 9. SLdj.forty, 17, 60. 28; 14, 46; isque, and tJiat quadrennium, -i, n. a space of too, 10, 33.

four years, 4, 10 ; 9, 30. querella, -ae, f. a complaint, quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quae- 3,7. situm, to seek, to inquire, qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius,

.7, 22, 25 ; 20, 76. I. relat. pron. ivJio, whicJi. quaeso, topray, to beg, 17, 59. II. interrog. adj. wliich? quaestor, -oris, m. a quaestor, wJiatf or in indirect ques- a financial officer either at tions, wJio, wJiich, wJiat. Rome or serving under the quod aiunt, as tJie saying is, commander of an army or 7,21. of a province, 10, 32; 13, 55. qui, adv. [old abl. of qui] hoio f

qualis, -e, adj. correlative of in xoJiat way ? 2, 4 ; 20, 74.

talis, such as, 8, 26 ; without quia, conj. because, 21, 78, etc. talis, 5, 13; as a relative, of quicumque, quaecumque, wJiat kind, 2, 6. quodcumque, indef. pron.

quam, adv. how, 5, 15 ; after toJiosoever, whatsoever. VOCABULARY. 219 quidam, quaedam, quoddam, quisque, quaeque, quodque pron. a certain one. and quidque, indef. pron. quidem, adv. indeed, 2,3; 15, each, especially with super-

51, etc. : ne . . . quidem, see lative adjectives, 13, 43; 23, ne. 82. quiesco, -ere, -evi, -etum, in- quisquis,quodquod (quidquid, cept. to grow quiet, to rest, subst.), lohosoever, lohatso-

4, 11 ; 5, 14. ever, 15, 52. quiete, adv. quietly, 5, 13. quivis, quaevis, quidvis, in- quietus, -a, -um, adj. quiet, 6, def.pron. any one youplease, 7; 7,22; 9,28; 23,82. any one, 15, 52. quin, conj. [qui non] but that, quo, adv. xohitherf to xohich lest, by which the less, after place, 6, 16; 23, 85; where- words of doubt as dubito and by, 1, 3; quo magis, tohereby dubium, 10, 31; 12, 41; 21, the more, 12, quo diutius, 41 ; 78; quin etiam, nay more, lohereby the longer, 22, 80;

18,63; 19,67. in proportion as, 19, 71 ; eo quincunx, -ncis, m. (lit. five . . . quo, 21, 77. twelfths of an as) trees quoad, adv. as far as, as long

planted in groups of flve, 17, as, 4, 11 ; 20, 72. 59. quocirca, adv. wherefore, on quinque, indeclin. num. adj. lohich account, 2, 5 ; 12, 41.

five, 5, 13 ; 11, 37. quod, conj. because, in that, quinquennium, -i, n. a space 3, quod si, but 14, 46. 7 ; if, offive years, 5, 13. quominus, conj. that not, 17, quintus, -a, -um, ordinal num. 60. adj.fifth, 4, 10. quo modo, adv. in which way, quis, quae and qua, quid, in- hoio,4:, 11; 6, 18. terrog. pron. whof whatf quondam, adv. formerly, 18, what sort off 4, 11; in con- 62.

ditional sentences, any one, quoniam, adv. since, 2, 5 ; 13, as si quis, 1,1; 23, 83; sive 44; 17, 59. quis, 12, 40 quod si quem, quoque, adv. also, 14, 46. ;

14, 46; haud quis, 23, 83; quorsus [quo-versus] , to what with suffix: quam, quisquam, endf 5, 13; 12,42; 13,44. in neg. and interrog. sen- quotiens, adv. hoio often, 14, 49. tences, any one, 8, 25. quispiam, quaepiam, quod- ramus, -i, m. a bough, 15, 32.

piam (quidpiam, subst.), ratio, -onis, f . reason, the fac-

some one, 3, 8. of reason, 12, 41, 42 ; a ; ;

220 CATO MAIOR.

method, 2, 6: habere ra- refrigeratio, -onis, f . a making tionem, to have an account, cool, said of the room, 14, 46. 11, 36, cf. 15, 51. regalis, -e, adj. royal, 17,59. recedo, -ere, -cessl, -cessum, to regno, -are, -avl, -atum, to retire, to leave, 16, 56. reign, 19, 69. recens, -ntis, adj. neiv, fresh, regnum, -I, n. royalpower, 16,

20, 72. 57 ; a realm, 12, 41. recipio, -ere, -cepl, -ceptum, to rego, -ere, -xl, -ctum, to rule, take again, to recover, 4, 10 11,37; 22, 81. to receive, 18, 63. relaxo, -are, -avl, -atum, to recito, -are, -avl, -atum, to read loosen, to release, 22, 81.

or recite aloud, 7, 22. religatio, -onis, f . a tying up, recoquo, -ere, -xl, -ctum, to 15, 53. boil up again, 23, 83. relinquo, -ere, -Hqul, -lictum, recordatio, -onis, f. recollec- to leave, to abandon, 21, 78. tion, a recalling to mind, 3, 9. reliquus, -a, -um, adj. left, re- recordor, -arl, -atus, to recall maining : reliquum, -I, n.

to mind, 5, 13 ; 20, 74 ; 21, 78. the remainder, 20, 72. recte, adv. rightly, 17, 59; 20 remaneo, -ere, -nsi, -nsum, to 72. remain, 19, 69. rectus, -a, -um, adj. upright, reminlscor, -I, to recall, to right,6, 10; 18,64. remember, 21, 78. recuso, -are, -avl, -atum, to re- remissus, -a, -um, adj. released fuse, 23, 83. from control, 22, 81 gentle, ; reddo, -ere, -didl, -ditum, to 9, 28. give back, 15, 51. removeo, -ere, -movl, -motum, redeo, -Ire, -Ivl or -ii, -itum, to to remove, 7, 22. go back, to return, 19, 67; in repastinatio, -onis, f. a dig- gratiam redire, to be recon- ging up again, 15, 53. ciled, 16, 56. repente, adv. suddenly, with- reduco, -ere, -uxi, -ctum, to out preparation, 18, 62. lead back, to bring back, 18, reperio, -Ire, reppeii, reper- 63. tum, tofind, 12, 41. refercio, -Ire, -ersl, -ertum, to repudio, -are, -avl, -atum, to stuff, tofillfull, 16, 56. reject, 16, 55. refero, -ferre, rettull, relatum, repuerasco, -ere, incept. to 3 v. a. to carry back, torefer, become a child again, 23, 83. 13, 43. repugno, -are, -avl, -atum, to reficio, -ere, -fecl, -fectum, to fight against, to resist, 2, 5 restore, 11, 36. 19, 71. ;

VOCABULABT. 221

requies, -etis, acc. requieni or retraho, -ere, -xi, -ctum, to

-etem, f . repose, rest, 15, 52. drag back, 23, 83. requiro, -ere, -quisivi, -quisi- revertor, -i, -rsus, to return, tum, to seeJc for, 20, 75; 10, 13, 55; 19, 69. 33; tomiss, 9, 30. revoco, -are, -avi, -atum, to res, rei, f. a thing ; res ge- recall.

rendae, business, 15 ; 6, 17 rex, regis, m. a prince, 59. 5, ; 17, cf. 22, 79; res capitalis, a rideo, -ere, risi, risum, to laugh,

capital charge, 12, 42 ; res 4, 11. rusticae, farming, 15, 54; rite. adv. rightly. res veneriae, lasciviousness, robur, -oris, n. strength, 10, 34. 14, 47; property, 1, 1; res robustus, -a, -um, adj. strong, familiaris, private property, robust, 11, 37.

7, 22 ; 17, 59 ; £/ie publicpros- roro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ros],

perity, 4, 10 ; re, adverbial, to drop, to trickle, 14, 46.

practically , 23, 85. rostra, -orum, n. the Rostra, reservo, -are, -avi, -atum, to the platform or pulpit be- keep in store, to reserve, 6, 19. tween the Comitium and resideo, -ere, sedi, sessum, Forum, supported by the [re-sedeo], to rest, remain, columna rostrata, on which 17, 61. the Roman orators stood to resisto, -ere, -stiti, to resist, to address the people, 10, 32.

stand against, 11, 35. ruga, -ae, f . a wrinkle, 18, 62. respecto, -are, -avi, -atum, to rumor, -oris, m. rumor, 4, 10. look bacJc upon, 23, 84. rusticus, -a -um, adj. of the respondeo, -ere, -ndi, -nsum, country, rustic, 7, 24; 20, 75; to answer, 1, 3; 7, 25; 20,72. 15, 54. responsum, -I, n. an answer, 5, 14. sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj. res publica,-ae, f. the Republic, sacred ; sacra, -orum, n. the state, public business., 6, sacred rites,festival, 13, 45. 15. 20, etc. sacerdotium, -i, n. the office of restituo, -ere, -m, -iitum, to priest, priesthood, member- restore, 4, 10; 6, 20. ship of the college of sacer- resto, -are, -stiti, to remain, dotes,!, 30; 17, 61. to be over, 18, 65. saeculum (saeclum, 7, 24), -i, retardo, -are, -avi, -atum, to n. an age, a generation, 15, mcike slow, to retarcl, 16, 57. 54. retineo, -ere, -ui, -entum, to saepe, adv. cften, 3, 7, etc. maintain, to keep, 11, 38. saepius, saepissime, 10, 31. 222 CATO 3IAI0B. saepe numero, ady.frequently, scelus, -eris, n. wickedness, a 1, 3. crime, 12, 39. saltus, -us, m. leaping, 6, 19. scaena, -ae, f . a stage, 18, 65. salubris, -e, adj. salubrior, scientia, -ae, f. knowledge, -ius, healthy, 16, 57. 4, 12. salus, -utis, f. safety, 4, 10. scilicet, adv. that is to say, of salutaris, -e, adj. healthy, course, 8, 26. beneficial to health, 16, 56. scio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, to hnow, saluto, -are, -avi, -atum, to 1, 2. salute, 7, 21. scortum, -i, n. a harlot, 12, 42; Samnitis, -is, adj. of Samnium, 14, 50. a Samnite, 12,4; Samnites, se, see sui. -ium, m. the Samnites, 13, secum [se-cum], to himself, 43; 16,55. apartfrom others, 14, 49. sane, adv. certainly, 6, 16; secundum, adv. according to, haud sane, not at all, 2, 4; 19, 71. 23, 83. securis, -is, f. an axe, 12, 42. sapiens, -ntis, adj. wise, 22, 79, sed, conj. but, 1, 2, etc.

etc. ; sapientissimus, 21, 78; sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, to sit, subst. a wise man, a philoso- 18, 63. pher, 15, 51. seges, -etis, f. a cornfield, 15, sapienter, adv. wisely, 1, 2. 54. sapientia, -ae, f . wisdom, phi- semen, -inis, n. seed, 15, 51. losophy, 2, 4; 12, 42, etc. semper, adv. always, 8, 26, sarmentum, -i, n. a twig, a etc.

cutting, 15, 52. senatus, -us, m. the Senate t sat [8, 25; 14, 48] and satis 6, 16 ; 12, 42.

[19, 70], adv. enough, suffi- senecta, -ae, f . old age, 8, 25.

ciently ; or as n. subst. fol- senectus, -tutis, f. old age,

lowed by gen. enough. 1, 1, etc. satietas, -tatis, f. satiety, senesco, -ere, -nui, incept. to

weariness, 20, 76 ; 23, 83. grow old, 6, 20; 11, 38. satio, -are, -avi, -atum, to senex, senis, m. an old man.

satiate, 14, 47 ; 15, 41. senilis, -e, adj. belonging to an saturitas, -tatis, f. fulness, old man, senile, 9, 30 ; 18, 65. abundance, 16, 56. senium, -i, n. the iveakness of satus, -us, m. planting, 15, old age, old age, 5, 14. 52. sensim, adv. gradually, 11, 38; scando, -ere, -di, -sum, to climb, 15, 51. 6,17. sensus, -us, m.sensation, sense, :

VOCABULABY. 223

!!,?>$ siquidem, since, 16, feeling, ', 14,46; 20,72, 56; 12,

74. 41: sin, but if, 23, 85; 19, 70. sententia, -ae, f. opinion, 6, sic, adv. thus, so, 2, 4, etc.

16 ; a formal expression of sicut, as, like,l, 2; 14, 47:

opinion in the Senate or else- sic . . . quasi, 8, 26.

where, 6, 17, 19 ; 17, 61 ; a vote, siccitas, -tatis, f. dryness, ab-

a giving a vote, 7, 22 ; 18, 64. sence of unhealthy humors, sentina, -ae, f . bilge-water, 6, 17. 10, 34. sentio, -ire, -nsi, -nsum, tofeel, significo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

to perceive, 2, 4 ; 8, 25 ; 21, 77. indicate, to inean, 19, 70. septem, indeclin. nuin. adj. silvesco, -ere, incept. to grow seven, 5, 13: septemdecim, into a wood, to become bushy, seventeen, 6, 16. 15, 52. septimus, -a, -um, ordiual similis, -e, adj. like ; with gen.

num. adj. seventh, 11, 38. 10, 31 ; with dat. 22, 80 ; fol- septuaginta, indeclin. num. lowed by ut si, 6, 17. adj. seventy, 5, 14. simplex, -icis, adj. simple, sin~ sepulcrum, -i, n. a tomb, a gie, 10, 33; 21, 78.

grave, 7, 21 ; 17, 61. simul, adv. at the same time. sepultura, -ae, f . burial, 20, 75. sin, see si. sequor, -i, secutus, tofollow, to sine, prep. with abl. without. keep in view, 11, 38. siquidem, adv. see si. sermo, -onis, m. a cliscourse, sitis, -is, f. thirst, 8, 26.

speech, 1, 3, etc. ; style, 9, 28. sive [or seu] , conj. whether, sero, -ere, sevi, satum, to soio,. or, sive quis, 12, 40. -eri, toplant,l,

224 CATO MAIOB.

sollicito, -are, -avi, -atum, to account, 13, 43 ; voluntarily,

trouble, to cause anxiety to, spontaneously , 19, 71. 1,1. stadium, -i, n. race-course, 10, solum, adv. only : non solum .33.

. . . verum etiam, 23, 84: statio, -onis, f . post, guard, 20,

non solum . . . sed, 1,1; 3, 72. 9; or sed etiam, 4, 12; 9, stercoro, -avi, -atum, to dung, 28. to manure, 15, 54. solus, -a, -um, gen. -ius, adj. stipendium, -I, n. military pay, alone, 11, 36, etc. hence, term of military ser- somniculosus, -a, -um, adj. vice, 14, 49. sleepy, droivsy, 11, 36. stipo, -are, -avi, -atum, to somnus, -i, m. sleep, 22, 80. crowd, to surround, 9, 28. spargo, -ere, -rsi, -rsum, to stirps, -pis, f. a stock, stem, scatter, 15,51; 21, 77. 15, 51. spatium, -i, n. a space, 17, 60; sto, stare, steti, statum, to a race-course, 5, 14; 23, 83. stand, tobe firm, 6, 16. species, -ei, f. appearance, Stoicus, -i, m. a Stoic, 7, 23; beauty, 16, 57. -a, -um, adj. specto, -are, -avi, -atum, to struo, -ere, -xi, -ctum, to build, look at, to examine, 14, 48. to construct, 15, 51. sperno, -ere, sprevi, spretum, studiose, adv. diligently, eager-

to spurn, to despise, 3, 7 ; 13, ly, 17, 59. 43. studium, -i, n. study, 14, 49;

spero, -are, -avi, -atum, to hope apursuit, 5, 13 ; zeal, 7, 22, 3 for, 19, 68, etc. affection, 9, 28.

spes, -ei, f. hope, 20, 72. stultitia, -ae, f . folly, 2, 4 ; 11, spicum, -I, n. [collat. form of 36.

spica] an ear of corn, 15, 51. stuprum, -i, n. debauchery , 12, spiritus, -us, m. breath, 9, 27; 39. 11, 38. suada, -ae, f. persuasiveness, splendesco, -ere, incept. to 15, 50. shine, to become brilliant, 9, suadeo -ere, suasi, suasum, 28. to advise, to support a law, splendide, adv. brilliantly, 18, 5, 14. 64. suasor, -oris, m. an advisor, splendor, -oris, m. glory, splen- a supporter (of a law), 4, 10.

dor, 3, 8. suavitas, -tatis, f. sweetness t sponte [abl. of spons], sua pleasant odor, 10, 31; 17, 59; sponte,/or itself, on its own 19, 70. ; :

VOCABULABY. 225 sub, prep. [acc. and abl.] un- suspicor, -ari, -atus, to suspect, der. 1, 1. subigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, to sustento, -are, -avi, -atum, bring under, to subdue, %5, freq. to support, 6, 20.

51 ; 17, 59. sustineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, subito, adv. suddenly, 11, 38. to carry, to hold up, to sup- subvenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, port, 2,4; 10,33; 11, 34. to come to the aid of, to sup- suus, -a, -um, reflex. poss. port, 11, 36. pron. his, her, its or their f. 56. own, etc. proper, succidia, -ae, aflitch, 16, 3, 8, ; pe- succumbo -ere, -cubui, -cubi- culiar, 10, 33. tum, to succumb, to give way symposium (avnirbo-Lov), -i, n. to, 11, 37. a drinking together, aparty, sucus, -i, m. juice, sap, 15, 53. 14, 46. sui, se, sibi, reflex. pron. himself, herself, itself, them- talis, -e, adj. correlative of selves, 2, 4, etc. qualis, such, of such sort, 8, sum, es, est, esse, fui, futurus, 26; 12, 40.

to be, 1, 1, etc. ; futurum est, talus, -i, m. a knucJcle-bone 2, 6. tali, dice, 16, 58. summus, -a, -um (superus), tam, adv. so much, so : tam superl. adj. highest, greatest, multa, 5, 13: tam diu, 5, 13;

most excellent, 6, 19 ; 10, 34 12, 41 ; tam . . . quam, 9, 27. 17, 59; 21, 77; topmost, a tamen, adv. nevertheless. summo sc. lectulo, 14, 46; tamquam, adv. as though, 2,

last. 5 ; 19, 69, 70, etc. : tamquam superior, -oris [supra, superus], . . . sic, 11, 35. comp. 2Ld].former,preceding, tandem, adv. at length.

8, 26_; 6, 16 ; 18, 62. tantulus, -a, -um, adj. so little, supero, -are, -avi, -atum, to 15, 52. conquer, to overcome, 12, 41. tantum, adv. only, so much, supervacaneus, -a, -um, adj. 10, 33 ; 14, 48. superfluous, extra, belonging tantus, -a, -um, adj. so great, to leisure hours, 16, 56. correlative of quantus, which supplicium, -i, n. punishment, see: tantum, as n. subst. so torture, 20, 75. much, 13, 44. supremus, -a, -um, superl. adj. tardus, -a, -um, adj. tardior, [supra, superus] last, 5, 14. -ius, slow, 7, 21. suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, Tarentinus, -a, -um, adj. of to undertake, 12, 40; 23, 82. Tarentum, 12, 39. Q ;

226 CATO MAIOR.

taurus, -I, m. a bull, 9, 27. timeo, -ere, -ui, tofear, 19, 67. tecum, see tu, 1, 2. titillatio, -onis, f . relish, 14, 47. temere, adv. rashly, 12, 39. toga, -ae, f. a toga, a Roman's temeritas, -tatis, f, audacity, 6uter garment : as opposed to

rashness, 6, 20 ; 20, 75. arma, peace, peaceful occu- temperantia, -ae, f. temper- pations, 4, 11. ance, self-control, 10, 34; 12, tolerabilis, -e, adj. tolerable, 41. to be borne, 3, 7. tempestivitas, -tatis, f . season- tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, ableness, timeliness, 10, 33. to take away, 14, 46. tempestivus, -a, -um, adj. sea- tot, indeclin. adj. so many, 21, sonable, timely, 2, 5; 14, 46. 78, etc. tempus, -oris, n. time, 10, 33; totus, -a, -um, gen. totius, adj. tempora, seasons, 16, 55. whole, entire. teneo, -ere, -ui, -ntum, to hold, tracto, -are, -avi, -atum, to

to retain, 4, 12 ; 11, 37 ; 12, 80 treat, to handle, 11, 38. pass. to be possessed by, to be trado, -ere, -didi, -ditum, to affected, 10, 33. handover, to hand down, 9, tenuis -e, adj. slight, feeble, 29. 11, 35. traduco, -ere, -uxi, -uctum, to tepefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum, conduct to its end, 23, 82. to make warm, 15, 51. tragoedia, -ae, f. tragedy, 7, 22. tepor, -6ris, m. warmth, 15, 53. tranquillus, -a, -um, adj. tran- termino, -are, -avi, -atum, to quil, quiet, 20, 74. limit, toput bounds to, 23, 82. tribunus, -I, m. a tribune ofthe terminus, -i, m. a limit, a Plebs, 4, 11 ; a military offi-

boundary, 20, 72. cer, a tribune, 6, 8 : tribunus terra, -ae, f . earth, 15, 51, etc. militaris, 10, 32. land opposed to sea, 19, 71. tribuo, -ere, -ui, -utuni, to tertius, -a, -um, ordinal num. give, to assign, 1, 3; 18, 63.

adj. third, 5, 15 ; 6, 19 ; 19, 66. tricesimus, -a, -um, ordinal tessera, -ae, f . a die, 16, 58. num. adj. thirtieth, 6, 19. tneatrum, -i, n. a theatre, 18, tristius, compar. adv. [triste] 63. ivith more pain, 19, 67. thesaurus, -i, m. a treasure, 7, triumpho, -are, -avi, -atum, to 21. celebrate a triumph, 16, 55. Thessalus, -a, -um, adj. of triumphus, -i, m. a triumph. Thessaly, Thessalian, 13, 43. truncus, -i, m. a trunk, 15, 52. tibicen, -inis, m. aflute-player, tu, tui, tibi, te, pers. pron. 13, 44. thou, 1, 1, etc. :; ;

VOCABULABY. 227

tueor, -eri, tuitus, to defend, 11, usque, adv. even, ever ; usque 38; manage, 17, 59; 21, 77; _ ad, 17, 60. fo Jceep up, 20, 72. usura, -ae, f. interest, usury, tum, adv. then, moreover, next 15, 51.

cum . . . tum, both . . . and, usus, -us, m. use, experience; 3, 7, 15, 53: tum denique, usu venire, to happen, 3, 7. not till then, 23, 82. ut, conj.m order that, so that, turba, -ae, f. a crowd, 23, 84. that, 1, 2; 12, 42,'etc. : ut ita tyrannus, -I, m. a tyrant, 20, dicam, so to speak, 7, 24 : how,

72. 8, 26 ; adv. ivhen, how, as, 18, 63, etc; considering that, uber, -eris, uberior, -ius, adj. for, 4, 12; in comparisons,

57. ut . . . sic, 6, 20; 11, 38; sic fruitful, 11, 35 ; 16, ultimus, -a, -um [ultra], su- . . . ut, 22, 81.

perl. adj. last, 11, 38 ; 14, 48 uterque, utraque, utrumque, 17, 60. gen. utriusque, adj. both, 1, ultro, adv. uncalled for, of 2, etc. one f s oivn act, 11, 38. utervis, -travis, -trumvis, gen. umbra, -ae, f . shade, 22, 80. utriusvis, ivhichever of the umerus, i, m. shoulder, 10, 33 tivo you wish, 10, 33. 21, 77. utilitas, -tatis, f. usefalness, umquam, adv. at any time, expediency, 15, 53, 54. ever, 9, 27. utinam, adv. would that ! 2, 5 una, adv. together, at the same 6, 18 ; 23, 86.

time, 22, 81. utor, -i, usus, to enjoy, 1, 2; unde, adv. ivhence, 22, 80; 10, 33; to use, to employ, 6, from ivhom, 4, 12. 9; 8, 26; 11, 38; to indulge undevicesimus, -a, -um, or- in, 14, 47. dinal num. adj. nineteenth, utrum, adv. asking a question, 5,14. ivhether? 10,33; see an. unicus, -a, -um, adj. unique, uva, -ae, f. a grape, 15, 53. unexampled, 17, 6. unus, -a, -um, gen. unius, num. vaco, -are, -avi, -atum, to be adj. one, 5, 15, etc. ivithout, to be excused from, unusquisque, unaquaeque, 11, 34. unumquidque, adj. each sep- vadimonium, -i, n. bail, secur- arately, 5, 15. ity, 7, 21. urbs, -bis, f. a city. vagina, -ae, f . a sheath, 15, 51. urgeo, -ere, ursi, to press, to vagio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, to cry, to come close f 1, 2. to ivail like a child, 23, 83. ;

228 CATO MAIOR. valde, adv. [validus] certainly, verum, conj. but, 23, 84, etc. strongly, very, 23, 83. verus, -a, -um, adj. true, 10, valetudo, -inis, f. health, state 31: veri simile, likely, 2, 5. of health, 11, 35. vesper, -eri and -eris, m. even- vallus, -i, m. a stockade, a ing, 19, 67 : vesperi, in the rampart, 15, 51. evening, 11, 38. vapor, -oris, m. heat, 15, 51. vester, -tra, -trum, poss. pron. varietas, -tatis, f. variety, 15, your, 21, 77, etc. 54. vestio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, to varius, -a, -um, adj. various, clothe, 15, 53.

6, 18 ; 4, 46. vestrum, gen. plur. of vos, of ve, enclit. conj. or. you, 2, 6. vel, conj. or, either ; even, 20, veto, -are, -tui, -titum, 1 v. a.

75 : vel maxime, 2,4. toforbid, 20, 72. velocitas, -tatis, f. swiftness, vetustas, -tatis, f. the being 6, 17. old, age, 18, 65. venatio, -onis, f. hunting, 16, via, -ae [viai, 6, 16], f. a road, 56. a ivay, ajourney, 2, 6. venerius, -a, -um, adj. of pas- viaticum, -i, n. provision for a sion, sexual, 14, 47. journey, 18, 65. venio, -ire, veni, ventum, to viator, -oris, m. a summoner,

come : veniendum est, im- an omcer employed by the pers. 19, 70. state for taking messages, ver, veris [no plur.], n. spring, etc, 16, 56.

15, 52 ; 19, 70. vicinus, -i, m. a neighbor, 7, verbum, -I, n. a word, 15, 54. 24 ; 14, 46. vereor, -eri, veritus, tofear, to vicissim, adv. in turns, 14, 46

respect, 11, 37 ; 22, 81 : v. n. 16, 57.

to be afraid, 6, 8 ; 10, 31. victor, -oris, adj. victorious, 5, vernus, -a, -um, adj. ofspring, 14; subst. m. a conqueror. vernal, 19, 70. victus, -us, m.food, 11, 56. vero, adv. truly, indeed, 4, 11; videlicet, adv. that is to say,

however, 6, 17 ; 14, 46. 6,20; 13,44. versiculus, -i, m. a verse, a video -ere, vidi, visum, to see,

short poem, 14, 50. 23, 83, etc. : visum est, it verso, -are,-avi, -atum, to tor- seemed good, I resolved, 1, 1. ture, 1, 1: versari, to be en- vietus, -a, -um [vieo], adj. gaged, 6, 17. shrivelled, withered, 2, 5. -ui, to jlourish, to versus, -us, m. a verse, 1, 1 ; 6, vigeo, -ere,

16 ; 8, 26. be strong, 11, 37. . ;

VOCABULART. 229

vigilantia, -ae, f . loakefulness, vita, -ae, f . life, 21, 77, etc. watchfulness, 4, 11. vitiosus, -a, -um, adj. faulty, viginti, indeclin. num. aclj. vicious ; vitiosior, -ius, 8, 25 twenty, 9, 30. vitiosissimus. -a, -um, 12,29. villa, -ae, f. a country house, vitis, -is, f. a vine, 15, 52. afarmhouse, 16, 55. vitium, -I, n. vice, 5, 14; defect, vinaceus, -i, m. a grapestone, fault, 8, 25; 9,27,29; 11,35, 15, 52. 36. vinarius, -a, -um, adj. belong- vituperatio, -onis, f. abuse,

ing to loine, of luine, 16, 56. charge against, 12, 39 ; 13, 44. vinculum, -i, n. a chain, a viviradix, -icis, f, a layer, a bond,3,7; 12,42; 22,81. quickset, 15, 52. vindico, -are, -avi, -atum, to vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, to be

excuse, to claim exemption alive, to live : vitam vivere,

for, 16, 55. 21, 77 : in pass. impers. 19, vinea, -ae, f. a vineyard, 15, 67 : 20, 71.

54 ; 16, 57. vivus, -a, -um, adj. alive, 10, 33. vinulentia, -ae, f . intoxication, voco, -are, -avi, -atum, to call,

13, 44. to name, 13, 45 ; to summon, vinum, -i, n.wine, 18, 65. 7, 22. vir, viri, m. a man, 1, 1, etc. volo, vis, volt, velle, volui, to viriditas, -tatis, f. greenness, icish, to be icilling, 1, 1, etc:

greenery, 15, 51 ; 16, 57. sibi velle, to mean, to intend, viritim, adv. singly, man by 18, 65. man, 4, 11. voluntarius, -a, -um, adj. vol- virtus, -tutis, f. virtue, 8, 26; untary, spontaneous, 20, 75. 12, 39, etc. voluptas, -tatis, f. pleasure, es- vis [no gen. sing.], acc. vim, pecially sensual pleasure, 3,

abl. vi, plur. vires, virium, f 7, etc. : corporis voluptas,

force, povjer, strength, 6, 15 ; 12, 39.

15, 51, etc. ; violence, 19, 71, vox, vocis, f. voice, 5, 14; 9, etc. 28; a saying, 9, 27. INDEX OF PBOPER XAMES.

[The numbers indicate sections.]

M\ Acilius Balbus, 14. Calatinus, 61. See Atilius. M\ Acilius Glabrio, 32. Camillus, 41. — L. Furius Car Adelphoe, 65. millus. Sex. Aelius Paetus, 27. Cannensis, 75. M. Aemilius Lepidus, 61. Capua, 10. L. Aemilius Paulus, 29, 61, 75, Sp. Carvilius Maximus, 11. 82. Cato. See Porcius. L. Aemilius Paulus Macedo- Cento, 50. — C. Claudius Cento. nicus, 15, 82. Cethegus, 10, 50. — M. Corne- Aetna, 4. lius Cethegus. Africanus. See Cornelius. Cineas, 43. Aiax, 31. Cincia Lex, 10. Albinus, 17. See Postumius. App. Claudius Caecus, 16, 37. L. Ambivius Turpio, 48. App, Claudius Crassinus, 41. Apollo, 78. C. Claudius Cento, 50. Archytas, 39, 41. M. Claudius Marcellus, 75. Arganthonius, 69. Cleanthes, 23. Aristides, 21. Coloneus, 22. See Oedipus. Aristo, 3. M. Cornelius Cethegus, 10, 50. Athenae, 1, 43, 63. Cn. Cornelius Scipio Calvus, A. Atilius Calatinus, 61. 29, 75. M. Atilius Regulus, 75. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Atticus — T. Pomponius Atti- Maior, 29, 35, 61, 82. cus, 1. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Minor, 3, 4, 9, 19, 28, 34. Brutus, 75. — L. Iunius Brutus. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Cor- culum, 35, 49, 68, 77, 82, 85. L. Caecilius Metellus, 30, 61. T. Coruncanius, 15, 27, 43. C. Caecilius Statius, 24, 25, 36. Crassus, 27, 50. — P. Licinius Caepio, 14. — Cn. Servilius Cae- Crassus. pio. Critobulus, 59. 230 INDEX OF PROPEB NAMES. 231

Crotoniates, 27. Karthago, 18. M. Curius Dentatus, 15, 43, 55, 63. 56. Lacedaemon, Cyrus the Elder, 30, 32, 79, 82. C. Laelius, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 28, Cyrus the Younger, 59. 35, 77, 85. Laertes, 54. P. DeciusMus, 75. Leontinus, 13. See Gorgias. P. Decius Mus, 43, 75. Lepidus, 61. — M. Aemilius Democritus, 23. Lepidus. Diogenes, 23. P. Licinius Crassus, 27, 50, 61. C. Duellius, 44. Livius Andronicus, 50. M. Livius Macatus, 11. Q. Ennius, 10, 14, 16, 50, 73. C. Livius Salinator, 7. M. Livius Salinator, 11. Q. Fabius Maximus Verru- Ludus, 20. cosus, 10, 11, 13, 15, 39, 61. Lysander, 59, 63. C. Fabricius Luscinus, 15? 43. Lysimachus, 21. Flaccus, 42. — L. Valerius Flac- cus. T. Maccius Plautus, 50. Flamininus. See Quinctius. Sp. Maelius, 56. C. Flaminius, 11. Magna Mater, 45. L. Furius Camillus, 41. Marcellus, 75. — M. Claudius Marcellus. Gades, €9. Q. Marcius Philippus, 14. Gallia, 42. Masinissa, 34. Gallicus Ager, 11. Maximus, see Fabius. Galus, 49. — C. Sulpicius Ga- Metellus, 30, 61.— L. Caecilius lus. Metellus. Gigantes, 5. Milo, 27, 33. Glabrio, 32. — M'. Acilius Gla- brio. Cn. Naevius, 20, 50. Gorgias, 13, 23. Nearchus, 41. Graecus, 3, 26, 38, 45. Nestor, 31.

Hannibal, 10. Oeconomicus, 59. Hesiodus, 23, 54. Oedipus Coloneus, 22. Hispania, 32. Olympia, 33. Homerus, 23, 31, 54. Origines, 38, 75. Panatheuaicus, 13. Isocrates, 13, 23. Paulus, see Aemilius. L. Iunius Brutus, 75. Pelias, 83. 232 CATO MAIOR.

Persae, 59. P. Sempronius Tuditanus, 10. Philippus, 14. — Q. Marcius C. Servilius Ahala, 56. Philippus. Cn. Servilius Caepio, 14. Picens (ager), 11. Simonides, 23. Pisistratus, 72. Socrates, 26, 59, 78. Plato, 13, 23, 41, 44, 78. Solon, 26, 50, 72, 73. Plautus, 50. — T. Maccius Sophocles, 22, 47. Plautus. Statius, 25. See Caecilius. Poeni, 44, 75. Stesichorus, 22. C. Pontius, 41. C. Sulpicius Galus, 49. T. Pontius, 33. Synephebi, 24. M. Porcius Cato Censor, 3, and often. Tarentinus, 39, 41. M. Porcius Cato, 84. Tarentum, 10, 11, 39, 41. Sp. Postumius Albinus, 7. Tartessii, 69. Sp. Postumius Albinus, 41. Themistocles, 8, 21. Pseudolus, 50. Thermopylae, 32. Pyrrhus, 16, 43, 55. Thessalus, 43. Pythagoras, 23, 33, 72, 78. Tithonus, 3. Titus, 1. See Atticus and Fla- L. Quinctius Cincinnatus, 36. mininus. L. Quinctius Flamininus, 42. Troia, 31. T. Quinctius Flamininus, 1, Truculentus, 50. 42. Tuditanus. See Sempronius. T. Quinctius Flamininus, 14. Turpio, 48. — L. Ambivius Tur- pio. Regulus, 75. — M. Atilius Regu- lus. M. Valerius Corvinus, 60. Roma, 23. L. Valerius Flaccus, 42. T. Veturius Calvinus, 41. Sabini, 46, 55. Voconia Lex, 14. Salinator. See Livius. Samnites, 43, 55. Xenocrates, 23. Sardis, 59. Xenophon, 30, 46, 59, 79. Scipio. See Cornelius. M. Sempronius Tuditanus, 50. Zeno, 23. :

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