Advances in Forensic Applications of Mass Spectrometry
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1522_Title 11/21/03 3:36 PM Page 1 Advances in Forensic Applications of Mass Spectrometry Edited by JehudaYinon CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. 1522_C00.fm Page iv Wednesday, November 12, 2003 10:34 AM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Advances in forensic applications of mass spectrometry / edited by Jehuda Yinon. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1522-0 1. Mass spectrometry—Forensic applications. 2. Chemistry, Forensic. I. Yinon, Jehuda. HV8073.5.A38 2003 363.25¢62—dc22 2003055691 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-1522- 0/04/$0.00+$1.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2004 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1522-0 Library of Congress Card Number 2003055691 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper 1522_C00.fm Page v Wednesday, November 12, 2003 10:34 AM Introduction The continuing developments in analytical instrumentation during the last several years have had a major influence on the forensic laboratory. Among the instrumental methods used by the forensic analyst, the mass spectrometer has become the method of choice. While in the early days of forensic mass spectrometry GC/MS with electron ionization (EI), and later with chemical ionization (CI), were the only mass spectrometry techniques used, today a variety of MS techniques can be found in many forensic laboratories. Those include mainly LC/MS with electrospray ionization (ESI) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in triple quadrupole or ion trap configurations. These techniques enable the detection and identification of trace components in complex mix- tures at a high sensitivity as well as analysis of nonvolatile and thermally labile compounds. The incorporation of new mass spectrometry techniques in the forensic laboratory paved the road for new applications in forensic analysis. The purpose of this book is to assemble in one volume forensic appli- cations using novel mass spectrometry techniques which result in lower detection limits and more reliable identification. In addition, the book describes some new applications which were made possible due to this advanced instrumentation. Two chapters have been devoted to the detection and analysis of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in body fluids (forensic toxicology). While GC/MS was the main method used for this purpose, LC/MS is now playing a major role in this important area and complements GC/MS. Testing of athletes for drugs of abuse in major sporting events has become routine. GC/MS and LC/MS have been used for drug testing of urine and blood samples, which provides short-term information. A special chap- ter has been devoted to the detection of doping agents in hair by mass spectrometry, as hair testing has a larger surveillance window and can pro- vide a long-term history. The application of stable isotope ratios has become relevant for forensic purposes with the development of more sensitive and accurate isotope ratio mass spectrometers. The chapter dealing with this subject describes the meth- © 2004 by CRC Press LLC 1522_C00.fm Page vi Wednesday, November 12, 2003 10:34 AM odology, the instrumentation, and several forensic applications, including origin identification of drugs and explosives and isotope tagging. For many years, GC/MS has been the major method used for identifica- tion of accelerants in fire debris. MS/MS now provides an additional dimen- sion of identification. GC/MS/MS has the capability to isolate and identify ignitable liquid residues in the presence of background products such as pyrolysates that may mask the target analytes of interest. A chapter devoted to this subject consists of two subchapters written by two different authors who are using GC/MS/MS with a different approach for the identification of accelerants in fire debris. LC/MS, with electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), are now being used for the analysis of explosives in postblast residues. This chapter describes both ionization techniques and their application in explosive residue analysis. The mass spectrometer in its various configurations is now an integral part of every forensic laboratory. The number of possible forensic applica- tions of this analytical technique is limited only by the imagination of the forensic chemist. Finally, I would like to thank the contributing authors who have made the publication of this book possible. Many thanks are due to authors and publishers for permission to reproduce copyrighted material. — Jehuda Yinon © 2004 by CRC Press LLC 1522_C00.fm Page vii Wednesday, November 12, 2003 10:34 AM The Editor Dr. Jehuda Yinon is currently a visiting professor of forensic science at the National Center for Forensic Science (NCFS), University of Central Florida (UCF), Orlando, Florida. Dr. Yinon received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology (Haifa, Israel), and his Ph.D. in chemistry from the Weizmann Institute of Science (Rehovot, Israel). Dr. Yinon was a senior research fellow at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, for 35 years, until 2000. He was a research associate (1971 to 1973) and a senior research associate (1976 to 1977) at Caltech’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, California), and spent sabbatical leaves as a visiting scientist at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina) (1980 to 1981), the EPA Environ- mental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (Las Vegas, Nevada) (1988 to 1989), and the University of Florida, Gainesville (1993 to 1994). Dr. Yinon’s main research interests are applications of mass spectrometry techniques in forensic science with emphasis on analysis of explosives and the application of novel technologies to the detection of explosives. Dr. Yinon has authored, coauthored, and edited 7 books and published over 100 papers in the scientific literature. He is a member of the American Academy of Forensic Science, the American Chemical Society, the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, and the Israel Society for Mass Spectrometry. He is a regional editor of Forensic Science Review and is on the editorial boards of the Journal of Energetic Materials, Environmental Forensics Journal, and Modern Mass Spectrometry. © 2004 by CRC Press LLC 1522_C00.fm Page ix Wednesday, November 12, 2003 10:34 AM Contributors José R. Almirall Wolfram Meier-Augenstein Department of Chemistry and International Queen’s University Belfast Forensic Research Institute Environmental Engineering Research Florida International University Group Miami, Florida School of Civil Engineering Belfast, U.K. Maciej J. Bogusz Department of Pathology and Laboratory Jeannette Perr Medicine Department of Chemistry and King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research International Forensic Research Institute Centre Florida International University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Miami, Florida Vincent Cirimele Dale Sutherland Institut de Medicine Legale Activation Laboratories Ltd. Universite Louis Pasteur Ancaster, Ontario, Canada Strasbourg, France Marion Villain Pascal Kintz Institut de Medicine Legale Institut de Medicine Legale Universite Louis Pasteur Universite Louis Pasteur Strasbourg, France Strasbourg, France Jehuda Yinon Ray H. Liu National Center for Forensic Science Graduate Program in Forensic Science University of Central Florida Department of Justice Sciences Orlando, Florida University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama Hans H. Maurer Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Saarland Homburg (Saar), Germany © 2004 by CRC Press LLC 1522_C00.fm Page