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Test Purchase of New Synthetic Tryptamines Via the Internet: Identity Check by GC-MS and Separation by HPLC

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Test Purchase of New Synthetic Tryptamines Via the Internet: Identity Check by GC-MS and Separation by HPLC Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 6 (01), pp. 028-034, January, 2016 Available online at http://www.japsonline.com DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.600105 ISSN 2231-3354 Test purchase of new synthetic tryptamines via the Internet: Identity check by GC-MS and separation by HPLC Magdalena Taschwer, Edith Ebner, Martin G Schmid* Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria. ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO Article history: Over the past few years, a continuous alteration of the recreational drug market took place. Among other novel Received on: 25/09/2015 psychoactive drugs, new synthetic tryptamine derivatives appeared on the market. These compounds are mainly Revised on: 18/10/2015 traded via the Internet, which has become an important marketplace for the sale of recreational drugs. The goal of Accepted on: 08/11/2015 our research was to check, if 13 new synthetic tryptamines obtained by test purchase via different online vendors Available online: 26/01/2016 meet the promised identity. Analysis was performed by GC-MS, using a common 30 m HP-5MS capillary column as stationary phase. Subsequently, a simple HPLC method for the separation of these tryptamines was Key words: developed. Therefore, the aim was to establish a method to separate a broad spectrum of trypamines Tryptamines, Legal highs, simultaneously within short time. Measurements were performed by a LiChrospher® RP-18e column and a Novel psychoactive drugs, mobile phase consisting of 0.1% triethylammonium acetate buffer, methanol and acetonitrile. Both presented HPLC, GC-MS. methods were found to be suitable for the identification as well as separation of tryptamines as the analysis times were short and the selectivity sufficient. Moreover, enantioseparation of 3 chiral tryptamine derivatives purchased via the Internet by HPLC-UV and an Astec® Cyclobond I™ 2000 as CSP was performed. All of them were sold as racemic mixtures. INTRODUCTION occurring tryptamines, there is a huge spectrum of synthetic derivatives. Via substitution at the aromatic ring or at the nitrogen Over the past decade the availability and diversity of atom a diversified range of legal psychoactive compounds is given. novel psychoactive drugs on the European drug market has Hallucinogenic tryptamines bear a substituted tryptamine structure. progressively increased. According to the European Drug Report 2015, 101 new and not previously reported psychoactive The indole ring, which is a particular structure of the tryptamines, compounds were reported in 2014. Compared with the drug is known from other substances such as lysergic acid diethylamide report of 2013 this represents an increase of 25%. Besides (LSD). Due to the fact that tryptamines show a similar but a bit synthetic cathinones, cannabinoids, opioids, phenetylamines and weaker psychoactive effect than LSD, this compound class is used arylamines, synthetic tryptamines represent a further group of as legal alternative for LSD (Araujo et al., 2015). The effects of misused psychoactive substances (EMCDDA, 2015). tryptamines include a marked release and inhibited reuptake of Tryptamine, a monoamine alkaloid, and its derivatives can be serotonin. In addition to the hallucinations, the psychotropic effects found in plants, fungi and animals. Lots of organisms, especially plants, produce tryptamines as metabolites. Substances with a of the tryptamines also cover euphoria, empathy and a feeling of tryptamine-similar structure are e.g. the neurotransmitter love. Furthermore, visual and auditory disturbances and distortions serotonin, melatonin and the amino acid tryptophan. Well-known may occur. Because of the mind-expanding effect, these substances natural representatives are the hallucinogens of magic have become popular in the drug scene, where they are called mushrooms, namely psilocybin and its hydrolysis product “happy pills”, “love pills” or “hi-trips”. psilocin. A further metabolite derived from tryptamines is the Due to the psychotropic effects, tryptamines have been alkaloid bufotenin, which exists in the skin of some species of toads of the genus Bufo (Gibbons, 2012). Besides the naturally used for medical purposes and religious ceremonies since ancient times. There are different traditional ways how shamans and natives have applied them for rituals, healing ceremonies or * Corresponding Author recreational use. They can either be used as a powder, which is Martin G Schmid, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A- insufflated or snuffed, as hallucinogenic drink or as magic 8010 Graz, Austria. Email: [email protected] mushrooms (also known as psychedelic mushrooms). In South . © 2016 Magdalena Taschwer et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License -NonCommercial- ShareAlikeUnported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/). Taschwer et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 6 (01); 2016: 028-034 029 America and on the West-Indian islands the seeds, which contain meter) (Kanu et al., 2013). hallucinogenic tryptamine derivatives, (e.g. dimethyltryptamine Moreover several papers deal with the analysis of (DMT), bufotenin and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5- traditional dosage forms of tryptamines, especially ayahuasca MeO-DMT)) of Anadenanthera species are grinded to powder. (Gabelunghe et al., 2008; McIlhenny et al., 2009; Pires et al., Identified as “yopo” or “cohoba”, this powder is snuffed or blown 2009; Gaujac et al., 2013). through a bamboo tube into the nostrils. “Epena”, a hallucinogenic Additionally, literature about the synthesis and cytotoxic tryptamine rich powder from the Virola species, is still used as properties (Salikov et al., 2015) as well as characterization of insufflation from the medicine men from the Amazon. psychotropic tryptamines is available (Brandt et al., 2010; “Ayahuasca”, which has its origin at the Amazon too, is a sacred Tearavarich et al., 2011; Brandt et al., 2012; Elliott et al., 2013). brew of the indigenous population. It is mainly prepared out of Hsiao and co-workers reported on the simultaneous separation and stems of Banisteriopsis caapi and leaves of Psychotria viridis and detection of phenetylamine and tryptamine derivatives using Diplopterys cabrerana. Dependent from the part of the plant and HPLC-UV and LC/ESI MS (Hsiao et al., 2009). the origin, the main components are DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and the In 2015, LC-MS/MS was reported to be successful for MAO-inhibitors harmine and harmaline (Arunotayanun and screening procedures, detection as well as quantification of novel Gibbons, 2012). There are worldwide over 100 sorts of psychoactive drugs including tryptamine derivatives in blood mushrooms. But in Europe, the most common one is the Psilocybe (Adamovicz and Tokarczyk, 2015; Ambach et al., 2015) and urine semilanceata, better known as liberty cap. The ingredients of the (Ambach et al., 2015) samples. hallucinogenic mushrooms are mainly psilocin, psilocybin, In Austria, tryptamines are controlled by the Novel baeocystin and norbaeocystin. Psychoactive Substances Law (NPSG, BGBl.I Nr. 48/2013). Dipropyltryptamine (DPT), diethyltryptamine (DET), According to this new law only trade of new psychoactive DMT as well as other methoxytryptamines were the first fully compounds such as novel tryptamines is prohibited. synthetic prepared tryptamines. Since DMT was used as additive Since different new tryptamines were seized by to prepare the ayahuasca decoctions in the Amazon for centuries, it Austrian police during the last years they represent an important was synthesized the first time by the Canadian chemist Richard category of novel psychoactive drugs (NPDs). Due to an increased Helmuth Fredrick Manske in 1931 (Manske, 1931). availability of these compounds on the illicit drug market and the Some tryptamine derivatives synthesized for fact that they are often used as an alternative to illegal drugs pharmaceutical purposes e.g. sumatriptan or zolmitriptan (for such as LSD, this compound class has developed to a social migraine treatment) are misused as recreational drugs by addicts problem. (UNODC, 2013). A remarkable spectrum of synthetic tryptamines is The American chemist Alexander Shulgin dedicated his available via the Internet. In order to prove purity of the offered research also to tryptamines. After his former book PiHKAL he compounds online vendors disclose product analyses by nuclear synthesized a large number of derivatives of this compound class magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS) on their and published the methods of the syntheses as well as the dosage Internet pages. However, data of the published information can not conditions in his book TiHKAL (“Tryptamines I Have Known be verified. Thus, the aim of our work was to check identity of 13 And Loved“) (Shulgin and Shulgin, 1991; Shulgin and Shulgin, synthetic tryptamines purchased by mystery shopping between the 1997). years 2012 and 2014 via the Internet by GC-MS. To be precise, 5- In literature, several articles dealing with analysis, API (5- (2-aminopropyl)indole) is a positional isomer of AMT (α- identification and separation by various separation techniques of methyltryptamine) and belongs chemically rather to novel psychoactive compounds, including tryptamines as new phenethylamines than to the compound class of tryptamines. compound class, are available.
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