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LSD), Which Produces Illicit Market in the USA DEPENDENCE LIABILITY OF "NON-NARCOTIC 9 DRUGS 81 INDOLES The prototype drug in this subgroup (Table XVI) potentials. Ibogaine (S 212) has appeared in the is compound S 219, lysergide (LSD), which produces illicit market in the USA. dependence of the hallucinogen (LSD) type (see above). A tremendous literature on LSD exists which documents fully the dangers of abuse, which REFERENCES is now widespread in the USA, Canada, the United 304. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Bibliography on Psychoto- Kingdom, Australia and many western European mimetics (1943-1966). Reprinted by the US countries (for references see Table XVI). LSD must Department of Health, Education, & Welfare, be judged as a very dangerous substance which has National Institute of Mental Health, Washington, no established therapeutic use. D.C. 305. Cerletti, A. (1958) In: Heim, R. & Wasson, G. R., Substances S 200-S 203, S 206, S 208, S 213-S 218 ed., Les champignons hallucinogenes du Mexique, and S 220-S 222 are isomers or congeners of LSD. pp. 268-271, Museum national d'Histoire natu- A number of these are much less potent than LSD in relle, Paris (Etude pharmacologique de la hallucinogenic effect or are not hallucinogenic at all psilocybine) (compounds S 203, S 213, S 216, S 217, S 220 and 306. Cohen, S. (1965) The beyond within. The LSD S 222) and accordingly carry a lesser degree of risk story. Atheneum, New York than LSD. None of these weak hallucinogens has 307. Cohen, S. & Ditman, K. S. (1963) Arch. gen. been abused. Other compounds are all sufficiently Psychiat., 8, 475 (Prolonged adverse reactions to potent to make it likely that they would be abused if lysergic acid diethylamide) 308. DeJong, H. H. (1955) Experimental catatonia. A available (S 200, S 201, S 206, S 208, S 214, S 218 general reaction form of the central nervous and S 221). system and its implications for huiman etiology, Compounds S 202, S 207, S 209, S 223 and S 224 Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore are derivatives of tryptamine. Dimethyltryptamine 309. Delay, J. (1954) Ann. med.-psychol., 112, No 2, 1 (S 209) is a short-acting hallucinogen which is (Les modifications de la personnalite, produites effective only if smoked or injected. This compound par la diethylamide de l'acide lysergique (LSD 25)) has been extensively abused and an illicit market in 310. Delay, J., et al. (1959) Ann. med.-psychol., 117, No 1, dimethyltryptamine supplied by illegal synthesis has 891-899 (Les effets somatiques de la psilocybine) 311. Delay, J., Pichot, P., Lemperiere, Th., Nicolas- developed. Diethyltryptamine (S 207) is a similar Charles, P. & Quetin, A. M. (1958) In: Heim, R. drug but has not appeared in the illicit market. & Wasson, G. R., ed., Les champignons hallucino- Psilocybine (S 224) and psilocin (S 223) are both genes du Mexique, Section 5, Ch. 7, Museum potent hallucinogens that are effective orally as well national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (Etude as parenterally. Illicit traffic in psilocybine has psycho-physiologique et clinique de lapsilocybine) occurred. Diethyltryptamine, psilocybine and psilo- 312. Delay, J., Pichot, P., Lemperiere, Th., Nicolas- cin accordingly must be judged to have high depen- Charles, P. (1958) C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 247, dence potential. 1235-1238 (Effets psycho-physiologiques de la psilocybine) Bufotenine VS 204) has been classed to be a 313. Delay, J., Lhermitte, F., Veridreaux, G. & Veri- hallucinogen but probably is not. Alpha-methyl- dreaux, J. (1952) Rev. neurol., 86, 81-88 (Modifi- tryptamine (S 202) has been reported to have cations de l'electrocorticogramme du lapin par Ia hallucinogenic properties but has not been abused. diethylamine de l'acide d-lysergique (LSD-25)) The dependence potential of these two compounds is 314. Ditman, K. S., Tietz, W., Prince, B. S., Fargy, E. therefore difficult to assess. & Maas, T. (1967) J. nerv. ment. Dis., 145, 464 The remaining compounds, S 205, S 210, S 212 (Harmful effects of the LSD experience) and S 225, are complex molecules that have been 315. Dralkoci, M. (1965) Arch. farmac., 15, 109-115 " (Psichozomimetika) isolated from plants (see Crude Plant Drugs ", 316. Dubansky, B., Vyhnankova, M. & Setlik, L. (1968) below) many of which are used ritualistically by es. Neurol., 31, 394-399 (Simultaneous occur- primitive peoples. 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