DOCSLIB.ORG

NEWS of the PROFESSION Historical Science in the Mongolian People's Republic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
NEWS of the PROFESSION Historical Science in the Mongolian People's Republic NEWS OF THE PROFESSION Historical Science in the Mongolian People's Republic Contributed by Sh. Bira Ulan Bator, Mongolia It was after the conquest of political power not a single man who . [does] not know in 1921 that a broad path was opened for the his own tribe (labile) and descent."1 On the development of modern culture and science in basis of this ancient tradition there was created Mongolia. One of the well-developed branches the Mongolian historiography, which achieved of science in the Mongolian People's Republic in the Middle Ages a comparatively high degree is history. of development. Rashid-ad-din tells us that for Knowledge of history in Mongolia goes back his Collection of Chronicles he consulted mate- to the most ancient times. It is well known that rials which "are given in Mongolian annals the Mongolian people had entered the historical and chronicles"2 and histories "written in Mon- arena in early times. From antiquity there had gol and . [with] Mongolian letters, but not been created powerful tribal units and great collected and put in order."3 Among these state systems which played an active part in the sources he named the chronicle, Golden Scroll history of all Central Asia. As early as the be- (Altan daftar)* i.e., Official Boo\, always ginning of the thirteenth century, there was preserved in the treasury of the Khan in the founded the united Mongolian state headed by hands of the oldest emirs.5 But, unfortunately, Genghis Khan, who later on created the em- all these sources consulted by the Persian his- pire of the Mongols (in the thirteenth and four- torian did not survive. Nevertheless these an- teenth centuries). cient sources, as well as much information These events aroused a certain interest in his- given by members of the Mongolian nobility— tory among the Mongols. The ancient Mongols, mainly the accounts given by Bolad Chinsang, like other peoples, had possessed a considerable the plenipotentiary of the Mongol khan at the rich oral historical tradition which served as a court of the Mongol rulers in Persia, and in- main source for written history. We know formation given by Ghazan Khan—provided about this old historical tradition and about the the chief material which enabled Rashid-ad- comparatively early origin of Mongolian na- din "to give in remarkable detail a picture of tional historiography from Rashid-ad-din, the the nomadic life of the Mongol tribes. ."6 great Persian historiographer of the beginning In this connection it is necessary to stress that of the fourteenth century, who wrote his there were many other books and chronicles in famous Collection of Chronicles at the com- 1 Rashid-ad-din, Syornik. letopisei [Collection of mand of the Mongol ruler of Persia, Gazan Chronicles] (Moscow-Leningrad, 1932) Vol. 1, Bk. 2, Khan (1295-1304). p. 13. Concerning the ancient Mongolian tribes 2 Ibid., Vol. 1, Bk. 2, p. 73. Rashid-ad-din wrote: "All these tribes had their 3 Ibid., Vol. 1, Bk. 1, p. 67. own clear and distinct genealogical tree (shad- * Ibid., Vol. i.Bk. 2, p. 16. 5 V. V. Barthold, Turkestan v espok.hu mongol'skpvo jare) because the custom of the Mongols is that nashe, Part II (St. Petersburg, 1900) 45. (Page 44 of they preserve the genealogy of their ancestors the English translation, Turkestan down to the Mongol and teach and emphasize genealogy to every Invasion, ed. H. A. R. Gibb [London, 1928]). 6 child that is born. For this reason there is B. Y. Vladimirstov, Obshchestvennyi stroi mongolov [The Social Structure of the Mongolian People] (Leningrad, 1934), p. 6. (Page 7 of the French transla- The Journal is indebted to Mr. Owen Lattimore for tion, by Michel Carson, he regime social des Mongols, forwarding Mr. Bira's report. Paris, 1948.) 417 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.58, on 01 Oct 2021 at 00:32:15, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911800123241 418 JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES Mongolian historiography, now lost, which Mongol. Large-scale research work on the his- served as important sources for famous histori- tory of the Mongol khans and their conquests cal works, such as Rashid-ad-din's Collection of was carried out also in Persia. On the orders Chronicles, and others. of the Mongol khans, Persian historians used One of the most ancient Mongolian histori- to compile works on Mongolian history. It is cal monuments handed down to us is the well- enough to mention, in addition to Rashid-ad- known Secret History written in 1240 on the din, The History of the World-Conqueror by banks of the river Kerulen. The famous Mon- Juvaini,8 one of the enlightened secretaries of golist, Academician Vladimirtsov, wrote of it: the Mongol khan Hulagu, who collected his "The Secret History tells us about the kin from information about Mongols and Turks at the which descended Genghis Khan and depicts court of the Mongol khans themselves during loosely and freely the picture of the steppe life, his travels throughout the Mongol Empire and supplying us with the richest material for as- Mongolia. It is worth mentioning that the sessing the different aspects of Mongol life in History of the World-Conqueror was begun the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. ... If we in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khara- may say that no other nation in medieval times Khorin (Karakorum), in 1252 or 1253.9 attracted greater attention among the historians Many of the historical monuments created than the Mongols, then we are also justified in during the period of the Mongol Empire have saying that no other nomadic people have left not been preserved. From the fourteenth cen- behind them such a monument as the Secret tury we have only one small historical and ju- History in which real life has been so vividly ridical work, Chagan Tuhe (White History).10 and minutely portrayed."7 The fourteenth and sixteenth centuries are There is no doubt that the Secret History is characterized by the fall of the Mongol Empire, not a unique historical monument handed feudal splintering, and countless civil wars down to our days from the thirteenth century among princes. This period was naturally —the period of the greatest events in the life unpropitious not only for creating new his- of Mongols. In the period of the Mongol Em- torical works, but for preserving old literary pire (thirteenth and fourteenth centuries), on monuments, and many of them had been lost the initiative of the Mongol khans, a large-scale forever at this time. scientific work was carried on not only in the In the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, field of Mongolian history, but in the history Mongolian historiography gained considerable of other countries. successes in its development. There are a num- At the Imperial court of Qubilai Khan there ber of chronicles belonging to this period. For was an Academy of History, headed by a Mon- instance, the anonymous chronicle, Allan TobH gol historian, which was engaged in writing (Golden Annals), written in 1604,11 Allan history and translating Chinese chronicles into TobH (Golden Annals) by Lubsan-Danzan (1634),12 Erdenin Tobct (Precious Annals) by 7 Vladimirtsov, pp. 7-8. There is a large literature on The Secret History: P. Kafarov, Starinnoe mongol'- 8 Ata-Malik Juvaini's work has been translated from s\oe skfizanie o Chingis-\hane [Ancient Mongolian the Persian by John Andrew Boyle, The History of the Tales about Ghenghis Khan], Trudy chlenov Pekinskoi World-Conqueror (Manchester University Press, 1958) dukhovnoi misii [Works of the Members of the Peking 2 vols. Ecclesiastical Mission], IV (St. Petersburg, 1866), 268. 9 Juvaini, The History of the World-Conqueror, I, C. A. Kozin, Sokrovennoe s\azanie. Mongol's\aya 25- \hroni\a 12.40 goda [Secret History. Mongolian Chroni- 10 For the White History, see Sh. Natsogdorzh, cle of 1240] (Moscow-Leningrad, 1941). Erich Hae- Tsagaan Tuuhjicen tukhoe (Ulan Bator, 1958). nisch, Monghol un Niuca Tobia'an (Yuan-ch'ao pi-shi) 11 The Allan TobH is translated into Russian, Eng- [Die Geheime Geschichte der Mongolen, aus der chine- lish, and Japanese. Llhana Galcan Gomboev, tr., Allan sischen Transcription (Ausgabe Ye Teh-hui) in mon- tobch. Mongol's\aia letopis' v podlinnom te\ste i golischen Wortlaut wiederhergestellt] (Leipzig, 1937; perevode (St. Petersburg, 1858), C. R. Bawden, The 2nd, rev. ed., 1948), P. Pelliot, Histoire, secrete des Mongol Chronicle Altan TobH (Wiesbaden: Otto Har- Mongols, restitution du texte mongol et traduction rassowitz, 1955). francaise des chapitres I a VI (Paris, 1949). Ts. Dam- 12 The Altan TobH by Lubsan-Danzan was pub- dinsuren, Mongol-un nigttca tobciyan [The Secret His- lished in 1937 by the Committee of Sciences of the tory] (Ulan Bator, 1947). MPR, and reproduced as Altan TobH. A Brief History Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.58, on 01 Oct 2021 at 00:32:15, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911800123241 NEWS OF THE PROFESSION 419 Sagan Secfen (1662),13 and Shara tuji (Yellow cational establishments of the country, with a History) written in the seventeenth century.14 great many historians working in all branches Mongol historians used to write not only in of historical science. The National Association the mother tongue, but in other Eastern lan- of Historians of the Mongolian People's Repub- guages—Chinese, Manchurian, and especially lic, founded in 1955 and having many branches Tibetan.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Scanned Using Book Scancenter 5033
    THE INNER MONGOLIAN RESPONSE TO THE CHINESE REPUBLIC, 1911-1917 Sechin Jagchid Brigham Young University After the outbreak of the Opium War, and especially during the latter half of the nineteenth century, the political environment of continental East Asia changed considerably. The power of the Western imperialists and Tsarist Russia expanded to both China and Mongolia. The Manchu defeat in that war created hard­ ships for Chinese peasants, and the Ch'ing dynasty replaced its ban on Chinese migration into Mongolian pasture lands with a positive policy of encouraging such migration in order to fortify against the Russian threat and ease the sit­ uation inside China. In doing so, however, the Ch'ing violated the Mongolian people's right to a livelihood in their own homeland. The dynasty placed the better grazing areas under Chinese occupation while undermining the Mongolian "feudalistic" league and banner organizations through establishing Chinese-style local governments under the pretext of administering the affairs of the Chinese settlers. The ensuing resentment and growing sense of instability gave rise to anti-Manchu movements among the Mongol nobility. A Mongolian volunteer force under Prince Senggerinchin did assist the Manchus against the T'aip'ing rebel­ lion {I85O-I86U), but thereafter Mongolian rebels, recorded in Chinese materials as "Mongolian bandits," became a continuous phenomenon. Also during this period, the Ch'ing court witnessed a gradual but steady de­ cline in the number and frequency of visits by Mongolian nobles coming to render personal homage to the Manchu emperor. This was especially marked after the Boxer Rebellion in 1900. The Ch'ing's "self-strengthening movement" to modernize the country generally had little influence on the Mongol nobility.
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Empires of Asia the Great Empires of Asia
    The Great Empires of Asia The Great Empires of Asia EDITED BY JIM MASSELOS FOREWORD BY JONATHAN FENBY WITH 27 ILLUSTRATIONS Note on spellings and transliterations There is no single agreed system for transliterating into the Western CONTENTS alphabet names, titles and terms from the different cultures and languages represented in this book. Each culture has separate traditions FOREWORD 8 for the most ‘correct’ way in which words should be transliterated from The Legacy of Empire Arabic and other scripts. However, to avoid any potential confusion JONATHAN FENBY to the non-specialist reader, in this volume we have adopted a single system of spellings and have generally used the versions of names and titles that will be most familiar to Western readers. INTRODUCTION 14 The Distinctiveness of Asian Empires JIM MASSELOS Elements of Empire Emperors and Empires Maintaining Empire Advancing Empire CHAPTER ONE 27 Central Asia: The Mongols 1206–1405 On the cover: Map of Unidentified Islands off the Southern Anatolian Coast, by Ottoman admiral and geographer Piri Reis (1465–1555). TIMOTHY MAY Photo: The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. The Rise of Chinggis Khan The Empire after Chinggis Khan First published in the United Kingdom in 2010 by Thames & Hudson Ltd, 181A High Holborn, London WC1V 7QX The Army of the Empire Civil Government This compact paperback edition first published in 2018 The Rule of Law The Great Empires of Asia © 2010 and 2018 Decline and Dissolution Thames & Hudson Ltd, London The Greatness of the Mongol Empire Foreword © 2018 Jonathan Fenby All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced CHAPTER TWO 53 or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, China: The Ming 1368–1644 including photocopy, recording or any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spreading of Christianity and the Introduction of Modern Architecture in Shannxi, China (1840-1949)
    Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid Programa de doctorado en Concervación y Restauración del Patrimonio Architectónico The Spreading of Christianity and the introduction of Modern Architecture in Shannxi, China (1840-1949) Christian churches and traditional Chinese architecture Author: Shan HUANG (Architect) Director: Antonio LOPERA (Doctor, Arquitecto) 2014 Tribunal nombrado por el Magfco. y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día de de 20 . Presidente: Vocal: Vocal: Vocal: Secretario: Suplente: Suplente: Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día de de 20 en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid. Calificación:………………………………. El PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO Index Index Abstract Resumen Introduction General Background........................................................................................... 1 A) Definition of the Concepts ................................................................ 3 B) Research Background........................................................................ 4 C) Significance and Objects of the Study .......................................... 6 D) Research Methodology ...................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Chinese traditional architecture 1.1 The concept of traditional Chinese architecture ......................... 13 1.2 Main characteristics of the traditional Chinese architecture .... 14 1.2.1 Wood was used as the main construction materials ........ 14 1.2.2
    [Show full text]
  • Mongolian Cultural Orientation
    Table of Contents Chapter 1: Profile ............................................................................................................................ 6 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 6 Geography ................................................................................................................................... 6 Area ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Climate .................................................................................................................................... 7 Geographic Divisions and Topographic Features ................................................................... 8 Rivers and Lakes ..................................................................................................................... 9 Major Cities ............................................................................................................................... 10 Ulaanbaatar ............................................................................................................................ 10 Erdenet ................................................................................................................................... 11 Darhan ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Escaping the Rhetoric: a Monglian Perspective on Participation in Rural
    Escaping the Rhetoric A Mongolian Perspective on Participation in Rural Development Projects _________________________ A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science in International Rural Development at Lincoln University by J.W. Berends _________________________ Lincoln University 2009 i ii Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of M.Appl.Sc. Escaping the Rhetoric: A Mongolian Perspective on Participation in Rural Development Projects By J.W. Berends This thesis explores how stakeholders in Mongolian rural development projects interpret the concept of „participation‟. While previous research has provided an ethnographic snapshot of participation in rural development projects, none has yet focused on Mongolia – a post- socialist nation that receives significant amounts of foreign aid. To gain a holistic picture of „participation‟, this study explores: how stakeholders understand participation; what stakeholders perceive and prioritise as the benefits of participation; and which factors motivate or inhibit participation. This study‟s methodology involved an inductive, qualitative approach with a multiple case study design. Three Mongolia rural development projects, each with objectives of poverty- reduction and participation, were selected from three different development organisations and interviews were conducted with different stakeholder groups: development organisation managers, field staff, and local people of the project sites (participants and non-participants). The results of this study revealed a dominant or „Mongolian‟ understanding of „participation‟ existed across the various stakeholders: „Participation is local contributions of group labour and information for material benefits, within a top-down authoritarian structure (including local institutions)‟. This understanding arose from development organisations‟ emphasis on efficiency and sustainable results and local people engaging with the project as a normative livelihood strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Mongolian Voices of Discontent in Lifanyuan Records of the Early Qing-Period
    Mongolian Voices of Discontent in Lifanyuan Records of the early Qing-period Dorothea Heuschert-Laage (Universität Bern) 1 Introduction Over the recent decades, an enormous amount of Manchu and Mongolian lan- guage archival material from the Qing period (1636–1911) has been published in China and in Mongolia. This ushered in a new era of research on the so-called outer regions of the Qing Empire. However, as other archival collections in the world, Qing archives can only preserve fragments and the historian will find that some voices have been silenced.1 According to Beatrice Bartlett, the Manchu court used archives as an instrument of its power. In order to portray the government as all-powerful and effective, anything which did not fit in with this picture was omit- ted and, “for the Qing archivists, protecting the imperial face was the all-important goal”2 In order to ensure that nothing damaging would be on file in the archives, documents were not only destroyed, but sometimes files were classified in the wrong order and events retold in a different context.3 For this reason, evidence of disrespect for imperial authority or expression of local autonomy was – in most cases – eclipsed. When archival material was later used for the compilation of official court his- tories, it was again subjected to a process of selection and adjustment. All infor- 1 Ladwig, Roque, Tappe, Kohl, Bastos, “Fieldwork between Folders”, pp. 20/21. 2 Bartlett, “Qing Statesmen, Archivists, and Historians and the Question of Memory”, p. 423. 3 Weiers, “Die Historische Dimension des Jade-Siegels”, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interplay Between Text and Image: the Molon Toyin's Tale
    The Interplay between Text and Image: The Molon Toyin’s Tale Vesna A. Wallace, University of California, Santa Barbara Wallace, Vesna A. “The Interplay between Text and Image: The Molon Toyin’s Tale.” Cross- Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review 31: 58– 81. https://cross- currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-31/wallace. Abstract The anonymous illustrated manuscript of the Molon Toyin’s tale examined in this article is one of many narrative illustrations of popular Buddhist tales that circulated in Mongolia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and that have come to us in different lengths and forms. This article seeks to demonstrate that when a text and the accompanying narrative illustrations are brought together in a single manuscript, they enhance each other’s productive efficacy through their respective verbal and pictorial imagery. An illustrated text cross-references between the linguistic and visual worlds of experience and lends itself to interdisciplinary approaches. To a certain degree, it also subverts any differentiation between the linguistic and pictorial signs and challenges the notion of a self-sufficient text. As in the case of other illustrated manuscripts of the Molon Toyin’s tale, here, too, the author’s or illustrator’s main concern is to illustrate the workings of karma and its results, expressing them in compelling, pictorial terms. At the same time, illustrations also function both as visual memory aids and as the means of aesthetic gratification. Due to the anonymity of the manuscript examined in this article, it is difficult to determine with any certainty whether the orthography and graphic features of the manuscript’s illustrations are conditioned by the scribe, who is most likely also an illustrator, by his monastic training and the place where he received it, or by the expectations of the patron who commissioned the manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded for Personal Non‐Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge
    Yee, Ki Yip (2017) The late Qing Xinzheng (new policies) reforms in Mongolia, 1901‐1911. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26678 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. The Late Qing Xinzheng (New Policies) Reforms in Mongolia, 1901-1911 KI YIP YEE Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 2017 Department of History SOAS, University of London Abstract The aim of this thesis is to analyse the nature, imposition and effects of the late Qing xinzheng 新政 reforms in Mongolia, and to analyze the episode from its historical roots till the dynasty’s demise in 1911. Put simply, xinzheng was a modernization drive implemented throughout the Qing empire in order to save the dynasty from irreversible decline and, to a certain extent, to emulate the astounding success of the Meiji reforms in neighbouring Japan. For the purpose of this thesis, the analysis has been subdivided into the categories of agrarian policy, administrative reform, training of new armies, establishment of modern schools, introduction of new enterprises, exploitation of natural resources, construction of railways, and establishment of postal and telegram services.
    [Show full text]
  • Shamanism” in 18Th Century Mongolian Elite Discourse
    ROCZNIK ORIENTALISTYCZNY, T. LXV, Z. 1, 2012, (s. 90–106) KARÉNINA KOLLMAR-PAULENZ The Invention of “Shamanism” in 18th Century Mongolian Elite Discourse Abstract The paper concentrates on the transformation of the religious field in 17th and 18th century Mongolia, focusing on the discourse formations which accompanied the missionary strategies the Tibetan Buddhist monks employed to win over the Mongols to Buddhism. By drawing on a variety of Mongolian sources, from biographies and chronicles up to legal documents and terminological dictionaries, the author argues that the encounter between shamanic and Buddhist religious specialists led to the creation of a religious “other” and the reification of a böge-ner-ün sasin, a “teaching of the shamans”, most likely influencing European Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment constructions of so called “shamanism”. Keywords: Shamanism, Mongolia, Buddhism, Buddhist proselytism Introduction In recent years, as a consequence of the debate on “Orientalism”1 and in the wake of Postcolonial Studies,2 “Shamanism” as the “original religion” of the peoples of Northern 1 Edward Said, Orientalism. Western Conceptions of the Orient, London 1978. Critical evaluations of Said’s thesis are numerous. His monolithic distinction between “the West” and “the East” has drawn sharp criticism, see, among others, Jürgen Osterhammel, “Wissen als Macht. Deutungen interkulturellen Nichtverstehens bei Tzvetan Todorov und Edward Said”. In: J. Osterhammel, Geschichtswissenschaft jenseits des Nationalstaates. Studien zu Beziehungsgeschichte und Zivilisationsvergleich, Göttingen 2001, pp. 240–265. For a critical evaluation of Said’s conceptual polarity of “religous” and “secular” culture see William D. Hart, Edward Said and the Religious Effects of Culture, Cambridge 2000, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspect, Evidentiality and Tense in Mongolian from Middle Mongol to Khalkha and Khorchin
    Aspect, evidentiality and tense in Mongolian From Middle Mongol to Khalkha and Khorchin Benjamin Brosig ©Benjamin Brosig, Stockholm University 2014 ISB N 978-91-628-9124-4 Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2014 Distributor: Department of linguistics, Stockholm University ii Ȼɚɹɱɭɭɞɢɣɧɯɚɚɷɪɯɦɷɞɥɷɷɫɝɚɪɫɚɧ Ȼԛɯɹɫɬɧɵɯɚɚ ɫɨɺɥɢɣɝɧɷɝɬɝɷɫɷɧ ɍɫɵɝ ɧɶ ɭɭɠ ɺɫɵɝ ɧɶ ɞɚɝɚɚɝԛɣ Ԛɧɞɫɷɧԛɡɥɷɷ ɨɪɯɢɠɭɯɚɚɧɚɚɨɥɫɨɧ ɗɪɢɣɧ ɞɷɷɪɷɧɝԛɣɱɚɧɚɪɚɚɯɚɹɫɚɧ ɗɪɯ ɬɷɝɲ ɚɦɶɞɪɚɥɬɚɣ , ɷɝɷɥ ɯɚɣɪɥɚ ɯɚɚɪ ɦɨɧɝɨɥɧɢɣɝ ɦɢɣɧ ɬԧɥԧԧ iii iv Abstract The present thesis consists of an introduction and the following papers: x The aspect-evidentiality system of Middle Mongol. Ural-Altaic Studies, 13 . (forthcoming) x The tense-aspect system of Khorchin Mongolian. In: Pirkko Suihkonen & Lindsay Whaley (eds.), Typology of Languages of Europe and Northern and Central Asia . Amsterdam: John Benjamins. (forthcoming) x Aspect and epistemic notions in the present tense system of Khalkha Mongoli- an. Acta Linguistica Petropolitana . (forthcoming) x Factual vs. evidential? - The past tense forms of spoken Khalkha Mongolian. In: Ad Foolen, Helen de Hoop, & Gijs Mulder (eds.), Empirical Approaches to Evidentiality . Amsterdam: John Benjamins. (under review) Its purpose is to give an account of tense, aspect and evidentiality in three Mongolian varieties: Middle Mongol (MM) as spoken in the Mongol Em- pire, Khalkha Mongolian as spoken in the Mongolian state, and Khorchin Mongolian as spoken in eastern Inner Mongolia, China. MM started out with a tripartite tense distinction and a medium-sized aspectual system. Its past evidential system was tripartite with suffixes for firsthand, non-firsthand and evidentially neutral information. In Khorchin, which developed under the influence of Mandarin and Manchu, evidentiality was lost, and tense was simplified into a past / non-past distinction, alongside with a discontinuous proximal future / past marker.
    [Show full text]
  • Translingual Practice & Identity Performance: a Study of Mongolian
    University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2016-01-01 Translingual Practice & Identity Performance: A Study of Mongolian Youth on Facebook Sara Bartlett Large University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, English Language and Literature Commons, and the Rhetoric Commons Recommended Citation Large, Sara Bartlett, "Translingual Practice & Identity Performance: A Study of Mongolian Youth on Facebook" (2016). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 877. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/877 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TRANSLINGUAL PRACTICE & IDENTITY PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF MONGOLIAN YOUTH ON FACEBOOK SARA BARTLETT LARGE Doctoral Program in Rhetoric and Writing Studies APPROVED: Kate Mangelsdorf, Ph.D., Chair Maggy Smith, Ph.D. Char Ullman, Ph.D. Charles Ambler, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Sara Bartlett Large 2016 Dedication For my grandfather, Dana Bartlett TRANSLINGUAL PRACTICE & IDENTITY PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF MONGOLIAN YOUTH ON FACEBOOK by SARA BARTLETT LARGE, B.A., M.F.A. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of English, Rhetoric & Writing Studies, RWS THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO August 2016 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge and thank the five participants in this study, who dedicated their time and energy to questionnaires and interviews and opened up their Facebook pages for me to explore.
    [Show full text]
  • Download The
    A CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF EASTMONGOLIAN FOLKPOETRY b y W . H e is s ig For M r. W . A . Unkrig on the occasion of his 65th anniversary. I. Three nuptial speeches. II. Invocation of a female shaman. III. A modern ballad. While a great part of the popular literature of the Khalkha-, Buriat-, and Ordos-Mongols has been collected in the voluminous anthologies by B.Y. Vladimirtsov, Ts. Zhamtsarano, N. Poppe, P.A. Mostaert, nothing has been made known with the exception of few samples1 > of the popular literature of the Eastern Mongols, i.e. the Mongol population within the three Eastern provinces of China.2) Although in quite recent time the R o y al Danish Geographical Society、s Central Asian Expedition undertook the recording of some samples of popular literature of the Eastern Mongols, unfortunately nothing of its allegedly great gain of folksongs and shamanistic invocations3} has been made available until today. During the last decades even the Mongols of these territories had begun to show interest in their own tradition and folk­ lore.4 } Of this an anthology of 264 Mongolian proverbs5 > and a collection of double-lined doormottos for New Year，6) both collected as well as compiled by the Jalayid-MongoX Biirgiid, have appeared in print. In present times nothing more exists of the oral epical tradition about Cinggis Khan in Eastern Mongolia. Its oral circulation must have found a final end during the last decades of the X IX . century. While a great part 1)A. F. Rudnev, M ateriali po govoram vostochnii M ongolii, St.
    [Show full text]