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Golden-Silk Smoke This Page Intentionally Left Blank Golden-Silk Smoke a History of Tobacco in China, 1550–2010

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Golden-Silk Smoke This Page Intentionally Left Blank Golden-Silk Smoke a History of Tobacco in China, 1550–2010 A BOOK The Philip E. Lilienthal imprint honors special books in commemoration of a man whose work attheUniversityofCaliforniaPress from 1954 to 1979 wasmarkedbydedicationtoyoungauthors and to high standards in the field of Asian Studies. Friends, family, authors, and foundations have together endowed the Lilienthal Fund, which enables the Press to publish under this imprint selected books inawaythatreflectsthetasteandjudgment ofagreatandbelovededitor. The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Philip E. Lilienthal Asian Studies Endowment Fund of the University of California Press Foundation, which was established by a major gift from Sally Lilienthal. Golden-Silk Smoke This page intentionally left blank Golden-Silk Smoke A History of Tobacco in China, 1550–2010 Carol Benedict UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2011 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Benedict, Carol (Carol Ann), 1955–. Golden-Silk Smoke:ahistoryoftobacco in China, 1550–2010 / Carol Benedict.—1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Tobacco has been pervasive in China almost since its intro- duction from the Americas in the mid–sixteenth century. One-third of the world’s smokers—over 350 million—now live in China, and they account for 25 percent of worldwide smoking-related deaths. This book examines the deep roots of China’s contemporary “cigarette culture” and smoking epidemic and provides one of the first comprehensive histories of Chinese consumption in global and comparative perspective”—Provided by publisher. isbn 978-0-520-26277-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Tobacco—China—History. 2. Tobacco—Social aspects—China. 3. Smoking—China—History. I. Title. GT3021.C6B46 2011 394.1'40951—dc22 2010051219 Manufactured in the United States of America 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10987654321 This book is printed on Natures Book, which contains 50 percent postconsumer waste and meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48–1992 (r 1997) (Permanence of Paper). To the memory of James Stephen Benedict, M.D. and M.F.A. This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 1. Early Modern Globalization and the Origins of Tobacco in China, 1550–1650 15 2. The Expansion of Chinese Tobacco Production, Consumption, and Trade, 1600–1750 34 3. Learning to Smoke Chinese-Style, 1644–1750 61 4. Tobacco in Ming-Qing Medical Culture 88 5. The Fashionable Consumption of Tobacco, 1750–1900 110 6. The Emergence of the Chinese Cigarette Industry, 1880–1937 131 7. Socially and Spatially Differentiated Tobacco Consumption during the Nanjing Decade, 1927–1937 149 8. The Urban Cigarette and the Pastoral Pipe: Literary Representations of Smoking in Republican China 178 9. New Women, Modern Girls, and the Decline of Female Smoking in China, 1900–1976 199 Epilogue: Tobacco in the People’s Republic of China, 1949–2010 240 Notes 255 Works Cited 291 Index 319 This page intentionally left blank Illustrations MAPS 1. Introduction of tobacco into Chinese borderlands, ca. 1550–1650 16 2. Diffusion of tobacco cultivation in southern, central, and western China, ca. 1550–1800 38 FIGURES 1. “Tobacco leaves drying on a rack” 46 2. “Tobacco shop interior showing men operating a tobacco press” 47 3. “Renting Smoke” 58 4. “A Beauty Enjoying a Smoke” 80 5. “An Enchanting Scene of Spring Renewal” 82 6. “Chinese Lady” 128 7. A boy smoking, Beijing 171 8. “Beauty Sitting in a Rickshaw Loses Her Shoe” 204 9. “Cigarette-Smoking Woman on Bicycle” 207 10. Cigarette card for Pirate Cigarettes, ca. 1908 208 11. “Woman and cigarette,” ca. 1925 209 12. “A Young Miss Likes to Smoke Green Pack Cigarettes Every Day” 219 13. “The Prostitute Smokes a Cigarette” 221 14. “The New-Style Housewife” 224 15. “Playthings of Different Eras” 225 16. Advertisement for My Dear cigarettes 228 17. Golden Dragon cigarette advertisement 230 ix x Illustrations 18. Xu Ling as covergirl 233 19. “Jiang Qing as Smoking Serpent” 237 20. “Long Live Chairman Mao, the reddest sun in our hearts” 246 TABLES 1. Cigarette Sales in China, 1902–1941 137 2. Per Capita Consumption of Machine-Rolled Cigarettes in 1935 152 3. Sales Distribution of Shanghai-Produced Cigarettes by Province, July 1931– June 1932 155 4. Cigarette Sales in Four Cities, 1931 155 5. Average Annual Expenditure on Cigarettes of Shanghai Families, November 1927–December 1928 157 6. Average Annual Expenditure on Cigarettes and Wine of Shanghai Families, April 1929–March 1930 157 7. Production of Cigarettes by Grade in Shanghai Factories, 1931 163 8. Expenditures for Tobacco of Beijing Families, 1926–1927 169 9. Average Annual Expenditure on Tobacco and Wine of Dingxian Families, 1928–1929 175 Acknowledgments Thisbookwaswrittenduringmyyearsof“riceandsalt.”Likeotherswhojugglethe midlife distractions and delights of parenting and caregiving with the multiple de- mands of academia, I have at times set this project aside in favor of more immedi- ate concerns. That I was able to produce this book during the tumult characteris- tic of these middle years is due largely to the encouragement and assistance of many others.Iamdelightedfinallytohavetheopportunitytothanktheinstitutions,col- leagues, friends, and family members who have supported this project over its long gestation. Financial support for the earliest phase of research was provided by the Kluge Center at the Library of Congress and the Georgetown University Graduate School. AgenerousfellowshipfromtheWoodrowWilsonCenterforInternationalSchol- ars afforded me the precious gift of uninterrupted time to draft the initial manu- script. A series of summer grants from Georgetown’s School of Foreign Service and sabbatical leave from Georgetown University allowed for revisions and insured the book’s completion. ResearchwasconductedinanumberoflibrariesandIamgratefultothestaff of the institutions involved, especially David Guinevere and others in the Interli- brary Loan Department of Georgetown’s Lauinger Library. Their resourceful pro- curement of many disparate materials afforded me the luxury of conducting research even as I met other academic obligations and addressed family needs at home. Thanks are also due to Ding Ye for vastly expanding Lauinger’s collection of digi- tized Asian-language sources. I also thank the staffs of the Asian Reading Room at the Library of Congress; the Harvard-Yenching Library; the East Asia Library at Stanford University; Hatcher Graduate Library at the University of Michigan; the xi xii acknowledgments Sackler-Freer Gallery Library at the Smithsonian Institution; the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland; the Richard C. Rudolph East Asian Library of the University of California at Los Angeles; the Arents Tobacco Collection at the NewYorkPublicLibrary;andtheEastAsiaCollectionattheUniversityofChicago. Colleagues both near and far have encouraged and sustained this work in many ways. I am grateful to Liping Bu, Nathaniel C. Comfort, Angela Leung, Tobie Meyer- Fong, Steven Miles, Ruth Rogaski, Mike Sappol, John Shepard, Tricia Starks, Janet Theiss, and Nancy Tomes, for invitations to present work in progress at numerous workshops, conferences, and seminars. My colleagues at Georgetown, both in the HistoryDepartmentandtheSchoolofForeignService,haveprovidedasupport- ive and collegial environment for the past fourteen years. I am grateful to them all. I especially thank those who read all or parts of the manuscript with a critical eye as participants in a seminar organized by John McNeill, chaired by Alison Games, and cosponsored by Georgetown’s History Department and the Asian Stud- ies Program. Special thanks are due to James Millward and Micah Muscolino, who read the entire manuscript and commented on it in detail. Others who critiqued various incarnations of individual chapters include Tommaso Astarita, Tani Barlow, Gerry Benedict, Kevin Doak, Alison Games, Marta Hanson, Philip Kafalas, John McNeill, Marcy Norton, Matthew Romaniello, Jordan Sand, Howard Spendelow, Nancy Tucker, and, John Witek. My good friends in the Washington-Baltimore Chinese History Group generously devoted one of our sessions to critiquing my manuscript. I thank James Millward and Micah Muscolino again, as well as Michael Chang, Susan Fernsebner, James Gao, Ed McCord, Tobie Meyer-Fong, and, Mary Rankin. Timothy Brook, Matthew Korhman, Lucie Olivovà, and George Souza all gen- erously shared their own work on the history and anthropology of tobacco in China. I received translation assistance from Simone Ameskamp (German), Christine Kim (Korean), and Olivia Celetes Ramos (Portuguese). Yun Wenjie checked my trans- lations of Chinese poetry, although all errors remain my own. James Flath and Ellen Johnston Laing provided invaluable guidance on dating Chinese New Year prints. Michael Chang, Mark Elliott, Marta Hanson, Jonathan Lipman, Tobie Meyer-Fong, and Ellen Widmer sent me important references. Virginia Chan provided essential research
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