University of Nevada Reno Recent Deformation in the Saline Valley Region, Inyo County, California a Dissertation, Submitted in P

Home , Saline Valley

University of Nevada

Reno

Recent Deformation in the Saline Valley Region,

Inyo CountCounty,y , CaliforniaCali f ornia

A dissertation, submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, '

( ./

John Theodore ZellmerZellmer

May 1980 1

The dissertation of John TTheodore eodore Zellmer is approved;approved: <

Dissertation Advisor

' \.'n.

UnivUniversitye rsi ty of NevadaNe v ada

Reno .

May 11980980 ..

iU in

iversitrABSTRACT

SalineeyoUfN ayooNdValley isUR ay deepcNND mhSlVgRhyDNcrhomb-shaped cNDmNRRUSfdepression borderedVSmcNmNc byVd normal-fSmlyog andyfc oblique-slipSVoU,INgRoUD faultCyIou ASfNRbzones. TherhN faultsCyIouR thatuhyu SCCRNuoffset IfpSfRSoUcyuNcunconsolidated yooIqUyoalluvial RNcUlNfuRsediments yfcand ymNare characteristicphymypuNmURuUp SCof theuhN presentDmNRNfu tectonicuNpuSfUp mNPUlNregime canpyf VNbe dividedcUqUcNc intoUfuS fiveCUqN faultCyIou zones,ASfNRJ VyRNcbased onSf uhNUmtheir locationoSpyuUSf andyfc uNpuSfUptectonic style.RudoNb rhNRNThese ymNTare: nZl) theuhN MmyDNqUfNGrapevine tyfdSfJCanyon, 1Z2) uhNthe Western9NRuNmf 8mSfuyoJFrontal, 3)0Z theuhN CentraltNfumyo ayooNdJValley, ;Z4) uhNthe .yRuEast Side,eUcNJ andyfc 5)5Z uhNthe LeeLNN 8oyuFlat CyIoufault ASfNbRbbzone_s_.

rhNThe GrapevineMmyDNqUfN CanyontyfdSf faultCyIou zoneASfN umNfcRtrends fSmuhwNRugRSIuhNyRunorthwest-southeast fromCmSl HIfuNmHunter MountainMSIfuyUf touS DaisyDyURd Cany'on.tyfdSfb DisplacementDURDoypNlNfu URis DmUlymUodprimarily right-mUPhug lateral,oyuNmyoJ RumUkNgRoUDstrike-slip yuat HIfuNmHunter MSIfuyUfMountain yfcand VNpSlNRbecomes increasinglyUfpmNyRUfPod cUDgRoUDdip-slip uSwymctoward DaisyDyURd tyfdSfbCanyon. TotalrSuyo qNmuUpyovertical offsetSCCRNu atyu DyURdDaisy CanyontyfdSf URis atyu leastoNyRu 6000 m.lb rSuyoTotal mUPhugRoUDright-slip cURDoypNlNfudisplacement appearsyDDNymR touS VNbe yuat leastoNyRu 1000n000 lbm. OffsetsOCCRNuR inUf IfpSfRSoUcyuNcunconsolidated alluvialyooIqUyo andyfc lacustrineoypIRumUfN sedimentsRNcUlNfuR ymNare IDup uSto 0030 lm qNmuUpyoodvertically yfcand 22 lm mUPhugRoUDbright-slip. Evidence.qUcNfpN CSmfor lIouUDoNmultiple SCCRNuRoffsets isUR conman.pSllSfb rhNThe Western9NRuNmf 8mSfuyoFrontal faultCyIou zoneASfN NxuNfcRextends CmSlfrom DaisyDyURd CanyontyfdSf uSto uhNthe fSmuhNmfnorthern VSmcNmborder ofSC uhNthe studyRuIcd areaymNyb. TherhN zoneASfN consistspSfRURuR ofSC fSmlyogRoUD^normal-slip CyIouRfaults Ufin unconsolidatedIfpSfRSoUcyuNc yooIqUIlalluvium yfcand pSooIqUIlbcolluvium. TotalrSuyo SCCRNuoffset URis yuat leastoNyRu 6000 lbrn. ThreerhmNN episodesNDURScNR ofSC faultingCyIouUfP ymNare evidentNqUcNfu Ufin uhNthe I IfpSfRSoUcyuNcunconsolidated lyuNmUyobmaterial . OneOfN alluvialyooIqUyo Cyffan hyRhas beenVNNf SCCRNuoffset yuat leastoNyRu 3000 m.lb

TherhN CentraltNfumyo ayooNdValley faultCyIou ASfNzone isUR locatedoSpyuNc inUf uhNthe Doydyplaya ofSC SalineeyoUfN ayooNdbValley. NIlNmSIRNumerous fSmuhwNRugRSIuhNyRunorthwest-southeast uSto NyRugwNRueast-west umNfcUfPtrending faultsCyIouR

- __t:f!_ _ V iii

SCCRNuoffset theuhN mNpNfurecent oypIRumUfNlacustrine yfcand NSoUyfeolian deposits.cNDSRUuRb ThererhNmN URis NqUcNfpNevidence CSmfor continuingpSfuUfIUfP cNCSmlyuUSfdeformation ofSC theuhN playa.Doydyb rhNThe .yRuEast SideeUcN CyIoufault zoneASfN URis locatedoSpyuNc inUf theuhN fSmuhpNfumyonorthcentral DSmuUSfportion ofSC theuhN RuIcdstudy ymNybarea. ThisrhUR isUR ya zoneASfN SCof fSmuhgRSIuhnorth-south trendingumNfcUfP normalfSmlyo CyIouRfaults yfcand grabensPmyVNfR Ufin uhNthe IfpSfRSoUcyuNcunconsolidated sediments.RNcUlNfuRb TherhN faultsCyIouR areymN relatedmNoyuNc uSto stepRuND faultingCyIouUfP alongyoSfP theuhN westwNRu flankCoyfk SCof uhNthe PanamintPyfylUfu syfPNRange andyfc east-westNyRugwNRu NxuNfRUSfextension ofSC SalineeyoUfN Valley.ayooNdb MultipleMIouUDoN CyIoufault SCCRNuRoffsets wUuhwith totaluSuyo displacementscURDoypNlNfuR ofSC atyu oNyRuleast 3000 ml wNmNwere observed.SVRNmqNcb TherhN LeeLNN Flat8oyu CyIoufault zoneASfN URis locatedoSpyuNc VNuwNNfbetween theuhN NNoRSfNelso~ RangesyfPN yfcand theuhN IfdSInyo Mountains.MSIfuyUfRb rhNThe ASfNzone isUR cutpIu byVd northwest-southeastfSmuhwNRugRSIuhNyRu trendingumNfcUfP fSmlyonormal faultsCyIouR inUf IfpSfRSoUcyuNcunconsolidated alluviumyooIqUIl andyfc Tertiary-QuarternaryrNmuUymdgQIymuNmfymd VyRyoubbasalt. iPNRAges ofSC CyIouRfaults Ufin IfpSfRSoUcyuNcunconsolidated yooIqUyoalluvial depositscNDSRUuR UfcUpyuNindicate uhyuthat eyoUfNSaline ValleyayooNd hyRhas VNNfbeen uNpuSfUpyoodtectonically activeypuUqN duringcImUfP uhNthe PleistocenePoNURuSpNfN andyfc ; Holocene.HSoSpNfNb 8yIouFault recurrencemNpImmNfpN ratesmyuNR duringcImUfP theuhN lastoyRu 21 x 10n0 4 dmyr averageyqNmyPN byVSIu,about 1.7nb7 xX 10n0"^ -4 yrdm'^b -1 ifAn analysisyfyodRUR ofSC jSUfujoint DyuuNmfRpatterns atyu HIfuNmHunter MountainMSIfuyUf suggestRIPPNRu thatuhyu uhNthe high-anglehUPhgyfPoN jSUfuRjoints resultedmNRIouNc CmSlfrom movementlSqNlNfu yoSfPalong theuhN MmyDNqUfNGrape ine CanyontyfdSf CyIoufault ASfNbzone. rhNThe orientationsSmUNfuyuUSfR ofSC uhNthe GrapevineMmyDNqUfN CanyontyfdSf andyfc SuhNmother faultCyIou ASfNRzones suggestRIPPNRu uhyuthat theyuhNd resultedmNRIouNc fromCmSl ya regionalmNPUSfyo RumNRRstress RdRuNlsystem Ufin whichwhUph theuhN lyxUlIlmaximum DmUfpUDyoprincipal stressRumNRR actedypuNc inUf ya NN.gee9NNE-SSW uSto N.ge9NE-SW direction.cUmNpuUSfb iA rhombochasmmhSlVSphyRl SmUPUforigin forCSm SalineeyoUfN ayooNdValley isUR indicatedUfcUpyuNc Vdby uhNthe styleRudoN andyfc orientationSmUNfuyuUSf ofSC theuhN faultsCyIouR yfcand otherSuhNm tectonicuNpuSfUp andyfc DhdRUSPmyDhUpphysiographic

CNyuImNRfeatures inUf theuhN region.mNPUSfb SalineeyoUfN ayooNdValley formedCSmlNc yRas theuhN resultmNRIou ofSC east-westNyRugwNRu extensionNxuNfRUSf duecIN touS uhNthe wNRuNmfwestern migrationlUPmyuUSf SCof uhNthe SierraeUNmmy NNqycyNevada iv and right5lateralright-lateral shearing along the westernLestern border of the Basinwasin and Range province. The extensioneHtension and shearing are attributed to northeasterly-southwesterlynortheasterly5southLesterly trending regional compressive forces. As a result of the regional stress fi~ldfiMld and deformation.deformation, Saline Valley developed in a Donezone of tension in a transitional area betLeenbetween the Sierra Nevada and Basinwasin and Range Provinces.

./ .,

CkNT6NTSCONTENTS

AwSTRACTABSTRACT ...... iiii i i

LI0IST ST kOOF FIGURESOIxUR6S ...... iHix

0ISTLI ST kOOF P^kTkSPHOTOS ...... Hixi

0ISTLI ST OFkO TAw06STABLES ...... Hivxiv

1.0 INTRkDUCTIkNINTRODUCTION ...... 1l

1.1 PURPkS6PURPOSE ANOAND SCOPESCkP6 kOOF INV6STIxATIkNINVESTIGATION . 1l

1.21.N 0kCATIkNLOCATION AND ACC6SSIwI0ITPACCESSIBILITY 2N

1.31.I P^PSIkxRAP^ICPHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTINGS6TTINx .... 75

1.41.Q CLIMATEC0IMAT6 ...... 75

1.1.7 5 V6x6TATIkNVEGETATION ...... 8

1.1.X 6 "I0D0IO6WI LOLI FE ...... 9

1.71.' AVAI0Aw06AVAILABLE P^kTkxRAP^PPHOTOGRAPHY .... 9

1.8 6AR0PEARLY R6xIkNA0REGIONAL INV6STIxATIkNSINVESTIGATIONS . 11

1.9 INVESTIGATIONS IN THE STUDY AREA 11 1.10 INV6STIxATIkNSINVESTIGATIONS IN ADJAC6NTADJACENT AR6ASAREAS 121N 1.11 INVESTIGATIONSINV6STIxATIkNS IN T^6THE D6AT^DEATH VA006PVALLEY R6xIkNREGION 131I ' 1.121.1N MkD6RNMODERN R6xIkNA0REGIONAL GEOLOGICALx6k0kxICA0 "1APPINGjCAPPINx . 141Q 1.131.1I REGIONALR6xIkNA0 x6k0kxICGEOLOGIC INVESTIGAtlONSINV6STIxAtlkNS . 1Q14

N.02.0 REGIONALR6xIkNA0 TECTONICT6CTkNIC SETTINGS6TTINx .... 1715

3.0I.0 DESCRIPTIONSD6SCRIPTIkNS OFkO ACTIV6ACTIVE OAU0TFAULT ZkN6SZONES IN THET^6 STUDYSTUDP AR6AAREA 19 I.13.1 INTRODUCTIONINTRkDUCTIkN ...... 19 3.2I.N PANAMINT VA006PjxRAP6VIN6VALLEY/GRAPEVINE CANYO~lCANPkN OAU0TFAULT ZkN6ZONE NI23

I.I3.3 GRAPEVINExRAP6VIN6 CANPkNCANYON OAU0TFAULT ZkN6ZONE NQ24

I.Q3.4 WESTERN"6ST6RN FRONTALORkNTA0 OAU0TFAULT ZkN6ZONE 7050

3I.7.5 6ASTEAST SIDESID6 OAU0TFAULT ZkN6ZONE .... XN62

... vi

3.60b6 THErH. CENTRALt.NrsiL aiLL.YVALLEY FAULT8iULr ZONEZON. b 68 3.70b7 LEEL.. FLAT8Lir FAULT8iULr ZON.ZONE .bbbb 747; ;b04.0 8iULrFAULT etisPSCARP ANALYSISiNiLYeIe ANDiND AGEiM. DirINMbDATING. 78 ;bn4.1 INrsODUtrIONINTRODUCTION ...... 78 ;b14.2 8iULrFAULT etisPSCARP TERMINOLOGY,r.sMINOLOMYJ MORPHOLOGYMOsPHOLOMY iNDAND

D.MsiDirIONDEGRADATION ...... 79

;b04.3 8iULrFAULT etisPSCARP PROFILINGPsO8ILINM 85

;b;4.4 PARTICLEPisrItL. eIZ.SIZE DISTRIBUTIONDIersIvUrION 86 4.5;b5 SEISMICe.IeMIt VELOCITYa.LOtIrY bbbb 88 4.6;b6 ieeUMPrIONeASSUMPTIONS Ue.DUSED IN 8iULrFAULT etisPSCARP AGEiM. .erIMirIONESTIMATION 90

;b74.7 iPPLItirIONAPPLICATION O8OF METHODM.rHOD TOrO SALINEeiLIN. VALLEYaiLL.Y 9n91

;b84. 8 s.eULreRESULTS OFO8 FAULT8iULr SCARPetisP iNiLYeIeANALY SIS 9390

~5b0.O JOINrJOINT ANALYiNiLYeIeSIS ...... 95

55bn . 1 INrsODUtrION INTRODUC TION bbbb 95

5.25b1 JOINrJOINT DATADiri itQUIeIrIONACQUISITION 96

5.35b0 DATADiri ANALYSISiNiLYeIe METHODSM.rHODe 98 5b;5.4 JOINrJOINT PATTERNPirr.sN ANALYSISiNiLYeIe bb 99 5.55b5 LOW-ANGLELO9giNML. JOINTSJOINre 101n0n 5.65b6 HIGH-ANGLEHIMHgiNML. JOINreJOINTS 104n0; 5b75.7 RELATIONSHIPs.LirIONeHIP v.r9..NBETWEEN REGIONALs.MIONiL iNDAND LOtiLLOCAL STRESSers.ee PATTERNSPirr.sNe 106n06 6.06b0 SALINEeiLIN. VALLEYaiLL.Y RHOMBOCHASMsHOMvOtHieM 109n09

6bn6.1 INrsODUtrIONINTRODUCTION bbbb 109n09 6.26b1 EVIDENCE.aID.Nt. 8OsFOR RHOMBOCHASMsHOMvOtHieM OsIMINORIGIN ANDiND CONTINUINGtONrINUINM

DEFORMATIOND.8OsMirION OFO8 SALINEeiLIN. VALLEYaiLL.Y b b b b 109n09 vii

7.0 REGION.U,REGIONAL TECTONICTreTONlC MODEL ...... • . • . . • • . 11411Q 7.1 INTINTiCODUCnONilODUCTION ...... 11411Q 7.2 REGI0NALREGIONAL TECTONIC FEFEnTUiiES.-1. TU1ui.S AND DEFOill"iATIONDEFORMATION • 11411Q 8.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 1241NQ 8.1 GMPEVINEGHAPEVIfffi CANYON FAULT ZuNEZvNE .... 1241NQ

8.2 WEWESTERNSTEKN FRFRONIAL0I~,' AL F-iULTF ,liJLT ZONEZUNE .... 1251N7 8.J8.3 E .3T.ST SlJESIDE FAULTF ,i.ULT ZONE ...... 1251N7 8.4 CEJ-.;CKNIHAL ffiAL V,lLLEYV,\LLl:..Y FF.tULT ,,UL ';:' iZuIOi; uXE ...... 1251N7 8.5 LELl. I'L.a'1' 1.. ,T F.iULr1" ,,l.J".C DONE...: v!\~ ...... 1261NX e£.6.6 F diLLT.. LT SO/uCP:.iC ;u(P AN.lLISlJ_.u,;.\.LY..il..i ...... 1261NX F:P.7.7 JOINT ANALYSIS~ALYJIS ...... • . 1271N' e.88.8 SSAL.1NEaLiNE V-dI.EYV,J...l..EY lOt(: OMB'XHOMBvC lf,l.'.jaSMM .... 1271N' 8.9 1U:.G10rilEGiOiX.iL.. u, TicTi:-Cr>.i.IC·rv ;;rc MODELi-iODEL ...... 1271N' 9.0 REFERENCESH.b.Fl:.J-IBHC.f:.S /iND;.ND SELECTED DIBLluGrlDIBUOGR.U^HY.J,!-iY . 1281N8 APPENDIX A - SSnOlTlGRAPHY ffi,\TlG,tAPHY ...... 1401Q0 APPENDIX B - FAULT SCARP h,JWND JOINTJ ulNT >iNALYSI3JtNALY .:;rs v.~nD.iTA 1471QY .,,. r--- ..,,,..

.. r

viii

0ISTLI ST OFkO OIxUR6SFIGURES

1.1 Location0ocation map ...... 3I 1.21.N Topographic map coverage at a scale of 1:62,5001UXN,700 Q4 1.31.I Relief map of Saline Valley area .... '7 1.41.Q Aerial photography coverage ..... 10 2N.1.1 MajorMaZor fault patterns in Sierra Nevada and wasinBasin and Range provinces ...... 16 2N.N.2 Tectonic fluxfluH map of the West"esternern UniteUnitedd SStatestat~s for thethe period 17691'X9 to J.9-6119X1 shoLingshowing areasar eas of seisseismicmi c r'nenergyergy release ...... 18 I.13.1 IndeHIndex map for faultfaull Doneszones shoLnshown on Plates 3.1,I.1, 3.2,I.N, 3.3,I.I, 3.4,I.Q, and 3.I.7. 5. 22NN 3.2I.N Displacement of Saline ValleyVall ey and Inyo MountainsMounta i n~ along hinge fault ...... NQ24

3I.I.3 Schematic crocross5sectionss -section of the Low0oL xraniteGranite Hi^ills I h -,shoLing1i rn~it1(J oblique-oblique5slips lip motion along range front faults . IX36 I.Q3.4 Inferred origin of structural features at south end of Saline Valley ...... I'37 3.5I.7 Steepening of original fanglomerate dips by fault drag ...... Q'47 4.1Q.1 FaultOault scarp terminology ...... 80 j 4.2Q.N Slope terminology ...... 81

Q.I4.3 FaultOault scarp beveling due to erosion. 8I83

J Q.Q4.4 Relationship betweenbetLeen fault scarp slope angle and age for fault scarps in fanglomerates .... 838I Q.74.5 OaultFault scarp profiling method used for study . 868X 5.17.1 0ocationLocation of Zointjoint study area ...... 979' 5.27.N Composite of all Zointjoint data points collected at Hunter^unter Mountain ...... 100 7.I5.3 Plot of dip angle versus frequency for ^unterHunter Mountain Zointjoint data ...... 101 w / ix

5.45b; vNfcUfPBending ofSC wNykweak andyfc RumSfPstrong lyuNmUyomaterial andyfc uhNthe attendantyuuNfcyfu developmentcNqNoSDlNfu ofSC lymPUfyomarginal fracturesCmypuImNR orSm jSUfujoint fansCyfR 102n01 5b55.5 IdealIcNyo structuralRumIpuImyo typesudDNR ofSC massifslyRRUCR bbbb 103n00 5b65.6 IfCNmmNcInferred al stressRumNRR directionscUmNpuUSfR mNRDSfRUVoNresponsible CSmfor jSUfujoint SmUNfuyuUSfRorientations Sfon HIfuNmHunter MountainMSIfuyUf bbbb 105n05 5.75b7 StresseumNRR fieldCUNoc yfcand mNRIouUfPresulting sUNcNoRiedel shears,RhNymRJ pSlDoNlNfuymdcomplementary sUNcNoRiedel shears,RhNymRJ uNfRUSftension jSUfuRjoints andyfc lymPUfyomarginal fracturesCmypuImNR 107n07 5b85.8 8UmRugJFirst-, second-RNpSfcg yfcand uhUmcgSmcNmthird-order CNyuImNRfeatures mNoyuNcrelated uSto DmUlymdprimary stressRumNRR directioncUmNpuUSf ...... 108n08 6bn6.1 OriginOmUPUf SCof uhNthe centralpNfumyo segmentRNPlNfu ofSC DeathDNyuh VayooNdal ley 110nn0 6.26b1 MyjSmMajor CyIouRfaults andyfc DhdRUSPmyDhUpphysiographi c fCNyuImNRea tures ofSC uhNthe SalieyoUfNne ayooNdVall ey ymNyarea ...... 111nnn 7bn7.1 DNCSmlyuUSfDeformation fieldCUNoc andyfc DmUfpUDyoprincipal stressRumNRR cUmNpuUSfRdirections forCSm DSmuUSfRportions ofSC CaliforniatyoUCSmfUy yfcand NevadaNNqycy 115nn5 7.27b1 sNPUSfyoRegional streRumNRRss CUNocfield andyfc mNoyuNcrelated CyIouRfaults Ufin DSmuUSfRporti ons ofSC CaliforniatyoUCSmfUy andyfc NNqycyNevada bbbbbb 116nn6

7.37b0 SimplifiedeUlDoUCUNc yfcand idealizedUcNyoUANc remNoUNC.lief maplyD ofSC ymNyarea 11nn88 7.47b; IcNyoUANcIdealized representationmNDmNRNfuyuUSf ofSC RuIcdstudy mNPUSfregion RhSwUfPshowing hSwhow uhNthe majorlyjSm qyooNdRvalleys yfcand SuhNmother extensionNxuNfRUSf CNyuImNRfeatures pyfcan beVN NoUlUfyuNceliminated Vdby mNqNmRUfPreversing theuhN lSqNlNfumovement Sfon uhNthe faultsCyIouR ...... 121n1n

vbo8.1 8yIouFault scarpRpymD DmSCUoNRprofiles bbbb ].'^7

8.2vb1 8yIouFault scarpRpymD lyuNmUyomaterial sizeRUAN distributioncURumUVIuUSf b IS5. * 8.3vb0 Fault8yIou RpymDscarp lyuNmUyomaterial RUANsize cURumUVIuUSfdistribution histogramshURuSPmylR bbbbbb n5 g 8.4avb;y AlluvialiooIqUyo fanCyf DmSCUoNRprofiles g- westwNRu sideRUcN SCof eyoUfN ayooNd ...... • C: C Saline Valley n55.... .) ..) 8.4bvb;V iooIqUyoAlluvial fanCyf DmSCUoNRprofiles -g NyRueast sideRUcN SCof SaeyoUfN 1i ne ayooNdVa 11 ey ...... I8J' vb58.5 UDDNmUpper hNlURDhNmNhemisphere stereographicRuNmNSPmyDhUp DmSjNpuUSfRprojections SCof jSUfujoint datacyuy ......

vb6 JSUfu RumUkN yAUlIuh mSRNuuNR b , r r 8.6 Joint strike azimuth rosettes . ./ '

8.7vb7 JSUfuJoint traversesumyqNmRNR bbbbb • !' - Dg

LIerLIST OFO8 PHOrOePHOTOS

\. 1.1nbn rSDSPmyDhUpTopographic reliefmNoUNC maplyD ofSC ay DSmuUSfportion SCof theuhN SierraeUNmmy NNqycyNevada -g BasinvyRUf yfcand RangesyfPN transitionumyfRUuUSf ASfNzone bbbbb 6 3.10bn iNmUyoAerial qUNwview ofSC southernRSIuhNmf DSmuUSfportion SCof SalineeyoUfN ayooNdValley showingRhSwUfP geographicPNSPmyDhUp locationsoSpyuUSfR ...... 1626 3.20b1 8yIouNcFaulted tuffuICC VNcRbeds andyfc CyfPoSlNmyuNRfanglomerates yuat GrapevMmyDNqUfNi ne PyRRPass dippingcUDDUfP aboutyVSIu 20°10° uSto uhNthe fSmuhnorth ...... 1727 3.3 Grapevine Canyon fault cutting Hunter Mountain quartz monzonite ...... 30 3.4 Vertical aer--½aerT-al·1 photo of southernsouthern endend of SalinSalinee VaValleyll ey showing down-faulted triangular wedge and main tracetrace of uhNthe GrapevineMmyDNqUfN CanyontyfdSf faultCyIou ASfNzone bbbbb 310n 3.50b5 iNmUyoAerial qUNwview yoSfPalong uhNthe RumUkNstrike SCof uhNthe GrapMmyDNqUfNevine tyfdSfCan yon faultCyIou ASfNzone inUf uhNthe RSIuhNmfsouthern pDSmuUSfort ion SCof SalineeyoUfN ayooNdValley b 0132 0b63.6 AerialiNmUyo qUNwview acrossypmSRR GrapevineMmyDNqUfN tyfdSfCanyon CyIoufault ASfNzone Ufin soRSIuhNmfuthern DSmuUSfportion ofSC SalineeyoUfN ayooNdVal ley bbbbb 3300 0b73.7 LacustrineLypIRumUfN RNcUlNfuRsediments alongyoSfP umypNtrace ofSC GrapevineMmyDNqUfN CanyontyfdSf CyIoufault ASfNzone bbbbbbbbb 340; 3.8 Aerial view of Low Granite Hills with Nelson Range to south and Lee Flat in background .... 35 3.9 Caliche-filled fault in wall of stream channel . . 38 3.10 Fault scarp measured for profile P21 .... 39 3.110bnn Right-lateralsUPhugoyuNmyo SCCRNuRoffsets Ufin IfpSfRSoUcyuNcunconsolidated shorelineRhSmNoUfN depositscNDSRUuR alongyoSfP traceumypN ofSC MmyDNqUfNGrapevine tyfdSfCanyon CyIoufault zoneASfN b 40;0 0bn13.12 DSwfgRumUkNJDown-strike, fSmuhgoSSkUfPnorth-looking qUNwview ofSC faultedCyIouNc depositscNDSRUuR shownRhSwf Ufin PhSuSPhoto 3.110bnn ...... ;n 41 0bn03.13 toSRNgIDClose-up qUNwview ofSC IfpSfRSoUcyuNcunconsolidated sedimentsRNcUlNfuR inUf CyIoufault ASfNzone bbbbbbbbb ;142 3.140bn; aNmuUpyoVertical aerialyNmUyo DhSuSphoto SCof uhNthe fSmuhNmfnorthern seg~entRNPlNfu SCof uhNthe GrapevineMmyDNqUfN CanyontyfdSf faultCyIou ASfNzone ...... ;043 0bn53.15 OldOoc steep-dippingRuNNDgcUDDUfP CyfPoSlNmyuNRfanglomerates inUf pSfuypucontact withwUuh RhyooSwgcUDDUfPshallow-dipping youngerdSIfPNm phyffNochannel depositscNDSRUuR bbb ;545 3.160bn6 aUNwView acrossypmSRR lSIuhmouth ofSC DyURdDaisy CanyontyfdSf showingRhSwUfP fanglomeratesCyfPoSlNmyuNR inUf CyIoufault contactpSfuypu wUuhwith crushedpmIRhNc graniticPmyfUuUp mSpkrock bbb ;646 xi

3.17I.1' Vertical aerial photo of Daisy Canyon area shoLingshowing intersection of Grapevinexrapevine Canyon and Western"estern FrontalOrontal fault Doneszones ...... 48Q8 3.I.1818 Aerial viewvieL of grgrabenaben exeHtendingtending ffrom rom 0eeLee OlatFl at inintoto Saline ValleyVall ey ...... 49Q9 I.193.19 FaultedOaulted channel depositsdepo si ts in i n DaDaisyisy Canyon 7151 3.20I.N0 Aerial viewvieL of landslidlandslidee along westLest side of SaSaline l i ne VaValley 11 e y ...... 52 3.21I.N1 Crushed granitigraniticc rocroc9k along "esternWestern FrontalOrontal faultfaul t zoneDone nearnear Beverweveridgeidge CCanyondnyon . . 8 . 537I 3.22I.NN FaultOault,. scscarparp mmeasuredeasured for profileprofi le P1QPl4 547Q 3.2I.NI3 FaultOault scascarprp mmeasuredeas ured for profileprofi le Pl6P1X ...... 567X 3.I.NQ 24 UpliftedUpl ifted fanglomeratef angl omerate in °eynotKe yn ot Canyon 577' 3.I.N725 FaultOaulteded alluvial and cocolluviall luvial dedepositsposits near K°eynoteynot CanyonCanyon ...... 5878 3.I.NX 26 Okffsetff ~e t naturalnatu ra l leveelevre along "esternWes tern OrontalFro nta l faultf au l t zonDonee ...... 7959 3.I.N' 27 CrushedCru shed granitic roc9roc k along trace of West"esternern FOrontalront a l fault zoneDone ...... 60X0

3.I.N828 Nic9pointsNickpoints in streamstream channchannele l sshoLinghowing drdryy watLaterfallerfa l 1 on fault plane ...... 61 3.29I.N9 Nic9pointsNickpoints in stream channel .... 62XN #' 3.I.I030 Vertical aerial photo of the East6ast Side fault zoneDone showingshoLing the Panamint Range FrontOront to the east . 63 I.I13.31 Vertical aerial phctophoto of the East6ast Side faulfaultt zoneDone showingshoLing fault scarp profile locations 64XQ 3.32I.IN FaultOault scarpscarp measuredrneasurea for profileprofile PXP6 XX66 I.II3.33 OaultFault scarpscarp measuredmeasured for profileprofile P'P7 66XX 3.34I.IQ OaultFault scarpscarp measuredmeasured for profileprofile PllPll 67X' I.I73.35 Vertical aerial photo of SalineSaline ValleyValley playa,playa, showingshoLing several young fault traces and location of Photo I.I'3.37 ...... 69 xii

3.0b06b 36. ObOVoU,IN 1i que aeriyNmUyo a 1 viewqUNw ofSC dSIfPyoung faultCyIou inUf Doydyplaya sedimentsRNcUlNfuR ...... 70 3.0b0737 VerticalaNmuUpyo aeryNmUyo i a 1 DhSuSphoto ofSC SalineeyoUfN ayooNdValley Doydyplaya b 7n71

0b083. 38 PmNRRImNPressure mUcPNridge linementoUfNlNfu inUf Doydyplaya Ryousa 1t crustpmIRu b 7073 0b093.39 aNmuUpyoVertical yNmUyoaer i a 1 DhSuSpho to SCof uhNthe LNNLee 8oyuFlat CyIouf au 1 t ASfNzone 75 3.400b;0 iNmUyoAerial qUNwview SCof PmyVNfgraben umNfcUfPtrending UfuSinto LNNLee 8oyuFlat b 76 5.15bn JointingJSUfuUfP inUf HunterHIfuNm MountainMSIfuyUf quartz,IymuA monzonitlSfASfUuNe b 98 5b15. 2 BruntonvmIfuSf cpSlDyRRompa ss yfcand ayoIlUfIlluminum plDoyuNate uIRNcsed Ufin jSUfujoint yuuUuIcNattitude sRImqNdurv ey bbbbb 99 xliixiii

LIST OF TABLES

;bn4.1 Fault8yIou scarpRpymD agesyPNR . • 848; 4.2;b1 StatisticaleuyuURuUpyo DymylNuNmRparameters CSmfor faultCyIou RpymDscarp materiallyuNmUyo ...... 89

4.3;b0 SeismiceNURlUp qNoSpUudvelocity SCof CyIoufault RpymDscarp materialmfyuNmUyo . 90 5.15bn DominantDSlUfyfu andyfc secondaryRNpSfcymd jSUfujoint RNuset SmUNfuyuUSforientation CSmfor HunterHIfuNm MountainMSIfuyUf jSUfujoint cyuydata • • • • * 104n0; 1

1.0nb0 INTRODUCTIONINrsODUtrION

\. 1.1nbn PUsPOe.PURPOSE iNDAND SCOPEetOP. OFO8 INVESTIGATIONINa.erIMirION rhURThis RuIcdstudy investigatesUfqNRuUPyuNR cNCSmlyuUSfyodeformational featuresCNyuImNR Ufin uhNthe eyoUfNSaline ayooNdValley mNPUSfregion SCof RSIuhNyRuNmfsoutheastern tyoUCSmfUyCalifornia uhyuthat ymNare phymypuNmURuUpcharacteristic SCof uhNthe DmNRNfupresent tectonicuNpuSfUp regime.mNPUlNb TherhN yfyodRURanalysis yfcand interpretationUfuNmDmNuyuUSf SCof uhNRNthese defo,nationalcNCSmlyuUSfyo featuresCNyuImNR DmSqUcNprovide UfRUPhuinsight UfuSinto uhNthe uNpuSfUptectonic styleRudoN yfcand mNPUSfyoregiona l stressRumNRR fieldCUNoc responsiblemNRDSfRUVoN CSmfor theuhN DmNRNfupresent uSDSPmyDhdtopography yfcand struc-RumIp# uImyotural eNoNlNfuR lements observSVRNmqNced Ufin uhNthe mNPUSfbreqion. TherhN stlJ(lyRuIcd arymNyecl URis looSpyuNccated inUf anyf areaymNy VNuwNNfbetween theuhN VSmcNmRborders SCof uwStwo DhdRUSPmyDhUpphysiographic yfcand PNSoSPUpgeo logic DmSqprov-# UfpNRJ; nces, uhNthe eUNmmySi err a NNqycyNevada andyfc theuhN BasinvyRUf yfcand RsyfPNbange . 13vNpyIRNPcause uhNthe studyRuIcd areaymNy displcURDoydRays phymypuNmURuUpRcharacteristics SCof VSuhboth DmSqUfpNRJprovinces, Uuit isUR pSfRUcNmNcconsidered touS beVN umyfRUuUSfyotransitional VNuwNNfbetween theuhN twouwS tectonicuNpuSfUp RudoNRbstyl es . tSfRN,INfuodJCon si~qut~ntly, yfan yfyodRURanalysis ofSC uhNthe uNpuSfUptectonic CNyuImNRfeatures SCof uhURthis areaymNy helpshNoDR DmSqUcNprovide ay clearerpoNymNm understandingIfcNmRuyfcUfP SCof theuhN umyfRUuUSftransition zoneASfN yfcand uhNthe PNSoSPUpgeologic NqSoIuUSfevolution SCof bothVSuh DmSqUfpNRbprovinces. rhNThe characteristicsphymypuNmURuUpR ofSC QIyuNmfymdQuaternary uNpuSfURltecton i sm Ufin theuhN eyoUfNSaline ayooNdValley regionmNPUSf canpyf VNbe determinedcNuNmlUfNc fromCmSl theuhN styleRudoN andyfc DyuuNmfpattern SCof theuhN faultsCyIouR yfcand relatedmNoyuNc featuresCNyuImNR thatuhyu affectyCCNpu uhNthe youngdSIfP IfpSfRSoUcyuNcunconsolidated yooIqUyoalluvial deposits.cNDSRUuRb Therefore,rhNmNCSmNJ thisuhUR studyRuIcd CSpIRNRfocuses DmUfpUDyoodprincipally onSf theuhN dSIfPJyoung, wellwNoo DmNRNmqNcpreserved faultCyIou zonesASfNR uhyuthat VSmcNmborder theuhN qyooNdvalley yfcand offsetSCCRNu IfpSfuncon-# solidatedRSoUcyuNc sedimentsRNcUlNfuR Sfon uhNthe Doydyplaya floor.CoSSmb AerialiNmUyo photographsDhSuSPmyDhR andyfc aerialyNmUyo mNpSffyURyfpNreconnaisance wNmNwere usedIRNc extensivelyNxuNfRUqNod touS assessyRRNRR tuhNhe styleRudoN andyfc DyuuNmfpattern ofSC faultingCyIouUfP yfcand touS cNuNmlUfNdetermine kNdkey locationsoSpyuUSfR forCSm cNuyUoNcdetailed CUNocfield RuIcdbstudy. rhNThe CUNocfield studyRuIcd includedUfpoIcNc faultCyIou scarpRpymD DmSCUoUfPprofiling touS estimateNRuUlyuN uhNthe ageyPN andyfc fIlVNmnumber ofSC faultCyIou SCCRNuRJoffsets, theuhN cNuNmlUfyuUSfdetermination ofSC PmyUfgrain sizeRUAN cURumUVIuUSfRdi s tributions 2

forCSm theuhN scarpRpymD lyuNmUyoJmaterial, determinationcNuNmlUfyuUSf ofSC uhNthe Ufin situRUuI RNURlUpseismic qNoSpUuUNRvelocities ofSC uhNthe RpymDscarp material,lyuNmUyoJ lNyRImNlNfumeasurement ofSC jSUfujoint orientationsSmUNfuyuUSfR Sfon HunterHIfuNm \ MSIfuyUfJMountain, andyfc PNfNmyogeneral reconnaisancemNpSffyURyfpN ofSC uhNthe mNPUSfbregion. Anif interpretationUfuNmDmNuyuUSf ofSC thisuhUR gcyuy-data waswyR usedIRNc touS cNqNoSDdevelop ya uNpuSfUptectonic modellScNo uhyuthat accountsyppSIfuR CSmfor uhNthe tectonicuNpuSfUp CNyuImNRfeatures observedSVRNmqNc Ufin SalineeyoUfN ayooNdValley yfcand uhNthe surroundingRImmSIfcUfP region.mNPUSfb

1.2nb1 LOtirIONLOCATION ANDiND itt.eeIvACCES SI BlllTYILIrY b g 1 ThrhNe RuIcdstudy ·'areaymNy '8UPImN(Figure 1nbnZ.1 ) occSppIDUNRupi rs approximatyDDmSxUlyuNod1•ly ~26816 kmkl 2 SCof cepNfumyontral IfdSInyo County,tSIfudJ '>l>UtheuRSIuhNyRuNmfs tern CaliforntyoUCSmfUyJ1il, ttndyfc 1sUR loSpyuNc11 c.1t ed Ufin uhNthe soRSIuhwNRuNmfuthwestern DSmuUSfportion ofSC theuhN BavyRUfsin andyfc syfPNRang e DhdRUSPmyDhUpphy s iographic DmSqUfpNbprovince. rhNThe ymNyarea UfpoIcNRincludes uhNthe RacetsypNumypkr ack ValleyayooNd regionmNPUSf ofSC DeathDNyuh ValleyayooNd NyuUSfyoNational MSfIlNfuMonument andyfc extendsNxuNfcR wwNRuwymces tward ypmSRRacross eyoUfNSaline ayooNdVall ey touS fNymneJr uhNthe pmNRucr·es t ofSC uhNthe InyoIfdS Mountains.MSIfuyUfRb TherhN easternNyRuNmf VSIfcymdboundary URis 117030•nn7000' W9NRuest longitudeoSfPUuIcN yfcand theuhN westernwNRuNmf VSIfcymdboundary URis ay NN9gee.NNW-SSE umNfcUfPtrending oUfNline pSffNpuUfPconnecting 117055•nn7055' yfcand 117045'nn70;5' 9NRuWest longoSfPUuIcNRbitudes . rhNThe northernfSmuhNmf andyfc RSIuhNmfso uthern VSIfcymUNRboundaries areymN mNRDNpuUqNodrespectively 36045'060;5' andyfc 36030'06000' NSmuhNorth_ latitude.oyuUuIcNb TopographicrSDSPmyDhUp lyDmap cover-pSqNm# ageyPN isUR DmSqUcNcprovided Vdby uhNthe UVNhNVNUbehebe PNykPeak (1950)'n950Z andyfc NNwNew YorkYSmk ButtevIuuN 'n95nZ(1951)

15'n5' (1:62,'nT61J 500)500Z UbebMbebU.S.G.S. uSDSPmyDhUptopographic lyDRmaps withwUuh contourpSfuSIm intervalsUfuNmqyoR ofSC 40;0 andyfc 80 CuJft, respectivelymNRDNpuUqNod '8UPImN(Figure 1.2).nb1Zb TherhN ymNyarea lydmay VNbe approachedyDDmSyphNc CmSlfrom VSuhboth theuhN fSmuhnorth andyfc southRSIuh Vdby improvedUlDmSqNc dirtcUmu roads.mSycRb TherhN southernRSIuhNmf mSIuNroute extendsNxuNfcR fSmuhnorth aboutyVSIu 50 kmkl fromCmSl U.S.Ubeb HwyHwd 190n90 whichwhUph connectspSffNpuR U.S.Ubeb HwyHwd 395095 fNymnear OlanchaOoyfphy wUuhwith DeathDNyuh ayooNdValley NyuUSfyoNational Monument.MSfIlNfub TherhN northernfSmuhNmf routemSIuN NxuNfcRextends southRSIuh aboutyVSIu 6;64 kmkl fromCmSl StateeuyuN HwyHwd 168n68 whichwhUph pSffNpuRconnects UbebU.S. HwdHwy 095395 atyu vUPBig PinePUfN wUuhwith 9NRuPymcWestgard PyRRbPass. rhNThe accessyppNRR mSycRroads ymNare generallyPNfNmyood wNoowell lyUfuyUfNcmaintained VIubut lydmay ' r-'-

. ,------_, t I ------, ,J '.-

,J ' ,J DEATH ' I ' J I VALLEY

NATIONAL

I MONUMENT I K L - - 1 I I L - "' l ( \ 0 10 ,o I \ 1 I .. . I - I I --

FIGURE I.I, LOCATION MAP 4

0 0O !! s 0 0 0"'.. 0 i e ...K ...K ... \V 37^ 00'

■

INDEPENDENCE WAUCOBA DRY MTHftlTN. TIN MTN. WASH

54** 43' r ...... • • 4

4 NEW \ ' LONE PINE YORK \ U8EHEBEUBEHEBE * MARBLE . ' - BUTTE \ PEAK ^ CANYON

a ' 1 . ill II II ill jy• 50' «

OLANOLANCHA CHA KEELER DARWIN PANAMINT BUTTE

J6•Uyl4° ,, ·

FIGURE8IMUs. 1.2.nb1b rSDSPmyDhUpTopographic maplyD cpSqNmyPNoverage yuat ya scaRpyoNle ofSC 1nT61J500b:62,500.

VNbe impassableUlDyRRyVoN RNyRSfyoodseasonally cINdue uSto snowRfSw ·yppIlIoyuUSfRaccumulations atyu uhNthe higherhUPhNm ele-NoN# vationsqyuUSfR Smor Vdby VNUfPbeing washed-outwyRhNcgSIu Vdby heavyhNyqd rainfall.myUfCyoob TherhN areaymNy occupiesSppIDUNR DSmuUSfRportions ofSC DeathDNyuh ValleyayooNd NyuUSfyoNational MonumentMSfIlNfu (U.S.'Ubeb ParkPymk eNmqUpNZService) andyfc uhNthe CaliforniatyoUCSmfUy DNRNmuDesert ConservationtSfRNmqyuUSf Area,imNyJ SalineeyoUfN ayooNdValley AreaimNy (U.S'Ubeb. vImNyIBureau SCof LandLyfc MyfyPNlNfuZManagement) yfcand soRS vehicleqNhUpoN umyqNotravel URis RumUpuodstrictly limitedoUlUuNc touS NxURuUfPexisting mSycRbroads . VehicleaNhUpoN accessyppNRR touS manylyfd locaoSpyoUuUNRl ities isUR quite,IUuN DSSmpoor Smor nonexistent.fSfNxURuNfub RoadssSycR myfPNrange- inUf quality,IyoUud fromCmSl wellwNoo lyUfuyUfNcmJintained touS oSpyoodlocally UlDyRRyVoNbimpassable.

------_... _ 5

1.31.I P^PSIkxRAP^ICPHYSIOGRAPHIC S6TTINxSETTING

Physiographically the study area is dominated by tectonic land-land5 \, forms. The Inyo Mountains and Saline Valley are the momostst prominentprominent physiographic features (Photo 1.1)1.1).. ApproHimatelyApproximately 6.5X.7 9mkm Lestwest of the study area °eynotKeynot Peak,Pea9, at the crest of the Inyo Mountains, rises to an elevation of II8I.X3383.6 m, forming a topographic gradient of 355I7X mj9m.m/km. The topogr~phictopographic closure of Saline Valley is approximatelyapproHimately 12201NN0 m. The average elevation of the valley rim apprapproHimatelyoxi mat e ly N1IQ2134 m,m. ThThee playa area of SJSaline line ValleyVal ley isi-; ,atit ant1n t'lMt) l"v’vation,1 t1nn ofot IN73?S m.

ktherOther prominentprominent geographicgeograph ic featurest pa lur-es intn tilthee sstudytu dy M,atea' J are;Jr J: 1) thethe NNelsonelson Range Lhichwhich forms the southernsouthern borderborder of SaSalineline Valley,Vall ey,

rises to aa maximummaHimum elevatione levation of 2,N,IQ'347 rn;m; N)2) 0eeLef' FOlat, I J t, loc.atc'dloca l1 :rl betLeenbetwee n thethe NNelsonelson RaRangenge and Inyo MountainsMount ains Lithwith an avaverageer,H:Jl ' elevationt'i (• v.1t1on ofut aboaboutut 16761X'X m; 3)I) the Panamint Range, whichLhich forms the eastern border of Saline Valley, and 4)Q) RacetrackRacetrac9 Valley, in the northeast cornerco rner of the study area, Lithwith a playa elevatione levation of 2272NN'N m. A relief map of the general regiregton·on is shownshoLn in FigureOigure 1.3.1.I. A series of east5Lesteast-west topographic profiles through the study area and adjacentadZacent region are shownshoLn in Plate 1.1.

1.41.Q CLIMATEC0IMAT6

The study area has a desert climate typified by slight rainfall, high summersurrmer temperatures, high evaporation, lG1·1leL humidity, wideLide diurnal and annual temperature fluctuations and frequent strong Lindswinds in the ·'Spring.spring. The climate is similar to that of Death Valley. Temperatures often may reach 38I8°C°C from March to September. VisitorsVisitors to SaSalineline

i5V.. ,. 6

M '■V, •'■ j;> .. '8MM’ M 'V5 .. . i.

V '> » 5 « M VI

\ MM

^n ^^^n

'5■JMv '■ 'T ' '<5i5 •■' .7U ■ 5

PHOrOPHOTO 1.1.nbnb rSDSPmyDhUpTopographic mNoUNCrelief lyDmap SCof ya DSmuUSfportion SCof theuhN SierraeUNmmy NNqycyNevada - BasinvyRUf yfcand syfPNRange umyfRUuUSftransition ASfNbzone. 7

< l> r r "1 -<

fT'\ z " (J')

< },o r r fT'\ -<

0 II >0 Km [:=J < 21100taoo flff 0 T!I00-10,0007900 >>0,000 flft 10 IC• □□ K > >0,000 ft |- ] tSOO-2!100- 9000:,ooo MII m- > 10,000 fr c:===--

'- 9000-,ooo - 111007900 ftfl FIGUREOIxUR6 1.3.1.I. Relief map of the SaSaline I 1ne ValleyV,3 I I Py c1r1~ilZrea.. 1

... 8

ValleyayooNd mNDSmureport uhyuthat su111nertimeRIllNmuUlN uNlDNmyuImNRtemperatures exceedingNxpNNcUfP 49°C;9°t ymNare cpSllSfbolllTlon. iuAt elevationsNoNqyuUSfR aboveyVSqN aboutyVSIu 1525n515 lm theuhN RIllNmsu111ner uNlDNmyuImNRtemperatures areymN DoNyRyfupleasant i. exceptNxpNDu cImUfPduring occasionalSppyRUSfyo hothSu DNmUScRbperiods. TherhN wUfuNmRwinters ymNare mildlUoc andyfc fNymodnearly CmSRugCmNNfrost-free yuat uhNthe loweroSwNm NoNqyuUSfRJelevations, VIubut SppyRUSfyooccasional RfSwsnow hashyR VNNfbeen reportedmNDSmuNc onSf uhNthe qyooNdvalley CoSSmbfloor. rhNThe wUfuNmwinter snowlineRfSwoUfN isUR IRIyoodusually aboveyVSqN aboutyVSIu 1525n515 lJm, withwUuh heavyhNyqd snowRfSw atyu uhNthe highhUPh NoNqyuUSfRelevations yoSfPalong uhNthe pmNRucrest SCof theuhN InyoIfdS MounMSIfuyUfRbtai ns. AboutiVSIu uwSguhUmcRtwo-thirds ofSC mNpSmcNcrecorded DmNpUDUuyuUSfprecipitation copSlNRmes fromCmSl PacificPypUCUp

maritimlymUuUlNe RuSmlR s torms durin mNRurt-1 ':> t CmSlfrn,n RIllNm':> umn cr

thunderuhIfcNm shoRhSwNmRwers CNcfed Vdby mlSURuoist yUmair CmSlfrom uhNthe GultMIoCRs ofSC MexiMNxUpSco Jyfcnd tyoUCSmfUybCalifornia. DiDURumUVIuUSfs tribution ofSC precipitationDmNpUDUuyuUSf isUR NmmyuUperratic Ufin VSuhboth uUlNtime andyfc RDypNJspace, withwUuh wetwNu yearsdNymR typicallyudDUpyood mNpNUqUfPreceiving uhmNNthree uSto fourCSIm timuUlNRes uhNttie / DmNpUDUuyuUSfprecipitation ofSC drycmd dNymRbyears . YNymR Years withwUuh fSno precipitDmNpUDUuyuUSfation onSf thuhNe vaqyooNdll ey floorCoSSm arymNe pSllSfbcolllTlon. AdditionaliccUuUSfyo UfCSmlyuUSfinformation concerningpSfpNmfUfP DmNpUDUuyuUSfpreci pitation Ufin thisuhUR areaymNy lydmay VNbe foundCSIfc inUf RantzsyfuA 'n969Zb(1969) .

:--· -nb51. 5 VEGETATIONa.M.rirION VegetationaNPNuyuUSf isUR sparseRDymRN throughoutuhmSIPhSIu lSRumost SCof uhNthe studyRuIcd ymNybarea. rhNThe DmUfpUDyoprincipal qNPNuyuUSfvegetation onSf theuhN CoSSmfloor ofSC SalineeyoUfN ayooNdValley URis creosotepmNSRSuN VIRhbush whi~hwhUph CoSImURhNRflourishes IDup uSto aboutyVSIu theuhN 1500n500 ml NoNqyuUSfbelevation. iA qymUNudvariety ofSC hyoSDhUoUphalophilic shrubsRhmIVR ymNare alsoyoRS foundCSIfc aroundymSIfc theuhN Doydyplaya ymNyJarea, NRDNpUyoodespecia lly nearfNym theuhN Ryousalt lake.oykNb euNNDSteep slopesRoSDNR areymN largelyoymPNod VymNbare SCof vegetation,qNPNuyuUSfJ butVIu moderatelScNmyuN slopesRoSDNR yfcand PIooUNRgullies havehyqN RpyuuNmNcscattered RyPNVmIRhsagebrush andyfc pmNSRSuNbcreoso~e . PinonPUfSf DUfNpine andyfc jIfUDNmjuniper areymN colllTlonpSllSf yVSqNabove yVSIuabout 1500n500 lm onSf fSmuhNmfnorthern CypUfPfacing . slopesRoSDNR yfcand yVSqNabove yVSIu~bout 21001n00 lm onSf RSIuhsouth CypUfPfac ing RoSDNRbslopes. JoshuaJSRhIy

(Jq ', 0r ... .. ;.UH. 9 trees are locally found above about 15001700 tn.m. 0argeLarge stands of Joshua trees growgroL in 0eeLee OlatFlat and in portions of the Panamint Range.

1.61.X "I0D0IO6WILDLIFE wurtBurt and xrossenheiderGrossenheider (19'X)(1976) indicated that approHimatelyapproximately forty-forty5 four species of marm1alsmammals live in the region. These include bighorn sheep, deer, twotLo species of rabbits, porcupines, pica, nine species of mice, threthreee spspeciesecies of kangaroo9angaroo rats, gophers,go phers, cchipmun9s,hipmunk s , tLotwo speciesspec ies of squirrels,squi rre ls , marmots,marmot s , bobcats,bobca ts , mountainmount a in llions, 1on<;, , throelhrt' l! s;spotUµ PL" uJ,lP ' . of foH,t ox , coyote,co yote , tLotwo speciesspecies of s9un9s,sk unk s , badgers,bc1dgcr s , ringtails,r 1ny ta 1l '> , blac9black bearbt: a r· Jndand seventeen spspeciesecies of batbats.s. Stebbins (19XX)(1966) indicaindicatedted that approximatapproHimatelye ly twenty-thrtLenty5threeee spspeciesecies of reptilesreptil es and amphibians may be found in the region. These includeinclude four species of rattlesnakes,rattlesna9es, ten species of nonvenomous snakes,sna9es, five species of lizards,liDards, chuc9Lallas,chuckwallas, desert iguanas, frogs and toads.

1.71.' AVAILABLEAVAI0Aw06 P^kTkxRAP^PPHOTOGRAPHY The aerial photographs used in this study are from "ireeree sources. Blackwlac9 and whiteLhite photography is available from U.S. Geologicalxeological Survey Photographic ProjectProZect GS-CQxS5CQ (1:37,400)(1UI',Q00) flownfloLn in July 194719Q' and from U.S. Army Map ServiceSeryice ProjectProZect 109 (1:60,000)(1UX0,000) floLnflown during Octobkctoberer and November 1952.197N. Color photography floLnflown during kctoberOctober 197519'7 is availavail- able from U.S. Bureauwureau of Land0and Management Photographic ProZectProject CMkkkCMOOO (1:20,000).(1UN0,000). All of the above photographs are standard 23NI Hx NI23 cm format. The areas cover~dcovered by these photographs are shownshoLn in Fig.Oig. 1.4.1.Q. 10

RACETRACK VALLEY

E 0

..A .• >

0 0 0 0 0 )... 0 0 0 J:: "t,..._. o· o· Q .., co (\j q: a: (:, 0 0,._ - vi .J 0 a:i 0 l/) l/) (Jj -: J:: Q :::i :::i YJ .J , . ' Ct: q: , ::::, J ; (:, Ct: ' . , YJ D r ' Li: q: 11

Additional blac9black and Lhitewhite and color photography Laswas obtained in December 197719'' and March 197919'9 during aerial reconnaisance of the area by private aircraft. Numerous color photographs wereLere also ta9entaken from ground llocationsocations during the period of field Lor9.work.

1.8 6AR0PEARLY REGIONALR6xIkNA0 INVESTIGATIONSINV6STIxATIkNS The earliest geologic investigations in the region wereLere generally of a reconnaissance nature, sucsuchh as those of "hitneyWhitney (18(18X7),65 ), Gilbertxilbert

(1I'7M,(187Sf, Goodyxoodyearear (1888),(1 888 ), F<1Oairban9sidiJnk ':> (1896)(189X),, aandn<.J llliall,111 ((190j).!IJ!J/). lliell1 L' tfirst1,·s t detailed<.J etailed sstudytudy w~WdlLM"alcoll'sco tl's (1897)(189') investigation of thethe post5po st- PleistocenePleistocene elevations of the InyoInyo Range and the lakla9ee beds of ththee Waucobi"aucobi 6mbayment.Embayment. Spurr (1903)(190I) compiled whatLhat wasLas thenthen kno9noLnwn of thethe regional geology and published the first geologic map. War"aringing (1917)(191') produced the first geologic map of Inyo County. ·Knopf5°nopf (1(1918)918) studied the geology of the Inyo Range and eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada. AAsMas,a result of discovery of the Cerro xordoGordo mining district, in the 1860s,18X0s, and the salt and boraHborax deposits of Saline and OwenskLens Valleys, there are several early accounts of the economic geologyMandgeology and mining activities of the region. Some of these accounts are:areU Raymond (18'I),(1873), DexrootDeGroot (1890), FairbanksOairban9s (1894),(189Q), Baileywailey (1902),(190N), Aubury ((1908),1908), Knopf°nopf (1913),(191I), and .Waring"aring and Hugueinin^ugueinin (1916).(191X).

1.9 INV6STIxATIkNSINVESTIGATIONS IN THET^6 STUDPSTUDY AR6AAREA Several studies have focused on portions of the study area. xaleGale (1912),(191N), Lombardi0ombardi (1963),(19XI), and Hardie^ardie (19X8)(1968) studied the evaporite deposits of Saline Valley. McAllister (1952,(197N, 1955,1977, 1956)197X) reported on 12 uhNthe generalPNfNmyo andyfc economicNpSfSlUp geologyPNSoSPd ofSC uhNthe UVNhNVNUbehebe PeakPNyk QuadrangleQIycmyfPoN andyfc onSf uhNthe geologyPNSoSPd SCof theuhN QuartzQIymuA SpringeDmUfP ymNybarea. MerriamMNmmUyl (1963)'n960Z studiedRuIcUNc uhNthe geologyPNSoSPd SCof uhNthe tNmmSCerro GordoMSmcS lUfUfPmining cURumUpubdistrict. LSlVymcULombardi 'n96;Z(1964) reportedmNDSmuNc Sfon uhNthe cNCSmlyuUSfdeformation SCof SalineeyoUfN ayooNdValley yfcand UuRits mNoyuUSfRhUDrelationship uSto uhNthe uNptec #- uSfUpRtonics SCof uhNthe wNRuNmfwestern UfUuNcUnited States.euyuNRb sSRRRoss 'n969Z(1969) cNRpmUVNcdescribed uhNthe DNumSPpetrog-# myDhdraphy ofSC ya DSmuUSfportion ofSC uhNthe HIfuNmHunter MSIfuyUfMountain quartz,IymuA lSfASfUuNbmonzonite. PymkNmParker (1976)'n976Z RuIcUNcstudied theuhN RNcUlNfuSoSPdsedimentology andyfc DNumSPmyDhdpetrography SCof uhNthe )NNoNmKeeler tyfdSfCanyon 8SmlyuUSfFormation nearfNym uhNthe UbehebeUVNhNVN MUfNbMine .

1.101510 inINVESTIGATIONSvestigations inIN ADJACENT AR EAS SeveraleNqNmyo UfqNRuUPyuUSfRinvestigations hyqNhdv e VNNfbeen cpSfcIpuNcondu c t ed Ufin areasymNyR adycjypNfujace nt uSto orSm UfpoIcUfPincluding DSmuUSfRportions ofSC uhNthe sRuIcdtudy area.ymNyb RossSRRs ('n96eJ1965, 1n967Z967) lyDDNcmapp ed uhNthe IfcNDNfcNfpNIndependence yfcand Waucoba9yIpSVy Wash9yRh Quadrangles.QIycmyfPoNRb BurvImpUUCUNochfit•l (1969'n969Z) remNDSmuNcported onSf uhNthe PNSoSPdgeology ofSC uhNthe DmdOry MSIfuyUfMountain QuadrangleQIycmyfPoN andyfc HallHyoo 'n97nZ(1971) Sfon theuhN PNSoSPdgeology SCof uhNthe PanamintPyfylUfu vIuuNButte QIycmyfPoNbQuadrangle. TuckerrIpkNm andyfc SampsoneylDRSf (1938)'n908Z andyfc NormanNSmlyf yfcand StewarteuNwymu (1951)'n95nZ reportedmNDSmuNc Sfon uhNthe lUfNmyomineral mNRSImpNRresources SCof IfdSInyo County.tSIfudb HyooHall andyfc Myp)NqNuuMacKevett (1958,'n958J 1962)n961Z studiedRuIcUNc uhNthe economicNpSfSlUp PNSoSPdgeology ofSC uhNthe DymwUfDarwin QuadrangleQIycmyfPoN yfcand HallHyoo andyfc StephenseuNDhNfR (1963)'n960Z sRuIcUNc udied theuhN economicNpSfSlUp geologyPNSoSPd SCof theuhN PanamintPyfylUfu ButtevIuuN QIycmyfPoNbQuadrangle. SmithelUuh (1974,'n97;J 1975a,n975yJ 1975b,n975VJ 1978)n978Z reportedmNDSmuNc Sfon uhNthe oyuNlate QuaternaryQIyuNmfymd DoIqUyopluvial andyfc uNpuSfUptectonic hURuSmdhistory SCof PanamintPyfylUfu ayooNdbValley. vyphlyfBachman (1974,'n97;J 1975,n975J 1978)n978Z studiedRuIcUNc uhNthe depositionalcNDSRUuUSfyo yfcand deformationalcNCSmlyuUSfyo hURuSmdhistory ofSC uhNthe PoUSgPlio- PleistocenePoNURuSpNfN 9yIpSVUWaucobi LakeLykN VNcRJbeds, uhNthe PoUSgPoNURuSpNfNPlio-Pleistocene VmNykIDbreakup ofSC uhNthe SierraeUNmmy NNqycyg9hUuNgIfdSNevada-White-Inyo MountainsMSIfuyUfR VoSpkJblock, andyfc theuhN formationCSmlyuUSf ofSC OwensOwNfR Valley.ayooNdb StevenseuNqNfR yfcand Ol~onOo'gSf 'n971Z(1972) andyfc Kelley)NooNd yfcand StevenseuNqNfR (1975)'n975Z studiedRuIcUNc uhNthe fyuImNnature yfcand significanceRUPfUCUpyfpN ofSC uhmIRuthrust CyIouRfaults Ufin uhNthe IfdSInyo 13

Mountains.MSIfuyUfRb tymqNmCarver 'n969Z(1969) studiedRuIcUNc theuhN QuaternaryQIyuNmfymd uNpuSfURltectonism yfcand surfaceRImCypN CyIouRfaults andyfc PykURNmPakiser Nuet al.yob (1964)'n96;Z studiedRuIcUNc uhNthe structuralRumIpuImyo geologyPNSoSPd yfcand qSopyfURlvolcanism Ufin theuhN OwensOwNfR ayooNdValley region.mNPUSfb MiscellaneousMURpNooyfNSIR UfqNRuUPyuUSfRinvestigations Ufin areasymNyR ycjypNfuadjacent uSto uhNthe studyRuIcd areaymNy includeUfpoIcN MyoN'RGale's (1914)'n9n;Z studyRuIcd SCof uhNthe RyoUfNsaline depositscNDSRUuR inUf Owens,OwNfRJ Searles,eNymoNRJ yfcand PyfylUfuPanamint Valleys,ayooNdRJ Schultze'sephIouAN'R 'n907Z(1937) mNDSmureport onSf theuhN Plio-PleistocenePIUSgPoNURuSpNfN CosotSRS fauna,CyIfyb HSDDNm'RHopper's (1947)'n9;7Z geologicPNSoSPUp RNpuUSfsection CmSlfrom uhNthe SeirraeNUmmy NNqycyNevada uSto QeaQNyuh_t_h. Valley,ayooNdJ Maxson'sMyxRSf'R (1950)'n950Z RuIcdstudy SCof uhNthe DhdRUSPmyDhUpphysiographi c CNyuImNRfeatures ofSC

thuhNe PyfylUfuPanainint RangsyfPNJe , anc.lyfc RosSRRss’ ' sR 'n970Z(1970) RuIcdstudy SCo f uhNtl11 ! qfUmjfUpvnl r ,u11 c romSpkRck'-> otSC uhNlhe eyoUfNSaline syfPNRange.b

1.11nbnn INVESTIGATIONSINa.erIMirIONe IN rH.THE DEATHD.irH VALLEYaiLL.Y s.MIONREGION NIlNmSIRNumerous geologicPNSoSPUp studiesRuIcUNR hyqNhave VNNfbeen copSfcIpuNcnducted inUf uuUNtil e DeDNyuhath VayooNdal ley region.mNPUSfb Ai VmUNCbrief crosspmSRR sectionRNpuUSf ofSC theseuhNRN UfpoIcNRincludes Campbell'stylDVNoo'R (1902)'n901Z mNpSffyURRyfpNreconnaissance studyRuIcd SCof uhNthe VSmyxborax deposits,cNDSRUuRJ vNyuud'RBeatty's (1961)'n96nZ studyRuIcd SCof uhNthe uSDSPmyDhUptopographic effectsNCCNpuR ofSC RImCypNsurface CyIouUfPJfaulting, Denny'sDNffd'R 'n965Z(1965) RuIcdstudy SCof alluvialyooIqUyo fans,CyfRJ BurchfielvImphCUNo andyfc Stewart'seuNwymu'R 'n966Z(1966) uhNSmdtheory onSf theuhN originSmUPUf SCof uhNthe pNfumyocentral RNPlNfusegment SCof DNyuhDeath ayooNdJValley, HIfuHunt yfcand MyVNd'RMabey's 'n966Z(1966) CuIcdtudy SCof uhNthe RumyuUPmyDhdstratigraphy andyfc RumIpuImNbstructure, HIfu'RHunt's (1966)'n966Z reportmNDSmu onSf theuhN PNfNmyogeneral geology,PNSoSPdJ HUooHill yfcand rmSxNo'RTroxel's (1966)'n966Z tectonicuNpuSfUp RuIcdstudy ofSC theuhN DNyuhDeath ValleyayooNd mNPUSfJregion, yfcand McKee'sMp)NN'R (1968)'n968Z studyRuIcd ofSC uhNthe ageyPN yfcand ratemyuN ofSC movementlSqNlNfu ofSC uhNthe northernfSmuhNmf partDymu ofSC theuhN DeathDNyuh ayooNdg8ImfypNValley-Furnace tmNNkCreek CyIoufault zone.ASfNb OfOC specializedRDNpUyoUANc interestUfuNmNRu areymN studiesRuIcUNR relatedmNoyuNc uSto theuhN slidingRoUcUfP stonesRuSfNR Sfon uhNthe Doydyplaya ofSC sypNumypkRacetrack Valley.ayooNdb rhNRNThese stonesRuSfNR rangemyfPN inUf sizeRUAN fromCmSl DNVVoNRpebbles uSto smallRlyoo VSIocNmTboulder: weighingwNUPhUfP upID uSto 1525 kg.kPb IuIt hashyR VNNfbeen RIPPNRuNcsugge sted uhyuthat uhNthe movementlSqNlNfu ofSC theuhN RuSfNRstones yfcand theuhN mNRIouUfPresulting furrowsCImmSwR inUf uhNthe Doydyplaya

jI f'5'

surface are related to windLind or ice movement of the stones. Investiga-Investiga tions of this phenomenon wereLere conducted by McAllister and AgnewAgneL (1948),(19Q8), Stanley ((1977),1955), Sharp and Carey (1975),(19'7), and Shelton (197I)(1 953 ) Lhowho tried to move the stones Lithwith thethe propLashpropwash from his light aircraft.

1.121.1N MODERNMkD6RN REGIONALR6xIkNA0 GEOLOGICALx6k0kxICA0 MAPPINxMAPPING The study area is shownshoLn on geologic maps of the kLensOwens Valley region by Batemanwateman and Merriam (1954),(197Q), of the Inyo MMountainsountains by Ross

(19X'(1967), ), aandnd lhthee Death VaValleyll ey SheetSheet by JtJennings~nn1ng ~ ((l')7y c-,t(eiStreitDtl

and StinStinsonson (19'Q(1974). ). Grxravityavity mapsmaps of thethe Death ValleyVa ll ey Shei'lSlw d by MabeyMabry (1963)(19XI) and Chapman et al. (19'1)(1971) iindicatend icate ththee mamainin structurals tru lural and geologic subsubunits.units. ThThee study study areaarea is aalso lso shoLnshown on thethe FaultOault Map of California (Jenning(Jennings,s , 1975).19'7).

1.131.1I REGIONALR6xIkNA0 GEOLOGICx6k0kxIC INVESTIGATIONSINV6STIxATIkNS Numerous regional geologic investigations of the westernLestern United States and wasinBasin and Range province provide the basis for the underunder- standing of the general geology and tectonic development of the study#study area. Merriam (1954),(197Q), Merriam and âllHall (1957),(197'), Ross (1964),(19XQ), StewartSteLart (1966,(19XX, 1970),19'0), and Miller (1976)(19'X) studied the pre5MesoDoicpre-Mesozoic stratigraphy. xillulyGilluly (19X7),(1965), Hamiltonâmilton and Myers (1966),(19XX), and Ryall et al. (1966)(19XX) studied the regional tectonics of the Lesternwestern United StateStates.s. Nolan (1943),(19QI), Sle1T111onsSlemmons (1967),(19X'), StewartSteLart (1971),(19'1), Babcor.kwabcoc9 (1974),(19'Q), and Wright"right (1976)(19'X) studied the geology and tectonic development of the Basinwasin and Range province. Healyêaly and~nd Press (1964)(19XQ) and Thompson and Burkewur9e (1974)(19'Q)

conducted geophysicgeophysical91 investigations of the Sierra NevadaNevad a eastern front and the wasinBasin and Range province. 15

2.0N.0 R6xIkNA0REGIONAL TECTONICT6CTkNIC SETTINGS6TTINx

The studystudy areaarea isis located in the southLestsouthwest portion of thethe xreatGreat wasinBas in in thethe t rtransitionan si tion Donezone betLeenbetween the wasinBasin and RangeRang e andand SSierraierra Nevada physiographicphy s iograph ic provinces.provinces . The area hahass aa uniqueunique ttectonicec ton ic sstyletyl e by virtue of its location in the transitiont r ans i t i on Donezone at the boundaryboun da ry of thethe tLotwo didistinctlys tinctly different physiographicphys i ographic and geologicgeologi c provincesprovinces

(F(Oigurei gure 2N.1)..1 ) . TheThe Baswasin i n and RangRangee PProvincero vince ccontainsontai ns nonorth5to5rth- to - northeasternor tht> dStt• r·ly ly trendinglr,_•ndinq t1lltiltedecl faultf ,rnlt 1hlor9s1lnr.k o., inindi(alMj l- ssoutheastou theas l toto east5Lesteas t-we'> t exeHtension lens ion totalingtol d I 111 9 betLeenllelween 110000 ,HHIand I00300 9.inkm (H(^amiltonamil to n and Myers,My ers , 196619XX).) . Such exteHtensionension aappearspp ears tot,) he coconsistentns is te nt throughout thethe pprovince.ro vince . ThThee regionalregiona l ffaultault patternpattern is 1nmodifiedod 1f ied inin the transitiontrans ition zoneDone by thethe SierSierrara Nevada sstructure,truc tu re , whLhichic h 1is._, oorientedri ent N1 northLest.northwest. The 1000 9mkm long San Andreas fault system Lithwith a total rright5ight- lateral, strike-slipstri9e5slip displacement of scores of 9ilometerskil om et ers to N00200 9mkm ((0eetLeet and Judson, 1971)19'1) is Lestwest of the Sierra Nevada Range.Rang e . The San Andreas fault forms a portion of Gutenbergxutenberg and Richter'sRichter' s ((197Q)1954) Circum5PacificCircum-Pacific weltBelt of great right-lateral,right5lateral, stri9e5slipstrike-slip fault Dones.zones. The associated left-lateralleft—lateral xarloc9Garlock fault, Lithwith a totatotall ddisplacementisplacement of Q848 to 'N72 9mkm (Michael, 1966;19XX; Dibblee, 1967),19X'), eHtendsextends eastLardeastward about N70250 9mkm from the San Andreas fault and terminates about 100 9mkm sosouthuth of the study area.

The xarloc9Garlock fault is the southern boundary of the transition zoneDone betLeenbetween the xreatGreat wasinBasin and~nd Sierra Nevada in CaliforniCalifornia.a. RyallRyall et al. (19XX)( 1966) and TroHelTroxel et al. (19'N)(1972) and St. Amand and RoquRoquemoreemore ( (19'9)1979)

,. 16

I .. 5TIJOY ' ' I ... AREA 0 100 200 300 400 .,,. ~-.i •

8IMUs.FIGURE 1bn2.1.b MyjSmMajor faultCyIou DyuuNmfRpatterns Ufin theuhN eUNmmySierra NNqycyNevada yfcand vyRUfBasin yfcand g syfPNRange DmSqUfpNRbprovinces.

RIPPNRusuggest thatuhyu uhNthe MojaveMSjyqN Block,voSpkJ oSpyuNclocated uSto uhNthe RSIuhsouth ofSC uhNthe GarlockMymoSpk fault,CyIouJ isUR uNpuSfUpyoodtectonically stableRuyVoN whilewhUoN theuhN GreatMmNyu BasinvyRUf uSto uhNthe northfSmuh SCof theuhN faultCyIou URis seismicallyRNURlUpyood activeypuUqN andyfc isUR IfcNmPSUfPundergoing mNPUSfyoregional NxuNfRUSfextension ypmSRRacross fSmlyonormal CyIouRbfaults.

,, ,. ,

The "innemucca5VenturaWinnemucca-Ventura Zone of Ryall et al. (19XX),(1966), a 750'70 9mkm long belt of historic high seismicity, eHtendsextends from the Pacific Coast near Ventura, California, through the study area, to near "innemuccaWinnemucca in northern Nevada. This is one of the most seismically active areas in the Lesternwestern United States and has produced numerous surface ruptures during historic times. 6astEast of the study area the "al9erWalk er Lane0ane (0oc9e(Locke et al., 1940),19Q0), a right5lateral,right-lateral, sstri9e5sliptrike-slip Donezone of high seismicity, exeHtendste nd s approHimatelyapproximately parallelparall el to thethe CaliforniaCal iforn ia5Nevada-Nevada hordborderPr for mormoree thanthun '00700 km9m from PyramidPyramirl 0a9eLt1k1 • nearnt'nr Reno, Nevada,N1•v ,1rl.1, toLn nearn1·,1r 0asLa s Vegas,Vegd'>, Nevada.Nevada. TheThesese and olherother Doneszon es of lliqhhitZh seisiiii0ity-_, 1•1·, 1111 L1Ly Meare -,slioLnti own in thethe tectonictec toni c fluHflux map of thethe wLesternes t ern UnitedUnited States (Figure(Oigure N.N).2.2) .

Hamilt^amiltonon and MyersMy ers (1966)(19XX) considerco nsider that sosoutheasternut11 ea -, t e rn California,Cal i fornia , betLeenbetween thethe SieSierrarra NevadaNevarla ,andrnrl ththee 131awlac9ck Mo11ntMountains,tli nc., , theLil e kLensOwt'n<, VJValley5ll ey- Saline Valley5DeathValley-Death Valley region, is the region of greatest Pliocene and Quaternary faulting in the wasinBasin and Range province. The folloLingfollowing chapters discuss the characteristics of thethe majmaZoror Doneszones of active faulting in the Saline Valley area. The patterns, S’ styles and distribution of these faults and related tectonic features wereLere the basis for determining the relationship betweenbetLeen the present local tectonic regime and the pattern of regioZialreg io~al deformatdeformation.ion.

,. 18

I tI ' Z , \ ' r~'I'. l I I .'1

■V 1 . ct \, i M \ ·, ,, r. . ".,,. . o'-n . J 'I ._',..,. \ Cc •o:i i . ,. I !' to . . . i . -J D

SA -

.) I l ( ~

, 1 0 '-, I /! I \ t I l

I OQ fl u , i »* r ·~ .. I • · 110 . ., \I I ,oo -,o, \ ' •.J j 9 0 - 99

8 0- 6 9

~- I -->

FIGUREOIxUR6 N.N2.2 . Tectonic fluxfluH map of the Western"estern UnitedUnited States for thethe period 17691'X9 to 196119X1 shoLingshowing areas of seismicseismic energy release (Ryall et al.,al . , 1966).19XX). SA = San Andreas Zone, WV="V = Winr.imucca-Ventura"innimucca5Ventura Zone, "0WL = "al9erWalker Lane0ane Zone.Zon e . 19

I.03.0 D6SCRIPTIkNSDESCRIPTIONS kOOF ACTIV6ACTIVE OAU0TFAULT ZONESZkN6S IN THET^6 STUDYSTUDP AREAAR6A

I.13.1 INTRkDUCTIkNINTRODUCTION This sstudytudy focuses on the active faults located on ththee floor and borders of Saline Valley that displace unconsolidated alluvial deposits. The pattern, style and distribution of these activeactive faults form the basis for interpreting the characteristics of ththee llocal ocal tectec- tonic regime presently activactivee in the region. TheseThes e ccharacteristicsharac ter is tics are uusedsed in latlater er ~ecsectionst ions to inferinf 11 r relationshipsrcl.,Li onships ti,ln'tLi'en,twi'Pn Ltin*il ,• LPctectoniclon1 r.

featuresfeatures in111 SalineSa line VaValleyll ey and and ththee structural':> l r uc lur·u l ororigini1J1n oof f l1the1, • Su'rraS 11 ~1T

rhNThe ypuUqNactive CyIouRfaults inUf uhNthe RuIcdstudy ymNyarea ymNare convenientlypSfqNfUNfuod PmSIDNcgrouped intoUfuS CUqNfive majorlyjSm zonesASfNR '8UPImN(Figure 3.1)0bnZ VyRNcbased Sfon theiruhNUm locationoSpyuUSf andyfc uNpuSfUptectonic

RudoNbstyle. TheserhNRN ASfNRzones are:ymNT 1)nZ uhNthe MmyDNqUfNGrapevine tyfdSfCanyon CyIoufault ASfNJzone, 1Z2) uhNthe Western9NRuNmf 8mSfuyoFrontal CyIoufault ASfNJzone, 3)0Z theuhN tNfumyoCentral ValleyayooNd faultCyIou ASfNJzone, ;Z4) uhNthe East.yRu eUcNSide faultCyIou zone,ASfNJ andyfc 5)5Z theuhN LeeLNN 8oyuFlat faultCyIou ASfNbzone. MUfSmMinor ASfNRzones Ufin RacetracksypNumypk ayooNdValley andyfc UlidaUoUcy Flat8oyu werewNmN notfSu studiedRuIcUNc inUf detail.cNuyUob TherhN GrapevineMmyDNqUfN CanyontyfdSf faultCyIou zoneASfN isUR uhNthe fSmuhNmfnorthern seRNPlNfugm ent ofSC ay majorlyjSm remNPUSfyogional CyIoufault ASfNzone uhyuthat exNxuNfcRtend s CmSlfrom uhNthe GarlMymoSpkock faCyIouult yfcand thuhmSIPhr ou Cmmxffrom HuntHIfuNmer Mou~itMSIfuyUfai n uSto DaiDyURdsy tyfdSf Canyon wUuhwi t h yJ '.:>RumUkNt.r- ike SCof JµyDDmprox1111c1t Sx UUfyuN,•ly od NhO'^9bN60 "W. rhNThe zoneASfN discURDoydRpl ays fSmlyogRoUDJnormal -s lip, ,·imUPhugfSmlyoJ ght-normal, obSVoU,INgRoUDl iqu e-sl ip andyfc mUPhug r ight- lateraloyuNmyoJ, strikRumUkNgRoUDe-s lip CyIouUfPbfaulting. ThrhNe zonASfNe trumNfcRends JyoSfP long uhNthe wNRuwest sRUcNide SCof SalineyoUfNe ValayooNdley wherewhNmN itUu offsSCCRNuRets VNcmSpkJbedrock, IfpSfRSoUcyuNcun consoli dd ted yooIqUIla l luvi um andyfc lacustrineoypIRumUfN cNDSRUuRbdeposits. TherhN Western9NRuNmf Frontal8mSfuyo CyIoufault zoneASfN NxuNfcRextends CmSlfrom DaisyDyURd CanyontyfdSf uSto theuhN northernfSmuhNmf VSmcNmborder ofSC uhNthe RuIcdstudy ymNyarea alongyoSfP ay umNfctrend ofSC approximatelyyDDmSxUlyuNod N;0°9bN40 °W. ThisrhUR ASfNzone cURDoydRdisplays fSmlyogRoUDnormal-slip CyIouUfPfaulting Ufin bedrockVNcmSpk yfcand inUf unconsolidatedIfpSfRSoUcyuNc yooIqUyoalluvial deposits.cNDSRUuRb TheserhNRN areymN myfPNrange CmSfufront CyIouRfaults mNRDSfRUVoNresponsible forCSm IDoUCuuplift SCof theuhN InyoIfdS Mountains.MSIfuyUfRb Faults8yIouR inUf uhNthe CentraltNfumyo ayooNdValley CyIoufault zoneASfN displacecURDoypN oypIRumUfNlacustrine andyfc eolianNSoUyf sedimentsRNcUlNfuR inUf theuhN Doydyplaya regionmNPUSf SCof uhNthe qyooNdbvalley. TheserhNRN CyIouRfaults CSmlform northwesterlyfSmuhwNRuNmod uSto westerlywNRuNmod trendingumNfcUfP fSmlyogRoUDnormal-slip CyIouRfaults andyfc PmyVNfRbgrabens. rhNThe East.yRu eUcNSide faultCyIou zoneASfN isUR locatedoSpyuNc fNymnear theuhN northernfSmuhNmf VSmcNmborder SCof theuhN RuIcdstudy areaymNy alongyoSfP uhNthe wNRuNmfwestern flankCoyfk ofSC theuhN PanamintPyfylUfu Range.syfPNJ TherhN 21 faultsCyIouR cutpIu IfpSfRSoUcyuNcunconsolidated alluvialyooIqUyo fan,CyfJ oypIRumUfNlacustrine andyfc eolianNSoUyf deposits.cNDSRUuRb rhNThe zoneASfN pSfRURuRconsists DmUfpUDyoodprincipally SCof fSmuhgRSIuhnorth-south trendingumNfcUfP hSmRuRhorsts yfcand PmyVNfRbgrabens.

rhNThe LNNLee Flat8oyu CyIoufault ASfNzone isUR oSpyuNclocated betweenVNuwNNf uhNthe NNoRSfNelson syfPNRange yfcand uhNthe IfdSInyo MSIfuyUfRbMountains. 8yIouRFaults Ufin uhURthis zoneASfN PNfNmyoodgenerally ymNare fSmlyogRoUDnormal-slip yfcand displacecURDoypN IfpSfRSoUcyuNcunconsolidated alluvialyooIqUyo sedimentsRNcUlNfuR andyfc TertiaryrNmuUymd VyRyouRbbasalts. Smallelyoo grabensPmyVNfR SppImoccur yuat RNqNmyoseveral locations.oSpyuUSfRb

N N N N

ir>

PO 3.5. “ Oc

rtS and

CO 3.4,

CO 3,

CO 3.

#■

CNJ 2,

, , 3.

3.1 Plates Plates c

o on c o3c x:

uo shown

(U C o

^4 zones

rO fault fault

S-

ATES ATES o

M- for PL O. m

E map ZONE ZONE X

Z Z -o z z

Z Z c

Index Index

FAULT FAULT F F

. .

FOR FOR

Fl Fl

3 .1

Fl Fl

,.~ ,.~

CANYON CANYON

~lfONTAL ~lfONTAL

VALLEY VALLEY

OE OE

3.1

AT AT

MAP MAP S i

FL LU or

W£ST£1fff W£ST£1fff

Cfi"Tlf.tL Cfi"Tlf.tL

lA.ST lA.ST eAAPfVINf eAAPfVINf

LE£ LE£ CD

INDEX INDEX

FIGURE FIGURE

0 0

D D

1111 1111

1 1

H H 1 1 23

3.2I.N PANAMINT VALLEY/GRAPEVINEVA006PjxRAP6VIN6 CANYONCANPkN FAULTOAU0T ZkN6ZONE

I, The Grapevinexrapevine Canyon fault zoneDone (Plates I.1,3.1, 3.la,I.1a, I.N,3.2, I.I)3.3) is the northernnorthern extensioneHtension of the Panamint VallValleyey fault Done.zone. This right5right - lateral, stri9e5slip,strike- slip, fault Donezone extendseHtends from the xarloc9Garlock fault on the south, through Panamint Valley and into Saline Valley, a distance of at least 1751'7 9m.km. The continuance of the fault into Saline Valley Laswas . •• describeddescribed by McAllister (19XX),(1956), 0ombardiLombardi (1963),(19XI), Babwabcoc9cock (19'Q),(1974), aandnd

Smith (19'Q,(1974 , 1975a,19'7a, 1975b)19'7b) andann oothers.thers. ThisThis fault Donezon e 1sis relatedn~la t ed to

othiM'otht~t· mmaZorJjcw r,· 1~t1l-l,ili ghl5I alcr.ic·1 ·o1I, 1, '>Ls li'1·1i9(>5'.L. c•-'. lI ip,111 , 1l.mlt',.11 11 1·, ..ilnmi1l111111 IncIIH · 11oJ.li'rn.- .. , t,·1·11 1·diilqr111·

of theth(“ wasinliJ s in and,rnl.l ILRange:i nuP province.pr·o v1nct~ . ·Itie11i e signituanii5\ 11_1r1 1t IL,1r1 r ,· ,ol , t ULI,icm, ... ,.- t ,11,iu1 11.\11 s Lasw J ~ briefly discussed by Wr"nghtight (197G)(19'0)..

Smith (19'7b)(1975b) describeddescriben thethe Panamint VaValleyll ,~ y faultfault ,onejone a<;as having normal-normal5slip,s lip, riright5lateral,ght-l at eral, stri9e5slip,strike-s lip, and Ihruslth1·u~l 1.11illtanll displaced 1splctcc - ments. Normal5slipNormal-slip displacements total nearlynea r ly 10,00010,000m. m. Strike-slipStri9e5slip displacements total betLeenbetween 3000I000 and 4500Q700 m, withLith 300I00 to X00600 m of this having occurred during the Quarternary. At the northern end of Panamint Valley the fault thrusts beneath ^unterHunt er Mountain Lithwith a dip betweenbetLeen 17°1'° and I7°.35°. At Grapevinexrapevine Pass the fault assumes a nearly vertical dip and continues northwardnorthLard as a strike-slipstri9e5slip fault into Saline Valley whereLhere it becomes a right-normal,right5normal, oblique5slipoblique-slip fault. The overall character of the Panamint Valley/GValleyjxrapevinerapevine Canyon fault Donezone is that of a hinge fault pivoting about Hunter^unter Mountain. Dennis (19X')(1967) defines a hinge fault (Figure(Oigure 3.I.N)2) as "aJa portion of a fault along whichLhich displacement increases in one direction withLith distance from an aHisaxis of rotation, or hinge."hinge.J ThThee Panamint ValleyjVa lley/ xrapevineGrapevine Canyon fault zoneDone departs from the strict definition in 24

F_I_G_U_HlOl0iU°0_ _J:] J5ZJ._. UispUi spl 1 ai:~aiUtMiient~111 cnt ot )aSal\1111 me.'~ Vall''yVdll, ·y c111datui lnInyoy" H,11Mounl.nns1111.11 11 '-. alonga long hinhingege ffault.au lt. that;that: l1) ) ddisplacementis p 1ac emen t aappearspp ears to inincreasecrease bothboth northno, ·11 1 and,-ind ssouthou th of the hingehinge ((i.e.,i. e ., formingforming botiiboth PanamintPanaminl and SaSalinel ine~ Valleys),V,1ll ey'>) , ,and11 HI ;;)P) therelher0 is a strong right5lateral,right-lateral, strike-slipstri9e5slip componcomponent.ent. The geometry of the faulting suggests that northLest5sou"neastnorthwest- so u e ast shearing accompanied the hinging action. Coeval hinge faulting and right5lateralright-lateral shearing wouldLould account for the thrustthr ust faultf ault ntat ^unterHunt er Mountain and right5lateralright-lateral displacements alongal ong the zonDone.e.

3.3I.I GRAPEVINExRAP6VIN6 CANYONCANPkN OAU0TFAULT ZkN6ZONE ForOor convenience the Saline Valley segment of the PanPanamintamint Va11ey/Valleyj xrapevineGrapevine Canyon fault ~Doneone is divided into twotLo Doneszones based on theirthe ir characteristic tectonic styles. These are the Grapevinxrapevinee CanyonCa nyon and

,. 25

Western"estern FrontalOrontal fault zones.Dones. The xrapevineGrapevine Canyon fault zoneDone is described in this section. The active faults in thisthi s zoneDone are shownshoLn in Plati.'SP 1a t1'. S 3.I.1, 1, 3.I.1a, la, I.N3. 2 and 3.I.I. 3. DisDisplacementsplacement s along the xrapevineGrapevine Canyon fault Donezone change from predominantly rightright5-lat1ateraleral,, strikstri9e5slipe-sli p at xrapevineGrapevine Pass to predominantlypredominantl y normal5slipnormal-slip at Daisy Canyon. This is explainedeHplained by thethe hinge fafaultingulting and shearing described earlier.earlier . T Totalotal normal5slipnorm al-s lip displacementdis pl acement increases from perhapsperhap s tentenss of metmetersers at Grap0vxrapevine1n e PassPas 5 to ntat leastlea•,t X0006000 mrn nearnpa r 0JisyDaisy CaCanyon.nyon. TtieTtu~ maHllld X iimmtlllll l! ll d1d I'5.pr. rl 1 .1Vtabove! thethe floor of Saline ValleyVal ley aandnd thethe depthrlr. pth of alluvial tillt 111 1inr1 theU1 r• valleyvall ey inferred from gravigravityty data byhy MabeyMabey (1963).(19XI). ThThee cestimato<, t1m .il,· doesrloPS not includeinclude theLhe damountmo11nt of materialmaterial thatthat hhasas IJbeenC'e n eerodedrod,• d fromf r()m theLl11' crestr. rr,.._ t of the Inyo Mountains. This eroded material could conceivably total thousands of meters.meters . The 6000X000 m estimate is consistent Lithwith Smith's (1975b)(19'7b) estimate of about 10,000 m of verticalvert ical displacemdisplacementent in1n Panamint Valley.Valley . In Saline Valley relatively young fault scarps of 20N0 m or more in height are conmancommon in both alluvium ananM crushed bedroc9.bedrock . Total stri9e5slipstrike-slip displacements are estimated to be betLeenbetween '00700 and 2000N000 m based on stream offsets. Recurrent recent offsetsoffsets in unconsolidated lacustrine sediments total at least 20N0 matm at one locationlocation..

Photo 3.I.1 1 showsshoLs several geographic and ge0logicgeologic features near the southern end of the Grapevinexrapevine Canyon fault zoneDone.. TheseThese features include Panamint Valley, Grapevinexrapevine Pass at the surrrnitsunriit of Hunter^unter Mountain, xrapevineGrapevine Canyon, the Nelson Range, Lee0ee Flat,Olat, the southernsouthern 26 end of Saline Valley, the Low Granite Hills, the main access road into Saline Valley and the main fault traces. The view is to the south.

PAW4Mmr V.

Lce flat NS* ' siuwviNe MS* >

■“WsSi; ' .-j, • ■•.-♦k- ; .V..-iv V.:

’

i'JL

PHuTnPHOTO 3. 1. AerAerialial vi2vieww of ssouthernouthern portionpo rtion ofuf Saline Valley AreAreaa sshowinqho wing 920geographic9,·aph ic llocations,oc at ions, vie1-,view to southsouth..

Photo 3.3.2 2 shows a 2 m thick tuff bed at the heheadad of Miller Canyon at GrapevineGrapev ine PasPass.s . The tufft uff wawass dedepositedpos i ted on a relativelyrel atively level sursur- face.face . At least locally thithiss sursurfacef ace coconsistednsisted of mudcracked, finefinP.- grained sand and silt such as is commonly observed on dessicated lake bottoms. The tuff is intercalatedintercalated wiwithinthin a thick fafanglomeratenglomerate sequencesequence 27

that dips approximatelyapproHimately 20°N.N0°N. Megascopically, the tuff resembles a distinctive tuff ~itMeMit dated at I3 m.y.m.y . that crops out about 60X0 km9m to the south in the Coso Range. An attempt to determine if these tLotwo deposits are correlative is in progress, but not yet complete. An attempt to determine the magnetic polarity of the bed failed because \/ the tuff lackedlac9ed sufficient magnetic minerals.

m 'Vi

PHOTOP^kTk I.N3.2.. FaultedOaulted tuff beds and fanglomerates at Grapevinexrapevine Pass dipping about N0°20 ° to the north. The N2 m thic9thick beds Lerewere deposited on a surface locally resembling a dessicated lake.la9e. Note "stair-step"Jstair5stepJ offset in foregroundforeground. . . . . ' 28

Since the tuff beds Lerewere deposited they have been tilted about N0°20° to the north and offset by several north5stri9ingnorth-striking normal faults. These offsets commonly eHceedexceed N2 mm and have an aggregate displacement of tens of meters.meters . Strike-slipStri9e5slip offsets wereLere not evident. A "stair-Jstair stesteppingJpping" offset can be seen in the foreground of Photo 3.2.I.N. The bed can be seen eHtendingextending to the east in the bac9groundbackground of the photo.

Another tuff bed is exposedeHposed severaseveral 1 meters above this 1munit.it . No otherother tuff bed~beds wereLere observed eeitherither aboveabov e or beloLbelow thethe bedsbeds 5hownshoLn in ththee piioti)ph oto. .

ThThee tutf ooutcroputcrop in thethe foregroundt o,-egrnun d of PhotoPh oto J.cI.N ist ':> theUH• approximatapproHimatee weLesternstern eHtentextent of thetl1 e unit.unil. ThThee 11nrtunit is exeHposedposed onlyonl y nearnear the 183018I0 m contour on Hunt^unterer Mountain on thethe easeastt siderdc of thethe Grapevinexrapevine Canyon fault Done.zone . The unit Laswas probably ccontinuousontinirnus LestwE>s t of xrapevineGrapevine Pass but has since been eroded or possibly coveredcovered by young basalt floLsflows exposedeHposed in the Nelson Range. If the tuff bed is correlative withLith the tuff beds in the Coso Formation,Oormation, it can be used to estimate the minimum age of faulting along the Grapevinexrapevine Canyon/PanamintCanyonjPanamint Valley fault zone.Done. Dating inindi i- cates ages of 40,000Q0,000 to I3 m.y. for the tuff beds of the CasoCoso forma-forma tion. Roquemore (Personal Communication,Corrrnunication, 197919'9 and 1980) indicated that the tuff beds at Grapevinexrapevine Canyon are similar to tuff beds of the Coso OormationFormation dated at about I3 m.y. This suggests that faulting along the xrapevineGrapevine Canyon/PanamintCanyonjPanamint Valley faufault~t Donezone may have begun less than I3 m.y. ago. Several branches of the Grapevinexrapevine Canyon fault Donezon e ccutut throughthrough Grapevinexrapevine Pass. Total Lidthwidth of the Donezone is about 800 m. ThisThi s generalge neral p*v

area mar9smarks the pivot pointpoint of the hinge faulting that Laswas described earlier. South of the hinge, the Panamint Range has been uplifted along the east side of the fault Donezone relative to PanamjntPanamint VallValley.ey . North of thethe hinge, the Inyo Mountains and the Nelson RangeRang e have been uplifted along the westernLestern side of the fault Donezone relative to Saline Valley. FromOrom Grapevinexrapevine Pass the fault zoneDone continues north along a nearlynearly linearli n_ear path throughll ,r-nugh thetile southLestso uthvie st Lallwc1ll of lirapxrapevine(• vi nf' C.inyoCanyon.n. ThThee

rg(.*neralwrtCl" J] '.,shapelldf11 ' dandllll lll(tinrr'f,i5,f>f|' 1•,1 •,Prl WlllthLidtli ntol lhil111 8• C(.inyon ,llly r111 ,11'1'ate pinh.i,.pnll 1. 1., Ii1 (.ausedl.dll '. 1·cl tiyliy

1dultfault splays.~pl.1y ~. PhotofJl1ul u 3I.J . 3 shoLs':, l1u11~ aJ poilionpll 1·t1rn1 nlot theLi ll' faultl , 11ill jone/C111 ,· 11in1 ,1a 1·i oad,i ,1 cl

cucutt aboaboutut N.72.5 km9m north of Grapxrapevineevine Pass.Pass . knOn thethe rightr19 !1L •,side1i!t· ofo f tliel11 P photopholo ttiethe ^unterHunter MountainMnuntain ququartDartz monDonitemonzonite is highlyhi<]hly Zointedjuinl,•cl IJUtbut

relatively inlactintact.. To the leftleft the roc9rock is,~ fiighlyhi ghly shean.5d~lr eJr,:d ,andmd crucrustied.'.. li ed.

The crushed zoneDone is about 10 m Lide.wide. The vieLview is to the north.north . At the mouth of Grapevinexrapevine Canyon the fault cuts through alluvial fan deposits that dip northLardnorthward toLardtoward Saline Valley. Numerous fault splays offset these deposits (Photo 3.4).I.Q). The pattern formed by the splays is similar to the Jlate"late stageJstage" structures produced ii# a a Riedel experimenteHperiment by Tchalen9oTchalenko (1970)(19'0) using wetLet clay. In the region betweenbetLeen the canyon mouth and the Low0oL Granitexranite ^illsHills is a triangular-shapedtriangular5shaped wedgeLedge (Photo 3.4)I.Q) about 4Q 9mkm long and N2 km9m wide.Lide. This Ledgewedge appears to have been downfaulteddoLnfaulted into a tensional Donezone

Lithinwithin the shear system. The pattern formed by the splays and the downfaulteddoLnfaulted wedgeLedge are suggestive of right-lateral,right5lateral, stri9e5slipstrike-slip faulting. 30

n % . r> ' %'°U 'n.ivi

^0'-'^:£ .Myi t '.■g r r^i

V:;. >

j JTr V .^:;:^-f'

PHOTOP^kTk 3.3.I.I. xrapevineGrapevine Canyon fault cutting Hunter^unter Mountain quartDquartz monzonitemonDonite.. Note highly crushed roc9rock in center and left portions of photoph oto gradinggradinq into intact roc9rock at the right sisidede of the photo.

~nntPnntosns I.73. S and I.X3.6 are aerial photos 5i,owshoLing1ng several details of thistiis portionporti nn of theti,e faultf au lt Done.zone. PhotoPh oto 3.I.7 5 is a north5loo9ingnorth-looking viewvieL along the stri9es tri k? of the main fault Done.zone. TheTh e steepness of the scarp

1sIS partly due to ststream earn erosion alnngalong its base. wecauseBecause the scarp is probablyrrobably too highh~g h ((1715 to NI23 m) to have been formed by a single earthquake,earthqua9e, it is assumed that stream erosion has removed evidenceevidence of multiple events. ScarpSrarp heights, but not profiles wereLere measured at three loclocations.ations . TLoTwo of thesethe~e locations and their scarp heights (17(15 and 23NI m) are shownshoLn on the photo. 31

PHOTOUnivi 3.4.ersr tyofNadRVertica1 aeria1dyoNdR cDmfmphoto ofmh SmlfDyoVsouthern yVgend ofmh ,dRNVySa1ine tdRRyIVa11ey SDmCNVushowing downfaugmCVhdlRfyg1ted foNdVulRdotriangu1ar wedgeCyguy dVgand AdNVmain tracefoday ofmh thefDy GrapbodcypNVyevine CanyonqdVImV hdlRffau1t zone.PmVyr

PhotoUDmfm 3.6erJ isNS andV ydSfTRmmZNVueast -1 ooking viewpNyC takenfdZyV dfat roNuDfight adVuRySng 1es fmto fDythe SfoNZystrike ofmh fDythe fau1thdlRf PmVyrzone. MVIn adddggNfNmVition fm to thefDy severalSypyodR surfaceSlohday ruptures,olcfloyS1 ad RNuDflight amRmoyg1co1ored, circaNoalRdoular areadoyd canadV 9ybe seenSyyV nearVydo fDythe photocDmfm center.ayVfyor vDNSThis aNoalRdocircular areadoyd containsamVfdNVS fDythe lRdalSfoNVyac ustrine SygNAyVfSsedime nts shownSDmCV NVin PhotoUDmfm 3er8r.7 . vDyThe sedimentsSygNAyVfS containamVfdNV ad carboado9mVdaymlSnaceous 1ayerRdIyo fDdfthat mayAdI be9y su1taSlNfd0y ' e hmofor datinggdfNVu anddVg alsodRSm tuffaceousflhhdaymlS mAdfyoNdRateria1 apparentlydccdoyVfRI rlerivedgyoNpyg fromhomA fDythe flhhtuff 9ygbed atdf GrapevinebodcypNVy Pass.UdSSr ThesevDySy sedimentsSygNAyVfS mayAdI 9ybe shore1ineSDmoyRNVy gycmSNfSdeposits representingoycoySyVfNVu fDythe highDNuD SfdVgstand mhof ad cRlpNdRp1uvial RdZy1lake, but9lf fDNSthis SyyASseems unlikelylVRNZyRI duegly tofm f;yt:·e yRypdfNmVelevation (945.5sL m)Aw anddVg fDythe lackRdaZ ofmh othermfDyo 1acustrineRdalSfoNVy featureshydfloyS dfat similarSNANRdo e1evationsyRypdfNmVS NVin fDythe pdRRyIrva lley . vDySyThese depositsgycmSNfS doyare lRmadfygocated Amoymore fDdVthan 600JHH Am aboved9mpy fDythe ,dRNVySa1ine tdRRyIValley cRdIdrp1aya. Consequent1y,qmVSyMlyVfRI1 fDythe SygNAyVfSsediments com9d9RIprobab1y representoycoySyVf 1oca1izedRmadRNPyg cmVgNVuponding duegly fmto hdlRfNVufaulting moor othermfDyo adlSyScauses inNV fDythe downfau1tedgmCVhdlRfyg foNdVulRdotriangu1ar zonePmVy describedgySaoN9yg ydoRNyoear1ier dVgand shownSDmCV inNV PhotoUDmfm 3.4.ersr 32

mB wm:mM^---m

D ^ r kr ?i fti #5# ;:'y-^;-

6p 0O mE UniviPHOTO 3.erLr 5. AerialxyoNdR viewpNyC dRmVualong thefDy SfoNZystrike ofmh thefDy bodcypNVyGrapevine CanyonqdVImV hdlR^NPmVyfaul zone inNV thefDy southeSmlfDyoVr n cmofNmVportion ofmh ,dRNVySaline tdRRyIrValley. Vi~wtNyC fmto nVmofDrorth . Pmfy Note hdlRff aul t Sadoc scarp heights.DyNuDfSr

UDmfmPhoto 3.erI 8 NSis ad southwestSmlfDCySfTRmmZNVu- looking viewpNyC mhof thefDy LowQmC bodVNfyGranite HillsnNRRS shoSDm7XNVu11in g sevSypyodReral cdodRRyRpa ra ll el hdlRffault traces.fodaySr MVIn thefDy cDmfmph oto ,tNf dccydoSappears fDdfthat fDythe DNRRShills mayAdI be9y lRdouyar~e RdVgSRNgylandsl ide blocks9RmaZS degyfdaDygtached homAfrom fmcmuodcDNadRRItopographically higherDNuDyo QyyLee Flat."Rdfr ,RNgNVu1Sliding, however,DmCypyo1 NSis com9d9RI pro bably mVRIonly ad amVfoN9lfNVuco ntributing factor.hdafmor vDyThe faulthdlRf cdffyoVpattern anddVg morphologyAmocDmRmuI ofmh thefDy LowQmC GbodVNfyranite HillsnNRRS 33

:mm \4*■4Wi^isHsite PHOTOUnivi ers3.6.r tyofNaAerial dfyRview NcoDmmacross thehSy GrapevineloNVydfgy Canyon,NgIDg faultCNuah ADgyzone infg mDuhSyogsouthern VDohfDgportion ofDC SalinebNafgy pNaayIrValley. ViewpfyR hDto East.qNmhr PDhyNote faultCNuah traces.hoNcymr

muJJymhsuggest thathSNh hSyIthey wereRyoy TyhNcSyTdetached fromCoDZ thehSy escarpmentymcNoVZygh MDoTyofgJbordering Lee1yy 9aNhFlat X andNgT hSythe PyamDgNelson Range8NgJy NgTand hoNgmVDohyTtransported southeastwardmDuhSyNmhRNoT alongNaDgJ VNoNaayaparallel ofJSh0gDoZNa;right-normal. oblique-slipDMaf.uy0mafV CNuahmrfaults. tA schematicmcSyZNhfc coDmm0mychfDgcross-section ofDC hSythe 1DRLow GraniteloNgfhy Hillsnfaam andNgT PyamDgNelson Range8NgJy fmis mSDRgshown infg 9fJuoyFigure 3.3.erer 9fJuoyFigure 3.4er5 mSDRmshows thehSy inferredfgCyooyT DofJfgorigin CDofor thehSy 1DRLow loNgfhyGranite nfaamHills andNgT otherDhSyo featuresCyNhuoym atNh thehSy southmDuhS endygT ofDC SalinebNafgy pNaayIrValley. Geometrically,lyDZyhofcNaaI; hSythe DofJfgorigin ofDC thehSy Low1DR GraniteloNgfhy Hillsnfaam NVVyNomappears hDto Mybe · · --aLN cDZMfgNhfDgcombination DCof northwest-southeastgDohSRymh0mDuhSyNmh mhofwy0mafVstrike-slip CNuahfgJfaulting andNgT gDohSyNmh0mDuhSRymhnortheast-southwest extensionyHhygmfDg andNgT mayZNI Mybe oyaNhyTrelated hDto thehSy formationCDoZNhfDg ofDC SalinebNafgy pNaayIrValley. SuchbucS TyCDoZNhfDgdeformation isfm cDgmfmhyghconsistent RfhSwith Cfomh0DoTyofirst-order 8fyTyaRiedel 34

MDk 6r fm,' 0L ; O m C w.50M

T NVTst 0 T ' Oo 0 Nr r 001j OTNt 0x^ PHOTOUnivi er83.7 .r LacustrineQdalSfoNVy sedimentsSygNAyVfS dRmVualong tracefoday ofmh fDythe bodcypNVyGrapevine qdVImVCanyon hdlRff aul t PmVyrzone. vDyThe SygNAyVfSsediments doyare uoyyVNSDgreenish coloredamRmoyg siltSNRf dVgand hNVyfi ne SdVgrsand . vDyThe ado9mVdaymlScarbonaceous layerRdIyo caadVn 9ybe seenSyyV fmto fDythe Ryhfleft mh0f fDythe hamme~DdAAyOY head.Dydgr sheSDydoNVuaring assoc1~t~ddSSmaNdfyg CNfDwi t h fDythe UdVdANVfPa namint tdRRyITbodcypNVyVal le y-Grap evi ne CaqdVImVny on hdlRffault s PmVyrzone . RiedUNygyRel ~SDydoNVuhe aring adVca n alsodRSm exp.ainyZcRdNV fDythe gmCVhdlRfyg1do wn faulted , triangular-foNdVulRdo8 shapedSDdcyg SyuAyVfsegm ent .UDmfm(Ph oto 3.4ers anddVg Figure"Nuloy erLw3. 5) be9yfCyyVtwe en fDythe LowQmC bodVNfyGranite nNRRSHills dVgand AmlfDmout h ofmh bodcypNVyGrap ev ine CaqdVImVnyo n fDdfthat CdSwas gySaoN9ygdescribed ydoRNyorearlier .

vmcmuodcDNaTopograph ic oyamVSfolafNmVrec on struction ofmh fDythe QmCLow GbodVNfyrani te nNRRSHills SluuySfSsuggests 9yfCyyVbetween 7008HH anddVg JHHH2000 Am ofmh stSfoNZyTSRNcrike- s l ip disgNScRdayAyVfplacement anddVg approximatelydccomZNAdfyRI 2500JLHH Am mhof VmofDydSfnortheast extensyZfyVSNmVri on . ThevDy sSfoNZyTSRNc t rike-s li p displacementgNScRdayAyVf isNS 9dSygbased mVon thefDy dccdoyVfapparent matchingAdfaDNVu ofmh mhhSyfoffset SfoydASrstreams. vDyThe extensionalyZfyVSNmVdR displace-gNScRday8 AyVfment NSis based9dSyg mVon fDythe cmSNfNmVposition ofmh thefDy PyRSmVNel son RangeUdVuy relativeoyRdfNpy fmto fDythe cmSNfNmVposition mhof fDythe LowQmC bodVNfyGranite Hills.nNRRSr 35

UniviPHOTO 3.8.erIr xyoNdRAerial pNyCview ofmh fDythe LowQmC GranitebodVNfy nNRRSHills CNfDwi t h fDythe PyRSmVNelson UdVuyRange fmto southSmlfD (l.Ryhfweft ) anddVg QyyLee "RdfFlat inNV 9daZuomlVgrbackground. tNyCView fmto CySfrwest . PmfyNote locationsRmadfNmVS ofmh scarpSadoc comhNRySprofiles UM1Pl, PUJ12, P3,Ue1 anddVg UsrP4.

"dlRfFault Sadocscarp comhNRySprofiles Pl,UM1 P2,UJ1 UeP3 anddVg P4Us (."NuloyFigure 9rRB. l ofmh Appendix)xccyVgNZw wereCyoy measuredAydSloyg dfat fDythe SmlfDyoVsouthern yVgend ofmh fDythe LowQmC bodVNfyGranite nNRRSHills .URdfy(Plate erJ13.2, UDmfmPhoto 3.8).erIwr vDySyThese comhNRySprofiles indicateNVgNadfy da VmoAdRTSRNcnormal-sl i p amAcmVyVfcomponent ofmh approximatelydccomZNAdfyRI 50LH m.Ar 9ypyRSBevels onmV profilecomhNRy UeP3 NVgNadfyindicate fDdfthat fDyoythere Ddpyhave been9yyV atdf leastRydSf fDoyythree anddVg cyoDdcSperhaps hNpyfive ormo Amoymore cyoNmgSperiods ofmh lcRNhfruplift. ThevDy SadocSscarps wereCyoy hmoAygformed inNV fDythe crushedaolSDyg graniticuodVNfNa omaZrock fDdfthat isNS characteristicaDdodafyoNSfNa ofmh fDythe LowQmC bodVNfyGranite Hills.nNRRSr Ax adRNaDyThNRRygcaliche-filled faulthdlRf NVin ImlVuyoung SfoydAstream aDdVVyRchannel depositsgycmSNfS approximatelydccomZNAdfyRI 1° ZAkm southwestSmlfDCySf ofmh fDythe comhNRyprofile RmadfNmVSlocations 36

hgofNy 0

NE LSON R ANG£

LOW GRANITE HIL LS

"FIGUH[Mb#U' ere3.3.r Schematic,aDyAdfNa aomSSTSyafNmVcross- section ofmh fDyttw QmCLow LrbodVNfyc1n1l1 · 1•NRRS111 1<. <..SRNmCNAkhov,111 '.) m9RNMlyTSRNcoblique-s lip motionAmfNmV alongdRmVu odVuyr·an

w w

...... , ...... ,

VALLCY VALLCY . .

PAHJ&MIHT PAHJ&MIHT tT3

ZONE ZONE

Valley T T ID

UL C

CAHY'ON CAHY'ON Saline Saline

M[ M[ I OO

R R

MOUNTAIN MOUNTAIN

of of

TE TE N N 8RAP£V T3

i.J C H

d> end sz

“ 3 O

i/> SOJth

QJes at

atur

. .

D D

l l fe

EN VALLEY VALLEY p, p, 3 •M

SOUTH SOUTH

'.it1mn

tructura

SALINE SALINE

1 1 .. ..

O of

0PfH ;:: ;::

1 c

VALLfY VALLfY TO TO cn

S- origin origin

SAUlltf SAUlltf o MOTIO" MOTIO" X) (L

RANGE RANGE U

Inferred Inferred

SON SON

NE . .

ro3.4 UJ or r)

C3 FIGURE FIGURE 38

a0fp0P k r i' 1 O0 O

P~CJTO_J..:_~.Univi er5r CalqdRNaDyThNRRygi c he-filled hdlRffault NVin CdRRwall ofmh streamSfoydA chanaDdVVyRrnel. NoPmfy t e ,lohdaysurface offsemhhSyft anddVg chaaDdVuynge ofmh dipgNc ofmh sedimPntsSygNAyVfSr. Younger)mlVuyo SPd1SygNAyVfSrrients cnve,·aVpyo RmCyolo1·1er portcmofNmVion nfmh hrpNRfrL1 •11t. HammerndAAyo DisS onmV iNT0hf ·' f t "'rlyguy q e omh f fhdlRf au l cRdVyrJ 1 ,. n e .

M, Amgyo MfTY’ I C° o ORmpy Rmcyg Nf fDy Rmu Ag 9dSy mh fNOy Sadoc1 Dlf Vmf mV fVy Sadoc hda°r qoymSmfy 9lSDyS fDdf foy amAAmV mV fDy lVgNSflo9yg dRRlpNdR f vN Slohdoy TVpy Vmf OTyTySfd9 ° NSDym fDyASyRpyS mV fDy Sadoc hdayfaC"'.r

';cSadoca,-p prcomhNRyo fil e V22P22 ,%"Nuloy F i ,:w r.:i i.ler°r. 1. PlatURdfye> 2.2']3 . 2 1 1va'>CdS AydSloygneasured approxi-dccomZN8 matelAdfyRIy HrJ 0 . 5 kmZA northwPstVmofDCySf omh f PU0Rr'! . Thi'>vDNS Sadocscarµ haDdSs Jd vPrticpyofNadRal gNScRdayd1~ o lace-8 mentZygh ofDC 16°J Am fDdfthat maalooygoccurred duri,1ggloNVu hmlofour fmt o SNZsix evenypyVfSrt s . ThevDy minimumANVNAlA duyage ofmh thefDy AmSfmos t oyayVfrecent ypyVfevent NSis c1boutd9mlf JIH280 IydoS1years, llased9dSyg onmV *dRRdayOSWal lace's correlationamooyRdfNmV curvealopy ."NulNOy(Figu1·e srswr'1 . 4 ) . ThevDy scarpSadoc waCdSs hmoAygformed 111■V thefDy saSdAyme materialAdfyoNdR asdS profilcomhNRye P21UJ°r.

,. 39

b' t tr h O O nZ; O

PHOTOUnivi 3.10.er°Hr "dlRfFault Sadocscarp AydSloygmeasured hmofor comhNRyprofile P21.UJ°r ViewtNyC tofm southSmlfD alongdRmVu GrapevinebodcypNVy CanyonqdVImV hdlRffault zone.PmVyr "dlRfFault continuesamVfNVlyS throughfDomluD VmfaDySnotches inNV skyline.SZIRNVyr

ProfileUomhNRy P20UJH (Figure."Nuloy B.l,9rR1 PlatesURdfyS 3.erJ 2 dVgand 3.erew3) CdSwas AydSloygmeasured adR0lf ut L5 kmZA northwestVmofDCySf mhof UJJrP22. ThevDy totalfmfdR verticalpyofNadR displacementgNScRdayAyVf ofmh eH30 mA maalooygoccurred duringgloNVu dfat leastRydSf fourhmlo events.ypyVfSr xA Vydo9Inearby SfoydAstream channelaDdVVyR indi-NVgN8 catesadfyS thatfDdf thefDy scarpSadoc CdSwas formedhmoAyg inNV fDNVthin alluviumdRRlpNlA anddVg colluviumamRRlpNlA over-mpyoT lyingRINVu ad shallowSDdRRmC 9ygomaZbedrock faulthdlRf inNV crusaolSDyghed graniticuodVNfNa rock.omaZr vDyThe minimumANVNAlA duyage gyfyoANVygdetermined homAfrom thefDy Sadocscarp dVuRyangle AdImay 9ybe ANSRydgNVumisleading 9yadlSybecause thefDy Sadocscarp angledVuRy mayAdI oycoySyVfre present crushedaolSDyg graniticuodVNfNa rockomaZ ratherodfDyo thanfDdV moreAmoy easilyydSNRI erodedyomgyg alluviumdRRlpNlA dVgand amRRlpNlArcolluvium .

XNYO 40

UDmfmSPhotos er°°13.11, 3.er°J112, anddVg 3.er°e13 Cyoywere takenfdZyV 1.5°rL kmZA northwestVmofDCySf mhof San,dV LucasQladS CanyonqdVImV (Plate.URdfy erewr3. 3). vDySyThese cDmfmSphotos dVgand aerialdyoNdR UDmfmPhoto er°s3. 14 showSDmC hdlRfygfaulted lacustrineRdalSfoNVy silt,SNRf1 SdVgsand anddVg graveluodpyR atdf andV elevationyRypdfNmV ofmh 610J°H mA exposedyZcmSyg alongdRmVu da SDdRRmCshallow odVuyrange fronthomVf graben.uod9yVr ThevDy unconsolidated,lVamVSmRNgdfyg1 greenish-grayuoyyVNSDTuodI beds9ygS aredoy dfat RydSfleast I8 A m thickfDNaZr. ThevDy uodpyRgravel rangesodVuyS fromhomA sub-roundedSl9TomlVgyg tofm welCyRRTomlVgygrl -rounded. Averagexpyoduy diametergNdAyfyo mhof fDythe gravelsuodpyRS NSis aboutd9mlf 2JrL.5 aArcm. vDyThe 9ygSbeds SfoNZystrike PJH>'N20 °E anddVg dipgNc Js>*r24 °W.

0 ;0

i&if 1 00

PHOTOUnivi 3.11.er°°r Right-lateralUNuDfTRdfyodR offsetsmhhSyfS NVin unconsolidatedlVamVSmRNgdfyg shorelineSDmoyRNVy gycmSNfSdeposits alongdRmVu fodaytrace mhof GrapevinebodcypNVy qdVImVCanyon hdlRffault PmVy1zone. tNyCView fmto easydSfrt. 41

»’5s mm^

d60 rIQ0; \.‘^Jt^M. >''v» T«1 W

UniviPHOTO 3.er°J 12. r (mCVTSfoNZy1Down-strike, VmofDTRmmZNVunorth- looki ng vpNyCiew mhof hdlRfygfaul t ed degycmSNfSposits shSDmCVown NVin UDmfmPhot o 3.er°°r11 .

So,mAyme ofmh fDythe 9ygSbeds aredoy DNuDRIhi gh ly flhhdaymlSrt uff aceo us. ThevDy wCyRRell omlVgygro un ded tuffaceousflhhdaymlS AdfyoNdRmat er i al CdSwas com9d9RIprobably derivgyoNpyged fhomA r om fDythe flhhtuff 9ygSbeds atdf GrapevinebodcypNVy UdSSrPass . qdRadoymlSCalcareous materialAdfyoNdR amdfScoats anddVg RmadRRIlocally cayAyVfSements fDythe lacustrineRdalSfoNVy gycmSNfSdepos i ts anddVg dRSmalso omaZrock hoduAyVfSfragments derivedgyoNpyg homAfrom fDythe dgkdayVfadjacent odVuyrange homVffront scarp.Sadocr ThevDy scarpSadoc dVgand cmofNmVSportions mhof fDythe RdalSfoNVylacustrine sedimentsSygNAyVfS containamVfdNV calcareousadRadoymlS gycmSNfSdep osits oySyA9RNVuresembling lacustrineRdalSfoNVy flhdrtufa. nmCypyo1However, sinceSNVay fDythe scarpSadoc isNS NVin calcareousadRadoymlS omaZrock Nfit isNS Vmfnot clearaRydo Nhif fDythe cal-adR8 careousadoymlS AdfyoNdRmaterial CdSwas depositedgycmSNfyg inNV da RdalSfoNVylacustrine yVpNomVAyVfenvironment ormo CdSwas SNAcRIsimply leachedRydaDyg homAfrom fDythe bedrock9ygomaZ dVgand oygycmSNfygredeposited inNV fDythe SygNAyVfSrsediments. 42

■0 r t O 7 j okZ ' O 1 ■ rr r L k k s tv 076mr K-’^'-'3s 0 P0

X0i

UniviPHOTO er°er3.13. qRmSyTlcClose-up pNyCview mhof lVamVSmRNgdfygunconsolidated sedimentsSygNAyVfS NVin hdlRffault PmVyrzone.

UDmfmPhoto er°°3.11 NSis dVan eydSf1ast, gmCVSRmcydownsl ope pNyCview mhof fDythe hdlRfygfaulted sSygNAyVfSrediments . UNuDfTRdfyodR1Right-lateral, stSfoNZyTSRNcr ike-slip mhhSyfSoffsAts doyare aRydoRIclear ly pNSN9Ryvisi ble NVin fDythe 0oydAream dRNuVAyVfSralignments. UyamVSfolafNmVReconstruction mhof fDythe SfoydAstream offsetsmhhSyfS NVgNadfySindi cates gNScRdaydisplace-8 AyVfSments mhof J12, 817, 10,°H1 J°121, 14,°s1 JH20 anddVg JJ22 Arm. vDyThe fmfdRto ta 1 alAlRdfNpycumulative gNSdis-8 cRdayAyVfplacement NSis dSSlAygassumed fmto 9ybe JJ22 Am CNfDwith fDythe SAdRRyosmaller gNScRdayAyVfSdisplacements oycoyrepre-8 SyVfNVusenting NVfyoAygNdfyintermediate offsets.mhhSyfSr MVgNpNgldRIndividual mhhSyfSoffsets dccydoappear fmto odVuyrange homAfrom J2 fmto cyoDdcSperhaps 87 Arm. UDmfmSPhotos er°J3.12 dVgand er°s3. 14 SDmCshow fDdfthat fDythe RdalSfoNVylacustrine gycmSNfSdeposits doyare alfcut 9Iby da SAdRRsmall odVuyrange homVffront uod9yVgraben fDdfthat hmoASforms da SyuAyVfsegment mhof fDythe bodcypNVyGrapevine qdVImVCanyon hdlRffault ADgyrzone. MVIn dggNfNmVaddition fmto fDythe gNScRdaygdisplaced RdalSfoNVylacustrine gycmSNfS1deposits, hSyoythere Noyare VlAyomlSnumerous pyofNadRvertical dVgand RdfyodRlateral mhhSyfSoffsets dRmVualong fDythe hdlRfrfault .

.. 43

0dM; V, MTr;X rr O0O000Y {^fpSi r^ L -"i TOYp p O0 O O 7 7

OO0■ 0,rND '.•^J " x f XMr%rr

;» T0 LN0 0 O 0 ^ 'm-kL r' k fi/' r pN0

UniviPHOTO 3.14.er°sr tyofNadRVertical aerialdyoNdR cDmfmphoto ofmh fDythe northernVmofDyoV SyuAyVfsegment mhof fDythe bodcypNVyGrapevine qdVImVCanyon hdlRffault zone.PmVyr PmfyNote odVuyhomVfrangefront grabenuod9yV associateddSSmaNdfyg CNfDwith lacustrineRdalSfoNVy deposits.gycmSNfSr

ThesevDySy offsetsmhhSyfS includeNVaRlgy suchSlaD hydfloySfeatures dSas folVadfygtruncated spurs,ScloS1 hdlRfygfaulted alluvialdRRlpNdR gycmSNfSdeposits dVgand offsetmhhSyf streamSfoydA aDdVVyRSrchannels . ThevDy mouthAmlfD ofmh ,dVSan LucasQladS qdVImVCanyon AdImay 9ybe mhhSyfoffset VydoRInearly 1° ZAkm NVin ad oNuDfTRdfyodRright-lateral senseSyVSy dRmVualong SypyodRseveral cdodRRyRparallel faultshdlRfS .UDmfm(Photo er°swr3.14). ,NANRdoSimilar offsetsmhhSyfS adVcan 9ybe SyyVseen inNV othermfDyo streamSfoydA aDdVVyRchannel alignmentsdRNuVAyVfS alongdRmVu fDNSthis zone.PmVyr InMV general,uyVyodR1 thefDy 44

cdffyoVpattern ofmh hdlRfNVufaulting isNS similarSNANRdo tofm thatfDdf describedgySaoN9yg inNV thefDy LowQmC GranitebodVNfy nNRRSHills region,oyuNmV1 yZaycfexcept fDdfthat majorAdkmo extensionalyZfyVSNmVdR hydfloySfeatures aredoy Vmfnot coySyVfrpresent. xRSm1Also, thefDy hdlRffault zonePmVy isNS AlaDmuch narrowerVdoomCyo thanfDdV inNV thefDy QmCLow GranitebodVNfy HillsnNRRS segmentSyuAyVf anddVg thefDy vpyofNadRertical displacementgNScRdayAyVf duegly fmto thfDye DNVuyhinge faultinghdlRfNVu isNS AlaDmuch uoydfyorgreater. UDmfmPhoto 3.15er°L CdSwas takenfdZyV Vydonear thefDy locationRmadfNmV ofmh Sadocscarp comhNRyprofile U°IPl8 ."Nuloy(Figure 9rR1B.l, URdfyPlate erewr3.3). vDyThe cDmfmphoto SDmCSshows anomalouslydVmAdRmlSRI steepSfyyc digNccNVupping hdVuRmAyodfySfanglomerates .NVin contactamVfdaf withCNfD AlaDmuch sSDdRRmCyohallower gNccNVfwdippinq modernAmgyoV caDdVVyRhannel

dcgycmSNfSrpn ":> its . TilvDyl' modf'rnAmgyoV aDdVVyRch,1nm~I g.cl <'°pncmS\ 1N l'MS, clgNciµ c,SRNuDfRIl1qlll. ly ·.lO1RoOh\Vh ,·•·p, ·,· #NrNVLl1 ,111 LIi,QflO~

s4"< fmto JY6" uyVyodRRIyenerally hmlVgfound mVun AdkmornJjo1· ddRRlpNdRlluv1JI fdVSt ,HI '. , NV111 'n'.> .i.l1iver1 , V.illtrNRRYI,· y

(Figure."Nuloy B.4a,9rsd1 B.411).9rsDwr ThvDye dipgNc ofmh ffNythe LlflghdVuRmAyodfySlom er·,it11 s ,dVgrn il SfoydA,, 1., ·1•,un cafNdVVyRl1 ann PI depositsgycmSNfS SDmCVshown inNV PhotUDmfmo er°L3.15 indNVgNadfySicates thatfDdf thfDyIey ardoye 9yNVube in ~J fNRfygtilted fmto thefDy northeast.VmofDydSfr Such,laD fNRfNVutilting couldamlRg 9ybe causedadlSyg 9Iby couamlcRNVupling 9yfCyyVbetween fDythe upliftinglcRNhfNVu InyoMVIm •mlVfdNVMountain block9RmaZ anddVg gmCVgomccNVudowndropping Saline,dRNVy tdRRyIValley 9RmaZrblock. However,nmCypyo1 Bachman9daDAdV (1974).°58sw reportedoycmofyg fDdfthat fNRfNVutilting ofmh fDythe Waucobi*dlam9N QdZyLake 9ygSbeds anddVg othermfDyo ypNgyVayevidence NVin iCyVSOwens ValleytdRRyI indicatesNVgNadfyS CySfCdogwestward fNRfNVutilting ofmh fDythe oTO MVImInyo •mlVfdNVMountain 9RmaZrblock. ThisvDNS dccdoyVfapparent discrepancygNSaoycdVaI adVcan be9y resolvedoySmRpyg Nhif stepSfyc hdlRfSfaults doyare ^ presentcoySyVf alongdRmVu fDythe ydSfeast hRdVZflank (Saline.,dRNVy tdRRyIValley side)SNgyw ofmh fDythe MVImInyo Moun-•mlV8 tains.hNfgmr Uplift#cRNhf ofDC fDythe AmlfdNVmoutain YamoyY"core" RDuaTwould adlSycause draggodu alongdRmVu thefDy Sfycstep faultshdlRfS dVgand steepeningSfyycyVNVu mhof fDythe originalmoNuNVdR hdVuRmAyodfyfanglomerate gNcSdips ."Nuloy(Figure 3.5).erLwr Bachman9daDAdV (1974).°58sw oycmofygreported andV lcRNhfuplift rateodfy ofmh HrL0.5 mA cyoper 1000°HHH yrIo hmofor fDythe White-Inyo*DNfyTMVIm •mlVfdNVSMountains forhmo ad totalfmfdR mhof dccomZNAdfyRIapproximately 1250°JLH mA gloNVuduring fDythe lastRdSf JTe2-3 m.yArIr. ,laDSuch lcRNhfuplift canadV accountdaamlVf forhmo thefDy increasedNVaoydSyg fanglomeratehdVuRmAyodfy dVgand streamSfoydA aDdVVyRchannel gNcSdips ;longdRmVu fDythe westCySf sideSNgy mhof Saline,dRNVy ValltdRRyIrey. 45

lllf'''iil^S

w- ' ■.

»p^'?- TD0jOrN

O Y 0rO 0

■ NN;1 -L. O0r

lRD>HlniviQer°LrJTO 3 . 15. OldiRg steepSfyycTgNccNVu- dipping hdVuRmAyodfySfanglomerates inNV contactamVfdaf CNfDwith shallow-SDdRRmC8 dippinggNccNVu youngerImlVuyo caDdVVyRhannel depositsgycmSNfSr. tNyCView fmto VmofDrnorth.

ProfUomhNRyile ?19°5 OUTrMloy, r: . 'l,lr"P f3.l9rN1, ?l.:ibRdoyS.e., 3.ere 3 dVgr1nd 3.ersw 4 ) CdS1'/dS mAydSloygea sured approxdccomZNAdfyi matPl;RI Rr,- ~ ZA rVmofDCySf or hwe s t 1fmh PIUM9A mVon ad J 2 ZAkm RmVulong hdlRffault Sadocscarp ! c,SfOTNZrVut,· i k . ng VydoRIne;i ! y ;--cyocyVg~rpenr1 N1c al,11 N doAi- tfm o fDythe rangeodVuy homVfrfront . vDyThe scarpSadoc isNS aboutd9mlf

7.8r— S ,N%N:, DNuDhigh dVgand w.jCdS s hmoAyg·,) ri~r> ,i '.)9Iy Jtkf IRydSfP.as t fDoyythree ypyVfSrevents. ThevDy orientationmoNyVfdfNmV mh'.) f fDyhe scSadocarp ,TOM-, ,JDRdfNpma~t vP tfmr:, fmy·w royAdNVgyo ern31nder ofmh fDythe bodcypNVyGrapevine CanyonqdVImV hdlRffault zPmVy,) ne suggestsSluuySfS fDdftriat tfDy he '>r.SadocMp 1-;NS ::Jglyue fmto fyVSNmVdRtensional hdNRloyfailure withinCNfDNV fDythe rioNuDfTRdfyodRght-l at eral RiUNygyRedel SDydoshear· SISfyAsystem mhof fDythe GrbodcypNVyap evine qdVImVCanyon faulthdlRf zone.PmVyr

However,nmCypyo1 fDythe Sadocscarp AdImay adRSmlso be9y relaoyRdfygted fmto fDythe Adkmomajor tensionfyVSNmV udSDgash grabenuod9yV yZfyVgNVuextending intoNVfm ,dRNVyS~li ne tdRRyIValley homAfrom LeeQyy Flat"Rdf (Photo.UDmfm 3er°8w . 17) fDdfthat isNS discussedgNSalSSyg inNV laterRdfyo SyafNmVSrsections. 46

UDmfmPhoto 3.16er°J showsSDmCS reddish-stainedoyggNSDTSfdNVyg fanglomeratehdVuRmAyodfy inNV hdlRffault amVfdafcontact RfhSwith shearedSDydoyg andNgT crushedaolSDyg uodVNfNagranitic rock.omaZr ThevDy viewpNyC isNS fmto thefDy southeastSmlfDydSf daomSSacross thefDy mouthAmlfD mhof Daisy(dNSI qdVImVCanyon Vydonear fDythe abandonedd9dVgmVyg fodACdIrtramway. ThevDy fanglomeratehdVuRmAyodfy NSis ad smallSAdRR horstDmoSf 9yfCyyVbetween downfaultedgmCVhdlRfyg ,dRNVySaline ValleytdRRyI anddVg ad uod9yVgraben alongdRmVu fDythe InyoMVIm •mlVfdNVSMountains odVuyhomVfrrangefront. vDyThe smallSAdRR odVuyrange fronthomVf uod9yVgraben isNS locatedRmadfyg nearVydo fDythe NVfyoSyafNmVintersection mhof Saline,dRNVy ValleytdRRyI anddVg ad Adkmomajor VmofDCySfTSmlfDydSfnorthwest-southeast trendingfoyVgNVu graben.uod9yVr ThevDy majorAdkmo uod9yVgraben isNS SDmCVshown NVin PhotoUDmfm er°83.17 anddVg 3.18.er°Ir ThevDy grabenuod9yV yZfyVgSextends intoNVfm Saline,dRNVy ValleytdRRyI homAfrom LeeQyy F"Rdflat anddVg formshmoAS thefDy CySfyoVwestern 9mogyoborder ofmh thefDy pdRRyIrval ley. T~isvDNS oySlRfSresults NVin godAdfNadramatic aDdVuyScha nges NVin fDythe SDdcyshape ofmh ,dRNVySaline ValleytdRRyI andVgd fDythe moNyVfdfNmVorientation mhof

PHOTOUnivi 3.16.er°Jr ViewpfyR acrossdaomSS AmlfDmouth DCof jNfmIDaisy ,NgIDgCanyon showingmSDRfgJ CNgJaDZyoNhymfanglomerates inNV faulthdlRf contactamVfdaf withCNfD aolSDygcrushed graniticuodVNfNa omaZrrock. ViewpfyR tohD SmlfDydSfrsoutheast. 47

DIP OF DEPOSIT

INCREASED 0 1 P DUE TO DRAG

Vb#U'QerFIGURE 3.5.Jr StN~,fmmcmVNVupcn ing mhof moNuNVkRor-iginJl hf ,rNVuRmAmorn'1lnm 1'r1l1• NRm NRNcT0illfl '... 1,yfwI ft ,1Nl11 1 °°lt gfdrag. dur

fDythe GbodcypNVyrapevine CaqdVImVnyon hdlRffau lt PmVyrzone . ,mlfDSo uth mhof fDythe (_Juod9yVr·dl)t'rl fDyUw 1RdlRf,rn lt zonePmVy stSfoNZySrikes VmofDCySfTSmlfDydSf1northwes t -southeas t, 9lfhut VmofDnorth ofmh t hefDy uod9yVgratwn fDytti0 PmVyznn0 sSfoNZyStrikes VmofDTVmofDCySfTTSmlfDTSmlfDydSf%north-northwes t -- so uth-southeas t; ad changaDdVuye ofmh appdccomZNAdfyRIrox 1111 dt1~ ly 40sHYr" . ThevDy uod9yVgraben appearsdccydoS tofm representoycoySyVf ad Adkmomajor fyVSNmVtens i on udSDgash dSSmaNdfygas soc i at ed wiCNfDt h fDythe formationhmoAdfNmV ofmh Saline,dRNVy ValleytdRRyI anddVg fDythe Adkmomajor oNuDfTRdfyodR1r i ght-later a l, stSfoNZyTSRNcrike-sl ip hdlRffault zonesPmVyS ofmh thefDy oyuNmVrregion . ThisvDNS willCNRR 9ybe yZcRmoygexplored hlofDyofu r ther i nNV fDythe UyuNmVdRRegional vyafmVNaTectonic Model•mgyR section.SyafNmVr UomhNRyProfile U°JPl2 (Figure."Nuloy B.l,9rR1 URdfySPlates ere3.3 anddVg 3.4,ers1 UDmfmPhoto 3.erh0w~ ) CdSwas I. AydSloygmeasured dgkdayVfadjacent fmto Daisy(dNSI Canyon.qdVImVr vmfdRTotal pyofNadRvertical mhhSyfoffset isNS d9mlfabout eH30 Arm. vDyThe comhNRyprofile suggestsSluuySfS thatfDdf fDythe dRRlpNlAalluvium mayAdI 9ybe underlVgyoRdNVl ain 9Iby ad smallSAdRR 9ygomaZbedrock 9RmaZblock fDdfthat isNS 9yNVubeing omfdfygrotated anddVg detachedgyfdaDyg homAf r om fDythe mountainAmlVfdNV homVfrfront. ThevDy AdZNAlAmaximum SfyycVySSsteepness mhof thefDy Sadocscarp NVgNadfySindicates ad ANVNAlAminimum duyage mhof aboutd9mlf 30eH Ioryr. However,nmCypyo1 fDyoythere hav~Ddpy been9yyV Vmno oycmofSrepo r ts mhof Rdouylarge earthquakesydofDMldZyS inNV ,dRNVySaline tdRRyIValley forhmo atdf leastRydSf fDythe lastRdSf 120°JH Ioryr . ThisvDNS SluuySfSsuggests fDdfthat fDyoythere isNS o~lymVRI da thinfDNV pyVyyoveneer ofmh alluviumdRRlpNlA AdSZNVumas ki ng da stSfyyceep 9ygomaZbedrock fault,hdlRf1 fDdfthat fDythe scarpSadoc DdShas 9yyVbeen artifdofNhNaNdRRIicial ly steepenSfyycyVyged by9I 48sI

m hON r;\ W t f

V, 4

^ M \

r v'^/A'd

11cmI wZ

UPHOTOnivi er°83.17.r tyofNadRVe rtical aerialdyoNdR cDmfmp~olo mhof (dNSIDaisy CaqdVImVnyon doydarea showingSDmCNVu intersectNVfyoSyafNmVion ofmh GrapevbodcypNVyi ne CanyonqdVImV anddVg *ySfyoVWestern "omVfdRFrontal hdlRffau lt PmVySrzone s . PmfyNote gruod9yVaben enteringyVfyoNVu Saline,dRNVy tdRRyIValley fromhomA QyyLee "RdfrFl at.

yomSNmV1erosion, moor fDdfthat *dRRdayOSWal l~ce's (.°588w1977) ageduy ySfNAdfNmVes timation methodAyfDmg isNS NVdaalodfyinaccurate NVin fDNSthis oyuNmVrregion. vDyThe duyage gNSaoycyVaIdiscrepency isNS probablycom9d9RI ad amA9NVdfNmVcombinat i on ofmh alldRR ofmh fDySyrthese.

.. 49

jjC O O0

,or 0 W

\ \

PHOTOUnivi 3.18.er^Ur AerialtyofNa dfyRview ofDC JoNMyggraben yHhygTfgJextending CoDZfrom 1yyLee Flat9aNh fghDinto bNafgySaline pNaayIrValley. pfyRView tohD south.mDuhSr

SUMMARYbZ88t8J -0 GRAPEVINEl8tUqpXPq CANYON,tPJiP FAULT9tZ1v ZONE9iPq 1)^° ThisvSfm segmentmyJZygh ofDC hSythe UNgNZfghPanam i nt Valley-GrapevinepNaayI0loNVydfgy Canyon,NgIDg CNuahfault ADgyzone fmis yHVDmyTexposed forCDo aboutNMDuh 35e# kmwZ infg thehSy smhuTItudy NoyNrarea. 2) Atth thehSy mDuhSyogsouthern ygTend ofDC hSythe ADgyzone displacementTfmVaNcyZygh fmis VoyTDZfgNghaIpredomin?n tly ofJSh0aNhyoNa;right-lateral, mhofwy0mafVstrike-slip withRfhS cDZVNoNhfdyaIcomparat iv ely minorZfgDo dipTfV0mafV-slip motion.ZDhfDgr Atth thehSy gDohSyognorthern ygTend ofDC hSythe zoneADgy displacementTfmVaNcyZygh isfm Vofgprin-' cipallycfVNaaI dip-slip.TfV0mafVr ThisvSfm relationshipoyaNhfDgmSfV suggestsmuJJymhm thathSNh thehSy zoneADgy fmis aN combinationcDZMfgNhfDg DCof mhofwy0mafVstrike-slip CNuahfgJfaulting andNgT SfgJyhinge faultingCNuahfgJ withRfhS aN VfdDhpivot VDfgh point atNh nughyoHunter Mountain.8DughNfgr e°3) ThevSy VNhhyogpattern DCof faultCNuah ouVhuoymruptures infg hSythe oyJfDgregion MyhRyygbetween hSythe ZDuhSmouth ofDC loNVydfgyGrapevine Canyon,NgIDg andNgT hSythe Low1DR GraniteloNgfhy nfaamHills resultsoymuahm fromCoDZ aN combinationcDZMfgNhfDg DCof right-lateral,ofJSh0aNhyoNa; strike-slipmhofwy0mafV faultingCNuahfgJ NgTand 50

VmofDydSfTSmlfDCySfnortheast-southwest extension.yZfyVSNmVr Strike-slip,foNZyTSRNc displacementgNScRdayAyVf NSis ySfNAdfygestimated atdf 9yfCyyVbetween 8HH700 anddVg 2000JHHH Arm. ThevDy yZfyVSNmVextension mayAdI totalfmfdR JLHH2500 m.Ar sw4) #VamVSmRNgdfygUnconsolidated lacustrineRdalSfoNVy sedimentsSygNAyVfS Vydonear San,dV LucasQladS CanyonqdVImV AdImay NVgNadfyindicate uplc fmto JJ22 Am ofmh oyayVfrecent right-lateral,oNuDfTRdfyodR1 strike-slipSfoNZyTSRNc offset.mhhSyfr vDyThe AmlfDmouth ofmh San,dV LucasQladS CanyonqdVImV AdImay 9ybe offsetmhhSyf 9Iby asdS AlaDmuch asdS 1° ZArkm. vDNSThis segmentSyuAyVf mhof thfDye bodcypNVyGrapevine CanyonqdVImV hdlRffault zonePmVy isNS characterizedaDdodafyoNPyg by9I right-l~teral,oNuDfTRdfyodR1 strike-slipSfoNZyTSRNc hdlRfNVufaulting CNfDwith cmSSN9Rypossibl e ANVmominor yZfyVSNmVrextension .

Lw~) "moFo r· camVpyVNyVayonv enience inNV description,gySaoNcfNmV1 dVganll 9yadlSybi' CJU '> <' SfoNZyTSRNc~t,·i k( •-<, lrr hdlRfNVufa ull1ny dccydoSappe.-irs fmto fyoANVdfyterminate atdf fDNSthis cmNVf1point, fDythe GrapbodcypNVyevine C.qdVImVinyon faulthdlRf PmVyzone isNS consideredamVSNgyoyg lofm fyoANVdfyte rminate aldf (dNSIDai sy Canyon.qdVImVr xfAl fDNSthi s RmadfNmVlocation fDyoythere NSis dragodAdfNamati c aDdVuychanue NVin fDythe shdSDdcype ofmh SJ,dRNVyl1n e tdRRyIVall c·y dVgand thefDy SfIRystyle ofmh hdlRfNVurfaulting. vDyThe segmentSyuAyVf ofmh fDythe CySfyoVwe s tern 9mogyoborder faulthdlRf mhof Saline,dRNVy tdRRyIValley fmto fDythe VmofDnorth mhof (dNSIDaisy qdVImVCanyon NSis fDythe *ySfyoVWestern "omVfdRFrontal faulthdlRf PmVyrzone. 1oTOO

3.4ers *',v'UPWESTERN "UiPvxQFRONTAL "x#QvFAULT =iP'ZONE “ vDyThe Western*ySfyoV Frontal"omVfdR faulthdlRf PmVyzone yZfyVgSextends fromhomA (dNSIDaisy CanyonqdVImV tofm fDythe northernVmofDyoV boundary9mlVgdoI mhof fDythe studySflgI area,doyd1 da gNSfdVaydistance mhof °erL13.5 kmZA .URdfyS(Plates 3.er°11, 3.laer°d dVgand 3.4).erswr vDNSThis PmVyzone NSis aDdodafyoNPygcharacterized 9Iby gNcTSRNc1dip-slip, odVuyrange homVffront faulting.hdlRfNVur PmNo evidenceypNgyVay mhof strike-slipSfoNZyTSRNc faultinghdlRfNVu CdSwas observed.m9Syopygr vmfdRTotal pyofNadRvertical offsetmhhSyf isNS estimatedySfNAdfyg atdf atdf leastRydSf 6000JHHH m.Ar vDNSThis isNS 9dSygbased onmV fDythe heightDyNuDf ofmh fDythe MVImInyo •mlVfdNVSMountains aboved9mpy fDythe valleypdRRyI hRmmofloor anddVg thefDy depthgycfD ofmh valleypdRRyI fillhNRR based9dSyg mVon uo0CNfIgr~vity gdfdrdata. PmNo dRRmCdVayallowance wasCdS madeAdgy forhmo erosionyomSNmV dfat fDythe aoySfcrest mhof MVImInyo •mlVfdNVSrMountains.

,. o T

UDmfmPhoto 3.19er°5 showsSDmCS hdlRfygfaulted streamSfoydA aDdVVyRchannel gycmSNfSdeposits dVgand fanglomerateshdVuRmAyodfyS onmV fDythe VmofDnorth SNgyside mhof Daisy(dNSI Canyon.qdVImVr vDyThe originalmoNuNVdR fanhdV \ suSlohdayrf ace hasDdS 9yyVbeen offsetmhhSyf dfat leastRydSf 35eL Am anddVg isNS d9mlfabout 60JH mA d9mpyabove fDythe coySyVfpresent aDdVVyRchannel atdf NfSits highestDNuDySf point.cmNVfr vDNSThis suggestsSluuySfS fDdfthat fDythe coySyVfpresent aDdVVyRcha nn el isNS yVfoyVaDygentrenched dccomZNAdfyRIapproximately JL25 mA intoNVfm fDythe downfaultedgmCVhdlRfyg cmofNmVportion ofmh fDythe originalmoNuNVdR hdVrfan. ThevDy lchdlRfygupfau lted hdVuRmAyodfyfanglome rate dVgand fDythe coySyVfpresent channeaDdVVyRl gNcdi p aboutd9mlf 5°L> whileCDNRy thefDy dgmCVhdlRfygownfaulted fanglomeratehdVuRmAyodfy dipsgNcS d9mlfabout 10°H>r° . ThisvDNS relationshipoyRdfNmVSDNc SluuySfSsuggests SfyycyVNVusteepening ofmh moNuNVdRoriginal dgNcSips by9I omfdfNmVrota tion ormo draggodu dRmVuOalong faulthdlRf cRdVyplane (."NuloyFigure 3.5erLwr) .

X NOO V.,.. fvf;; 0 o6x 7.

L V

.rTUnivi . eHOTO er°5r3.19. Faulted"dlRfyg channelaDdVVyR depositsgycmSNfS inNV Daisy(dNSI Canyon.qdVImVr ViewtNyC fmto north.VmofDr 52

PhotoUDmfm 3.20erJH SDmCSshows ad largeRdouy landslideRdVgSRNgy Rmadfyglocated L5 kmZA northVmofD mhof Daisy(dNSI Canyon,qdVImV1 dgkdayVfadjacent fmto fDythe SdRfsalt RdZyrlake. vDyThe mainAdNV AdSSmass ofmh fDythe slideSRNgy isNS J2 kmwZ long,aDgJ; 1.5^r# ZAkm wideCNgy dVgand e°L315 Am DNuDhigh CNfDwith ad pmRlAyvolume mhof approximatelydccomZNAdfyRI 1.8°rI xZ m 2 10°H 8 Am 3.r Morphologically•mocDmRmuNadRRI fDythe slideSRNgy appearsdccydoS fmto 9ybe ratherodfDyo youngImlVu anddVg 9yadlSybecause itNf doesgmyS Vmfnot displaygNScRdI waveCdpy cutalf hydfloyS1featu res, itNf NSis com9d9RIprobably HolocenenmRmayVy inNV age.duyr xA smaller,SAdRRyo1 moreAmoy recentoyayVf slideSRNgy adVca n 9ybe seenSyyV onmV fDythe VmofDydSfnortheast flankhRdVZ ofmh thefDy mainAdNV slide.SRNgyr ItMf isNS cmSSN9Rypossible thatfDdf fDythe AdNVma in slideSRNgy occLmoaNN«Toyg,~, ed NVin resoyScmVSyponse fmto seismSyNSompa~c dafNpNfIactivity moor tofm oversteepeningmpyoSfyycyVNVu ofmh thefDy SRmcyslope 9Iby faulting.hdlRfNVur Burchf9loaDhNyRiel (.°5JJw1966) reoycmofygported da 1.°rI8 xZ 10°H09 mA03 RdVgSRNgylandslide atdf TinvNV Mountain,•mlVfdNV1 aboutd9mlf 60JH kmZA VmofDydSfnortheast ofmh Saline,dRNVy tdRRyIrValley. ThevDy TvNVin •mlVfdNVMountain SRNgyslide occurredmaalooyg mVon da SRmcyslope mpyoSfyycyVygoversteepened 9Iby hdlRfNVurfaulti ng.

PHOTOUnivi 3.20.er•*r AerialtyofNa dfyRview DCof aNgTmafTylandslide NaDgJalong Rymhwest mfTyside DCof SalinebNafgy Valley.pNaayIr tA cmofNmVportion ofmh thehSy saltSdRf RdZylake canadV 9ybe seenmyyg onDg thehSy ayChrleft. ViewpfyR tohD south.mDuhSr r:

ThevDy Saline,dRNVy tdRRyIValley RdVgSRNgylandslide DdShas 9yyVbeen yNfDyoeither oyklpyVdfygrejuvenated ormo mhhSyfoffset 9Iby cmSfSRNgypostslide faulting.hdlRfNVur ThevDy amAcRyZcomplex natureVdfloy mhof thefDy fracturinghodafloNVu nearVydo fDythe surfaceSlohday comkyafNmVprojection mhof fDythe odVuyrange fronthomVf hdlRffau1t AdZySmakes andV dVdRISNSanalys is mhof fDythe oyRdfNmVSDNcrelationship 9yfCyyVbetween s1idingSRNgNVu anddVg fau1tinghdlRfNVu difficult.gNhhNalRfr ItMf isNS com9d9Ry1probab1e, howeveDmCypyo1r, thatfDdf both9mfD hdlRfNVufaulting anddVg lands1RdVgSRNgyide oyklpyVdfNmVrejuvenation Ddpyhave maalooyg1occurred, perhapscyoDdcS simu1taneously.SNAlRfdVymlSRIr MVIn uyVyodR1genera1, fDythe omaZrock NVin anddVg dgkdayVfadjacent tofm fDythe Western*ySfyoV "omVfdRFronta1 hdlRffault PmVyzore NSis DNuDRIhighly SDydoygshe·ared dVgand aolSDygrcrushed. UDmfmPhoto erJ°3.21 SDmCSshows fDythe faulthdlRf alffNVucutting fDomluDthrough graniticuodVNfNa omaZrock nearVydo 9ypyoNguyBeveridge Canyon.qdVImVr vDyThe AdNVmain fodaytrace ofmh fDythe hdlRffault isNS VydoRInearly verticalpyofNadR anddVg cdSSySpasses throughfDomluD fDythe lowRmC VmfaDnotch mVon fDythe eastydSf .oNuDfw(right) sideSNgy mhof fDythe photo.cDmfmr xA rockomaZ hallTllerDdAAyo isNS SDmCVshown NVin fDythe RmCyo1lower, ayVcen-8 fodRtral cmofNmVportion ofmh fDythe cDmfmphoto hmofor scale.SadRyr

UniviPHOTO 3.21.erJ°r CrushedqolSDyg graniticuodVNfNa oDcwrock alongNaDgJ Western(ymhyog 9oDghNaFrontal faulthdlRf zonePmVy Vydonear Beveridge9ypyoNguy Canyon.,NgIDgr ViewpfyR tohD gDohSrnorth.

,. 54

vDoyyThree hdlRffault Sadocscarp comhNRySprofiles wereCyoy measuredAydSloyg nearVydo 9ypyoNguyBeveridge Canyon,qdVImV1 \. Pl3,U°e1 Pl4U°s dVgand U°LPl5 ."Nuloy(Figure Bl,9R1 PlateURdfy erswr3.4). vDyThe scarpSadoc hmofor comhNRyprofile Pl4U°s isNS shownSDmCV inNV PhotoUDmfm 3.22.erJJr ProfileUomhNRy Pl5U°L showsSDmCS fDythe uoydfySfgreatest amountdAmlVf mhof fmfdRtotal displacement,gNScRdayAyVf1 aboutd9mlf 15°L Arm. •lRfNcRyMultiple offsetsmhhSyfS aredoy indicatedNVgNadfyg mVon ydaDeach ofmh fDythe comhNRySrprofiles. ThevDy minimumANVNAlA duyage (2.JH0 yrs)IoSw ofmh thefDy offsetsmhhSyfS suggestedSluuySfyg by9I thefDy Sadocscarp angledVuRy isNS com9d9RIprobably RmClow by9I atdf leastRydSf andV ordermogyo mhof magnitude.AduVNflgyr ThevDy oydSmVSreasons forhmo fDNSthis haveDdpy 9yyVbeen discussedgNSalSSyg eaFlierydoRNyo anddVg NVin mfDyoother SyafNmVSrsections.

vO f X

PHOTOUnivi 3.22.erJJr "dlRfFault Sadocscarp measuredAydSloyg forhmo comhNRyprofile Pl4.U°sr PydoNear Keynot6yIVmf Canyon.qdVImV1

ThevDy rmorNuNVdR_orjginal alluvialdRRlpNdR fanhdV SlohdaySsurfaces alongdRmVu thefDy Western*ySfyoV Frontal"omVfdR faulthdlRf PmVyzone fyVgtend tofm 9ybe Sfyycyosteeper thanfDdV fDmSythose alongdRmVu thefDy GrapevinebodcypNVy qdVImVCanyon faulthdlRf zone.PmVyr ThisvDNS NVaoydSygincreased steepnessSfyycVySS mayAdI 9ybe duegly fmto da moreAmoy odcNgrapid 55

lcRNhfuplift odfyrate dVgand Sfyycyosteeper fmcmuodcDItopography VmofDnorth mhof #SNSIu~ 1~y qdVImVrCJ nyon . vDySyTh ese fCmtwo

hdafmoSfactors CmlRgwould amA9NVycombine fmto comAmfypromote Amoymor·e odcNgr apid dVgand Sfyycyo-:. t eeper daalAlRdfNmVSaccumulations

mhof dRRlpNlAalluvium dVgand amRRlpNlAcolluvium atdf fDythe 9dSyba <;e mho f fDythe Sadocrscarp. xggNfNmVdRAd dit ional

SfyycyVNVusteepening amlRgcould oySlRfresult homAfrom godudrag dRmVualong fDyLhe hdlRffault PmVyzon· ."Nuloy(Figure erLwr3. 5).

xRRAll 9lfbut fDythe ImlVuySfyoungest alldRRlpNdRuvial hdVSfJn s dRmVualong fDNSthi s PmVyzone doyare hdlRfygrfaulted.

vDyThe hdVSfans amAAmVRIcommonly gNScRdIdisplay 9mfDboth SNAcRysimple hdlRffault SadocSscarps dVgand uod9yVSrgrabens. vDyThe

uod9yVSgrabens AdImay 9ybe glydue fmto yNfDyoei ther Sfyc':> t ep hdlRfNVuf, u 1 i n CJ dRmVu.J J,,nq fDyLl1,· odVuyr"an9t.: homVffront moor

SNAcRy1simple, fyVSNmVdRtensional hdNRloySfa il ures NVin fDyU1, · dRRlplNA.Jl l , 1v1 11111 dAN.1 11il r,,1l m °°l1v11 1kp RlNNNrJ1 11 .

UomhNRySProfil es U°JPlG dVg,1ncl URgPio ."NuloNT(F1q1 11 ·1· RNR11: 1, URdfy() ] .it., · Rrvwl . •1 ) Cyoy,_., ,.,·,· Ao•O1lo.Nglllt'l',IJff'd fNydoIH'dr

6yIVmfKeynot qdVImV1Canyon, dccomZNAdfyRIapproximate ly df,il fDyth1· VmofDyoVn,1rU1t•1·11 MZVgyolH>1 ·,1t-'r mh,,f fDyt111• SflgI-. t udy

doydrarea. vDySyThese prcomhNRySofi l es SDmCshow maAdZ.< NArNArrn .Hn pyofNadRvnr· ic1l mh.SyfSo r h•-'l', mhnf d9mlfab01 1t I8 Am anddVg

SluuySfsugges t incipiNVaNcNyVfent uod9yVgrabcn gypydpv 0l,1p1 RlcNVyVRn1 ·1il 1mo11 RrlNr•VdRl,·r1, 1,Jr1c1I hdNRloy,11 1 1··· mhu f fDyU re

htangl dVu RmAyodfyromera l 1; . vDyTtw AmSf1110 -. l olpyVhr"r'r1· r1I. g•l 1NSc·, 1il ° .V11,·111 yAylR,•11l mV,11 1 comfNRypr ,il I I,· I'c’Rrl l, AdI11 11 y RNyi ll' glydill~

fmto RdVgSRNgNVulands liding odfDyorather ffNdVthan hdlRfNVut a ull 1n1J SNVay-, 1nu· R11" Dy, comhNRyp,u l1 k NS;·_, SNANRdo-:,11111 iar fmto

fDdfthat mhof da SAdRRsmal l omfdfNmVdRrntiltional RdVNR■RNN°yrL 1n cJ , l1il,... . x/\ cmrOTOp,,.··1, NmV,11 mhll t fDyu,,, SadocCJrp hmof or

comhNRyprofil e U°JPl6 NS, ., SDmCVslruw11 1nNV UhNmfmPlro l o i./i.L / l. MRNylilt' SN·,;,1 dN111 c yZfyVgS•xlt·11cl '> dRmVu.Ji1H1y fDyLI, SRmcys l ope

I "' dVgand mVon fDyUre SZIskyl1n, M NVNONr--. .

UDmfmPhoto erJs3.211 SDmCSshow s d-i SyafNmV<_,1-'c l1nn mh11 1 lcRNRfyoR,1pl1tL,·d fI dAw!11ql M mNVyodfy1 i111,r,1l.t! NVin 6yIVmfKe ynot 0

qdVImVrCanyon. vDyThe 9ygSbeds gNcdip d9mlfabout °HY10" fmCdNOgtov1a, ·-1 ,dNAySJ lt n·~ tdRRyIVJl l 1:y dVgamJ fDyoyhmoytherefore doyare

dfat moor Vydonear fDyNothei r moNuNVdRor iginal gycmSNfNmVdRdep0s,L1,1na l dffNflgyrJL L 1L ·1tl•: . vDyTir,' Slohdays11 rface mhof fDythe

hdVuRmAyodfyfanglomerat e NSi s dccomZNAdfyRIapproximately °JH20 A111 d9mprOJbov,· fDyUr· rfNaSNA.tr,:.11 :1 aDdVVyRc hannel dfat fDythe

AmlfDmouth mhof 6yIVmfKe ynot qdVImVCa nyon CDNaDwhi ch rsNS d9mlfalJoul LHH500 A,n QlLI) Ll1cfhNy ydSfr1~a ·_, t. MhI t mVyone

dSSlAySassumes fDdfthat fDythe moNuNVdR01·ig inal gycmSNfNmVdRdep osit ;ona l ,:rttidffNfllNt uu1 mhc1 t fDythe hdVuRmAyodfySfangl om erates

CdSwas 10°H>1° , fDyVthen da SNAcRysimple adRalRdfNmVcalcul ati on SDmCSshows fDdfl11 at 9ygS1>t'ds Ddpyhave 9yyVbee n lcRNhfyguplifted

dccomZNAdfyRIapproximate ly eJ32 Am SNVaysircc fDmNot ll'ir gycmSNfNmVrdcpo-.; 11. 10 11 . 56

k ►Ic-;; 0 o k 0p06 0 Lk

;oT 0 ;;

0oDO D■1

r.“N t

§k^:^ ) UniviPHOTO 3.erJe23.r "dlRfFault scarpSadoc measuredAydSloyg forhmo comhNRyprofile U°JrPl6 . PydoNear Keynot6yIVmf Canyon.qdVImVr PmfyNote scarpSadoc onmV skyline.SZIRNVyr

UDmfmPh oto 3.erJL25 SDmCSshows offsetmhhSyf fanglomerateshdVuRmAyodfyS anddVg colamRRlpNlAluvium Vydonear thefDy AmlfDmouth 0fmh 6yIVmfKeynot CanyonqdVImVr. ThevDy rnadomdg NSis Rmadfyglocated mVon ad hdlRffault plane.cRdVyr ThevDy alluviumdRRlpNlA mVon fDythe we~tCySf .oNuDfw(right} SNgyside ofmh fDythe roadomdg DdShas 9yyVbeen upliftedlcRNhfyg dccomZNAdfyRIapproximately 5L Arm. PmNo comhNRyprofi le CdSwas AydSloygmeasured 9yadlSybecause mhof fDythe omdgroad constructionamVSfolafNmV anddVg oyRdfygrelated ANVNVumining actividafNpNfNySr iPs. ThevDy gNcdip ofmh fDythe AmgyoVmodern streSfoydAam channelaDdVVyR inNV fDythe hmoyuomlVgforeground isNS fDythe sameSdAy dSas fDdfthat ofmh fDythe faultedhdlRfyg degycmSNfS1po sits, suggestingSluuySfNVu thatfDdf thefDy fauhdlRfNVul ti ng didgNg notVmf causeadlSy omfdfNmVrotation ormo draggodu ofmh fDythe dgycmSNfSrep osits . ThevDy graben-likeuod9yVTRNZy hydfloySfeatures 1nNV fDythe 9daZuomlVgbackground appeardccydo fmto be9y both9mfD hdlRffault dVgand RdVgSRNgylandslide NVglaygrinduced. 57

\ ilf

■ %

PHOTOUnivi erJsr3.24. Up#cRNhfygl ifted hdVuRmAyodfyfanglomerate NVin 6yIVmfKeynot qdVImV1Canyon. ViewtNyC tofm CySfrwest.

PhotoUDmfm 3.26erJJ SDmCSshows ad faulthdlRf scarpSadoc neaVydor Keynot6yIVmf CanyonqdVImV fDdfthat displacesgNScRdayS ad naturalVdflodR levee.Rypyyr Subsequent,l9SyMlyVf yomSNmVerosion hasDdS oyAmpygremoved AlaDmuch mhof thefDy hdlRffault scarpSadoc inNV fDythe aDdVVyRchannel hRmmorfloor. vDyThe leveeRypyy CdSwas mhhSyfoffset approximatelydccomZNAdfyRI 1.5°rL Arm.

,. ~------~------58

m:- r

r 0 |j rj 000 ^ ..: ^■■- 1. Wn

rr) rp

iu. ^ 0 !O 6x6 ;^!ss3ady ;»rCN Y Ts— PHOTUniviO 3.25.erJLr Fault"dlRfyged alluvialdRRlpNdR anddVg colamRRlpNdRlu via l depositsgycmSNfS nVydoear Key6yIVmfnot CaqdVImVrnyon . ViewtNyC tofm SmlfDrsou t h.

Pi1UDmfmcto 3.erJ8'> 7 1sM, cd viepNyCw fm to fDy t he SmlfDso,;th alon'JdRmVu thfDye fahdlRfult zone.PmVyr Th~vDy

100°HH 1:1A wideCNgy sectinSyafNmVn ofmh lighterRNuDfyo coloamRmoygred matAdfyoNdRerial inNV fDythe ceayVfyonter fDyth<' cDmfmphoto NS is lliqhlyDNuDRI crushedaolSDyg dVgand shear»dSDydoyg g,uodVNfNa·an1tic n1c1

;ThCt p%rrNTNT ofN%O0 ■ 'C ■ ■■ 0Or 0■ 0O0NT j Tr‘tT 0 j«1 “ « O «

K •,>V,. ’

•)6)r

UniviPHOTO erJJ3.26.r OffsetihhSyf naturalVdflodR leveeRypyy alongdRmVu Western*ySfyoV Frontal"omVfdR hdlRffault zone.PmVyr PydoNear Keynot6yIVmf Canyon.qdVImVr

10°H Am highDNuD anddVg isNS Rmadfyglocated onmV thefDy hdlRffault cRdVyrplane. ThevDy heightDyNuDf ofmh fDythe waterfallCdfyohdRR SluuySfSsuggests thatfDdf moreAmoy thanfDdV onemVy eventypyVf CdSwas responsibleoyScmVSN9Ry 9lfbut noVm ypNgyVayevidence forhmo AlRfNcRymultiple eventsypyVfS CdSwas observed.m9Syopygr nmCypyo1However, 9yadlSybecause ofmh thefDy ! Sadocscarp heightDyNuDf dVgand steepness,SfyycVySS1 AlRfNcRymultip1e eventsypyVfS mpyoover ad shortSDmof cyoNmgperiod ofmh fNAytime com9d9RIprobably maalooygroccurred. ThevDy fCmtwo oldermRgyo VNaZnick cmNVfSpoints aredoy shownSDmCV moreAmoy aRydoRIclearly inNV P1UDlfmuto erJIr3.28. ThevDy SRmcySslopes mhof fDythe mRgyoolder SfoydAstream aDdVVyRSchannels aredoy 12°J>1°, 20JH>° anddVg 28JI>r° . vDyThe upper,lccyo1 12°J>1° , channelaDdVVyR amVfNVlyScontinues lcup fDythe adVImVcanyon withCNfD noVm significantSNuVNhNadVf NVfyoolcfNmVSinterruptions forhmo cyoDdcSpe rhaps 100°HH m.Ar 60

PHOTOUnivi 3.27.erJ8r CrushedqolSDyg graniuodVNfNat i c rockomaZ alongdRmVu fodaytrace mhof Western*ySfyoV Frontal"omVfdR faulthdlRf PmVyrzone. tNyCView tofm southSmlfDr.

,#••xUSUMMARY) T- WESTERN*',v'UP "UiPvxQFRONTAL "x#QvFAULT ZONE=iP'

°w~) vDyThe Weste,*ySfyoV·n F,r,ntal"omVfdR hdlRffau:t PmVyzo ne exyZfyVgStends iNV n fDytri t> stSflgIudy doyd3rea homAfrom

(dNSIDa isy CfdVpmVanvori fmt .J fDythe VmofDyoVnortliern b0rder9mogyo mhof fDythe st1idySflgI area,doyd1 da distancegNSfdVay

mhof 13.°er5, k'11.ZAr

2) vDyThe PmVyzone isNS caDdodafyoNPygharac terized by9I dipgNcTSRNc- slip hdlRfSrfaults. NoPm SNuVNhNadVf1significant ,

young,ImlVu1 stSfoNZyTSRNcr i ke-slip f1uhdlRfSlts Cyoywere m9Syopygrobserved.

ew3) OffsetsihhSyfS iNV n alludRRlpNdRvial hdVfan depositsgycmSNfS NVgNadfyindicate dfat leastRydSf 32eJ mA mhof

displacementgNScRdayAyVf sSNVayince fDyNothe ir deposition.gycmSNfNmVr 61

tmt^^H stgaoUc

m^im

">"v., ’°L6 ’ pTOh N t O 0 0 0

k« j X

r1TYr■NON«NNT 0 0O■r TN0OR isSd ) 0 v^i#^'

UniviPHOTO e1JI3.28.r PNaZcmNVfSNickpoints inNV streamSfoydA channelaDdVVyR showingSDmCNVu drygoI waterfallCdfyohdRR onmV hdlRffault cRdVyrplane . sw4) QmadRRI1Locally, fDyoythere isNS ypNgyVayevidence forhmo atdf leastRydSf fDoyythree episodesycNSmgyS mhof fhdlRfNVur au l ting. Lw5) Faults"dlRfS inNV fDythe zonePmVy odVuyrange hmoAform relativelyoyRdfNpyRI gNSaoyfydiscrete cRdVySplanes fmto CNgywide crushedaolSDyg anddVg shearedSDydoyg zones.PmVySr 62

) p;0x 0 T x0 '^k-;■N

4"" "ii.

;0% X 0 '-i- i6P O■O0 rTt1

UniviPHOTO 3.erJ5r29. PNaZcmNVfSNickpoints 1nNV streamSfoydA channel.aDdVVyRr

3.5erL EAST'x,v ,M('SIDE FAULT"x#Qv ZONE=iP'

PievDy E' ,fst Side,Ngy hdlRffau lt zonePmVy {.URdfyPlat':' 3er°1 . 1, 3.er°d1la, 3.4ersw ) NSis Rmadfygloc ated dRmVualong

fDythe northcentralVmofDayVfodR 9mogyoborder- ofmh fDythe SflgI-.tu1y are;i.doydr vDyThe PmVyzone 1NS-s aDdodafyoNPygcharacter ized by9I ad SISfyAsystem mhof grabeuod9yVSns trendingfoyVgNVu VmofVTSmlfD1nortn-south, coNAdoNRIprimarily throughfDomluD dRRlpNdRalluvial hdVfan gycmSNfSdeposits gyoNpygde ri ved homAfrom t~efDy westCySf hRdVZflank mhof fDythe northernVmofDyoV

UdVdANVfPanamint UdVuyrRange . •dVIMany ofmh fDythe faultshdlRfS NVin fDNSthis zonePmVy aredoy SDmCVshowr. inNV UDmfmPhoto ereHr3. 30. MVIn fDythe SmlfDydSfsoutheast (u.lccyopper oNuDfwright ) corneramoVyo ofmh fDythe cDmfmphoto UdRymPmNaPaleozoic sedimentarySygNAyVfdoI omaZSrocks 1nddVg QldfyoVdoITvyofNdoIQuaternary-Tertiary 9dSdRfSbasalts aredoy folVadfygtruncated 9Iby hdlRfSfaults alongdRmVu thefDy PanamintUdVdANVf RangeUdVuy fronthomVfr. ThisvDNS odVuyrange fronthomVf hdlRfNVufaulting isNS com9d9RIprobably oyRdfygrelated fmto faultinghdlRfNVu inNV thefDy East'dSf Side,Ngy hdlRffault zone.PmVyr 63

'J Vf7 -4' A kM%

PHOTOUnivi 3.30.ereHr tyofNadRVertical aerialdyoNdR cDmfmphoto ofmh fDythe East'dSf Side,Ngy hdlRffault PmVyzone showingSDmCNVu fDythe PanamintUdVdANVf UdVuyRange Front"omVf tofm thefDy east.ydSfr

Seven,ypyV faulthdlRf scarpSadoc profiles,comhNRyS1 P5,UL1 P6,UJ1 Pl,U81 UI1P8, P9,U51 PlOUMi dVgand URR1Pll, (Figure."Nuloy 9R1Bl, PlateURdfy 3.4,ers1 PhotoUDmfm 3.31)ere°w wereCyoy AydSloygmeasured inNV thefDy 'dSfEast ,NgySide hdlRffault PmVyrzone . ihOf fDySy1these, UJ1P6, P7U8 dVgand P9U5 SluuySfsuggest atdf RydSfleast onemVy ycNSmgyepisode ofmh hdlRfNVu1faulting, P8UI a·1ddTDg PllURR SluuySfsuggest fCmtwo ycNSmgySepisodes ofmh faulting,hdlRfNVu1 anddVg P5UL dVgand UMiPlO SluuySfsuggest threefDoyy episodesycNSmgyS ofmh faulting.hdlRfNVur 9dSygBased onmV fDythe SfyycVySSsteepness ofmh thefDy scarpsSadocS thefDy minimumANVNAlA ageduy ofmh fDythe faultinghdlRfNVu odVuySranges fromhomA 22JJ tofm J81HHH27,000 Ioryr. ThevDy anomalouslydVmAmRmlSRI lowRmC agesduyS .JJ(22 anddVg s847 Iowyr) adVcan 9ybe discountedgNSamlVfyg lSNVuusing fDythe argumentsdoulAyVfS coySyVfygpresented inNV ydoRNyoearlier SyafNmVSrsections. ThevDy oyAdNVNVuremaining minimumANVNAlA agesduyS 64

^% m

ell- 00O0thTUf li

0O0 OY0O° ^ TO% ’OOO;rO«p, ..ii p

UniviPHOTO ere°3.31.r VerticaltyofNadR aeriadyoNdRl p~otocDmfm mhof thefDy East'dSf Side,Ngy hdlRffault zonePmVy SDmCNVushowing faulthdlRf scarpSadoc comhNRyprofile RmadfNmVSrlocations. doyare iNV n fDythe rodVuyange ofmh 170°8H tofm JN81HHH27, 000 Ioryr . ThesevDySy seemSyyA reasonabloydSmVd9Rye 9dSygbased onmV geomorphclogicaluymAmocDaRmuNadR evidenceypNgyVay anddVg thefDy recentnessoyayVfVySS ofmh hdlRfNVufaulting inNV dgkdayVfadjacent OwensiCyVS tdRRyIrVailey. vDyThe AdfyoNdRSmaterials inNV CDNaDwhi ch fDythe scarosSadocS doyare hmoAygformed rangeodVuy homAf rom lVamVSmRNgdfygunconsolidated lacustrineRdalSfoNVy o,mo· ymRNdVeolian siSNRflt anddVg sandSdVg fmto cmmoRIpoorly ayAyVfygcemented hdVuRmAyodfySfanglomerates .r ,adocScarp DyNuDfSheights odVuyrange fromhomA approximatelydccomZNAdfyRI 2 tofm 12°J Arm. ThevDy 65

scarpsSadocS comhNRygprof iled hmofor UJ1P6, P7U8 anddVg URRPll aredoy sSDmCVhown iNV n UDmfmSPhotos ereJ13.32, 3eree.33 anddVg

3.34,eres1 respectively.oyScyafNpyRIr MVIn dggNfNmVaddition tofm fDy the SfyycVySSs teepness mhof thfDye SadocS1scarps, fDythe

oyayVfVySSrecentness mhof thefDy hdlRfNVufaulting isNS alsodRSm SluuySfygsugges ted 9Iby othermfDyo factors.hdafmoSr MVIn

VydoRInearly dRRall casesadSyS fDythe fhdlRfNVu aulting olcfloygruptured da Slohdaysurface CNfDwith AmgyodfyRImoderately CyRRwell

fmto wellCyRR developedgypyRmcyg desertgySyof cdpyAyVfpavement moor gySyofdesert varnish.pdoVNSDr PyNfDyoNeither cdpyAyVfpavement

norVmo varnishpdoVNSD haveDdpy formedhmoAyg fmto dVan apprdccoyaNd9Ryeciabl e degreegyuoyy onmV dVIany ofmh thefDy Sadocscarp hdaySrfaces. xRSm1Also, fDythe creosoteaoymSmfy 9lSDySbushes aredoy geuyVyodRRInera lly SAdRRyosma ll er dVgand hyCyofewer inNV

VlA9yonumb er fDdVthan fDyNotheir camlVfyocdofSounterpar ts inNV lVgufl(li'>t1 NSfloDyg1r l>ed Jr,doydSr•r1<, .

Faults"dlRfS NVin fDythe 'dSfEa s t S,Ngyide hdlRff ault zonePmVy omfh,.■f t fs..t ddRRll 9lfbut fDylht~ AmSfino s l oyayVfrecent gycmSNfSdeposits dVgand SfoydAstream caDdVVyRSrhannels. LoQmadRRIcally fDythe mhhSyfSoff se t s Cyoy~Jere suSlhhNaNyVfRIfficiently

Rdouylarge tofm causeadlSy cmVgNVuponding mhof hRmmgf lood CdfyoSwat e rs inNV fDythe uod9yVSrgrabens . ThvDye yhhyafe ff ec t mhof

thefDy cmVgNVuponding NSis SDmCVshown NVin PhotUDmfmo ere°3. 31 CNNyoy.-. ti er·e watCdfyoer AdIm,1y hJDdpyve cmVgygponded fmt o d a

depthgycfD mhof d9mlfahout Gb Arm. TIivDyt.: w.JlCrNRyo1' 1· ypyVfldRRIcvl'n l11 c11 ly DoydyRNyglii-1•,1 Ll11 •ct MI Ii,fNy· CySfw1 ", l CdRRwa 11 ofmh

fDythe 600JHH mA wideCNgy grabenuod9yV anddVg draingodNVyged fmCdogt owarJ fVyt n~ kNRdIdr11 IAyJ . ThvDye 9oydaDNVubreaching dVgand

subsequentSl9SyMlyVf eyomSNmVras ion ofmh fDythe grabuod9yVen wCdRR-3 11 111AdI-1y i,.DNpNO:v•· 1laalooyg1cL urn•d du,·gloNVu i ng ad

SNVuRys ingl e eveypyVfnt 9lfbut com9d9RIprobably occ1maalo11 Tt·oygd fm11 1 ·,SypyN,·v1·,- d,11 R ·Orf.l.c1 kNNySq1", .1·.d r Llw#lN uod9yVgraben

developegypyRmcygrd . AsxS adVcan 9ybe seeSyyVn NVin fDythe cDmfm1pho t o , •SmAy,(line mfDI tltfDye 1·1aterCdfyo hRmCygf lowed fmto

thefDy northVmofD (.Ryhfw 1eft) arounddomlVg fDyt he lcRNhfup l It t I)9RmaZr l ocis. xM7m1A I ·,l> , i~ru'>yomSNmV 1on 9Iby fDythe hRmmg f 1ood

watersCdfyoS AdImay haveDdpy artificialldofNhNaNdRRIy sSfyycyVyg t eepened fDyt he '>CdSadocS1· ps SDmCVshmvn NVin comhNRySprofiles

U81P7, P8UI anddVg U5rP9.

ThevDy fmcmuodcDNadRRItopographically hDNuDigh areadoyd onmV fDyU1e :1on11VmofD (le.Ryhfwft ) sSNgyide mhof fDyt he

9oydaDbreach aDdVVyRchannel hasDdS 9yyVbeen upliftlcRNhfyged oyRdfNpy rel ative tofm fDythe 01moNuNVdR·iginal alluvialdRRlpNdR hdVfan

Slohdayrsurface. vDyThe lcRNhfyguplifted surfaceSlohday isNS adccomZNAdfyRIppro xima t ·: l y ? mA RmCyolower fDdVthan fDythe

undisturbedlVgNSflo9yg fanhdV Slohdaysurface immediNAAygNdfyRIately acrossdaomSS fDyt he grabenuod9yV1, d a gNSfdVaydistance mhof eIH380 m.Ar 9yadlSyBecause thefDy moNuNVdRoriginal hdVfan Slohdays ur·fJcr dipsgNcS s~.LY1 fDythe fCmtwo SlohdaySsurfaces shouldSDmlRg 9ybe pyofNadRRIvertically seSycdodfygparated 9Iby ee33 m.Ar °li Dyt" ac:l1dafldR1Jl seSycdodfNmVpara tion 66

0 t0r ■0k p0r

00 dx0 QQrk k0

) )p k0 0Qp00

UniviPHOTO 3.32.ere•r Fault9Nuah scarpmcNoV ZyNmuoyTmeasured forCDo VoDCfayprofile P6.Usr

UniviPHOTO eree3.33.r 9NuahFault scarpmcNoV ZyNmuoyTmeasured forCDo VoDCfayprofile U>rP7. 67

i-tulL- rp o r o;r) «r!..

j r rr; p0 Or

■..V'-iSsS- 1 t-- 0kL r .'Is

T0; 0T

Trr T O °TNT —Tt°0

UniviPHOTO 3.34.eresr "dlRfFault scarpSadoc AydSloygmeasured hmofor comhNRyprofile Pll.URRr

suggestsSluuySfS da eH30 mA upliftlcRNhf dRmVualong fDythe CySfwest sideSNgy mhof fDythe uod9yVrgraben. Uplift#cRNhf mhof fDythe 9RmaZblock isNS alsodRSm suggestedSluuySfyg 9Iby othermfDyo evidence.ypNgyVayr Texturally,vyZflodRRI1 fDythe upliftedlcRNhfyg surfaceSlohday NSis gNhhyoyVfdifferent homAfrom fDythe surroundingSloomlVgNVu doydarea inNV thatfDdf thefDy surfaceSlohday appearsdccydoS muchAlaD smoother.SAmmfDyor vDNSThis differencegNhhyoyVay NSis causedadlSyg 9Iby fDythe siltSNRf anddVg sandSdVg sizedSNPyg AdfyoNdRmaterial thatfDdf coversampyoS fDythe surfaceSlohday dVgand formshmoAS cdofpart ofmh fDythe Sadocscarp hdayrface. Similar,NANRdo AdfyoNdRmaterial isNS hmlVgfound onlymVRI fmto fDythe CySfwest NVin playacRdId dVgand eolianymRNdV deposits.gycmSNfSr vDNSThis suggestsSluuySfS fDdfthat fDythe 9RmaZblock AdImay containamVfdNV lchdlRfygupfaulted cRdIdplaya ormo eolianymRNdV sediments.SygNAyVfSr xRSmAlso fDythe westCySf yguyedge ofmh fDythe 9RmaZblock hasDdS 9yyVbeen gNSSyafygrdissected.

'- 68JI

,#••xU)SUMMARY -T EAST'x,v SIDE,M(' "x#QvFAULT ZONE=iP' 1)°w ThevDy 'dSfEast Side,Ngy hdlRffault PmVyzone NSis largelyRdouyRI containedamVfdNVyg withinCNfDNV dVan areadoyd mhof dccomZNAdfyRIapproximately 13°e kmZA03 inNV fDythe northVmofD ayVfodRcentral portioncmofNmV mhof fDythe sSflgItudy doydrarea. Jw2) "dlRfNVuFaulting NVin fDNSthis PmVyzone isNS characterizedaDdodafyoNPyg 9Iby normalVmoAdR hdlRfSf aults dVgand uod9yVSgrabens foyVgNVutrending NVin ad VmofDTSmlfDno r th-south diregNoyafNmVrction. 3)ew vDyThe hdlRfSfaults aredoy dRRall quiteMlNfy youngImlVu anddVg geuyVyodRRInerall y displaygNScRdI multipleAlRfNcRy mhhSyfSroffsets..- .. sw4) ThevDy hdlRfSfaults doyare oyRdfygrelated tofm Sfycstep hdlRfNVufaulting NVin thfDye mountainsAmlVfdNVS fmto fDythe ydSfeast CDNaDwhich oyhRyafreflect continuingamVfNVlNVu ydSfTCySfeas t-we st yZfyVSNmVextension adVgnd openingmcyVNVu ofmh thefDy Saline,dRNVy Valley.tdRRyIr

3.6erJ THEvn' q'PvUxQCENTRAL txQQ')VALLEY "x#QvFAULT ZO=iP'NE ThevDy CentralqyVfodR ValleytdRRyI hdlRffault PmVyzon e (Plate.URdfy er°13.1 , 3.er°d1la, 3.4)ersw NSis confamVhNVygined fmto fDythe cRdIdplaya oyuNmVregion ofmh ,dRNVySaline VtdRRyIralley. ThvDye PmVyzon,~ i-,NS caDdodafyoNPygharac teri zed principallycoNVaNcdRRI asdS da systemSISfyA mhof northwVmofDCySfTSmlfDydSfes t-sou theas t VmoAdR normal hdlRfSfaults withCNfD smallSAdRR gNScRdayAyVfSrdisplacements. QmadRRILocally fDyoythere fSis NVamVaRlSNpyinconc lu s iv e ypNgyVay evidence forhmo strike-slipSfoNZyTSRNc faulting.hdlRfNVur vDyThe zonePmVy alsodRSm inNVaRlgyScludes thfDye noVmofDydSfTSmlfDCySf0rtheast -so uthwest anddVg east-westydSfTCySf trendingfoyVgNVu faultshdlRfS nearVydo thefDy souSmlfDyoVthern edgeyguy ofmh fDythe cRdIdrplaya . Ax largeRdouy cmofNmVportion ofmh fDythe PmVyzone NSis shownSDmCV inNV UDmfmPhoto 3.ereLr35 . vDyThe cDmfmphoto isNS

orientedmoNyVfyg withCNfD southSmlfD tofm thefDy riqhtoNuDf tofm facihdaNRNfdfyli tate comamAcdoNSmVparison withCNfD PhotoUDmfm ereJr3.36. vDyThe East'dSf ,NgySide faulthdlRf zonePmVy isNS Rmadfyglocated NAAygNdfyRIimmediately fmto fDythe

eastydSf mhof fDythe doydarea SDmCVshown NVin UDmfmPhoto ereLr3.35. QdaZ~1C K mhof daaySSaccess fmto fDythe areadoyd duegly tofm thefDy muddyAlggI cRdIdplaya Slohdaysurface coypyVfygprevented gNoyafdirect SflgIstudy mhof fDythe faults.h dl ° fSr 69

y 0 o te:>=.-C p

■': t X “«N ■Oj r; fRN t 0 4 V i'ki O d- i®'-, )

j■ ^ Xf"’ ^ %■

PHOTOUnivi ere#3.35.r pyohfcNaVertical aerialNyofNa VSDhDphoto ofDC SalinebNafgy ValleypNaayI VaNIN;playa, mSD)gJshow ·ng severalmydyoNa youngIDugJ CNuahfault hoNcymtraces andNgT locationaDcNhfDg ofDC USDhDPhoto f.37.37.. ,DZVNoyCompare outlinedDuhafgyT NoyNarea withRfhS areaNoyN DuhafgyToutlined infg PhotosUSDhDm eres3.36 andNgT 3.37.ere>r

--' vSyThe VaNINplaya myTfZyghmsediments areNoy composedcDZVDmyT ofDC aNcumhofgylacustrine andNgT yDafNgeolian mNgT;sand, mfahsilt NgTand clay.caNIr InXg hSythe topographicallyhDVDJoNVSfcNaaI aDRyolower VDohfDgportion ofDC thehSy VaNIN;playa, neargyNo thehSy mNahsalt aNwy;lake, hSythe TyVDmfhmdeposits Noyare overlainDdyoaNfg MIby Na crustcoumh ofDC salt,mNah; VofgcfVNaaIprincipally PN,aNaCl.r qHVaDoNhfDgExploration TofaafgJdrilling byMI thehSy U.S.Zrbr GeologicallyDaDJfcNa SurveybuodyI »UyomDgNa(Personal C0!111lunication,,DZZugfcNhfDg; ,rC. Hedel,nyTya; 1979)^\>\° NaDgJalong thehSy gDohSyognorthern edgeyTJy ofDC hSythe mNahsalt lakeaNwy showsmSDRm thathSNh hSythe ugTyoaIfgJunderlying materialZNhyofNa fmis composedcDZVDmyT 70

T '

0 ■'*;■ ^

N0T

UniviPHOTO ereJ3. 36 .r Obli9RNMlyique aerialdyoNdR viewpNyC ofmh ImlVuyoung faulthdlRf NVin cRdIdplaya sedimentsSygNAyVfSr. PmfyNote outlinedmlfRNVyg doydarea dVgand coamAcdoympare CNfDw\th mlfRNVygoutlined areadoyd inNV PhUDmfmSot os 1.ereL35 anddVg 3.ereJr36 . VitNyCew fmto nVmofDydSfrortheast.

coNmoNcdRRI~r inr ipa l ly ofmh greenuoyyVNSDT9RdaZis~ -bl 3ck (OuoyyVNSDgreen ish grayuodI CDyVwhen drygoIw) mudAlg aldRfyoVdfNVuternatin wiCNfDt h lRdIyoSay~rs ofmh SdRfrs1lt. vDyThe sSyMlyVayeque n,: e coamVfNVlygntin11ed fmtn ad depthgycfD ofmh atdf lRydSfeast 100°HH Arm.

Based9dSyg onmV fDythe Vdfloyriat1ire mhof thefDy cRdIdplaya sedimentsSygNAyVfS dVgand coySyopdfNmVpreservation mhof fauhdlRfl t fodayStraces Nfit isNS appardccdoyVfent fDdfthat thefDy hdlRfSfaults aredoy oyRdfNpyRIre l~t ively recent.oyayVfr Several,ypyodR linesRNVyS mhof eypNgyVayvi dence indiNVgNadfycate thatfDdf deformationgyhmoAdfNmV mhof fDythe sedimentsSygNAyVfS

isNS SfNRRstill continuing.amVfNVlNVur l_ombardiQmA9dogN (1%N5Jew963 ) reportedoycmofyg fDdfthat Jrine9oNVy NSis dfat fDythe surfmuoCNcy ace Nhat fDythe SmlfDCySfyoVsouthwestern e11dyVg DCof fDythe cRdIdpl aya (.fDy the saltSdRf 1RdZywake) Muhbut 1^ tofm 1^r#.5 mZ MyaDRbelow hSythe surfaceSlohday yRSyCDyoyrelsewhere. Heny alsodRSm reportedoycmofyg fDdfthat thefDy playacRdId

.. 71

UniviPHOTO 3.37ere8r. VerticaltyofNadR aerialdyoNdR cDmfmphoto ofmh Saline,dRNVy ValleytdRRyI cRdIdrplaya. PmfyNote outlinedmlfRNVyg doydarea dVgand amAcdoycompare withCNfD areasdoydS mlfRNVygoutlined onmV UDmfmS ereL dVg ereJr I Photos 3.35 and 3.36. rt---/4^' siltSNRf depositsgycmSNfS doyare slightlySRNuDfRI lcRNhfyguplifted anddVg fNRfygtilted fmto thefDy CySfwest Vydonear fDythe SmlfDyoVsouthern yVgend mhof thefDy cRdIdrplaya. Lombardi'sQmA9dogNOS ypNgyVayevidence anddVg thefDy uyVyodRgeneral godNVduydrainage cdffyoVpattern onmV fDythe cRdIdplaya indicatesNVgNadfyS fDdfthat fDythe cRdIdplaya NSis 9yNVubeing tiltedfNRfyg inNV ad westerlyCySfyoRI gNoyafNmVdirection alongdRmVu fDythe MVImInyo •mlVfdNVMountain homVfrfront. vDNSThis comparesamAcdoyS favorablyhdpmod9RI CNfDwith thefDy ydoRNyoearlier dVdRISySanalyses ofmh fDythe GrapevinebodcypNVy CanyonqdVImV anddVg Western*ySfyoV "omVfdRFrontal faulthdlRf PmVySrzones. AdditionalxggNfNmVdR ypNgyVayevidence mhof AmgyoVmodern deformationgyhmoAdfNmV mayAdI be9y NVgNadfygindicated 9Iby comparingamAcdoNVu UDmfmSPhotos 3.35,ereL1 ereJ13.36, anddVg 3.37.ere8r InMV makingAdZNVu anydVI comparisonamAcdoNSmV thefDy qualityMldRNfI dVgand formathmoAdf ofmh thefDy cDmfmuodcDIphotography asdS wellCyRR asdS fDythe timefNAy ofmh Iydoyear mustAlSf be9y fdZyVtaken intoNVfm account.daamlVfr PhotoUDmfm 3.35ereL isNS fromhomA da standardSfdVgdog 23Je aAcm xZ 23Je cmaA 72

9RdaZblack anddVg CDNfywhite pyofNadRvertical aerialdyoNdR cDmfmuodcDphotograph fdZyVtaken forhmo fmcmuodcDNatopographic Adcmap-8 cNVuping clocmSySpurposes dfat ad SadRyscale ofmh 1:37,400°;e81sHH inNV AugustxlulSf 1947.°5s8r PhotoUDmfm ereJ3.36 isNS fromhomA ad coloramRmo slideSRNgy fdZyVtaken CNfDwith da DdVgDyRghandheld eJ35 AArrrn cadAyodamera homAfrom ad coNpdfyprivate dNoaodhfaircraft gloNVuduring •doaDMarch 1979.°585r vDyThe moNuNVdRoriginal scaleSadRy isNS d9mlfabout 1:117,000.°;°°81HHHr UDmfmPhoto 3.37ere8 NSis fromhomA ad 9RdaZblack dVgand CDNfywhite 10°H cmaA Zx 12.7°Jr8 aAcm hmoAdfformat cDmfmuodcDphotograph fdZyVtaken 9Iby ad DdVgDyRghandheld cameraadAyod duringgloNVu •doaDMarch 1979.°585r PmfyNote fDythe sharpSDdoc boundary9mlVgdoI 9yfCyyVbetween fDythe lightRNuDf anddVg darkgdoZ sedimSygNAyVfSents indicatedNVgNadfyg inNV UDmfmSPh otos 3.36ereJ anddVg ere8r3.37. ThisvDNS gNSfNVafNmVdistinction NSis notVmf obviousm9pNmlS onmV PhotUDmfmo 3.ereJr35 . ItMf isNS cmSSN9Rypossi bl e thatfDdf groundwateruomlVgCdfyo amVgNfNmVSconditions doyare cdofRIpartly ormo CDmRRIwhol ly respooyScmVSN9Rynsib le hmofor fDythe gyhNVNde fin i-8 tionfNmV mhof fDNSthis hydfloyfeature NVin UDmfmSPhotos 3.36ereJ dVgand 3.37ere8 sinceSNVay uomlVgCdfyogroundwater yRypdeleva-8 fNmVStions shouldSDmlRg 9ybe Vydonear fDyNotheir AdZNAlAmaximum inNV xcoNRAp ril dVgund Vydonear fDyNotheir ANVNAlAmi nimum inNV xlulSfrAugust . HowevnmCypyo1er , inNV pNyCvi ew ofmh fDythe eypNgyVayvidence hmofor oyayVfrecent anddVg coamVfNVlNVuntinuing deformationgyhmoAdfNmV ofmh fDythe cRdIdplaya seSygNAyVfS1diment s , 1tNf NS1s cmSSN9Rypc >~'l ilik tltfDdf,1t titfDy(' hydfloyfeature isNS glydue tofm faulthdlRf lcRNhfuplift fDdfthat hasDdS iNVaoydSyg ncreased NVin LlisplacermgNScRdayAyVf-- nt gloNVuduring thefDy eJ32 yearIydo cyoNmgperiod homAfrom 1947°5s8 fmto 1979.°585r AdditionalxggNfNmVdR supportSlccmof hmofor cmSSN9Rypossibl e AmgyoVmod ern gyhmoAdfNmVLl cformat1on NSis sSDmCVhown NVin UDmfmPhoto 3.38.ereIr vDNSThis cDmfmphoto showsSDmCS ad lowRmC (.LT°H5-10 cmaA DNuDwhigh) coySSloypr0ssure oNguyri dge developedgypyRmcyg inNV fDythe saltSdRf crustaolSf Vydonear fDythe saltSdRf lakRdZyre . xfAt RydSfleast fDoy“Nthr similarSNANRdo ridgesoNguyS wereCyoy observedm9Syopygr. Each'daD continuedamVfNVlyg hmofor seSypyodRvera l DlVgoyghundred metersAyfyoS approximatelydccomZNAdfyRI cdodRRyRparallel fmto thfDye SfoNZystrike ofmh fDythe GrapevinebodcypNVy CanyonqdVImV faulthdlRf PmVyrzone. ThevDy ridgesoNguyS dccydoappear fmto haveDdpy da righoNuDfTSfyccNVut- stepping yVen ecyaDyRmVhe lon fIcytype ofmh cdffyoVpattern similarSNANRdo fmto fDdfthat sometimesSmAyfNAyS assodSSmaNdfygciated CNfDwith strikeSfoNZyTSRNc-slip faults.hdlRfSr

xVAn attemptdffyAcf fmto diggNu ad shallowSDdRRmC foyVaDtrench acrossdaomSS fDythe coySSloypressure ridgeoNguy CdSwas d9dVgmVygabandoned glydue fmto mudAlg anddVg waterCdfyo infilling.NVhNRRNVur Be9yadlSycaus e fDythe pressurecoySSloy ridgesoNguyS aredoy ycDyAyodRephemeral hydfloySfeatures ydSNRIeasily yodgNadfygeradicated 9Iby ANVmominor hRmmgNVuflooding mhof fDythe

,. 73

^.r

PHOTOUnivi 3.38.ereIr UoySSloyPressure oNguyridge linementRNVyAyVf inNV cRdIdplaya saltSdRf craolSfrust. ViewtNyC fmto southeastSmlfDydSfr. RidgeUNguySs 5L fmto 10°H cmaA high.DNuDr cRdIdplijya ormo intenNVfyVSyse rain,odNV1 fDyIthey mustAlSf be9y verypyoI ImlVuryo1 Jn g. ConsequentlyqmVSyMlyVfRI1, fDythe coySSloypress ure ridgeoNguySs maAdIy compNgypro vide sSfomVu t ro ng evypNgyVayidenc e hmofor modernAmgyoV defgyhmoAdfNmVormation ofmh fDythe cRdIdrpl cya . !

SUMMARY,#••xU) T- q'PvUxQCENTRAL txQQ')VALLEY FAULT"x#Qv =iP'ZONE

°w1) vDyThe qyVfodRCentral tdRRyIValley faulthdlRf PmVyzone NSis Rmadfyglocated 1nNV fDyt he cRdIdplaya oyuNmVregion mhof

fDythe Saline,dRNVy Valley.tdRRyIr 2)Jw ThevDy zonePmVy isNS characterizedaDdodafyoNPyg 9Iby SAdRRsmall dgNScRdayAyVfisplacement normalVmoAdR faultshdlRfS inNV lacustrineRdalSfoNVy anddVg eolianymRNdV sedimentsSygNAyVfSr. 74

3)ew 9dSygBased mVon fDythe fIcytype mhof AdfyoNdRmaterial anddVg NfSits commonlyamAAmVRI Cyfwet condition,amVgNfNmV1 anddVg fDythe coySyopdfNmVpreservation ofmh thefDy faulthdlRf traces,fodayS1 fDythe hdlRfSfaults AlSfmu st 9ybe relativelyoyRdfNpyRI young.ImlVur 4)sw ThervDyoye isNS strongSfomVu ypNgyVayevidence fDdfthat fDythe cRdIdplaya NSis being9yNVu fNRfygtilted fmto fDythe CySfrwest. 5)Lw Surficial,lohNaNdR featureshydfloyS suggest,SluuySf1 9lfbut dogm Vmfnot confirmamVhNoA hdlRfNVufaulting ofmh cRdIdplaya SygNAyVfSsediments duringgloNVu fDythe cyoNmgperiod 1947°5s8 fmto 19°585r79. er83.7 Q''LEE "QxvFLAT "x#QvFAULT =iP'ZONE vDyThe QyyLee "RdfFlat hdlRffault PmVyzone (.URdfySPlates er°13.1, 3er°d1.la , erLw3.5) NSis Rmadfyglocated NVin QyyLee "Rdf1Flat, 9yfCyyVbetween fDythe PyRSmVNelson UdVuyRange dVgand fDythe MVImInyo •mlVfdNVSrMountains. vDyThe PmVyzone isNS characterizedaDdodafyoNPyg 9Iby VmofDCySfTSmlfDydSfnorthwest-southea<, t foyVgNVutren1 l ing VmoAdRnormal faulhdlRfSrt s. ThevDy hdlRfSfaults occurmaalo inNV 9mfDboth fDythe alluviumdRRlpNlA anrldVg liH'fRl■ M—ldfyoVdoITvyofNdoI)ti dle,·ntJry-T cr .ia ry 9dSdRfSrbasalts.

UDmfmPhoto 3.39ere5 isNS ad pyofNadRvertical aerialdyoNdR pNyCview mhof thefDy QyyLPe f"Rdf lal fahdlRfu lt PmVyrzone.

iVRIOnly mVyone hdlRffault scarpSadoc comhNRyprofil e CdSwa '> AydSNNofVwrnea s1ir"d 1nNV QyyLPP. "RdfrFlal. vDNSThis CdSwas comhNRyprofile P23UJe shownSDmCV NVin "NuloyFigu re 8.9rR 1 anddVg URdfyPlate 3.Laer°d dVgand 3erLr.~. ThevDy scarSadocp CdSwas hmoAygformed inNV 9dSdRfbasalt croppingaomccNVu outmlf alongdRmVu fDythe CySfwest hRdVZflank mhof fDythe PyRSmVNelson UdVuyrRange. vmfdRTotal gNScRdayAyVfdisplacement isNS JI28 Arm. ThevDy hdlRffault displacesgNScRdayS alluvialdRRlpNdR AdfyoNdRmaterial 9mfDboth VmofDnorth anddVg SmlfDsouth mhof fDythe comhNRyprofile RmadfNmVrlocation. PhotoUDmfm 3.40ersH NSis andV aerialdyoNdR viewpNyC RmmZNVulooking SmlfDsouth homAfrom aboved9mpy Sali,dRNVyne tdRRyIValley intoNVfm QyyLee "RdfrFlat. vDyThe pNyCview NSis dRmVualong fDythe strikeSfoNZy ofmh fDythe largeRdouy uod9yVgraben gySaoN9ygdescribed NVin thefDy GrapevinebodcypNVy qdVImVCanyon faulthdlRf PmVyzone sectionSyafNmVr. ThevDy cDmfmphoto showsSDmCS fDythe grabenuod9yV foyVgNVutrending intoNVfm QyyLee "RdfFlat dVg appearidccydoNVung fmto CNgyVwiden tofm yVamAcdSSencompass fDythe 9mogyoSborders ofmh LeeQyy "RdfrFlat. Consequently,qmVSyMlyVfRI1 thefDy grabenuod9yV anddVg QyyLee Flat"Rdf AdImay 9ybe ad cdofpart oj' fDythe sameSdAy Sfolafloyrstructure. vDyTh e RmadfNmVlocation anddVg geome-uymAy8 foItry ofmh fDNSthis Sfolafloystructure suggestSluuySf fDdfthat Nfit NSis da majorAdkmo fydotear ormo fyVSNmVtension gashudSD u, -...J

r 1

>•

■' ■ 1 1

CD oc rsizone. t

■r. 3 ul re \ fa Flat

o> CD Lee 0» ro -■y JZ CM the iiliA, 4-> CL P23.

o of »— O *•» o o s- s: CLprofile o.photo <4-

r- O of

real

i c u o

reaer *»-> re •— u ocation real o l o c »— 4-> CD ( +-> -r -r ' s. CD O Note > Verti z .

m 39

cn3. o »— oz

CL PHOTO 76

-_i^:mrn:;

■:*n- Lhr0x00Q f,fr.r

0 d060

UniviPHOTO 3.40.er5*r tyofNaAerial dfyRview ofDC JoNMyggraben trendinghoygTfgJ intofghD Lee1yy 9aNhrFlat. pfyRView hDto southmDuhS fromCoDZ SalinebNafgy Valley.pNaayIr oyaNhyTrelated hDto hSythe formationCDoZNhfDg ofDC SalinebNafgy pNaayIValley andNgT hSythe otherDhSyo dNaayImva l leys infg hSythe regionoyJfDgr. ThisvSfm subjectmuM

SUMMARYbZ88t8J -0 1qqLEE FLAT91tv FAULT9tZ1v 9iPqZONE

1)^° Lee1yy Flat9aNh fmis cSNoNchyofAyTcharacterized MIby gDoZNanormal CNuahmfaults hSNhthat trendhoygT gDohSRymh0northwest- southeastmDuhSyNmh hSoDuJSthrough ugcDgmDafTNhyTunconsolidated NaaudfNaalluvial sedimentsmyTfZyghm NgTand MNmNahbasalt CaDRmrflows .

•°2) 1yyLee 9aNhFlat NVVyNomappears hDto oyVoymyghrepresent aN portionVDohfDg DCof aN ZN

3)ew vDNSThis structureSfolafloy yZfyVgSextends homAfrom thefDy VmofDnorth 9mogyoborder ofmh fDythe studySflgI areadoyd CDyoywhere itNf formshmoAS fDythe westCySf sideSNgy ofmh Saline,dRNVy tdRRyIrValley. xfAt Daisy(dNSI CanyonqdVImV itNf 9yamAySbecomes ad grabenuod9yV cuttingalffNVu acrossdaomSS fDythe InyoMVIm Mountains•mlVfdNVS dVgand fDyVthen CNgyVSwidens tofm NVaRlgyinclude LeeQyy "RdfrFlat. vDyThe Sfolafloystructure dccydoSappears tofm continueamVfNVly southSmlfD NVfminto CentennialqyVfyVVNdR "RdfFlat anddVg thefDy CasoqmSm UdVuyrRange. 78

4srH . 0 FAULT"x#Qv SCARP,qxUU ANALYSISxPxQ),M, xP(ANO AGExb' DATING(xvMPb sr°4.1 INTRODUCTIONMPvUi(#qvMiP PmNo gdfddata wasCdS hmlVgfound concerningamVayoVNVu yNfDyoeither thfDye absolutd9SmRlfye aduyge ofmh fDythe ImlVuyoung hdlRffault scarpsSadocS inNV Saline,dRNVy ValleytdRRyI moor oyalooyVayrecurrence odfySrates forhmo hdlRffault mhhSyfSroffsets. Tovm compNgyprovide estimatesySfNAdfyS ofmh thefDy agesduyS anddVg recurrenceoyalooyVay odfyS1rates, fDythe SflgIstudy out-mlf8 RNVyglined NVin thisfDNS chapteraDdcfyo wasCdS undertaken.lVgyofdZyVr ThisvDNS studySflgI ofmh youngImlVu faulthdlRf scarpsSadocS NVin thefDy Saline,dRNVy tdRRyIValley regionoyuNmV attemptsdffyAcfS fmto apply,dccRI1 fySf1tes t, anddVg hlofDyofurther developgypyRmc fDythe AyfDmgmethod mhof faulthdlRf scarSadocp duyage gyfyoANVdfNmVrleterm i nati on comcmSygproposed 9Iby Walla*dRRdayce .°588wr(1977). Wallace*dRRdayOS's methodAyfDmg consistsamVSNSfS mhof correlatingamooyRdfNVu fDythe ageduy ofmh ad hdlRffault scarpSadoc withCNfD thefDy angledVuRy ofmh thefDy slopeSRmcy oySlRfNVuresulting homAfrom fDythe moNuNVdRoriginal hmoAdforma-8 fNmVtion anddVg gradualuodgldR yomSNmVerosion ofmh fDythe Sadocrscarp . Ax simiSNANRdolar sSflgIturly waCdSs camAcRyfygompleted oyayVfRIrecently by9I 9laZVdABucknam dVgand AndersonxVgyoSmV (.°585wr1979). vDyThe coySyVfpre~ent ~SflgItudy lSySus es Wallace's*dRRdayOS methodAyfDmg dSas ad 9dSNS1basis, 9lfbut attemptdffyAcfyged tofm amooyRdfycorre l ate sSlaDuch datagdfd asdS SyNSANaseismic velocitypyRmaNfI anddVg cdofNaRyparticle SNPysize gNSfoN9lfNmVdisti-ihu lion withCNfD hdlRffau lt Sadocscarp age.duyr

*dRRdayOSWallace's (1977).°588w methodAyfDmg waCdSs gypyRmcygdevel oped fmofur c1ndV ,dofTdJt" ,·J NVin northernVmofDyoV Pypdgd1Nevada, inNV thefDy centralayVfodR cmofNmVportion mhof fDythe ·Bas9dSAin Jnl1dVg RM1qeUdVNky compNVayrprovince . ThivDNSs studySflgI appliesdccRNyS Wallace's*dRRdayOS methodAyfDmg fmto dVan areadoyd ofmh exyZfoyAyt reme arididoNgNfIty inNV SmlfDso h-8 easternydSfyoV California,qdRNhmoVNd1 Rmadfyglocated inNV thefDy fodVSNfNmVdRtransitional PmVyzone between9yfCyyV fDythe 9dSNVBasin anddVg RangeUdVuy anddVg Sierra,Nyood PypdgdNevada compNVaySrprovinces. ThevDy SadocSscarps examinedyZdANVyg inNV fDNSthis studySflgI aredoy Rmadfyglocated atdf yRypdfNmVSelevations odVuNVuranging homAfrom aboutd9mlf ,ii500 mA tofm 1000°HHH Am dVgand undergolVgyoum few,hyC1 Nhif any,dVI1 freeze-thawhoyyPyTfDdC cycles.aIaRySr ThevDy scarpsSadocS SflgNygstudied 9Iby *dRRdayWallace doyare generallyuyVyodRRI atdf higherDNuDyo yRypdfNmVSelevations (abov.d9mpye 12°JHH00 ~Aw ) anddVg exyZcyoNyVayperience lcup fmto 160°JH hoyyPyTfDdCfreeze-thaw aIaRyScycles percyo Iydoryear . ConsqmVSyMlyVfRI1equently, fDythe coySyVfpresent SflgIstudy NSis amVayoVygconcerned CNfDwith fDythe dccRNad9NRNfIapplicability ofmh Wallace'*dRRdayDsS amooyRdfNmVcorrelation alopycurve hmofor dVan doydarea gNhhyoyVfdifferent homAfrom fDdfthat inNV whiCDNaDch Nfit CdSwa s gypyRmcygrdevelopcJ. 79

vDNSThis SflgIstudy lSySuses fDythe hmRRmCNVufollowing NVhmoAdfNmV;information: °w1) fmcmuodcDNatopographic compro-8 hNRySfiles daomSSacross ydaDeach Sadocscarp dfat oNuDfright dVuRySangles fmto fDythe hdlRffault SfoNZy1strike, Jw2) fDythe cdofNaRyparticle SNPysize gNSfoN9lfNmVdistribution mhof fDythe dRRlpNdRalluvial AdfyoNdRmater ial NVin CDNaDwhich fDythe Sadocscarp CdSwas hmoAyg1formed, anddVg ew3) fDythe NVTSNflin-situ SyNSANaseismic pyRmaNfIvP. locity mhof fDythe Sadocscarp AdfyoNdRrmaterial.

"NyRgField gdfddata Cyoywere m9fdNVygobtained mpyoover da onemVy IydoyrJr cyoNmgµeri oJ homAfrom —lVyJ11ne °58e1978 fDomluDthrough

•dIMay 1979.°585r xA fmfdRtotal mhof 22 SadocSscarps Cyoywere comhNRygprofil ed gloNVuduring fDythe SflgIrstudy. vDyThe compro 8- hNRySfiles doyare SDmCVshown mVon "NuloyFigure 9rRB.l mhof fDytl1e xccyVgNZrApp enJix. vNNyTh e RmadfNmVSloc:Hio11s CDyoywh ere fDythe SadocSscarps Cyoywere comhNRygprofiled NSis sSDmCVhown mVon URdfySPl atPS er°d13. la , erJ13.2 , 3.ere13, ers3.4 dVgand erLr3.5. UdofNaRyParticl e SNPysize distributionsgNSfoN9lfNmVS mhof fDythe dRRlpNlAalluvium Cyoywere gyfyoANVygdetermined hmofor

17°8 SadocS1scarps, dVgand seismicSyNSANa pyRmaNfNySvelociti es Cyoywere gyfyoANVygdetermined hmofor °J12 SadocSrscarps .

sr4.2J "x#QvFAULT ,qxUUSCARP v'U•MPiQib)1TERMINOLOGY, •iUUniQib)1MORPHOLOGY ~D xP(___ ('b QEGH6x(xvMQADATIONP

vDyThe SRmcyslope dVgand hdlRffault Sadocscarp fyoANVmRmuIterminology lSygused 9Iby *dRRdayWal lace .°588w(1977) fmto gySaoN9ydescribe hdlRffault Sadocscarp aDdodafyoNSfNaScharacteristi cs dVgand 1~vol11tion.rTpmRlfNmV NSis SDmCVs hm·m NVin

"NuloyFigure sr°4.1 dVgand srJr4. 2 . vDNSThi s fyoANVmRmuIterminology NSl '.> homAfru rn *mmgWnod .°5sJw1( 19'1 2) , )mlVuYoung

.°58Jw1(1972). dVgand qmmZyCooke dVgand *dooyVWarren .°58ewr(1973). vDyThe lccyouppe,· dVgand RmCyolower moNuNVdR01·ig inal dRRlpNdRalluvial hdVfan SlohdaySsurfaces doyare fDythe SyuAyVfSsegment s ofmh fDyU1 e xVuNVdRriginal Slohdaysurface fDdfthat

DdShas 9yyVbeen Sycdodfygseparated 9Iby hdlRfNVurf au 1 ting. vDyThe fmyt oe moor 9dSybJse mhof fDythe Sadocscarp dVgand fDythP. aoySfcrest mhof fDythe Sadocscarp doy1are, oyScyafNpyRI1respectively, fDythe lowRmCyoer· dVg,:ind lccyouppe r yZfoyANfNySextremities mhof fDythe hdlRffault Sadoc%scarp; fDythe hoyyfree hdayface NSis fDythe yZcmSygexposPd suSlohdayrf ace oySlRfNVuresulting

homAfrom hdlRfNVufaulting moor uodpNfIgravity ScdRRNVu%spalling; fDythe gy9oNSdebris SRmcyslop~ 1sNS fDythe fdRlStalus SRmcyslope daalAlRdfygaccumulated 9yRmCbelow fDythe hoyyfree hday%face; dVgand fDythe CdSDwash ■Rmcy,lope NSi dVIany cdofpart mhof fDythe Sadocscarp amVfomRRygcontrolled 9Iby hRlpNdRfluvial yomSNmVerosion moor gycmSNfNmVrdepos it ion . *dSDTamVfomR1Wa sh- co ntrol, gy9oNSTamVfomR1debris-control, dVgand uodrNfITamVfomRgra.ity-control doyare comaySSf0Sproce5s,•s lSygus ed NVin gNSalSSNVudiscussing SRmcyslope AmgNhNadfNmVmodification dVgand gyuodgdfNmVrdegradation. 80IH

UPPERZUUq8 ORIGINALi8XlXPt1 SURFACEbZ89t,q

CREST

DEBRIS JQ mhg SLOPE "-

WASH

Tel. OR BASE 0

I Al ll I /UNI

l OWlll ORI GI Al SUR IALI

"Mb#U'FIGURE 4.sr°1.r Fault"dlRf Sadocscarp fyoANVmRmuIterminology (d.dhfyott~r *dRRday1Wall ac R, 1°588w197 7).

Wallac*dRRdaye .°588w(1977) degySaoN9ySscribes fDythe 1111t1alNVNfNdR fhdlRf au lL ,,,_Sadocarp dSu', d hoyytn~t· hdayface inNV whichCDNaD fDythe moNuNVdRoriginal omaZ1rock, hdVuRmAyodfy1fanglomerate, moor coamRRlpNlAlluvium isNS eyZcmSygrxp os ed . ThevDy freehoyy hdayface immediatelyNAAygNdfyRI 9yuNVSbegins fmto spaScdRR; 11 : cy99RyS1pebb l ,•-:. , am99RyS1cohb l es ,

9mlRgyoS1boulders, anddVg hNVyofiner maAdfyoNdRterial 9oydZbreak RmmSyI oos e dVgand fahdRR I I homAt nlfn fhNyttie hdayt acf.: adVgnd formhmoA fDythe gy9oNSdebris slope.SRmcyr vDyThe cresaoySft ormo crestalaoySfdR br9oydZeak inNV sSRmcy l opr NSis between9yfCyyV fDythe freehoyy facehday anddVg fDythe originalmoNuNVdR lccyoupp er sSlohdayrurface . In1tMVNf0RRI· ll y fDythe crestaoySf isNS da sharpSDdoc 9oydZbreak thatfDdf cyoSNSfSpersists asdS longRmVu asdS thfDye hoyyfree hdayface exists.yZNSfSr vDyThe aoySfcrest uodgldRRIgradually ANuodfySmigrates dCdIaway fromhomA fDythe moNuNVdRor i gi nal scaSadocrp anddVg 9yamAySbecomes Amoymore anddVg Amoymore omlVgygrrounded. ThevDy gy9oNSdebri s sSRmcy l ope isNS directlygNoyafRI 9yRmCbelow fDythe hoyyfree facehday dVgand isNS amAcmSygcomposed ofmh looseRmmSy matAdfyoNdRerial fDdfthat DdSha s hdRRyVfal len homAfrom fDythe hoyyfree facehday anddVg crest.aoySfr ThisvDNS AdfyoNdRmaterial fyVgStends fmto 9ybe unlVSfd9Ry~t:b~ e anddVg generallyuyVyodRRI oySfSrests atdf anglesdVuRyS ofmh reposeoycmSy mhof es>34 ° tofm 37e8>r° . 9yRmCBelow fDyt he debrigy9oNSs sSRmcy lope on mV youngImlVu SadocS1scarps, da Cyguywedge mhof ~lluviumdRRlpNlA amAAmVRIcolll11on ly degypyRmcSvelops fDdfthat ovempyoRdcSrlaps fDythe gy9oNSdebris SRmcyslope anddVg fDythe moNuNVdRor iginal hdVfan slopeSRmcyr. vDySyTh ese CdSDwash slopeSRmcy gycmSNfSdeposits 81

FAULT CONTROLLED

FAU Li SCR AP GRAVIIY AND A. Of BR I 5-CONTROLL£0

,' ISLOPl / Rlf'l.AC[MI.NT B[ GIN ',1

3f / !I DDllBR IS SLOF\ / ,' DEBRI S CONIROL LlD B. 5- HP _ _ / .. / ----~------I ·,,/ WA)H SLO P\ / /'

UIHHl ~A N() / WAWASH~ H CONIKOlLUl( UN IRO LU [l C. ---· u. vNAMiWA ',III t DNIIIN l ~IJKOIlll U lt|J --~ - / t',LOPI DICI INl OPlRAl IVI, .....--:;' t.l. '>■) lrf>1cP

FIGURE"Mb#U' srr4. 2. Slop,Rmcye tfyoANVmRmokIermin l) lO~JY .dhfyo(ufL1>r *dRRday1W,1I I Jc<· , 1°588~77) wr. , mayAdI 9ybe asdS steepSfyyc dSas 10°H>° fmto 15°L>° whilCDNRye thefDy SRmcys l ope ofmh thfDye omoNuNVdRri gi nal hdVfan 9yhmoybefore hdlRfNVufaulting NSis amAAmVRIcommonly e>3° fmto 8>r7° . Wallace*dRRday (1977.°588w) gNSalSSygdiscussed thefDy NAcmofdVayimportance thatfDdf SypyodRse veral hdafmoSfactors AdImay haveDdpy inNV causingadlSNVu pdoNdfNmVSvariations inNV fDythe rateodfy mhof sSRmcylope gyuodgdfNmVrdegradation. ThevDy AmSfmost NAcmofdVfimportant factorshdafmoS doyare com9d9RIprobab ly fDy t he cDISNadRphysical comcyofNySproper ti es ofmh fDythe hdlRfygfaulted AdfyoNdRrmaterial. ifDyoOther pdoNd9RySvariabl es iNVaRlgynclude fDythe moNuNVdRorig inal hDyNuDfeight ofmh fDythe scarp,Sadoc1 thefDy angledVuRy 9yfCyyVbetween fDythe hdlRff~·Jlt plancRdVye dVgand thfDye SRmcy s lope ofmh fDythe gNScRdaygdisplaced sur-Slo8 face,hday1 thefDy widthCNgfD ofmh fDythe hdlRffault PmVy1zone, fDythe vegepyuyfdfNmVtali on anddVg fDyt he caRNAdfyrlimate .

~-~------~ ------T

*dRRdayOSWallace's (1977).°588w methodologyAyfDmgmRmuI NVpmRpySinvolves fDythe AydSloyAyVfmeasurement mhof hdlRffault Sadocscarp comhNRySprofiles anddVg estimationySfNAdfNmV mhof fDythe ageduy mhof fDythe scSadocarp homAfrom NfSits slopeSRmcy \. angle.dVuRyr ThisvDNS methodAyfDmg mayAdI alsodRSm 9ybe lSygused fmto eySfNAdfystimate thfDye duy age mhof eachydaD faulthdlRf eventypyVf CDyVwhen multipleAlRfNcRy 9ypyRSbevels yZNSfexist duegly tofm recurringoyalooNVu mhhSyfSoffsets dRmVualong thefDy sameSdAy faulthdlRf (Figure."Nuloy 4.3)srewr. 9dSNadRRIBasically fDythe AyfDmgmethod involvNVpmRpySes fDythe deter-gyfyo8 minationANVdfNmV ofmh fDythe SRmcyslope angledVuRy ofmh thefDy faulthdlRf Sadocscarp moor 9ypyRbev e l (."NuloyFigure srewr4.3). Walla*dRRdayce accomplisheddaamAcRNSDyg thisfDNS by9I RdINVulaying da SfdgNdstadia rodomg gNoyafRIdirectly onmV fDythe hdlRffault scarpSadoc dVgand AydSloNVumeasuring thefDy angledVuRy 9yfCyyVbetween fDythe rodomg anddVg thfDye horizontalDmoNPmVfdR withCNfD andV Abneyx9VyI lRypyRr eve l. vDyThe wrCoNfyoi ter be9yRNypyS l ieves fDdfthdt fDNSt h is AmfRNmgmc U1 od mhof adVuRyngl e measurementAydSloyAyVf AdImay introduNVfomglayce omcyodfmoperator eyoomo1rror, esyScyaNdRRIpec ia ll y Nh if multAlRfNcRy ipl e bevels9ypyRS aredoy coySyVf1present, because9yadlSy thefDy mcyodfmooperator AlSfmu st visuallypNSldRRI detegyfyoANVyrmine thefDy

break9oydZ NVin SRmcyslope betwe9yfCyyVen 9ypyRSr beve ls . vDNSTh is taskfdSZ iNS-, dgNhhNalRf iff icu lt Nhif U1rfDy comhNRypro f i le

isNS longRmVu ormo ifNh adjacentdgkdayVf 9ypyRSbevel s vpdoIary by9I mVRI011 ly ad fyCf l'W clgyuoyySr1•4 ,- ,,, .., . ThvDyP wrCoNfyo i ter coyhyoSprefers fmto uselSy fDythe continuousamVfNVlmlS comhNRNVuprofiling AyfDmgmethod dgySaoN9ygescr ibed laRdfyoter inNV fDNSthis aDdcfyorchapter. MVIn fDNSthis way,CdI1 break9oydZSs iNV n sSRmcy lope canadV 9ybe detgyfyoANVygermi nPd anddVg thfDye dVuRySangles measuredAydSloyg whenCDyV thfDye fihNyRge ld gdfd dat a NS is cRmffygpl oll~d aldf dndV yZduuyodfygex dgyera ted oT:-·· - ,, scale.SadRyr iVayOnce fDythe faulthdlRf Sadocscarp comhNRyprofile -NSis gyfyoANVyg1det ermin ed , fDythe duyag e mhof fDythe Sadocscarp canadV be9y ySfNAdfygestimated homAfrom Wallac*dRRdayOSe 's (1977.°588w) amooyRdfNmVcor re l ati on alopycur ve (Figure."Nuloy srswr4.4). vDNSThis curvealopy wasCdS gypyRmcygdevelop ed lSNVu us ing hdlRf fault ~cSadocSarps mhof kZVmCVnown duyage inNV VmofDTayVfodRnorth-central PypdgdrNevada. ThevDy agesduyS ofmh fDythe hdlRffault sSadocScarps determinedgyfyoANVyg 9Iby thisfDNS methodAyfDmg inNV ,dRNVySaline ValleytdRRyI doyare guNpyViv en inNV Tdbvd9Ryle sr°r4.l . w-

(1)3 (l)F SLOPE. OF ORI GINAL ~AN SURFACE (1) F -,-----===---:::: (l)l SLOPE. OF OLDEST BEVEL =· I I FA uLT PLANE (1) SLOPl OF INH:. RME.D IATt AGl l:lEVE.L 2 (1) SLOPE. OF YOUNGlST l:lE.VEL OR FAULT SCRAP 3

"Mb#U'FIGURE sre4.3 r. "dlRfFault Sadocscarp 9ypyRNVubeveling dglyue tofm erosyomSNmVrion. ThisvDNS figurehNuloy SDmCSs hows fDoyythree periodscyoNmgS ofmh vpyofNadRerti cal movAmpyAyVfement alon9dRmVu thfDyr. hdlRffault cRdVyplane withCNfD fDythe AmSfmost recentoyayVf indiNVgNadfygcated by9I fDythe sSfyycySf t ee pest SRmcys lope dVuRy1angle, “—■e1t 3, dVgand fDyt he mRgySfoldes t 9Iby fDythe sSDdRRmCySfhall owest SRmcy~lope angle,dVuRy1 11,r

60 .,., ~o I (,RAV ll Y QJ _ COCONTROLLtDNTROL LUJ O" QJ -0 40 I1 ....., DIBRISDlHR IS -' t.:> 30 1_COMkOlLlUOr'. l ROL LI 0 z <>:: ....., 0... 20 0 ; .VAbU:1A '., H -' ------V, FANG LO Ml RA Tl ------I LOLONIROILLO' lROLLl O 10 ------0 1a2 1o3 1rt1 It!> AGL I YlARS

"Mb#U'FIGURE 4.4.srsr UyRdfNmVSDNcRelationship 9yfCyyVbetween hdlRffaul t scSadocarp SRmcy~lope adVuRyngl e anddVg ageduy forhmo faulthdlRf SadocSscarps inNV fanglo1nhdVuRmAyodfySera tes (ofter.dhfyo Wallac*dRRday1e , 1977).°588wr 84Is

vx9Q'TABLE 4.1.sr°r "dlRfF au It scarSadocp agesduySr.

Scarp BevBevelel .!I' AqeAge ScarpSc ar:Q -BevelBeve--- I -4r1 - --~Aqe - Pp 2 5.3 1010^7 yr P13PlJ 16.16.00 40,000 14.4 8080,000,000 331.61. 6 220220 447.7 7. 7 27 Pp 3 4.4.1 I 1010?7 30 320 10.4 10610& 38.0 12 1212.0 .0 2240,00040,000 14.14.88 75,000 Pl4P14 12.12.4 4 :>250,000,0 ,000 23.7 22,000,000 32.6 170 53.53.1 1 17 Pp 4 9.1 10610^ PlbPl, 18. 18.3 3 13,13,000000 1212.0 .o 1110,000 JO , 000 '.,959.0 .o 11 30.3JO. J 780280 . - Pp S) 4.J4.3 1010? 7 PI(,)'1(> I)lb.. II4 bl.,000)ll ,!J0(J 5.0 10710^ lJ13.0. l) 160 9.4 110*>00 'JU90 0 13.13.8 8 1120,00020 ,000 2222.3.3 3,000,000 PlPKS8 17.7I 7 . 7 17,17,000000 !24..' 4 . .' 6,000

Pp 6 72.9.9 10710^ P19 JC,15.1 l 65.0006:i .000 49.449. 4 .'.'30 30 21/ l. .H /\ l,!.600 600 :'24.II . I/ 1I ,,1140000

Pp 7 0 110/11 / 14.0 I 100,000OU, 000 1717.2 . 2 Z21,000l,000 PP20?U 19.319. I 9,000 9,000 724.2•1 . .: 1,1,600600 Pp 8 0 1If)/07 l]11 .8. 1\ ?00200 ?2.9 . 9 10If)/7 15.~. • I~ 1001no 4.6 11111./ / 1.7I. 7 1010/7 I'P.'l.' I 1)i).(,. t 1 10l u 1/ .. 21.8 3,700 ,^4.4 350 ~- Z1. 8 3, 7()() / t.J ·'' J,o 31.031. 0 ?250SU rP?2,. 4.04. l) 1010/1 Pfl 9'.:J 1616.7. 7 cl27,000 ,000 t,ti.). J 101U)/ 5.5.7 7 10710/ !13..8 3 . d 130130,000,UOO 32.7 l170 70 116.7 . I n27.000.ooo i'l21.4. 4 4,4,000000 PIO 2.12. 1 10/10 7 .'.^4.04 . ll 1,700 1010.2.2 106 3010.1. 3 782800 4242.0 .o 47 50.0 2?22 pP.'l 'J 3 10/i()l :·:!81. _,)‘1 100 PPll 11 5.5.3 3 10710/ 2020.6.6 S, 5,200200 P24p ? ,1 ()0 10'10/ 228.88.8 420420 l21.8 l . /l 6xlO&6,106 .,''7.9 7 . 'l 72xlx10606 P12Pl 2 42.0 4)4b 5.8.6:i,'l . 6 1,000 8.58 .5 106 11.11.3 3 500,000 31.31.0 0 240 240 4848.2 .2 7727 85

5re4.3 9tZ1vFAULT SCARPb,t8U U8i9X1XPlPROFILING InXg fDythe idealNgydR situation,SNfldfNmV1 Sadocscarp comhNRySprofiles SDmlRgshould be9y m9fdNVygobtained 9Iby adoyhlRcareful SlopyINVusurveying fyaDVNMlyS1techniques, DmCypyo1hm-.,ever, SlaDs uch tfyaDVNMlySec hniques generallyuyVyodRRI requireoyMlNoy ad twofCm ormo fDoyythree AdVman crew.aoyCr ,NVaySince fDythe CoNfyowriter CmoZygwor ked dRmVy1alone, Nfit wasCdS VyaySSdoInecessary fmto developgypyRmc da AyfDmgmethod 9Iby whichCDNaD da singleSNVuRy cyoSmVperson couldamlRg yZcygNfNmlSRIexpeditiously obtainm9fdNV fDythe oyMlNoygrequired fihNyRgeld datgdfdra . ThisvDNS meAyfDmgthod isNS shownSDmCV gNduodAVdfNadRRIdiagrarrmatically inNV Figure"Nuloy 4.5.srLr For"mo fDythe shorterSDmofyo comhNRyS1profiles, eyrur1 . g., lRySSess fDdVthan aboutd9mlf 50LH A1m, ad CmmgyVwooden SfdfNmVstation cmRypole approximatdccomZNNVdfNnI!>ly 1.°rL5 Arn RmVulong wasCdS cRdaygplaced inNV andV lcoNuRNfup ri ght cmSNfNmVpo s ition Vydonear fDythe cre'>taoySf otmh thefDy ScdrSadocr[). AttachedxffdaDyg fmto fDNSthis cmRypole wasCdS da cNyaypiece mhof surveyor'sSlopyImoOS hRduuNVuflagging cRdaygplaced atdf da heightDyNuDf equalyMldR fmto fDythe DyNuDfheight ofmh ad sSNANRdo1imil ar , 9lfbut shSDmofyoorter SlopyIsurvey cmRyrpole. UomhNRNVuProfili ng wasCdS daamAcRNSDygaccomplished 9Iby measuringAydSloNVu fDythe SRmcys lope gNSfdVaydistancP. anddVg SRmcys lope dVuRyang le homAfrom fDythe surveySlopyI cmSNfNmVposition fmto fDyt he SfdfNmVs tati on pocmRyrle . xA ,lVfmSunto caRNVmAyfyo1li11omP.t tt r, fIcylyf)e PM-5/360PC,U•TLXeJHUq1 wasCdS cRdaygplaced onmV fmctop ofmh fDythe suiSlopyI·vey cmRypole anL1dVg sSNuDfyg ighted atdf fDythe hRduuNVuflagging mVon fDythe stationSfdfNmV cmRyrpol e . InMV fDNSthis wCdI,1 y fDytii,, ·;SRmcylnp :-> ,dVuRySrn,Jl Ps 9yfCyyVb•~tw een thefDy cmRySpoles atdf severalSypyodR locationsRmadfNmVS dRmVualong fDythe comhNRyprufil t: RNVyline 1,CyoycJr1, mAydSloygrt!as ured.

ThevDy slopeSRmcy gNSfdVaySdistances 9yfCyyVbe tw een fDythe cmRySpol es Cyoywe re AydSloygmP.asu, ·eu CNfDwith Jd eH30 mA lRmVu ong hN9youRdSSfiberglass measuringAydSloNVu fdcyrt ape. ThevDy distancegNSfdVay 9yfCyyVbetween fDythe mAydSloNVueas uring ifc>.kNmNVfSints CdSwas gycyVgyVfdependent uponlcmV fDythe topographyfmcmuodcDI ofmh fDythe Sadocscarp anddVg variedpdoNyg homAfrom 0.2HrJ tofm L5 Arm. LongerQmVuyo comhNRySprofiles wereCyoy AydSloygmeasured NVin thefDy sameSdAy AdVVyomanner yZaycfexcept fDdfthat thefDy SfdfNmVstation cmRypole CdSwas oyRmadfygrelocated dSas necessaryVyaySSdoI alongdRmVu fDythe comhNRyprofile RNVyrline. nmoNPmVfdRHorizontal anddVg pyofNadRvertical gNSfdVaySdistances homAf rom ydaDeach mhot fDythe AydSloNVumeasuring cmNVfSpoints tofm thefDy SfdfNmVstation cmRypole Cyoywere adRalRdfygcalculated lSNVuusi~g andV eyRyafomVNa lectronic calculator.adRalRdfmor ThevDy resultingoySlRfNVu datagdfd CdSwas cRmffygplotted mVon standardSfdVgdog uodcDgra ph cdcyopaper usinglSNVu da verticalpyofNadR yZduuyodfNmVexagger3tion ofmh J;°r2:1. vDyTh e hdlRffault scarSadocp comhNRyprofile reconstructionsoyamVSfolafNmVS aredoy shownSDmCV inNV Figure"Nuloy 9rRB.l ofmh fDythe xccyVgNZrAppendi x. 86

MOHI/t1llRI/ lllni'jl'>I ■iMlI'J~101'1 ills'1> 1',. 'Ll!'.•Ltt' ,0 u 'VIHI/till IJIDIM\ I Sl'HI\ I ' l i'I DIM11 1 , I 'Sl'iO'•\ I', u•

SlOHl\ I Ul 'I. IJl~IUlSI

\ u“' /I/ -r :. - IIUKI,'tl lJHI / UUK. I \

Sinn DIsUM I

(I II llillIMIMIIIl,\I fl~ K

i > ''■

'-I. > Itl *

"Mb#U'FIGURE srL4.5.r "dlRfFault scarSadocp comfNRNVuprofiling mAyfDmgethod lSygused forhmo sSflgIrtudy.

4.4srs PARTICLEUxUvMqQ' ,M='SIZE DISTRIBUTION(M,vUM9#vMiP

ThevDy general1yuyVyodRRI accepteddaaycfyg AyfDmgmethod mhof deterrnigyfyoANVNVun rn

9lRZbulk samplingSdAcRNVu anddVg dVdRISNSranalysis . Bulk9lRZ sampling,SdAcRNVu1 CDyVwh en dccRNygapp l ied fmto adRRlpNdRlluv ia l hdVfan deposits,gycmSNfS1 isNS oftenmhfyV gNhhNalRf1difficult, fNAytime consumiamVSlANVu1nri, anddVg exyZcyVSNpypensive

9yadlSybecause ofmh thefDy gNhhNalRfIdifficulty NVin obtainingm9fdNVNVu anddVg analyz111lJdVdRIPNVu sSfdfNSfNadRRI t a tistically significantSNuVNhNadVf SdAcRySrsamples. vDNSThis gNhhNalRfIdifficulty NSis duglye fmto fDythe CNgy,1ide odVuyrange mhof cdofNaRyparticle SNPyS1sizes, mhfyVoften rangingodVuNVu homAfrom micronsANaomVS tofm AyfyoS1met ers, amAAmVRIcorrmonly asdSSmso-8 ciatedaNdfyg CNfDwith thesefDySy gycmSNfSrdeposits . vmTo dealgydR CNfDwith com9RyASprobl c~s ofmh fDNSthi s sorSmof1t,

*mRAdVWolman (1954).°5Lsw developedgypyRmcyg andV arealdoydR moor surfaceSlohday mAyfDmgethod mhof SdAcRNVusampling coarseamdoSy oNpyoriver aDdVVyRchannel material.AdfyoNdRr YisnNS AyfDmgmethod NVpmRpySin volves fDythe estabySfd9RNSDAyVfli s hment mhof d a griduoNg onmV fDythe surfaceSlohday fmto 9ybe sampled.SdAcRygr vDyThe NVfyoAygNdfyinterrned iJ t e dimengNAyVSNmVs ion ofmh thefDy 87 cdofNaRyparticle lVgyoRINVuunderlying eachydaD uoNggrid cmNVfpoint NSis measuredAydSloyg lVfNRuntil ad totalfmfdR mhof 100°HH cdofNaRySparticles Ddpyhave 9yyVbeen AydSloygrmeasured. InMV fDNSthis CdIway ad alAlRdfNpycumulative curvealopy showingSDmCNVu SNPysize versuspyoSlS frequencyhoyMlyVaI AdImay be9y cRmffygrplotted. qmAcdoNSmVSCom parisons ofmh 9lRZbulk anddVg surSlohdayface SdAcRNVusampling resultsoySlRfS 9Iby Wolman*mRAdV (1954).°5Lsw adVgnd Rdfyolater CmoZyoSworkers haveDdpy provencompyV fDythe validitypdRNgNfI ofmh fDNSthis method.AyfDmgr ThisvDNS AyfDmgmethod DdSha s fDythe advantagedgpdVfduy ofmh lSNVuusing directgNoyaf AydSloyAyVfSmeasurements odfDyorather fDdVthan relyingoyRINVu onmV fDythe CyNuDfweight mhof mate-Adfy8 oNdRrial inNV da sizeSNPy NVfyopdRrinterval. vDyThe meAyfDmgthod iNS1s, DmCypyo1however, liRNANfygmited fmto cdofNaRypart icl e SNPySsizes fDdfthat cadVan be9y measurAydSloyged inNV fDythe hNyRgrfi e ld. o;(yVVInny (1965).°5JLw applieddccRNyg ad sSRNuDfRIlightly modifiAmgNhNyged ver<,iunpyoSNmV mhof fDNSthi s meAyfDmgthod NVin DNShis studySflgI mhof alluviadRRlpNdRl hdVfan depositsgycmSNfS NVin fDythe Death(ydfD ValleytdRRyI reoyuNmVrgion. RatherUdfDyo thanfDdV establySfd9RNSDNVuishing da uoNggrid onmV thefDy Slohday1surface , D(yVVIenny insteadNVSfydg laidRdNg ad 100°HH fthf (30.eH m)Aw SfyyRsteel tapfdcye daomSSacro ss fDythe sSlohdayurface tofm 9ybe saSdAcRygmpl ed anddVg meaAyd8- suredSloyg fDythe intermediNVfyoAygNdfyate dimensiongNAyVSNmV mhof thfDye cdofNaRyparti clr 9yVydfDbenr ath ydaDPach 4s fthf (1.3.°re Awm) markAdoZ forhmo da fmfdRtotal mhof 25JL measurements.AydSloyAyVfSr "moFor fDythe ,dRNVySaline ValltdRRyIey SflgIstudy ad 30eH mA hN9youRdSSfib~r1 l ass fdcytape wasCdS RdNg laid diagonallygNdumVdRRI acrossdaomSS fDythe facehday mhof eacydaDh faulthdlRf scarpSadocr. Un#VNhmoAiform saSdAcRNVumpling gNSfdVaySdistances rangingodVuNVu homAfrom 0.HrJ2 fmto HrL0.5 mA Cyoywere uselSyg1d, degycyVgNVupending onmV fDythe ovempyodRRr all coarsenessamdoSyVySS ofmh fDythe material.AdfyoNdRr iVyOne hunDlVgoygdred AydSloyAyVfSmeasurements CyN0w~ e Adgymade dfat eachydaD Sadocrscarp. From"omA fDNSthis data,gdfd1 thefDy cumulatalAlRdfNpyi ve curvesalopyS dVgand histogramsDNSfmuodAS mhof fDythe intermediateNVfyoAygNdfy dimensiongNAyVSNmV versuspyoSlS cyoayVfpe rcent hoyMlyVaIfrequency

wereCyoy constructed.amVSfolafygr ThesevDySy aredoy shownSDmCV inNV F1"NuloySj ures 9rJ8.2 andVgc ~9re-3 mhot thefDy Appendix.xccyVgNZr "omAFrom fDythe alAlRdfNpycumulative alopyS1curves, descriptivegySaoNcfNpy AydSloySmeasures mhof cdopar-8 ticlefNaRy SNPysize gNSfoN9lfNmVdistribution wereCyoy calculatadRalRdfygred. vDySyThese m~AydSloyS1asures, 9dSygbased onmV

MVAdV .°5LJw NVaRlgy fDy AygNdV1 fDy AydV1 .O—D0u + O0eswXJ1 dVg Inman (1952) include the median, q, 50 , the mean, (1•16 + l/1 84)/2, and

1 fDy SfdVgdog gypNdfNmV1 l

¢ dVg doy fDy the standard deviation, 84 16 )/2. 16°J,D 'LHso·D and 484Is are the 88UU intermediatefghyoZyTfNhy VNohfcayparticle dimensionsTfZygmfDgm fgin VSfphi unitsugfhm cDooymVDgTfgJcorresponding hDto 16,^s; 50,#*; NgTand 84%U5" finer,Cfgyo; respectivelyoymVychfdyaI Dgon hSythe cumulativecuZuaNhfdy curve.cuodyr USfPhi notation,gDhNhfDg; firstCfomh TymcofMyTdescribed MIby KrumbeinNouZMyfg »^\e5°;(1934), fmis MNmyTbased Dgon thehSy aDJNofhSZlogarithm hDto hSythe MNmybase hRDtwo DCof hSythe VNohfcayparticle diameter.TfNZyhyor vSyThe hyoZterm "xVSfphi ugfhxunit" fmis mIgDgDZDumsynonomous RfhSwith "Wentworthx(yghRDohS grade".JoNTyxr vDTo emphasizeyZVSNmfAy thehSy factCNch thathSNh VSfphi isfm aN TfZygmfDgaymmdimensionless quantity.uNghfhI referringoyCyoofgJ hDto Na gDgafgyNononlinear measurementZyNmuoyZygh mcNay;scale, McManus8c8Ngum »^\se°(1963) gaveJNdy hSythe CDaaDRfgJfollowing ZNhSyZNhfcNamathematical expressionyHVoymmfDg [slightlymafJShaI modifiedZDTfCfyT fromCoDZ NouZMyfgKrumbein (1934)]»^\e5°! forCDo VSf6phi:

= ; VNohfcayparticle diameterTfNZyhyo fgin rmiZZ - 109 2 1.00 mm

bydyoNaSeveral statisticalmhNhfmhfcNa VNoNZyhyomparameters (»NChyoafter XgZNg;Inman, 19^\#•°S2) ofDC hSythe faultCNuah mcNoVscarp ZNhyofNamaterial Noyare givenJfdyg infg vNMayTable 4.5r•r2.

4.55r# bqXb8X,SEISMIC pq1i,XvJVELOCITY ThevSy fgin situmfhu myfmZfcseismi c velocdyaDcfhfymi ti es ofDC hSythe NaaudfNa alluvia l fCNg an deTyVDmfhmpo s its CDoZfgJforming 13^e ofDC thehSy CNuahfault scarpsmcNoVm examinedyHNZfgyT fgin hSfmthis mhuTIstudy wereRyoy determinedTyhyoZfgyT MIby cDgdyghfDgNaconventional fieldCfyaT ZyhSDTmrmethods. At PfZMumNimbus InstrumXgmhouZyghments 8DTyaMod e l qb0XtES-lA mfgJaysingle channelcSNggya engineeringygJfgyyofgJ seismographmyfmZDJoNVS wasRNm usedumyT RfhSwith Na 5r# 4. 5 kgwJ SNZZyoharm1er forCDo Ngan energyygyoJI mDuocyrsource. —ycNumyBecause hSythe velocitydyaDcfhI DCof DgaIonly hSythe upperuVVyo CyRfew metersZyhyom ofDC hSythe mcNoV0CDoZfgJscarp-forming ZNhyofNamaterial RNmwas needed,gyyTyT; thehSy VoDCfayprofile afgymlines JygyoNaaIgenerally TfTdid gDhnot yHcyyTexceed 15^# Zmin fg length.aygJhSr byfmZfcSeismic dyaDcfhfymvel ocities obtainedDMhNfgyT andNgT thehSy VoDCfayprofile locationsaDcNhfDgm Noyare Jfdyggiven fgin vNMayTable 5rer4.3. 89I5

vx9Q'TABLE srJ4.2.r ,fdfNSfNadRStatistical cdodAyfyoSparameters hmofor hdlRffault Sadocscarp AdfyoNdRrmaterial. Standard,fdVgdog Medi•ygNdV an Mean•ydV Deviation(ypNdfNmV ¢16 ¢sOa50 ¢YIs84 ¢|RJNNIs16+¢84 ¢0Is84-°¢‘0°J16 2 pU 1,2,3,4°rJ1e1s -3.6TerJ -4.75Tsr8L - TJrI6. 8 TLrJH-5. 20 1.°rJH 60 L5 N/APXx 6J -1.T°rJL 25 -4.25TsrJL TJrI-6.8 -TsrHe4.03 Jr8I2.78 78 -TJre 2.3 TsrH-4.0 TLr°-5.1 Ter8H-3.70 1.40°rsH

8I THrJL-0.25 Tsre-4.3 TJre-6.3 TsrsH-4.40 1.°r5H 90 59 TerJL-3 . 25 TsrL-4.5 TJreL-6.35 TsrIH-4.80 1.°rLL 55

10°H T°r8L-1. 75 TerJ-3.6 -4 TsrIL. 85 -3.30TereH 1.°rLL 55

11°° PXxN/A °J12 0H TerI-3. 8 T8rJL-7. 25 -TerJe 3. 63 3erJe.63 13°e H0 -3.8TerI -6 TJrLL. 55 TerJ5-3. 29 3.29erJ5 14°s -0.7THr8 TerJL-3.25 TLrs-5.4 -3.05TerHL 2 JreL.35 15°L -0.8THrI -4 TsrJ.2 -TJrsL 6.45 TerJe-3 . 63 2.JrIe83 16°J N/APXx TsrJ -../ -4. 2 T8T°- 7 .1 17°8 PmNo comhNRyprofil e

18°I TJrsL-2 . 45 TsrH-4.0 TLrJ-5. 2 -3.TerIe83 1.°reI 38 19°5 T°r°-1.1 TerJ- 3.6 TLrJ-5.6 TereL- 3. 35 JrJL2.25 JH20 TJrH-2.0 -4TsrL. 5 -6.9TJr5 -4.45TsrsL JrsL2.45 J°21 -2.2TJrJ TsrH -4.0 -6.TJrJ2 -4.TsrJ2 JrHH2.00 22JJ TJrs-2.4 -4.2TsrJ -6.7 TJr8 TsrLL-4.55 2Jr°L.15 23Je PXxN/A 24Js N/APXx 90

TABLEvt—1q 4.5re3.r byfmZfcSeismic dyaDcfhIvelocity DCof faultCNuah mcNoVscarp material.ZNhyofNar UoDCfayProfile m/sZ'm ProfileUoDCfay m/sZ'm Vp 1^ U^ePl3 5UU488 Up •2 GenerallygyoNa AreatoyN 554##5 Pl4U^5 5es436 Up e3 U^#Pl5 P'tN/A Up 5 4 Pl6U^s 726>•s Up #5 P'tN/A PU 17^> PDNo UoDCfayProfile Up s6 U>^871 U^UPl8 P'tN/A Up >7 4845U5 Pl9U^\ P'tN/A Up U 8 1451^5#^ P20U•* P'tN/A Up \ 9 >s•762 P21U•^ P'tN/A PlOUXi 736>es P2U••2 P'tN/A PllUaa P'tN/A P23U•e P'tN/A Pl2U^• 965\s# U•5P24 P'tN/A

4.65rs ASSUMPTIONStbbZ8UvXiPb ZbqjUSED XPIN FAULT9tZ1v SCARPb,t8U AGEtlq qbvX8tvXiPESTIMATION XgIn hSythe SalinebNafgy pNaayIValley oyJfDg;region, numerousguZyoDum IDugJyoung gDoZNanormal CNuahfault mcNoVmscarps infg NaaudfNaalluvial CNgmfans CDoZform stepsmhyVm rangingoNgJfgJ fromCoDZ aymmless hSNgthan aN metZyh) ·O hDto moreZDoy thanhSNg 20•* minZ fg heightSyfJSh alongNaDgJ thehSy MNmymbases DCof thehSy XgIDInyo Mountains8DughNfgm andNgT PanamintUNgNZfgh 8NgJyRange NgTand onDg thehSy CaDDofloor ofDC bNafgySaline Valley.pNaayIr SeveralbydyoNa DCof thesehSymy mcNoVmscarps appearNVVyNo hDto SNdyhave ugTyoJDgyundergone CDuofour orDo moreZDoy VyofDTmperiods ofDC CNuahfgJ;faulting, asNm fgTfindi-' cNhyTcated byMI hSythe MydyafgJbeveling orDo segmentsmyJZyghm DCof fgcoyNmfgJaIincreasingly oyTucyTreduced slopemaDVy uVSfaauphill fromCoDZ hSythe ZDmhmost oycyghrecent offset.DCCmyhr tahSDuJSAlthough Wallact's(NaaNcy0m (1977)»^\>>° methodZyhSDT RNmwas developedTydyaDVyT fgin Na regionoyJfDg DCof differentTfCCyoygh climaticcafZNhfc cDgTfhfDgm;conditions, itfh appearsNVVyNom thathSNh fhit ZNImay beMy umyTused hDto ymhfZNhyestimate thehSy minimumZfgfZuZ NJyage DCof hSymythese mcNoVmrscarps. 91

SeveralUninver assumptionsesstyofNads evnare implicitNyorNRNf inNd Wallace'scerreRnDs mhSllV(1977) methodology.ynfga,araICu OfAb fgnsnthese thefgn mostyasf Nyoavfedfimportant Nsis fgefthat fgnthe faultbetrf sRevosscarps werepnvn bavyn,formed ovNdRNoerrCprincipally qCby suddenst,,nd abbsnfsoffsets accompanyingeRRayoedCNdI nevfgPteJnsearthquakes rathervefgnv fgedthan byqC slowsrap fnRfadNRtectonic Rvnnoucreep. ThisTgNs isNs vnesadeqrnreasonable qnRetsnbecause tectonicfnRfadNR Rvnnocreep onad faultsbetrfs withinpNfgNd thefgn GreatZvnef MesNdBasin hasges notdaf qnndbeen recognizedvnRaIdN1n, (Slemmons,mUrnyyads9 1967).hS8lVu UnRad,rC9Secondly, thefgn NdNfNerinitial scarpssRevos bavyn,formed inNd thefgn alluvialerrtiNer deposits,noasNfs havegein sraonsslopes vedINdIranging bvayfrom abouteqatf 0;.50° fato 90S;.° orav evennind ssrNIgfrClightly ainvover-5 hanging.gedINdIu LavyerNormal betrffault scarpssRevos bavyn,formed Ndin qn,vaRJbedrock IndnverrCgenerally havegein sraonsslopes averagingeinveINdI abouteqatf 608;.u° . ThiTgNss isNs attributedeffvNqtfn, tofa fgnthe ynRgedNRsmec hanics ofab betrfNdIfaulting anded, ogCsNRerphysical ovaonvfNnsproperties abof fgnthe materialyefnvNer qCby BillingsMNrrNdIs (1954)mhS0wV anded, Hd,nvsadAnderson (1951).mhS0hVu WallacecerreRn attributeseffvNqtfns fgnthe ,NbbnvndRndifference qnfpnndbetween initialNdNfNer scarpsRevo anglesedIrns inNd qn,vaRJbedrock anded, inNd alluvialerrtiNer deposit,noasNfss fato tensionalfndsNader fractur-bveRftv5 ingNdI ofab thefgn sedimentarysn,NyndfevC layer.reCnvu Thirdly,TgNv,rC9 originalavNINder alluvialerrtiNer bedsfans RayyadrCcommonly havegein sraonsslopes abof M.3° tofa 7°l. qtfbut yeCmay beqn esas steepsfnno ases 7°l. fato 10h;.u°. cerreRnWallace indicatesNd,NRefns fgefthat originalavNINder slopessraons greaterIvnefnv thanfged abouteqatf 5.50u0.° arevn9e , Ndin manyyedC oreRns9places, thefgn resultvnstrf ofab fnRfadNRtectonic warpingpevoNdI orav fNrfNdIt i lting rathervefgnv thanfged frombvay deposition.,noasNfNadu TgnThe yeDavmajor alluvialerrtiNer bedsfans inNd UerNdnSaline kerrnCVall ey mHoond,N6(Appendix Fig.0NIu 8.4,Muw9 8.5)Mu0V generallyIndnverrC sraonslope qnfpnndbetween 4°w. anded, 6°8. ,apdsfvneydownstream frombvay hbOne canyonRedCad mouthyatfg anded, areevn sfnnonvsteeper Ndin thefgn qn,vaRJbedrock upstreamtosfvney frombvay thefgn betrffault 1adnsuzones. Finally,0NderrC9 WallacecerreRn assumesesstyns thatfgef sraonslope degradation,nIve,efNad ratesvefns evnare greatlyIvnefrC affectedebbnRfn, byqC climaticRrNyefNR Rad,NfNadsconditions ed,and areevn vnsoadsNinresponsive tofa climaticRrNyefNR changes.RgedInsu

4.7wul Hxx^NPHTNALAPPLICATION A0OF METHODIQT7AX TOTA SALINEUH^NLQ VALLEYkH^^Q" cerreRnDsWallace's mhSllV(1977) sraon~lope angle-ageedIrn'eIn correlationRavvnrefNad curveRtvin waspes de,ninraon,veloped forbav aned areaevne inNd davfgnorth Rndfvercentral Lnie,euNevada. ThisTgNs evnearea Nsis consideredRadsN,nvn, fato qnbe

UU J" n 92 evN,9arid, butqtf thefgn eddterannual ovnRNoNfefNadprecipitation variesievNns widelypN,nrC ases ea functionbtdRfNad ofab raRerlocal relief.vnrNnbu TgnThe qvae,broad intermountainNdfnvyatdfeNd basinsqesNds atef abouteqatf 1200hj;; ym nrniefNadelevation geinhave qnfpnndbetween 12hj anded, j;20 Rycm abof ovnRNoNfefNadprecipitation annually.eddterrCu TgnThe gNIgnvhigher vedIns9ranges, atef elevationsnrniefNads abof 1500h0;; fato 3000M;;; y9m, geinhave 35M0 fato 45w0 cmRy abof ovnRNoNfefNadpreci pitation annually.eddterrCu TheTgn numberdtyqnv ofab freeze-thawbvnn1n'fgep RCRrnscycles peronv yearCnev isNs qnfpnndbetween 120hj; ed,and 130hM; (Vishner,mkNsgdnv9 1954).hS0wVu WallacecerreRn (Personalmxnvsader Corrmunication,PayytdNRefNad9 1979)hSlSV qnrNninsbelieves fgefthat thefgn RrNyefnclimate inNd general,Indnver9 ed,and thefgn dtyqnvnumber abof bvnn1n'fgepfreeze-thaw RCRrnscycles inNd oevfNRtrev9particular, evnare importantNyoavfedf beRfavsfactors Ndin fgnthe ratevefn ofab betrffault scarpsRevo . - ,nIve,efNadudegradation. BecauseMnRetsn abof thefgn importanceNyoavfedRn thatfgef thefgn numberdtyqnv abof bvnn1n'fgepfreeze-thaw RCRrnscycles mayyeC havegein onad sraonslope degradation,,nIve,efNad9 itNf mayyeC dafnot qnbe oassNqrnpossible fato ,NvnRfrCdirectly eoorCapply cerreRnDsWallace's RavvnrefNadcorrelation curveRtvin forbav faultbetrf scarpssRevos locatedraRefn, inNd fgnthe SalineUerNdn ValleykerrnC vnINaduregion. TgnThe betrff ault sRevosscarps sft,Nn,studied inNd fgNsthis vnINadregion areevn generallyIndnverrC atef nrniefNadselevations abof M0;350 my tofa 1000h;;; my ed,and havegein annualeddter ovnRNoNfeprecipita-5 fNadtion iertnsvalues similarsNyNrev fato fgasnthose vnoavfn,reported qCby Wallace.cerreRnu 7apninv9However, fgnthe dtyqnvnumber abof freeze-thawbvnn1n'fgep cyclesRCRrns onvper yearCnev isNs nearlydnevrC 1nvauzero. ^ayqev,NLombardi (1mhS8MV963) indi-Nd,N5 Refnscates thatfgef ae mineyNdn Reyocamp Ndin SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley atef eqatfabout 0;;500 my nrniefNadelevati on Nsis nearlydnevrC bvasf'bvnnufrost-free. MnRetsnBecause abof thefgn milderyNr,nv pNdfnvwinter climateRrNyefn inNd UerNdnSaline Valley,kerrnC9 eInsages derived,nvNin, bvayfrom Wallace'scerreRnDs correlationRavvnrefNad Rtvincurve areevn ovaqeqrCprobably toofaa CatdIuyoung. TgnvnThere evn9are, gapninv9however, dano ovnRNsnprecise data,efe concerningRadRnvdNdI thefgn eInsages abof betrffault sRevosscarps inNd fgNsthis evneuarea. TgNsThis methodynfga, Redcan qnbe tsn,9used, however,gapninv9 fato nsfNesti-5 mateyefn thefgn dtyqnvnumber abof betrffault eventsnindfs fgefthat havegein aRRtvvn,occurred alongeradI ae oevfNRtrevparticular faultbetrf snIyndfusegment. Hoova6NyefnApproximate avor yNdNytyminimum recurrencevnRtvvndRn vefnsrates canRed qnbe deter-,nfnv5 minedyNdn, frombvay fgNsthis data.,efeu 93 iUv4.8 erstyosRESULTS OFfN FAULTNatyo SCARPsdaeR acayDsmsANALYSIS ohSThe lVgl,ISpurpose ,Cof uhAIthis analysisbpbqPIAI isAI u,to apply,bllqPJ uSIuJtest, andbpT CVguhSgfurther developTSZSq,l uhSthe methodMSuh,T ,Cof TSuSgMApAp1determining uhSthe agesb1SI forC,g CbVqufault I9bglIscarps lg,l,ISTproposed 8Pby Wallace0bqqb9S (1977).;.5LLwU mpTSlSpTSpuIndependent dating,TbuAp1J lg,lSguASIproperties of,C uhSthe scarpI9bgl mate-MbuSH gAbqJrial, seismicISAIMA9 ZSq,9AuASIJvelocities, andbpT 0bqqb9SMIWallace's (1977);.5LLw lg,CAqSprofile MSuh,Tmethod C,gMSTfonned uhSthe 8bIAIbasis C,gfor uhAIthis IuVTPUstudy. IndependentmpTSlSpTSpu datingTbuAp1 ,Cof uhSthe scarpsI9bglI isAI p,unot l,IIA8qSUpossible. a1SAge TbuAp1dating of,C uVCCtuff samplesIbMlqSI 8Pby 9,ggSqbuAp1correlating uhSAgtheir ugb9Strace elementSqSMSpu 9,puSpucontent withDAuh tuffsuVCCI of,C kp,Dpknown b1SIages isAI 8SAp1being doneT,pSJ, 8Vubut uhSthe Tbubdata bgSare p,unot PSuyet complete.9,MlqSuSU a8I,qVuSAbsolute TbuAp1dating ,Cof uhSthe MbuSgAbqImaterials wasDbI p,unot T,pSdone TVSdue tou, financialCApbp9Abq qAMAubuA,pIUlimitations . yb9kAp1Lac ki ng uhSISthese data,TbubJ uhSgSthere AIis p,no DbPway u,t o uSIutest 0bqqb9SMIWallace's correlation9,ggSqbuA,p 9VgZScurve DAuhwith bpPany degreeTS1gSS ,Cof certain9SgubApuPUty. Based6bIST on,p uhSthe degreeTS1gSS of,C dissection,TAIIS9uA,pJ desertTSISgu ZbgpAIhvarnish development,TSZSq,lMSpuJ ZS1SubuA,pvegetation growth,1g,DuhJ bpTand other,uhSg CASqTfield criteria,9gAuSgAbJ Auit appearsbllSbgI uhbuthat seISZSgbqveral surfaceIVgCb9S rupturesgVluVgSI havehbZS occurred,99VggST duringTVgAp1 uhSthe 0,q,9SpSUHolocene. ThisohAI conclusion9,p9qVIA,p AIis supportedIVll,guST by8P I9bglscarp profilelg,CAqS ageb1S Tbubdata DhA9hwhich IV11SIusuggest seISZSgbqveral eveSZSpuInts duringTVgAp1 theuhS qbIulast 5OOO9000 PSbgIyears bpTand MbpPmany others,uhSgI TVgAp1during uhSt he qbIulast 100,000.OOUOOO PSbgIUyears. TheohS P,Vp1SIuyoungest agesb1SI determinTSuSgMApSTed by8P uhAIth is MSuh,Tmethod arebgS anomalouslybp,Mbq,VIqP low,q,DJ AUSUJi.e., lessqSII uhbpthan 100.OO yearsPSbgI ,qTUold. ImTnxISZSgbq several instances,ApIubp9SIJ gS9VggSp9Srecurrence ratesgbuSI appearbllSbg u,to averagebZSgb1S aboutb8,Vu 3.3^U^ Nx 10-.OPx4 PgMxyr-l TVgAp1during theuhS 0,q,9SpSHolocene bpTand b8,Vuabout 1.7.UL Nx 10qfIMn -4 PgIxyr -1 duringTVgAp1 uhSthe qbIulast QOUOOO20,000 PSbgIUyears. ohAIThis TAI9gSlbp9Pdiscrepancy lg,8b8qPprobably gSCqS9uIreflects uhSthe gSqbuAZSqPrelatively smallIMbqq sampleIbMlqS l,lVqbuA,pJpopulation, uhSthe lackqb9k ,Cof ApTSlSpTSpuindependent dating,TbuAp1J correlation9,ggSqbuA,p curve9VgZS ApuSgl,qbuA,pinterpolation errors,Sgg,gIJ andbpT ZbgAb8AqAuASIvariabilities inAp faultCbVqu scarpI9bgl development,TSZSq,lMSpuJ erosion,Sg,IA,pJ bpTand material.MbuSgAbqU s9bglScarp materialMbuSgAbq isAI lg,8b8qPprobably ab majorMb7,g Cb9u,gfactor inAp TSuSgMApAp1determi~ing uhSthe apparentbllbgSpu ageb1S of,C CbVquAp1Ufaulting. Scarpss9bglI 94 wereDSgS lg,CAqSTprofiled Apin bqqVZAbqalluvial MbuSgAbqmaterial gbp1Ap1ranging Apin ApTVgbuA,pinduration Cg,Mfrom cemented9SMSpuST Cbp1q,MSgbuSIfanglomerates u,to Vp9,pI,qATbuSTunconsolidated 8Sb9hbeach gravel1gbZSq andbpT IAquUsilt. SeveralsSZSgbq attemptsbuuSMluI DSgSwere MbTSmade u,to 9,ggSqbuScorrelate uhSthe seismicISAIMA9 ZSq,9AuASIvelocities andbpT 1gbApgrain sizeIAXS distributionTAIugA8VuA,p Tbubdata withDAuh theuhS estimatedSIuAMbuST b1Sage ,Cof uhSthe CbVqufault scarp.I9bglU SuchsV9h correlation9,ggSqbuA,p effortsSCC,guI DSgSwere 1SpSgbqqPgenerally unsatisfactory.VpIbuAICb9u,gPU 95

5.00u; YANLTJOINT HLH^"UNUANALYSIS

0uh5.1 INTRODUCTIONNLTUAXZPTNAL HA sft,Cstudy ofab DaNdfjoint attitudeseffNft,ns efat 7tdfnvHunter IatdfeNdMountain suggestedstIInsfn, thatfgef manyyedC abof thefgn gNIg'edIrnhigh-angle DaNdfsjoints ovaqeqrCprobably resultedvnstrfn, bvayfrom oasf'nyoreRnyndfpost-emplacement fnRfadNRtectonic stressessfvnssns rathervefgnv fgedthan bvayfrom RaarNdIcooling orav NdfvtsNaduintrusion. TgnThe orienta-avNndfe5 tionsfNads abof fgnsnthese DaNdfsjoints pnvnwere analyzedederC1n, tofa determine,nfnvyNdn thefgn sfvnssstress oeffnvdpattern vnsoadsNqrnresponsible bavfor fgnNvtheir bavyefNaduformation. TgnsnThese data,efe pnvnwere RayqNdn,combined withpNfg otherafgnv NdbavyefNadinformation atfrNdn,outlined inNd thisfgNs oeonvpaper fato develop,ninrao ea modelya,nr bavfor thefgn fnRtec-5 fadNRtonic ,ninraoyndfdevelopment abof fgnthe region.vnINadu

TgnThe DaNdfjoint ederCsNsanalysis sft,Cstudy areaevne occupiesaRRtoNns aned evnearea abof abouteqatf 808; kmJyO2 inNd fgnthe southeastsatfgnesf Ravdnvcorner ofab fgnthe UbehebeZqngnqn xneJPeak 15'h0D ZuUu8uUuU.S.G.S. QuadrangleJte,vedIrn m0NItvn(Figure 0uhVu5.1). TheTgn ovNdRNoerprincipal rockvaRJ tdNfunit Ndin fgNsthis evnearea isNs fgnthe Late^efn YtvessNRJurassic Hunter7tdfnv MountainIatdfeNd quartzPtevf1 monzoniteyad1adNfn whichpgNRg bavysforms fgnthe qtrJbulk abof 7tdfnvHunter Mountain.IatdfeNdu IRHrrNsfnvMcAllister (1956)mhS08V indicatedNd,NRefn, fgefthat fgnthe topfao ofab 7tdfnvHunter IatdfeNdMountain Nsis ovaqeqrCprobably veryinvC dnevnear tofa fgnthe originalavNINder topfao ofab fgnthe ortfadupluton. Hunter7tdfnv Mountain,IatdfeNd9 whichpgNRg snoevefnsDseparates· SalineUerNdn anded, PanamintxedeyNdf Valleys,kerrnCs9 Nsis Rtfcut qCby ea majoryeDav vNIgf'refnver9right-lateral, strike-slipsfvNJn'srNo faultbetrf sCsfnysystem (GrapevinemZvebbniNdn Canyon/PanamintPedCad9xedeyNdf ValleykerrnC betrffault zone)1adnV trendingfvnd,NdI throughfgvatIg thesefgnsn valleys.ierrnCsu InNd PanamintxedeyNdf ValleykerrnC thefgn faultbetrf bifurcatesqNbtvRefns intoNdfa ae davyernormal faultbetrf sCsfnysystem withpNfg localraRer right-lateralvNIgf'refnver strike-slipsfvNJn'srNo componentsRayoadndfs ed,and formsbavys fgnthe nesfeast anded, pnsfwest qatd,evNnsboundaries abof fgnthe ierrnCuvalley. HfAt thefgn davfgnvdnorthern endnd, abof fgnthe ierrnCvalley fgnthe faultsbetrfs DaNdjoin tofa formbavy ae sNfDIrnsi9gle fgvtsfthrust betrffault n6fnd,NdIextending qndnefgbeneath thefgn satfgnvdsouthern n,Inedge abof Hunter7tdfnv Mountain.IatdfeNdu TgnThe betrffault continuesRadfNdtns throughfgvatIg Hunter7tdfnv MountainIatdfeNd ases ae vNIgf'refn'erright-late-al,9 strike-slipsfvNJn'srNo betrffault anded, qnRaynsbecomes ovNdprin-5 cipallyRNoerrC ae normaldavyer faultbetrf formingbavyNdI thefgn westernpnsfnvd qav,nvborder ofab UerNdnSaline Valley.kerrnCu 96

5.20uj YANLTJOINT DATAXHTH ACQUISITIONHPJZNUNTNAL YaNdfJoint ,efedata werepnvn aqfeNdn,obtained atef 12hj locationsraRefNads adon Hunter7tdfnv MountainIatdfeNd bvayfrom qafgboth roadvae, cutsRtfs anded, deftvernatural atfRvaosoutcrops (Figurem0NItvn 5.1).0uhVu TheTgn methodynfga, abof data,efe acquisitioneRPtNsNfNad tsn,used Ndin fgNsthis studysft,C isNs similarsNyNrev tofa thatfgef vnRayynd,n,recofTITlended qCby AttewellHffnpnrr ed,and 0evynvFarmer (1976)mhSl8Vu. HfAt eachneRg seyornsample raRefNadlocation ea metricynfvNR tapefeon measureynestvn waspes stretchedsfvnfRgn, eRvassacross thefgn outcropatfRvao fato intersNdfnvsnRfect esas yedCmany DaNdfsjoints ases oassNqrnpossible (Photomxgafa 0uhVu5.1). TgnThe effNft,nattitude abof eachneRg DaNdfjoint NdfnvsnRfn,intersected qCby thefgn feontape peswas measuredynestvn, qCby oreRNdIplacing ae MvtdfadBrunton Rayoesscompass directly,NvnRfrC onad thefgn DaNdfjoint stvbeRnsurface mxgafa(Photo 0ujVu5.2). NdIn situationssNftefNads whpgnvnere thefgn DaNdfjo i nt surfacestvbeRn peswas notdaf stbbNRNndfrCsufficiently exposed,n6oasn,9 thefgn compassRayoess peswas oreRn,pl aced onad aned alumertyNdtyi num orefnplate approximatelyeoova6NyefnrC 2j yynvn fgNRJthick Ndsnvfn,inserted Ndfainto fgnthe DaNdfujo int. IfNb fgnthe DaNdfjoint waspes closedRrasn, orav faatoo devvap narrow bavfor insertionNdsnvfNad ofab fgnthe orefn9pl at e , thfgne orefnpl at e wapess orientedavNndfn, oeverrnrparallel tofa fgnthe DaNdfjoint orednplane anded, thefgn orefnDspl ~te' s atteffNft,ni tude deter-,nfnv5 mined.yNdn,u TheTgn locationraRefNad abof neRgeach DaNdfjoint vnrefNinrelative fato thefgn startingsfevfNdI oaNdfpoint abof thefgn stvinCsurvey linerNdn peswas alsoersa recorded.vnRav,n,u AH standardizedsfed,ev,N1n, surveystvinC linerNdn rndIfglength ofab 10h; my waspes chosenRgasnd forbav fgnthe sft,Cstudy tofa onvyNfpermit cRayoevNsadsom pari so ns eyadIamong thefgn severalsninver fveinvsnsutraverses. HfAt ae fewbnp raRefNadslocations deftvernatural limitationrNyNfefNadss (mnuIu9e.g., atfRvaooutcrop size)sN1nV ovnindfn,prevented thefgn tsnuse abof thefgn btrrfull 10h; ym surveystvinC rNdn°line NdIn fgnsnthese sNftefNadssituations esas longradI ae linerNdn ases oassNqrnpossible waspes tsn,used ed,and fgnthe data,efe laterrefnv davyerN1n,normalized fato fgnthe fullbtrr 10h; my lengthrndIfg mHffnpnrr(Attewell anded, Farmer,0evynv9 1976).hSl8Vu Wherecgnvn oveRfNRer9practical, twofpa intersectingNdfnvsnRfNdI surveystvinC linesrNdns locatedraRefn, esas dnevnear tofa S;.90° tofa eachneRg otherafgnv esas oassNqrnpossible werepnvn usedtsn, fato ovaiN,nprovide yavnmore Raycom-5 ornfnplete data,efe acquisition.eRPtNsNfNadu AH totalfafer abof 55000; DaNdfjoint orednp1ane attitudeseffNft,ns pnvnwere measured.ynestvn,u --.I I.O 14 411 7318 km o 3 IIIOIJNTA/N FEET 4 t >> HUNTER VABM 14, by IN • ■o 0^ *o ONS I I ua;

cr>s 0 6 21 CD •

• ^ C E mber O 6324 ' 3 •»“ Z Nu -M to ' u

' • o

f location. ' ro — CD ... o>

I \

area. •—

/~ ' I I I '-9 r Q-ple H/3

>> E m *0 to • 3 1/1sa H/2 HB

I l \ (/I study d> "1 \ o

.... \

0 4-> ', c 12 12 ) 6414 - 811 .... O X) • II - joint c indicate H I ,,. " of ,o o = <" '\

-1- H ... !124 I c = "H <"L 6

l o

~.;---• •f- • u

Q 4-> - u v> O

UJ oc \ => \ C3 \ FIGURE \ I I AREA K 1 985v

i YT#D * '' ' •- ' 'D•bc *

' *-'^H u D''( DD u TsSir^* u'(

‘^^•'^'v*"V" ) * V"^'

""""""

R0fofPHOTO 'U.5 .1.U j,ApuAp1Joi n~i ng Apin Hunt0VpuSger Y,VpubApMountain UVbguXqua r t z moM,pX,pAuSUnz on ite . Nc,uSote ublSt ape MSbIVgSmeasu re VISTused Apin 7,Apujo int attbuuAuVTSi t •Jde surIVgZSPUvey .

5.'U 3^ DATAZaoa acaANALYyDsmSISs MEYrTo0fZsHOD S

ohSThe J7,Apuoi nt Tbubdatd VIST<; eo 1Ap,, uhAIth '-; <;IuVTPt ·Jdy arbgS e prlgSISpuSTesented 11Ap1 severaISZSgbql fC,gMbuI o rm ats u,t,) Cb9AqAubuSfac i l ita te 11nlbpbqPIAIUys i '>. ohSIS111ese for·matC,gMbuI s 1ncAp9qVTS1 uJe sIuSgS,1gblhA9tereogra ph ic lg,7S9uA,pIJprojec ti ons , j 7,Apuoi nt Iu8MAkS<; trik e azibXAMVuhrn ut~ g,ISuuSIrose ttPs (;g,ISrose TAb1gbMIwJdi agr ams ) , j oi7,Apunt measuremenMSbIVgSMSput t ugbZSgISraverse gS9,pIugVJuArPconstru: t i0,pIns,J andbpT tub8Vqbgabu lar bpTand 1gblhA9bqgraphi ca l gSlgSISpubuA,pIrepresentations.U

ohSThe stereographIuSgS,1gblhA9ic prolg,7S9uA,pIjections of,C t heuhS 7,Apujo int lqbpSplane l,qSIpoles abgSre shownIh,Dp asbI VllSgupper hemispherhSMAIlhSgA9ic lg,7S9uA,pIUproject ions. auuSDSqqAttewel l abpTnd NbgMSgFa rme r (;.5L9w1976 ) suggestIV11SIu fgefthat bquh,V1halthough contrary9,pugbgP tou, gene1SpSgbqr al structuralIugV9uVgbq geology1S,q,1P lg,9STVgSprocedure uhAIthis ynfga,method hbIhas edan advantagebTZbpub1S Apin thatuhbu uhSthe poll,qSe u,to uhSthe 7,Apujo int lqbpSplane isAI pro-lg,H DnRfn,jected Apin uhSthe sameIbMS diTAgS9uA,prection asbI uhSthe 7,Apujoint lqbpSplane diTAlUp. aA composite9,Ml,IAuS 99

° # S.A

D O 'X ' >5^.

' u'9v D

PHOTOx7ATA 5.2.0uju BruntonMvtdfad Rayoesscompass ed,and aluminumertyNdty orefnplate tsn,used inNd DaNdfjoint attitudeeffNft,n stvinCusurvey.

stereographicsfnvnaIveogNR projectionovaDnRfNad abof allerr ofab thefgn data,efe oaNdfspoints isNs shownsgapd inNd 0NItvnFigure 5.2.0uju StereographicUfnvnaIveogNR ovaDnRfNadsprojections bavfor eachneRg sampleseyorn locationraRefNad areevn shownsgapd inNd Figure0NItvn 8.5Mu0 ofab fgnthe Appendix.Hoond,N6u YaNdfJoint sfvNJnstrike azie1NvfNbNfgnfi th rosettesvasnffns bavfor eachneRg sampleseyorn raRefNadlocation evnare sgapdshown Ndin Figure0NItvn 8.6Mu8 ed,and IveogNRergraphical vnRadsfvtRfNadsreconstructions abof fgnthe fveinvsntraverse rNdnslines evnare sgapdshown inNd 0NItvnFigure 8.7.Mulu

5.40uw YANLTJOINT PATTERNxH7QUL ANALYSISHLH^"UNU

Hoova6NyefnrCApproximately 00;550 individualNd,NiN,ter DaNdfjoint orednsplanes atef 12hj separatesnoevefn raReloca-5 fNadstions werepnvn ederC1n,analyzed pNfgwith vnsonRfrespect fato strike,sfvNJn9 dip,No ed,and distribution,NsfvNqtfNad during,tvNdI fgNsthis study.sft,Cu OfAb fgnsnthese j8’28% pnvnwere rap'edIrnlow-angle (dipsm,Nos lessrnss fgedthan 60°)8;.V ed,and 72%lj’ pnvnwere gNIg'edIrnhigh-angle m,Nos(dips greaterIvnefnv fgedthan avor nPterequal fato 8;.Vu60°). HA graphIveog 100

..t< 1I •*.4,4t I< 4~4 % 5 - fl % 9-9 - <2•Z %•

COCOMPOSiFtMPOS 11t 0^"OF HVMUNrtWNTt R MTNMtN JOINTJOIN f UATADATA POHOlNTt>INT ~ (ib ~ ’~UjU POIPOINTS)NTS) - 0NZZUQFIGURE 0uj5.2.u PayoasNfnComposite abof errall DaNdfjoint data,efe oaNdfspoints RarrnRfn,collected efat 7tdfnvHunter MountainIatdfeNd (550m00; PointsxaNdfsVu) .

abof DaNdfjoint bvnPtndRCfrequency versusinvsts DaNdfjoint ,Nodip isNs sgapdshown inNd Figure0NItvn 5.3.0uMu 0NvyedFirman mhS8;V(1960) noteddafn, ea similarsNyNrev DaNdfjoint ,Nodip ,NsfvNqtfNaddistribution inNd gNshis studysft,C abof thefgn QsJ,ernEskdale ZvedNfnGranite anded, usedtsn, itNf esas ea oevfNerpartial qesNsbasis bavfor hisgNs analysis.ederCsNsu 0NvyedFirman reasonedvnesadn, thatfgef fgnthe low-anglerap'edIrn DaNdfsjoints werepnvn relatedvnrefn, fato yevINdermarginal fgvtsfsthrusts orav flat-lyingbref'rCNdI davyernormal faults.betrfsu TgnThe dev,ninraoyndfe1opment ofab thesefgnsn featuresbneftvns alongeradI thefgn marginsyevINds abof aned intrusionNdfvtsNad waspes described,nsRvNqn, qCby BalkMerJ mhSMlV(1937) anded, shownsgapd Ndin 0NItvnFig~re 5.4.0uwu MerJBalk (1937)mhSMlV alsoersa suggestedstIInsfn, thatfgef rap'low- angleedIrn DaNdfsjoints yeCmay develop,ninrao pgndwhen fgnthe centerRndfnv ofab aned NdfvtsNadintrusion Rarreosnsucollapses.

~------~------101

- --- 28 % OF J01NTS ------t--- T2% OF JOINTS___. .. NOTE: DA TA AVERAGED OVER 5° INTERVALS

0 15 .30 4.5 60 75

DIP ANGLE

FIGURENm•ter 5.3.'U^U PlotRq,u of,C dipTAl anglebp1qS versuZSgIVIs frequencyCgSUVSp9P C,gfor Hunt0VpuSger MountainY,VpubAp 7,Apujoint TbubUdata.

NAgMbpFinnan ;.59Ow(1960) IV11SIuIsuggests thatuhbu 75%L'* ,gor M,gSmore ,Cof theuhS high-anglehA1h8bp1qS 7,ApuIjoints Apin theuhS rIkTbqSEskdale Granite•gbpAuS DSgSwere uhSthe resultgSIVqu of,C l,IuSMlqb9SMSpupostemplacement stresses.IugSIISIU Because6S9bVIS ,Cof uhSthe ISZSgbqseveral IAMAqbgAuASIsimilarities betw8SuDSSpeen uhSthe rIkTbqSEskdJle G•gbpAuSranite andbpT Hunter0VpuSg MountainY,VpubAp (VbguXQuartz Monzonite,Y,pX,pAuSJ anbp analysbpbqPIAIis mMSuh,Tethod C,qq,DAp1following NAgMbpFirman (1960);.59Ow isAI VISTused inAp thisuhAI IuVTPUstudy. *

'U'5.5 yf08ac•yrLOW-ANGLE JOINTSjfmcos y,D8bp1qSLow-angle 7,ApuIjoints arebgS wellDSqq TSZSq,lSTdeveloped over,ZSg muchMV9h ,Cof Hunter0VpuSg Mountain.Y,VpubApU PreviousRgSZA,VI geologic1S,q,1A9 MbllAp1mapping (McAllister,;Y9aqqAIuSgJ 1956).5'9w ApTA9buSIindicates thatuhbu thisuhAI bgSbarea isAI locatedq,9buST pSbgnear uhSthe ,gA1Apbqoriginal u,ltop andbpT marginMbg1Ap ,Cof uhSthe Hunter0VpuSg MountainY,VpubAp batholith.8buh,qAuhU ThisohAI isAI confirmed9,pCAgMST 8Pby uhSthe apparentbllbgSpu buuAatti-H tudesuVTSI of,C Cq,Dflow IugV9uVgSIstructures inAp uhSthe g,9krock ;NA1VgS(Figure 8.56U' of,C theuhS allSpTANwUAppendix). NA1VgSFigure 'U'5.5 showsIh,DI theuhS orientation,gASpubuA,p of,C Cq,Dflow IugV9uVgSIstructures uhbuthat MbPmay 8Sbe 102h;j

FIGURE0NZZUQ 5.40uwu. BendingMnd,NdI ofab pneJweak ed,and strongsfvadI yefnvNermaterial ed,an d tfgn he a effnd,edfttendant ,ninraoyndfdevelopment ofab yevINdermarginal fracturesbveRftvns avor DaNdfjo int bedsufans. AtHf (A)mHV ae pneJweak substancestqsfedRn ovafvt,nsprotrudes Ndin fgnthe direction,NvnRfNad ofab fgnthe arrow,evvap9 qnfpnndbetween sfefNadevCstationary wallsperrs fato thefgn lrOf ed,and vNIgfuright. TheTgn 1adnszones abof intenseNdfndsn legntheningrnIdfgndNdI (betweenmqnfpnnd fgnthe ,esgn,dashed lines)rNdnsV areevn vnrefNinrCrelatively devvap9narrow, ases shownsgapd qCby fgnthe curva-Rtvie5 ftvnture abof fgnthe threefgvnn lines.rNdnsu UnderZd,nv stNfeqrnsuitable Rad,NfNads9conditions, fndsNadtension DaNdfsjoints aondopen pNfgNdwithin fgnsnthese 1adns9zones, approximatelyeoova6NyefnrC davyernonnal tofa thefgn linesrNdns ofab localraRer nradIefNaduelongation. InNd deftvn9nature, fgnthe marginalyevINder fissuresbNsstvns dnevnear NdfvtsNinintrusive contactsRadfeRfs areevn due,tn tofa ae similarsNyNrev lengtheningrndIfgndNdI ofab fgnthe magmayeIyeu. HfAt (B)mMV fgnthe materialyefnvNer isNs sfvadInvstronger fgedthan inNd mHVu(A). TheTgn zone1adn abof qnd,NdIbending isNs pN,nv9wider, fgnthe nradIefNadelongation peronv unittdNf evnearea lessrnss intense.Ndfndsnu 0veRftvnsFractures pNfgNdwithin fgnthe qav,nvborder 1adnszones areevn yavnmore pN,nrCwidely soeRn,9spaced, ed,and dip,No steeper.sfnnonvu HfAt mPV(C) ae strongsfvadI substancestqsfedRn isNs qndfubent . DistinctXNsfNdRf 1adnszones abof bendingqnd,NdI ,Nseoonev9disappear, ed,and ae con-Rad5 fNdtatstinuous syrmietricsCyynfvNR archevRg vnstrfsuresults. TgnThe fracturesbveRftvns areevn evvedIn,arranged Ndin ae qvae,broad fan.bedu TheTgn bedsfans abof tensionfndsNad DaNdfsjoints Ndin yessmassif~ Nbb areevn qnrNnin,believed tofa bavyform td,nvunder similarsNyNrev condi-Rad,N5 tions;fNads° gndRn9hence, theyfgnC areevn steepersfnnonv fgedthan yevINdermarginal fissures,bNsstvns9 ed,and reachvneRg frombvay oneadn nd,end ofab fgnthe massifyessNb fato thefgn afgnvuother. (AftermHbfnv MerJ9Balk, 1937)hSMlV 103

A B ite1 B

iiM! A B m- mmmm A B

A B

FIGURE 5.5. mTSbqIdeal structuralIugV9uVgbq typesuPlSI of,C MbIIACIUmassifs. ;aw(A) cross-section,9g,II8IS9uA,pJ (B);6w lqbpUplan. c,No SNb9uexact agreementb1gSSMSpu 8SuDSSpbetween cross-sections9g,II8IS9uA,pI andbpT lqbpIplans isAI ApuSpTST)intended; IugV9uVgSIstructures of,C wallDbqq rocks,g,9kIJ bpTand TSubAqIdetails of,C contacts9,pub9uI drawnTgbDp arbitrarily.bg8AugbgAqPU (1);.w DomeZ,MS of,C flowCq,D layers.qbPSgIU (2);Qw Archag9h of,C flowCq,D qbPSgIJlayers, MbIIAZSmassive 9SpuSgUcenter. (3);^w Z,MSDome of,C Cq,Dflow qApSIlines (not;p,u yetPSu ,8ISgZSTobserved iunAVp uhSthe CASqTUfield. ;iw(4) ag9hArch of,C Cq,Dflow qApSIUlines. Atau i6J48, bNAIaxis ,Cof flowCq,D linesqApSI ;IhbTST(shaded bgSbwarea) coincides9,Ap9ATSI DAuhwith bNAIaxis of,C MbIIACmassif on,p uhSthe rightgA1hu IATSJside, bpTand TAIgS1bgTIdisregards itAu on,p theuhS qSCuUleft. ;'w(5) Incompletemp9,MlqSuS bg9harch of,C flowCq,D lines.qApSIU agg,DIArrows showIh,D uhSthe lAu9hpitch of,C flowCq,D lines:qApSIJ uD,88bg8STtwo-barbed bgg,Darrow TSp,uSTdenoted horizontalh,gAX,pubq flowCq,D lines.qApSIU LinesyApSI DAuhwith 8qb9kblack trianglesugAbp1qSI refergSCSg tou, IugAkSstrike andbpT dipTAl of,C flowCq,D layers.qbPSgIU Aa cross9g,II denotesTSp,uSI h,gAX,pubqhorizontal flowCq,D structures.IugV9uVgSIU ;aCuSg(After Balk,6bqkJ 1937).5^Lw

.. 104.Oi expectedSNlS9uST Apin ISZSgbqseveral idealATSbq cases.9bISIU ohSThe lowq,D bp1qSangle 7,ApuIjoints examinedSNbMApST Apin uhAIthis studyIuVTP arebgS lg,8b8qPprobably lgAMbgPprimary SMlqb9SMSpuemplacement featuresCSbuVgSI andbpT p,unot gSqbuSTrelated u,to qbuSglater TSC,gMbuA,pbqdeformational stresses.IugSIISIU

'U95.6 HIGH-ANGLE0m•08ac•yr JOINTSjfmcos

aIAs shownIh,Dp inAp NA1VgSFigure 5.3,'U^J 72%LQ* of,C uhSthe 7,ApuIjoints examinedSNbMApST inAp uhAIthis studyIuVTP arebgS IuSSlSgsteeper uhbpthan 9O’J60 ° , DAuhwith MbpPmany approachingbllg,b9hAp1 verticalZSguA9bq ;NA1VgS(Figure 5.2).'UQwU mCIf uhSthe majorityMb7,gAuP of,C theseuhSIS 7,ApuIjoints arebgS regSqbuSTlated u,to l,Iu8SMlqb9SMSpupost-emplaceme nt stressesIugSIISI uhSAgtheir orientations,gASpubuA,pI IV11SIusuggest uhbuthat uhSthe ApuSgMSTAbuSinterm ediate lgAp9Albqpri ncip al stress,IugSIIJ o,xJ DbI pSbgqP ZSguA9bq bu uhS uAMS ,C uhSAg C,gMbuA,pU 2, was nearly vertical at the time of thei r fo rmation. ohSThe directionsTAgS9uA,pI ,Cof uhSthe maximumMbNAMVM andbpT minimumMApAMVM lgAp9Albqprincipal stress,IugSIIJ o bpT 1 and of^J, wereDSgS TSuSgMApST ,p uhS 8bIAI ,C uhS ,gASpubuA,p ,C uhS hA1h 3 determined on the basis of the orientat ion of the high bp1qSangle 7,ApuIUjoints. ThohSe or,gASpubuA,pIientations of,C uhSthe hA1hhigh abp1qSngl e j7,ApuIoin t s DSgSwer e ubkSptakP. n Cg,Mfrom theuhS stereographicIuSgS,1gblhA9 lg,7S9uA,pIprojections bpTand bgSare lq,uuSTplotted Apin NA1VgSFigu re 5.'U9U6. ohSThe ,gASpubuA,porientation ,Cof theuhS T,MApbpudominant bpTan d sIS9,pTbgPecond ary 7,Apujo int ISuIsets arbgSe shoIh,Dpwn iAp n Tableob8qS 5'U.U.1.

TABLEoa6yr 'U.5.1.U DominantZ,MApbpu bpTand secondaryIS9,pTbgP 7,Apujoint seISut ,gASpubuA,pIor,entat i ons C,gfor Hunter0VpuSg MountainY,VpubAp 7,Apujoint dataTbubU. * Locationy,9buA,p DominantZ,MApbpu sSuSet SecondarysS9,pTbgP sSuSet H0 l. cv'rN85E NlOWcqf0 H0 2Q cvOrN80E cqf0NlOW H0 3^ c9'0N65W ° 0H 5' cqfrNlOE cv'0N85W H0 69 c^OYN30W " H0 7L ciOrN40E H0 8v c''0N55W 88 H0 95 c9O0N60W c^O0N3::lw H0 10.O c''0N55W csNS H0 11.. cqfrNlOE c.'0Nl5W cN 12.Q c9'YN65W NlOEcqfr H0 13.^ c''rNSSE c'O0N50W u, 0 105......

lu 3 § •>.,ET S i /HIJ O I

0>STRIKE h- / o; llfl" DIRECTION OOMNANT

$ET .1

!SSET «0 / s \ K

X K MMU./STVJ, % => 5 ,* JOINT

■> FAULTS i / 2 STRESS STRESS SECDl'IIDA1'Y

HI {AFTffl INFERRED INFERRED ' ,-- HI - r- ...... -+-:~ AREA STUDY "JOINT AREA ., ,;,, ...... f-· ' ' ' ' ,, ,' joint \· , , ' '' for -;, .... responsible Mountain. ,\ directions \ ~ . Hunter on stres t 1 OON,,,Af'IT o SET ' 2•• '_,, \ ....

...... ,.,~f· ' - ' Inferred orientations ',._,.("' ' '°~ ...

" ~"··~'\. ~"··~'\. ' ' 5.6. ' \ ·.\

FIGURE L .N' 106h;8

TgnThe DaNdfjoint avNndfefNadsorientations ed,and Ndbnvvn,inferred principalovNdRNoer stresssfvnss ,NvnRfNadsdirections suggeststIInsf ea closeRrasn vnrefNadsgNorelationship qnfpnndbetween fgnthe DaNdfNdIjointing ed,and fgnthe GrapevineZveoniNdn CanyonPedCad betrffault 1adnuzone. ItNf eoonevsappears fgefthat qafgboth ,ninraon,developed inNd vnsoadsnresponse fato fgnthe sameseyn stresssfvnss oeffnvdupattern. InNd general,Indnver9 yedCmany abof fgnthe ,ayNdedfdominant ed,and secondarysnRad,evC DaNdfjoint setssnfs evnare efat orientationsavNndfefNads oeverrnrparallel tofa fgnthe faultbetrf 1adnzone avor atef anglesedIrns stIInsfNinsuggestive ofab fgnNvtheir qnNdIbeing RiedelUNn,nr sgnevs9shears, complementaryRayornyndfevC UNn,nrRiedel shears,sgnevs9 fndsNadtension DaNdfsjoints avor yevINdermarginal fracturesbveRftvns (Figurem0NItvn 0ulVu5.7). TheTgn vnrefNadsgNorelationship qnfpnndbetween thefgn betrfsfaults ed,and DaNdfsjoints Nd,NRefnsindicates fgefthat qafgboth ,ninraon,developed inNd vnsoadsnresponse fato ae stresssfvnss oeffnvdpattern inNd pgNRgwhich fgnthe ye6Nytymaximum ovNdRNoerprincipal sfvnss9stress, aAo, eRfn, Nd davfgpnsfnvrC ' satfgnesfnvrC ,NvnRfNadu 1 acted in northwesterly - southeasterly direction. ThisTgNs vnrefNadsgNorelationship isNs shownsgapd yasfmost clearlyRrnevrC qCby fgnthe inferredNdbnvvn, o1 stresssfvnss ,NvnRfNadsdirections atef locations,raRefNads9 H9,7S9 HlO,7NA9 7rrHll ed,and Hl27hj (Figurem0NItvn 0u8Vu5.6 ) . HfAt thesefgnsn locationsraRefNads thefgn DaNdfjoint setsnf oriavNndfefNadsentations sstIInsfugg est a e

0ul5.7 RELATIONSHIPUQ^HTNALU7Nx MQTcQQLBETWEEN UQZNALH^REGIONAL ANDHLX LOCAL^APH^ STRESSUTUQUU xHTTQULUPATTERNS IedCMany (e.g.,mnuIu9 cvNIgf9Wright, 1976)hSl8V qnrNninbelieve fgefthat fgnthe laterefn CenozoicPnda1aNR vnINaderregional stresssfvnss patternoeffnvd Ndin fgnthe southwesternsatfgpnsfnvd portionoavfNad abof fgnthe GreatZvnef

MesNdBasin isNs orientedavNndfn, pNfgwith fgnthe ye6Nytymaximum ovNdRNoerprincipal stress,sfvnss9 0 Nd e LLQ ' 1, in a NNE SSWUUc fato LQNE '- UcSW ,NvnRfNadudirection. NbIf thisfgNs vnINaderregional stresssfvnss oeffnvdpattern Nsis eRRnofn,accepted Nfit isNs ovaqeqrnprobable fgefthat fgnthe ZveoniNdnGrapevine CanyonPedCad betrffault zone1adn anded,

_,- .OL107

STRESS f LL 1PS 010 I I \ \ \ t . ' I

•" I 0 .,._ "'.... i I :Jl,,. : j I r l

;:: . - , _ ' I _,. ,o ,. r --..-, ""''" ' I .,,..... , ... .. I fI I o~, ...:::•

\ I \ I

I I I I I

\ft\f(J})\ \ t I \ .

OIR£CT 1ON OF MAX IMUM STRESS a; l ,,., •r .. , "•"·· •• •' FIGURENm•ter 5.7.'ULU sugSIIStress CASqTfield andbpT gSIVquAp1resulting RiedeleASTSq shears,IhSbgIJ co9,MlqSMSpubgPmplementary RiedeleASTSq IhSbgIJshears, uSpIA,ptension 7,ApuIjoints andbpT Mbg1Apbqma rgi nal Cgb9uVgSIUfractures.

associatedbII,9AbuST 7,ApuAp1jointing representgSlgSISpu IS9,pT8second- andbpT higher-orderhA1hSg8,gTSg RiedeleASTSq shearIhSbg systemsIPIuSMI gSqbuSTrelated u,to uhSthe gS1A,pbqregional stressIugSII lbuuSgpUpattern. apAn idealizedATSbqAXST stressIugSII bpTand IhSbgshear systemIPIuSM of,C uhAIthis I,gusort isAI describedTSI9gA8ST wasDbI Y,,TPMoody andbpT Hill0Aqq (1956);.5'9w bpTand isAI Ih,Dpshown inAp FigureNA1VgS 'UvU5.8. mpIn uhAIthis CA1VgSfigure itAu AIis Ih,Dpshown thatuhbu ab lgAMbgPprimary stressIugSII orientation,gASpubuA,p can9bp resultgSIVqu Apin uhSthe formationC,gMbuA,p ,Cof IS9,pT8second- andbpT higher-orderhA1hSg8,gTSg CSbuVgSIUfeatures . TheohS orjentations,gASpubuA,pI of,C theuhS Grap~vine•gblSZApS CanyondbpP,p faultCbVqu zoneX,pS andbpT hA1h8bp1qShigh-angle 7,ApuIjoints 108.Ov

atbu 0VpuSgHunter MountainY,VpubAp arebgS similarIAMAqbg tou, thoseuh,IS uhbuthat wouldD,VqT 8Sbe lgSTA9uSTpredicted on,p theuhS 8bIAIbasis ,Cof ab ccrNNE -8 SSWss0 tou, crNE 8- s0SW lgAMbgPprimary stressIugSII orientation.,gASpubuA,pU

PRIMARY SlllfSS DIRECT I~

l~RY 1ST · PRIMARY I ST ·ORDER WRENCH ' ORDER WRENCH IR IGHT LATERALI • I (LIFT LATERALI I I I 13RD ORDER I / I / 11 I P / / J(P / t"' I'. 2ND -0RD[R RI GHT LATERAL LEn LATERAL ' I WRENCH 3RD ORD ER · ~> T : ll, / ~ -+- PRIMAR Y 15 1· 4-j' :;RD ·ORDlR I ORDE R WRL NC. H ! RIGHT LATERAL! RIGHT LA TERA L DRAG FOLD I 2ND ·ORDER RIGHT I ' • LA TERAL WRENCH r . ,, 2ND ·ORDlR I , ',.... DRAG FOLD PRIMAR Y fOLD DI Ill CT ION I -----+--:--t----- ; I --- WHlRl o rf' ll - 3{jJ PRIMARY -STRESS DIRECTION r I~

Nm•terFIGURE 'Uv5.8.U First-,NAgIu8J second-IS9,pT8 andbpT third-orderuhAgT8,gTSg featuresCSbuVgSI relatedgSqbuST tou, primarylgAMbgP IugSIIstress directionTAgS9uA,p (after;bCuSg Y,,TPMoody andbpT 0AqqJHill, 1956)..5'9w %I

109h;S

6.08u; SALINEUH^NLQ kH^^Q"VALLEY RHOMBOCHASMU7ALMAP7HUI

\ 8uh6.1 INTRODUCTIONNLTUAXZPTNAL

ThisTgNs studysft,C baRtsnsfocuses adon fgnthe stylessfCrns anded, oeffnvdspatterns ofab betrfsfaults ed,and DaNdfsjoints inNd thefgn satfgnvdsouthern oavfNadportion ofab SalineUerNdn kerrnCuValley. TgnThe resultsvnstrfs abof fgNsthis studysft,C suggeststIInsf fgefthat SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley isNs ae vgayqaRgesyrhombochasm anded, indicateNd,NRefn fgefthat fgnthe fnRfadNRtectonic stressessfvnssns vnsoadsNqrnresponsible forbav thefgn formationbavyefNad abof fgnthe valleyierrnC evnare stillsfNrr eRfNinuactive. ChaptersPgeofnvs M3 ed,and 50 ,nfeNrdetail data,efe ed,and presentovnsndf conclusionsRadRrtsNads eqatfabout fgnthe oeffnvds9patterns, sfCrnsstyles anded, amountseyatdfs ofab ,nbavyefNaddeformation Ndin fgnthe studysft,C areaevne anded, fgnthe vnINaderregional stresssfvnss oeffnvdpattern Ndbnvvn,inferred frombvay fgnthe deformation.,nbavyefNadu PgeofnvChapter w4 ovnsndfspresents evidenceniN,ndRn stIInsfNdIsuggesting fgefthat fgnthe faultsbetrfs offsettingabbsnffNdI errtiNtyalluvium Ndin SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley havegein undergonetd,nvIadn sninverseveral onvNa,speriods ofab movementyainyndf during,tvNdI fgnthe PleistocenexrnNsfaRndn anded, Holocene.7araRndnu ThisTgNs chapterRgeofnv qvNnbrCbriefly outlinesatfrNdns evidenceniN,ndRn forbav fgnthe vgayqaRgesyrhombochasm originavNINd anded, continuingRadfNdtNdI ,nbavyefNaddeformation abof SalineUerNdn kerrnCuValley.

6.28uj QkNXQLPQEVIDENCE 0AUFOR U7AIMAP7HUIRHOMBOCHASM ORIGINAUNZNL HLXAND CONTINUINGPALTNLZNLZ XQ0AUIHTNALDEFORMATION OFA0 UH^NLQSALINE kH^^Q"VALLEY

PevvCCarry (1958)mhS08V ,nbNdn,defined ae vgayqaRgesyrhombochasm esas ae parallel-sidedoeverrnr'sN,n, gapIeo inNd thefgn sialicsNerNR Rvtsfcrust occupiedaRRtoNn, qCby simaticsNyefNR crust.Rvtsfu UfvNRfrCStrictly speaking,soneJNdI9 fgNsthis yeCmay qnbe incorrectNdRavvnRf esas appliedeoorNn, fato SalineUerNdn kerrnCuValley. 7apninv9However, fgnthe ya,nmode abof originavNINd ed,and fgnthe resultingvnstrfNdI ,nbavyefNaddeformation areevn similar.sNyNrevu MtvRgbNnrBurchfiel anded, StewartUfnpevf (1966)mhS88V ovaoasn,proposed ae sNyNrevsimilar avNINdorigin forbav fgnthe centra~Rndfver segmentsnIyndf ofab DeathXnefg kerrnCValley m0NItvn(Figure 8uhVu6.1). Lombardi^ayqev,N (1964)mhS8wV appearseoonevs fato beqn fgnthe bNvsffirst fato suggeststIInsf fgefthat SalineUerNdn ValleykerrnC bavyn,formed ases ae rhombochasmvgayqaRgesy esas ae vnstrfresult abof yainyndfmovement eradIalong fpatwo oeverrnrparallel strike-slipsfvNJn'srNo betrfsufaults. MeqRaRJBabcock (1974)mhSlwV 110da

PANAM INI RANGE

BLACK MTN S

i. '/ l

Nm•terFIGURE 9U.6.1.U OriginfgA1Ap of,C uhSthe central9Spugbq segmentIS1MSpu of,C ZSbuhDeath °bqqSPValley (after;bCuSg Burchfiel6Vg9hCASq bpTand Stewart,suSDbguJ 1966)..599wU

IV11SIuSTsuggested thefgn 5ameIbMS M,TSmode ,Cof or,gA1ApUigin. Lombardi'sy,M8bgTAMI bpTand 6b89,9kMIBabcock' s con-9,pH clusionsRrtsNads pnvnwere 8bISTbased on,p uhSthe geometrical1S,MSugA9bq gSqbuA,pIhAlIrelationships amongbM,p1 uhSthe faoaIveogNRtopographic anded, uS9u,pA9tectonic featuresCSbuVgSI observed,8ISgZST Apin uhSthe SalinesbqApS °bqqSPValley evneuarea. TheseTgnsn featuresbneftvns evnare shownsgapd Apin NA1VgSFigure 9UQU6.2.

mCIf Lombardi'sy,M8bgTAMI andbpT Babcock's6b89,9kMI interpretationsApuSglgSubuA,pI arebgS 9,ggS9uJcorrect, one,pS patr,would SNlS9uexpect u,to observe,8ISgZS uhSthe C,qq,DAp1following featuresCSbuVgSI inAp SalinesbqApS °bqqSPJValley: 1).w thefgn shapeIhblS ·,Cof uhSthe ZbqqSPvalley D,VqTwould 8Sbe gh,M8,hSTgbqrhombohedral,J Qw2) uD,two sidesIATSI ,Cof uhSthe valleyierrnC patr,would qnbe bavyn,formed byqC sfvNJn'srNostrike-slip ,gor ,8qAUVS8IqAloblique-slip CbVquIJfaults, ^w3) uhSthe

; 111 I , / ½,SALIN[ RANGE

0 5 J<_ ' 1/J ) __,10 ). .. //4) ~ / IAnER B::COCKll974 11

. ·-: . ' / U D \

',•. / z . . \ INYO Ml NS . / \ SALINE VALLl Y :_··) .\_ ( ·. (

V D AI SY CAN. D D •·u "'(~ ) \ I ·. ) HUN![R MTN ',~ I

Nm•terFIGURE 9UQ6.2.U Yb7,gMajor faultsCbVquI andbpT physiographiclhPIA,1gblhA9 featuresCSbuVgSI ,Cof uhSthe SalinesbqApS °bqqSPValley areabgSb (modified;M,TACAST fromCg,M 6b89,9kJBabcock, 1974)..5LiwU twouD, gSMbApAp1remaining sidesIATSI ,Cof uhSthe valleyZbqqSP wouldD,VqT 8Sbe formedC,gMST 8Pby p,gMbq8IqAlnormal-slip CbVquIJfaults, bpTand iw4) tensionaluSpIA,pbq featuresCSbuVgSI wouldD,VqT q,9bqqPlocally C,gMform buat rightgA1hu anglesbp1qSI tou, uhSthe TAgS9uA,pdirection ,Cof SNuSpIA,pUextension.

aquh,V1hAlthough uhAIthis studyIuVTP C,9VISIfocuses lgAp9AlbqqPprincipally ,pon uhSthe southernI,VuhSgp l,guA,pportion of,C SalinesbqApS Valley,°bqqSPJ theuhS SZATSp9Sevidence andbpT 9,p9qVIA,pIconclusions 1AZSpgiven inAp dhbluSgIChapters ^J3, i4 bpTand 5' IVll,gusupport y,M8bgTAMILombardi's bpTand Babcock's6b89,9kMI lg,l,ISTproposed modeM,TS ,Cof ,gA1ApJorigin, andbpT ApTA9buSindicate thatuhbu uhSthe valleyZbqqSP isAI 9,puApVAp1continuing tou, TSC,gMUdeform. TheohS SZATSp9Sevidence bpTand 112

RadRrtsNadsconclusions INindgiven Ndin fgnthe aboveeqain Rgeofnvschapters areevn atfrNdn,outlined qnrapubelow. TgnThe betrffault 1adnszones areevn shownsgapd onad Platesxrefns 3.1,Muh9 3.la,Muhe9 3.2,Muj9 3.3,MuM9 3.4Muw anded, Mu0u3.5. 1)hV TheTgn ZveoniNdnGrapevine PedCadCanyon faultbetrf 1adnzone Nsis vNIgf'refnver9right-lateral, strike-slipsfvNJn'srNo efat 7tdfnvHunter IatdfeNd9Mountain, qtfbut qnRaynsbecomes increasinglyNdRvnesNdIrC ,No'srNodip-slip ases Nfit approacheseoovaeRgns DaisyXeNsC PedCaduCanyon. Strike-slipUfvNJn'srNo abbsnfoffset appearseoonevs fato fafertotal atef rnesfleast 1h kmJy ed,and dip-slip,No'srNo abbsnfoffset atef leastrnesf 60008;;; m.yu NumerousLtynvats offsets'occurabbsnfsDaRRtv Ndin tdRadsarN,efn,unconsolidated sediments.sn,Nyndfsu jV2) TgnThe cnsfnvdWestern Frontal0vadfer betrffault zone1adn Nsis ae normaldavyer faultbetrf withpNfg ea fgvapthrow abof efat rnesfleast 60008;;; my ed,and displays,NsoreCs numerousdtynvats offsetsabbsnfs inNd tdRadsarN,efn,un consolidated alluvialerrtiNer sediments.sn,Nyndfsu MV3) TheTgn EastQesf SideUN,n faultbetrf 1adnzone consistsRadsNsfs abof parallel,oeverrnr9 north-southdavfg'satfg fvnd,NdItrending gavsfshorsts anded, Iveqndsgrabens inNd tdRadsarN,efn,unconsol ida ted alluvialerrtiNer deposits.,noasNfsu TheTgn faultsbetrfs appeareoonev fato qnbe vnrefn,related fato easnesf'pnsft -west extensionn6fndsNad ofab SalineUerNdn kerrnCuValley. wV4) TgnThe eInsages ed,and avNndfefNadsorientations abof fgnthe betrfsfaults Ndin fgnthe PndfverCe ntral kerrnCVall ey faultbetrf zone1adn suggeststIInsf fgefthat theyfgnC evnare alsoersa vnrefn,related fato eastnesf'pnsf-west extensionn6fndsNad abof SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley ed,and fgefthat fgNsthis n6fndsNadextension isNs stillsfNrr occurring.aRRtvvNdIu *

0V5) TgnThe ^nnLee Flat0ref betrffault zone1adn appearseoonevs fato beqn ae partoevf ofab ae Iveqndgraben fgefthat n6fnd,sextends bvayfrom Lee^nn 0refFlat Ndfainto SalineUerNdn kerrnCuValley. TgnThe avNndfefNadorientation ofab fgnthe faultbetrf zone1adn anded, grabenIveqnd suggeststIInsf fgefthat fgnCthey areevn vnrefn,re lated fato east-westnesf'pnsf n6fndsNadextension abof thefgn SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley area.evneu 6)8V Topographically,TaoaIveogNRerrC9 SalineUerNdn ValleykerrnC geshas ae vgayqagn,verrhombuhedral shape.sgeonu InferencesNdbnvndRns frombvay gravityIveiNfC ,efedata suggeststIInsf fgefthat fgNsthis shapesgeon RadfNdtnscontinues atef depth.,nofgu 113

7)lV TheTgn braavfloor abof SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley isNs fNrfNdItilting Ndin ae pnsfnvrCwesterly ,NvnRfNaddirection ases thoughfgatIg Nfit isNs qnNdIbeing ,apdbetrfn,downfaulted alongeradI thefgn edgen,In ofab ea rhombochasm.vgayqaRgesyu HA comparisonRayoevNsad abof thefgn aboveeqain pNfgwith thefgn featuresbneftvns expectedn6onRfn, tofa beqn essaRNefn,associated withpNfg ae rhombochasmvgayqaRgesy stIInsfsuggest fgefthat SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley ge,had fgNsthis fContype ofab originavNINd anded, fgefthat thefgn ,nbavyefNaddeformation Nsis stillsfNrr aRRtvvNdIuoccurring. SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley eoonevsappears tofa geinhave developed,ninraon, Ndin ae zone1adn ofab sgnevNdIshearing anded, fndsNadtension qnfpnndbetween thefgn DeathXnefg kerrnC'0tvdeRnValley-Furnace PvnnJCreek faultbetrf 1adnzone ed,and fgnthe GrapevineZveoniNdn PedCadCanyon faultbetrf zone1adn (seemsnn Photoxgafa 1.1)huhVu. TheTgn GrapevineZveoniNdn CanyonPedCad betrffault zone1adn isNs thefgn oblique-slipaqrNPtn'srNo faultbetrf qatd,NdIbounding fgnthe southwestsatfgpnsf sidesN,n ofab fgnthe rhombo-vgayqa5 chasm.Rgesy9 AlongHradI fgnthe northeastdavfgnesf sN,nside abof fgnthe vgayqaRgesyrhombochasm ae seriessnvNns ofab davfgnvrC'fvnd,NdInortherly-trending tensionfndsNad fracturesbveRftvns inNd fgnthe SalineUerNdn RangeUedIn anded, northerndavfgnvd xedeyNdfPanamint UedInRange developed,ninraon, rathervefgnv fgedthan ae sNyornsi mpl e strike-sfvNJn'srNos lip fault.betrfu TgnThe cnsfnvdWestern 0vadfer9Frontal, ^nnLee Flat0ref anded, EastQesf SideUN,n betrffault zones1adns developed,ninraon, inNd vnsoadsnresponse tofa nesf'pnsfeast-west n6fndsNadextension ofab fgnthe regionvnINad ed,and relatedvnrefn, movementyainyndf eradIalong fgnthe ZveoniNdnGrapevine CanyonPedCad faultbetrf zone.1adnu TgnThe eastnesf sN,nside abof fgnthe rhombo-vgayqa5 Rgesychasm Nsis bavyn,formed qCby ae seriessnvNns ofab stepsfno faultsbetrfs rathervefgnv thanfged byqC ae narrowdevvap faultbetrf zone1adn stRgsuch esas fgnthe cnsfnvdWestern Frontal0vadfer betrffault zone.1adnu TheTgn barrapNdIfollowing chapterRgeofnv isNs ae ,NsRtssNaddiscussion ofab thefgn vnINaderregional NyorNRemplica-5 tionsfNads ofab fgnthe SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley rhombochasmvgayqaRgesy anded, whatpgef Redcan qnbe inferredNdbnvvn, abouteqatf fgnthe originavNINd abof thefgn SierraUNnvve Lnie,eNevada '- BasinMesNd anded, RangeUedIn transitionfvedsNfNad zone.1adnu 114

lu;7.0 UQZNALH^REGIONAL TQPTALNPTECTONIC IAXQ^MODEL luh7.1 NLTUAXZPTNALINTRODUCTION NdIn fgnthe ovniNatsprevious Rgeofnvchapter UerNdnSaline kerrnCValley peswas ,nsRvNqn,described esas ea vgayqa'rhombo- Rgesychasm fgefthat ,ninraon,developed Ndin vnsoadsnresponse fato vnINaderregional sgnevNdIshearing ed,and n6fndsNaduextension. TgNsThis Rgeofnvchapter Nsis ea ,NsRtssNaddiscussion abof pgefwhat yeCmay qnbe Ndbnvvn,inferred eqatfabout fgnthe fnRfadNRtectonic ,ninraoyndfdevelopment abof fgnthe UNnvveSierra Lnie,eNevada '- MesNdBasin ed,and UedInRange fvedsNfNadtransition 1adnzone qesn,based adon faoaIveogNRtopographic ed,and InaraINRgeologic bneftvnsfeatures abof UerNdnSaline kerrnCValley ed,and fgnthe surroundingstvvatd,NdI vnINaduregion: TgnThe ,NsRtssNaddiscussion tsnsuses niN,ndRnevidence ed,and RadRrtsNadsconclusi ons ovnsndfn,presented Ndin nevrNnvearlier Rgeofnvschapters ed,and qCby afgnvother pavJnvsworkers esas ea qesNsbas is bavfor essnssNdIassessing fgnthe vnrefNadsgNorelationship qnfpnndbetween fgnthe bavyefNadformation abof UerNdnSaline kerrnCValley ed,and fgnthe fnRfadNRtectonic niartfNadevolution abof fgnthe vnINaduregion.

luj7.2 UQZNALH^REGIONAL TQPTALNPTECTONIC 0QHTZUQUFEATURES HLXANO XQ0AUIHTNALDEFORMATION cvNIgfWright mhSl8V(1976) ovaoasn,proposed fgnthe vnINaderregional sfvnssstress ya,nrmodel sgapdshown Ndin 0NItvnFi gure luhu7.1. UtRgSuch ea oeffnvdpattern patr,would rne,lead fato vnINaderregional RadDtIefnconjugate sfvNJn'strike- srNoslip betrffault sCsfnyssystems avNndfn,oriented davfgnesf'satfgpnsfnortheast-southwest ed,and davfgpnsf'northwest- satfgnesfusoutheast. TgnThe davfgnesf'fvnd,NdInortheast-trending 1adnszones patr,would ,NsoreCdisplay rnbf'refnverleft-lateral yafNadmotion pgNrnwhile fgnthe davfgpnsf'fvnd,NdInorthwest-trending 1adnszones patr,would ,NsoreCdisplay vNIgf'refnverright-lateral yafNadumotion. Qesf'pnsfEast-west n6fndsNadextension patr,would ,ninraodevelop Ndin vnsoadsnresponse fato fgnthe davfg'north- satfgsouth RayovnssNaducompression. 0NItvnFigure luj7.2 sgapsshows fgnthe vnINaderregional RadDtIefnconjugate strike-slipsfvNJn'srNo betrfsufaults. TgnThe cerJnvWalker ^edn9Lane, XnefgDeath kerrnC'0tvdeRnValley-Furnace PvnnJCreek ed,and ^esLas knIesVegas 1adnszones evnare vNIgf'right- refnver9lateral, sfvNJn'srNostrike-slip betrffault 1adnszones eradIalong fgnthe pnsfnvdwestern qav,nvborder abof fgnthe ZvnefGreat MesNduBasin. TgnThe ^NynLime UN,InRidge ed,~nc xegvedeIefPahranagat 1adnszones evnare fpatwo abof fgnthe rnbf'left- refnver9lateral, sfvNJn'srNostrike-slip betrffault 1adnszones eradIalong fgnthe satfgnesfnvdsoutheastern qav,nvborder abof fgnthe 115

·- ·- -- .~- - - -·-·--- .. FIELD I .... er,

__.,

. ·. . ' ' - 'A I • COLORADO \,iifif!J:i j..' PLATEAU :;,··,.,.. \v .,, · ' \ ''1 \ \ / I \ .____.__ __.__...... ___....___,!SOO *'" . - . - , _;

IMOOll'l~O 1'1fCJ.. WRIGHT 111741

FIGURE0NZZUQ luh7.1.u XnbavyefNadDeformation fieldsbNnr,s ed,and ovNdRNoerprincipal stresssfvnss directions,NvnRfNads forbav oavfNadsportions ofab CaliforniaPerNbavdNe anded, Nevada.Lnie,eu 0Nnr,Field NI -' oM88M generallyIndnverrC LLQ'UUcNNE-SSW fvnfN,NdItrending gavsfhorst anded, Iveqndgraben struc-sfvtR5 ftvnsutures. oi;h invfNReruvertical. 0Nnr,Field IINN '- coevalRanier davyernormal anded, sfvNJn'srNostrike-slip faulting.betrfNdI9 01aD LLQ'UUcuNNE-SSW. ■M

ZvnefGreat MesNduBasin. TgnThe ZevraRJGarlock faultbetrf isNs ae rnbf'refnver9left-lateral, sfvNJn'srNostrike-slip faultbetrf bavyNdIforming fgnthe davfgpnsfnvdnorthwestern borderqav,nv abof thefgn IaDeinMojave qraRJublock. SeveralUninver smallersyerrnv vNIgf'refnver9right-lateral, strike-slipsfvNJn'srNo faultsbetrfs bavyform fgnthe davfgnesfnvdnortheastern qav,nvborder ofab thefgn qraRJublock.

InNd 0NItvnFigure 7.1luh fgnthe SierraUNnvve Lnie,eNevada isNs shownsgapd ases yaiNdImoving fato thefgn west.pnsfu TgNsThis Nsis due,tn tofa thefgn east-westnesf'pnsf extensionn6fndsNad resultingvnstrfNdI frombvay vnINaderregional north-davfg' satfgsouth RayovnssNaducompression. TheTgn normaldavyer betrfsfaults bavyNdIforming fgnthe eastnesf bvadffront abof SierraUNnvve NevadaLnie,e anded, essaRNefn,associated davyernormal faultsbetrfs supportstooavf fgnthe existencen6NsfndRn abof ea 116

·-·-·------· -

REOIOHAL STRESS"' ''\ I ' I I ' HAL ' \~ J:: I / (;) / / ~

" \ \ )

( ) . --· -- . 0NZZUQFIGURE 7.2.luju RegionalUnINader stresssfvnss bNnr,field anded, vnrefn,related faultsbetrfs Ndin oavfNadsOportions ofab CaliforniaPerNbavdNe anded, Lnie,euNevada. IW =■ cerJnvWalker Lane^edn 0u>u9F.Z., DVXk =■ DeathXnefg kerrnC'0tvdeRnValley-Furnace CreekPvnnJ F.Z.,0u>u9 ^ULR= ■ ^NynLime RidgeUN,In 0u>u9F.Z., xP =■ xegvedeIefPahranagat 0u>u9F.Z., ZG =■ ZevraRJGarlock 0u>uF.Z. tensionalfndsNader 1adnzone Ndin thefgn "wake"#peJn# ofab thefgn SierraUNnvve Lnie,euNevada. TgNsThis fndsNadtension 1adnzone isNs apparentlyeooevndfrC vnsoadsNqrnresponsible forbav yedCmany ofab fgnthe yeDavmajor ierrnCs9valleys, suchstRg ases ApndsOwens Valley,kerrnC9 fgefthat qav,nvborder fgnthe SierraUNnvve Lnie,euNevada. UNIgf'refnver9Right-lateral, strike-slipsfvNJn'srNo faultsbetrfs associatedessaRNefn, pNfgwith fgNsthis extensionn6fndsNad yeCmay qnbe vnsoadsNqrnresponsible bavfor iarRedNRvolcanic Rndfnvscenters e,DeRndfadja:ent fato fgnthe SierraUNnvve Lnie,eNevada (WrightmcvNIgf ed,and Troxel,Tva6nr9 1968,hS889 1971;hSlh° Pevv9Carr, 1974).hSlwVu r

117

TgnThe studysft,C areaevne Nsis raRefn,located inNd fgnthe "wake"«peJnDD ofab thefgn SierraUNnvve Lnie,eNevada ed,and adjacente,DeRndf fato right-lateral,vNIgf'refnver9 strike-slipsfvNJn'srNo betrfsfaults fgefthat formbavy fgnthe pnsfnvdwestern qav,nvborder abof fgnthe ZvnefGreat Basin.MesNdu Tgts9Thus, fgnthe sft,Cstudy areaevne isNs raRefn,located inNd ae fvedsNfNadertransitional 1adnzone qnfpnndbetween fgnsnthese twofpa ovaiNdRnsuprovinces. 0neftvnsFeatures inNd fgnthe studysft,C areaevne areevn indicativeNd,NRefNin abof qafgboth vNIgf'refnverright-lateral strike-slipsfvNJn'srNo faultingbetrfNdI ,tndue fato davfg'satfgnorth-south vnINaderregional RayovnssNadcompression ed,and nesf'pnsfeast-west fndsNadtension due,tn tofa pnsfnvdwestern yNIvefNadmigration ofab fgnthe UNnvveSierra Lnie,euNevada. IR»nnMcKee (1968)mhS88V vnoavfn,reported fafertotal vNIgf'right- lateralrefnver offsetsabbsnfs ofab toup fato 48w8 kmJy eradIalong thefgn DeathXnefg kerrnCValley -' Furnace0tvdeRn PvnnJCreek . - faultbetrf 1adnuzone. SmithUyNfg (1975b}mhSl0qV reportedvnoavfn, fafertotal invfNRervertical abbsnfsof fse ts abof toup fato 10,000h;9;;; ym anded, vNIgf'refnverright-lateral offsetsabbsnfs ofab toup fato w0;;4500 ymin Nd xedeyNdfPanamint kerrnCuValley. xeJNsnvPakiser nfet al.eru mhSlwV9(1974), vnoavfn,reported invfNRervertical abbsnfsoffsets totalfaferNdIi ng upto tofa 60008;;; ymin Nd Owen'sApndDs kerrnCuValley. TgnThe ovnsndfpresent studysft,C suggestIInsfss ts atef lernesfast 60008;;; ym ofab invfNRervertical offsetabbsnf ed,and onvgeosperhaps 1000h;;; ym abof vNIgf'refnverright-lateral abbsnfoffset inNd SalineUerNdn Valley.kerrnCu NdIn eachneRg Resncase fgnthe vNIgf'refnverright-lateral abbsnfsoffsets evnare relatedvnrefn, fato fgnthe vnINaderregional shearingsgnevNdI ed,and fgnthe invfNRervertical offsetsabbsnfs areevn vnrefn,re lated fato down-,apd' betrfNdIfaulting ofab fgnthe valleysierrnCs inNd responsevnsoadsn tofa vnINaderregional n6fndsNaduextension. 0NItvnFigure 7.3luM Nsis ae simplifiedsNyorNbNn, anded, idealizedN,nerN1n, vnrNnbrelief vfNeomap ofab fgnthe vnINadure gion. Xapdbetrfn,Oownfaulted ierrnCvalley areasevnes evnare oeffnvdrnss9patternless, yatdfeNdmountain qraRJsblocks areevn crossRvass gefRgn,hatched %g,nd mountainyatdfeNd regionsvnINads stIInsfNdIsuggesting east-westnesf'pnsf n6fndsNad9extension, nuIu9e.g., thefgn PasaCoso Range,UedIn9 evnare shownsgapd qCby erfnvdefNdIalternating crossRvass gefRgNdIhatching ed,and ,affn,dotted strips.sfvNosu SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley vnovnsndfsrepresents ae zone1adn fvedsNfNadertransitional qnfpnndbetween fgnthe east-nesf' westpnsf n6fndsNadextension typifiedfCoNbNn, byqC OwensApnds ValleykerrnC ed,and SierraUNnvve Lnie,eNevada anded, fgnthe vNIgf'refnver9right-lateral, strike-slipsfvNJn'srNo faultingbetrfNdI fCoNbNn,typified qCby fgnthe XnefgDeath ValleykerrnC -' 0tvdeRnFurnace CreekPvnnJ faultbetrf zone.1adnu AlthoughHrfgatIg vNIgf'refnver9right-lateral, strike-slipsfvNJn'srNo yainyndfsmovements havegein beenqnnd vnoavfn,reported Ndin ApndsOwens Valley,kerrnC9 fgnthe ovn,ayNdedfpredominant yafNadmotion geshas qnndbeen dip-slip.,No'srNou Tgts9Thus, ApndsOwens kerrnCValley Nsis ae deep,,nno9 devvapnarrow Iveqndgraben r 118hh8

SARCOBATUS

IND/AN WELLS VAL.LEY

.---,.~-1o--..;;-- ...ao--1o -~

0NZZUQFIGURE 7.3.luMu SimpljfiedUNyorNbNn, anded, idealizedN,nerN1n, reliefvnrNnb yeomap ofab area.evneu xeffnvdrnssPatternless evnesareas evnare valleys,ierrnCs9 cross-hatchedRvass'gefRgn, areasevnes areevn yatdfeNdmountain qraRJs9blocks, stripedsfvNon, evnesareas areevn yatdfeNdmountain qraRJsblocks undergoingtd,nvIaNdI n6fndsNaduextension. 119

betweenqnfpnnd thefgn relativelyvnrefNinrC torNbfn,uplifted SierraUNnvve Lnie,eNevada ed,and cgNfn'NdCaWhite-Inyo MountainIatdfeNd qraRJsublocks. ThisTgNs featurebneftvn peswas formedbavyn, ovn,ayNdedfrCpredominantly qCby extensionn6fndsNad inNd edan \_ nesf'pnsfeast-west ,NvnRfNadudirection. TgnThe XnefgDeath kerrnCValley '- 0tvdeRnFurnace PvnnJCreek 1adnzone Nsis ea oevfpart abof thefgn vNIgf'refnver9right-lateral, sfvNJn'srNostrike-slip 1adnzone fgefthat bavysforms fgnthe nesfnvdeastern n,Inedge abof thefgn MesNdBasin ed,and RangeUedIn ovaiNdRnuprovince. UerNdnSaline kerrnCValley geshas qafgboth yeDavmajor strike-sfvNJn' slipsrNo anded, dip-slip,No'srNo features.bneftvnsu

TgnThe GrapevineZveoniNdn CanyonPedCad faultbetrf 1adnzone ,ninraon,developed Ndin vnsoadsnresponse fato strike-sfvNJn' srNoslip yafNadmotion eradIalong fgnthe DeathXnefg kerrnCVall~y '- Furnace0tvdeRn CreekPvnnJ betrffault 1adnzone ed,and fndsNadtension due,tn fato pnsfpev,westward yNIvefNadmigration abof fgnthe SierraUNnvve Lnie,eNevada qraRJublock. TheTgn Westerncnsfnvd bvadferfrontal faultbetrf zone1adn developed,ninraon, Ndin vnsoadsnresponse tofa fgnthe east-westnesf'pnsf fndsNadutension . TheTgn dnfnet vnstrfresult ofab fgNsthis combinedRayqNdn, yafNadmot i on isNs fgefthat fgnthe pnsfnvdwestern oavfNadportion abof SalineUerNdn ValleykerrnC peswas ovaIvnssNinrCprogressively ,apdbetrfn,downfaulted Ndfainto ea vgayqaRgesyrhombochasm alongeradI fgnthe NdCaInyo MountainsIatdfeNds anded, LnrsadNelson Range.UedInu ThTgNsis yafNadmotion Retsn,caused ae gNdINdIhinging eRfNadaction fato develop,ninrao eradIalong fgnthe GrapZveoniNdnevine PedCadCanyon -' xedeyNdfPanamint kerrnCValley betrffault zone1adn efat Hunter7tdfnv Mountain.IatdfeNdu ThisTgNs yainyndfmovement vnstrfn,resulted Ndin vnrefNinrelative ,apdbetrfNdIdownfaulting abof SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley ed,and oassNqrnpossible torNbfuplift abof thefgn PanamintxedeyNdf rangevedIn Ndin Panarn1ntxedeyNdf kerrnCuValley. ZnaynfvNRerrCGeometrically thisfgNs suggestsstIInsfs fgefthat thefgn xedeyNdfPanamint RangeUedIn qraRJblock vafefn,rotated pnsfpev,westward sNyNrevsimilar fato thefgn SierraUNnvve Lnie,euNevada.

UnINaderRegional shearsgnevNdIi ng vnrefn,related fato qafgboth fgnthe strike-slipsfvNJn'srNo faultingbetrfNdI ed,and nesf'pnsfeast-west n6fndsNadextension Retsn,caused fgnthe bavyefNadformation ofab fgnthe widepN,n fragmentedbveIyndfn, 1adnzone extendingn6fnd,NdI frombvay fgnthe PasaCoso UedIn9Range, anded, throughfgvatIg fgnthe SalineUerNdn UedInRange davfgnorth ofab SalineUerNdn ValleykerrnC m0NItvn(Figure 7.3).luMVu TheTgn 1adnzone trendsfvnd,s approximatelyeoova6NyefnrC due,tn davfg'satfgnorth-south anded, formsbavys ae w;.40° edIrnangle pNfgwith fgnthe DeathXnefg kerrnCValley -' 0tvdeRnFurnace · · -Creek(PvnnJ betrffault 1adnuzone. TgNsThis vnrefNadsgNor2lationship suggestsstIInsfs fgefthat fgnthe 1adnzone Nsis ea firstbNvsf orderav,nv fndsNadtension Iesggash featurebneftvn due,tn ovn,ayNdedfrCpredominantly fato strike-slipsfvNJn'srNo

------,. 120hj;

yafNadmotion ofab fgnthe XnefgDeath kerrnCValley -' 0tvdeRnFurnace PvnnJCreek faultbetrf 1adnuzone. TgnThe bavyefNadformation ab xedeyNdf kerrnC Ns ersa vnrefn, fa fgNs yafNadu ° k\ of Panamint Valley is also related to this motion. 0NItvnFigure 7.4luw isNs ae sNyorNbNn,simplified representationvnovnsndfefNad ofab fgnthe majoryeDav fnRfadNRtectonic bneftvnsfeatures Ndin thefgn SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley vnINadregion similarsNyNrev tofa thatfgef sgapdshown Ndin 0NItvnFigure luhu7.1. TgnThe ,NeIveydiagram inNd fgnthe leftrnbf portionoavfNad ofab fgnthe figurebNItvn showssgaps fgnthe ovnsndfpresent configurationRadbNItvefNad ofab fgnthe yatdfeNdsmountains anded, ierrnCsuvalleys. MCBy compressingRayovnssNdI fgnthe vnINadr gion Ndin edan nesf'pnsfeast-west ,NvnRfNaddirection ed,and imposingNyoasNdI ea left-lateral,rnbf'refnver9 northwest-southeastdavfgpnsf'satfgnesf shearsgnev (shownmsgapd byqC arrowsevvaps efat n,Inedge abof ,NeIveyVdiagram) fgnthe ,NeIveydiagram adon fgnthe rightvNIgf sN,nside abof thefgn figurebNItvn canRed qnbe obtained.aqfeNdn,u TgNsThis yafNadmotion Nsis fgnthe reversevninvsn ofab fgefthat proposedovaoasn, Ndin fgNsthis studysft,C forbav fgnthe ,ninraoyndfdevelopment abof fgnthe SierraUNnvve Lnie,eNevada -' MesNdBasin ed,and UedInRange transitionfvedsNfNad 1adnuzone. Tgnvnbavn9Therefore, fgnthe diagram,NeIvey adon fgnthe vNIgfright ovaqeqrCprobably vnovnsndfsrepresents aned earliernevrNnv stagsfeIne ofab evolu-niart5 tionfNad forbav thefgn fvedsNfNadtransition zone.1adnu NbIf thefgn ovnsndfpresent sfvnssstress systemsCsfny continuesRadfNdtns tofa beqn activeeRfNin Ndin fgnthe btftvn9future, thefgn ierrnCvalley areasevnes sgapdshown inNd Figure0NItvn 7.4luw pNrrwill RadfNdtncontinue fato NdRvnesnincrease Ndin sizesN1n vnrefNinrelative fato fgnthe mountainyatdfeNd evnesareas anded, thefgn rhombochasmvgayqaRgesy ierrnCsvalleys pNrrwill continueRadfNdtn fato qnbe ,apdbetrfn,udownfaulted.

SUMMARYUZIIHU" -' RELATIONSHIPUQ^HTNALU7Nx A0OF SALINEUH^NLQ VALLEYkH^^Q" TOTA REGIONALUQZNALH^ TECTONICTQPTALNP XQkQ^AxIQLTDEVELOPMENT 1)hV SalineUerNdn ValleykerrnC isNs locatedraRefn, Ndin fgnthe transitionalfvedsNfNader 1adnzone betweenqnfpnnd thefgn SierraUNnvve NevadaLnie,e ed,and MesNdBasin ed,and UedInRange provinces.ovaiNdRnsu jV2) TheTgn fvedsNfNadertransitional 1adnzone isNs characterizedRgeveRfnvN1n, qCby featuresbneftvns suggestingstIInsfNdI qafgboth nesf'pnsfeast-west n6fndsNadextension due,tn fato pnsfnvdwestern yNIvefNadmigrcttion ofab fgnthe SierraUNnvve Lnie,eNevada anded, vNIgf'refnver9right-lateral, sfvNJn'srNostrike-slip faultingbetrfNdI due,tn tofa davfg'north- satfgsouth compresionRayovnsNad anced, relatedvnrefn, RadDtIefnconjugate sgnevNdIushearing......

......

-o c

by iiiiii; fO and c lilliiiiliiililiilil .. U) o on 0> f— c u

0> (O areas

5 valleys i > •»- O to lllllil ijiiliiiilii lliliiilili O E movement •r-) C (O 0) 3

lliliil

I E major ^ O

the ■*-> E mountain 1111 iiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiii^ Q) -c a>xj !II 4->the c C •r— JtJ and 5 wo o s- -C how a; fo > q; CT> a; i-

reversing C U fOareas 5 wo O -Q by wo -C

to showing *0 ^ 0) c C 4-> O <0 QJ f C 4-> (L> E U region CLpatternless

0»eliminated wo

·: " 3 iy;;i|i:iyiiyiiyi!yi:iiiiyi ...... I . . ^ be C

,,,:;;;

study iiiililiyiilliiyiiliiiiii^i\ C O ^ to ^

shown

can WO iiiiiliiil I O of U C I/O a; ,,;;;;:.,'i'! o ^ L. . k to are lilliil iiiiiiiiii 4-» 3 iiiiiiiiii -M CO 4-> JT3 >0 C O) 0> Valleys C a.*r- U O; CO a;

representation u c . 4-> liilfcliiiniiiiii CO 4-» ■■iM oi OJ X I— Q. pattern.

Hiiiiiiiii extension N O; 3 •r* to TD r- M-faults. 0^ to 0> 4^ ------OJ sz ...... X) 4-> -C O

Idealized

the

dotted — oother )\f;I!;

...... :::::: ... . """""' iiiiiiiiiiiii: iiiiiiiiii~J\

::::

,,,,·

'iilllll

'l ...... iiilliliilliiiiiliilllli 7.

:::::::::::::

""""' ,mm LU ill!f!lif!!ll11 ...... i!ii!iii:iii3|iN! ct Z5 CD

FIGURE

•

.. 122

MV3) SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley isNs ea rhombohedralvgayqagn,ver ,novnssNaddepression bavyNdIforming partoevf ofab ae vnINaderregional fndsNadtension gashIesg 1adnuzone. wV4) SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley formedbavyn, Ndin responsevnsoadsn fato qafgboth nesf'pnsfeast-west n6fndsNaderextensional forcesbavRns anded, davfgpnsf'satfgnesfnorthwest-southeast sfvNJn'srNostrike-slip faulting.betrfNdIu 5)0V Features0neftvns observedaqsnvin, Ndin SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley evnare fCoNRertypical abof bneftvnsfeatures Ndin fgnthe transitionalfvedsNfNader zone.1adnu 8V6) TgnThe ainverroverall RgeveRfnvcharacter abof thefgn fvedsNfNadertransitional 1adnzone Nsis RadsNsfndfconsistent pNfgwith Wright'scvNIgfDs (1976)mhSl8V regionalvnINader tectonicfnRfadNR model.ya,nru

SUZZZQUTNALUUGGESTIONS FOR0AU FUTURE0ZTZUQ WORKcAU»

ThisTgNs studysft,C ovaoasnsproposes fgefthat SalineUerNdn kerrnCValley Nsis edan eRfNinrCactively ,ninraoNdIdeveloping rhombochasmvgayqaRgesy Ndin ea 1adnzone ofab n6fndsNadextension ed,an~ shearingsgnevNdI fvedsNfNadertransitional qnfpnndbetween fgnthe SierraUNnvve Lnie,eNevada ed,and MesNdBasin ed,and RangeUedIn ovaiNdRnsuprovinces. ToTa furtherbtvfgnv fnsftest fgnthe hypothesisgCoafgnsNs thefgn barrapNdIfollowing studiessft,Nns yeCmay qnbe tsnbtruuseful. 1.hu DetailedXnfeNrn, GeophysicalZnaogCsNRer Surveys.UtvinCsu TgNsThis shouldsgatr, includeNdRrt,n snNsyNR9seismic, gravityIveiNfC anded, magneticyeIdnfNR surveysstvinCs fato qnffnvbetter ,nbNdndefine thefgn substqstvbeRnsurface sfvtRftvnstructure anded, distribution,NsfvNqtfNad abof faultsbetrfs inNd SalineUerNdn VallkerrnCuey. ju2. xnvNa,NRPeriodic Zna,nfNRGeodetic Surveys.UtvinCsu ThisTgNs shouldsgatr, NdRrt,nin lude fgnthe establishmentnsfeqrNsgyndf ed,and onvNa,NRperiodic vnstvinCNdIresurveying ofab ae onvyedndfpermanent geodeticIna,nfNR surveystvinC gridIvN, fato ynestvnmeasure qafgboth verticalinvfNRer ed,and gavN1adferhorizontal changes.RgedInsu Mu3. INRvasnNsyNRNfCuMicroseismicity. HA microseismicyNRvasnNsyNR arrayevveC shouldsgatr, qnbe establishednsfeqrNsgn, fato determine,nfnvyNdn fgnthe locationraRefNad anded, characteristicsRgeveRfnvNsfNRs ofab deformation,nbavyefNad inNd fgnthe ierrnCuvalley.

wu4. DatingXefNdI ofab 0etrfFault Scarps.URevosu ThisTgNs studysft,C patr,would obtainaqfeNd absoluteeqsartfn ageseIns 14 bavfor faultbetrf nindfsevents tsNdIusi~g c avor afgnvother eoovaovNefnappropriate ,efNdIdating fnRgdNPtnstechniques fato qnffnvbetter determine,nfnvyNdn thefgn distribution,NsfvNqtfNad ofab faultingbetrfNdI pNfgwith time.fNynu 123

5.'U FaultNbVqu s9bglScarp apbqPIAIUAnalysis. ThisohAI wouldD,VqT involveApZ,qZS detailedTSubAqST surveyingIVgZSPAp1 of,C

bpT ugSp9h q,11Ap1 ,C CbVqu I9bglI u, ,8ubAp Tbub b8,Vu uhS b1SJ \. and trench logging of fault scarps to obtain data about the age, i numberpVM8Sg ,Cof offsets,,CCISuIJ amountbM,Vpu ,Cof offset,,CCISuJ gS9VggSp9Srecurrence rate,gbuSJ Su9Uetc. 9U6. Inmp situIAuV StresssugSII Analysis.apbqPIAIU ohAIThis could9,VqT 8Sbe obtained,8ubApST throughuhg,V1h rockg,9k MS9hbpA9Imechanics IuVTASIstudies inAp hbgThard g,9krock or,g inferredApCSggST fromCg,M geodetic1S,TSuA9 measurements.MSbIVgSMSpuIU 7.LU Jointj,Apu Ngb9uVgSFracture PatternRbuuSgp andbpT LineamentyApSbMSpu apbqPIAIUAnalysis. ThisohAI D,VqTwould Ap9qVTSinclude ab detailedTSubAqST analysisbpbqPIAI ,Cof 7,Apujoint bpTand fractureCgb9uVgS lbuuSgpIpatterns Apin theuhS gS1A,pregion tou, helphSql determineTSuSgMApS uhSthe stressIugSII lbuuSgppattern responsiblegSIl,pIA8qS C,gfor theiruhSAg fonnationC,gMbuA,p bpTand qApSbMSpulineament analysisbpbqPIAI u,to hSqlhelp determineTSuSgMApS regionalgS1A,pbq stressIugSII lbuuSgpIUpatterns. 124

8,8.0 0 :.JUhl-'SUM..IRY.. ui.Y .,: .D CuNCut;CLU:ilONJCLU:.)10 N3

TtouxS,e IuVTPstudy bgSbarea isAI q,9buSTloca ted xUpi n thuhSe southwestI,VuhDSIu :ol,guA,prt, ion ,Cof thuhSe Great•gSbu

6bIApBasin inAp uhSthe transitionalugbpIAuA,pbq zoneX,pS 8SuDSSpbetween theuhS 6bIApBasin andbpT ebp1SRange andbpT sASggbSierra cSZbTbNevada lhPIA,phys ·t 0 :1gblhA9rar:1 i.c lg,ZAp9SIUprovinces. ohSThe sIuVTP t udy focusedC,9VIST o,p n thuhSe b9uAZSacti.ve CbVqf ;l ul ·sI q,9buSTloca t ad 0n,p 1uhS he floorCq,,g bpTand 8,gTSgIborders of,C SalinesbqApS Valley.°bqqSPJ ThAhSe lbpa'> uSgpJtern, IuPqSstyle andbpT distributionTAIugA8VuA,p of,C tuhSIShese faultsCbVquI DSgSwere · hehS basis8bIAI forC,g ApuSgUinter :gSuAp1 r eting uhSthe ch9hbgb9uSgAIuA9Ia racteristics ,Cof tLuhSe localq,9bq bpTand gS1A,pbqre:; i o nal uS9u,pA9tectonic gS1ApUSIre,)n.es U--uhbu1 t bgS3re

9VggSpuqPcw::rently '.ib9uAZSUCtive. ThisohAI cha9hbluSgpter sumIV;gUMbgAXSIrna r :i zes uMpSt i1 e regSIVquIsults ,Cof uhSt.1'.e studIuVTPy rndApT lgSISpuIi:·reser,ts c9,p9qVIA,pI onclusions based8bIST on,p uhSISthese resgSIVquIUults .

8.19U. •«aRr°mcrG§APEVI.NE dacDfcCANYON Nf,U UtyoLT ZU»fcrtlli

1).w ThisouAAI isAI ba IS1MSpuSB [;rnent ,Cof uhSthe RbpbMApuPanamint °bqqSP'•gblSZApSVa lley /Gt- a pevine C;1ndbp•,1',pon faultCbVqu

zone.zn ne.

22) ) At the southsoutherne rn end of thethe ffaultault zonez,rne dis;.lace"i€ntd isi:l :~ce,,1 1:n l is ppredominredorr.in-

ately riright-lateral,~ht-lateral, strike-slip,strike-slip. ~l.it ♦het.he r0rort!rt:·er ern r en •' of tthehe

zozonene displacement is principallypr l ncipally ddip-slip.ip-slip. "f\T^-.is: :i s relationship r el .1 tionship

suggestssug~ests that thethe zone resresultedvlied fromfr om a c-c, nbinationnbinat\0n of strike-

slip faultinfaultingg and hinhingei:: e fafaultingulting with a pivotpi vol po i near Hunter

J·Fountain.;ountain.

3) The pattern of fault rurupturesptures in the regionre~ion betweenbe t ween thet.re m,'Uthuth

of Grapevine Canyon and the Low GraGranitenite HillsHi lls '.'"'3!:;uresulted1 t9d fromf r 0m

a combinationcombination of right-lateral,ri3ht-lateral, stristrike-slipke-slip fa.ultingfaulting and northnorth-

east - southwest extension. Strike-slStrike-slip~p displacement is esti-esti

mated at between 700?00 and 2000 m. ExtensionExtensio n rnmaya y total 22500500 m.

4) UncUnconsolidatedonsolidated sediments near San Lucas Canyon indindicatetcate up to

22 m of recent right-lateral, strike-slip offsoffset.et. The mouth orof 125

oan3an Lucas Canyon may be offsetofL et by as ,i:uch :uch as 1 km.lan. This seg-seg

ment of tthe he GraGrapevinepevine Canyon faulfaultt wnezone is characterized by \ riri^ht-lateral,;;n t-lateral, strike-slip faultfaultingi ng witwithh .iinornor exte!'lsiextension,on.

8,28.2 '>;E3TLR»iJESTiliN F,~vFlufT.ALfl.U. FAULTF AU.LT ZOJ.\ZOICS'E

1) In thet he st11dysttidy areaarea the 11esternwestern Fl-Pr>ntalrntal faultf .q ult Zzoneci ne extendsf:! Xtend s from

Daisy Canyon to the northern borderbord er of ·.'.hehe sstudytudy area.:1 rea.

2) The zone is characterizedcharacterized by dip-slip faulfaults,t s.

3)J) Offsets in unconsolidated alluvial fan cJdepositse ;;-o s i .s indicateinchcate at

least J232 m'In of offset since they werewer e deposited.d e posi t ~rl.

U)4) Locally, theret here is evidenceevid ence Lfor-> r at l.astl ,·ast tthree hr L· e eejsodes i -sodas of

faulting.

5) FaultsFault s in tthe he zone ranger iA. r. J e frfromom discrete,u iscn: te, narrowna r r ow z,zones-i nPS t<,t,,, widewirie

crucrushed:; hed aandnri shsheared<';i red zones.zones.

8.38. J £ASE-tDTT bID£:.:i I IJE r,_F.-.ULT..,lJL T -~Zdllil'N’E

1) TTieThe isasti:.ast SideSid e fault zone is iin n tthehe northcnntralnorthc 'l n t.r al r or‘ ' iion nn oof f

the study area. ---.., ,.. 2) Faulting in this zone is ch.aractchahacterizederiz €:- d by horstshors t s :andinj e:grabensrabens

trendintrendings in a north-south direction.

3)J) The faults are quite young and genergenerallyally disclaydis clay mumultipleltiple

riisplacements.displacements.

4)U) TheIhe faults are related to step faultinfaultingg in tthe he fountainsr.uun t ains to

the east. These faults reflect concontinuingtir. ui ng east-westeas t - we st extensionextens ·,on

of Saline Valley.

88,4 , 4 CCisNlriALi!:N 'frlAL VVALLasT.\LLl.'Y r'FA'JLfil\JL T ZONE

1) TheTlie Central Valley fault zone is lvlocatedcated in •.i he jj• l-.laya.ya reregionf; ion

~ ------L r-

126

,Cof SalinesbqApS Valley.°bqqSPU

Qw2) TheohS X,pSzone isAI 9hbgb9uSgAXSTcharacterized 8Pby IMbqqsmall TAIlqb9SMSpudispl~cement normalp,gMbq CbVquIf3u l ts

\ inAp qb9VIugApSlacustrine andbpT S,qAbpeolian sedi.ments.ISTAMSpuIU

J)^w Based6bIST ,pon uhSthe uPlStype ,Cof materialMbuSgAbq arxibpT AuIits 9,MM,pqPcommonly wetDSu 9,pTAuA,pJcondition,

andbpT theuhS lgSISgZbuA,ppreservation of,C theuhS faultCbVqu ugb9SIJtraces, theuhS faultsCbVquI bgSare UVAuSquite

P,Vp1Uyoung.

iw4) ThereohSgS AIis strongIug,p1 SZATSp9Sevidence thatuhbu theuhS lqbPbplaya isAI 8SAp1being tuAquST ~l t ed tou,

uhSthe west.DSIuU

'w5) SurficialsVgCA9Abq featuresCSbuVgSI suggest,IV11SIuJ bl,lL8Vu T,do p,unot confirm9,pCAgM CbVquAp1faulti nz of,C uhSthe

playalqbPb ISTAMSpuIsediments TVgAp1during theuhS lSgA,Tper :i od 1947.5i\ tou, 1.xL5U}79 .

8,vU 5' UBtqAJJ FLATNyao NF, Atyo\ULT ZONJ:.:»fcu)

1).w LeeySS FlatNqbu isAI characterized9hbgb9uSgAXST 8Pb~, p,gMbqnormal faultsCbVquI uhbutr.at tugSpTrend p,guhDSIunorthwest -

I,VuhSbIusoutheast throughuhg,V1h Vp9,pI,qATbuSTunconsolidated alluvialbqqVZAbq ISTAMSpuIsediments andbpT 8bIbqubasalt ' flows.Cq,DIU

2)Qw LeeySS FlatNqbu bllSbgIappears tou, representgSlgSISpu ab l,guA,pportion of,C ab Mb7,gma j or te~ruSbg or,g

uSpIA,ptension gash1bIh gSqbuSTrelated tou, thuhSe C,gMbuA,pformation of,C ....xqApS aline °AqqSPUV.1lley. ThisohAI

§t.ructureAugV9uVgS extendsSNuSpTI Cg,Mfrom theuhS narthp,guh border8,gTSg of,C uhSthe IuVTPstudy areabgSb whereDhSgS

itAu formsC,gMI theuhS westDSIu sideIATS of,C Sa.linesbqApS Valley.°bqqSPU auAt ZbAIPua"isy CandbpP,pyon itAu

formsC,gMI ab graben1gb8Sp cutting9VuuAp1 acrossb9g,II theuhS InyompP, hount.ains.>7,VpubApI bpTa nd thenuhSp

widens~DATSpI includeAp9qVTS LeeySS NqbuUFla t. Theo8S structureIugV9uVgS ba pealSbgIrs tou, 9,puApVScontinue

I,Vuhsouth intoApu, dSpuSppAbqCentennial NqbuFlat arxibpT uhSthe d,I,Coso ebp1SURa.ng.e.

vU9816 'Fan.ivULT esntgSCARF nanioeUeANALYSIS

1).w At1ap analysj"bpbqPIA< of,C the vo1m~V,Vp1 faultCbVqu scarosI9bgSI Apin theuhS IuVTPstudy bgSbllrF.!a "inrlicAt.esApTA9buSI

uhbuthat maMbpPny · or,C uhSthe faultsCbVquI haveqAbZS VpTSg1,pSunder6one severalISZSgbq :)SgM,TI Er ' ods of,C CbVqufault-H

ing.Ap1U

, 127

2) FaultingFaulting andarxi deformationdeformati on is still continuing.

3)J) The aajes,;es of faufaultinglt.in~ ddetermined e termined by :,V*allace*s.allace's (197?)(1977) 111methodF. L.od

commonlycom •~only appeaappearr to be eitheeitherr ttoo 00 young or erratic.err atic.

U)4 ) Wallace's methodmet:1od appearsappe; ars to :Jhee useful foforr ieietermt e rm · ningni ng thethe numnum-

berber of events but not necessarilynecessar : ly their aages. ~ es.

88.71 7 JOINTJOI NT ANALYSISANALY3IS

1) An analysis of joint patterns in thet he HunterHunter tountainfi.o untai n bathollthbatholi t h

suggestssugJe s ts thatth.at locally the joints are related to movement along . - locally t he j ,>i.nts are r ala ted t o ,, ,ovemer.t -1long ''hehe ,~urapevinera :,evine CanyonCa r:,·on fault zuzone.ne .

2) The orientaorientationtion of thet he jointsj 0in t s were used tot.o infrrinfr r theth/3 1 ,cical'1 1

arxiand reregionalgional stresss t ress patterns;: ati erns responsibler e~;,onsi.ule forfor tt'‘ eire '. r frf r rmatr11 ..1 t .Jon.n.

8,8.8 8 SALl.NESALINE y.iUJ!nV,tl.J.J::Y .-tilOMBOCtlASM!·tii0.1-iBOC lASM

1) :.-alineJallne Valley ddisplaysispl ay s characteristicschara cterist i c s of a1 rhombochasmr l-h ,mh c•c hasm formform-

ed by regionalreg : onal extensionext ension aandnd sshearing.hearin~ .

2) Th Thee valley is boundedboun

side by oblique-slipoblique-~l ip faultsfault s ,aridrnd on ,)onene siies i -J a by tensiont ur sion t_;gashes.ashes.

3)J ) The floer of the valley arappearsr ears to have beenbeen ·:ioiownfaultedwn faulted int^int

a rhomb-shapedr h omb-shaped depression.de r- res sion.

8.9 REGIUNA,LREGIONAL T&:TUTECTONICNIC KUDELhUDEL

1) Saline Valley is loclocatedated in a transitionaltrans: t i onal zone between the

., BasinBasi n andarxi RangeRani:;e and Sierra.Sierra NevadaNev .ida provinces,pr o vir.ces • A' 2) The physiograpnicphysiograpnic features in thet he transitionaltransitio nal zonezone resultedr esulted

from a regional north-south compresscompressiveive ststress.r ess. T~Triis1is ca.usedcaused

westward migmigrationrati.o n of thet.he SiSierraerra NNevadaevada and northwestnnr t h west - southsouth-

eaeastst shearshearingi ng along thet he west borderborder of thethe Ialasir ~ ir. aandnd Range.Range. 128

9.0Su; UQ0QUQLPQUREFERENCES ANDHLX SELECTEDUQ^QPTQX BIBLIOGRAPHYMNM^NAZUHx7"

A.G.I.,HuZuNu9 1972,hSlj9 ZrassevCGlossary abof Geology,ZnaraIC9 IuM. Gary,ZevC9 R.Uu IRHbnn9McAfee, PuC. Wolf,carb9 n,\ed: AmericanHynvNRed GeologicZnaraINR NdsfNftfn9Institute, Washington,cesgNdIfad9 AuPu9D.C., 80l857 oup. HrrNsad9Allison, Nu9I., 1949,hSwS9 Fault0etrf oeffnvdpattern abof satfg'Rndfversouth-central AvnIadOregon meqsV\(abs): Geol.Znaru Soc.UaRu HynvNReAmerica Bull.Mtrru v.60,iu8;9 ourSM0up.1935. Hd,nvsad9Anderson, E.M.,QuIu9 1951,hS0h9 TgnThe ,CdeyNRsdynamics ofab betrfNdIfaulting ed,and dyke,CJn formationbavyefNad pNfgwith applicationseoorNRefNads tofa MvNfNedBritian mjd,(2nd ed.)n,uV revised:vniNsn,° ArNinvOliver ed,and Boyd,MaC,9 Q,NdqtvIg9Edinburgh, j;8206 ooupp. Anderson,Hd,nvsad9 Uu9R., 1973,hSlM9 LargeêvIn magnitudeyeIdNft,n laterefn tertiaryfnvfNevC sfvNJn'srNostrike-slip faultbetrfNdIi ng northdavfg abof êJnLake Mead,Ine,9 Lnie,e\Nevada: ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. UtvinCSurvey xvabuProf. xeonvPaper 794,lSw9 18h8 oup. Attewell,Hffnpnrr9 P.B.xuMu anded, Farmer,0evynv9 Nucu9I.W., 1976,hSl89 "Principles#xvNdRNorns ofab engineerindINdnnvNdIng InaraIC#\geo 1ogy": PgeoyedChapman anded, Ha7err9 11, London,âd,ad9 1045h;w0 oup. Atwater,Hfpefnv9 T.,Tu9 1970,hSl;9 ImplicationsNyorNRefNads abof orefnplate tectonicsfnRfadNRs bavfor thefgn Pnda1aNRCenozoic evolutionniartfNad ofab LavfgNorth AmHynvNRe\erica: ZnaruGeol . UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica MtrruBull. iu8h9v.81, oup. M0hM'M8u3513-36. HtqtvC9Aubury, ûQu9L.E., hS;891908, TgnThe Raoonvcopper vnsatvRnresource abof PerNbavdNe°California: MtrruBull. 0;950, PerNbavdNeCalifornia Min.INdu MtvuBur. 366M88 oup. Babcock,MeqRaRJ9 J.Yu cuW. 1974,hSlw9 AnHd InterpretationNdfnvovnfefNad ofab refnlate Pnda1aNRCenozoic fnRfadNRstectonics inNd thefgn southwesternsatfgpnsfnvd ZvnefGreat BasinMesNd ofab California:PerNbavdNe° UnpublishedZdotqrNsgn, yedtsRvNofumanuscript. ,.. ___ Bachman,MeRgyed9 UuMu9S.B., hSlw91974, XnoasNfNaderDepositional eg,and sfvtRftverstructural gNsfavChistory abof fgnthe cetRaqNWaucobi êJnLake qn,bed deposits,,noasNfs9 ApndsOwens kerrnC9Valley, California:PerNbavdNe\ UnpublishedZdotqrNsgn, M.S.,IuUu9 ThesisTgnsNs ZdNiuUniv. PerNbu9Calif., Losâs Angeles.HdInrnsu Bachman,MeRgyed9 UuMu9S.B., 1975,hSl09 cetRaqNWaucobi êJnLake qn,bed ,noasNfs\deposits: niN,ndRnevidence abof refnlate TertiaryTnvfNevC deformation,nbavyefNad inNd OwensApnds Valley,kerrnC9 California:PerNbavdNe\ ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica AbstractsHqsfveRfs pNfgwith ovaIveys9programs, v.7,iul9 daur9no.l, oujSjup.292 . Bachman,MeRgyed9 S.B.,UuMu9 1978,hSl89 xrNa'xrnNsfaPlio-Pleisto MvneJ'toBreak-up abof fgnthe UNnvveSierra Lnie,eNevada '- WhitecgNfn -' NdCaInyo MountainsIatdfeNds qraRJblock ed,and ' formationbavyefNad abof OwensApnds kerrnC\Valley: Geology,ZnaraIC9 v.6,iu89 ouw8h'8Mup.461-63. Bailey,MeNrnC9 ZuQu9G.E., 1902,hS;j9 TgnThe UerNdnSaline ,noasNfsdeposits abof PerNbavdNe\Californ i a: MtrruBull. Calif.PerNbu Min.INdu Bur.,Mtvu9 v.24,iujw9 216jh8 oup. Ball,Merr9 Uu7u9S.H., hS;l91907, HA InaraINRgeologic vnRaddeNssedRnreconnaissance Ndin satfgpnsfnvdsouthwestern Lnie,eNevada 8· ··· ed,and QesfnvdEastern PerNbavdNe\Califon1ia: ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. UtvinCSurvey MtrruBull. M;89308, jh8218 oup. 129

Balk,MerJ9 R.,Uu9 1937,hSMl9 StructuralUfvtRftver qngeiNavbehavior abof NIdnatsigneous vaRJs\rocks: ZnarGeol.u Soc.UaRu HynvNRe9America, InyaNvMemo i r 0u5. \. Bateman,Mefnyed9 xuPu9P.C., ed,and InvvNey9Merriam, Pucu9C.W., 1954,hS0w9 ZnaraINRGeologic yeomap abof fgnthe ApndsOwens kerrnCValley vnINad9region, PerNbavdNe9California, inNd Jahns,Yegds9 Uu7uR.H. ed.n,u ZnaraICGeology abof SouthernUatfgnvd PerNbavdNe\California: PerNbuCalif. XNiuDiv. INdnsMines MtrruBull. hl;9170, IeoMap SheetUgnnf hhu11. Beaty,MnefC9 PuMu9C.B., 1961,hS8h9 TaoaIveogNRTopographic nbbnRfseffects abof betrfNdIfaulting '- XnefgDeath kerrnC9Valley, California:PerNbavdNe\ HssaRuAssoc. HyuAm. ZnaIveognvsGeographers Hddters9Annuals, iu0h9v.51, dauno.2,j9 oup.234-40.jMw'w;u MNrrNdIs9Billings, M.P.,Iuxu9 1954,hS0w9 UfvtRftverStructural InaraIC9geology, mjd,(2nd n,9V\ed.) : xvndfNRn'7errPrentice-Hall INdRu9 nc . , 0hw514 ooupp . Bishop,MNsgao9 XuZu9D.G., 1968,hS889 TgnThe InaynfvNRgeometric vnrefNadsgNosrelationships abof sfvtRftverstructural bneftvnsfeatures essaRNefn,associated withpNfg majoryeDav sfvNJn'srNostrike-slip faultsbetrfs inNd LnpNew Zealand:>nered,\ LnpNew >nered,Zealand Yatv9Jour. abof ZnaraICGeology ed,and ZnaogCsNRs9Geophysics, iurr9v.11, dauno.2,j9 oup.405-17.w;0'hlu Burchfiel,MtvRgbNnr9 B.C.,MuPu9 1969,hS8S9 ZnaraICGeology abof fgnthe XvCDry IatdfeNdMountain Pte,vedIrn9quadrangle, NdCaInyo Co.,Pau9 PerNbu\Calif.: PerNbavdNeCalifornia XNiuDiv. INdnsMines <& Znaru9Geol ., UonRuSpec. UnofuRept. SSu99. Burchfiel,MtvRgbNnr9 MuPu9B.C., hS8891966, TNdTin IatdfeNdMountain red,srN,n9landslide, satfgnesfnvdsoutheastern PerNbavdNe9Ca l ifornia, ed,and thefgn originavNINd abof megabreccia:ynIeqvnRRNe\ ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmeri ca Mtrru9Bu 11 . , v.kull9 77, oup. 95-100.S0'h;;u Burchf'el,MtvRgbNnr9 B.C.,MuPu9 anded, Steward,Ufnpev,9 J.H.,Yu7u9 hS8891966, "Pull-apart"#xtrr'eoevf# avNINdorigi n abof thefgn centralRndfver segmentsnIyndf abof DeathXnefg kerrnC9Valley, California:PerNbavdNe\ ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. AmericaHynvNRe Bull.,Mtrru9 iull9v.77, oup.439-42.wMS'wju Burt,Mtvf9 W.H.,cu7u9 anded, Grossenheider,ZvassndgnN,nv9 R.P.,Uuxu9 1976,hSl89 HA bNnr,field ItN,nguide fato yeydersmarm1als (3rdmMv, ed.):n,uV\ Houghton7atIgfad MifflinINbbrNd Company,PayoedC9 Boston,Masfad9 289j8S oup. Peyoqnrr9Campbell, M.R.,IuUu9 1902,hS;j9 UnRaddeNssedRnReconnaissance abof fgnthe qave6borax ,noasNfsdeposits abof XnefgDeath ValleykerrnC ed,and MojaveIaDein Desert:Xnsnvf\ ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. UtvinCSurvey MtrruBull. j;;9200, jM23 oup. Carey,PevnC9 S.W.,Uucu9 1958,hS089 TgnThe fnRfadNRtectonic eoovaeRgapproach fato RadfNdndfercontinental ,vNbf9drift, Ndin CareyPevnC (ed.),mn,uVu PadfNdndferContinental XvNbfDrift -' AH UCyoasNty\Symposium: 7aqevfHobart ZdNiu9Univ.,

'J Tasmania,TesyedNe9 ooupp.177-355.hll'M00u Carr,Pevv9 cu9W., 1974,hSlw9 UtyyevCSunmary abof fnRfadNRtectonic ed,and sfvtRftverstructural niN,ndRnevidence bavfor stresssfvnss orienttionavNndffNad atef thefgn Lnie,eNevada TnsfTest Site:UNfn\ ZuUuU.S . ZnaruGeol. UtvinCSurvey Open-FileAond'0Nrn ReportUnoavf 74-176,lw'hl89 0M53 oup. Carver,Pevinv9 G.A.,ZuHu9 1969,hS8S9 JtefnvdevCQuaternary fnRfadNsytectonism ed,and stvbeRnsurface betrfNdIfaulting Ndin fgnthe OwensApnds Lake^eJn qesNd9basin, California:PerNbavdNe\ IuUuM.S. TgnsNsThesis ZdNiuUniv. Lnie,eNevada '- UndauReno. Pgeoyed9Chapman, R.H.,Uu7u9 Healey,7nernC9 D.L.,Xu^u9 Troxel,Tva6nr9 B.W.,Mucu9 1971,hSlh9 MatItnvBouguer IveiNfCgravity mapyeo abof California,PerNbavdNe9 DeathXnefg kerrnCValley sheet:sgnnf\ PerNbuCalif. XNiuDiv . INduMin. Znaru9Geol., Map,Ieo9 1h sheet.sgnnfu 1 JO

dq,,IJCloos, rUJE., 1955,.5''J rNlSgAMSpubqExperimental analysisbpbqPIAI ,Cof fractureCgb9uVgS lbuuSgpIJpatterns: •S,qUGeol. Soc.s,9U aMSgA9bAmerica 6VqqUJBull., ZU99Jv.66, lJp.241-258.Qi.8Q'vU dq,,IJ~loos, 0UJH., .5^9J1936, rApCVhgVp1Einfuhrung Apin ZASDie •S,q,1ASJGeologie: 6SgqApJBerlin, 6S8gVTSgBebruder Borntraeger.6,gpugbS1SgU Cooke,d,,kSJ eUtUJR.U., 0bggSpJWarren, aUJA., 1973,.5L^J •S,M,glh,q,1PGeomorphology Apin TSISguIJdeserts: tpAZUUniv. dbqACUCalif. RgSIIUJPress., ^9i364 lUp. Davis,ZbZAIJ •UJbpTG.,and Burchfiel,6Vg9hCASqJ B.,6UJ 1973,.5L^J •bgq,9kGarlock fault:CbVquJ bpan intercontinentalApuSg9,puApSpubq transformugbpIC,gM structure,IugV9uVgSU Southerns,VuhSgp dbqACU)Calif.: •S,qUGeol. Soc.s,9U aMSgA9bAmerica 6VqqUJBull., ZUviJv.84, lUp.1407-1422..iOL8.iQQU DeGroot,ZS•g,,uJ H.,0UJ 1890,.v5OJ mpP,Inyo County:d,VpuPJ dbqACUCalif. YApUMin. 6VgUBur. eSluURept. .OJ10, lUp.209-218.QO58Q.vU ZSppAIJDennis , JjUdUJ . C. , ( ;STwJed ) , 196.59LJ 7 , mpuSgpbuA,pbqIntern-rtional oS9u,pA9Tectonic ZA9uA,pbgPDictionary 8- rp1qAIhEnglish oSgMAp,q,1PJTerminology: aMSgA9bpAmerican aII,9UAssoc. RSug,qSVMPetroleum Geologists,•S,q,1AIuIJ YSM,AgMemoir 7.LU Denny,ZSppPJ C.S.,dUsUJ .59'J1965, aqqVZAbqAlluvial CbpIfans Apin uhSthe ZSbuhDeath °bqqSPValley gS1A,pJregion, CaliforniadbqAC,gpAb andbpT cSZbTbJNevada: tUsUU.S. •S,qUGeol. sVgZSPSurvey Rg,CUProf. RblSgPaper i99U466. fA8qSSJDiblee, oU0UJT.W., .59LJ1967, agSbqAreal 1S,q,1Pgeology ,Cof uhSthe DSIuSgpwestern Y,7bZSMojave ZSISguJDesert, Califiornia:dbqACA,gpAbJ tUsUU.S. •S,qUGeol. sVgZSPSurvey Rg,CUProf. RblSgJPaper, 'QQJ522, lUq'^Up.153. ' Z,pbuhJDonath, T.W.,oU0UJ 1967,.59LJ apbqPIAIAnalysis ,Cof 8bIAp8gbp1Sbasin-range IugV9uVgSJstructure, I,Vuh8south- 9Spugbqcentral Oregon:fgS1,pJ •S,qUGeol. s,9USoc. aMSgA9bAmerica 6VqqJBull. ZUL^Jv.73, lU.8.9Up.1-16. Fairbanks,NbAg8bpkIJ 0U0UJH.W., 1894,.v5iJ RgSqAMApbgPPreliminary gSl,gureport ,pon uhSthe MApSgbqmineral TSl,IAuIdeposits inAp Inyo,mpP,J Mono,Y,p,J andbpT aqlApSAlpine counties,9,VpuASIJ California:dbqAC,gpAbJ dbqACUCalif. subuSState Min.YApU Bur.6VgU eSluURept. 12,.QJ lUp.472-78.iLQ8LvU NAgMbpJFinnan: eUjUJR.J., .59OJ1960, ohSThe gSqbuA,pIhAlrelationship 8SuDSSpbetween 7,ApuIjoints bpTand CbVqufault lbuuSgpIpatterns inAp uhSthe rIkTbqSEskdale Granite•gbpAuS (Cumberland);dVM8SgqbpTw bpTand uhSthe adjacentbT7b9Spu 6,gg,DTbqSBorrowdale °,q9bpA9Volcanic Series:sSgASIJ •S,qUGeol. s,9USoc. y,pT,pJLondon, Quart.(VbguU j,VgUJJour., °U..9Jv.116, PartRbgu ^J3, lUp. 317-347.^.L8^iLU NgASTMbpJFriedman, M.,YUJ Handin,0bpTApJ J.,jUJ Logan,y,1bpJ jUYUJJ.M., Min,YApJ QUZUJK.D., Sterns,suSgpIJ D.W.ZU0U ;.5L9wJU(1976)L rNlSgAMSpubqExperimental foldingC,qTAp1 ,Cof rocksg,9kI underVpTSg 9,pCApAp1confining lgSIIVgSJpressure: RbguPart mmmJIII: faultedCbVquST TgblSdrape C,qTIfolds Apin MVquAqAuh,q,1A9multilithologic qbPSgSTlayered specimens:IlS9AMSpIJ •S,qUGeol. s,9USoc. aMSgA9bAmerica 6VqqJBull. ZUvLJv.87, lpl049-1066..Oi58.O99U •bqSJGale, 0UsUJH.S., 1912,.5.QJ sbquJSalt, 8,gbNJborax, bpTand l,ubIhpotash Api'n sbqApSSaline °bqqSPJValley, mpP,Inyo d,VpuPJCounty, dbqACUJCalif.: tUsUU.S. •S,qUGeol. SurveysVgZSP 6VqqUBull. 'iOJ540, d,pugA8VuA,pIContributions u,to r9,p,MA9Economic Geology,•S,q,1PJ lUi.98iQ.Up.416-421. •Aq8SguJGilbert, •UJG., 1874,.vLiJ RgSqAMApbgPPreliminary •S,q,1A9bqGeological eSl,guJReport, ExpeditionrNlSTAuA,p ,Cof 1872:.vLQJ tUsUU.S. •S,1UGeog. bpTand •S,qUGeol. sVgZSPSurvey 0SIuWest ,Cof uhSthe 100th.OOuh YSggATAbpJMerridian, ProgressRg,1gSII·>eSluURept. lUp.48-52.iv8'QU

,, ,. 1Jl

ZNrqnvf9Gilbert, Zu9G., 1928,hSj89 Uft,NnsStudies abof MesNd'UedInBasin-Range UfvtRftvn\Structure: ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. SurveyUtvinC Prof.xvabu Paperxeonv 153,h0M9 92p.Sjou Gilbert,ZNrqnvf9 Zu»u9G.K., h8l091875, UnoavfReport adon fgnthe InaraICgeology abof fgnthe oavfNadsportions abof Lnie,e9Nevada, Zfeg9Utah, California,PerNbavdNe9 anded, HvN1ade\Arizona: ZuUuU.S. ZnaIuGeog. ZnaruGeol. UtvinCsSurveys Westcnsf ofab thefgn 100thh;;fg InvvN,Ned9Merridian, v.3,iuM9 oup.17-187.hl'h8lu ZNrrtrC9Gilluly, Yu9J., 1965,hS809 karRedNsNfN9Volcanism, fnRfadNsy9tectonism, ed,and ortfadNsyplutonism Ndin fgnthe westernpnsfnvd ZdNfn,United States:Ufefns\ ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica UonRuSpec. xeonvPaper 8;u80. ZNrrtrC9Gilluly, Yu9J., 1970,hSl;9 CrustalPvtsfer ,nbavyefNaddeformation inNd fgnthe westernpnsfnvd ZdNfn,United States:Ufefns\ inNd Yagdsad9Johnson, 7uH. anded, Smith,UyNfg9 mn,suVu(eds.), TheTgn megatectonicsynIefnRfadNRs ofab continentsRadfNdndfs ed,and oceans:aRneds\ LnpNew MvtdspNRJ9Brunswick, LuYu9N.J., UtfInvsRutgers ZdNiuUniv. xvnssPress oup.47-73.wl'lMu Zaa,Cnev9Go0dyear, W.A.,cuHu9 ---Dh88891888 , InyoNdCa County:PatdfC\ Ndin UnoavfReport abof fgnthe StateUfefn MineralogistINdnveraINsf iu89v.8, oup.224-309.jjw'M;Su Gutenberg,ZtfndqnvI9 B.Mu anded, UNRgfnv9Richter, C.,Pu9 1954,hS0w9 UnNsyNRNfCSeismicity abof fgnthe nevfg\earth: xvNdRnfadPrinceton ZdNiuUniv. xvnssuPress.

7ebdnv9Hafner, cu9W., 1951,hS0h9 UfvnssStress ,NsfvNqtfNadsdistributions ed,and betrfNdI\faulting : ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. AmericaHynvNRe Mtrru9Bull., v.62,iu8j9 oup.373-98.MlM'S8u Hall,7err9 W.E.,cuQu9 hSlh91971, ZnaraICGeology abof fgnthe xedeyNdfPanamint MtffnButte Jte,vedIrn9Quadrangl e , NdCa9Inyo, Pau9Co., California:PerNbavdNe\ ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. UtvinCSurvey MtrruBull. hjSSu1299. Hall,7err9 W.E.cuQu anded, Stephens,Ufnognds9 H.G.,7uZu9 1963,hS8M9 QRadayNREconomic InaraICgeology abof fgnthe PanamintxedeyNdf ButteMtffn quadranglePte,vedIrn ed,and Ia,aRModoc District,XNsfvNRf9 InyoNdCa Co.,Pau9 PerNbavdNe\California: PerNbuCalif. XNiuDiv. INdnsMines ed,and ZnaruGeol. UonRuSpec. UnofuRept. lMu73. 7err9Hall, W.E.cuQu anded, MacKevett,IeR»ninff9 E.M.QuIu Yvu9Jr., 1958,hS089 EconomicQRadayNR geologyInaraIC abof thefgn DarwinXevpNd quadranglePte,vedIrn NdCaInyo Pau9Co., PerNbavdNe\California: PerNbuCalif. XNiuDiv. INdnsMines ed,and Geol.Znaru Spec.UonRu Rept.Unofu 51.0hu Hall,7err9 cuQu9W.E., MacKevett,IeR»ninff9 E.M.,QuIu9 YvuJr. 1962,hS8j9 GeologyZnaraIC anded, OreAvn DepositsXnoasNfs abof thefgn DarwinXevpNd QuadrangleJte,vedIrn InyoNdCa Co.,Pau9 PerNbavdNe\California: ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. UtvinCSurvey xvabuProf. Paperxeonv 368.M88u

Hamilton,7eyNrfad9 W.cu anded, Myers,ICnvs9 cuMu9W.B., hS8891966, Pnda1aNRCenozoic fnRfadNRstectonics abof fgnthe pnsfnvdwestern ZdNfn,United States:Ufefns\ UniNnpsReviews abof ZnaogCsNRs9Geophysics, iuw9v.4, dauno.4,w9 oup. 509-549.0;S'0wSu Handin,7ed,Nd9 J.,Yu9 0vnN,yed9Freidman, M.,Iu9 Min,INd9 K.D.,»uXu9 xeffNsad9Pattison, ^uYu9L.J., hSl891976, ExperimentalQ6onvNyndfer foldingbar,NdI ofab rocksvaRJs undertd,nv confiningRadbNdNdI pressure:ovnsstvn\ xevfPart II.NNu BucklingMtRJrNdI ofab ytrfNreCnvn,multilayered vaRJrock qneys\beams: ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. AmericaHynvNRe Bull.,Mtrru9 v.87,iu8l9 oup.1035-48.h;M0'w8u 7ev,Nn9Hardie, ^uHu9L.A., 1968,hS889 TgnThe avNINdorigin abof fgnthe vnRndfrecent dad'yevNdnnon-marine nieoavNfnevapor ite ,noasNfndeposite ofab SalineUerNdn kerrnC9Valley, NdCa9Inyo, PerNbavdNe\California: ZnaRgNyuGeochim. Cosmochim.PasyaRgNyu Acta.HRfe9 v.32,iuMj9 dauno.12,hj9 oup.1279-1301.hjlS'hM;hu 1)hMj2

Healy,7nerC9 Yu7uJ.H. ed,and Press,xvnss9 0u9F., 1964,hS8w9 ZnaogCsNRerGeophysical sft,Nnsstudies abof qesNdbasin structuressfvtRftvns alongeradI fgnthe easternnesfnvd frontbvadf ofab fgnthe SierraUNnvve Lnie,e\Nevada: Geophysics,ZnaogCsNRs9 iujS9v.29, no.37,dauMl9 oup.337-351.MMl'M0hu 7Nrr9Hill, IuûM.L. ed,and Tva6nr9Troxel, Mucu9B.W., 1966,hS889 TnRfadNRsTectonics abof XnefgDeath kerrnCValley vnINad9region, PerNbavdNe\California: ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica Mtrru9Bull., iull9v. 77, oup.435-38.wM0'M8u Hopper,7aoonv9 R.H.,Uu7u9 1947,hSwl9 ZnaraINRGeologic sectionsnRfNad bvayfrom fgnthe UNnvveSierra Lnie,eNevada fato XnefgDeath Valley,kerrnC9 California:PerNbavdNe\ ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica Mtrru9Bull., iu089v.58, oup.393-432.MSM'wMju Hunt,7tdf9 PuMu9C.B., 1966,h’89 ZndnverGeneral InaraICgeology abof XnefgDeath kerrnC9Valley, PerNbavdNe\California: ZuUuU.S. Geol.Znaru SurveyUtvinC xvabuProf. xeonvPaper wSw'Mu494-8. 7tqqnvf9Hubbert, M.K.,Iu»u9 1951,hS0h9 InRgedNRerMechanical qesNsbasis bavfor RnvfeNdcertain beyNrNevfamiliar geologicInaraINR structures:sfvtRftvns\ ZnaruGeol. Soc.UaRu HynvNReAmerica Mtrru9Bull., iu8j9v.62, dauno.4,w9 oup.355-72.M00'lju Hunt,7tdf9 C.B.,PuMu9 anded, IeqnC9Mabey, XuUu9D.R., hS8891966, UfefNIveogCStatigraphy ed,and sfvtRftvnstructure abof DeathXnefg Valley,kerrnC9 California:PerNbavdNe\ ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. UtvinCSurvey xvabuProf. xeonvPaper wSw'Hu494-A. Inman,Ndyed9 D.L.,Xuû9 hS0j91952, InestvnsMeasures bavfor ,nsRvNqNdIdescribing fgnthe sN1nsize ,NsfvNqtfNaddistribution abof sediments:sn,Nyndfs\ YatvuJour. Un,uSed. xnfvaraIC9Petrology, iujj9v.22, dauno.3,M9 oup.125-145.hj0'hw0u YenInv9Jaeger, YuPu9J.C., 1969,hS8S9 "Elasticity,#QresfNRNfC9 bveRftvnfracture ed,and brap\flow: cNfgWith QdINdnnvNdIEngineering ed,and GeologicalZnaraINRer Applications:HoorNRefNads\ ChapmanPgeoyed anded, Hall,7err9 âd,adLondon.u

YenInv9Jaeger, YuPuJ.C. anded, PaaJ9Cook, LuZucu9N.G.W., 1969,hS8S9 #0td,eyndfers"Fundamentals abof vaRJrock ynRgedNRs#\mechanics": ChapmanPgeoyed anded, Hall,7err9 ^ad,aduLondon. YnddNdIs9Jennings, C.W.,Pucu9 (compiler)mRayoNrnvV 1958,hS089 GeologicZnaraINR mapyeo abof CaliforniaPerNbavdNe '- XnefgDeath kerrnCValley sgnnf\sheet: PerNbuCalif. XNiuDiv. INdnsed,Mines ·and Znaru9Geol., yeo9map, 1h sgnnfusheet. YnddNdIs9Jennings, C.W.,Pucu9 1975,hSl09 ZnaraINRGeologic ,efedata yeomap %h9#1, 0etrfFault yOm abof PerNbavdNe\California: PerNbuCalif. Div.XNiu MinesINdns ed,and Geol.,Znaru9 Bull.Mtrru 201.j;hu »nnrC9Keely, YuUu9J.S., Stevens,Ufninds9 Pu7u9C.H., 1975,hSl09 LeftvnNature ed,and vnINaderregional sNIdNbNRedRnsignificance abof fgvtsfthrust betrfNdIfaulting Ndin fgnthe southernsatfgnvd NdCaInyo IatdfeNds9Mountains, nesfnvdeastern California:PerNbavdNe\ ZnaraIC9Geology, iuM9v.3, dauno.9,S9 oup.524-26.0jw'j8u King,»NdI9 P.,xu9 1959,hS0S9 TgnThe niartfNadevolution abof LavfgNorth HynvNRe\America: xvNdRnfadPrinceton ZdNiuUniv. Press,xvnss9 190hS; oup. Knopf,»daob9 Hu9A., 1913,hShM9 INdnverMineral resourcesvnsatvRns ofab fgnthe NdCaInyo ed,and cgNfnWhite IatdfeNds9Mountains, California:PerNbavdNe\ ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. UtvinCSurvey MtrruBull. 0w;'Mu540-8. Knopf,»daob9 Hu9A., 1918,hSh89 HA ZnaraINRGeologic vnRaddeNssedRnreconnaissance abof fgnthe NdCaInyo UedInRange ed,and thefgn nesfnvdeastern sraonslope abof thefgn satfgnvdsouthern SierraUNnvve Nevada,Lnie,e9 PerNbavdNe\California: ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. SurveyUtvinC Prof.xvabu Paperxeonv 110,hh;9 130hM; oup. lJJ

»vtyqnNd9Krumbein, W.C.,cuPu9 hSMw91934, UN1nSize bvnPtndRCfrequency ,NsfvNqtfNadsdistributions abof sn,Nyndfs\sediments: YatvuJour. Sed.Un,u Petrology,xnfvaraIC9 v.4,iuw9 oup.65-77.80'llu Laconte,êPadfn9 Yu9J., 1889,h88S9 TgnThe avNINdorigin abof davyernonnal betrfsfaults ed,and fgnthe sfvtRftvnstructure abof thefgn qesNdbasin vnINad\region: HyuArn. YatvuJour. Sci.,URNu9 Mv,3rd snvu9ser., iuM89v.38, oup.257-263.j0l'j8Mu Laubscher,êtqsRgnv9 H.P.,7uxu9 1958,hS089 CriticalPvNfNRer n6eyNdefNadexamination ofab thefgn Iaa,CMoody anded, Hill7Nrr ovNdRNornsprinciples ofab pvndRgwrench faultbetrf fnRfadNRs\tectonics: MaruBol. NdbavyefNin9Informativo, HssaRuAssoc. kndn1a1edeVenezozana ,nde Geologia,ZnaraINe9 MineriaINdnvNe Cy xnfvarna9Petroleo, v.l,iur9 oup.14-26.hw'j8u Leet,^nnf9 L.D.,ûXu9 anded, Judson,Yt,sad9 S.,Uu9 1971,hSlh9 xgCsNRerPhysical InaraICgeology mwfg(4th n,uV\ed.): Printice-Hall,xvNdfNRn'7err9 Inc.NdRu Lensen,^ndsnd9 G.J.,8uYu9 1958,hS089 HA ynfga,method abof gavsfhorst ed,and Iveqndgraben bavyefNad\formation: YatvuJour. Znaru9~eol., v.66,ku889 ou0lSup.579. Lensen,^ndsnd9 G.J.,ZuYu9 1959,hS0S9 SecondaryUnRad,evC betrfNdIfaulting ed,and fvedsRtvvndftranscurrent soreC'betrfNdIsplay-faulting atef transcurrentfvedsRtvvndf faultbetrf NdfnvsnRfNads\intersections: LnpNew >nered,Zealand Jour.Yatvu ZnaruGeol. anded, Geophysics,ZnaogCsNRs9 v.2,iuj9 ouljSup.729. Lensen,^ndsnd9 G.J.,ZuYu9 1976,hSl89 QevfgEarth ,nbavyefNaddeformation Ndin vnrefNadrelation fato fapdtown oreddNdIplanning inNd LnpNew >nered,\Zealand: ZdotquUnpub. Unoavf9Report, LnpNew >nered,Zealand ZnaraINRerGeological UtvinCuSurvey. Locke,âRJn9 Hu9A., Billingsley,MNrrNdIsrnC9 xu9P., anded, Mayo,IeCa9 Qu9E., 1940,hSw;9 UNnvveSierra Lnie,eNevada tectonicfnRfadNR oeffnvd\pattern: ZnaruGeo 1. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica Mtrru9Bull., iu0h9v.51, oup.513-40.0hM'w;u Lombardi,âyqev,N9 O.W.,Aucu9 1963,hS8M9 AqsnviefNadsObservations adon fgnthe ,NsfvNqtfNaddistribution abof RgnyNRerchemical elementsnrnyndfs inNd fgnthe fnvvnsfvNerterrestrial serNdnsaline deposits,noasNfs ofab SalineUerNdn Valley,kerrnC9 PerNbavdNe\California: LuAuTuUuN.O.T.S. TPTx 2916,jSh89 U.S.ZuUu LeierNaval Av,edRnOrdance TnsfTest Station,UfefNad9 ChinaPgNde Lake,êJn9 PerNbuCa 1if.

^ayqev,N9Lombardi, O.W.,Aucu9 1964,hS8w9 Q6fvnynExtreme ,nbavyefNaddeformation Ndin UerNdnSaline kerrnC9Valley, PerNbavdNeCalifornia ases relatedvnrefn, tofa fgnthe generalIndnver deformation,nbavyefNad ofab thefgn pnsfnvdwestern sfefnsstates (abs.):meqsuV\ ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica UonRuSpec.76.l8u ■ Mabey,IeqnC9 D.,;u9 1963,hS8M9 PayornfnComplete qatItnvbouguer edayerCanomaly yeoumap, XnefgDeath kerrnCValley UnINad9Region, California:PerNbavdNe\ ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. UtvinCSurvey IeoMap Zx'M;09GP-305, 1h sgnnfusheet. Mackin,IeRJNd9 Yu9J., hS8;91960, UfvtRftverStructural sNIdNbNRedRnsignificance abof TnvfNevCTertiary iarRedNRvolcanic rocksvaRJs inNd southwesternsatfgpnsfnvd Utah:Zfeg\ HyuArn. YatvuJour. URNu9Sci., iuj089v.258, dauno.2,j9 p.81-131.ou8h'hMhu Maxson,Ie6sad9 J.H.,Yu7u9 1950,hS0;9 xgCsNaIveogNRPhysiographic bneftvnsfeatures abof fgnthe xedeyNdfPanamint UedInRange PerNbavdNe\California: ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica Mtrru9Bull., iu8h9v.61, oup.99-114.SS'hhwu Maxwell,Ie6pnrr9 J.C.,YuPu9 ed,and cNsn9Wise, D.V.,Xuku9 1958,hS089 cvndRgWrench betrffault fnRfadNRs\tectonics: ea discussion:,NsRtssNad\ ZnaruGeol. Soc.UaRu HynvNReAmerica Mtrru9Bull., iu8S9v.69, dauno.7,l9 oup.927-8.Sjl'8u McAllister,IRHrrNsfnv9 Yu0u9J.F., ed,and Agnew,HIdnp9 A.F.,Hu0u9 hSw891948, xreCePlaya sRveonvsscrapers ed,and btvvapsfurrows adon thefgn RacetrackUeRnfveRJ Playa,xreCe9 InyoNdCa Pau9Co., CaliforniaPerNbavdNe meqsV\(abs): ZnarGeol Soc.UaRu AmericaHynvNRe Bull.,Mtrru9 v.59,iu0S9 no.12,dauhj9 ourMllup.1377. 1)4

McAllister,IRHrrNsfnv9 Yu0u9J.F., hS0j91952, UaRJsRocks ed,and sfvtRftvnstructure abof fgnthe Jtevf1Quartz UovNdISpring area,evne9 davfgnvdnorthern xedeyNdfPanamint UedIn9Range, PerNbavdNe\California: PerNbuCalif. XNiuDiv. INdns9Mines, UonRNerSpecial Rept.Unofu 25,j09 38M8 oup. IRHrrNsfnv9McAllister, Yu0u9J.F., 1955,hS009 ZnaraICGeology abof yNdnvermineral ,noasNfsdeposits Ndin fgnthe ZqngnqnUbehebe xneJPeak quadrangle,Pte,vedIrn9 NdCaInyo Co.,Pau9 California:PerNbavdNe\ ·PerNbucalif. XNiuDiv. INdns9Mines, ed,and Znaru9Geol., Spec.UonRu Rept.Unofu 42.wju IRHrrNsfnv9McAllister, Yu0u9J.F., 1956,hS089 ZnaraICGeology abof fgnthe ZqngnqnUbehebe xneJPeak Jte,vedIrn9Quadrangle, California:PerNbavdNe\ ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. UtvinCSurvey IeoMap ZxGP S0995, 1h sgnnfusheet. IR»nn9McKee, Qu7u9E.H., hS8891968, HInAge ed,and vefnrate abof yainyndfmovement abof fgnthe davfgnvdnorthern oevfpart abof XnefgDeath ValleykerrnC -' 0tvedRnFurance CreekPvnnJ faultbetrf 1adn9zone, California:PerNbavdNe\ ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica Bull.,Mtrru9 iulS9v.79, oup.509-12.0;S'hju McKinstrt,IR»NdsfvC9 ·7uQu9H.E., 1953,hS0M9 UgnevsShears abof fgnthe snRad,second av,nv\order: HyuAm. YatvuJour. URNu9Sci., kuj0h9v.251, oup.401-14.w;h'hwu McManus,IRIedts9 D.A.,XuHu9 1963,hS8M9 HA RvNfNRNsycriticism abof RnvfeNdcertain tseInusage abof fgnthe xgN'Phi- dafefNad\notation: YatvuJour. Un,uSed. xnfvaraIC9Petrology, iuMM9v.33, dauno.3,M9 oup.670-674.8l;'8lwu Merriam,InvvNey9 C.W.,Pucu9 1954,hS0w9 UaRJsRocks abof xerna1aNRPaleozoic eInage Ndin UatfgnvdSouthern PerNbavdNe\California: Calif.PerNbu Div.XNiu Mines,INdns9 Bull.Mtrru 170,hl;9 PgM9Ch3, p.9-14.ouS'hwu Merriam,InvvNey9 C.W.,Pucu9 anded, 7err9Hall, cuQu9W.E., 1957,hS0l9 xnddsCriedNedPennsylvanian ed,and xnvyNedPermian vaRJsrocks ofab fgnthe southernsatfgnvd NdCaInyo Mountains:IatdfeNds\ ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. UtvinCSurvey Mtrr9Bull, 1061-A,h;8h'H9 pouh'h0u .1-15. InvvNey9Merriam, Pucu9C.W., 1963,hS8M9 ZnaraICGeology abof fgnthe PnvvaCerro Zav,aGordo yNdNdImining ,NsfvNRf9district, NdCaInyo Pau9Co., California:PerNbavdNe\ ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. SurveyUtvinC xvabuProf. xeonvPaper w;89408, 8M83 oup. INRgenr9Michael, Qu9E., 1966,hS889 ^evInLarge refnverlateral ,NsoreRnyndfdisplacement adon ZevraRJGarlock betrf9fault, CaliforniaPerNbavdNe ases ynestvn,measured frombvay offsetabbsnf faultbetrf system:sCsfny\ ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica Bull.Mtrr9 iull9v.77, oup.111-114.hhh'hhwu Miller,INrrnv9 Uu7u9R.H., 1976,hSl89 UniNsNadRevision abof ZoonvUpper Av,aiNRNed9Ordovician, UNrtvNed9Silurian, ed,and Loser^asnv DevonianXniadNed stratigraphy,sfvefNIveogC9 satfgpnsfnvdsouthwestern GreatZvnef Basin:MesNd\ ZnaruGeol . Soc.UaRu AmericaHynvNRe Bull.Mtrr9 v.87,iu8l9 p.961-68.ouS8h'88u Mohr,Iagv9 ;u90., 1871,h8lh9 h8lj91872, MnNfveInBeitrage >tvZur TgnavNnTheorie ,nsdes Qv,vtRgs\Erdruchs: >nNfRgnvZeitcher HvRgNfnJfndArchitekten td,und NdIndNntvlngenieur -' Verknv 7eddainv9Hannover, v.17,iurl9 ouMMw\p.334~ iur8uv.18, oup.67,245.8l9jw0u Iagv9Mohr, 0.,;u9 1882,h88j9 ZqnvUber ,Nndie XevsfnrrtdIDarstellung ,nsdes UoeddtdI1tsfed,nsSpannungzustandes QNdnsEines »avonrnyndfns\Korpelementes: >NiNrZivil NdIndNntv9Ingenieur, ourrMup.113. Iagv9Mohr, 0.,;u9 1900,hS;;9 cnrRgnWelche Zysfed,nUmstande Mn,NdIndBedingen die,Nn ElastizitatQresfN1Nfef td,und ,ndden BruchMvtRg einesnNdns Materials:IefnvNers\ >nNfsRgvuZeitschr. knvnNdsVereins XntfsRgnsDeutsches NdIuIng. our0jwup.1524. Iaa,C9Moody, YuXu9J.D., anded, 7Nrr9Hill, Iu7u9M.H., 1956,hS089 cvndRgWrench betrffault fnRfadNRs\tectonics: Geol.Znaru Soc.UaRu HynvNReAmerica Bull.Mtrru iuv. 67,8l9 oup.1207-46.hj;l'w8u 135

Iaa,C9Moody, YuXu9J.D., anded, Hill,7Nrr9 M.G.,IuZu9 1964,hS8w9 Iaa,CMoody ed,and 7NrrHill sCsfnysystem abof pvndRgwrench faultbetrf tectonics:fnRfadNRs\ vnorC\reply: MtrruBull. HynvNRedAmerican HssaRuAssoc. xnfuPet. ZnaruGeo 1. iuw89v.48, daur9no.l, oup.112-122.hhj'hjju Le,eN9Nadai, A.,Hu9 hS0j91952, #TgnavC"Theory abof bveRftvnfracture ed,and brapflow abof sarN,s#solids" mjd,(2nd n,uVed.) v.l:iur\ McGraw-Hill,IRZvep'7Nrr9 N.Y.Lu"u Lared9Nolan, T.B.,TuMu9 1943,hSwM9 TgnThe MesNdBasin ed,and UedInRange ovaiNdRnprovince abof Zfeg9Utah, Lnie,e9Nevada, ed,and California:PerNbavdNe\ ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. UtvinCSurvey xvabuProf. xeonvPaper 197-0,hSl';9 oup.141-196.hwh'hS8u Lavyed9Norman, ^uHu9L.A., anded, Stewart,Ufnpevf9 R.M.,UuIu9 hS0h91951, INdnsMines ed,and yNdnvermineral vnsatvRnsresources ofab InyoNdCa Co.,Pau9 California:PerNbavdNe\ Yatv9Jour. abof INdnsMines ed,and Znaru9Geol., iuwl9v.47, oup.17-223.hl'jjMu xeJNsnv9Pa kiser, L.C.,^uPu9 Kane,»edn9 M.H.,Iu7u9 hS8w91964, StructuralUfvtRftver InaraICgeology ed,and iarRedNsyvolcanism ofab Owen-sApnds ' ValleykerrnC region,vnINad9 CaliforniaPerNbavdNe '- ae GeologicalZnaraINRer Uft,C\Study: ZuUuU.S. Geol.Znaru UtvinCSurvey Prof.xvabu xeonvPaper wM8u438. xevJnv9Parker, TuUu9T.S., 1976,hSl89 TgnThe sn,NyndfaraICsedimentology ed,and onfvaIveogCpetrography abof fgnthe »nnrnvKeeler PedCadCanyon 0yuFm. efat UbehebeZqngnqn INdnMine Canyon,PedCad9 PerNbavdNe\California: IUMS TgnsNs9Thesis, StanfordUfedbav, Univ.ZdNiu Calif.PerNbu

Price,xvNRn9 LuYu9N.J., hS8891966, 0etrfFault ed,and YaNdfJoint AninraoyndfDevelopment Ndin qvNffrnbrittle ed,and semibrittlesnyNqvNffrn vaRJ\rock: xnvIeyadPergamon xvnss9Press, hl8oouu176pp .. xvtRge9uPrucha,. YuYu9J.J., 1964,hS8w9 Iaa,CMoody ed,and 7NrrHill sCsfnysystem abof pvndRgwrench betrffault fnRfadNRs\tectonics: ,NsRtssNad\discussion: MtrruBull. HynvNRedAmerican HssaRuAssoc. xnfuPet. Znaru9Geol., iuw89v.48, daur9no . 1 , ooupp .106-11.h;8'hhu UeyseC9Ramsay, YuZu9J.G., 1962,hS8j9 TgnThe InaynfvCgeometry abof RadDtIefnconjugate bar,fold sCsfnys\systems: GeologicalZnaraINRer IeIe1Ndn9Magazine, iuSS9v.99, no.6.dau8u Uedf19Rantz, UuS. E.,Qu9 1969,hS8S9 InedMean eddterannual ovnRNoNfefNadprecipitation inNd fgnthe PerNbavdNeCalifornia region,vnINad9 ZuUuU.S. Geol.Znaru SurveyUtvinC cefnvWater UnsatvRnsResources Division,XNiNsNad9 BasicMesNR XefeData Compilation,PayoNrefNad9 Map,Ieo9 2j sheets.sgnnfsu • UedJNdn9Rankine, cuYuIu9W.J.M., hS0l91957, AdOn fgnthe sfeqNrNfCstability abof raasnloose nevfg\earth: UaCerRoyal SocietyUaRNnfC ofab London,^ad,ad9 xgNras9Philos, Tvu9Tr., v.147.iurwlu UeCyad,9Raymond, R.W.,Uucu9 1873,h8lM9 UfefNsfNRsStatistics abof yNdnsmines ed,and yNdNdImining Ndin fgnthe sfefnsstates ed,and fnvvNfavNnsterritories westpnsf , ofab thefgn RockyUaRJC MountainsIatdfeNds bavfor 1872:h8lj\ 0fg5th HdduAnn. Rept.,Unofu9 U.S.ZuUu CommissionerPayyNssNadnv MiningINdNdI UfefNsfNRs9Statistics, U.S.ZuUu TvnestvCTreasury Dept.Xnof9 oup.1-550.h'00;u

Uass9Ross, R.J.,UuYu9 1964,hS8w9 IN,,rnMiddle ed,and ^apnvLower Av,aiNRNedOrdovician bavyefNadsformations Ndin southernmostsatfgnvdyasf Lnie,eNevada ed,and H,DeRndfAdjacent PerNbavdNeuCalifornia. U.S.ZuUu ZnaruGeol. SurveyUtvinC Bull.Mtrru 1180-C,hh8;'P9 h;hooulOlpp.

Uass9Ross, O.C.,XuPu9 1967a,hS8le9 ZndnverN1n,Gene~alized InaraINRgeologic yeomap abof fgnthe NdCaInyo IatdfeNdsMountains region,vnINad9 California:PerNbavdNe\ ZuUuU.S. Geol.Znaru SurveyUtvinC INsRnrrednatsMiscellaneous GeologicZnaraINR Investigations,NdinsfNIefNads9 MapIeo h'0;8uI-506. 1hM8J6

Uass9Ross, XuPu9D.C., 1967b,hS8lq9 ZnaraINRGeologic yeomap abof fgnthe cetRaqeWaucoba cesgWash Pte,vedIrn9quadrangle, InyoNdCa Co.,Pau9 California:PerNbavdNe\ ZuUuU.S. Geol.Znaru SurveyUtvinC IeoMap GQ-612.ZJ'8hju Uass9Ross, D.C.,XuPu9 1969,hS8S9 XnsRvNofNinDescriptive onfvaIveogCpetrography abof fgvnnthree revInlarge IvedNfNRgranitic bodiesqa,Nns inNd thefgn NdCaInyo Mountains,IatdfeNds9 PerNbavdNe\California: ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. SurveyUtvinC xvabuProf. xeonvPaper 8;h9601, wl47 pp.oou Uass9Ross, D.C.,XuPu9 1970,hSl;9 xnIyefNfNRPegmatitic fveRgCed,nsNfntrachyandesite ortIsplugs ed,and essaRNefn,associated iarRedNRvolcanic vaRJsrocks inNd fgnthe SalineUerNdn RangeUedIn '- NdCaInyo Mtns.Ifdsu vnINad9region, PerNbavdNe\California: ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. UtvinCSurvey xvabuProf. xeonvPaper 8hw';9614-D, jSoou29pp. UCerr9Ryall, A.,Hu9 Slenrnons,Urnyfdads9 XuMu9D.B., ed,and Zn,dnC9Gedney, L.,^u9 1966,hS889 UnNsyNRNfC9Seismicity, fnRfadNsytectonism anded, surfacestvbeRn faultingbetrfNdI Ndin fgnthe pnsfnvdwestern ZdNfn,United StatesUfefns during,tvNdI gNsfavNRhistoric fNyns\times: MtrruBull. UnNsyaruSeismal. UaRuSoc. HynvNRe9America, iu089v.56, oup.1105-35.hh;0'M0u St.Ufu Hvyed,9Annand, xuP. ed,and UaPtnyavn9Roquemore, ZuG. Uu9R., 1979,hSlS9 TertiaryTnvfNevC ed,and Holocene7araRndn ,ninraoyndfdevelopment ofab fgnthe southernsatfgnvd SierraUNnvve Lnie,eNevada anded, CosoPasa UedIn9Range, California:PerNbavdNe\ TnRfadaogCsNRs9Tectonophysics, 0jmhSlSV52(1979) w;S'wh;u409-410. Sanford,Uedbav,9 HuUu9A.R., 1959,hS0S9 HderCfNRerAnalytical ed,and n6onvNyndferexperimental sft,Cstudy abof sNyornsimple InaraINRgeologic structures:sfvtRftvns\ ZnaruGeol. Soc.UaRu HynvNReAme ri ca Mtrru9Bu l l., iul;9v.70, ooupp.19-5hS'0ju2. Schultz,URgtrf19 YuUu9J.R., 1937,hSMl9 HA refnlate Pnda1aNRCenozoic betdefauna bvayfrom fgnthe PasaCo so IatdfeNds9Mountains, InyoNdCa Co.,Pau9 California:PerNbavdNe\ PevdnINnCarnegie NdsfuInst. cesgNdIfad9Washington, xtquPub. w8l9487, oup.75-109.l0'h;Su Scholz,URgar19 Pu9C., Meve1edIN9Barazangi, Iu9M., anded, Spar,Uoev9 Iu9M., 1971,hSlh9 ^efnLate CenozoicPnda1aNR niertefNadevaluation ofab fgnthe GreatZvnef MesNd9Basin, pnsfnvdwestern ZdNfn,United States,Ufefns9 ases aned ensialicndsNerNR interarcNdfnvevR qesNd\basin: ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica Mtrru9Bull., iu8j9v.82, oup.2979-2990.jSlS'jSS;u

./ Sharp,Ugevo9 UuxuR.P. anded, PevnC9Carey, Xu^u9D.L., 1975,hSl09 UrN,NdISliding sfadnsustones, UeRnfveRJRacetrack xreCe9Playa, PerNbavdNeCalifornia Geol.Znaru Soc.UaRu HynvNReAmerica HqsfuAbst. pNfgwith ovaIveys9programs, v.7,iul9 dauno.7,l9 ouhj8lup.1267. O Ugepn9Shawe, D.R.,XuUu9 1965,hS809 UfvNJn'srNoStrike-slip Radfvarcontrol abof qesNd'vedInbasin-range sfvtRftvnstructure Nd,NRefn,indicated qCby gNsfavNRerhistorical betrfsfaults inNd westernpnsfnvd Lnie,e\Nevada: ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica Bull.,Mtrru9 iul89v.76, p.1361-78.ouhM8h'l8u Shelton,Ugnrfad9 YuUu9J.S., 1953,hS0M9 PedCan pNd,wind yainmove vaRJsrocks adon UeRnfveRJRacetrack xreCe)\Playa?: URNndRn9Science, v.117,iurrl9 dauno.3042,M;wj9 oup.438-9.wM8'Su Slenrnons,Urnyyads9 D.B.,XuMu9 hS8l91967, xrNaRndnPliocene ed,and JtevfnvdevCQuarternary Rvtsfercrustal yainyndfsmovements abof fgnthe MesNdBasin ed,and UedInRange Province,xvaiNdRn9 U.S.A.:ZuUuHu\ YatvuJour. ZnasRNndRn9Geoscience, AseJeOsaka CityPNfC ZdNiu9Univ., iurA9v.10, HvfuArt. 1-11,h'hh9 oup.91-103.Sh'h;Mu Urnyyads9Slenrnons, D.B.,XuMu9 ed,and McKinney,IR»NddnC9 Uu9R., hSll91977, XnbNdNfNadDefinition abof #eRfNin"active fault":betrf#\ INsRuMisc. xeonvPaper S-77-8,U'll'89 ZuUuU.S. HvyCArmy QdINdnnvEngineer cefnvpeCsWaterways Q6onvNyndfExperiment Station,UfefNad9 SoilsUaNrs ed,and xeinyndfsPavements Laboratory,^eqavefavC9 Vicksburg,kNRJsqtvI9 INssuMiss. 137

Smith,UyNfg9 UuUuZu9R.S.U., 1974,hSlw9 JtevfnvdevCQuarternary fgvtsfthrust yainyndfmovement adon ea qatd,evCboundary faultbetrf atef thefgn davfgnorth nd,end abof xedeyNdfPanamint kerrnC9Valley, pnsfnvdwestern MesNd'ed,'UedIn9Basin-and-Range, Calif.:PerNbu\ ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica HqsfveRfsAbstracts pNfgwith Programs,xvaIveys9 CordilleranPav,Nrrnved Section.UnRfNadu Smith,UyNfg9 UuUuZu9R.S.U., 1975a,hSl0e9 êfn'JtevfnvdevCLate-Quarternary ortiNerpluvial ed,and fnRfadNRtectonic gNsfavChistory abof PanamintxedeyNdf kerrnC9Valley, InyoNdCa anded, SanUed Mnvde,NdaBernadino PatdfNns9Counties, California:PerNbavdNe\ xguAuPh.D. TgnsNs9Thesis, PerNbuCalif. NdsfuInst. TnRguTech. Smith,UyNfg9 UuUuZu9R.S.U., 1975b,hSl0q9 ZtN,nqaaJGuidebook fato fgnthe JtevfnvdevCQuarternary fnRfadNRstectonics abof PanamintxedeyNdf kerrnC9Valley, California:PerNbavdNe\ ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica 0Nnr,Field TvNo9Trip, CordilleranPav,Nrrnved Section.UnRfNadu Smith,UyNfg9 UuUuZu9R.S.U., 1978,hSl89 xrtiNerPluvial gNsfavChistory abof xedeyNdfPanamint kerrnC9Valley, PerNbavdNe\California: GuidebookZtN,nqaaJ forbav thefgn Friends0vNnd,s abof thefgn xrnNsfaRndn9Pleistocene, PacificxeRNbNR PnrruCell. Spurr,Uotvv9 J.'t.,Yuvu9 1903,hS;M9 XnsRvNofNinDescriptive InaraICgeology abof Ln,ie,eNedvada satfgsouth abof fgnthe w;fg40th oeverrnrparallel anded, adjacente,DeRndf oevfsparts abof PerNbavdNe\California: ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. UtvinCSurvey BullMtrru . 208,j;89 jjSou229p. Stanley,UfedrnC9 G.M.,ZuIu9 1955,hS009 AvNINdOrigin abof oreCeplaya sfadnstone fveRJsutracks, UeRnfveRJRacetrack xreCe9Playa, InyoNdCa Co.,Pau9 California:PerNbavdNe\ ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica Mtrru9Bull., iu889v.66, dauno.11,hh9 p.1329-1350.ouhMjS'hM0;u UfnqqNds9Stebbins , R.UuPu9 C. , 1966,hS889 HA bNnr,field ItN,nguide fato pnsfnvdwestern vnofNrnsreptiles ed,and amphibians:eyogNqNeds\ 7atIgfadHoughton INbbrNdMifflin PayoedC9Company, Masfad9Boston, jllou277p. Stevens,Ufninds9 C.H.,Pu7u9 anded, Olson,Arsad9 UuPu9R.C., 1972,hSlj9 LeftvnNature ed,and sNIdNbNRedRnsignificance abof fgnthe InyoNdCa thrustfgvtsf fault,betrf9 easternnesfnvd California:PerNbavdNe\ ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica Bull.,Mtrru9 ku8M9v.83, no.12,dauhj9 oup.3761-3768.Ml8h'Ml88u Stewart,Ufnpevf9 J.H.,Yu7u9 1966,hS889 PavvnrefNadCorrelation abof âpnvLower PeyqvNedCambrian ed,and saynsome PrecambrianxvnReyqvNed stratasfvefe inNd fgnthe satfgnvdsouthern GreatZvnef Basin,MesNd9 CaliforniaPerNbavdNe ed,and Nevada:Lnie,e\ ZnaruGeol. Sur.Utvu UnsuRes. 1966,hS889 xvabuProf. xeonvPaper 00;'P9550-C, ouP88'Pp.C66-C lju72. Stewart,Ufnpevf9 J.H.,Yu7u9 1970,hSl;9 ZoonvUpper xvnReyqvNedPrecambrian ed,and âpnvLower PeyqvNedCambrian sfvefestrata * aineNd thefgn satfgnvdsouthern ZvnefGreat Basin,MesNd9 CaliforniaPerNbavdNe ed,and Lnie,e\Nevada: ZuUuU.S. ZnaruGeol. SurveyUtvinC Prof.xvabu Paperxeonv 620,8j;9 206pp.j;8oou Ufnpevf9Stewart, J.H.,Yu7u9 1971,hSlh9 MesNdBasin ed,and UedInRange sfvtRftvn\structure: ea sCsfnysystem abof gavsfshorsts anded, Iveqndsgrabens producedova,tRn, byqC ,nno'snefn,deep-seated n6fndsNad\extension: ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. AmericaHynvNRe Bull.,Mtrru9 iu8j9v.82, p.1019-1040.ouh;hS'h;w;u Streitz,UfvnNf19 R.,Uu9 anded, Stinson,UfNdsad9 Iu9M., 1974,hSlw9 ZnaraINRGeologic yeomap abof PerNbavdNe9California, XnefgDeath ValleykerrnC Sheet:Ugnnf\ PerNbuCalif. XNiuDiv. abof INdnsMines ed,and ZnaraIC9Geology, yeo9map, 1h sheet.sgnnfu

TRgerndJa9Tchalenko, J.S.,YuUu9 1970,hSl;9 UNyNrevNfNnsSimilarities qnfpnndbetween sgnevshear 1adnszones abof ,Nbbnvndfdifferent magnitude::yeIdNft,n\\ ZnaruGeol. Soc.UaRu HynvNReAmerica Mtrru9Bull., iu8h9v.81, oup.1625-40.h8j0'w;u 1)hM8 2

Tgayosad9Thompson, G.,Zu9 1966,hS889 TheTgn vNbfrift sCfnysytem abof fgnthe pnsfnvdwestern ZdNfn,United Ufefns\States: in.Ndu TheTgn cavr,World UNbfRift SystemUCsfny '- NdfnvdefNaderInternational ZoonvUpper IedfrnMantle CommissionPayyNssNad Symposium,UCyoasNty9 Ottawa:Affepe\ PeduCan. ZnaruGeol. UtviuSurv. xeonvuPaper. 88'hw966-14, \ oup.280-290.j8;'jS;u Tgayosad9Thompson, ZuHu9G.A., ed,and MtvJnn9Burkee, 0.8.,XuMu9 1974,hSlw9 UnINaderRegional InaogCsNRsgeophysics abof fgnthe BasinMesNd anded, UedInRange ovaiNdRn\province: HddterAnnual UniNnpReview abof QevfgEarth ed,and xrednfevCPlanetary Sciences,URNndRns9 iuj9v.2, oup.213-237.jhM'jMlu TsRged19Tschanz, PuC. ed,and Pampeyan,xeyonCed9 Qu9E., 1970,hSl;9 ZnaraICGeology ed,and yNdnvermineral ,noasNfsdeposits abof Li^NdRardncoln Co.,Pau9 Lnie,e\Nevada: LniuNev. MtvuBur. INdnsMines MtrruBull. lM973, oup.83-84.8M'8wu Tucker,TtRJnv9 cu8u9W.B., anded, Sampson,Ueyosad9 R.J.,UuYu9 1938,hSM89 INdnverMineral vnsatvRnsresources ofab NdCaInyo Co.Pau California:PerNbavdNe\ Yatv9Jour. abof INdnsMines ed,and ZnaraIC9Geology, iuMw9v.34, dauno.4w9, oup.368-500.M88'0;;u kNsgnv9Visher, S.S.,UuUu9 1954,hS0w9 PTNyefNRcrfmatic efresatlas abof fgnthe ZdNfn,United Ufefns\States: 7eviev,Harvard ZdNiuUniv. xvnss9Press, Cambridge,PeyqvN,In9 Iessu9Mass., 7eviev,Harvard ZdNiuUniv. xvnss9Press, w;Mou403p. Walcott,cerRaff9 C.G.,PuZu9 h8Sl91897, TgnThe oasf'xrnNsfaRndnpost-Pleistocene nrniefNadselevations abof fgnthe NdCaInyo Range,UedIn9 anded, thefgn reJnlake qn,sbeds abof WaucobicetRaqN QyqeCyndf9Embayment, NdCa9Inyo, Pau9Co., California:PerNbavdNe\ Yatv9Jour. abof Znaru9Geol., iu09v.5, oup.340-348.Mw;'Mw8u cerreRn9Wallace, UuQu9R.E., 1977,hSll9 xvabNrnsProfiles ed,and eInsages abof CatdIyoung betrffault sRevos9scarps, davfgRndfvernorthcentral Lnie,e\Nevada: ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. HynvNReAmerica Mtrru9Bull., iu889v.88, dauno.9,S9 oup.1267-81.hj8l'8hu cevNdI9Waring, PuHu9C.A., ed,and Huguenin,7tItndNd9 Qu9E., 1916,hSh89 NdCaInyo Co.:Pau\ PerNbavdNeCalifornia INduMin. Bur.Mtvu UnofuRept. 15,h09 oup.25-130.j0'hM;u Waring,cevNdI9' C.A.,PuHu9 hShl91917, ZnaraINRerGeological yeomap abof NdCaInyo Pau9Co., PerNbavdNe\California: PerNbuCalif. StateUfefn Min.INdu Bureau,Mtvnet9 MapIeo 14.hwu cgNfdnC9Whitney, YuXu9J.O., 1865,h8809 GeologicalZnaraINRer stvinCsurvey abof PerNbavdNeCalifornia karur\Vol.I: Geology,ZnaraIC9 wS8oou498pp. Wolman,caryed9 M.G.,IuZu9 1954,hS0w9 HA ynfga,method abof seyorNdIsampling Raevsncoarse vNinv'qn,river-bed yefnvNer\material: ' Transaction,TvedseRfNad9 HynvNRedAmerican GeophysicalZnaogCsNRer ZdNad9Union, v.35iuM09, no.6.dau8u caa,9Wood, Hu9A., 1942,hSwj9 TgnThe ,ninraoyndfdevelopment abof gNrrsN,nhillside sraons\slopes: ZnaraINsfsGeologists HssaRuAssoc. Proc.,xvaRu9 ku0M9v.53, _oup.128-140.hj8'hw;u Wright,cvNIgf9 L.A.,ûHu9 ed,and Troxel,Tva6nr9 8.W.,Mucu9 hS8891968, QiN,ndRnEvidence abof davfgpnsfpev,northwestward Rvtsfercrustal spreadingsovne,NdI ed,and fvedsbavytransform faultingbetrfNdI Ndin fgnthe southwesternsatfgpnsfnvd oevfpart abof fgnthe GreatZvnef Basin,MesNd9 PerNbavdNeCalifornia ed,and Lnie,eNevada (abs):meqsV\ ZnaruGeol. SocUaRu. HynvNReAmerica Spec.UonRu xeonvPaper 121,hjh9 oup.580-81.08;'8hu cvNIgf9Wright, L.W.,ûcu9 ed,and Troxel,Tva6nr9 Mucu98.W., hSlh91971, TgNd'sJNddn,Thin-skinned ynIesrtyomegaslump ya,nrmodel --8 . . abof MesNd'UedInBasin-Range sfvtRftvnstructure esas eoorNReqrnapplicable fato satfgpnsfnvdsouthwestern ZvnefGreat Basin:MesNd\ ZnaruGeol. UaRuSoc. AmericaHynvNRe HqsuAbs. pNfgwith Programs,xvaIveys9 v.3,iuM9 oul08up.758. 139 cvNIgf9Wright, L.,û9 1976,hSl89 êfnLate Pnda1aNRCenozoic betrffault oeffnvdspatterns ed,and sfvnssstress bNnr,sfields Ndin thefgn ZvnefGreat BasinMesNd anded, pnsfpev,westward displacement,NsoreRnyndf ofab fgnthe SierraUNnvve Lnie,eNevada qraRJ\block: ZnaraIC9Geology, iuw9v.4, oup.489-94w8S'Swu. Young,"atdI9 Hu9A., hSlj91972, Uraons\Slopes: ArNinvOliver ed,and MaC,9Boyd, Q,NdqtvIg9Edinburgh, j88ou288p. 1hw;40

APPENDIXHxxQLXNQ HA STRATIGRAPHYUTUHTNZUHx7"

HurA.l xH^QA>ANPPALEOZOIC SEDIMENTARYUQXNIQLTHU" ROCKSUAP»U XnfeNrn,Detailed differentiation,NbbnvndfNefNad anded, descriptions,nsRvNofNads ofab thefgn Paleozoicxerna1aNR sedimentarysn,NyndfevC vaRJsrocks RvaooNdIcropping atfout inNd fgnthe sft,Cstudy evnearea areevn givenINind byqC McAllisterIRHrrNsfnv (1952,mhS0j9 1955,hS009 1956),hS08V9 LaredNolan mhSwMV9(1943), Hunt7tdf anded, MabeyIeqnC mhS88V(1966) anded, RossUass mhS8lVu(1967). BecauseMnRetsn thisfgNs studysft,C Nsis concernedRadRnvdn, ovNdRNoerrCprincipally pNfgwith fgnthe tectonicfnRfadNR development,ninraoyndf ofab thefgn region,vnINad9 thesefgnsn tdNfsunits areevn abof sNIdNbNRedfsignif icant NyoavfedRnimportance adrConly whenpgnd ebbnRfn,affected byqC refnlate CenozoicPnda1aNR betrfNdIfaulting orav ,nbavyefNadudeformation. PadsnPtndfrC9Consequently, onlyadrC qvNnbbrief descriptions,nsRvNofNads ofab thefgn tdNfs9units, basedqesn, ofab thefgn eqainabove vnbnvndRnsreferences areevn given.INindu

CAMBRIANPHIMUNHL Maded1eBonanza King»NdI Formation0avyefNad TheTgn BonanzaMaded1e King»NdI 0avyefNadFormation mUeRnfveRJ(Racetrack DolomiteXarayNfn ofab McAllister,IRHrrNsfnv9 1956)hS08V RadsNsfsconsists ofab qn,sbeds ofab dolomite,arayNfn rangingvedINdI bvayfrom dnevrCnearly qreRJblack fato grayishIveCNsg yellow.Cnrrapu TheTgn tdNfunit containsRadfeNds variedievNn, PtedfNfNnsquantities abof Ia,trevodular chertRgnvf ed,and locallyraRerrC inNd ea lowerrapnv sectionsnRfNad shaleysgernC ,arayNfnudolomite. Wherecgnvn n6oasn,9exposed, thefgn topfao ofab thefgn tdNfunit isNs markedyevJn, qCby thefgn distinctive,NsfNdRfNin sgernshale ed,and chertRgnvf qn,sbeds atef thefgn qesnbase ofab fgnthe overlyingainvrCNdI LaoegNopah Fonnation.0avyefNadu LaoegNopah Formation0avyefNad TheTgn LaoegNopah Formation0avyefNad consistsRadsNsfs ovNdRNoerrCprincipally abof grayIveC anded, grayish-IveCNsg' yellowCnrrap dolomite,arayNfn qn,subeds. ^aRerrC9Locally, fgnthe dolomite,arayNfn RadfeNdscontains irregularlyNvvnItrevrC distributed,NsfvNqtfn, chertRgnvf nodule~.da,trnsu TheTgn qeserbasal oavfNadportion RadsNsfsconsists ofab qvapdNsg'brownish-

U j pnefgnvNdIweathering shale,sgern9 RgnvfCcherty rNynsfadn9limestone, ed,and ,arayNfnudolomite. TgnThe bavyefNadfonnation Nsis approximatelyeoova6NyefnrC 490wS; ym thickfgNRJ Ndin fgnthe studysft,C evneuarea. ZoonvUpper CambrianPeyqvNed fossilsbassNrs evnare Rayyaduco111T1on.

ORDOVICIANAUXAkNPNHL xaPadNoPogonip GroupZvato TheTgn lowestrapnsf oavfNadportion ofab fgnthe xaIadNoPogonip GroupZvato mxaIadNo(Pogonip ^NynsfadnLimestone abof IRHrrNsfnv9McAllister, 1956)hS08V consistsRadsNsfs abof medium-grayyn,Nty'IveC dolomite,arayNfn sNyNrevsimilar tofa thefgn td,nvrCNdIunderlying LaoegNopah 0avyefNaduFormation. NfIt weatherspnefgnvs fato yellowCnrrap'fNdIn,- tinged grayIveC ed,and RadfeNdscontains somesayn limestonerNynsfadn anded, fgNdthin lensesrndsns ofab light-grayrNIgf'IveC Rgnvfuchert. TgnThe yN,,rnmiddle snRfNadsection containsRadfeNds rNIgf'qvapdlight-brown shale,sgern9 sgernCshaley limestonerNynsfadn ed,and siliceoussNrNRnats rNynsfadnlimestone fgefthat geshas ea characteristicRgeveRfnvNsfNR crepeRvnon structuresfvtRftvn ed,and pnefgnvsweathers RadsoNRtatsrCconspicuously qvapdubrown. TgnThe toonvupper sectionsnRfNad abof fgnthe bavyefNadformat ion RadsNsfsconsists abof IveCgray dolomite,arayNfn fgefthat weatherspnefgnvs yellowish-grayCnrrapNsg'IveC anded, raRerrClocally containsRadfeNds irregularlyNvvnItrevrC ,NsfvNqtfn,distributed sandysed,C orav quartiziticPtevfN1NfNR sections.snRfNadsu MafgBoth fgnthe yN,,rnmiddle anded, toonvupper oavfNadsportions areevn fossiliferous.bassNhNbnvatsu TaferTotal thicknessfgNRJdnss inNd fgnthe evnearea Nsis eqatfabout 440ww; yum. QtvnJeEureka QuartziteJtevf1Nfn * TheTgn lowerrapnv oavfNadportion abof fgnthe QtvnJeEureka QuartziteJtevf1Nfn RadsNsfsconsists abof sreqqCslabby Nvad'qnevNdIiron-bearing Ptevf1Nfnquartzite pnefgnvNdIweathering tofa qvapdbrown pNfgwith somesayn NdfnvsfvefNbNn,interstratified shale.sgernu TheTgn toonvupper oavfNadportion isNs yessNinmassive iNfvnatsvitreous quartzitePtevf1Nfn fgefthat isNs dnevrCnearly pgNfnwhite anded, weatherspnefgnvs tofa oernpale tints.fNdfsu MafgBoth snRfNadssections containRadfeNd saynsome crossRvass stratification.sfvefNbNRefNadu LaNo fossilsbassNrs geinhave qnndbeen identifiedN,ndfNbNn, inNd fgNsthis tdNfuunit. TaferTotal thicknessfgNRJdnss inNd thefgn areaevne isNs abouteqatf 122hjj yum. 142

ElyQrC UovNdIsSprings XarayNfnDolomite TgnThe ElyQrC SpringsUovNdIs DolomiteXarayNfn geshas ae lowerrapnv sectionsnRfNad ofab dark-gray,evJ'IveC dolomite,arayNfn containingRadfeNdNdI chertRgnvf nodules.da,trnsu TheTgn unittdNf Ive,nsgrades upwardtopev, frombvay fgnthe dark-gray,evJ'IveC ,arayNfndolomite atef thefgn baseqesn tofa yn,Ntymedium IveCgray ,arayNfnudolomite. TgnThe tdNfunit hasges ae ye6Nytymaximum fgNRJdnssthickness abof eqatfabout 185h80 miny Nd fgnthe area.evneu TgnThe dark-gray,evJ'IveC lowerrapnv sectionsnRfNad isNs bassNrNbnvatsufossiliferous.

SILURIANUN^ZUNHL -' DEVONIANXQkALNHL

.....- Hidden7N,,nd kerrnCValley XarayNfnDolomite TgnThe Hidden7N,,nd kerrnCValley XarayNfnDolomite RadsNsfsconsists ofab cherty,RgnvfC9 yn,Nty'IveCmedium-gray ,arayNfndolomite inNd fgnthe lowerrapnv snRfNad9section, veryinvC light-grayrNIgf'IveC (nearlymdnevrC white)pgNfnV coarseRaevsn f IveNdn,grained dolomite,arayNfn inNd thefgn yN,,rnmiddle section,snRfNad9 ed,and medium-grayyn,Nty'IveC dolomite,,arayNfn9 ■ pgNRgwhich tendsfnd,s tofa weatherpnefgnv lightrNIgf arNinolive gray,IveC9 inNd thefgn toonvupper snRfNadusection. TgnThe fgNRJdnssthickness ofab eachneRg abof fgnsnthese sectionssnRfNads isNs highlygNIgrC ievNeqrn9variable. fgnthe bavyefNadformation boundariesqatd,evNns oaavrCpoorly ,nbNdn,udefined. TheTgn RgnvfC9cherty, moderatelyya,nvefnrC dark,evJ lowestrapnsf sectionsnRfNad resemblesvnsnyqrns thefgn ,evJ9dark, chertyRgnvfC snRfNadsection abof fgnthe td,nvrCNdIunderlying ElyQrC SpringsUovNdIs DolomiteXarayNfn qtfbut isNs distinguished,NsfNdItNsgn, byqC itsNfs 6livearNin grayIveC pnefgnvNdIweathering anded, eqtd,edfabundant fossils.bassNrsu TaferTotal thicknessfgNRJdnss atef thefgn typefCon localityraRerNfC Nsis wh8416 yum.

DEVONIANXQkALNHL Lost^asf BurroMtvva Formation0avyefNad TheTgn ^asfLost MtvvaBurro 0avyefNadFormation consistsRadsNsfs ovn,ayNdedfrCpredominantly ofab light-rNIgf' anded, ,evJ'IveCdark-gray interbeddedNdfnvqn,,n, limestonerNynsfadn anded, ,arayNfnudolomite. Brownish-weatheringMvapdNsg'pnefgnvNdI siliceoussNrNRnats bedsqn,s markyevJ fgnthe toonvupper ed,and rapnvlower boundaries.qatd,evNnsu TgnThe qeserbasal dolomite,arayNfn isNs raRerrClocally RgnvfCcherty anded, shaleysgernC qtfbut Nsis ovNdRNoerrCprincipally sed,Csandy avor quartaitic.PtevfeNfNRu TgnThe uppertoonv qatd,evCboundary ofab thefgn formationbavyefNad isNs yevJn,marked qCby ea ytRgmuch 14J.i^

thinneruhAppSg IbpTPsandy andbpT UVbguXAuA9quartzitic X,pSJzone, DhA9hwhich weathersDSbuhSgI 8g,Dpbrown inAp 9,pugbIucontrast tou, theuhS 8Vqkbulk ,Cof theuhS C,gMbuA,pUformation. o,ubqTotal thicknessuhA9kpSII buat theuhS uPlStype q,9bqAuPlocality isAI 465i9' m.MU MISSISSIPPIANYmssmssmRRmac TinoAp Y,VpubApMountain yAMSIu,pSLimestone TheohS TinoAp Y,VpubApMountain LimestoneyAMSIu,pS consists9,pIAIuI ,Cof VpAC,gMqPuniformly darkTbgk limestoneqAMSIu,pS Apin contrast9,pugbIu u,to uhSthe VpTSgqPAp1Junderlying, stripedIugAlST y,IuLost Burro6Vgg, N,gMbuA,pUFonnation. TheohS lowerq,DSg partlbgu 9,pIAIuIconsists of,C uhApJthin, darkTbgk qAMSIu,pSlimestone 8STIbeds ApuSgIugbuACASTinterstratified DAuhwith ,-- I,MSsome lightqA1hu 8g,DpAIh81gbPbrownish-gray u,to lbqS8gSTpale-red 9bq9bgS,VIcalcareous IhbqSUshale. ohSThe VllSgupper sectionIS9uA,p consists9,pIAIuI of,C cliff-forming,9qACC8C,gMAp1J Tbgkdark limestone,qAMSIu,pSJ withDAuh I,MSsome lbqS8gSTpale-red IhbqSPshaley lbguAp1Ipartings bq,p1along theuhS 8STIUbeds. ohSThe VpAuunit alsobqI, contains9,pubApI uhApthin 9hSguchert qSpISIlenses thatuhbu arebgS largerqbg1Sg andbpT moreM,gS noticeablep,uA9Sb8qS inAp uhSthe VllSgupper section.IS9uA,pU o,ubqTotal uhA9kpSIIthickness atbu uhSthe typeuPlS localityq,9bqAuP AIis 145.i' MUm. PerdidoRSgTAT, N,gMbuA,pFormation ohSThe PerdidoRSgTAT, FormationN,gMbuA,p AIis lithologicallyqAuh,q,1A9bqqP ugbpIAuA,pbqtransitional between8SuDSSp theuhS VpTSgqPAp1underlying oApTin MountainY,VpubAp yAMSIu,pSLimestone andbpT overlying,ZSgqPAp1 ResteSIu slgAp1ISprings shbqSUShale. ohSThe PerdidoRSgTAT, FormationN,gMbuA,p consists9,pIAIuI ,Cof limestoneqAMSIu,pS interbeddedApuSg8STTST withDAuh shale,IhbqSJ 9hSguJchert, calcareous9bq9bgS,VI IAquIu,pSJsiltstone, CApS81gbApSTfine-grained sandstIbpTIu;xSJ ,e, IbpTPsandy lqAMSIu,pSJ imestone, bpTand MAp,gminor 9,p1q,MSgbuSUcongl001erate. °SguA9bqVertical andbpT qbuSgbqlateral diversityTAZSgIAuP AIis characteristic9hbgb9uSgAIuA9 of,C uhSthe C,gMbuA,pUfonnation. ohSThe lowerq,DSg l,guA,pportion ,Cof theuhS unitVpAu AIis lgST,MApbpuqPpredominantly darkTbgk limestoneqAMSIu,pS DAuhwith interstratifiedApuSgIugbuACAST shaleIhbqS andbpT chert9hSgu 8STIUbeds. ohSThe VllSgupper lbguJpart, whichDhA9h weathersDSbuhSgI u,to PSqq,DAIh8yellowish- or,g gSTTAIh88g,DpJreddish-brown, 9,pIAIuIconsists of,C siltstone,IAquIu,pSJ IbpTIu,pSJsandstone, andbpT UVbguXAuSUquartzite. TheohS u,ltop ,Cof theuhS VpAuunit AIis MbgkSTmarked by8P ba uhApthin qAMSIu,pSlimestone 8STbed qPAp1lying ,pon reddishgSTTAIh or,g light-gray,qA1hu81gbPJ veryZSgP softsabf IhbqSUshale. ohSThe unitVpAu isAI 183.v^ Mm thickuhA9k buat theuhS typeuPlS q,9bqAuPUlocality. 144y

PENNSYLVANIANxQLLU"^kHLNHL RestUnsf SpringsUovNdIs ShaleUgern TheTgn UnsfRest SpringsUovNdIs ShaleUgern RadsNsfsconsists abof ,evJ'IveCdark-gray avor arNin'IveC9olive-gray, A fine-grainedbNdn'IveNdn, RresfNRelastic' RadsfNftndfsconstituents anded, yNdavminor limestone.rNynsfadnu TheTgn lowerrapnv sgernshale sectionsnRfNad Ive,nsgrades topev,upward intoNdfa sandstone,sed,sfadn9 pgNRgwhich Ndin fgnthe fContype localityraRerNfC RadfeNdscontains somesayn quartzitePtevf1Nfn anded, ea fewbnp fgNdthin bedsqn,s abof onqqrCpebbly conglomerate.RadIraynvefnu MnRetsnBecause fgnthe unittdNf isNs gNIgrChighly incompetent,NdRayonfndf9 ynestvn,measured fgNRJdnssnsthicknesses vedInrange bvayfrom 618h tofa 305M;0 yum. OnlyAdrC ae fewbnp oaavrCpoorly ovnsnvin,preserved bassNrsfossils geinhave beenqnnd found.batd,u

xQLLU"^kHLNHLPENNSYLVANIAN -' xQUINHLPERMIAN »nnrnvKeeler PedCadCanyon 0avyefNadFormation TheTgn »nnrnvKeeler CanyonPedCad 0avyefNadFormation [partoevf ofab McAllister'sIRHrrNsfnvDs (1956)mhS08V MNv,Bird SpringsUovNdIs 0avyefNad!Fonnation] RadsNsfsconsists abof fgNdrC'qn,,n,9thinly-bedded, bluish-gray,qrtNsg'IveC9 siltysNrfC ed,and sed,C9sandy, rNynsfadn9limestone, cleanRrned limestone,rNynsfadn9 limestonerNynsfadn qvnRRNe9breccia, shale,sgern9 ed,and raRerrC9locally, yNdavminor siltstone.sNrfsfadnu TgnThe tdNfunit geshas ea qed,n,banded appearanceeoonevedRn bavyn,formed qCby alternatingerfnvdefNdI qrtNsg'IveCbluish-gray limestonerNynsfadn ed,and ·thinfgNd whitepgNfn avor rNIgf'IveClight-gray qed,sbands ofab yevqrnumarble. TheTgn rapnvlower oavfNadportion RadfeNdscontains chertRgnvf da'Drnsno les 1h fato 50 Rycm Ndin ,Neynfnvudiameter. TgnThe fgNRJdnssthickness ievNnsvaries frombvay 556008 fato 1220hjj; m.yu

xQUINHLPERMIAN OwensApnds kerrnCValley 0avyefNadFormation

TheTgn ApndsOwens kerrnCValley 0avyefNadFormation [partoevf abof IRHrrNsfnvDsMcAllister's mhS08V(1956) BirdMNv, SpringsUovNdIs 0avyefNad!Fonnation] consistsRadsNsfs abof threefgvnn informalNdbavyer tdNfsuunits. TgnThe lowestrapnsf ed,and yasfmost pN,nrCwidely ,NsfvNqtfn,distributed tdNfu,1it RadsNsfsconsists ovNdRNoerrCprincipally abof fgNd'qn,,n,9thin-bedded, fine-grainedbNdn'IveNdn, calcarenite.RerRevndNfnu UgernCShaley limestone,rNynsfadn9 lensesrndsns ofab otvnpure limestonerNynsfadn anded, limestonerNynsfadn qvnRRNe9breccia, shale,sgern9 anded, siltstonesNrfsfadn areevn common.RaNvyadu Lenses^ndsns ofab yessNinmassive qrtNsg'IveCbluish-gray limestonerNynsfadn ed,and limestonerNynsfadn qvnRRNebreccia areevn characteristicRgeveRfnvNsfNR abof fgnthe lowerrapnv oavfNadportion ofab thefgn unit.tdNfu TgnThe yN,,rnmiddle portionoavfNad RadsNsfsconsists ovn,ayNdedfrCpredominantly abof sgern9shale, qtfbut alsoersa RadfeNdscontains lesserrnssnv eyatdfsamounts abof siltstonesNrfsfadn anded, rNynsfadnulimestone. TgnThe toonvupper unittdNf geshas ae basalqeser j;20 ym fgNRJthick rNynsfadnlimestone conglomerate,RadIraynvefn9 ae yN,,rnmiddle 10h; ym fgNRJthick sectionsnRfNad ofab light-gray,rNIgf'IveC9 fine-grainedbNdn'IveNdn, orthoquartzite,avfgaPtevf1Nfn9 ed,and aned toonvupper 30M; ym fgNRJthick sectionsnRfNad ofab light-yellowrNIgf'Cnrrap anded, yellowish-brown-weatheringCnrrapNsg'qvapd'pnefgnvNdI siltstonesNrfsfadn ed,and light-grayrNIgf'IveC calcareniteRerRevndNfn pNfgwith yNdavminor CnrrapNsg'pnefgnvNdIyellowish-weathering pebbleonqqrn RadIraynvefnuconglomerate. TaferTotal thicknessfgNRJdnss ofab fgnthe bavyefNadformation Nsis Sl;970 yum.

HuA.2j IQUA>ANPMESOZOIC INTRUSIVENLTUZUNkQ UAP»UROCKS

YZUHUUNPJURASSIC Hunter7tdfnv IatdfeNdMountain Ptevf1quartz monzoniteyad1adNfn TgnThe 7tdfnvHunter IatdfeNdMountain Jtevf1Quartz Iad1adNfnMonzonite mIRHrrNsfnv9(McAllister, 1956)hS08V RadsNsfsconsists predominantlyovn,ayNdedfrC abof light-gray,rNIgf'IveC9 yn,Nty'medium- fato coarse-grainedRaevsn'IveNdn, gavdqrnd,nhornblende Ptevf1quartz yad1adNfnurnonzonite. HssaRNefn,Associated pNfgwith fgnthe quartzPtevf1 yNy1adNfnnzonite are~evn • pN,nwide rangevedIn ofab borderqav,nv facies,beRNns9 c01T1TionlyRayyadrC syenodiorite,sCnda,NavNfn9 yad1adNfn9monzonite, anded, syenitesCndNfn withpNfg lesserrnssnv eyatdfsamounts abof pegmatite,onIyefNfn9 eorNfn9aplite, anded, reyovaogCvnulamprophyre. CoarsePaevsn te~turesfn6ftvns RayyadrCcommonly ,NsoreCdisplay ae raRerlocal subparallelstqoeverrnr arrangementevvedInyndf ofab nradIefnelongate feldspars.bnr,soevsu NdRrtsNadsInclusions evnare locallyraRerrC abundanteqtd,edf Ndin fgnthe finer-grainedbNdnv'IveNdn, oavfNadsportions ofab fgnthe quartzPtevf1 yad1adNfnumonzonite. HA fCoNRertypical specimensonRNynd ofab fgnthe quartzPtevf1 yad1adNfnrnonzonite consistsRadsNsfs abof thefgn barrapNdI\following: w;’40% avfgaRresn9orthoclase, w;’40% oreINaRresn9plagioclase, 14%hw’ Ptevf19quartz, 4%w’ horn-blence,gavd'qrnd,n9 dnevrCnearly 1%h’ neRgeach abof magnetiteyeIdnfNfn ed,and sphene,sogndn9 ed,and fveRnstraces abof qNafNfn9biotite, eoefNfn9apatite, noN,afn9epidote, ed,and sericite.snvNRNfnu Mesn,Based adon 1~6

ve,NaynfvNRradiometric dating,efNdI abof sNyNrevsimilar IvedNfNRgranitic qa,Nnsbodies inNd fgnthe evne9area, fgnthe 7tdfnvHunter MountainIatdfeNd QuartzJtevf1 Iad1adNfnMonzonite isNs consideredRadsN,nvn, tofa qnbe approximatelyeoova6NyefnrC 180h8; millionyNrrNad Cnevsyears ar,9old, avor nevrCearly YtvessNR9Jurassic.

HuA.3M LATE^HTQ PQLA>ANPCENOZOIC kA^PHLNPUVOLCANICS McAllisterIRHrrNsfnv mhS08V(1956} described,nsRvNqn, thefgn 8 fato 16h8 my fgNRJthick olivinearNiNdn qeserfbasalt brapsflows esas vnydedfsremnants abof thickfgNRJ iarRedNRvolcanic sequencessnPtndRns fgefthat areevn extensivelyn6fndsNinrC n6oasn,exposed inNd thefgn region.vnINadu TheseTgnsn flowsbraps evnare thoughtfgatIgf fato qnbe betweenqnfpnnd 2j anded, 3M yCmy (permonv com.,Rayu9 xuP. St.Ufu Hyed,9Amand, 1979)hSlSV TheTgn flowsbraps areevn RayyadrCcormionly yn,Ntymedium ,evJ'IveC9dark-gray, butqtf vedInrange frombvay ,evJ'IveCdark-gray fgvatIgthrough yn,Nty'IveCmedium-gray tofa rNIgflight qvapdNsgbrownish gray,IveC9 anded, vne,NrCreadily acquireeRPtNvn ae qvapdNsg'qreRJbrownish-black desert,nsnvf ievdNsguvarnish. SomeUayn abof thefgn flowsbraps areevn eyCI,eraN,eramygdaloidal ed,and insNRtrevuvesicular. TheTgn fn6ftvnstextures areevn aphaniticeogedNfNR orav oavogCvNfNR'eogedNfNRporphyritic-aphanitic pNfgwith ogndaRvCsfsphenocrysts ofab olivinearNiNdn anded, Rrnevclear oreINaRresnuplagioclase. Reddish-brownUn,,Nsg'qvapd scoriasRavNe ed,and bveIyndferfragmental arNiNdnolivine qeserfbasalt td,nvrNnunderlie thefgn ,evJdark flows.brapsu ScoriaURavNe anded, iarRedNRvolcanic qayqsbombs locallyraRerrC yevJmark oassNqrnpossible indfvent locations.raRefNadsu TgnThe brapsflows RadfNdtncontinue iNvfterrCvirtually pNfgatfwithout Ndfnvinter-5 ruptionvtofNad southwestwardsatfgpnsfpev, ofab thefgn studysft,C areaevne tofa thefgn typefCon localityraRerNfC ofab fgnthe CoscoPasRa 0avyefNadFormation whichpgNRg Nsis refnlate xrNaRndnPliocene orav earlynevrC xrnNsfaOdnPleisto ne inNd eInuage. HA pgNfn9white, j2 my thickfgNRJ tuffftbb qn,bed isNs n6oasn,exposed onad fgnthe divide,NiN,n qnfpnndbetween GrapevineZveoniNdn ed,and INrrMill CanyonsPedCads neardnev fgnthe sunmitstyyNf ofab Hunter7tdfnv IatdfeNduMountain. TuffaceousTtbbeRnats detritus,nfvNfts geshas beenqnnd identifiedN,ndfNbNn, byqC ^ayqev,NLombardi mhS8MV(1963) Ndin errtiNtyalluvium td,nvrCNdIunderlying fgnthe olivinearNiNdn qeserfbasalt flows.brapsu TuffaceousTtbbeRnats detritus,nfvNfts isNs alsoersa batd,found inNd tdRadsarN,efn,unconsolidated reRtsfvNdnlacustrine sn,Nyndfssediments n6oasn,exposed eqatfabout w4 kmJy davfgpnsfnorthwest ofab fgnthe yatfgmouth ofab GrapevineZveoniNdn CanyonPedCad anded, inNd tdRadsarN,efn,unconsolidated qneRgbeach Iveinrsgravels ed,and sandssed,s efat thefgn DtdRftvnjuncture abof thefgn NdCaInyo MountainsIatdfeNds bvadffront ed,and alluvialerrtiNer aproneovad eqatfabout 05 kmJy satfgnesfsoutheast ofab fgnthe fveypeCutramway. .... -

l'*7-.J 50m \ w ~t ~t

Z.5X lu

V£. iZ

o O Q: \(l.l PROFILES

0 Q. \<,.d°

d° Q...... ___ W•L:__ W•L:__ 8. 1 (t tJ

4.. o 2 n.l° "

V)SCARP

U.FAULT 8 .1. LSo l ..__ Ul tt

3'.l.~ =3 ---- o GURE Fl ,0 14. U..11" f>.lr l(l.qD · P4~ P2 P) Pl--- 0 148

>< N e, > , ... --

E 0

...: K 2 O 43

....: QQ

Uj Q: o

-0.. l'*9

Ee S2

e 0 <,., "' .-; 2 O O

...: di Ui ct o

a.. 150 ~,

i-: -:z: 0 ...... u

...;

>< "' ...>

E 0 "'

"'- d... 151

._:,. 'e_,

'&- o' .,.,..J it Ro t t '&, ....J N

'=-. o'

0.. 0..

KI--= -* O o0

E 0 N 0 ,0 ...: X o .' N ai > IA.IUl rt:0: <>' :::,:a _, (!)o E 0 0 ,0 -"'-

..I it ~-,<

9... 'S? ...:

,0 a: 0..

n 152

E 12 >< ...., 0,0 £ > lg

-- E

i., ...... ,...J

k! 2 uO

....,

0 ,0 .,, d ...., "'0.. "'0.. t?*

153

..Q - "' •Cl. "'5

II: 2 " 0 ..I • Pi=: 1i sQ: I-t- to(/) ., I • Qc5 ft S)

Cl. .,"' ct: ou <0(/) t- u..J ::) •I • s

«M(\j / "'..I OQai ..I • u Uj luI C • .,•.. ·-

II: Q "'..I ::, .. •I ill 0•

• I "'!:! 0 0 0 0 .,0 0 .,0 0 E • .. • • "' .. ' 11:1,n~ "'

,. 1.54

4C n P2.3.4 __rr 40 " £i n

r-f" n -

n —1 - -n-

£11

-r- -T" "Vn

£15 EJ& — — r-T-T-r

tl3

TTt~

£11

r-T- n Tl

40 - £1^ %< -1 0 til % < -»# % L_, \ \

*■ .—t—1 1 -n" j~r -10 -7 -• -0 -4 -» -t -I 0 -10-0-0-7-0-0 -4 -0-2 -10 -,o -, -, -1 -fl '"9 -· -i, -It -, - -10 -, -· -7 -· ,I -· - · -Z -, -

FIGURE 8.3.B.3. FAULT SCARP MATERIAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION HISTOGRAMS 11

200nt A

VE• IO• 100

B 2 lrm

F/6URE B.

• ..... t-: 0 0 '- ..RI Ill

I&! -- Q:: ::> C, • -I&..

0 •If) N ti 200m H

Ztm

I.lo FIGURE 8.4b ALLUVIAL FAN PROFILES - EAST SIDE OF SALINE VALLEY .... VI ---J 158 IiI ~! c C) 0! "li, ri? ►- ~=y:,. ~&~·il r2 Q n K ~! R 2 O u. o

80 X o --- h- o UJ o i 5 I ,, 1 · ' !T- '-1 ' Q: ,, , o ■ o ri UJ 8^ '. tt ·. .. . S UJ K- ' - , lo Uj 0: Uj ~, I: 0. 10

IiI to IE (d §! Efa ~7 I [1a-, ii jv ~: ~e 1j ~!r n Fl3^~

J 159 Ii z a*' ;!-a I'I I• :c -~ -- - ~J z --- ~ .,,., l!I 0 • !-gl . ... !* I :::: ~: B ~!li ~! ~I 8~ ~I

•

...... , .....K 2 0O ~-,.~t~ I:I! --(.)O -1 B! IC)«o ; ii ai(b ' \:) - ~ ·- \A' u llJuj - ' _·1·j _,-: ;·, 0: Ck: 1? Hi ::> -o(!) ~I

I I:I J «

\ !:1't8Q! •S0’ ' Ill A*. Bs *- * n * 8 «! r- ..... 0 160 °'

* I t .t,~ I " :,rs= " :,e,,r:, 7 H I I ... w . Ui UJ K

\ K Ui W) 0

CtROSETTES ... I r I ' ■ .. 1 K- O 2

" N AZIMUTH s: UJ I N yr:-=-;::::::: "

...._, £ ...... _,

10STRIKE 6 !:!..£ I H o JOINT w ,..l

«)

oi8 . 6 .

Ui Ik

«> ::::l ,. FIGURE .- J " \...... --:::=. "

L !!...... l .,I .. l 161l f, l

II ~,

---..,: o0 o(.) .._

Ul (tQ: :::> o(!) ~I ;I -14.. II

..,#.

" 162

• I

J-- ~.r,-;- o>Cl) '4.1Ul -;., Cl)(o \ .... --- r--~ Q: '4.1Uj q: ii (K.Q:: K ' ~ ---- ....K

o0 -:. '0 I (\I J: k....:: ~I CQ03

'4.1Uj (tQ: ::,3 (!) 'A* ID

,-.___ I

V" f -j '• Ir: .. , ,~ ] ~i Jlf II j '!' 7,z z 1- 7. r 163

I '

---I-:k-- 2 aO --(.)o

K n « (O "OQcx:i I I 1 ~, UJ ct(t :::) v>

ST'

V . i..0 } .S0 " " l l 164

--.- -

i-: :z2 0O --(,,)O K 0) UJa: \I 3 (9 -7.

... ·, \ L~· YTvilr i --rr~~- ---fr·-- --- {'-- --rr- -{'- --('-- r·- LINE v&

H Ba,Bb

1 (,

Fl GURE B . 7. (CONT. ) .... \J'\-"' 116666

•.

o O) '

- I o :

n; .. oi .. UJ Q: o

,"' -./I \ * 167

-... i-:

0 --u

"cxi

w ~, ct ::::i

.,... ]· • l l (P .... 168 °'

h: . ) « o o (CONT

K 7

QOB .

UJ (t o FIGURE

s K I :; - ·

., ■ ';i-i "::-4 (IJ

INYO MTNS.-~ .

. + “H pf'fn ’lr' ■

i'/7 ...... L . . . V ‘> „ .. ' ...x'<;.r;,- ■.::,|.s, ;. ;>vV . r ■ ...v,i.-'

L ;sa.-^'. ■; =■./• • ^ a- ./■'V §5 (691} 2287 ;...::r ,1V-., A. CK.

21? CAMP WILLO~ VAIIM 10,pe, 1%:' (5075} - -

INYO MTNS. v-i. 10,0TB MSM"- (5072) _ , ... 1800 -|-36 ‘ , 8000 (2458) it 0 - •f + •fi INYO MTNS. _ vf SP. Sliils

fVi' ' ‘ -‘

-<.hw, PK.

uiii K KEYNOT

{3384) g-. |fci|»iiiaa ie = 11,101 S - ...... iis 'mmi

^ V ‘^'4-^ ^ -'r ' ' liiSlSiKiSjWS®^

' Vr. ■’’ : :rr' : mss^- ;t ‘ fe'-Rr :-.'. :’ -v% SALINE . 'IALLEVALLEY Y

§3 S« ^ I

■ T'l- -■.*r.L-~: :,f>- •

■■>m:

oS ' / ■ ^'::'g9:? •■-‘:^ v' . :I'''■ a: + <0 SALINE VALLEY ■': “■

-i ! ....II) -I ■ V'W'T'/.V

g'"V

- i ■ .. SALINE VALLEY ■ , -h ‘.:-ig

' , ' '3f ■::.-::/-:-V: S? 25 W: „;T •; :^:'5^tei^aSlfei|S2s*^''■■■ ■-:; S ■'. ■.' ,•. -jlJiL'J'/A ■ r.

, -v .:.. ■■ .)=:■> ' WK:M'

•/'.. J, /',v'*''?'^<^;rV-i' vt-,:>• > -' .-.4 ' '>U -V '• ' .•.■• > ■i 4.-4. -■ -r -..^fi. ,4-i .:■ . ■■ ■ -. ■ ';'vV^- ■' ^ ■■ >■ :■:-■■■ '. . .. ^ ‘T :■'■ ■ :^i

‘■■>v'j::s¥:V ■., ,':Ay0::-ilyy A ■'yS-M . _/ ·PANAkUNtPANAMfNT

~., a \ ·•ca•-11-• :>-.»~,, >= Q .\ ID oo! · ·i~ 36“45'4- .., - .' ■* 36.•45'+ ?;jb : •■'■ roft) o 109BI)

0 9 0 0 0 :'y'" .?, ' ■ ■ o K...... o m o« o .» ■ ■ . - • c It - ki •if a.

MANGE : : •“-.■■ "NjivL

■:'tfii

■"M, ...... wiBmmmMmmmmm...... ■ mm mi smmmmimmmmrnyy ‘t r -K-' ’ - V

r:'^.;Msi«a-S'fe''::”'''- IliiiisiS

i ' rf-'■-.

. ;.•.'-,•■•■■ ■ -.• ■ ■

'.V:

jmmms^mi•5('.«>r:-i■ :,v■:.- ^■ 'y ^ ■ '■^5■ '- b 0 iD io ff) g 0 - 0 - ..... -· - . ... .■ ...... ,«D • .... = ! ^ ■■■ j = ' 1 1 . « — S7®< %

■ yiilifipiiffl.:,. Tin MTN. k aiINDEPENOANCENOEPENO~CE WAUCOBAWAUCOIA Of'YDRY MTN.MTIi 1987 18011961 ·WASHwAttt· 19171957 1961 1 1 1 > 1 H f "" 'i ::vv«v. ....: . /i::.t'i -';■■■: j. ,v,V,

'!v-- INYO MTNS. ■■ K"'! >:■ :,ps§i|i

+ 'V-,'

I SALINE Miut IO 1ft ·-o=:Om5^--- tiS! 22

INYO MTNS.

ill

■pS;#-■"!■■;> J^:::

o is.':®##;®.:':

—37? 00* ■■.;..]:t':■.'-t-Wy -'■ 'fePPrri''- i:' f-: :;•''‘ ^iW' " 4-". ' ’ ■ INYO MTNS. -msiimmm. V^T-

- ; - ^r ■"‘i-

•' ••■ ;'.•••!■■ "'.-iA '■. V,.; . . '.t^ ■■ • ^■■V:^;■-:■. >■.-.•■■!•. v:.^. ;> •••• ■

......

. - Si'i: ' ;f. ' 'H :' V> >■■rv-;-'t'’■■■-■■ \ j. , ' ■ > '■

''i'" ■'r-; :-':i’r‘'-;i; v” . ‘ ; ;-y:.

^■1 ■, . - -■■•i-JS

' ,>■;.■ BSilW ■■fa. .. + rfa--'. - -^'it .■■y ,'

■T: *>.O''■->■: ■:fa■^-■:''^ ■v ■■■;a.: f'iv:, ::■£. :■ , iMj.; ;. ' ■. ;, :■ .,

f ■■

IBiil - ■ fa ■■■ -‘fa-'-v^ # Kc-W ■. ";/':■' • ’ ■:>;

, .fa. ■'■'►faB'^ifaia :p.v-.-:y:;:-, ■fa! V!

• -■-•,.' V •■ -,V ..- V.-' mbiPb-=' ■ '•■a ■■f.i ry^.,. ' SAUtm VALUEY ■fa -'fa-fa ; .

-■ -;i;,^‘'-. '... fa,-.'.-' oi '••'4 '"-:- "' *•■ . : - . O’ . fa' ^ .'fa.fafa;' fafafafa;;' ■;?;-.;';y::'fa. t .fa .;fa'A:iy.f:s;iii;B;i

fa'fa-;:';.^"faB;-:fapp; ,,'■ ■• ■■y-.yfa, m§mm. laiiiss

■: •:. •.. ' ■ • :.. t..:. . - *•_; ®ilS»SSfe »®ilillii«e«iiSii®»li*iPasr Km . -. J. *. . „ „ ‘ , I ' , mM ■' ',:'-:t i .■?-:>v;>:‘r,i :'-iv:.^'Vv;2'... . Pf.?. ,' \ ' i®8»giii®iiiii|'•'' . - ' ’ msMMXi W&p- • ; *» '

, JgteW

^■r , 'S. ■ PANAMINTPA AMINrT PAHGB

^ · RACETRACK VAL.

V' 't ■ ;■ '. "Xsa

irnmmimi fiipifcili:^ PANAMim ULIDA r|--'. ■ ' •• RACETRACKRACETRACK, VAL.VAU ■,'*■ i : ,:®; t/'

§.p-‘ :® PANA.

•'C-J , •' 'I * ^ mmmmmSc' ' » ' SAUHe}:i^k»U£V ■-■iV::’’ - . ', ■V .:■ ^ '.'.o/■ ■."' ;■ '-■?■

•, •:■ » ^ ^

. • I WtMW-H

■.' .‘m-.K. PANAMINT RANGE

. Hl DD£N .VAL.

■:•■'’ -• •••I'.'■•:•'• •->;•*• ■■'•-'

,‘- i’' s PANAMINT RANGE

ULIDA Fl.,ATFLAT SAND FLAT

- .~... , . .... '

PANAMINT ·RARANGE:NGE

«« ”1^ af - ■ —87*< 37* 00*—

INOEPENOANCE WAUCOBA DRY mfn TlN MTN. 1061 WASH 4907 1907 1001 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 I I I 1 - mmmmmmm- 36»46»— —itNh

.. Tr M:- NEW*^YORK' "IEHEIEUBEHEOE M ARBLE 1902 •uVc PIAICPEAK C ANYON lOOfl^ 190019150 1001 -mmmiMM-'„....., — 3«*3 :K’ 36«30« ■■^t ’1' i^iiiiiSi - 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 -

OLANCHA KEELERK~ELER ' DARWIN PANAMINT /•■- . 19!581996 J815i1901 18101900 BUTTE ■■-, ,S> 1,’i. , j ■■ ’'■ '■■'■ •■■/ '. , ■■> ■ 1901

1 — 36»( f- ' i.V''';f S6*»'3e•1es —- I I I ■ 7? ,= .-■,. i • J i, 0o- !?fi fO O 0 '8g ,,, .,. 0o ..0 0o N !fi .!!S N ' ' 'ir-' :' = .....

P|v;Pc:W^i v: fV''^: ' ^ 'v;:fr-.

fi- ■■; ■ V•.■ i:= .. k fip.? ..‘ ’■ ■v'-'-'-l','

- V . •■ ■ ; ::'iili®l5:iilSj ''

lliiifiHglfl**i 4 .frvi; ' ... ' '" • .-,V9.-, i '' J ;;. 4::». 4..: ^;a 3-„.; .^4..: :^*4h4;.i..:;: .4';;,., „ n ,..:., a ■, .'Al';ji'^‘-'‘'. 'f0P06RAPHIC PROFILES GEOGRAfSiHICALLYGEOGRA^mALLY CORRE

iii::.; ^ <,: -' silisis ■ METERS FEET i —37® 00

Tl N MTN. ..fcgaip'lSSPWffWR 1987 IflYO MTNS. a.; ; ■ ■ .'•' ■

_ '-______- •■ ' -'.'g/ ■".. ft;-,.:/ , ■■,' t ?.-., ■-• ■ y.xA -30*40 *£lKsfe«;:SS®|Sga*^^ ri ".a? a:a:r':v «^: :■■ :a;.;a-; ■:^a >c,a;;:g::;::;',:: ^.; g,., l 1 ^ ARBte ANYON ' ■ ‘ ■ V i ® & 1981 I: 0 i' — — 30*3O’ • • I... K ...... uii~ y; : PA NAMtNT , I ' 1lUTTE y 1981 ~;....._____ . .:....a•— 36® 16'16’ I . 0 ., 0l ; I'-

■gga.--'''- ■ i' '* ' • . '.' . •?»■' p«S:> - ^ ieff'Rv- .JI

..... INYO · MTNS.

LEE . FLAT

- 0 "' ·-+- .36°30' +

INYO MTNS. SANT.A HILLS

■'* ■•■ / . •■• . 'V'.:gvg;gg;,, Y,--; - ■ * g. 'ift-'.'

.. ^':!i ',. '

*>>,..j5.y-: , ■• ■ ■■: (N/o ^TAfS '

mm ~NTA A- ‘. ■ • '---i, ■ - ; ■ "'■ • jv.-^. •/ , .iiiiiift..... SALINmt VALUER

MjfSON ifANGRANGE-E

V'"'t

■.'4.:i:f.r: ■>''■' ■.fA .: ' ^ ►•V ■ ,: . - ·.++ , ,;:l,3^m.

I I I I , ' $ANTA ROSA ! LEELEE FLAT HILLS ■00-M

■ -'.0 ■: •0'

S4NT4 «0S4 HILLS -;% P, ' ^ ’ M - 'iP ' ■ 8 " • mM- •- ■' ^ Mtul.

0 0 If) • -"'-"

a; j'r W®iW<‘ 5| ■'■"''■ ‘ “" ’4'■=«■W?V- ■ < \f >\' ' i' f i,--. SS-»*4* VV-..V- ■|v::. Vs. J-rf" ■ . , .w

iiirX ■ c. jyi■-i'-V:,. ■'■ ■;; . ;;v,;, , ■, .. r ■ 4*-::.'":.'4 4. ■ ’ A I® •;§^ ■■■'•« ^ V.' w

■ ^PANAMtNT VALLEY

'■A'AA' :■ :l>Mli:a:s ^ ■ :■ A-. : ''-v rM^AA V- ■ i ■S“s ■■:- ■'» ■at.VM' ■ '•"T;:riU>jr%Lfc-*5;'^-;:.:--Vt'.:. -s'; V", VVv'jVffiffVV:.': ■ !' iililiii®■v-:*;:^v;.- TOPOGRAPHICtopographic PROFILESprofiles geographically corre

METERS FEET MWK&tmMy- 5000 15001500-. 5000 rl/#":---■■-^ ■■ - •■ P««*I5?' 4000 100-01000 -30003000

-20002000 pftisr"-.. 500500- K%afeDa;«5s^ -10001000

■ ■"’. ■ ■^ I z i 0 0 I 2 3^3 5

® * "' '^\r‘ ' ‘ ' ' VERTICAL EXAGGERATION •

} J.T.J. T. ^ELIMERZELi.MER (<19801 /980}

-'^' :■ -4: ^ - - ■■ ':v-■> 'Si! :^ -,: V, ^ ! S^SsSflP^ 1

,' •.'is a!"?',:!®-, '.,. ,_

Ly CORRECT

"t .. "' . - ■\-4: 5 MILES ■f 8 KILOMETERS

ATION • 2.5 , ' ■’;.' S '.'Sp ■/-'sssy:# m-i-m iM-msi (1980^

V'■:"' i- "• ■ • r'-: -:.:-:'.'-.!:: v ,v' : --v---- :■ >••■ > . • : Sili;S■■ •-■■ ■■'■■ ■; '■ 4'iv’vl •'V.

' '■■ ■'V,.;::' '’'S'i'^'*A lA/rO MTNS. ■ ':;i 54^74 ROSA Mimm: HILLS

"■ V 5

' ■ ! ... .'j’l ^ ' V

- -r-il ■ -1...: .V - ■ mmm^::r: ■ ■ ■■ • 1 j

i :■ ■•i- I INYO;wy'o MTNS. ·

SANTA ROSA FLAT is®'^;:.

E-^ ■" :, +

V-:

. 'V:-> -A

-’V'J

fcliSMiflfi:- ■' . :"■ ■••:• V' + V ■^1 i;a mrnm^LA TE WmSSm TOPOGRAPHIC PROFllES

mmmm 154^74 ROSA LEE FLAT HILLS ^y-.<

.> :''T' . , » - - ,W-.':^ -"v'■■'^■^':-' -i: ^'"r-v ':;>v: m > 8| ■•';V7- :.•/ ■..’■‘■'v.;'. '•*’*' 7* ' /' .;: " ,

r wm

ROSA HILLSHl LLS

TA ROSA flat: ; ' 'liii ; 'W. ■ •■,. .,. " .■' • ". ''y • ■'" ■ •^.■.■•".;:''',vS', , • :'•'■■'■ •: ■' . 4. -f + Z/'k-

...wSi

it-.' '^':^''‘;:' 'V':,...... m A;:- Bm lm^0Mw0xmm'0iMv- ■ ?, :■. ■ y -Y •y A:yyi*.vAit^

[^•Y

■ ' ^

.... sisy: :#sj h-:- U-i- Mi mu m MsiMm PANAMiN,T VALLEY

V. -Y 5 * A "i : - '■.

uV:: :■■:??'•■ V- '■

PANAMINTPAMAklINT VALLEY +

§? ss I

:.'i:^r!: y;_'i:'i.,'.' ■V-fH

ystmsm30-mm: ^ V 1 *T' H ■ "it. " ' r t W7W

3€»4fl' —

'.v'.'V

I ,■ -J‘'' '

...

.., , m-: • ^-x ? -^v:* t't-' ■'^li im

•V|

-i-'>

. % ■ •. ». -. r ■

■ ■•-A■ MM mm

.7 il

-I;*', .2? liV VV

'"t —44“ ' .^r "V '/

yS-^--^\^:*y. :> -sc

■'y\^'tr~\'K~^H'' -i'>— :P P^ 4£S4^; iLf- ipp

•mmm f>4i^r ■,-'. Wju-m ^-ii

L*-> w ' •.i j#f m m r/«i •K^Uffe ., ' .‘31 W ii

P'o b? ■'^■^ :c 1^ 1% -r-■■•■;• ■"fe'S^'V M'^m

Kt-h?:^--^'

i^v'e#? fc:? ....

iigBi,?';;v; b'/i ■- ■

. "^i-r : ' ^ :%•; ,4' -.. .'V\ ■ ■ hmV< rv'lfb, 14,‘jS^ mim >ii|M mm<^r-j^:‘-\: 'mM ■ '■' i«- j 1

Mm-Pi isi-iA E.:-HkJ3 ,\ 'j Mb- bj>|i:f'"‘■ 0 'b"'"'-?* p ■vr»': fe'~^V |: ¥Btim l^;*^ ■ : »;; S V. W’*' r-r m»mm$mfmmmmmm■^m^4«‘iMm$mPm

FAULT TRACE 0ASH£0 EOR APRRiffakAf E DO TTED FOR PROBABLE LOCA TION BALL ON DOWffTHROWB SIOE

.- i.- '»''w-4''i “■■' k-vv>j^-,^vt_^r':

A->' -V .::^Vi;-: i: ■<; <

•r' -*' -•. .'. .«■ •'^o*'* m- sm< Si& ts

a-: ^liS^fi^ ' v'. M. ii'!ii£i

ra/ i;#j3f?

PiSi^^ .<'■ c-r-' ■ !:»E^;:;;^: ' -r-r> vjt li?Wra

■> >•, \

r-K: :-^SUB8fi

SS PPK ' ;■> . V' W i .v-,V' ii;^''V V 3m",

mm"’■ Sr ' raw &

Pmiva 111 ■^ji

■;* w;^''S^^-'v - t^sJa IliH

■ ^ ■■.' - •• - :;m

If-"# iif%

' >■ W'W^i' ■' J- M:Mtk >1

’•^^i :"’-#^4^SiK;-' Ji' i-'i^^iaiK^ -bv ’mm .rf-‘5'r:i»'*&C m iOT fJiSSM CS

■'« SA ' V I DASHED FOK APPHOXIMATE L6CA7^((Sg';ig:®i;»m;^^^ DOTTeWoH PHO.ABLE LDCAT.OH •• i''>a BALE ON DOWNTHROWH SIDE ..... ‘ ^

i'^'^illlllilW ..

. ■ -. PL A TE^ 3.1 • .*.n*..; ■. T.J .;, ;

FAULTS DISPLA CING UNCONSOLIi

atZELLMER (1980) m Isililii mmmi ; #S;«# wpife-«i* IkMSM ■^-■^^Imrnm^sMms

-.-V'"" - '.V>''"i'?':-:.4;?’::.v-i ■■' • ,’■.■:>■ ■■ \- : ' i; ‘ ; r, ■•■\ "- . ■ - ^ V"'r‘-y^-.wvi'i/s-Vr- ,'■ ••' /''>,:i^-ki'>'.s:-?:: ^SOU DATED SEDIMENTS V'* ’v:K^ mm

. 0.5 I . ’ iiS

■ ,r.4/' :•/■■ V .-j^v . ■> ¥0ipm mmm

■ f . r- 1i4^1^ -ii i0i^^•?r-'^ h, m'Mi^

5 1111..ES

8 a KILOMETERS ■f-VV^ ~.f v »staw« 5^^ ■■■ " .■' ^':':-?'S#'"'i^' : ■’-r- rn^m i« m te»p.feteKli,,

? ■■ "■ • VHi pIs'''4:se*|

::^h;; ,...... iiiiiP’ "1 b ' ■ -' ' ’ m IW ', f^;' 4 VX;,:' '■'

5 M/LES

((.OMETEffS lfre/5' 3r4!1'- I

..... P II

[] ......

~. :,H• o/, 1 c, r ,.,,,, ::

• avm-··· ·, . ...

C'()Hf'IH(NfAL JlOUlll l'flllf'.Alt 'I" •oc:••

c._c ,a<, r u• - J1 ••ss1c 0«<111W..1T IC

P Ill INOICA Tri FAULT I CAltP PltOl'II.£ LOCATION

__.. r--

PLATE 3./ a. TE 3./a. SIMPLIFIED GEOLOGIC MAP ■ i; -V

PLATE 3.2. FAULT ZONE LOCATI i’ J •' i ^'•• • • ■: .1.; ;•,. ’^-\..

mm^-m m '' jfii m

f.meww

ACTIVE**ACTIVE,.. FAULT

OASHEODASHED FOHFo,i APP,ioxAPPItOX.. LOCAriOMLOCATIOtr OOTTEODOTTED POP,:o,i PPOMPLCPf/08A.LE LOCATIOWLOCATION

IIALLOALL ON DOWNOC>WH SIOEBIDE

0 p^m^mm "p""P" PON,-o,i SCA,iP8CANP ,.,iO,ILEPNOPILC

'NUPTUNe roWH« ALLUVIAL ocpowrs

ZONE LOCATION - SOUTH END GRAPEVINE CANYON F.Z. ' : ‘i

S.J 'PlI^^A Wm mmmk H -^>1 1

mm mi

mm ■^z?'i^mii^'^M A‘.v ..\if%#'-':^nd» ACTIVE**ACTIVE.,. FAULT K

DASHED FOltEOH APPHOX.APPltOX. LOCATIOtlLOCATION DOTTED EONFOlt PlfOIIA8i.EPNOMNLC LOCATIO#LOCATION

NALL8ALL ON DOWN SIDE 0 "p" FOlt SCARP l"ltOFILE

s ■>,^ a ^NUNTIME TOIWN ALLUVIAL OCNOMTt

/ON - SOUTH END GRAPEVINE CANYON F.Z. [ .'•h :-'.'.-"-^'''v -’v ; i.-.: , , \ ..... ,..:>j \ . \ " ) ' u \ -/ _, \ , - \ .., ¥ \ 'h v' .... _, G --\ ,/ I.)) - \ ,,.. 'b .k~1 :ti] \ ... 0 \p . ··-- \ - ...... \ IJ 'ii. ~\ ,,,,,,,,.;.,,,.-,, \ \f -::: 'b A~ \ - ;: ' 1.: .... \ • · '\ ' ~---- . .... \ , , ,..__ . \ I ' -- \ \ . " \ ___.., \ \ (\ ( ... \ \ ' ~.... . "C \ --- \ --- •. I \ -. -. ' ,· c' \ ..:._..--,, /, • x \ ... \ \ \,Iii' _ \ , ~" \ " \ _...K \ \_ \ ..... , ...... \ ~ --.. '\../ \/ \ __ _ ,,,.. \ .. ..,. ( ' . \ - -- I \ \----~ \----~ \.,, , I _, \ - \I \ _ , ------

'■ . \ . .- 09 . \' \ .._ \ 0 .... . -- -r ... ,o . JIOO ...... ', __ -- ~- _ ( \ \ ;

} )...... \ \ ... \ \ \ ·...... \ \ - \ \ . -~- \ __...... ,. \ \ \ \ \ ' \ i 1 ;.. \ . . 1 ', ~~ . . . \ ' . . \ p, _;,,/ \ · \ \ . , " , u> '- ' • ...... \ \ I ... \ , ~ ------{ \ ' .) \._, \ . . \ \ _( "' \ \ j . ' . \ ... ::- \ -- \_ \ \ 0 ' · \~ --- ~ - \ \ / ' . ., ., -- .A ,o\ ... \ . -· "' i.,l ...... r- u? \~ .. I.)) \ . __...- I:: .....--1~ ., \ .... \ ,-... \ I ~ o • • \ • , . -- / .. . ~ ) 1 \ ·\ ·\ , • I : ; / •• -i: ·' x ... -- \ --", I . f":;, f .... i, y , • \ t) . .· \ _ - r • . / • \ .. 1". . w C> \ • ....- ...... - •, •, e; I ~ J . . \ - .. /. '\ - •• " C - -- 'f:,'- -, r \ : ""(~ \0 ·, ...-,. ' \ _,.... \ ' . -- . ... --- .. .,.... )r · ~· / ...... ,.-- . \ 1 \ • 1 -.- / .. \'. .J .J . \ .,_,. I CS' ' . ,,... __... k._ .... . ' . -· . ' \ \ ..,. / \ ), .-ii _( . . \ - ' ...... - ~l ~l ?,:__, : \ : \ ·. _- \ ', ', \ ~(So ~ f \ - ' •• -;. u> _,,- ~ ' .. . y' "":,:- d~. ' "---..,_ , .... \ ' • . \_ :· - ... ---- \ ,,. - .:-::·· ,r \ - :, \ , . : , I •, • \ \ .,,...... <- • -~ \ •, •, . t' t' \ • \ J J- ...... \• .~- . \ .J ' ~ ) \ ,, \ ; -1." ' :~ ':~ 1!:; "' } \ ---- \ -- <: ' \ V \\-., " .../ -,_ , \ ' \ '-1 ~ . , ) ~. ~. \ ~ \ I ) \ <' ' \ \ ) \ l. ' \ '' "\ f.g. \ '' I : , ~ ) 1 a ! \ . 'ii,_.- ./ \.-- - ~ IQ ' - 1/r ~ I •J .,; • • ( 7 r I ,\ ?r,)

(/) z 0 -t )a.

0 - 0 N i r -t "' C H| (M ui 111 -t l> r FAULT ZONE PLATE.,, 3.3. LOCATIONS -

-< or CANYON.O PORTION Of .'•h :-'.'.-"-^'''v -’v ; i.-.: , , \ ..... ,..:>j \ . \ " ) ' u \ -/ _, \ , - \ .., ¥ \ 'h v' .... _, G --\ ,/ I.)) - \ ,,.. 'b .k~1 :ti] \ ... 0 \p . ··-- \ - ...... \ IJ 'ii. ~\ ,,,,,,,,.;.,,,.-,, \ \f -::: 'b A~ \ - ;: ' 1.: .... \ • · '\ ' ~---- . .... \ , , ,..__ . \ I ' -- \ \ . " \ ___.., \ \ (\ ( ... \ \ ' ~.... . "C \ --- \ --- •. I \ -. -. ' ,· c' \ ..:._..--,, /, • x \ ... \ \ \,Iii' _ \ , ~" \ " \ _...K \ \_ \ ..... , ...... \ ~ --.. '\../ \/ \ __ _ ,,,.. \ .. ..,. ( ' . \ - -- I \ \----~ \----~ \.,, , I _, \ - \I \ _ , ------

'■ . \ . .- 09 . \' \ .._ \ 0 .... . -- -r ... ,o . JIOO ...... ', __ -- ~- _ ( \ \ ;

(/) z 0 -t )a.

0 - 0 N i r -t "' C H| (M ui 111 -t l> r FAULT ZONE PLATE.,, 3.3. LOCATIONS -

-< or CANYON.O PORTION Of »>«r ,:w— •' ■

,..._

,352.-' LA \\

-A" \ \

. V

A'.A -••...... 'S-6>-A-v,...... i...... V*‘....,-A.'.\ i ■ :-v-‘. \

. . . ACTIVE• FAULT K

OASHf:D FOIi """lltOIC. LOOA TIO/IC OOTTf:D l"Oft ,.It.,..._. LOCATICM aALL °"' 00ft a,o,: 0 ....

ZONE LOCATIONS-LOCATIONS - NORTH END GRAPEVINE CANYON, PORTION OF CENTRAL VALLEY F.Z.FZ.

mt : / .-; . / . / ' 1'5;. \ / ,,• \ . \

_,..,. . :-1 ./ •-, ,..- '\ ' .,...... ·.. \.. . ·i . ' 2!:t- < \......

PLATE 3.4. FAULT ZONE LOCA1LOCAf

•-■!; ■»» iSfrf 12

.-·-

:, 2p \ 'a \ '\ r \ r '\,_ \, \ '\ \

~,...... l \""'\ '- , < - < 29 1 28 27 26 2 ~ ' ,. \ I ' '

' ----M/ I 34 3 36/

ro ' I ------. . . ACTIVE,. FAULT

DAIHl:D f'otl ~X. LOCA TIC* DOTTED f'otl ...... _I: LOCATICMI ~L ON DOft •01: "ft" f'ott SCA~ NWILa 0 ...

* 11\IPTUlll:S 'WOUlle ALLUVIAL Dl:POIIT8 . LOCATIONS - WESTERN FRONTAL, CENTRAL VALLE EAST SIDE. ···F. Z. I I I I I ;., Q I I 20 \... 21 I c-' I \ I _\ ,_ I r1

\ ,,.o i ' < -··· ' 27 26 2 ~ \ \ \ I \ \ \ ' \ '\ / I ' I ' \ I \ ' \ ' \ \ ' \ \ \\ 1 ') \ \ \ \ t .; : I\ o I \ 1 l I / ' ',, I I 34 - --: 3 -~ 36 < \ I ('() I i. '\f -- - -- . . . - ACTIVE• FAULT K DASHED ,ott APNOX. LOCATICNI DOTTED '°" ~E LOCATICNI a.M.L o• Doell •oE •,.• l'otl ~llf' l'ttWILa

'II ltUftTUlt£1 AU.UVIAL D£P014T9

ONS - WESTERN FRONTAL, CENTRAL VALLEY, EAST SIDE. F.F.Z. Z. ' :-:-r--wL^^-r-r v. r^v, -w— mmm’

------. ACTIVE• FAULT QA8lfR ll'Olt A,.ltOX. LOCATIOII DOTTllD ll'Olt ll'ft09A8U LOCA TIOII aALL o• OO'lflt 81DE )/

0 .... \ ' \.-

tt MIP'TUMS You•• ALLUVIAL 01!" P091T 9

'· ..

PLATE 3.~.3.5. FAULT ZONE LOCATION - LEE FLAT P'INt Al"!tltOX. LOCATICM ,oe ~Aau LOCATIOII DOW• a,oa I{ ... \ ' \ ,... ..--'

ALLUVIAL DEPOSIT I

I • \ '-. I.,_ • \ . . .. '" . . \ . \ ·. \

) ....:·,. / m '

E 3.5. FAULT ZONE LOCATION - LEE FLAT F.FZ. Z.