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The Progress of Good Governance in Botswana 2008

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The Progress of Good Governance in Botswana 2008 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa The Progress of Good Governance in Botswana 2008 Final Report of the UNECA Project Measuring and Monitoring Progress Towards Good Governance in Africa: The African Governance Report II (AGR II) Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis BIDPA 34179 Progress of Good Governance in ^ J o n a m s n M . n i l 3 20.h-0e<^?3 KAoi- The Progress of Good Goyernance in Botswana 2008 Final Report of the UNECA Project Measuring and Monitoring Progress Towards Good Governance In Africa: The African Governance Report II (AGR II) Author: Jonathan Mayuyuka Kaunda Contributors: Gape Kaboyakgosi, Ibrahim Kamara, Tachilita Balule, Keneilwe Mpule and Keneilwe Mapana BOTSWANA INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT POLICY ANALYSIS i *Q09 -OS'- 2 7 LIBRARY Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis © BIDPA and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), 2008. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owners. Design and layout: Bay Publishing (Pty) Ltd., Gaborone, Botswana. Printed by Printing & Publishing Company Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana, 2009. ISBN 978-99912-464-1-3 The views expressed in this book do not necessarilly represent the opinion of BIDPA or UNECA but that of the authors. Contact details: Public Sector Unit Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis Private Bag BR 29 Gaborone, Botswana Tel: +267 397 1750 Fax: +267 397 1748 Homepage: http://www.bidpa.bw Table of Contents List of Tables and List of Figures 6 Acronyms 8 Acknowledgements 11 Executive Summary 13 1 Introduction 19 1.1 Objectives of the Governance Project 19 1.2 Outline of the Report 20 2 Methodology 22 2.1 Establishment of a Steering Committee 22 2.2 The Pre-Launch in Country Conference 23 2.3 The Expert Panel Survey 23 2.4 The Desk-Based Research 25 3 Political Governance 27 3.1 Democratic Regime and Structure of Political Representation 28 3.2 Social Inclusiveness in Political Representation 34 3.3 Public Voices and Legitimacy of Political Framework 37 3.4 The Integrity and Legitimacy of the Electoral Process 41 3.5 Conclusion 47 4 Economic Governance and Public Financial Management 49 4.1 Economic Growth, Development and Structural Transformation 49 4.2 Public Financial Management 63 4.3 Management of the Tax System 72 4.4 Management of Public Enterprises 75 4.5 Integrity in the Monetary and Financial System 79 4.6 Conclusion 82 5 Private Sector Development and Corporate Governance 85 5.1 Development of the Private Sector 85 5.2 Partnership between the Public and Private Sectors 91 5.3 The Protection of Property Rights 93 5.4 Corporate Governance 95 5.5 Conclusion 98 6 Institutional Checks and Balances 99 6.1 The Constitution 99 6.2 Effectiveness of the Executive 101 6.3 Effectiveness of the Legislature 102 6.4 Effectiveness of the Judiciary 110 6.5 Effectiveness of Non-State Actors 118 6.6 Conclusion 122 7 Institutional Effectiveness and Accountability of the Executive 124 7.1 Quality of the Executive and the Public Service 124 7.2 Effectiveness of Procedures for Combating Corruption and Integrity of the Executive Branch 129 7.3 Role and Capacity of Local Governments 131 7.4 Role of Traditional Structures in Government 136 7.5 Role and Capacity of Law Enforcement Agencies 137 7.6 Transparency and Accountability of the Executive 141 7.7 Policy-Making Process and Coherence 146 7.8 Service Delivery 147 7.9 Conclusion 158 8 Human Rights and the Rule of Law 160 8.1 The Legal and Institutional Regime for Human Rights Norms and Enforcement 163 8.2 The State of Human Rights and the Rule of Law in Botswana 164 8.3 Law Enforcement Agencies and Human Rights Violations 166 8.4 Civil and Political Rights 167 8.5 Gender Equality and Human Rights 168 8.6 Socio-Economic and Cultural Rights 169 8.7 Civil Society and the Human Rights Regime 169 8.8 Peace and Conflict Management 170 8.9 Conclusion 170 9 Institutional Capacity Building for Good Governance 172 9.1 Context and Environment for Capacity Building 172 9.2 Capacity Gaps in the State Sector 175 9.3 Capacity Gaps in Non State Actors 180 9.4 Towards Enhancing Capacity 186 9.5 Recommendations for Enhancing Capacities 187 10 Progress of Good Governance: Comparison Between the AGR 1 and AGR II Studies 190 10.1 Botswana’s Governance Agenda 190 10.2Botswana’s Governance Performance 191 10.3Comparison of the 2003 and 2007 Governance Studies 198 11 Conclusion 201 11.1 Sustaining Good Governance and State Capacity' 204 Appendices 206 Appendix B.l: Selected Tables from C.l 206 Appendix C.l Indicators for Monitoring Progress towards Good Governance 233 Appendix C.3 Desk Research Instrument 263 Appendix D-1: Profiles of Respondents who Attended the Seminar on the State of Governance in Botswana 274 Appendix D2.A: Profiles of all Respondents of the Expert Panel C.l Questionnaire 275 Appendix D2.B: List of all Respondents of the Expert Panel C.l Questionnaire 277 Appendix E: Timetable for Annual Public Budgeting (2005/06) 280 List of Tables and Figures List of Tables Table 1: Elections and parliamentary seat distribution 1965-2004 30 Table 2: Women in parliament and cabinet 36 Table 3: Ratio of women in decision-making positions (per cent) 2002 36 Table 4: Trends in the composition of GDP (per cent of total GDP) 51 Table 5: Per capita GDP growth rates (at constant 1993/94 prices) 51 Table 6: Real exchange rate (RER) indices (USD/Pula, Sept. 2006 = 100) 51 Table 7: Trends in the composition of exports as a percentage of total exports 52 Table 8: Investment in future growth (aggregate investment as a percentage of GDP) 53 Table 9: Social development indicators, 2006 55 Table 10; Selected social indicators in 2002 55 Table 11: Persons living below one US dollar per day 56 Table 12: GINI coefficient 56 Table 13: Unemployment rate, 1993-2006 57 Table 14: Education and health social indicators 58 Table 15: National resources utilised for HIV/AIDS response 63 Table 16: Government revenue as percentage of GDP, 1996-2005 64 Table 17: Trends in the budget 65 Table 18: Pattern of government expenditure as percentage of GDP 66 Table 19: Public budget allocations, 2007-08 67 Table 20: Sources of government financing: percentage of total revenue 73 Table 21: Proportions of tax revenues, 2005/06 73 Table 22: Interest rate, exchange rate and inflation trends 81 Table 23: Banking sector concentration 81 Table 24: Selected indicators related to access to the public services 150 Table 25: Health facilities in Botswana 150 Table 26: Land ownership by gender 151 Table 27: Access to clean water supply 151 Table 28: Primary and secondary school attendance, 2003 152 Table 29: Enrolment at all levels by gender (1992-2001) 155 Table 30: Ibrahim Index of African governance: Botswana 2000, 2002 and 2007 193 Table 31: TI Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) Botswana 2007 193 Table 32: Botswana WGI percentile rank differentials, 1996-2007 196 List of Figures Figure 1: Trends in foreign direct investment net inflows, 1980-2005 53 Figure 2: Trends in recurrent and development expenditures 66 Figure 3: Control of corruption in comparison with SSA, 2006 72 Figure 4: WBI Botswana governance indicators, 2007 (compared with SSA regional average) 192 Figure 5: Voice and accountability 1996-2007 193 Figure 6: Political stability, 1996-2007 194 Figure 7: Government effectiveness, 1996-2007 194 Figure 8: Regulatory quality, 1996-2007 195 Figure 9: Rule of law, 1996-2007 195 Figure 10: Control of corruption, 1996-2007 196 Acronyms AAT Association of Accounting Technicians ACCA Association of Chartered Certified Accountants ACDC Association of Citizen Development Consultants ARV Anti Retroviral BBS Botswana Bureau of Standards BCP Botswana Congress Party BDC Botswana Development Corporation BDP Botswana Democratic Party BEAC Botswana Economic Advisory Council BEDIA Botswana Export Development and Investment Agency BFTU Botswana Federation of Trade Unions BIA Botswana Institute of Accountants BIDPA Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis BITS Botswana Information Technology Society BNF Botswana National Front BOCCIM Botswana Confederation of Commerce, Industry and Manpower BOCONGO Botswana Council of Non Governmental Organisations BOTEC Botswana Technology Centre BPC Botswana Power Corporation BPS Botswana Police Service BSE Botswana Stock Exchange BURS Botswana Unified Revenue Services CEDA Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CKGR Central Kalahari Game Reserve COBIT Citizen Owned Businesses in Information Technology CPD Continuing Professional Development CSO Central Statistics Office CTB Central Tender Board DCEC Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime DDC District Development Committee DPSM Directorate of Public Service Management EC SAFA East, Central and Southern African Federation of Accountants EISA Electoral Institute of Southern Africa ESAAMLG Eastern and Southern Africa Anti Money Laundering Group FAP Financial Assistance Policy FATF Financial Action Task Force FDI Foreign Direct Investment FES Friedrich Ebert Foundation FIAS Foreign Investment Advisory Services GDP Gross Domestic Product HIV/ AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HLCC High Level Consultative Council lASB International Accounting Standards Board lASC International Accounting Standards Committee IDA International
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